A very good evening aspirants. Welcome to Hindu News Analysis brought to you by Shankar IAS Academy for the date 18th of June 2022. The list of articles we are going to discuss today is displayed on the screen. You can go through it. Now let's start our discussion. Let us take up this editorial article for discussion. Whenever a new scheme or program is launched by the government, the experts analyze it, list out its benefits, disadvantages, flaws and challenges in it. Similarly, in this editorial, Arthur discusses about the recently launched Agnipath scheme. Especially, he cites the implications of this scheme and the challenges it will bring. So, let us see what Arthur has to say. I request the viewers to take the observations of Arthur from a neutral point of view. Because all the points are important in mains answer writing when you are asked to critically analyze the scheme. Okay? The syllabus relevant to this discussion is highlighted here for your reference. You can go through it. See, if you remember three days ago, we discussed the details of the Agnipath scheme. Today, let us brush up some important points and features. Basically, Agnipath scheme provides a unique opportunity for youth who want to join the armed forces and serve the nation. Youth who are in the age group 17.5 to 21 years are eligible for this scheme. To select the youth, a pan-India merit-based recruitment will be conducted and the selected youth will be called Agnivirs. Know that Agnivirs will serve for four years and not as part of regular or permanent cadre or permanent commission. But this does not mean that they can never be in regular cadre because up to 25% of the Agnivirs will be retained or selected for regular cadre after fourth year. The remaining up to 75% of the Agnivirs will go back to society as trained and skilled youths. More importantly, Agnivirs will get an attractive financial package also. These are the annual package, allowances, death and disability compensations. Okay? Additionally, they are also entitled to a Seva Nidhi package when tenure is completed. This package comprises of Agnivirs contribution and a matching contribution from the government and interest on such accumulated amount. So, we saw the features. Now, let us see the scheme's implications and the challenges it will bring. First and foremost is it might lead to shrinking of military force. Why? Because initially the Agnivirs will not be considered for permanent commission. So, this would reduce the total manpower in the permanent force levels. Second issue is no one knows the exact consequence of this move. That is, what will be the direct consequences of such short term tenure on the efficiency and functioning of armed forces is not known. Mainly because the scheme is not based on any theoretical model nor was it implemented as a pilot project. So, this increases the dangers to which we may not be prepared for. And third, it will affect the professional capabilities of the armed forces. See, many roles in the armed forces need specialized and technical skills. Many of them are acquired through long training and experience. For example, if we take Indian Air Force, technical expertise and high degree experience is needed to engage the fighter jets in the air and use high tech weapons. But in the case of Agnivirs, they only have four years to gain training as well as experience. After that, their training or experience will go in vain. Even during the tenure also, they cannot be employed in specialized roles due to the lack of high degree experience. What this means is in the long run, the number of armed personnel having high technical and operational knowledge will decrease. So, the overall operational capability of the armed forces will also be affected. Fourth, it will greatly affect the efficiency, discipline, loyalty and unity in an armed regiment. This is because the recruitment model is changed to merit-based system. But the existing scheme is soldiers are recruited as supplies into specific regiments based on class pattern. Arthur even criticizes this as not class-based rather caste-based. Let us take an example. You all heard about President's Bodyguard, right? That is PBG. See, the PBG is the Indian Army's oldest or senior most regiment, raised in 1773. It is a regiment carrying out ceremonial duties for the President of India. But the point to be noted is individuals from only three classes are recruited. They are JADSEKS, JADS and Rajputs. This is what is referred as class-based recruitment. But in its place, the Agnipath scheme proposes an all-India, all-class recruitment. See, here we are not saying such as change is wrong or not necessary. Rather, it should be kept in mind that this drastic change will definitely affect the organizational management, leadership structures and operational philosophy of the Indian Army. Arthur argues that even though this class-based recruitment is discriminatory at some level, it still provides motivation to the soldiers based on their social identity. This motivation is essential as they are separated from the traditional society, their family, etc. Arthur also worries that change in recruitment model will make the soldiers to take a pure professional identity. And this might affect their motivation, affection, unity and loyalty. Let us come to the next challenge. It is the development of an unhealthy competition. This might happen due to the provision of selecting 25% Agnivir into permanent commission in the fourth year of tenure. So, every Agnivir know that 75% of their composition will be sent back. And this will lead to rivalries and jealousies amongst winners and losers. See, we should not forget that armed forces is not like a regular 9 to 6 jobs where you can do your activity and leave. A soldier sacrifices a lot and is subject to high level of violence, especially they have to be together all the time. This is why trust, camera delay and spirit decarps is a necessary aspect of armed forces to function. See, camera delay refers to the mutual trust and friendship among people who spend a lot of time together like the soldiers. And spirit decarps means the pride and mutual loyalty. Okay, next problem is with the financial packages. See, we saw annual package, allowances, death and disability compensation for Agnivirs. But there is no pension or gratuity. Gratuity means a one-time reward given by the employer for the past services rendered. This will create a problem. It will remove the attractiveness of military services and youth may not prefer to join the forces. Next challenge is the creation of an imbalanced force. See, under Agnipat scheme, state-wise quota for recruitment into the army is not available. Whereas since 1966, the existing model employed state-wise quota based on the recruitable male population of that state. The main aim behind this move is to create a balanced army representing all regions and states. If a single most state has more representations, this will lead to ethnic imbalance and it will cause disputes. Okay, but now the state-wise quota is gone under Agnipat. So it may create an army dominated by a single state. Then comes the challenge of unemployment. Why? Because what the Agnivirs will do after four years of rigorous training? Will everyone get a job? We do not have answers to these questions. So this will increase the unemployment rate of India. Along with this, the author worries that ex-Agnivirs may not even seek a job because armed force is deemed prestigious. So for them, no other job could satisfy the criteria of being prestigious. And next comes the most important challenge of demobilized soldiers. See, the Agnivirs will be highly trained especially in attack skills or in inflicting organized violence. So author worries that after the retirement from armed force, they may be used for violence against minorities. Based on all these issues and challenges, author concludes that the Agnipat plan could endanger the safety of the country and affect the stability of society. Okay, so that is all regarding this editorial article. In this editorial discussion, we discussed about the basic facts about Agnipat scheme and the challenges and issues associated with it. This will be very much useful for your main examination especially in critically analyzed part. With this, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Now look at this news article. There is a three-day conference of chief secretaries that is being held at Dharamshala. Our prime minister, while attending the conference, mentioned about the aspirational district program. See, basically aspirational districts are those districts that show relatively lesser progress in key social areas. In the conference, our prime minister said that these aspirational districts must become inspirational districts of India. He also said that due to the success of the ADP, the program must be extended to block and city levels. In addition to this, our prime minister also mentioned that bright and young civil servants must be posted in these aspirational districts so that they can use their innovative ideas to bring about transformative changes in these aspirational districts. He said that the experience that these young civil servants gain from working in aspirational districts will help them build character and our whole country can gain from this. This is about the news article. Now, why is this news article important? If you have seen this year's film's paper, you might have noticed that there were two questions about our prime minister's visit. One about the Ramanuja statue that he inaugurated in Hyderabad and next one is about the Somnath temple in Gujarat. So, make a habit of following our prime minister's travels and the statements made by him, okay? So, as a part of today's discussion, as our prime minister mentioned about the aspirational districts program, we are going to revise that, okay? See, as I already mentioned, aspirational districts are those districts in India that are affected by poor socio-economic indicators. These are aspirational in the context that improvement in these districts can lead to the overall improvement in the human development in India. Know that at present, 117 districts are identified as aspirational districts. At the government of India level, this program is anchored by Nithi Ayog. In addition to that, individual ministries have assumed a responsibility to drive the progress of districts. The objective of the program is to monitor the real-time progress of aspirational districts. This monitoring of real-time progress is an important aspect of this program. If you want to know more about this, you can visit the championsofchange.gov.in website to monitor the progress of the aspirational districts, okay? Now, coming back, aspirational districts program is based on 49 indicators