Hello and welcome to this Institute of International and European Affairs event, which is part of the IA's global project, global Europe project supported by the Department of Foreign Affairs. My name is David O'Sullivan. I'm the Director General of the Institute and I'm particularly delighted today to be joined by my good friend and colleague, Stefano Sanino, Secretary General of the European External Action Service, who has been generous to take time out from his busy schedule on a lightning visit to Dublin today to speak with us. He will speak to us for about 15 or 20 minutes or so, and we will then go to a question and answer with your audience. You'll be able to join the discussion using the, by now, very familiar Q&A function on Zoom, which you should see on your screen. And please feel free to send in your questions throughout the session, as they occur to you, and we'll come to them once Secretary General Sanino has finished his presentation. I should remind you that both today's presentation and the question and answer are both on the record. And please feel free, as always, to join our discussion on Twitter using the handle at IIEA. We're also live streaming today's discussion. So a very warm welcome to all of you tuning in via YouTube. Let me just formally now say a few words about Secretary General Sanino before I hand him the floor. He has served as the Secretary General of the European External Action Service since January 19, 2021, and was Deputy Secretary for Economic and Global Issues at the External Action Service from April 2020 to December 2020. He has a very distinguished career in the Italian Diplomatic Service, also in the European Commission. We worked together when he was Diplomatic Advisor to President Prodi as President of the Commission. He then was also his Diplomatic Advisor when he was Prime Minister and he has served as Italian Ambassador to Spain to the permanent representative of Italy to the EU. And he's also been a Director General in the Commission. So he has wide experience of national diplomacy, European diplomacy, and could not be better qualified to take on the role he has today. So please, Stefano, the floor is yours. David, thank you very much. Thank you very much for the warm welcome. And it's a pleasure to share the screen with you. For those who don't know, David has been my first boss when I joined the European Commission. So he was my Secretary General at the time. And so it's an enormous pleasure to share this screen with him. And thanks to the IIEA for hosting me. Maybe I know that it's a little bit intuitive, but I cannot start this meeting and this chat without mentioning what is the biggest challenge that maybe European Union is facing in his recent, in the last few years. And that's the aggression that we are facing in the last few years. And that's the aggression, the war of aggression of Russia against Ukraine. It has been, from many points of view, a sort of watershed because the European Union had to decide between accepting what could be a scene and it is a blatant violation of all the principles for which we have been fighting for decades following the Second World War or close ranks and confront this challenge. And this is exactly what happened there. I still remember very well the European Council that followed the invasion of Ukraine and the sense of unity and determination that all leaders expressed in the context of the of the Council, which really paved the way then for a number of not easy decisions that have been all underpinned by this very strong will. And I would say that since that moment, I can identify two main features that have marked our approach to this crisis. And that is unity and partnership. Unity, as I was saying, we have been since the very beginning very clear that we had to act in a unified way and that it would have been our major asset in order to confront the threat that was coming from them from China. Maybe I start with saying about the one point that is also very sensitive for you in here in Ireland that there's the fact that the European Union has hosted more than seven million Ukrainian refugees. And from that point of view, also Ireland has done an important part of the job since more than one percent of its population of refugees is coming from Ukraine. And this is a solidarity, which I think it's extremely important. But we have been able also to support Ukraine from the economic, financial, political and military point of view in a way which has been unprecedented. I will come back in a moment about the use, for example, of the European Peace facility for supporting militarily Ukraine, especially the beginning of the conflict, but also the larger amounts of financial resources that we provide Ukraine, almost eight billion in these six months, without considering the political decision to grant the candidate status to Ukraine and so paving the way for a possible future membership of the country to the European Union. At the same time, we have also imposed an unprecedented set of sanctions against Russia. And we have substantially worked on isolating Russia on the world scene. We are working also very closely together on the global implications of this conflict, especially when it comes to the triple crisis, the energy, food and financial crisis that we are going through as a European Union, but also all the other countries of the world. And we are at the same time pursuing the accountability of Russia because we think that this part of the possible definition of the conflict and working for the reconstruction effort that we need to shoulder at the moment when the war will be over. I am unfortunately convinced that we will see more things ahead of us. The phone call that has taken place between the Defense Minister of Russia with some of his Western colleagues in France, UK, US is worrying not only about the allegations of use of the dirty bomb, but also because we have seen that many times Russia has started accusing Ukraine of doing the things they did themselves, then would do. So certainly an element of preoccupation. The second point that I think I want to stress in this context is the fact that we have managed to enhance substantially our partnership and this has been also another element of strength. Starting with US, I would say, but also with a number of other key allies in Europe and outside Europe and in close contact with the Ukrainian authorities. We have been able to create the conditions for, let's say this, the policy that I was trying to define before of isolation of Russia and of sanctions. And I think that the work on sanctions is particularly noticeable. We started early enough, we in the sense to European Union together with United States, UK and other partners, early enough at the beginning of December, we were not sure whether Russia would have invaded Ukraine. They were denying it, but we thought it was important to prepare the ground and work. And as a matter of fact, this has allowed us to impose sanctions and to agree on sanctions very rapidly after the start of the conflict. The other thing which I think is important to stress is the fact that we have managed to strengthen our resilience and our role on the global stage. And we have done this in three key areas. The first one is the work that we have developed on security and defence. This is a work that we started already before with the idea of reinforcing our security and defence capacities. You may remember that we have launched already some months ago the strategic compass, which is the new doctrine for the security and defence of the European Union. And that could pave the way of the work that we should do in the coming years within the European Union. Following the war, a number of decisions have been taken by our member states. First and foremost, I would say the decision of Finland and Sweden to apply to join NATO, but also the decision of Denmark to join the EU defence cooperation and the decision which is taken by many countries in Europe to increase the defence spending because we have all realised that unfortunately the security should have been strengthened on our continent. And it is in this context that I would like to remind the commitment to use the European peace facility to finance the military equipment for the Ukrainian army. That was an absolute premiere up until February when the decision was taken. The European Union had never financed the acquisition of lethal weapons and that was the case. And we have done in a quite substantial way. So far we have committed 3.1 billion euro to support the for military assistance to the Ukrainians. But I would say that more than this it's even more relevant to the political signal that was given. It's not only the money that was important, but also the fact that the European Union collectively had undertaken and taken the decision to support military Ukraine. We are continuing to do so. Now we are establishing also a military assistance mission to coordinate and support the training needs of the Ukrainian armed forces and all this on the top of the bilateral assistance given by our member states. The second element that I would like to stress is the capacity of projecting here what I would say our economic strength. Because the sanctions that we have adopted are definitely unprecedented in terms of size and impact. And there is one decision that is part of this process that we have taken. And that's the decision to end our dependency on Russian energy, which is a real game changer from many points of view. Sanctions and the coupling in the energy sector do represent a significant impact on the Russian economy and will have a significant impact on the Russian economy over time. The third element that I would like to stress is the point of the enhancement of the European Union impact, geopolitical impact in the landscape, in the world landscape that is changing very rapidly. Certainly this war has accelerated a number of geopolitical trends in world politics. And the result is that we are all living now in a much more confrontational and fragmented system. And I would say even a more polarized system, a much more polarized world. Last month we have tried to reach out to a number of countries bilaterally and also multilateral partners in order to try to take care of a number of preoccupations that these countries were expressing. It is true that this war has had a number of consequences on a third country, not only on the European Union, but also on countries in Africa or in Asia or in Latin America. And we are trying to denounce the Russia's instrumentalization of food, energy, hunger, and we will continue to encounter these narratives that we think diverts the attention for which are the real causes and responsibilities of Russia in this war. But we need also to make it clear to all these countries that this is not only a question of the way Russia is telling the story. It's also a question of how we are able to respond to the preoccupations that these countries are expressing, how we can better focus our work. And I'm thinking in particular to a number of instruments that we have developed in these last few months. And more than everything else to global gateway, which is our interconnectivity strategy, that may be an important factor in changing the perception of the way we work with them with third countries. Maybe one few words on China, because I think that we are, this is the other big challenge that we have in front of us. You may remember that back in 