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So, from a lot of you, this will be a very introductory primer on labor office and community. This is actually a talk, so the basis of a talk that a number of people asked, asked for in the United States and probably elsewhere, some basic introductory material about labor office, about community, about freedom of source software, and open domain format. So, this, hopefully this is useful to a number of you. You can take it back to your friends, to your colleagues, to your communities. And also, of course, gives you feedback. We'll be using this for software freedom day in maybe at least three different locations in the United States. Software freedom day is September 20th, so please feel free to use labor office. We're more than excited to have people use labor office as their example. It's great about software freedom, and it's put in the blood for the labor community at the same time. So, what is labor office? Labor office is a free resource software office suite. And we'll talk a little bit about what freedom source software is if you don't know. You can download it, use it, share it, change it. And the Dockman Foundation, which I'm currently working on, is the driving force for making development all over a number of different organizations and companies that do a lot of the work behind the scenes. It's available for probably the desktop that you use, whether that's a Macintosh or a Windows machine or something like that. And it uses the open Dockman format, which is the premier free and open source, free and open file format for office suites or office communication. And in addition to OEF, it can import and export tons of file formats, which is very useful. So if you have any questions, please throw something at me. I think that all of you probably don't have that many questions, but you might have some comments. So if you want to know more about using labor office, we have documentation. A lot of people ask, where are the manuals? And so I put them on my slides, because though the wiki and get our publications, these are full 100-page or more PDF manuals that you can print out or even buy a copy of an art copy. And the release notes are some of the best out there. They have images, pictures, and screenshots, which is kind of a novel thing. I don't know if you guys have ever seen the release notes when someone releases the original software. They're often this cryptic text that mentions the bug number and some esoteric thing about fixing the problem. But our release notes have pictures, such as tables working with a pretty picture of a table before and after me. Very useful. So I'm guessing probably most of you have used labor office before. Anyone not used labor office before? It's okay. Not to the mental area. Okay. This is a useful slide, I think that's fine. And some of you probably heard of open office. In my experience in the United States, I remember people that have heard of open office but not of labor office, which is interesting. Again, that's partially a name recognition component. There are a number of people too that maybe used open office a while ago, and maybe still have it on their machines. Yes? It's open office, the dog or app, actually. Yes, yes. Exactly. That's true. The technique is true. But in a common parlance, people will talk about open office in fact. So this is a question about brand awareness that a lot of us need to work on in terms of people inside the community. But again, this is just a historical component too that I find is unusual when people ask questions about what is the open office where they come from. So it's fun to talk about history. And I think one of the neat things, in fact, people often ask, you know, tell you about the dogman foundation. And it's a German on and off. Why is it a German on and off? Well, because historically, our development has been, has been, has been, has continued in legal days, no-promise days, got-word days, and in start-up days, all from German. So it's fun and historical, I mean. So even though people haven't read about legal office, this is an opportunity to tell people about free software about legal office. And because people need to do things like do with spreadsheets and we're crossing documents, even if they spend their entire day in a terminal, a command terminal, or a text editor or any code, they still need to deal with invoices which reports presentations. So legal office is useful to you. Legal office exists because of our community. This is, I relate to leading with this when I'm talking to individuals about legal office because a lot of people, I think, see it as a quick resource. They can download, grab, download, use, and they don't understand what it means to be part of the community. So it's really important to think about how you do back. There are tons of people out there. This is working on legal office. So I think it's really important to be in and talking about the community. So we have a whole bunch of new teams, including people in QA, Design, Development, etc. I'm probably going to run out of time in 20 years, so I'll speed up. But yeah, we want to contribute to our project. So I'm a contributor because when I have to wear, here are the actual things that I do. Freedom is for software. So how many people here use one of these items, like maybe having a great phone or you use Firefox? So all of these, of course, are freedom to our software, which is exciting. Androids, mostly freedom to our software. It's an interesting little point to bring up the idea of using software, freedom to our software, that's distributable and can be changed and modified and distributed to individuals who don't have experiments with free software or free software licensing. So freedom to our software is software that uses ability to run software, copy it, distribute it. And when talking to people about LibreOffice, I think that using examples is often very good. So the idea that I can give them copy of LibreOffice on USD Step, that they can use as a physical copy, but then they can make a digital copy of that and share it with friends or with 10 friends. They can talk to someone on the source code, they don't have an NDA or something about the source code. They can actually discuss that publicly if they actually want to, that they can change that source code. They want them to change it and give it back to us, but they can keep it if they'd like to. And they can add invaders and make improvements. So freedom to our software gives users power. That's really important to the community because by giving users