from the five identified thematic areas. These indicators focus closely on improving people's health and nutrition, education, agriculture and water resources, financial inclusion and skill development and basic infrastructure. And the next important aspect of this program is that, in this program, the states are the main drivers. Finally, the ADP seeks to focus on the strength of each district and identify low-hanging fruits for immediate improvement. For example, consider a district where total sanitation is easy to achieve when compared to 100% financial inclusion. So, here the focus of ADP program initially will be mainly on total sanitation because total sanitation is a low-hanging fruit in this scenario, okay? Now, let us see the broad contour or the outline of the program. The ADP works under the contours of three Cs. The Cs being convergence, collaboration and competition. First, take convergence. Here, convergence means a convergence of central and state schemes. The program also talks about the convergence of various tiers of the government. Second is collaboration. Here, the program focuses on collaboration between central level officers, state level officers and district collectors. Through these collaborations, impactful partnerships can be developed between government, market and civil society. Finally, competition. Good competition will always result in progress. Why is the ranking of aspirational districts provided in real-time? This is to boost competition. This competition will provide a spirit of the mass movement and it will also foster accountability on district governments. These are the three broad contours of the program. Remember these keywords, convergence, collaboration and competition, not just in this specific program. You can incorporate these keywords in your main sensor, mainly in the way forward portion. Finally, to summarize, the aspirational district program is one of the outcomes-focused governance in the world. If you have a bird eye view of the program, you can see that this program mainly focuses on localizing sustainable development goals. That's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw about the aspirational district program and its significance. With this, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Take a look at this article. It says that India is likely to impose a ceiling on sugar exports aiming to ensure sufficient domestic supplies and to keep local prices from increasing. The factors that influence sugar prices include lower sugar output in Brazil and crude oil prices which are at multi-year high. See, higher crude oil prices encourage sugar mills to divert more cane to produce ethanol for blending with gasoline. And this is the crux of the article given here. In this context, let us learn about the crop sugarcane in detail. Before that, the syllabus relevant to this article is highlighted here for your reference. You can go through it. First of all, let us see about the crop. See, sugarcane is a crop of tropical areas. Sugarcane is grown in the world from latitude 36.7 degree north and 31 degree south. It is grown from the sea level to 1000 meters of altitude or even little more. It grows well in hot and humid climate with the temperature of 21 degree Celsius to 27 degree Celsius. And know that sugarcane is a sun-loving plant. Greater incident radiation favors higher sugar yields. About 7 to 9 hours of bright sunshine is highly useful for both active growth and ripening. And severe cold weather inhibits butt sprouting and arrest cane growth. Note that the annual rainfall between 75 centimeter and 100 centimeter is favorable for sugarcane production. Under rain-fit conditions, it is cultivated in sub-humid and humid climates. And irrigation is required in the regions of low rainfall. It is largely an irrigated crop in India. So, depending upon the agro-climatic conditions, type of soil, methods of planting and use of manures and fertilizers and sugarcane yield, the water requirement varies. The hot weather associated with dry winds and drought increases the water requirement of the crop. So, on average 110 kane needs about 60 to 70 tons of water. The crop should be irrigated when available water reaches to 50% level. And the important point to be noted here is that under water logging conditions, the root respiration becomes poor. And nutrients are leached down and activities of useful microorganisms are also reduced. And the crop lodges down with an excessive branching. Thus, the quality becomes poor along with very low crop yield. These all make it necessary to drain the excess water from the field. See, sugarcane can be grown in a variety of soil. That means it does not require any specific type of soil. Now, let us see the distribution in India. Indo-Kanjatic plain, its cultivation is largely concentrated in Uttar Pradesh. And know that Uttar Pradesh has the largest area that is almost 50% of the cane area in the country. Sugarcane growing area in the western India is spread over Maharashtra and Gujarat. And in southern India, it is cultivated in the irrigated tracks of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Other states like Bihar, Punjab and Haryana also cultivates sugarcane. See this image here. It shows the distribution of sugarcane production in India. See, the sugarcane production is highest in Uttar Pradesh followed by Maharashtra. And productivity wise, Tamil Nadu stands first with over 100 tons per hectare followed by Karnataka and Maharashtra. And note that Bihar has the lowest productivity amongst the major sugarcane growing states. And the sugar industry is the second largest agro-based industry next only to textiles in India. Now coming to FRP. FRP stands for Fair and Remunerative Price. It is the price declared by the government which mills are legally bound to pay to farmers for the cane procured from them. See the payment of FRP across the country is governed by the Sugarcane Control Order 1966 which mandates payment within 14 days of the date of delivery of the sugarcane. Mills have the option of signing an agreement with farmers which would allow them to pay the FRP in installments. See the FRP is based on the recovery of sugar from the cane. For the sugar season of 2021-22, FRP has been fixed at Rs. 2900 per ton at a base recovery of 10%. See sugar recovery is nothing but the ratio between sugar produced versus sugar crushed expressed in percentage. The higher the recovery, the higher is the FRP and higher is the sugar produced. And this recovery rate is decided based on the recovery of the previous season. So for 2021 season, the pay will be as per the recovery of the 2020 season. And it is said that if the government accepts the recommendation, the FRP of sugarcane will be 305 per quintal at a 10.25% recovery rate for 2022-23 season. As we saw already the FRP is Rs. 290 per quintal that is Rs. 2900 per ton for 2021 sugar season at 10% recovery rate. Now let us see the significance of this FRP. See FRP of sugarcane is fixed to ensure a guaranteed price to sugarcane growers. This would encourage farmers to cultivate sugarcane and would facilitate continued operation of sugar factories. And thus it would encourage domestic manufacturing of sugar. See as we saw already the FRP is paid by sugar factories to the sugarcane growers against supply of sugarcane. About 5 crore people that is sugarcane farmers and their families will be benefited by this proposal. Thousands of farm labourers are associated with the cane growers and thus payment of FRP to the growers directly benefits them. Secondly, there are about 5 lakh workers employed in the sugar factories and their livelihood depends on a regular supply of sugarcane by the growers. And the fixation of FRP of sugarcane facilitates adequate production and thus availability and supply of cane to sugar factories. These are the significance. In this discussion we saw about the crop sugarcane and the FRP and the significance of FRP. With this let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Take a look at this news article. This news article talks about water hyacinth. See a novel study involving researchers in India and the UK has succeeded in using satellite images to detect water hyacinth in Vempanath lake in Kuttanad. The results of the study which used the SAR data that is the synthetic aperture radar data provided by the European Space Agency Satellite Sentinel-1 shows significantly greater positive deduction ratings when compared to more traditional detectors. So this is the cracks of the news article given here. In this context let us quickly go through water hyacinth and why its deduction is significant. See water hyacinth is a type of invasive floating plant found in water bodies across the world. These invasive species blocks the sunlight reaching the water system and reduces oxygen level in that water system. This results in damaging water quality and it seriously affects various life forms in the ecosystem. So what is an invasive species? See invasive species which is also called introduced species is any non-native species that significantly modifies or disrupts the ecosystems it colonizes. Such species may arrive in new areas through natural migration but they are often introduced by the activities of other species. Here in this image you can see how a species is determined invasive or not. Water hyacinth is a very good example of water invasive species and monitoring its growth becomes very important because of its effects to environment. Now the news is that the researchers say that they have shown for the first time SAR could be used to detect water hyacinth with higher level of accuracy. They prepared a heat map the first of its kind showing the water hyacinth presence over a 2 year time frame. See this could be used to aid the wheat management practices and it also provides a convenient way to find a solution using this type of data. See if you are wondering what is this SAR? SAR is a type of active data collection where a satellite sensor produces radiation that is energy rays and then records the amount of that energy reflected back after interacting with objects on the earth. Unlike the normal optical imagery in SAR the signals are responsive to surface characteristics such as the structure and moisture of the objects on which the radiation falls. Water hyacinth increases the surface roughness of the lake and therefore introduce a difference in back scattering in the image. See a clear water surface causes the electromagnetic wave to bounce back in a particular direction making those areas of the lake appear dark. However the presence of a matte of water hyacinth causes the signal to scatter in different directions. Since SAR microwaves penetrate most weather conditions the technique can produce images of the study area and monitor