2019, we have developed a strategic outlook on China, where we're defining this country as a partner, a competitor in the systemic rival. But it is also true that the war in Ukraine and the new political situation in China has made China emerge as much more assertive political actor. There is a termination on the China side to continue challenging the leadership presented by the United States. And they are signaling clearly that they will become strong competitors, especially on the technological and economic point of view. But also we need to look at the vision that China is bringing to the development of the world when it comes to the security initiative or the development initiative or the way they are dealing with the rules of multilateralism or the vision about human rights. So a number of elements which are making China a real global competitor from the economic but also from the political point of view. And without considering the challenges that the issue of the relationship with Taiwan is posing. So we will need to manage this complex relationship. We will need to be able to work with that and trade and keep on developing links with the country that is essential for dealing with our big challenges from climate change to health, the restructuring with the country with which we have a very substantial exchange. It's more than 1.8 billion euro per day. But the country at the same time is also representing, as it was saying, an alternative model for the world. And we need to be able to make sure that the dependencies that we have developed over time with China cannot become vulnerabilities for our systems. So we will need to continue working in areas that David, you know very well. I mean, where you are of your areas of specialization, the screening of foreign direct investment, the anti-economic coercion measures, but also measures that are increasing our capacity to stand on our feet in the future. And that's, for example, the CHIPS Act or the EU batteries regulations or the work that we are doing on critical raw materials. So we need to make sure that again, the interdependence does not become an element of vulnerability and of weakness for us in the future. One final consideration from what I tried to define, the challenges that we are facing in Russia, between Russia and Ukraine, the ramification that these have in all continents from Africa to Latin America to Asia, the problems that we have in managing the relationship with China. All this gives us a sense of the fact that the security theater is one. We cannot no longer speak about alternative security scenarios. You may remember at a certain point, we were more on the transatlantic agenda. Other times we were more pivoting to Asia. The truth is that we have now one single security zone and the link between the different agendas are much stronger than they used to be in the past. And it is also in this context the work that we will keep on doing on multilateralism continues to be of key importance. And I'm speaking here in a country which is a champion of multilateralism. It has done great work during these two years sitting in the Security Council and where the effort that we all need to make is to have held the principles of the United Nations. This is not only a romantic willingness. It's not only the idea of the fact of having a world which is at peace with itself, that is on the contrary the United Nations do represent the place where the use of force, the strength of each country finds limits and counter balances in a context which is based on rules and not on the law of the strongest. That's where we need collectively to keep on working to preserve this space, which is a space of freedom for the whole of us, not only for the West but also for the rest of the world. Thank you very much. Thank you very much, Stefano. That's quite a tour d'horizon there of immense, immense challenges. And by and large, I personally would share your sort of positive assessment of the way the EU has reacted. But let me just play devil's advocate for a moment and push you on a couple of those points. I mean, yes, we have maintained unity, but is it not also true that we have seen fairly clear disagreements about how to react to this situation, particularly between, I would say, East and West with the Baltics and Poland and other countries taking a much tougher line and indeed openly, fairly critical of the position taken by countries traditionally in the lead, for example, Germany. It's true that this has given a boost to our defence activities, but has it not also reinforced the primacy of NATO and the transatlantic role in defence rather than an autonomous or an independent European defence capability? And finally, on the global, I mean, yes, I think we have managed to rally a fairly impressive number of countries in the United Nations in support of our general position. On the other hand, we have seen some fairly important countries outside of Europe and the transatlantic space take a rather more distant view. I mean, China, obviously, but we'll come back to China in a moment. But India, South Africa, even Brazil, countries not really taking, wanting to get involved or take too many sides, which is perhaps discouraging for us. So sorry to be, but just to put the counterfactual there maybe that, you know, things are more complicated than it seems. Yeah, I mean, I'm not trying to describe a sort of ideal world, but the European Union is certainly made of different interests and different positions. And what is important is that at the end of the day, you have a recomposition of this interest in a sort of unitary line. And that's what it has happened. I think that it's also normal. The perception of the threat of Russia is different if you are living in a country bordering Russia or if you're living in a country which is not bordering Russia and as always said, a very constructive and positive trade relationship with this country. So I would say that this is part of the story and I've been witnessing very, in the European Council, very interesting questions on this. But again, the point is that even if maybe one could start from different positions, what is important that you get into a middle ground, which is shared by everybody and that everybody's ready to defend. And that's what has happened as a matter of fact. On defence, there too I would be a little bit more nuanced. I mean, first of all, I think that there has never been on the EU side any idea or intention to replace NATO as the military alliance or as the main provider of security in the European continent. We have always said that NATO is and will remain the basis on which the security of the continent is based. But at the same time, I think that we have shown and I was trying to stress this point that the European Union is able to do things in specific circumstances. When we decide to use the European peace facility and so to finance essentially in the armed, the supply of armaments to Ukraine and to take collective responsibility as European Union for that, that was not the right decision. We were not sure about the consequences of this choice. If Russia would have reacted in a certain way, if they've been considered as part of the conflict, so there were a number of elements. And it was a situation where, for different reasons, there was no other security structure in Ukraine. Remember that it's both NATO and United States had, let's say, moved on the eastern flank of NATO and made very clear that that would have been the sort of line that could not be trespassed. And we did it and we took our responsibility. So I think that also from that point of view, there has been a positive and constructive interlocking element, a mutually enforcing dimension, because it is also true that the European Union could be so bold in this stand, because all the members or at least a large number of members of the European Union were also members of NATO. There was a sort of protection that was coming from there. But again, I don't think that the European Union will never become military alliance. And I don't think that we need to, again, to start the competition with NATO. I keep on insisting on the fact that we need to be clear that the enemy, if I can call it so, or at least the warring part of the story, it's not the EU for NATO or NATO for you, but it's for both these organizations, EU and NATO, third countries that are trying to challenge the order in which that we collectively have created after the Second World War. On your third point, concerning the, let's say, third countries, it is true. I mean, even if the last voting was in general assembly was extremely positive, 143, that had voted in favor of, sorry, against the illegal annexation of the regions to Russia. It is also true that there are some important countries, and you have mentioned some, that have abstained and that have preferred not to take a more clear stand. I think that if you analyze the reasons behind this position, you can find a number of elements which are, again, understandable from the political point of view. My reading is that, first of all, we should avoid dividing the world between those who are in favor and those who are against. Again, we have to take into account the complexity. And if you see also the different patterns in different kind of resolutions that have been passed in the General Assembly, you can see that according to the topic, there are different configurations. So we need to be more granular, maybe, in the analysis. But we need also to take into account the complexity of the relations with them with third country. We will continue, and that was I was saying, we will continue, let's say, trying to debunk the false narrative that Russia is trying to impose. But we will also try to show and prove the goodwill and determination of the European Union to work constructively with them, with countries that we believe have any interest in working more closely with us. Thank you. Thank you very much. I must not abuse my position as a moderator. All the questions. So I'll turn to some questions from the audience. Bridget Laffen, Professor Bridget Laffen, asked the following question. You have stressed that developments have been unprecedented with EU unity. How have the EU institutions worked collectively to achieve this in a crowded arena, the European Council, the General Affairs Council, the EES, the Commission, etc. Who takes the lead on what, how is unity and action secured? Look, I have to say that the, especially in, in developing sanctions, the work among the institutions has been almost exemplary. We have been able to sit around the same table, to share the work, to do each on each side what needed to be done. I think that the expertise of the, I mean, the political, if you want the political crowd, the political landscape that we have tried to provide for all the institutions, the expertise of the Commission in defining the sanctions packages, both in the trade component, as in the financial components, or in the energy, I mean, in all these areas, where the experience of the Commission is invaluable and necessary. And the determination of the Council, the rapidity with which the decisions have been taken, and the generosity, if I may say, called this way in terms of time that we have devoted and dedicated to this fight. So I think that for me, it has been a very positive test case that when there is a real important issue to be decided, the institutions are able to put on the side their, let's