power, by giving them the ability to make changes, they can actually become more involved in the community and then they can make money and do amazing things. So freedom to our software, the barriers to sharing software also ties back into the idea of our document formats, open document format, which gives people the ability to share their files with others and to have the equal playing deals between different programs that manipulate office, office of formats and data. And again, freedom to our software is, I think, a very great mechanism for both development of software but also for users because when you have the source code, the ability to identify what's in that source, what's in the program, and you can reproduce the effects of creating a binary. That's really important for people who might not trust some of the people who might be modifying their source. So for example, there are a number of revelations recently about security and privacy going on in the world. So LibreOffice is a tool that if you want you can build yourself and you can verify what code is inside there and what code is not inside there. So I will speed through some of these slides about software Libre. And so we have Ryder, unfortunately I can't be able to shorten all of that to speak through. So Ryder is our word processing suite. It provides a very familiar interface for a lot of individuals. We support the import of a lot of common file formats like Microsoft, offices.dot, binary format, .gax. And we have a lot of common features that people who have used other suites like Probe are perfect, or Microsoft or Word will be familiar with. Calc has, again, a lot of familiar features. We have a lot of new features. We have some 3D graphing of new features that we've been adding recently, and we have a number of new tools that we're developing around Calc. Some speed-ups, some improvements in the way that we perform complicated calculations so that individuals that are using large datasets and data are more efficient. And it impresses the tool I'm using in this presentation. This slide seemed very meta, so I thought it would make it even more so. I'll move along quickly. We have a lot of other tools. Again, even in a short period of recitation, if I'm not on time, there are some great videos on YouTube that can give you an introduction to say how to set up a basic database, how to use our mapping component for describing various mathematical formulas on the inside of the table, processing documents, and again, a little special in short presentation. So, the documentation, yeah, I'll take it. The way it's on the sheet took back now. It looks like there are only videos on YouTube for a long time. Okay, yeah, so there are videos available for all kinds of... Again, when I did this presentation, my goal was to try to make a simple introduction, so I was trying to simplify the language as much as possible. Yes, there are videos available for all kinds of pieces that we brought along on YouTube and elsewhere. And there are some interests about creating different repositories that are talking to some of the media development folks. I don't know if you guys know who the media development is. It's basically, I think it's AGDL, FaroGDL, which is a freelance or software license. Too long to talk about right now, but it's a tool that will download that organizations or individuals can run their server and can provide a repository for various multimedia images, audio, video. So, I think that it could be useful for us to run media development ourselves, for TDF and new office running, because we could post mountain tutorials, we could post all our conference video, and other multimedia in a centralized place. So, if you're interested, we'd love to have a volunteer help us with that. So, very quickly we brought this to the Dockin Foundation, the Dockin Foundation is general profit, and has two products now, one of which is the Dockin Liberation Project, which seeks to provide a set of libraries that can import and export a large number. That's by large number of mean, maybe brought to 100, maybe a couple hundred by now. So, it's a very, very useful tool. To get membership, we would love for individuals to not only contribute to the project, but to continue active over a period of time. So, you can have membership beside the Dockin Foundation organization, and it's a relatively simple process in which you demonstrate that you can act with the project and working non-sale your office for Dockin Liberation for a few months, demonstrate what you've been doing, and indicate your commitment to continue working with the project for several months, six months, I believe. I think this is great, I'm not too familiar with other non-profits that are attached to Free Software Projects, but I think this is a great model because it's a pretty low barrier to entry. It doesn't have a lot of stipulations about, say, being a programmer, you can introduce a lot of different ways, but it does provide a framework in which you do have to have a commitment to a relationship with the leader office, which we love to have people entering this type of a relationship, especially if they're, say, a student or someone else who thinks that working with the leader office could be a great way to contribute over the course of maybe a couple of semesters or a summer semester. And, Rod, could you explain what the voting amounts are for the members? Yeah, sure. So, Joel, it's one of our board members, let's see if I get this right. So, board members are given the responsibility, I'd say, to vote in a number of elections, including voting for our board of directors and voting for our membership committee, and is that it? Yeah. Okay. We also get an awesome hat, is that, Joel? And a conference location. So, the conference location, yes. Do we get a hat? I don't think that comes with it. Next year, next year. So, the leader office is a multi-platform. Again, most of the having faced out the audience here probably know about the different operating systems, but for a lot of people that have a very basic understanding of computing, and I think it will ask someone, you know, maybe say, you know, what OS they're using, and they'll say, right, it's all gone. So, there is a level of understanding that's a little bit difficult. Right now, UBROX runs on sort of the most common operating systems, desktop operating systems out there with OSI's and Linux. But we're working on, we have people interested in working on versions 4 and Android 9 OS first with presentations at this conference about that fact. And we really would like to