changes in the growth of hyacinth throughout the seasons. So these are some of the important points that you have to make note of from the news article discussion. In this news article discussion we saw about water hyacinth which is an invasive species. Then we saw about the project in which the scientists have found that SAR that is synthetic aperture radar could be used to detect water hyacinth with a greater level of accuracy. Then we saw about the working of synthetic aperture radar and some of its applications. With these learned points now let us move on to next news article discussion. Now look at this article. The article says that the Megadadu project of the Karnataka government will be discussed at the Kaveri Water Management Authority. In this context let us see briefly about the Megadadu issue. See the Megadadu issue is a continuation of the long existing Kaveri river water dispute between Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. As we know Kaveri is an interstate river with its upper hilly catchment lying in the Karnataka and Kerala states and the lower part in the plains of Tamil Nadu. The Kaveri rises in the Brahmagiri range of the western gods in the Kurg district of Karnataka. Harangi, Hemavathi, Shimsha, Arkavathi, Lakshmanathitha and Swarnavathi are the major tributaries joining the river Kaveri in the Karnataka territory. And Kabini which drains the north Malabar of Kerala state flows through Karnataka and joins Kaveri. Also Bhavani, Amaravathi and Noel are the tributaries to the river in Tamil Nadu. See you have to know that there are two interstate agreements signed in 1892 and 1924 on Kaveri river. The 1892 agreement is a general agreement relating to a number of interstate rivers. The 1924 agreement relates to the irrigation development in the basin of Kaveri alone. And both the 1924 agreement and 1892 agreements are permanent agreements. Later the Karnataka government constructed four new dams across the tributaries of Kaveri such as Harangi, Kabini, Hemavathi and Swarnavathi. And for none of these they have obtained the prior consent of Tamil Nadu. So in 1969 Tamil Nadu appealed to the then prime minister of India to adjudicate on this unilateral action. Later the center used its powers under the Interstate River Water Disputes Act 1956 to constitute the Kaveri Water Disputes Tribunal in 1990. The tribunal submitted the report in 2007 which was challenged in the Supreme Court. And based on the Supreme Court judgment in 2018 center notified the Kaveri Water Management Scheme. Know that the Kaveri Water Management Scheme constitutes the Kaveri Water Management Authority and the Kaveri Water Regulation Committee. Okay, now coming to Meghadadu it is a place in Karnataka. See this project aims to construct a balancing reservoir across the river Kaveri. It is a multi-purpose project with several objectives. Some of its objectives are to utilize additional 4.75 TMC of water from the proposed project to provide drinking water facility to Bengaluru metropolitan region. Here TMC denotes 1000 million cubic feet. Okay, and next to store the flood waters that may escape into sea. This is to harness 400 megawatt of renewable energy in a year. Okay, so this project is to be built by Kaveri-Nirawari-Nigam Limited. And this Kaveri-Nirawari-Nigam Limited is completely owned by the government of Karnataka. See according to Tamil Nadu this project violates the final award of the Kaveri River Water Tribunal. Also the construction of the two reservoirs would result in impounding of the flows in the intermediate catchment. Below Krishna Raja Sagar and Kabini Reservoirs which will result in less water for Tamil Nadu. Okay, so that's all regarding this news article. In this news article we saw about the Megathadu project and the issues associated with it. With these key learned points let's move on to next part of our news article discussion which is preliminary practice questions discussion. Let us take up this first preliminary questions with reference to the crop sugarcane considered the following statements. India is the largest sugar producer in the world. Statement 2, the concept of statutory minimum price of sugarcane was replaced with the fair and remunerative price with the amendment of the sugarcane control order 1966 in 2009. And we have to find the correct statement here. See here statement 1 is incorrect because India is the second largest sugar producer in the world after Brazil. See here statement 2 it is correct. SMP was replaced by FRP with the amendment in 2009. Okay, so statement 1 is incorrect and statement 2 is correct. So our answer here will be option B2 only. Look at the second question which of the following are right bank tributaries of river Kaveri. Amravadi, Arkavadi, Hemavadi, Noel and Kabini. And we have to find the correct code here. See the answer here is option D14 and 5 only because the left bank tributaries includes Harangi, Hemavadi, Shimsha and Arkavadi. And the right bank tributaries includes Lakshmana, Theta, Kabini, Varnavadi, Pawani, Noel and Amravadi. So, Arkavadi and Hemavadi are left bank tributaries. Okay, so our answer here will be option D14 and 5 only. And look at this question which of the following are the advantages of synthetic aperture radar SAR. Statement 1 signals are responsive to surface characteristics such as the structure and moisture of the objects on which the radiation falls. Statement 2 differences in measurements over time can reveal displacements of land such as sinking ground caused by the extraction of underground natural resources. We have to find the correct statement here. See both these statements are advantages of synthetic aperture radar. This we saw in our discussion itself right. Along with these advantages, these are the applications of synthetic aperture radar. You can go through it. So, here our answer will be option C both 1 and 2. And this is our fourth prelims question. Take this question as a quiz, find the answer and post it in the comment section. See the main question based on today's discussion is displayed on the screen. Write the answer and post that also in the comment section. If you like the video, hit the like button, post your comments and share the video with your friends. And don't forget to subscribe Shankar IS Academy YouTube channel. Thanks for watching.


Dear students, in this topic, we shall discuss the effect of gravity on pressure and flow of blood in the circulatory system. The gravity affects column of blood in large arteries. So, the pressure in limbs and head which are supplied with larger arteries varies with the position of the body with respect to gravity. In the lying down position, when we are lying down, the heart is at the same level as the limbs and head with respect to gravity. So, blood pressure in arteries of head and limbs is equal. When we are standing, the relation between the head, heart and limbs changes with respect to gravity. Heart is quite down the head while heart is about a meter above the limbs. So, arterial pressure in lower limbs increases while it decreases in the head region. Dear students, now we shall discuss the effect of gravity on venous flow. Due to elasticity of vascular system, increase in absolute pressure expands the blood vessels. As the veins are more compliant, so they expand more with increased blood pressure. This results in pooling of blood in the veins in different regions of the body. When blood pressure increases, veins expand and the blood is collected in the veins. This pooling causes difficulty in maintaining capillary flow. This kind of pooling may have serious physiological consequences. For example, if this pooling of blood becomes in the kidneys, it changes the kidney filtration rates. This causes changes in the flow of excretive waste in the blood vessels. The pooling problems are particularly acute in sepices which have long necks and long limbs. For example, giraffe, camels and it was also present in the extinct dinosaurs. Dear students, now we shall discuss the regulation of blood pressure in the distant parts or regions of the body. The pressure generated by the heart is regulated with the position of long neck. When the neck of giraffe or camel is raised, heart pumps blood as at much higher pressure through the aorta. That is at about 195 to 300 mmHg. This high pressure maintains arterial pressure in the brain at the level of about 98 mmHg. The normal blood pressure required for the brain is maintained when a high pressure is generated in the aorta. Because of the distant position of the head due to long neck. However, when such a long neck is lowered to the ground, when the giraffe lowers its neck, the aortic pressure is reduced. Because if the high pressure is generated at that time, the brain will get a lot of high pressure due to which the blood vessels of the brain will go to a dangerous position. The variation in the aortic pressure with the head position leads to extensive pulling of blood when head is raised and decreased flow when head is lowered. In the arterioles, this happens in the arterioles of regions between the head and chest. The region between the head and chest where a lot of high pressure is generated and where a lot of pressure is generated, there is pulling of blood in this region. Pulling is prevented in these regions by vasoconstriction of peripheral vessels when head is raised. When head is lowered, there occurs extensive vasodilation. When head is raised, vasoconstriction is done. When head is lowered, vasodilation is done. This maintains flow of blood despite of lower aortic pressures during lowering of the neck. Dear students, the arterial pressure in the limbs of giraffe becomes higher than the aortic pressures due to the effect of gravity. It also causes pulling. To deal with this pulling, giraffe has large quantities of connective tissue surrounding the blood vessels of the limbs.


When asked what he would do differently in bringing about positive changes, Professor Imumulen, who is aspiring to contest the next presidential election, have this to say. Nigeria must begin to think from being a consuming economy to becoming a production economy. And that can happen by ensuring that local manufacturers graduate from the universities are trained to become an entrepreneur and to support giving to them. What we need to solve the educational challenges is a sincere approach. First and foremost there is a pending issue between us and government. Let it be trashed out. Yes, let it be trashed out. Government, we have this fund in Nigeria. Let it be trashed out once and for all. A lot of people are trying to say that the Astro is trying to politicize what is called, politicize the no. This issue should, there is largely insincerity from the part of the government. Government should look at this and trash it out.