say, usual dynamic, I would say, dialectics that is characterizing the work of the institutions and try to produce results, concrete results for the interest of the European citizens. So that for me has been a very, very, very positive surprise. I, based on my experience, I would agree with you. Stepano, obviously, one of the concerns is, you know, where is all this war in Ukraine leading? How long is it going to last? And obviously, the fear of escalation at you mentioned the recent phone call by the Russian Defence Minister, clearly setting up a potential accusation, doubtless faults against Ukraine of using nuclear weapons, but perhaps revealing that thought might be in the mind of Russia. And we have a question from one of our researchers here, Kian Fitzgerald, with Russia threatening the use of a tactical nuclear weapon in Ukraine, how might the EU respond to the detonation of a nuclear device and are there preparations in place for such a possibility? I know there's a limit to how much you can answer that question, but still, your boss, the high representative was fairly outspoken on the issue last week. My boss was outspoken, that's the privilege of the politicians. But now joking apart, I think that the, especially when it comes to nuclear, the main point of nuclear is the deterrence effect. I mean, we all are aware and I hope that also in Russia aware of the devastating consequences that this may entail for the whole population, by the way, because then, I mean, where would you use the, if in case, the weapons? I think that there is an element of threat and there is an element of deterrence. And that's where I see what has been expressed by a number of different political quarters on this side and on the other side of the Atlantic about the fact that this would entail, as I said, devastating consequences for Russia. So I hope that there is still an element of rationality in all this process. I mean, as much as we can call it this way, and that this is not the risk or the escalation, as you were mentioning, is more limited than one could fear. Clearly, one cannot exclude. I mean, the fact that this may happen may take place. But again, I mean, it's a question of what you want to achieve and which are the, which is the price that you are paying for achieving the result. It is true that the war, which was supposed to last only a few days now, we are eight months into it. And I'm afraid that we'll see more in the months to come. Maybe during the winter time, it will be a little bit more less visible. But the situation on the ground is still unclear. And so both sides are not ready to go for a settlement. I would like to stress one thing, because this could honestly, while I was speaking, it sounds a little bit like putting Ukrainian Russia on the same plane. And this is not the case. I mean, there is one aggressor and there is a country that has been aggressed. And so I like very much the definition that was used by the Finnish Foreign Minister when she was asked when this war would end. And she replied when Russia will leave Ukraine. And I think it was a very wise way of putting things in the right perspective. Indeed. And we have a question here from former Brigadier General Gerald Ahern, and he says, when I served with the EU training mission in Somalia in 2013-14, I often heard observations from non-military colleagues that the EAS was staffed predominantly by those from development and humanitarian backgrounds and experience. Was that a fair observation he asks? I mean, if there is someone who knows well the story of the origin of the EAS, it's you, David. You have been intimately involved in it. So certainly at the beginning, the external action service was staffed essentially with colleagues coming from the institutions. That said, I think that many of those colleagues had a very open vision of things, and they were not just coming with a sort of development mentality. But in the meantime, the EAS has evolved significantly. Let's say almost half of the staff now is made up of national diplomat. But more than the origin of the staff, I think that what has changed is the approach and the mentality of the EAS as such. It has moved very much into a crisis management, into a crisis response, and there are an important and a very important component of the house, which is dealing with this dimension. So I would say that by now we have a clear sense of the work that the EAS could do both in Brussels and in our embassies on the ground, that also the evolution has been particularly significant. And there again, you are a good witness of this having in yourself leading, if not the most important, certainly one of the most important embassies in the European Union and the world in Washington. So the work has changed a lot with the nature of and the characteristics that the EAS has taken over time. We need also to be aware that the EAS is still a relatively young body, because it has been created less than 12 years ago. And let's say the complexity of the structure is such that you need some time to solidify and cement number of elements, including the culture of the house, of the place, the political culture. But I think that we are, honestly, we are on a very good track. We're getting lots of questions in, Stefano. I'm not sure I'm going to get around to them all because I know we must stop at 120. Just pursuing that issue of development aid, pouring Murphy, former Irish ambassador says, you mentioned development aid policy, would you agree that at a global level, our classic development aid policy has shown certain gaps in coverage, which are now being exploited by China? Do we need to have a more comprehensive view of our policy in this area? You touched also on the global gateway, of course, which is hard. And I would say that even the change in the name of the Director General who is dealing with development is interesting, because now what used to be a development cooperation has become international partnerships. She is, how to say, a quite important shift in terms of approach. It's not only how to, let's say, to support the development of the countries, but how to make it sure that we are creating conditions in the countries of sustainable growth, but also the link that this work can create between those countries in the European Union. So we just don't want to be, let's say, bringing our support, but we want also to create a political connection, which is stronger. I mean, from that point of view, it is very interesting to recall the recent EU African Union summit in Brussels. They tried to have to create a new way of defining the relationship, the partnership between the European Union and Africa, very much based also on what you were mentioning, David, about the global gateway. So our interconnectivity strategy and the idea of creating, again, projects that for their relevance impact may have a significant impact on the economic development of the country and also, as I was saying, generating a stronger political link with the European Union. Thank you. We have exactly four minutes left. I'm going to throw you three questions, Stephanie. Not all of them easy, but you can then choose how much time you spend on each of them. The first one is from Peter McLoone, who is a board member of the IEA, and he's just saying, it's just been announced that we have a new prime minister in the UK, most likely, Rishi Shunak. Do you have any immediate thoughts on how that future relationship will develop? So that's one question. The second relates to the country that you know best in our best European speak, Bobby McDonough, distinguished Irish diplomat, but also former ambassador to Rome. The new Italian prime minister, despite divisions in her coalition has promised solidarity with the EU and the Ukraine. How confident are you of Italy's position? I don't know. That's a tough question there from Bobby. And to what extent is populism in the EU being constrained by the reality of national interests and public opinion? And then finally, an Irish question. You touched on the defence role of the EU, the fact that Finland and Sweden have now joined NATO. Ireland remains something of an outlier. The debate here is not really showing any enthusiasm for NATO, perhaps more openness to the European, to cooperating on European defence activities, but just your thoughts on how Ireland is perceived, how the Irish position is perceived by the other member states. Thank you. So you've got three minutes to come. No pressure. 50 seconds each. New prime minister in the UK. I think that we all hope that the UK will get out of this very complex political situation where they are and can go back to the whole habits of predictability being a reliable partner for all of us. They've had difficult moments. I have to say that in the area that I'm more involved in, the security and defence, we've had a very good cooperation with the UK in all these months in spite of the problems and the difficulties. But I think that for the first of all for the UK citizens and then for the rest of the European and for the rest of the world, we are certainly willing to have a more stable political situation in the UK. On the point of the country and no best, I mean there is a very good golden rule of not commenting on the countries of members of the European Union. But I have to say that from what I'm seeing in terms of choices and in terms of concrete acts that have been taken by the new government, I think that there is at least a good basis on which one could work on. And I won't say more about this. About the point of the role of the Ireland and I think that Ireland has been and continues to be an extremely reliable partner. And I'm not saying this only because I'm sitting in Dublin, but because the I've seen concretely even in areas which were difficult in decisions that were difficult to be made by Ireland, then the instinct has been that of supporting the European Union. I'm thinking particularly now in this moment to the European peace facility, which could have been a difficult decision to be taken and where Ireland could have been difficult in joining the consensus and they have done so. They've done a very constructive spirit and they continue to work in a very constructive spirit in this area. I think that it is important for me to have in mind that when we speak about security, not only in Europe, but the new concept of security goes well beyond the military aspect and the military element. There is also a many other components that come into the picture, be it on misinformation or cyber on hybrid space, you name it. And in all these areas, we need a strong European Union. That's where also the point that I'm constantly making with the colleagues in NATO, if they are strong when it comes to hard security, I think that we are strong as European Union when it comes to this other aspect of security. And that includes energy or the work on the instrumentalization of many policies that is being done by Russia in, for example, during this war. So in all this, I think that we can all contribute and the European Union can give a huge contribution and Ireland can give a huge contribution for the security of all our continent and of the Irish people. Thank you very much. We've run slightly over time, so I apologize for that. But thank you so much, Stefano Zanino, Secretary General of the European External Action Service for joining us today. And good luck with the many challenges that your role faces in the future. Thank you so much.