provide some of the best-of-breed open document format offering and any tools, because our goal is to promote, for the documentation's primary goals is to promote the use of open document format and the other open file formats across a wide range of enterprises in size A education and government. We're finding tools that are editing in ODIF, community ODIF. This enables, pre-ordering the world to create the rules, regulations, mandating the use of open file formats with confidence that the tools will exist for them and for their constituents to use them. So, open document format is a set of file formats. They're XML-based file formats that were developed in an open standards process and they've been ratified by a number of different standards organizations. We've been chosen by a number of countries in the UK, Belgium and others as official file formats for document exchange. This is really important because I think it's great to see how different groups and different governments have decided that choosing an open file format is an important step in how they relate information to their system. So, ODIF has various good file formats including word processing, spread sheets, presentations, etc. These are all very similar file formats and all of these can be opened up by different offices. I think that question is already up. At least I can check on that. I might have popped this off with the wiki and the wiki might be wrong but I won't check on that. I agree with the explanation but I think that actually might be the exception. I agree, I agree. I think that would be complicated but I mean, is that correct? Okay, we can check what we have here. So, a little bit of transformation. Again, for a lot of the audiences that I talked to this is getting a little technical, but what I think is neat from my background is being a bit of a technical person. The open document format is not just the file format specification. It's not really open. The fact is that you can actually open up, in a sense, the file format itself easily. So, what it is is a set of various text-based files, XML files, and also some directory files that are all compressed using zip algorithm. So, if you press any button, you can actually open up this file, this binary file, and you can see what's inside it. So, you can, for example, look at the images inside the presentation, or any other point. And I think that's really great because this is individual to the opportunity to actually see what's going on inside the file format, even if they have a very little technical understanding. I think it's a great place, especially for, say, students, you can say, look, and you can create a presentation, or maybe you can create a word processing document, but what does that really mean? And you can very simply give them just a little glimpse to do what's going on behind the scenes. And that also gives them power, right, so that gives them the ability to actually see what's inside the document. So, they might say, I thought I hadn't mentioned the document. Well, if you can open up your, the sort of guts, the contents of the document, you can see, you know, inside. So, this particular ODT, Yellow World ODT, doesn't have any, I always thought I was just having images inside it. My presentation here, let's see if I can decide. So, we can just right click, and we can say extract here. And extract the, you can take a look at what's inside there. So, for example, look at the type of pictures, and we can see all the images are being used inside the presentation. So, I think that's really neat for anyone who either wants to look more depth at what files they have to create, but again, for people that are inquisitive, students can help people. They can take a look at these things and say, well, what would happen if, say, you change one of these files, and then you can read the rest of the file. Yeah, of course. Bruno, why are there some crazy names of the files? They're creating idling, you know, very different from all of them. So, I believe that all of these are used as internal references from one part of the document to refer to particular images. So, this is a consistent way of us creating keys to reference from inside the file format to a particular image. So, to warn people today, it's not allowed to drag in the file. Sure, sure. I'm talking in abstracts here. You know, if I were presenting to, say, a group of children, I think this would be a great exercise for them to do with their teacher, and we've got a lesson plan obviously. But, again, I just like showing people the inside of a file created by the office, because I think that it demonstrates the fact that this is really transparent now. For comparison, if you guys are going to use, say, AutoCAD, and the first file format used by AutoCAD, AutoCAD is a computer-designed program used for modeling all kinds of things, and technical parts of the buildings. And their file format specification is very complicated, and it's not well-specified. In fact, I'm not sure who will be able to inspect for it. So, whereas the file formats we use at the office are pretty much fully specified, and anyone can use any of them. AutoCAD is very, very opaque. And so, I think this is just a good demonstration of the comparison between open file formats and closed file formats, which haven't been eliminated by programs that are free to use for software. Close them, try their software. But, that could be a case of a file format. Yeah, go ahead. Open file format. Open file format. Open file format. Open file format. Open file format. Open file format. Open file format. Open file format. Open file format. Open file format. Open files. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. So, as I'm running a little bit here, I will zoom in ahead. Right, I'm just checking out if these are really... Is it okay? Yeah, I think I've seen them before, and yes, that was confusing. But I feel like we're just choosing, you know, for letters, and it says we have 26. And so, yeah, we don't have that particular choice. So, the community, we already talked a little bit about the community and our goals. You can read a lot about these on the Unruly Raffles website. And again, you know, we're running low on time, so I don't know what you're thinking, but I think this is very important, the fact that what the community believes in, in terms of providing encrypted access to tools and no-costs and encouraging individuals to translate and document the programming tools into their own language. So, this I think is really important, especially because I think that some of these are foundational principles, but we also encourage a number of people to join the community and stay with the community because of the support that we show for them or their local community. So, we have a number of teams. Yes, right there. So, it also makes a handy HTML editor. I mean, it doesn't write very good code, but it's very handy if you don't have an editor handy for HTML. Sure, yeah. Personally, I think there might be some other tools that, you know, someone asks, I want to write my HTML code. I think there are a number of tools out there that we could also try to provide, but if that's the only thing someone has in their system, then they could use LibraOffice. I'm trying to write HTML code. So, as a sort of a sign-up, we have actually included a couple of neat pieces inside LibraOffice. So, LibraOffice ships with a full Python interpreter, Python's programming language. And so, as a result, because if you have this Python interpreter that's a part of LibraOffice, you could, for example, get a walk-down machine that only had LibraOffice installed in some way in the text editor. So, we actually talked a little bit about Python into a class. I haven't found a situation like this, but I have talked to people about this. And we also included a load interpreter. I'm going to slide that. But it's basically a very simple type of programming language that can provide the ability to draw using this little turtle, draw graphics, and make the little turtle icon move around the screen. So, there are some neat things that are built in LibraOffice already. So, right, we have a number of teams. I just want to go over some of the community teams really quickly. We have a design team that works on user interface and graphical time. And I think that, I'm sure that some of these slides might be very similar to my type of suggestions on how to present their team. So, please let me know if you'd like to get the same thing. We have a developer community built in LibraOffice so you can basically take the source code and turn it into binary code within the capacity of your machine. Start with an easy hack. Sort of something very small, similar to an easy to change. And the development community runs hackfests. So, these inventational events where people come together and start using LibraOffice or continuing to fix bugs and usually provide food and other fun things that people should definitely have if they're interested. We have a QA team, which I'm part of too because I'm very active in the QA team. We do a whole bunch of different things figuring out where bugs are introduced into our source code and testing LibraOffice offensively and doing other things. We have a language and localization team that tests LibraOffice works on providing translations of all of our documentation all of our different interfaces and tools inside the project and our website and also performs testing in QA. So, I think the language and localization team is pretty amazing in some ways because they provide a sort of duplicate a lot of a lot of the different environments that other teams provide such as QA and I think with the development for example. We have a team for website infrastructure so if someone has experience maybe you can assist a bit or write a HTML code or working on new tools you would love to have some to join us and work on both the existing technology and promoting new tools. So, for example, we have some people working right now single-sign them to make it much easier for volunteers to use our services report bugs, get feedback, join environments, etc. So, we'd love to have someone working on this work on single-sign them. Documentation team tons of documentation we use prepares all of that and bubbles it into pfs works on providing printed copies of those available online and also works on tools or the material tutorials and training materials as well. Marketing outreach does perhaps what you'd expect consistent messaging is really important for the office coordinates with teachers and educators and I do a bit of work on which is the United States and so we both attend existing events, conferences, etc. and we run our own events so for example this October we have a QA based event in Seattle, Washington, U.S. kind of a strong community I think I've talked about a number of things do any community be really valuable? We have a support team a what? a team providing support on the facilities as support Yeah, I mean, this week do we have a fine supporting? I don't know that's really useful to do today Yeah Because if you're a user this is always the same people on screen and I think it's been great to I like them and on my support team we still have the same people I speak This is the team itself so we should I think that we should Sure, so we have the user list which is a list on which people ask questions about asking for support and we have the ask site which uses the website mail and this member talks about it So maybe we need a support list to coordinate the support activities and that I think would be Yeah, but also I think looking into these presentations place somebody to help you because it's really useful and it's pretty easy to do because you just have to experience yourself and help people It's the first time in the community to answer questions I would definitely add it Yeah, I think that defining that a little more because I'm not sure that there are various services that provides support but I'm sure it's a team but I agree that it would be good to have that exist as a unified team whether that can be monthly they can link those people together because we don't have that So yes, so some of the reasons for joining the community I mean the experience it looks good and resonating it feels like how are you I was just being hired by the foundation for whom to work on Q&A but there are I know a number of people when I was recently last year hiring individuals to work on a lot of projects their credentials from working on various resorts of projects was really great we were also developing resorts but it was really important to see what they had done and the community contributed and of course the community is fun I had a lot of fun with Q&A team a lot of my teams enjoy their correspondence and their work and I think that teaching people about freedom and sort of software telling people about what they can things they can do with Libra Office is empowering and rewarding and so I think there's a lot of myth that you can have from joining the community itself So right on time I'm going to avoid a little down on my hand and let's see if I have anything else