So as a final example of solving linear differential equations, I wanna revisit this problem we solved before when we talked about several differential equations about mixing salt into water. And this problem is gonna, the setup sounds very similar to what we solved before. The previous situation we saw, the differential equation that we got was actually a separable differential equation for which we solved it by separation of variables. It turns out that that differential equation we solved before was also a linear differential equation. And if ever, ever, ever, you have to choose between a separable differential equation versus a linear differential equation, typically speaking, I would choose the linear differential equation. The technique of using the integrating factor is, I would say easier to do than separation of variables. It leads to simpler anti-derivatives and the like. So it turns out that probably did earlier, we actually could have done a lot easier using the integrating factor. But also it turns out we chose a special assumption the first time we solved this problem so that it was a separable differential equation. In general though, this mixing problem will actually be a linear first order differential equation. And so this actually gives the more, the more appropriate way to approach this problem. So some things about this problem are gonna be the same. We're gonna have a tank of water which starts off initially, so when time equals zero, we're gonna have as our volume 100 gallons of water. And inside of that, there's gonna be 20 pounds of salt. 20 pounds of salt. So we're gonna let capital V denote the water, how much water is in there and then Y is gonna represent how many pounds of salt. So this would be V naught are initial values of water and Y naught are initial amount of salt, okay? And so again, like before, V of T is gonna equal the number of gallons of water at time T and we're gonna take Y of T to be the number of pounds of salt in the water at time T. And therefore, Y over V is gonna give the concentration, concentration of salt in the tank at that given amount of time. All right, and so that part's gonna be similar. We have the same initial conditions we did last time. What we're gonna change though is the intake of salt into the system. So a salt solution is flowing into the water. So we have water flowing into it. In the previous example, we saw that we actually had pure water coming in. So there was no salt coming in, it was just water. What we have this time is we're gonna have a salt solution. So saline solutions come into the system. So we're pouring in salt water. It's coming down to a rate of three gallons per minute. And let's see, water's also gonna be draining out of the tank at two gallons per minute. So notice we're adding more water than we're draining and this is to compensate for perhaps evaporation in the tank. Now the salt solution that's coming into the system also contain two pounds per gallon. So that's how concentrated this salt is coming in. And how much salt is exiting the system? That depends on the, that's gonna depend a lot on the mixture and such. And so assuming everything is mixed up uniformly, can we find an equation to model the salt at any given amount of time? Now if I asked about the volume, volume's a lot easier, right? So we know that the change of volume with respect to time is gonna equal, well, it's gonna be the rate in which water comes in minus the rate at which water is exiting. And this is fairly simple because we know there are two gallons, sorry, three gallons coming in, there are two gallons coming out. So there's a change of one gallon per minute. In which case if we find the anti-derivative of that, we're gonna get that V equals, because again, we're just gonna integrate these things, right? We're gonna get that V is equal to T plus a constant. And using the initial value, V naught equals 100 gallons, this will then equal zero plus C. We get C equals 100. And so this gives us, this gives us the volume formula that we saw before, V of T equals 100 plus T, great. We're gonna put this in our back pocket for later when we need it, which actually won't be much later at all. So that part was the same. What is different in this situation, of course, is we're gonna now look at the derivative of Y with respect to T. We are looking at the rate in which salt is entering the system, and we're looking at the rate in which salt is exiting the system. What is different here is that the salt entering the system is now a constant. We are entering two gallons per, two pounds per gallon. Now that right there, we can't stop there because two pounds, because DY over DT, this is gonna be measured in pounds per minute, right? At the moment we have pounds per gallon. So we have to take the concentration of salt in the water times that by the rate in which water is entering the system, in which case it's entering at three gallons per minute. Notice that gallons, gallons, cancels, and the water intake, I should say the salt intake is going to be six gallons per minute. We're getting six gallons of water per minute. But what about the salt, what about the salt exiting the system, right? Well, like we saw before, we're gonna have a concentration. We have Y over V, which gives us pounds per gallon, and then we have two gallons per minute exiting. So again, the gallons cancel out, and we're gonna have minus two Y over V, and this is gonna be pounds per minute. So this gives us the correct rate. Or simplifying this one more time, we're gonna get that Y prime, that's the derivative of Y with respect to time, it's gonna equal six minus two Y over 100 plus T. This is the differential equation we'd have set up for the salt intake. This is the rate of salt, I should say, entering and exiting the system. If we can solve for Y, that gives us the function we want. And this equation right here is not separable. We can't separate the variables this time, but we can still treat this as a linear first order differential equation. So what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna add the Y part to both sides here. So add two Y over 100 plus T to both sides. We get that Y prime plus two over 100 plus T times Y. This is equal to six. And so this right here are two over 100 plus T. This is our function P of T that we need to integrate for the integrating factor. So integrating P of T right here, P of T with respect to T. So we get two over 100 plus T, DT. The antideriv is gonna involve a natural log two times the natural log of 100 plus T. Again, you don't need a constant when you're doing these integrating factors. So our integrating factor I of X is gonna, I should say I of T. T is the variable in play right here. You're gonna get E to the two times the natural log of 100 plus T. I wanna simplify that a little bit here cause again, you can bring this coefficient two inside. So you get E to the natural log of 100 plus T squared in which case the E and the natural cancel out and your integrating factor is gonna be 100 plus T squared like so. All right. And so once we have this integrating factor we're then gonna multiply both sides of this equation right here by 100 plus T squared. So let's see what that would look like. You're going to get 100 plus T squared times Y prime plus you're going to get two times 100 plus T squared over 100. Oh, it's happening right here. Sorry, this kind of glitched out on me. Now let's try that again. We get two times 100 plus T squared over 100 plus T, you'll multiply that by Y. And then the other thing is we have a six. So we're gonna get six times 100 plus T squared like so. All right. Now there is some cancellation that happens. There's a 100 plus T that cancels with that.  You're gonna have a two times 100 plus T Y. And so factoring that thing, the left-hand side, give myself a little bit more space here. The left-hand side is gonna look like 100 plus T squared times Y. And then we take the derivative on the left-hand side and then the right-hand side is six times 100 plus T squared. And we wanna integrate these things. Integrate the left-hand side, integrate the right-hand side. The left-hand side should just be 100 plus T squared Y. The right-hand side, just by a very simple U substitution, you're going to get two times 100 plus T to the cube. Plus a constant. Divide both sides by 100 plus T to the square. Do that over here. So we're gonna get 100 plus T to the square. The left-hand side then gives us a Y. The right-hand side, you should get a two times 100, or T plus 100 plus C over 100 plus T to the square. And so we now see that we have our general solution right here. Great. Now we need to find, using the initial conditions. So remember, we started off with two pounds of salt when T equals zero. When you plug that in here, you're gonna get 20 equals two times 100 plus C over 100 squared. Whoops, forgot our parenthesis right there. And so we will subtract 200 from both sides. That gives you negative 180 on the left. You get C over 100 squared. So we should times both sides by that. We're gonna get C equals negative 180 and then throw on four more zeros. So negative 1.8 million. And so then if we come up here and substitute out the C with now this number, I also take out the plus sign. You're gonna get negative 1,800,000, like so. And so this then gives us the solution to this differential equation. It's quite nice actually. It's really, really nice. And we will solve this using technique of the integrating factor. Great. Now, let us use this to make a calculation, right? How much salt would be in the system after one hour? So we take the equation we saw in the previous slide and we're gonna plug in T equals 60, right? One hour means T equals 60. We were measuring our rates in minutes so we'll have to stick with minutes here. So Y of 60, 60, we're gonna get two times 60 plus 100 minus the 1.8 million. Feel free to use scientific notation that helps out out here at all. 600, sorry, 60 plus 100 squared, like so. And this is just something to throw in a calculator at this moment, right? 60 plus 100 to 160, double that, you get 320. And like we saw before, 100 plus 60 is just 160 squared that, divide that from 1.8 million.  And so putting those together, you get 249.8675. We could be worried about significant digits or anything like that. We're just gonna round this to the nearest whole number. And so this would give us an estimate of 250 pounds of salt would be in the system at that time. We also would have, of course, 160 gallons at that moment because we had one gallon per minute. So you have a concentration of 250 pounds per 160 gallons which of course gives you 25 over 16. And again, we can get a decimal concentration from that if we want to. That's beside the point. I just wanted to show you that once we solve the differential equation, we can then use that function to analyze the situation. We can determine the concentration, the amount of salt, whatever. It all comes down to solving this differential equation and this salt concentration problem is solved preferably using these linear first order differential equations. And so this video actually brings to the end of our discussion of differential equations. It was, it's a pretty fun journey but this is only meant just to be an extended trailer, right? Just a short introduction to the subject matter. If you are interested in differential equations beyond what we've seen, there is a little bit more in the textbook that we did not take a look at. You might want to take a look at it if you're interested, right? Here in chapter nine, there's a few sections we skipped. Also at the end of calculus three, if you have the end, if you have access to the volume three, the multivariable calculus, they do talk somewhat in this, in our textbook, you can either use to change Stuart's textbook for which this series is based upon or you could just use like a free textbook like OpenStack, you can go to OpenStack.org and you could take a look at volume three. The very last chapter will show you how you can deal with some second order differential equations using these techniques and calculus that we've been talking about. Or better yet, if you wanna learn more about differential equations, my recommendation is to take a class on differential equations such as math 2280 offered at Southern Utah University. If you have any questions, like always feel free to post them in the comments below. Feel free to click the like button cause you like this video, I know you do. Feel free to just subscribe to get some more updates about math videos in the future and keep on counting.


I think it's allowed him to stay fresher.  He knows that sometimes less is more, and I think that's served him really well. Aaron, you, as a player, as a manager, as a broadcaster, have experienced some big events, big games at Yankee Stadium. What do you think this week, starting Tuesday, is going to be like? Yeah. It should be really special, you know? Well, obviously, we're in a pen and chase and judge it and where he is. So there's going to be that added buzz every time he comes up.  I mean, it's an event. And, you know, I think the fact that we're where we are in the pennant race and what he's doing hopefully should create for an awesome environment at Yankee Stadium. He's also just one point behind the batting leader now, which he's a real threat to win a triple crown, too. Is this as locked in as you've seen him? Just, you know, forget the home runs. He's getting hits almost every time. Yeah, probably. I mean, again, I think, as I've told you, I think sometimes I take him for granted, but it's so good. It is so good what he's doing. And just the ability to not get caught up in it. Like, he keeps it really simple. It's like, focus on my bat. Do I get a pitch, don't I? Ready to go. Do you ever think he could be a guy that could win a batting title before this year? Well, I guess I didn't really give it much thought. But I know it's something that he takes a lot of pride in. Probably the most of anything is being able to hit for a high average. So when you consider what he's doing, when you consider the person, when you consider his talent, again, nothing surprising. Aaron, you mentioned the focus. You've been saying all season long, even starting with the contract talk that he was built for the pressure or that he was a guy that is able to do this. What is it about him that allows him to just block that stuff out and focus? Priorities are correct. It's about the team and about being a great teammate. And if you can do that, honestly, it'll take care of itself, especially when you're as good a player as he is.  Even guys that are great teammates, sometimes you get caught up in the personal stuff and you want yours. I don't think he really, I think he's really confident in his ability. So he knows that the numbers are going to be there if he's able to go out there. But he doesn't concern himself with it at all. And when you have that simple kind of mindset of the day and you focus on being a great teammate, I always feel like the best teams I was a part of or on is when you care more about the guy next to you than yourself. And I think Aaron embodies that. There's so much focus on his home runs. Had you noticed that he was in just under 500 this month that was creeping up for batting average? Well, we've talked about the batting average the last couple of days. So I knew he was nine back or seven. Now that it's right there now, now it's really close. So I guess I was a little bit aware. On a non-Aaron judge-related note, Anthony Rizzo hasn't been in a game in over two weeks. And for him to step in and do what he did today, how difficult is that as a hitter who has not been seeing live pitching? Yeah, I'm glad we didn't do that in a rehab game. Yeah, that was huge. I mean, it was good to see him up there be able to get his swing off. He looked like he was under control. Great having him back in there. And obviously, a big left-handed presence right there behind Aaron. Really excited to have him back. I'm glad it went well. He jumped right in with about a four-hour game. So I'm glad he's got an off day tomorrow. But it's great to have him back and excited that he was able to get some immediate results.