Proudly, we hail! From New York City, where the American stage begins, here is another program with a cast of outstanding players. Public service time has been made available by this station for your Army and your Air Force to bring you this story. As proudly we hail, Sarah Gertrude Banks, M.D. Today's story will begin in just a moment. But first... Young woman, there's an exciting future for you in Air Force Blue. Yes, today the WAF, women in the Air Force, urgently need qualified young women between the ages of 18 and 34. Serve in an important job in an interesting place. Become a part of the Air Force team. Right now you can secure information about the future for you in Air Force Blue at your nearest United States Army and United States Air Force recruiting station. Do it today. Now your Army and your Air Force present the proudly we hail production, A Woman's Place. Our story is about a pioneer, not the kind that shoots her way out of Indian ambush, but rather one who clears a path through the wilderness of prejudice, Sarah Gertrude Banks. Born June 11, 1839 in Oakland County, Michigan, she was a descendant of Miles Standish. Probably from her pilgrim forefather, she inherited independence and the determination to make her own way in life. Otherwise, what can explain the decision of a country girl to enter a profession where no woman was welcome? That profession was medicine, the time-honored stronghold of men. Let me go on. I've got to see Dr. Banks. It's triply important. But I've told you she can't be disturbed now. What is all this commotion out here? Let her go, ma'am. Dr. Banks have tried to tell this young lady you were busy, and insist upon seeing her. Please, Dr. Banks, you've got to help me.  I tried to... Oh, I see. Well, perhaps we can sit him straight. Won't you come into my office? Thank you, but Dr. Banks... It's all right, Maggie. You did your best. Now then, just what is it I can do to help you, Miss... Goodwin, Jill Goodwin. Well, I don't know exactly, Dr. Banks. If you could write a letter to my father, perhaps. He says that women have no right to even hope to be doctors. That it's a man's profession. I tried to tell him that this isn't the Middle Ages anymore. After all, this is 1916. But he just won't listen. He says a woman's place... Is in the home. Yes, I've heard that all my life. But that didn't stop you, and now you're famous. That's why I thought if only you would talk to father or write to him. I'm sure he'd listen to you. Whether he'd listen or not is beside the point, my dear. It's you yourself that has to be sure. If you want to be a doctor more than anything else in this world, then nothing will stop you. But let me tell you, it's not an easy road.  Oh, I am sure, Dr. Banks. And I'm not afraid of hard work. What about heartaches? Heartaches? Yes, heartaches, disappointment, discouragement, despair. But how can that be? I suppose you're too young to appreciate what I mean when I say heartaches. I know I felt the same way as you do when I was your age. I remember very well how I felt the first time I was able to help someone who really needed me. I'd just turned 18 at the time. We were living on a farm in Oakland County, and my folks had taken the wagon and team into town to get some supplies. When they weren't back by 9 o'clock that night, I decided they must have stayed in town because of the storm. It was an awful storm, lightning and thundering and blowing something awful.  The nearest neighbors were the Atkins. They lived more than a half mile down the road. All of a sudden, I heard someone banging on the door. Good heavens, who could that be at this time of night? It's such a night. Well, I guess I've been answered. Who's there? It's me. What are you doing here? And look at you. You're soaking wet and just covered with mud. Here, come in and let me close the door. I ran all the way. What's the matter, Tommy? Mom, mom is awful sick. Your mother's sick? Yes. The baby wasn't due for another month. And dad's not home. Where is your dad? He went to town with your folks, and he didn't come home. Mama got awful sick. And she was crying. And I ran all the way here. And I fell down in the mud. Sarah, you must come. Of course I'll come, Tommy. Just let me get my coat. Everything's just fine. Your brand new son is sleeping soundly in a bed I rigged up near the stove. And Tommy's safe and sound in his own bed. Sarah, I just want to say thank you again. And God bless you for the brave and wonderful girl that you are. In the ten years that followed, I developed quite a name as a midwife. In fact, whenever Dr. Morton was busy with another case, he'd send me in his place. And I thought I was quite proficient until... Well, it was the Gibbs family. I'd helped the doctor deliver Emma's firstborn. But that night, the doctor's own wife was expecting twins, so he sent me to take care of Mrs. Gibbs. Everything seemed to be going just fine. But then for some unknown reason, everything went wrong. Is it all over? Is it all over, Sarah? What is it? Boy or girl? It's a girl, Frank. Well, that's fine. Don't look so disappointed. That's just what Emma and I wanted, a girl. Frank, I... What is it? She's all right, isn't she? I mean, she... she isn't crippled or anything. No, the baby's perfectly all right. It's Emma. Frank, I'm sorry. Frank, you don't know how truly sorry I am. Sorry. Yes, you... Sure, you're sorry. But you're being sorry doesn't bring back Emma. Emma's dead and you don't even know why. Emma, why? Why? Why? That's what I want to know, Dr. Morton. Why should things like this happen? Women have been having children since the dawn of time, and yet we know so very little about it. Why? You ask me why, Sarah? I don't know.  Of course I realize how you feel. It's not easy to see someone in your charge slip away, but those things happen. But, Doctor... Now, don't get the idea that I'm being callous about death. It's just that so often I realize that as a doctor I am nevertheless only human. My power to control life and death is therefore limited. Limited by the lack of knowledge or the inability of the human mind to comprehend the ways of God. But there's no excuse for lack of knowledge. It's a very good excuse. There are just not enough doctors. But we need more people like you, Sarah, people who are willing to go to work and find out why these things happen. What difference does it make how willing I am to forgetting that I'm a woman? People don't want women doctors.  I'm also remembering an article I read in the newspaper last week. What article? Well, it seems that the politicians we sent to the state legislature in Lansing are beginning to show a little sense. They've just recently passed a law which permits women to become doctors in the state of Michigan.  Of course I'm serious. Well, do you realize what this means? I can become a doctor. An honest to goodness doctor. For I'll be able to hang out my shingle and help people who need help. I admire your determination, Sarah. But let me warn you, it's not going to be easy. No, it wasn't easy. But I was determined that I was going to be a doctor. So the next term I entered the university. And when the registrar asked me what I intended to major in, I told him medicine. Medicine? You're not serious. Of course I'm serious. Well, that's too bad then, because we're all filled up. All filled up? What in the world are you talking about? What's all filled up? Why the classes in physiology and general anatomy. Now, wait a minute.  Physiology isn't given until the third year. It's not a course for beginning freshmen. Now you listen here, young lady. Are you trying to tell me that I don't know what I'm doing here? Well, no. I have already signed up 14 women for medicine this term. And well, there's a lot of grumbling going on all over the campus. The students, the faculty, the... Well, everybody's complaining about it. And I can't say that I blame them. Women, doctors. Whoever heard of such nonsense. So that's it. I'll have you know that I've got just as much right to study medicine as any man. My money's just as good as any man's. And if ability means anything... Just a moment there.  Now, look. You seem to be a nice girl. Take my advice. Forget the whole thing.   If you want to be useful, be a teacher. If you're quite sure. Here's my money. Please enter Sarah Gertrubank's School of Medicine. Good afternoon, gentlemen. And ladies. And speaking of ladies, I notice that there seem to be fewer here today than there were yesterday. On which day there were fewer than the day before?  But though our lady companion provides advertisements, we must not stray too far from the matter at hand. Today, as I mentioned last week, we are to start the actual dissection of the human body. And since all our classes will be given over to this project, it will be necessary for two students each period to transport the cadaver from the ice room to the classroom. I have not as yet had time to set up a schedule, so for today we will need two volunteers to escort the gentleman in. Well, I see that there are no volunteers. Mr. Dooley, are you offering your services? Not exactly, sir. But I do have a suggestion to make, if I may. Yes. I'd like to suggest that in all fairness, we do it alphabetically. And since Miss Sarah Banks heads the list, she and her lab partner, Miss Gerhardt, could have the first term. All right. Now, that seems to be a very good suggestion. Miss Banks, does this meet with your approval? I'd be glad to. You, Marker? Marker. I suppose so. All right. Here are the keys to room 316. My assistant will be around there to tell you what to do. Sarah? Sarah? I think I'm going to be sick. You are listening to the Proudly We Hail production, A Woman's Place. Our story will continue in just a moment after this important message. Today, many patriotic American women are serving their country on the Air Force team, but more are urgently needed. The WAF, Women in the Air Force, is rapidly expanding to keep pace with the growing might of the finest Air Force in the world, and you are needed. If you are between the ages of 18 and 34, you are needed to fill an important job in the service of your country. For full details, visit your United States Army and United States Air Force recruiting station now. You are listening to Proudly We Hail, and now we present the second act of A Woman's Place. Yes, Jill, I'm afraid that going to college in the 1870s was no luck for any woman. But for the first 17 women who wanted to become doctors, it was even worse. From the start, the faculty and male students as one body would as courteous. They embarrassed the young women at every turn, openly indicated how ill-fitted we were to enter the noble profession. When I volunteered to come into your class for an examination, you didn't tell me there'd be women watching. But, sir, these women are studying to be doctors also.  