for you today I think that's all I have so here's my end slide if you have questions, comments, concerns think that we should add something about the support team please let me know and please email me any questions input what? help us help us and then we can provide some support sure and also on the outside so people know where to ask them questions sure one slide so maybe a slide or two about support support for the community how do you help yourself I think one thing I need to talk about the I've gotten questions from people saying if the malicious people are able to see the code can't they overachute faster and so I think it's good to say that that's in fact the exact opposite it's kind of counterintuitive that you see the code and that makes it much harder to do malicious things explain should I try to explain should I try to explain should I try to explain especially with our quality control the way that we have our view of the patches of stuff that's very very hard outside of our organization even for other open source projects because there's so many people looking at the code if something did get in it would be caught quickly most of the time versus as closely as possible I mentioned sort of briefly about this idea the black box again I wasn't sure and again I sort of made this presentation for an audience that would often be a lot less technical than you guys are I think and so again it's tricky because trying to make an audience and well have a little technical you know I might need a little benefit to bring up the idea of to say I might say Leibroff is secure in certain ways but to bring up this issue of say like the question myself oh like there could be a problem with software it seems like we're confusing the matter especially people are basically understanding the software but I'm confused I had a question do you have some tips or when because you were mentioning that he was already freeing to go to a software and I noticed that I'm not engaging with people who may not even know about this the first question was I don't really understand how can you just tell and it's not that I'm biased do you spend time with him talking about this or do you I mean that's definitely I mean talking about freeing over software set talks in and of itself and so that is one of the challenges I mentioned there were a couple of slides here I didn't want to gloss over what I was trying to say what does Leibroff's community mean these things they were all really important ones this idea of licensing and licensing as a means to an end to provide people with rights and abilities with the Roshio project so I do try to spend a certain amount of time with people I think that with some people I might bring up the topic and I'd say Leibroff's is provided under a freeing of software license so he's using these abilities like you can take this program home and share it with your friends or you can run the same program at home in school so I think I often try to present to people that benefits and converts but again I agree there's a large number of things like there's a whole ecosystem and mentality environment that is created by having a license that provides certain rights and guarantees and of course then we can get into things like permissive licensing versus popular licensing questions about why is Leibroff's popular but again, yeah, that's what goes down a certain type of hole it's funny to go down a first or five and be like let's grab coffee and talk for half an hour or two but I it's difficult in my mind because I think some of these topics are important to try to summarize them accurately without mislead somebody that's what you're asking about yeah, it's because how do you make a sound bite sometimes I'm like am I in this right in the center and so much time talking about these matters and then at the end of the day we're still having someone in front of us who wants to know about this office yeah and sometimes it's like it's personal basically converting to someone but most of the time they're very interesting they just watch on TV a very interesting documentary and they got looked up with for some reason about the life of the white whales under the North Pole at the night but they were like it was a set of theoretical images but how does that help? it's a dream narration plan it's probably wrong yeah so this is what I was asking the question is do you actually feel you get involved there or do you? or as a general rule it's like okay, I just want to believe that yeah, it's tough to tell again, I feel like I am surprised by sometimes different individuals when we have biases and we see someone or someone starts talking to us so at a conference I see someone in a deaf-con teacher so I have a certain subject where I see someone who looks maybe looks very professional business wear on and he's carrying a letter of cases and then they might be like I'm a dating hacker I do this and that and I'm just like I do not expect you to be dressed up and so I think it's difficult sometimes to read even when you're talking to somebody they've been talking for a while how much of an understanding or what the whole comprehension is so I think that what I often try to do is to provide a basic level of information about a topic and try to get some reactions to be tough I think that's a really relevant topic discussion for us and for other people because messaging is this huge deal and it is I think it's important for us to figure out how to be effective without being demanding or without being I mean there are a number of times I'll try to talk to someone at a conference and they'll sort of stop me and they'll say but can I use this on my computer like their comprehension of what software is and so it's sometimes especially in a mixed room where you can't go around and ask each person what's your experience are you a programmer have you been working with software for a decade or do you maybe have iPad and you know that you can maybe go to a website and so it's like licensing to try to explain what that means to someone it'd be an interesting just one other thing I don't think you talked about you have to use the parallel install language but I think that's important to say you know you went both and for us to succeed I think that's going to be the first step for a lot of people to understand just because you install all the ground because you really like to see Microsoft Office and so it's not like Microsoft Girls would not be a superior one I was like I'm like QA because Microsoft Office are so heavy because they're a couple with a Q a lot of people like it came from computers they just assume maybe it's free or something but I think it's good to say it just up front you can install it it's not going to screw up here sure and one way that I have an interest to lead the office has been in its use so for example I know some people have said oh I got this document I got this Microsoft Workshop document or something and at least in the past you couldn't open the Microsoft Workshop in Microsoft Office and so I'd say oh just grab my Libra office and then start them with a little tidbit or tell them hey if you have a bunch of documents that you want to turn to PPS like I can trade it and get it on the command line so you can do them all months and then if they're interested they can say oh by the way you can do some other stuff with this tool so like little tidbits introducing okay well I'm going to keep people in control