The 12 to 13 inches rain we got was very devastating. Soils were already saturated, nowhere to go. So we're looking at a large area of damage all the way down in southeast Arkansas. We have got together a GIS information system. We have pulled together actually our video or our slides that we pulled from, from the satellites. We're all using all satellite data, was actually from a week ago today. Had a clear day, 95% accessibility to the scenes that we wanted to use. We're able to go and did some very complex analysis on the color spectrum. And we're able to determine what was underwater and what had been underwater previous to that. So we were able to go through and estimate the amount of acres. We were actually used the National Agricultural Statistics Service data and got estimates in terms of what crops were affected. And we were looking at right now with some other areas that we've got to examine. And this had been ground truth. We're looking at about 600,000 acres right now. We also divide the area in what I call impacted area and then heavy impacted area. And we're talking about inches of water versus feet of water. And we're still working through that. So I think some of the impacted area could be salvageable, but we know that the heavily impacted area will not be. So we're still looking probably about half of what we're looking at in terms of what we call heavily impact. Very important that we try to as quickly as we can get an assessment of damage estimates. That's really important from a policy perspective. It's really important from a farm management perspective. So we're doing what we can to put together as accurate an estimate as we can of damage from the flood event. Now we can find our analysis to just the flood event in the South Delta from the week of June 7th. And we're looking pretty much exclusively at major row crops. Because that's what we've really got objective data on to the extent that we have data at all. We're seeing so far in our analysis losses of a little over $70 million on soybeans about that just a little less than that on rice. About $60 million on corn, about $6 million on cotton and about another million on wheat primarily due to quality loss on wheat that was being harvested. You put all that together and that's around $207 million in direct losses on those five crops in 12 South Delta counties. There are clearly things that we're not catching in that analysis, especially crop impacts for instance. We know that in the North Delta because of the wet weathers are probably some delays that people are still experiencing in getting planted. There may be some later yield effects of that. So that's not included in that direct loss estimate. At this time of year about the only game in town will be to replant soybeans. We're already at a time of year when there'll be a significant yield penalty on that. But in some cases it may be worth doing. And that's part of what we'll try to help farmers with moving forward is the decision of should I replant or is it too late? Is it worth trying to replant? Using enterprise budgets and price projections we can help farmers work through that decision because that's going to be a really important decision. First contact your county agents. They're going to be the ones that we've got their finger on the pulse on at the local level but at our level trying to get that information to them. And pay attention to our website. We're going to make sure in our blogs all of our crop agronomists have a blog. Subscribe to that. They're going to be talking about this the rest of the summer.


Hello everyone, my name is Alicia Anderson and welcome to the Fort Report. The World Series of Chararilla is coming to Fort Worth in May. Do you know what Chararilla is? Chararilla started on 1932 in Mexico. The reason they started the Chararilla is because on those days everybody had so many cattle. They have to brand the cattle, they have to, you know, vaccinate it and everything, so that's how they started. And then after they thought, well, can we do something? Not only working, you know, can we do something for funds? Because all those guys, that's how they were raised, doing their work. So they come out with something and nowadays this sport is one of the most beautiful sports in Mexico. Chararilla is like a rodeo. 25 to 30 teams are expected to compete in nine different events and an Escaramuza competition. We have Chararilla teams coming from all over Mexico and the best teams from United States, all over the United States. World Series of Chararilla in Fort Worth is the grand event of Chararilla in the United States. An Artisan Expo, food, music, folklore and concerts, five days of partying highlight the history, culture and beauty of the Mexican tradition. We have a concert with Ezequiel Peña, he is a singer and his son Ezequiel Peña Jr. and Vicente Fernandez Jr. World Series of Chararilla runs from May 7th through the 11th at the Wheel Rogers. Visit their website for more information. Here's a look at other events happening in and around Fort Worth in the next few weeks. For a listing of more events you can always check the website.


A Merrifield man has died following a collision involving two semi-trucks in Aiken County. The state patrol says 60-year-old Terry Lee Page died as a result of injuries suffered in the Thursday morning crash. The patrol says the semi-page was driving southbound on Highway 169 when it broadsided another semi at the intersection of County Highway 3 about five miles west of Palisade. The driver of the other semi-45-year-old Gary Lee Hockett aback has suffered non-life threatening injuries. The state patrol report says both drivers were wearing seatbelts and road conditions were dry at the time of the crash. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.


critical hazard assessment team I realize I've given two aliases I gave Theron and I gave Sherman and just ignore that what's your name you can tell me Farron how are you doing you are Edgar right yes security very nice to meet you wonderful go team security forces am I right yes fantastic what's your rank they say that the duty at 314 is a cake walk but I think it's more of a piece of pie if you ask me tell me tell me something I'm working on a theory if you would number one just for the sake of you know formalities can you tell me where you were during the hours in question that's 1 30 to 2 30 a.m. range well originally I was on shift and I'll watch on the other side outside this settlement in David some sort of promotion and I see him over there ripping Carter's throat out with his teeth that's very aggressive yes you saw that with your own eyes cam was biting Carter's throat and no no doubt about it it was in fact that is damning evidence one would say but I do have a secondary question for you that is clear that is what is this encampments stash of amnestics look like I have two syringes on me right now actually developed invisible invisible here indeed along with extra amnestic fluid can you show me those other two syringes here you go two extra syringes and four bottles of extra amnestic so you are full of the teeth for amnestic right now what kind of symptoms would someone go through if they were treated with amnestic well it works obviously like an amnestic but it also works as a form of anesthetic and they make you mousy a little bit like Benadryl you feel a bit woozy indeed indeed so there's some classifications of amnestics like the y909 that makes your tongue black it makes you forget your entire life that's a little high grade for a couple of hours a couple of hours injection so there's no other way to administer these amnestics except injection it would be a bad time I so besides forgetting everything what other sort of symptoms might you have what a what a person administered this great amnestics encounter maybe severe dry mouth you haven't seen that you haven't seen that technically I did indeed indeed have you been as we are all born to how many times have you gone through amnestic treatment yourself previously during my training just to get a feeling for what it's like and you know side effects begin to work off so I can have clear and present knowledge as to what it's like to tell you today.  I'm looking for a male. Oh, yes, yes, Willie. Is this a bad time? It's a very bad time. All right, Willie is a distraction on this investigation. Is it boring to see a girl looking for a male? Yeah, well there's a million other people out there. She really wants one. She can go get one. Well, maybe I can get it for her. Or maybe use there somewhere else. Yes, in between you and me, Willie should be locked up in a tank and we should have a fight. Joe said you were going to be a little aggressive about this whole Wales situation. I just think I need a girl with peppermint and I want her to come in fast. Whether or not you accept this, I can be. My peppermint would be bad if I got for the win. Fine. Maybe I'll do so much for you. Okay. Can you do something for me? Yes. You can do it. All right. Yes. Okay. Go to the bedroom. Right over there. Left side like that. You can walk in. Your left, there will be Willie. Would you do that? Or back to me. I need you to get down to something. I have a feeling that Tharaz over there is suspicious guy here by phone. Thank you for your help, Edgar. I'll return when I need. Of course. Hello. Oh, hello. How is your current investigation going? Not very much about it yet. I heard that potentially Sloan was sleeping, but didn't hear Joe snoring at some age labels, but the people who told me that Sloan was not a suspicious person said that. So all I'm getting is a lot of suspiciousness being thrown around right now. Right now we have Izzy claiming to have been unconscious without their knowledge possibly memory-wise. Oh, that is news to me. And it's also news because Izzy's claim was a symptom of dry mouth, which Edgar is claiming is not a symptom of the amnesic grade that is in this encampment. Interesting. So that is a different symptom than Edgar's claimings is, so Edgar is claiming very carefully to have seen him biting Carter's throat visually. So Edgar is very adamant that the mystery is not a mystery because that is very clear. True, but we don't know who moved the body and that could have been anybody. I mean, I didn't realize Izzy didn't remember anything last night, but it's not a surprise Edgar tends to administer amnesics to Izzy quite often actually. Attention everyone! Look at that, Edgar wants something. Edgar wants something. Please. Dr. Oz, one done. What is happening? That is your real name. I have recently acquired this paper of yours. This document reads, You've just found yourself your very own little mister, a limited edition collection from Dr. Wondertainment. Find them all and be gone, Mr. Collector. Now Oz, why would you have such a paper in your private possession, along with mysterious leaves and jars in your locked box as well? Why would I have such a thing in my box? Well, exactly. It is medicinal, first of all. Second of all, I mean, that could be there if, say, I was there when they were born. Were you there at the crib? You won't need to say that exactly. Thank you. Now that the cat's out of the bag, what are we going to tell you? The Dr. Wondertainment. Are you working for Dr. Wondertainment? Wondertainment. Buddy, we're really happy you have a stage name out, but can you tell us what's going on? Okay, okay, yes, yes, yes. You think that I'm affiliated with the SCP Foundation? Okay. Actually, if they didn't, you can ask my dad? Yeah. So, sometimes I'm associated with the SCP Foundation, but we are not one and the same. So, the dash twos and the dash threes that are killing stuff? I didn't agree with them. Roping toys? They're all part of your Roping Toy, basically. Correct. You see, a while ago, I was commissioned by the IKEA company. So, it creates a store where people can shop for hours on end. All of you told that on IKEA. Yeah. I just didn't love that idea for hours.  But this one, you can shop for as long as you want. And you get food that replenishes for you. Yeah. I've been eating smoked salmon for six months. Six months? Six months. Some of us have been in here for over a decade. What do you have to say about that, you weird little wizard fan? You think that I'm... Let's do it. Let's see that. Let's see how big the store is. Yeah, yeah, you've been here for a month and you've been at the... Thank you. If you...  Oh, that's really rich coming from you. Whoa, whoa, whoa. Stop it. Stop it. I mean, don't you think it was a bit of a... IKEA, but you did create this and how the heck did you manage all of it and still got stuck here? Thank you for listening.  Please become a patron or visit our merch store at the link in our bio to support our work. Secure. Contain. Protect.