But why can't I escort Ms. Banks to the banquet if I want to? This fraternity does not invite women medical students to social functions. We invite only ladies. All right, maybe she was the only one in the class to find the solution. But she broke four test tubes doing it.  Sarah? Ha! She'd make a better cadaver than she would a doctor. I don't care what you say, Woman's Place. Out of the 17 who started, only five women actually took their degrees. And even though we'd put up with a lot of insults and embarrassments, even though the work was hard and sometimes seemed unfair, it was all made worthwhile when on the day before graduation I received a most unexpected call. Professor Mitchell, won't you come in? Thank you, Ms. Banks. Or perhaps I should say Dr. Banks. Not until tomorrow. Well, I don't wonder at your surprise in seeing me here. Well, it's just... Won't you sit down? Thank you. Yes, I'm afraid sometimes we professors, and that includes me, have been a little too quick to criticize, and yes, even humiliate you young ladies. Oh, well, it's not... No, you don't have to pretend. I know well enough what you've had to put up with. The only excuse I have to offer in our defense is that it's taken us a little time to get used to the idea of having potential women doctors in our classes. However, I believe we've learned our lesson. You were very good teachers. I don't believe I'm following you. Well, I mean just that we were so set in our ways of thinking that it took a long time before we were willing to admit that you'd make just as good doctors as men would. Had to be proven. We had to be shown. Well, Miss Banks, you've shown us. Thank you. I don't know what to say. You don't have to say anything. Just remember that if at any time you ever need help, please do not hesitate to come to me. I mean that now. No matter what the trouble is, I feel very badly if I didn't have the opportunity to help you out of it. All right, Professor Mitchell, I promise. Tell me, what exactly do you intend to do now? Are you going to open an office in town here? No, I've decided to go to Ipsilanti to practice. You may remember my roommate and lab partner, Martha Gerhardt. Yes, she dropped out after the second year, didn't she?  Anyway, when she married, they moved to Ipsilanti and she writes there is a crying need for doctors in that community. Well, the people of Ipsilanti don't know yet what a good doctor they're getting. Thank you again, Professor Mitchell. Actually, I don't know how long I'll stay there. I'm really interested in someday opening a clinic, especially for women. That's a very worthy goal. Wherever you go, Miss Banks, the best of luck to you. As I said before, if you ever need help, just let me know. Just a little, all right, Martha. All right. And lift it. Don't scrape. There. I didn't want to scratch the floors after we worked so hard polishing them. Now that we've got yourself in place, do you think maybe I might sit down on it for a while? Sure. We both need a breather. Ooh. I may never get up again. I didn't realize how tired I was. You've worked too hard, Martha. Of course I appreciated it, but we didn't have to do so much all at one time. Oh, don't mind me. I'm just out of practice. Honestly, I've left every aching muscle of it. The place looks pretty good, even if I do say so myself. All you have to do is hang up your shingle and you're in business. Oh, but I wouldn't dare. It's a certificate from the medical society yet. Would you have applied for membership, have it? Well, yes, but it was just three days ago and it hasn't been approved yet. Not yet, maybe, but it's bound to be approved by the time you start getting color, so why don't we do it? Do you think I dare? Why not? Come on. Careful so you don't trip and fall. I'd hate to have you be your own first patient. Don't worry. You put these hooks in just the right place. There. How does it look? Very professional, I'd say. Congratulations, Dr. Banks. Thank you, Mrs. Schmidt. Won't you step into my office? Why thank you, Dr. I will. After you, Mrs. Schmidt. Oh, no, after you, Dr. Banks. Oh, my mother. You don't know how wonderful and proud I feel. Oh, I think I do. In fact, I'm a little jealous. You're not? Yes, I am. I go to school. I've been on second thought if I had, you wouldn't be here now, and it wouldn't be half the time. Martha, I don't know what I'd have done without you. You said that before. Well, I mean it, and I... Hey, someone's at the door. Well, you don't... You don't think it... It couldn't be a patient already. Well, if it is, he's awfully anxious to be your first victim. What'll I do? I'm not ready. Look at me. Hands are filthy. My hair's a mess.  I'll let him in. All right, I'll hurry. Yes, sir, may I help you? Mrs. Sarah Banks? Oh, no, I'm Mrs. Schmidt. Dr. Banks is here, but she's busy at the moment. If you care to step in and wait, she'll be able to take care of you in just a little while. Yes, I'll come in, but... I'm not here as a patient. I should say not. Oh, well, then what... My name is Gridley, Dr. Charles Gridley, and I've just come from a meeting of the Medical Society. Oh, I see. Won't you sit down? Well, yes, all right, thank you. Sarah? Sarah, Dr. Gridley's here. Dr. Gridley of the Medical Society? Yes, I heard. Good afternoon, Dr. Gridley. Oh, please, Stacy. You must excuse me. I wasn't expecting anyone so soon. That is, we've been busy cleaning up... Yes, well, there's no use beating around the bush. Mrs. Banks, I've come here directly from a meeting of the Medical Society. Then they must have taken action on my application for membership. That's right, Miss Banks, we did. However, I must tell you that your application was turned down. Turned down? Yes, the Society voted unanimously to reject all applications from women doctors. You understand. There's nothing personal in this. It's just that yours was the first one we've had from a woman, and the Society agreed that they would not permit women to practice medicine in this community ever. Good day, Miss Banks. I have other things to attend to. And you'd better take down your shingle. It's a lie. Oh, Sarah? I'm so mad. I could... I thought that was all behind me. I guess we should have realized then how it would be. It's just not right. If this Dr. Gridley thinks I'm going to take this lying down, he's got another thing coming. Well, what can you do, Sarah? Find out their sanctions? I know that, but I intend to get their sanctions, even if it's against their will. They're just trying to bully their way through this whole thing, but it won't work. The State of Michigan passed a law allowing women to practice medicine, and I'm going to see to it that that law sticks. Thank you very much, Dr. Mitchell. Your presentation of the facts was very clear and to the point. Now then, if you and Miss Banks should care to step into the anti-room, the board will discuss the matter and come to a decision. Of course, sir. And again, I want to thank you for hearing me. Well, do you think I painted a clear enough picture? I should say you did. At times, I had difficulty believing it was me you were talking about.  Put your feminine emotions away and rely on your faith in yourself as a doctor. Yes. That is good advice. But I just can't help being right. Would you care to step back into the room now? The board has reached a decision. Oh, well, thank you. Please, God, make it be the right decision. Miss Banks, in view of the testimony given by Professor Mitchell this afternoon, the board has decided that a woman with your qualifications has a definite place in the world of medicine. They've decided to make you a full-fledged member of the Michigan Medical Society. Oh, thank you. Thank you very much. From this day forward, no one will ever be able to dispute your right to practice medicine in this day. And, uh, furthermore, Miss Banks, if it's all right with you, we would like to appoint you to the post of resident physician of the Women's Hospital and Foundling Home in Detroit. In a position we feel sure you'll be able to feel very capable. What did you say to that, Dr. Banks? Well, maybe it isn't very doctorly, sir, but I think I'm going to cry. What a wonderful story. Oh, Dr. Banks, I think you're the most admirable woman I've ever met. I'm very grateful for this opportunity, and I'm truly sorry for the way I burst into the reception room and begged for help.  When you were not childish, did the courage to do what you saw you had to do? Such determination won't do you any harm in medical school. Oh, and before I forget, I want you to write me occasionally when you get there. I'd love to write you, but please go on. What about the Foundling Hospital? I think I've done enough talking. It's time I wrote that letter to your father. Thank you, Dr. Banks, but that won't be necessary. You see, I've already decided to fight that battle myself. After hearing your story, if I can persuade my father by myself, but there is no if. I will persuade him. A woman's place isn't only in the home. It's where she can do the most good. There's a future for you in Air Force Blue. Yes, an important future in the exciting places of the world. Today the WAF, women in the Air Force, is rapidly expanding to keep pace with our defense needs. If you are between the ages of 18 and 34 and can qualify, the WAF needs you. America needs you. You will be trained to do an interesting job, a job vital to the needs of our country. For full details about a future for you in Air Force Blue, visit your local United States Army and United States Air Force Recruiting Station today. This has been another program on Proudly We Hail presented transcribed in cooperation with this station by the United States Army and United States Air Force Recruiting Service. This program featured a cast of outstanding players. This is Kenneth Banghart speaking and inviting you to tune in this same station next week for another interesting story on Proudly We Hail.