So how do we deliver TV high-quality video over the internet? We mentioned we we can differentiate between normal web-based video where we for example stream watch YouTube File-based distribution where we download a file then watch it after it's downloaded so non real-time Whereas IP TV is different where it generally refers to standard TV quality content that is large screen no disruptions and Real-time so how do we achieve that? We had a quick look at the equipment and some examples and we skipped through and said Well in a an example scenario an example home What type of content are we going to consume and? Okay, we have voice So now let's consider we want to run all of our services Via the internet so in your home. You've got one network connection via the internet You don't have a separate telephone line. There's no separate cable TV or satellite TV. Everything's across the single line so voice web browsing and TV content and Not just watching one channel at one time, but streaming model channels at the same time How much What data rate do we need to support this into our home? Well, you're talking about tens of megabits per second So we'll shortly look at what technologies will support that in our home So that's where we finished last week Let's see what we missed most Services IP TV services make use of private networks What that means is that The the company that's providing you the service is usually an internet service provider and the content in Particularly the video content is going only over that organizations network. It's not necessarily going across the public internet The reason for this and I'll show you some examples and we'll mention some different examples the reason is that When we need high quality high speed data delivery with strict performance requirements small delay Give priority to some data over others Then we need good control across the network So if it's a single organization that owns and operates the network they can control the performance of that network But if you're trying to stream high quality TV across the internet from Across multiple internet service providers Then how can one ISP? Control the quality across multiple ISP's networks. It's much harder so many IP TV services are Offered by internet service providers or As part of agreements between content providers and internet service providers And we can think of them as being private networks Here's an example of a typical setup or a very simplified view of a setup of an IP TV network We have a home here the end user And they have a set of computers or devices that they want to access the content and They have a network inside their home okay, so you have connectivity to the outside net internet and Inside your home. You have a wireless LAN or an Ethernet network So you have a home network You connect normally to an internet service provider an ISP for example your ADSL connection To the internet from your home to the rest of the network This we'll often refer to as the access network. This is the This is where the customer Accesses the the larger internet or the larger network So we have the ISP access network and From one of our first topics this this semester we distinguish between an access network and a core network Where a core network connects multiple access networks together? In this example, there's only one access network, but imagine that there are other routers and other access networks around here for example, this is for one suburb and then there's another access network for another city or another suburb another area and This is the core network that connects those access networks together and let's assume. It's the same ISP Okay, so the same company running these networks So this may be an ADSL network here so from your home, there's a router and That router connects across a telephone network into some Telephone exchange using ADSL So that we considered the access network and then from the telephone exchange and there may be multiple exchanges for multiple access networks They connect together via the ISP's core network For example optical fiber links Now where do you or the end user get access to the different services and the main different services we want as an end user Normal internet access web browsing for example access to the public internet voice calls so to be able to pick up the phone and call someone not just via someone via Using Skype, but to call someone on any telephone network Mobile phone landline telephone so via a public switch telephone network And also view view TV. That's what we're focusing on How do we get TV into the home without using or using the IP network? So in this case we see Here's our home a router to our access network and the access network connects to the core network We're another router an IP router and Then the ISP connects to the broader internet the public internet via some border router here Okay, so then we go to other ISP's in this direction So if your web browsing Accessing Facebook then your data goes via the access network the core network to the border router and then out to the public internet If you're making a voice call and calling someone on their mobile phone You use voice over IP So you use SIP for example to set up the the voice call and then RTP to send the voice traffic You use voice over IP to connect from your home phone via the access network The core network and since you're connecting for example to a mobile phone You need to connect to someone on the the the normal public switch telephone network So there may be a gateway that takes the voice over IP connection and turns it into a normal switched connection that Mobile phones and landline phones use so for example use voice over IP to here and then Use