The grand local government autonomy will break up Nigeria. This is according to the Nigerian Union of Local Government Employees and River State PDP Governorship, Asparo and Fardagogo has been arrested. We have details of this with analysis right here on PlusTV on PlusPolitics. I'm Kofi Bartalos. The Nigerian Union of Local Government Employees, Norge, had recently warned politicians, especially governors, to free the local government tear of government, rather from her excruciating control of break Nigeria into pieces, and those were their words. The national president of Norge, Comrade Ambali or Latwingi said, quote, a message about autonomy for local governments in Nigeria is simply that the governors should either the local government give or allow local government autonomy or they break Nigeria into pieces. It's very important that joining us to discuss this is a national coordinator of democracy, Vanga John Mutu. John Mutu, thanks for joining us. Give us local government autonomy or break Nigeria up. That sounds a bit extreme. Do you agree with that school of thought? Yeah, I think I agree with that. I wouldn't subscribe to that when you say give us local government or break Nigeria into pieces. Pieces on what basis? I don't subscribe to that. And I think maybe he's saying that out of frustration. I don't think he meant it. Okay. All right. But is there a truth? Because I say too, there's no smoke without fire. And to every statement, there might be a truth. Is there a certain truth to this when we hear such a group, a very important body, say that if we do not have autonomy in the local government system, that the nation might break into pieces? Is there a possibility? And let's put aside the extremity of the statement. Is there a possibility? I think maybe what they meant was that maybe they are going to make the country ungovernable, especially at the state level. And like I said, it may be out of frustration. Ambali is the president of Nigeria. You don't have local government employees. They are workers at the local government level. They live in the local governments. They live at the communities. They feel the pulse of the people. And they also understand the frustrations of the people. So perhaps maybe, because I know that the advocacy for local government autonomy has been on for a while. I remember during the third alteration and the fourth alteration, this advocacy was there. Nigerians and maybe basically people at the community level had been advocating for the independence of the local government. But we are also aware that the governors to a large extent have never supported that independence, even though the National Assembly had on two previous occasions made their recommendations. And when he went to the state assemblies, they didn't vote in favor of it. So I think he knows what he's talking about. They've been engaging with the state governors. They rallied around. They've got to travel around. They've got to have met with governors. And they understand what they are saying. But like I said, I won't subscribe to that kind of extreme measures. And I think we'll continue to engage and let the governors and other stakeholders who are opposed to local government autonomy series and free the local government. All right, so it's been a very, very tough period for the country with different agitations. I'm sure we don't want any other thing to lead to the break of Nigeria for another conflict, can we? But it's become really, really difficult. I mean, I know that in Kanduna State, NASA L5 has done his best to allow the local government free hand, especially financial autonomy. Some governors have reasons for being really sit tight, as far as the financials are concerned. Do you understand why some state governors will want to be in control of the finances of the local government? Okay, thank you so much. I think I've followed this discussion for some time and I've been actively involved in this discussion. And just recently I was in a burden for a conference of the speakers and the state governor was invited to that forum. And one of the things he said was that if local government are granted autonomy, urban-based local government areas will not be able to pay wages of local government workers. They have the opinion that the federation allocation to local government is not sufficient to take care of the needs and just even the labor or the wage bill of the local government. So the state government is saying that if they are given autonomy, there will be chaos. They won't be able to provide the essential services. They won't even be able to take care of the wages. And as of today, what they are telling us is that the state government augments the wages, augments the shortfall that comes to the local government. Once they free them, they won't be able to take care of the local government. And I specifically also said that especially urban-based local government. And I had cause to challenge that. There are urban-based local government, there are also rural-based local government. Rural-based local government have their own peculiar challenges. They don't have access to pipe bomb water. They don't have access to good roads. They don't have access to good health center. So their challenges are peculiar. And some of them are quite large. And quite large, yeah, with their own peculiar challenges. Sometimes far apart from the rural and the urban centers. So getting access to essential services is a challenge. Whereas the local government are supposed to provide those basic, minimum municipal services. But if you now, because the money is from the federation account, is paid into a bucket called the joint account allocation committee. From that account, the state government now start to rationalize them. Taking money for the rural-based local government to augument shortfalls in the urban-based local government. In my view, that means, meant robbing Peter to pay Paul. Why will you take money meant for rural local government to now augument shortfall for state government when their peculiarities are different? And the local government are also saying, free us. It's our challenge. You cannot love us more than us. Allow us, just try us for you see and see if we are not able to take care of our own issues. And recently, Nolge did an analysis of how much comes from the federation account and how much is the wage bill. To ask of the local government. It made, it completely put a lie to that assertion that if, they are granted autonomy, they will not be able to pay their local government. So that's not true. And one very important thing- What was the finding of that analysis? What was the finding that the wage bill was not as big and impossible to meet? It shows that the allocation, the allocation in most cases far outweighs the wage bill. And it is not a case of the other way, right? And even at that, if state government augumenting shortfall for local government, it is for the benefit of the entire state. If the local government are effective, they are functional. The state government is also freed from other pressures. So why wouldn't you want the local government to remain independent, be able to provide a chance of services? Like you mentioned, Kaduna. Kaduna is one example of where local government have been given access to their fund and they have been able to manage the account. You can see, go to Kaduna, you see, local government chamber constructing roads, building hospitals. You go to Jigawa, where they also enjoy that relative autonomy. You see them constructing roads and providing essential services. But go to other local government, and also River State is another example of where local government are building roads and providing essential services. So we've tried to extremes. For the past 22 years, we've been trying local government under the April struggle of the state government. Why don't we try something different? So you're saying in River State, for instance, local governments are empowered to do their tournaments. We have seen evidence and Nolga has also provided a series of evidence to show that local governments are able to provide municipal services. It may not be to the extent that we would, but the state government also complement what they are doing. And that way, if the three steers of government, the federal, state and local government are working effectively, citizens will benefit. But when it is only the federal and the state, and local government are rendered redundant, then the people at Aurora may continue to suffer and pressure bring, it's on the state and the federal government. John, the Nigerian constitution is quite clear when it comes to the functions of the various steers of government in Nigeria. You're very well aware of this, you know, the federal government, the state government and the local government. I mean, local governments have certain functions enshrined in constitution. And I want us to look at these functions, and I mean, apart from the wage bill, carrying out these functions whether they can effectively, not just about the fiscal responsibility of carrying out these functions, but also the administrative and structural and technical responsibility. We look at, for instance, roads. Roads, if we were to see local governments and back on road construction, you know, to level the category of roads they're meant to, can they adequately? I mean, I have seen local government chairman in different parts of the country construct roads that you will not be proud of. And you know that this particular road that a local government chairman is constructing that a state governor will never construct such a road in that local government area. We look at infrastructure development, certain categories of infrastructure. You look at markets, for instance. You look at parks and maintenance of parks, water and sewage. The waste collection is not a function of any state government. Waste collection is a function of a local government in the constitution. Even animal management, pet registration, abattoirs, what we call slaughter in this part of the world, they're meant to do that as well. And these are very, very important. Can they, even provision of health facilities, you know, at that level, at the primary level, local governments are meant to do that. When you look at all these things, we don't know how. And did they take out capacity and, you know, meant to get, can they, sufficiently money aside? Capacity, can they carry these functions out? Unfortunately, you cannot put money aside. It is the money that they are going to use to perform these functions. You remember before 1999, local government were performing those functions. But with the advent, maybe the return to democracy, right, with the joint account allocation committee, with the current practice, you see that gradually, local governments have become stifled and they've rendered, you know, ineffectual. If the resources are there, they will build capacity. So what you're talking about is a capacity issue. It is the resources that will make them to be able to employ the right engineers, the right manpower, the right supervisors to provide those services. They may not be at the same level with the states. They may not be at the same level with the federal government, but they are able to provide feeder, rural feeder rules. They are able to provide coverage. Toward quality, toward quality. In terms of the capacities, what I'm talking about. It is the because of the absence of such empowerment that has made the National Assembly, federal government, coming to build, right, coming to start doing boreholes at the community level. That function has been hijacked.  