Hi everybody. Our next talk is about the Godot engine and our speaker is Remy Verschelde. Please give him a warm welcome. Thank you. I will talk to you about the Godot game engine, which is 2D and 3D open source game engine. And yes, the name comes from the famous play by Samuel Beckett. Hence, the jokes that you will hear all the time about Godot. And first of all, what is Godot? So it's a multi-platform 2D and 3D game engine, which can be used to create any kind of game genre. And you can then export it to all desktop platforms, mobile, Android, iOS, and the web. It uses domain-specific language, which is called GD script, which is inspired from Python but doesn't share anything about how it's implemented. And we also offer, since the new version, C-sharp support. And it's a full-feature editor, so I don't know if you know some proprietary game engines which are used in the market, like Unity or Unreal. It's quite similar.  And of course, it's free and open source under the MIT license. So quickly, some story of the project. So it was created, it was started in 2007 and open source in 2014. Before that, it was an in-house engine by Juan Liniecki, the guy here, and Ariel Mansour, which are both from Argentina. And so it wasn't published as free and open source in 2014. And that was a good decision because it experienced massive growth since then. You can see on the graph here, it's a bit outdated because I just translated an old presentation in German for today. But so at the open sourcing in blue, it's the number of issues. We get each month created on GitHub and it ran the number of pull requests. And you can see that, lately, it's going very higher. The peaks are on before releases. And if I had updated the image, you would see that for 3.0, it's about here. We got 700 pull requests in December. And so we have over 450 contributors. And our last release was last week, the ToyAven, prepared new updated presentation because I had no time at all. But it's been worked on for 18 months. I would say pretty impressive. I will talk a bit more about it later. Godot is made for and by its community. So all the source code and documentation demo projects are available on GitHub. And we get in average 15 pull requests per day. So that's very active for a free and open source project. And we have communities everywhere because it's community driven. So people just create communities in whatever platform they like. So we have people on IOC, we have our own Q&A, metrics, Facebook, Discord, Reddit, forums and even more than that. Here are some examples of Godot games. So I don't know if you see the colors well. The contrasts are not so good. But yeah, there are some 2D games. That's for PC and that's for mobile. That's an open source game which is for PC and mobile. That's an upcoming 3D game with Godot 3. That's not seeable. But that's a 2D game which was the winner of the GitHub game of game jam this year in 2017. And that's also a rendering in our new engine. So yeah, quickly Godot in the free and open source ecosystem and in the game dev industry. You all know that there are open source engines, game engines, what we used to call game engines in the past like Ogre or SDL2 which nowadays due to how game engines are used to represent those massive editor based tools. We now would say SDL2 is more a library, a framework. So in the open source world we have very good frameworks. LibGTX in Java, Phaser in JS, Founder3 in Python, some libraries. But no real big game engine that can concurrence those ones until Godot. So that's our position and there are some other open source game engines that are quite interesting but I think Godot is the biggest one and the one which grows the fastest. So the strengths of Godot is it's very flexible scene system so you create your whole game based on nodes that you pack together and create scenes and then you can instance those scenes in other scenes. So in the end has teams we need like this, the comparison that Godot is a biggest, unity is a biggest scene where you put your prefabs and stuff like that and Godot is a tree of scenes that go back to the root. So you have tons of nodes which can be used for variety of use cases, so sprites, audio players, kinematic characters, everything. So you just put ready made elements with their own API and then you can use them to create your game or you can create your own by make inheriting from the scenes that you created. Everything can be animated so that's quite nice because anything that has a property you can animate this property. So you can move stuff but you can like do stuff which is different than just visual changes.  It has its own full set UI tool kit to create so the GUIs in your games and the Godot editor itself uses it. So Godot runs on Godot, it doesn't use QTE or JTK or anything, it's full custom. So that means we have to create a pretty decent tool kit so that we have a good editor and everything from this tool kit is available for your own games. This is simplified shader language which is based on GLSL but simplifies some of the tasks that you have to do in GLSL to use directly built-in features of the engine. It's very friendly to version control. So we have text-based formats, mainly TSCN text scene which is similar to the TOML spec. And that's quite nice when you want to use Git or Mercurial or stuff like that because you can see exactly what changed and it's much easier to fix merge conflicts when you work with other people on your project. And we have a fully free and open source software asset library. So unlike other engines which have asset stores with tons of paid assets where you can use to make asset flippers and sell on steam, we only have free and open source tools. So that's a limitation that we chose because it's much simpler to handle and also because we want to promote making open source tools. And I mentioned it, we released Godot 3 last week on Monday, this week on Monday and yeah, the pen is bad but it's literally a game changer. It comes with physically based rendering with global illumination. So in TechSpeak, that's state-of-the-art rendering features such as you will find in Blender's upcoming EV renderer, everything real-time. The new version brings support for C-Sharp because many users requested it over the years, partly because what they were familiar with or because they did not like dynamically typed languages like GD script. So we added C-Sharp, new high-level multiplayer API, bullet physics for 3D, support for VR. There are still some more work to implement but the initial support is there to use OpenVR. And we have a nice new feature which is GD native which allows you to use native code as scripts in your game. So you can basically compile your own library in C, C++ or using some bindings with D, NIM, Python, I forget one maybe, no, that's good. And you can use it directly in Godot without having to recompile the engine or compile a module so you can just plug in your code. And that was 18 months of work so we are very happy to finally release it. The response so far is awesome so I will hope you will also give it a try and like it. You can see here that's also not so visible, at least from where I am, but that's a 3D render of an upcoming game by one of our contributors which has some pretty nice 3D effects. You can find the presentation slides later on if you want to check the pictures. Some more pictures about Godot 3, the good old Sponsor, some of the assets that we found on the internet to test our renderer, that's custom made assets with the Godot logo. You can see this demo at our stand. Some more pictures about features in Godot so refractions which allows here for example to make very nice ice effects. Anisotropy for stuff like aluminum, subsurface scattering for skin, rim for nice effects on the teddy bear. And that's global illumination that's showing everything here, there is no light added, it's only emitting materials so this stuff is just white balls with a high coefficient of emission and it lights the whole scene. And yes you can find more info on our website, the address for the source code repository, the documentation, ISE channel if you want to discuss with the developers. We are mostly old, bearded, free software developers so we are on ISE but as I mentioned there are also many other cooler communities nowadays where we are also. And you can come see us at our first booth in building K on level two so when you come from here it's like directly on the right instead of going to the distro level, we are the first and when you enter. And that's it. So I don't know if you have any questions, would gladly try to answer them. Ah yes we have the Godot con on Monday and Tuesday in Brussels so if you are from the area or plan to stay a bit longer you are welcome to join us, it's like for them free entry. It will be at the Ludus academy which is game death school in Brussels. You can find all information on our website or come to our store and ask us, you are very welcome to join us. So I will ask around to come for questions, help me a bit with the technical stuff because I'm just project manager and not high level coder. So if you have questions please speak very loud and I will repeat them. Okay so question is what, how is the new, the performance of the new physically based renderer on mobile devices? Oh okay. The physically based part is fine because it's not very much. The global illumination system we use in Godot 3, the main one is real time and that will not work on mobile devices but you can do light bulb making which is what you usually do for such devices. And yeah so to say it otherwise the performance is bad on mobile devices that's why for Godot 3.1 which comes in a couple two or three months we will re-add a renderer based on GLES 2 with a subset of those PBR features supported and no GI, no global illumination so that you can run Godot games on like low range and mid-range devices. Yes? If it supports OpenGL. The question was can you export on embedded devices like Raspberry Pi and how is the rendering stack? If it supports OpenGL it should work fine. I think there are ports of it to Raspberry Pi. Yeah for Godot 3 not yet but for Godot 2 I know someone who exported to Raspberry Pi just basically had to compile our X11 platform to ARM and it worked. Yes? Yeah so the question is is Mono C sharp the new default language script in language or can you still use the previous one? So yeah we added Mono as an add-on but we still keep our own language in our GD script. We continue to believe that it's a really good language at least for people who are learning Godot it's really nice because you can catch it in a few hours if you have some programming experience and be efficient very quickly and Mono actually comes in a different binary because we don't want to bloat the default engine with the need to have the Mono SDK installed on your system. So we offer both Mono and classical versions.


So let's see if we can try to solve an exact differential equation where we don't start with the level curve. So again, if we have an exact differential equation, our solutions correspond to the level curves of some function. The general solution will be a family of curves, and the particular solution will depend on the initial conditions. So let's see if we can solve this differential equation where y of 1 is equal to 0. So again, we start with the assumptions. Suppose the solutions correspond to the level curves f of x, y equals c for some function f. Then we can find the complete derivative, and since both of these are equal to 0, we can now compare our two equations. So comparing our two equations. On the left, the quantity in front of dy dx is our partial with respect to y. So on the right, the quantity in front of dy dx should be our partial with respect to y. So that gives us our partial of f with respect to y is x e to the power y. We can find f by finding the antiderivative with respect to y, and so that's going to be where because we are dealing with a partial derivative with respect to y, our constant is going to be some function of x. Similarly, our partial derivative of f with respect to x is going to be whatever is left over, and so that's going to be 1 over x plus e to the y. And again, we can find f by finding the antiderivative with respect to x, and that's going to be where we include some function of y only. So now let's compare our two expressions for f of x, y. On the one hand, it's x e to the y plus some function of x. On the other hand, it's log x plus x e to the y plus some function of y. And if we rearrange and simplify, we get... And if we look at this, that says that c1 of x must be log of x, and c2 of y must be a constant, which we can now ignore because that will become part of our level curve equation. So we could note that f of x, y is log x plus x e to the y, but remember, your solution should not include any new functions or variables. And so while we do have everything here by writing down this assumption that we're looking at the level curves f of x, y equals c, and then giving what f of x, y is, it's better to make that explicit. Our function, log x plus x e to the y, is equal to c. And finally, we do have an initial condition. We have y of 1 is equal to 0. So to find the particular solution, we'll incorporate the initial condition y of 1 equals 0. So remember that this says that our x value is 1 and our y value is 0. So if we substitute these into our equation, we get c equal to 1. And so c equal to 1 gives us the solution satisfying our initial condition. Now we do have y defined implicitly as a function of x. In some cases it might be possible to express y as an explicit function of x. So this equation we could actually solve for y if we wanted to. But in most cases it's not worth the effort of trying to solve the equation for y. And that means we can leave our solution in this form.