the normal telephone network the public switch telephone network to connect to someone who you're calling here If you're calling another user who also uses voice over IP for example, maybe they're on the same access network Then it can go direct to them Or on another access network go via the core network to that user and then what about TV content if you're watching TV then a Typical setup is that we have the TV station the organization that provides the content Channel 3 channel 5 whatever the organization has their content and They have their own TV network and that needs to be connected to the ISPs network and In this case the name of the device that connects the TV network to the ISP IP network is a video head end So the content is in whatever format it's filmed in or they they store the content in If it's live then they may be filming it and Then it's up to the TV Network that is the the company that runs this TV network to distribute that content to this video head end and Then the video head end converts the content into a format that can be sent across the IP network for example, it encodes it using MPEG for some codec and Uses RTP the real-time protocol to send that content to stream that content From the video head end through the core network to the access network and eventually to your TV in your home So the idea is all these three services TV telephone and Internet access normal internet access are all provided by an IP network and To make sure that the quality that you need to deliver these services to the end user is suitable Usually the IP network is run by a single company because if it's run by a single company then They can guarantee the performance inside their network if it's run by multiple companies Then they need to have some special agreements to make sure that they'll provide that But Required performance, so that's the general idea that we have Access to all three services via the one network connection in your home You no longer have a home telephone line Or at least you no longer have a home telephone line for making phone calls everything goes via IP Over via your ISP their core network and then to the Destination let's look at some of the requirements for this to work the the technologies for TV content we need The video head end that converts the audio and video from the the format that's provided by the TV station Into some digital format that can be sent across the network So for example The content may be sent across an analog or a digital network to the video head end then that converts it into say M M peg for and that then Packetizes that content puts it into RTP packets and sends it across the core network So that's the role of the video head end to convert it from one format And it may be analog or digital Into a format a digital format that can be sent across the network And a typical approach is to use RTP as the protocol to send it across the network to stream At the it's not shown in this diagram, but in your home you usually need some set-top box to receive the content and Distribute the content to the appropriate devices the TV The audio system and so on what protocols are used well different protocols available, but a common one For video delivery RTP the same with voice over IP RTP is not just for voice over IP. It's for in general audio and video So we went through examples last week where we took voice and depending upon the codec We put it into packets and sent those RTP packets the same thing can be applied with video content The other two parts or technologies needed for this to work are some ways to manage the network and The different technologies within those networks for network management For performance reasons usually we need to make use of multicast now we mentioned the concept of multicast remember with multicast the source creates one copy of the content and sends it through the network and Inside the network it In particular the routers inside the network Deliver that content to multiple destinations So it's one to many delivery Where we have one special multicast address where we send it to that address the data should be delivered to many hosts That's well suited to TV delivery In this example, there's one destination, but of course in an ISPs network There may be many destinations watching the same channel Okay, so there are a thousand people at the same time of the day watching one particular TV channel So what we do is that that content that TV channel is delivered to the video head end just one copy of it and Then use multicast in the network So using RTP We create one copy of the content send it and The routers inside the core network So they're not shown here, but inside this cloud there may be different routers They deliver it to the appropriate destination so that everyone who's subscribed to that Multicast group receives a copy Let's try and draw that Which extends upon the one on the board, so let's add some more users is The same network but with some more details So we have the video head end then we have our core network and Inside this core network. I've drawn the circles here to mean some routers inside that network and These three devices These routers here on the edge of the core network and this so here are some six homes our six users and We can think of this say as an ADSL connection. So our access network So going into some telephone exchange here Home a connects in via say ADSL That's our access network and inside the home. We have a home network now. We want to deliver for example We have our six users. Of course, we could expand this Let's say it covers Whole of all of Bangkok. So we have different at access networks for different regions in the city and These are routers across the entire city let's say some users Tuned into a particular TV channel so three users a C&D turn on their TV and Tune into channel three Okay, so they all want to watch that TV channel so although it's not drawn here the TV station The content for channel three is being generated and sent to the video head end What the video head end does is converts it into a format that can be sent across the IP network So a particular codec that's supported by the ISPs network and probably using RTP There are other protocols, but let's stick with RTP So the video head end as the video comes in the content comes in it generates RTP packets and sends them using multicast Even though there are three destinations With multicast we just send a single copy of that packet So if we have a packet containing a portion of the video content for channel three We send a single copy of that packet. So