But what I'm saying is that give them the mandates, give them the resources that over time their capacity will be built. Waste collection. Yes. If we look at Lagos, for instance, if we're to leave, because this is what it ought to be. The state government has no business in Lagos state or any say collecting waste and collecting the rent or the taxes or whatever. But imagine leaving waste collection in Lagos state to the local community. They go to Kosofe, they collect the waste. You go to a mode of they collect the waste. You go to any other, will Lagos work? Could it work? Do they have the capacity? I assure you, the first question is that, why did the framers of the constitution, right, bring the local government into existence? In the democratic system, the whole idea is to bring governance closer to the people. If you have a local government, the chairman or that local government council's focus is on their immediate environment, right? Kosofe, local government that you mentioned, for instance, they had the waste collection emphasis will be only within that municipality. Other local government chair will also focus on their own municipalities. When you decentralize waste collection, it becomes more effective. But when you centralize it and only the state government agency perform that function, they will not be able to perform it effectively. And like I said, don't forget, local government have been performing these functions before now. Nigeria gained independence in 1960. Was that not, I mean, a different era? No, it's the same local government. It's the same people. Do we have the same capacity, the same qualified persons manning local governments like we had years ago?  Yes, can I ask you, sir? What has happened is because the resources for people to perform their function has been seized, right? Local government have now become resource, maybe salary payments centers. The chairman of the local government now live in the state capital. Councilors have moved from the local government to the state capital. Nobody is at the local government. And these are the same people you want to be collecting refuge. Why have they done that? Why have they moved? It's because there is no activity. There is no resources to perform any function. And once there is no work and there is so much pressure, there is no money to perform the function. They flee. What I'm trying to say is that what has changed is the same people in 1992 or before, the same endurance are still there. But once there is no resources, the right people will not want to come and contest for local government chairmanship. Who want to fail? Will I want to come and be a local government? I know that I won't have the resources to perform. And that is why they will continue to bring in their own in a surrogate that will come and sit. Who don't even have the capacity that they are responsible to turn alone. And that is why in most states they don't even want to conduct local government elections. They want to use political appointees who will not question them. And these political appointees are only accountable to their appointor. But if there are elected officials, and that is one of the recommendations of the constitutional amendment, that only democratically elected officials should be allowed to manage local government. That way they can be accountable to the people. Only local government that have elected officials will have access to funds. So if a state refused to conduct local government elections, the federal government would not release money spent for local government. But you use a fantastic word, which is surrogates. And some would argue that even with conduct of elections, it doesn't change anything. That's true. Of course we're used to the era of Ketika Committee chairman. Ketika local government chairman, which was as well, which is alien actually to Nigeria's constitutional laws. Look in the study of the elections, the local government elections in various states would reveal that actually there are no elections. In fact, in several states, Bakaduna, which I'm aware of, the opposition in the state does not even care to spend money contested in local government elections. You agree with that? Because the winners are already determined to have elections. Of course. And then you have the state electoral commission domiciled under the government. So someone would say until, do you agree with those who say until we have free and fair elections and probably the conduct of the local government elections taken away from the state government and placed in the hand of INEC. Any law-needed legislation for local government autonomy is just a smoke screen, really. It's not to work. Okay, let me put it this way. There are three levels. One is financial independence. Let them manage their funds. Let's hold them to account. Two is administrative independence. Only elected officials with councillors with the mandate of the people, supposedly, whether it is rightly or maybe, but at least they have a mandate. Should be allowed. So that is administrative independence. The third question is how leadership emerges. Who conducts the election? Is it free and fair? Those are the three questions you're talking about. When, unfortunately, I was part of the process, right? The constitutional amendment process. And the advocacy for that. From beginning, NOLGI, NUT, and all of them were saying that it is all or nothing. That we want administrative independence. We want financial independence. We want local government elections to be severe completely from the federal, state government and given to INEC. But in the course of the engagements, it was, we realized that it was going to be difficult to get all the three. There were said- Were the governments fighting back? Of course, definitely. Including even the legislators that will vote. So we had to meet them halfway. Because they are saying that this is a democracy. There are three democracies that local governments are part or appendages of the state government. There was this fear that if I may conduct local government election, the federal government will start controlling local government and will be using them against state governments. So we now see that is your fear. Let's meet you halfway. If not halfway, 70%. Grant them financial autonomy. Grant them administrative autonomy. Let's get these ones for keep. Then we can continue the advocacy for the third leg. Army are an apostle of incremental change. They were happy with that. So the state assemblies will still have supervisory control over the local government so that they don't abuse it. That's why we agreed. So grant them the financial autonomy now. Each local government should bear his name. It is easier for communities and local government people to hold their local government chairman account knowing that 100 million was released to them. They're going to hold the government accounts. But if you put it excellently, financial autonomy, administrative autonomy and then elections being free and fair and the will of people being exercise. But some would argue that, and this is my observation, that as long as the governor of a state determines who becomes local government chairman, and we've seen what is playing out in a real estate with somebody who was not meant to be there, you know, or indeed it was not needed as the screening. He popped up and he was arrested. In some states where you have a governor being politically strong, you won't call it that. You don't buy your form, party form you don't buy. When he decides who wants to run, he, they will buy the form, they will give it to you. So you didn't put yourself there. Now, when you know that he pays the piper, when the money comes in, that financial autonomy, do you think that in the true sense of the word, they can say, ah, we have financial autonomy. Oh, God, you can't touch this money. If he says, send the money here, or you can't spend it without me. I'm sure they couldn't do otherwise. Yes, I think, like I said, we can't change the world in one day, and you can't solve all the problems in one day. Let's keep chopping the problems gradually. We'll get to this. But in effect, in effect, the administrative and if there is no electoral independence. Hold on, sir. Sir, the administrative autonomy and the financial autonomy that you are touting would basically be on paper. Okay, let me give you the paper. What will you want? Will you want to say, because we don't have electoral independence, we should also leave the money, leave the instability in the local government? No, at least let's get 70% now and continue to fight for the remaining 30. As of today, it's either we change what is on ground now, or we don't attempt it at all.  They don't even want to move, leave, and inch. We are saying that, look, we may not change the world overnight, but let's start somewhere. And that somewhere is that. Release this money. As of today, the minister for finance when she's releasing the money, the money is paid into a joint account. Who is in control of the account? It's the state government. We are saying that let each local government have statutory account. So that once the money comes into that account, Nigeria and everybody know who to hold responsibility. Local government channel will not say we were not giving money. The money has been given to you. That's number one. Number two, we are also saying that they let their best ability in the channel of local government. You remember, right now, a lot of state are conducting local government even when they know that they are in transition. And once APC, for instance, is an APC state, conduct local government at the end of it. They are the win. At the end of the election, let's say a PDP governor comes in. He dissolves all the local government and conduct his own local government. We want to stop that. We have to move. But Kwame Krumai was who said on the night of independence of Ghana, that the independence of Ghana as a first black nation, Southern South Guinea, is meaningless unless it is linked up with the total liberation of the African continent. So the point I was trying to make is that the financial autonomy and the ministerial autonomy is meaningless unless they have electoral independence. That is why I'm saying that I don't want to say use the word meaningless. We have to go. It may not be as effective as we want it. Ineffective, all right, all right. Thank you very much for your time, John Moutibou. We will be speaking with our next guest. In John Moutibou, we see a national coordinator of Vangard, a democracy of Vangard. We'll be back and where we return. We talk about the interesting events unfolding in River State and the governorship screening with the People's Democratic Party. Stay with us.