Thank you, hi everyone, that's my introduction done. I work at the Open University in England in the Learning Experience and Technology department. So today I'm going to be talking to you about OpenSTEM labs. Okay. I'm just going to go through with you what OpenSTEM labs is in the first place because you've probably never heard of it. I'm going to be walking through the recent development we did. It's August-September time this year, earlier this year. ac rwy'n gilydd i'r cwmhyslwstogawr o'r labu ac unrhyw o'r cyfnodau i'r gwneud o'r gwneud, oherwydd i'n meddwl o'r ffordd o'r ffordd o'r chyfoddol. Felly, mae'n gweithio? Mae'n gweithio i'r cyfnod i'r 2013, ac mae'n gweithio i'r Llyfrgell Llyfrgell. Mae'n gweithio i'r Llyfrgell Mwgol. Mae'n gweithio i'r Llyfrgell Llyfrgell, mae'n gweithio i'r Llyfrgell Llyfrgell, battu'n chyfoddol am ar gyfer leolau ac y tro sci-meddliadau yn ypa yma yn y labu i siaradol yn ofises 2020. D printing o'r u drovell o'r dda iddyn nhw hath o acceptable ar gyfer o'r unun sunkwm, wedi cael amdedig fit ystudiat Şirfa. Yn ddim ent went生hau yn Llyfrgell cofio ar gyfer ar cyfnod o'r Llyfrgell a llunio ddangos heligredig yn gwneud hyn. pre-university students and undergraduates as well and so the aim really of open science lab when it was first released was to provide practical facilities that enable interactive and collaborative learning of STEM subjects so group work is is possible through this platform. We wanted to achieve an inclusive approach to practical work without requiring students to attend a physical lab and we also wanted to enable our students to learn through remote interactions with real equipment that is based on campus and therefore exposing our students to a range of practical equipment and tools in a realistic setting which increases the utilisation of our teaching and lab resources. So what do we provide? Well we do have real pieces of equipment on campus that students can connect to remotely via the Moodle hosted platform and they can conduct their experiments so this is an image of a pendulum that we've got sitting in our lab. I'll go into that a bit more detail in a bit. We use virtual scenarios for students to study using data collected from live experiments so they can enter their own parameters into different virtual pieces of kit and they can determine their results. We've got real data to compare and contrast different samples for example rocks and fossil imagery or microscope slides of cells and plant life. We also use quantitative data sets videos samples that sort of thing and then we also record live lab casts from our lab so students can watch experiments happening live which are also recorded so they can come back to those experiments at any time as well to support their studies. So this is a list of all the equipment and kit that our students can connect to depending on what course is there, their studying and as I said some equipment and pieces of kit are available to other students as well.  Students can work collaboratively to to navigate a mini Mars rover across the landscape to support one of their assessments. So as I said it was redeveloped just it was just released at the end of August this year so why did we update it? Well it was 10 years old and as you can see it does look like it's 10 years old and it was using X Moodle code base theme an old course format model but really want to align with current user expectations. We know they've got a lot higher since Covid lots more people engaging with online learning and the old site really was clunky and not suitable for our students anymore. Accessibility reasons so the old platform wasn't fully accessible so it's now been updated so that it is accessible according to the current WCAG 2.1 guidelines. User expectations as I said usability you know wasn't an intuitive site to use we've now made it a lot easier for our students to find the experiments and it also wasn't mobile friendly you know what we're offering is science any time anywhere so we need to be able to make sure that whatever devices our students are on they can access these experiments. So with regards to scalability and flexibility well when this was first introduced there was only a few experiments since then we've now got over 200 different interactions for students making it quite difficult for not only the tutors to find their information but also the students so we need to future proof that and as more experience are being added we need to make sure that we can facilitate that for our faculty and flexibility so we've made it a lot easier for our faculty to be able to add experiments and edit experiments dynamically giving them more control over their content. So if you're at the Moodle Moodle in UK and Ireland Sam Marshall the lead developer on this project did do a presentation about a lot of the technicalities to do with this development. Caviar I'm not giving technical information out today I'm not a developer but if you were there that's the QR code to this presentation in case you missed it. So what's changed? Well you'll notice that it's changed from open science laboratory to open stem labs and that's to incorporate the vast number of experiments we now have that sit under the whole umbrella of stem rather than just science. This is a Moodle site home page we didn't have that before as you can see it's been highly customised using a theme plugin and so we now have four distinct labs within this site so we've got a science observatories, the open science lab, open engineering lab and open health lab. We have a lab page which is a Moodle course page and this is where we showcase all of the experiments within those labs. This actually hasn't changed too much because we have to be very aware of the fact that we had these existing experiments that needed to be ported across quite simply to reduce the amount of development required. So the only thing really we've changed here is the ability to add favourite experiments. Again it's something that users expect really when they come to this sort of site to be able to find their experiments that they like really easily and it also helps our tutors out as well trying to find their experiments that they're working on. And the use of dynamic capabilities as well to edit experiments and lab information so that it's just quicker and easier for us for our tutors and for the faculty to be able to edit those experiments and this is not just relevant for this page it's across the whole site as well. And then we have the experiment page where students can actually access their experiment. So really this is sort of a different coat on the same information. Again we really had to be mindful of the fact that we didn't want to be doing too much to this to move it across. However this is something that we're going to be looking at in the future to change how this looks and feels for our students as well. So just talking about the user-centred approach really that we take so historically with this sort of kind of massive redevelopment and refresh accessibility sometimes gets left towards the end and so really we've consulted with our accessibility experts right from the beginning and our UX designer so that we didn't take the approach of doing all the developments doing accessibility audit and finding actually there's loads of problems that need to be redeveloped and so when we came to do the accessibility audit at the end it was fully compliant the platform itself was fully compliant and we knew that we could release something that was suitable for all of our students and when we're talking accessibility we're talking neurodivergent students as well as those using assistive technologies and just sole keyboard users as well. We also get our content designers involved they're extremely good at using the right language that calls to our students so in all of our guidance we have to be very mindful of the fact that we not only have OU students but we have students coming from outside of the OU that might not know the OU speak as a which is all acronyms by the way I don't know if you've ever seen any OU sort of paperwork and so there as I said really good at listening to what students say listening to how they describe a science experiment and reusing that language so that it makes sense to them and then we've had faculty engagement again right from the beginning to identify what their problems were so that we could create a solution that's right for them but actually showing them their development every couple of weeks so they could be really clear about what they were getting at the end and not surprising them with something that wasn't right for them at all. We also did some external testing with our external research partner so we asked our UX designer to make a working prototype of the page and then we got students not only OU students but actually other students that are interested in STEM subjects to test the page we gave them a list of tasks to be able to complete and we observed them completing those tasks to make sure that what they were trying to do was easy for them. They also used something called an emotional response tool so here you can see the sort of a heat map where the dark green are the most popular answers to the questions like green being the least popular and the main thing that came out of there was they felt the site was trustworthy, clear and professional what it also highlighted to us where there were certainly areas where students struggled to complete some of the tasks and so what it's done is give us a really clear future roadmap of what we need to look at which includes filtering capabilities, the possible use of templates when it comes to the experiment pages so that they're really consistent from experiment to experiment and again use of language in the guidance for the experiments themselves. So when it comes to complexities or something like this again I'm not I can't list all of the complexities because there are hundreds of them but I suppose one of the main ones is that we have multiple user types so as I've been saying we have students that come directly from their courses there are you students they have their logins we needed to make sure that the two systems spoke to each other from our main course pages to the open stem labs we have students coming in from other education institutions and we have students that come in from the just informal learners so we have to make sure that all the roles and the permissions for those are were correct and thankfully we have an excellent developer that has done that for us we also have to therefore make sure we've got lots of paths into and out of the different labs and the homepage so use of the logo at the top really clear use of the breadcrums there and then also a drop down menu so students have got really easy ways to be able to navigate around the site and again as I said making sure the guidance and the wording on there is really clear so students actually know what they're landing on when they get there there's also multiple different experiments which sounds quite obvious but the fact is we have we have experiments that are available within the platform themselves we have pieces of kit that are access to via various different URL routes we have all of their content that are is available on the stem faculties own servers so that causes lots of different problems when it comes to accessing all of those and the security that there is around that which is why we had our stem colleagues involved really early so they can be involved in the user acceptance testing to make sure all of these experiments worked right from the very beginning we also use a booking system so students can book their times onto the experiments and this in itself is a really complex development so we have instances where students can book one piece of equipment on their own they can book a piece of equipment with other students or we have 10 pieces of equipment that can be booked at the same time by individual students so that in itself is a massive headache which is why I've decided to split the developments into and this is actually something that's coming later on in the year so this is an image of the old or the current I should say system and then the content so none of the so whilst the platform itself we own the moodle platform the stem faculty actually only experiments in the content so again it was about being really mindful about what they have and making sure that it ported across accurately in a way that was again going to work for them and their students and the experiments themselves so I'm not going to go to all the names but this is just gives you an idea of the number of people that's been involved in this development to get it released so it's a huge piece of work and so just to give you an idea then of the labs and the experiments really just to have a walk through so the open sign that the qr code here goes to the