Alrighty, I have a construction update for you guys today, and I have a lot of pre-T to spill before tomorrow's construction update. So here's a weather-proofing, waterproofing mat that they're laying down on the dirt and then covering in preparation for moose horn construction to start. Over at Vortex Tunnel, tunnel number two, they are removing the forms, and I want you guys to pay attention to a very important fact. The curbs for this tunnel in quotations align perfectly with the park curbs. So previous speculation was that this was going to be a launch tunnel. Truthfully, it's looking a lot more like a lockout zone, maybe a Q-line, but again, I just want to state a really important factor. I've never seen a coaster project where they start with the Q-line. That would be really confusing. It's like a three-week project. I can't see why they wouldn't do this at the end, but who knows? But I'm hoping at the end of the day it is a lockout zone because it does have signs of maintenance areas in there. But you'll see tomorrow there's some really interesting turn of events that are occurring on that tunnel that get even more confusing. So my Patreon's already know, and they sound just as confused as I do on that tunnel, but we'll have to see. Over at Extreme Skyflyer, they are excavating all the footings. In tomorrow's update, you'll see some even more important information. How are you guys liking my new drone, by the way? The 56-time zoom is insane. So I'm loving it. There's nothing in this park that can hide anymore. I can see everywhere from my four spots of flying, but yeah, super exciting. Over in this tunnel, things are about to heat up. I want you guys to pay attention to this tunnel because your life is going to change tomorrow, okay? They had a company in there cutting away at it. Outside of that, not much to give you until tomorrow's update. Over here, Heartwell and Work was continuing in the pathways underneath Thunder Run and the pathways that they use for the ruins, exit, Jern Haunt. So those two entrances next to both these new tunnels by Vortex and Thunder Run's exit have work going on in those areas. So you're gonna see right here the guy going in. Also, really good news for you guys in tomorrow's construction update. I'm telling you, tomorrow's construction update is the biggest construction update we've ever filmed so far.  So when you're watching this today, so in tomorrow's construction update, so much action. So much action, so much to talk about. But yeah, outside of that, things are about to get really confusing for you guys and myself and things are about to heat up. I'm really excited. Things are about to move forward full steam. And yeah, it's gonna be really interesting to see what Wonderland has up their sleeves because this is turning out to be a really expensive project. So I'm really curious as to what this is going to be. Anyways, thanks so much for watching guys. Have a good one. Bye.


It's been a popular game for many years. You can play along at home. Delta dentals, can you guess this Titan? The head coach, Mike Vrable, loves this part of the show. Can he guess this Titan? Michael, who is it?  Is it Daryl Frank's screen? It is. Daryl Frank, better known as Buster's screen, who continues to play good football for the Titans in the secondary. Mike Vrable, what do you like about Buster's screen? Well, he loves football. He was looking for an opportunity, and we gave him one, and he's done everything that we've asked him to do. It seems like he's been here for a while. Doesn't it, Mike? I just get that sense that he's one of us. And you know, he's never been to the playoffs, Mike? Had numerous guys come up to me the last couple of days like, coach, I've never played on a winning team. I've never been in a playoffs. You know, I'm excited for him, but we got a lot of work to do here this week to prepare for the Texans, and then we'll figure out what happens after that.


Swing it. What's up, my name is Geeks Mr. V here. Welcome to another video, guys. So in today's video, I wanted to talk about swing trading, because this is a topic that I've actually covered here on the channel. And a lot of you guys keep asking the question and don't quite understand it. And I know that most of you are people that are new to trading, and you're trying to figure out some of these terms. So I want to just focus on swing trading today and really cover that, explain to you my strategy when I do swing trade. So before we get started, guys, if you're new to the channel, we talk about how to earn money, how to save money, how to invest and build wealth. So if there's something that interests you, go ahead and hit that subscribe button and the notification bell, so you don't miss out on new content. Again, swing trading would involve you buying a security and holding it overnight, holding it for a week, holding it for a month, or even holding it for a couple of months. So you're not holding it long term. You're not giving it that three, five, 10 years, time horizon. So your swing trade time horizon is really, really short. So most people do either long-term investing, which is just buying a stock and holding it for until you retire, or you can do a swing trade, which is just to build income. So you can decide that every two weeks or every month I want to be able to generate some income and then you buy some stocks and flip them and make that money. Or you can day trade, which is buy and sell the same day. So intraday trading.  So when you go into swing trading, there's a lot of things that I want you to be aware of before you even start. First is deciding what stocks you want to swing trade. How do you find the stocks that you want to swing trade? How do you know when to swing trade that particular stock? So I mean, I do a lot of research of different stocks and then so I know some stocks, I know a catalyst is coming up. Let's say if it's a pharmaceutical company, they are waiting for some approver and you can read the news and see that they'll get this green light that they'll probably get the approver. You can talk about, let's say it's a automobile company and they have maybe some new technology that they're gonna put into their automobiles or it could be just a tech company that is putting out a new feature on your platform that people are gonna like. Again, that's not the list, but just some of the things that you would consider some could be their earnings report. So I'll give you a good example like Pinterest. I love trading Pinterest earnings report because they always crush it and usually you would get at least between five to $10 spread when you trade their earnings report. So those are some of the things that can push you to do swing trading. So when you go into a swing trade, I want you to have a strategy. I don't want to just walk in there thinking that you're just gonna buy and sell. So I'll have a clear plan. And so by the plan, I want you to know exactly what your entry price is gonna be. So what price are you willing to pay for that particular security at that particular time? And then once you identify your price, I want you to set your target. I want you to know exactly when you feel comfortable taking profit. Let's say you buy a stock at $10, that's your entry price. You want to take profit at say $12. So that's a $2 spread. And then when do you want to get out of that trade if it's going south? You can say $9.50. So you're risking 50 cents to make $2. Okay, that sounds about good. But when you have that strategy, you go into that trade, you know for sure that if you go south, I'm out at $9.50 and you can take profit at $12. And in most cases, this is what kills a lot of people because the minute they go into a trade, they say they want to get out at $12, it gets to $12, and then they see, they see like there's still momentum and the stock keeps moving. They just stay in that trade. They don't use their strategy. So if you find yourself in that situation, what I want you to do is once you hit your price target, I want you to put a stop loss at that position. It doesn't matter. Secure that particular profit first before you start chasing anything. Just in case if the stock wedges do kind of like a fake squeeze and then come back, you can get out. But at least you've secured your $2 profit that you wanted in that particular trade. And the same thing, if you put your stop loss, I'd say $9.50, the minute that stock start pulling back and don't try to move your stop loss down, thinking that it's gonna bounce up, just let it, if it hits your stop loss, it hits your stop loss, you can get out. And again, with Weibo that I use, they have what we call a bracket order. So when you place a bracket order, if the stock start moving up and pass, let's say your price target, what you can do is you can move your stop loss and bring it up and secure that profit. So I don't know all the other platforms, but I know that stop loss or trailing stop loss is most platforms do have that. So you can definitely leverage that. Again, a trailing stop would be one where you can say, okay, after it hits your $2 price point, your target, now you can put a trailing stop there and say, okay, if it keeps moving up, the trail is at maybe 5% or 10% your last price. So again, if you say 5%, it goes up, it's that pulling back 5% of the last price, it will kick you out. So that's a strategy to help you really take away emotions out of your trading because most greedy savages that lose money is because you put your emotions in there.  So you stick into your strategy, having that plan and not deviating from it is something that will help you down the road. If you really wanna succeed with string trading. And again, guys, picking the right stacks to string trade is something that you want to really consider because you want stacks that have a catalyst, they have a momentum coming. Something needs to happen to drive the price of that stack up. You're not just going in there thinking, oh, I just wanna buy this hope that goes up. Hope is okay, but it's not really a strategy. I don't want you hoping. At least I want you to have a reason why it should go up so that even if it doesn't go up but at least you had a clear reason why you were doing it. You didn't just go in blindly. So that's what I wanted to cover in this video. I hope this was kinda helpful to just give you guys a little bit of context when it comes to string trading. So again, guys, just a quick recap here. String trading is just buying and holding a security over a short period of time and selling it for some profit.  I don't want you to be a greedy savage. So let me know in the comment section if this does help. And if it does, then I'm gonna start making more videos. So I guess it kinda give you guys a little bit some of the strategies because when I post a video on different stocks, I would probably just passively mention that, oh, I'm string trading this one. And then I get questions in the comment section, like, well, what do you mean string trading? How do you know if you should string trade or you should hold long term? So that's why I'm actually doing some of these videos. So again, let me know in the comment section if this was useful. If you're new to the channel, we took about how to earn money, how to save money, how to invest and build wealth. So that's something that interests you. Go ahead and hit that subscribe button and the notification bell so you don't miss out on new content. Also, if you are looking to get started with investing guys, WeBoasty has their promotion where if you sign up and deposit $100, you get free stocks, links are in the description. And as always, do your due diligence.  Stay motivated.