faculty website if you wanted to find out more about the lab itself and then when the power point slides are shared you'll be able to see the link there as well to the science lab so this hosts over 100 practical experiments and engagements and it's got over 100 000 hours a year of time table and investigations for OU students so this is an example here of an A level virtual microscope activity A levels are pre-university levels so hopefully if the technology works it's a little video so this is open to the public they can access this there's over 93 different sections of animal plant tissue that students can explore they can magnify up to 20 times there they can take measurements and then they can record their data download the images for their records and then the open science observatories so this has just a small number of experiments at the moment and they're centered around our two optical telescopes that we have in Tenerife so again as I said acronyms we're really good at them coast and pirate we also have two weather stations one that is on Tenerife and then one in Milton Keynes so that you can compare different data sets of live weather at any time and we also have an observatory as well based at Milton Keynes campus that students can book time on to and use so there's the images of the telescopes there these are used so these experiments are used to support core OU teaching but we do also offer free badged open learn courses um and so you know students registered with open learn can also access these telescopes book time on them and get their images as well afterwards then we have the open engineering labs so there's currently over 31 experiments there and it serves over 600 students as well so unfortunately I can't show you a demonstration of this one because it's available for OU students to support their teaching so as I said earlier this is a pendulum activity and this is actually an image of the pen one of the pendulums that's on campus so there's different levels available for students depending on what they're studying and therefore different activities that they can do um but essentially students can use the interface um within Moodle to be able to input their data and then they can use a webcam to see what what reaction that has on the pendulum and then they can again record their results change the parameters um and use that for their studies and that's supporting our engineering modules and then finally we have the open health labs so these mainly are experiments using our health sciences and other related qualifications um so we've got lots of examples of virtual cell and tissue microscope slides using real imagery we also use real health data to examine behaviors of disease um so for example you can look at external factors on health such as smoking and there's a really cool activity where students studying particular modules can grow bacteria in a lab in different environments and see the reaction that it has in those different environments and so this is an example of a spirometer activity and again this one is open to the public but it's also additional activities are used to support some registered students as well this uses data collected from over 7 000 healthy subjects and so what students can do here is enter different age height and gender parameters and they can see what the lung function is of those different parameters and compare those data sets and they can also compare data from a smoker and a nonsmoker so they can see the impact as well that that has on lung capacity okay so that's it from me thank you for listening a bit of a whistle swap tour but um i'm here to answer any non-technical questions thank you excellent hey baba hi um i'm wondering do you have anything about the chemistry of physics there are yes so there are at the moment but because again this was open science labs and we've now got these new labs um a lot of those experiments are currently sitting under the open science lab because of the way that it was set up initially so that was a course whereas now the courses are now being split into the four different labs and so they will be moved across into different areas so there are ones to support all of those subjects but it might just be sitting in the open science lab at the moment okay so another one to follow up um is everything is preset or can a teacher instructor set up an experiment for the student can teachers set up the experiments did you say is that so play with all the parameters decide the solutions whatever so you saying can students set up experiments no no no for the students can the teacher set up the experiment the chemistry experiment set up the solution the measurements oh yes so we do have um yes so not the teachers themselves it's done by the faculty um and then these sort of tutors will that be there to support um but we do have uh again physical chemistry we've got sort of a chemistry lab and we've got the physical chemicals which are set up and actually we do have teams go in to reset all the chemicals in the morning or you know whenever it's been used so yeah thank you thank you just wanted to see how it's integrated with the grade book or how the data will be published to use for the research or is that the students data yeah yeah so at the moment it's exportable into csv files or it's a copy and paste so we don't use grade book oh you don't know it's it's it's um it's exportable either as i said csv or it will be something that they can copy and paste into their own just one for follow-up it is integrated with external website or is it just inside model the the whole open lab that you have so the open labs is moodle but it is available externally yeah thank you yeah so linking up to his question is actually um for where the simulations are or the yeah the simulations are are they publicly available in like downloadable formats that you can either put somewhere else or they are all accessible online no they're all yeah so none of them are currently downloadable um so they're all accessible via that platform


Not everybody was a fan of Hitron when it started. There was a lot of apprehension. We're a search and rescue organization. What are we doing hanging weapons off our helicopters? What are we doing shooting, disabling vessels with precision marksmen? Captain Richard Bates, US Coast Guard. Prior to Hitron, I started through OCS. Then I was stationed at Air Station Houston, then Polar Operations, and that's when I volunteered to get to Hitron. As you know, the proof of concept started in 98-99. They finished it, and then they decided they were going to stand up a unit. They needed volunteers. So they were looking, I think, build it up to about 40 people. And I was fortunate enough to be one of those 40. If you actually think about Hitron, you can think of it in generations. The first generation would be the first 10 who did a proof of concept. It wasn't a unit, it was a proof of concept. And those folks volunteered and proved that this concept of forcefully stopping undocumented go fast, drug runners, basically, that it would work. Prior to them proving this, we could only stop about 10% of all vessels. The first few that came to Hitron, we received training in the Augusta 109. If you remember, the proof of concept, they had a different helicopter. So when we stood up Hitron, the aircraft that was selected was the Augusta 109. So you're starting from scratch as far as adapting your tactics, techniques, and procedures, your TTP, from what they developed with the other helicopter to ensure that it would work with the Augusta. So as part of the training prior to getting to Hitron, we actually went to Italy and received aircraft transition training into the Augusta 109. So at that time you had to have two helicopters, two cutters, two OTHs. When we switched from dual helicopter tactics to single helicopter tactics, well, that was all developed at Hitron. I was involved in standing up the safety department, as well as the transition from dual helicopter to single helicopter. Every policy that we had had to be redone to account for the changes in our TTP. There is no better partnership in the Coast Guard than the Cutter-Helo partnership. Having a helicopter onboard a Coast Guard Cutter just expands the range of influence for that cutter. And adding an AUF element to it, the fact that now they can actually stop the vessel prior to Hitron standing up, you can watch the vessel, you can tape the vessel, you can see the vessel, maybe you can get somebody to intercept it, but we were only intercepting 10%. Now we have a capability where we actually could stop it.


When I was around 21 years of age I went to my elder brother who is older than me for about 12 years and Announced to him that I wanted to stop by parents from giving me money Because I was still in school and living in a country where people still blame their parents for their woes even at age 35 My decision was stupid But I didn't just come to that decision that decision was a result of four years of study into the lives of successful people It all started when I was around 17 I started studying books about success and successful people and the more I read the more I see clearly that people who become successful get to a point when they take Responsibility for their lives while people who fail in life usually wait for someone else to fix their lives So I decided that I would no longer wait or expect anybody or external forces to help my life becoming What I think it should be in today's video I'll be sharing with you the one single thing that can destroy your life faster than anything else And if you're new here consider subscribing so that you won't miss other interesting videos like this Here's the thing the fastest way for anyone to destroy his or her life is to wait for someone else to fix it for him Or her and that's what everyone does Almost every day when I meet people I hear a statement like the government is bad Nobody helps me the economy is not favorable and so on Some people say my employer doesn't pay me enough the corporate people are evil Etc. The problem with these complaints is that they are genuine another problem with these complaints is that well They never help anyone take for instance if you tell me that the government is bad and that's why you're poor Well, that's very much likely to be correct I am a Nigerian and I can tell you what it means to have a corrupt government Because I've had them all my life if you tell me that the reason why your poor is that your parents were poor and couldn't give you a Good start in life.  Complaining about how disadvantaged you are doesn't change anything.    Complaining and making excuses will not change anything about your life The easiest way to destroy your life is to wait for those situations to be reversed because they may never be reversed Live like animals Scientists say that we're animals Evolutionists say that we evolved from apes or something. Well, I'm too dumb to understand how that happened But I know something very surely and that is if truly we're animals Then we're the weakest animal. The reason why I said this is simple Every animal is independent birds don't depend on their parents Fish don't have any government to provide for them and ants don't have an economy in the world of animals Your life depends on yourself in the kingdom of animals You have to wake up each day to fight for whatever you think you deserve live your life like an animal Live your life with an absolute sense of responsibility Let your life's motto be if it will be it's up to me Because that's the truth if it will be it's up to you if you'll be rich It's up to you if you will be successful It's up to you if you will achieve your dreams It is up to you when I say that you should leave like animals I do not mean that you should alienate everyone from your life. No instead I mean that you should expect more from yourself than you expect from anyone in the world You can and should seek people's help and partnership But never expect them to be your messiah You can and should expect something from your employer But never expect him to understand your pains because nobody does in the real sense of life You're the only person who understands your pain. Yes Your employer can pretend as though he does and the government can promise that they will solve your problems But nobody actually can understand your pains. And that's why nobody should expect to fix your life I don't know if this video makes sense to you But this is what I've discovered about life if as a young person you expect other people to be responsible for your life You will destroy your life very quickly. It's your life and it's your responsibility Read learn study and act be courageous and fight towards your dream. Take charge and take responsibility Thank you so much for watching our videos and don't forget to subscribe and watch other videos from our channel We love you