here's our packet the source Address is the video head end whatever the IP address is for that and the destination address The destination address will be a special IP multicast address So the way multicast works is we have one special IP address which can represent multiple users and We say that those users Join or subscribe to a multicast group So we'd have a special address here. I'll just say I Were not right an actual IP address MC for multicast MC3 multicast group 3 why 3 because we're watching channel 3 but in fact, it's a IP address that would be here. This is an IP packet. We'd have a source address and a destination address This content needs to get to users AC and D But what we do with multicast is we create one copy and send it from our source to the first router These are routers inside the network and they support multicast This first router receives a copy of the packet. Where's it send that packet? Let's make it a bit easier. Let's give names to the routers One two Three The other routers in our network Video head end creates the content or at least the content it's received from the TV station puts it into an RTP packet Where the IP source address is that of the video head end and the IP destination address is a special multicast address Where does this Then it sends to router R1. Where does R1 send a packet to? Where does R1 send a packet to? Yeah, it will use its routing table correct and most likely what will it decide where to send it quite simple There are two options R2 R3 Where does R1 send to? Sends to both okay, so it receives one copy and It uses its routing table and the routing table must be set up to say that I'm not I will not try and draw it here, but to say anything going to multicast group three I Need to send to both R2 and R3 Why both R2 and R3? Because we need to send to them to reach the destinations a C and D So part of multicast is setting up them the routing tables to include this information and That relies on users subscribing to a particular multicast group, so let's keep track and say that Currently in multicast group three mc3. It corresponds to users a C and D Now the current three users in that group So R1 receives a copy sends to router 2 and router 3 Where does router 2 send to? One option that's easy Router 2 will send a router 7 router 7 will send to a Nothing works on this board router 1 Sends to router 3 router 3 sends to where? Sends to 4 only no need to send to 5 Okay router 3 It must know That since a C and D are in the multicast group In particular C and D have told router 8 very multicast group 3 and router 8 has told router 4 that someone on my network is in multicast group 3 Which also is in for informed router 3 so 3 will send to 4 and Sender 8 and 8 will send a C and D so We send one copy of the packet at the source Then it split and made into two copies as we go across these paths and as We reach R7 a single copy is sent to Home a and at R8 a copy is sent to C and another copy to D How many copies in total? Well, we count them one two three four five six seven eight nine So for that one piece of content That's one small portion of the TV In the network nine copies of the packet was sent If we didn't use multicast There's one source and three destinations if we did not use multicast The only option we'd have is to send a copy across this path One two three four packets Send another copy from source to C Which is one two three four five packets and Another copy from source to D one two three four another five packets Which is what a total of 14 packets in that case if we don't have multicast We need to send a one copy of the content for every destination with multicast We can significantly cut down on the number of copies of packets we send in the network Especially if we have many users Who are receiving the content on the same access network When we have two users on the same access network Then we send one copy of the packet until it gets to this router and then it creates the multiple copies Try and imagine now that's expanded to having thousands of users one TV station TV three sending the content of the video head end Sends the data and we have thousands of users watching that same TV station at the same time with multicast Through most of the network. We're only sending a few copies of the packet But if we didn't have multicast we'd have to send send thousands of copies of the packet all through the network So when we have many users receiving the same content then multicast is very beneficial It's especially especially so for TV because many people are watching the same content at the same time So that's when multicast is is Is important any questions on the the benefits of multicast in IP TV We haven't gone through the techniques for how multicast works like how to establish the routing tables There are protocols for The destinations to join a multicast group What happens if user a turns off their TV and they leave They're no longer watching TV three Then somehow we need to inform these routers That there's no need to send a copy of the packet to router to Because there's no one in this direction that should receive a copy so if we Stop watching that channel we leave the multicast group and For that to work There are some protocols for Notifying the routers of that so that they can only forward the packet in the necessary direction Similarly if someone turns on the TV and watches switches to channel three user e in this case Then again the routers in the network need to be updated so that router three will now send a copy to router four and router five So that e c and d will receive it That process of leaving and joining the multicast group or subscribing There are protocols for doing that normally in TV networks the content the The process of switching to a channel Your own channel three is switched to channel five is Equivalent to joining multicast groups So if you're watching Channel three and you use your remote control to switch to another channel Then that triggers the multicast protocols to go to work to inform the routers that now Anything to multicast group seven must be delivered to e So in IP TV often multicast Groups are associated with TV channels The similar can be applied with say radio channels are the type of content so multicast is important in IP TV Qualitative service we didn't talk about that we skip that topic But basically it's important to be able to give priority to different services What's more important making a phone call or accessing Facebook? well more important in terms of Performance requirements is the phone call that is a phone call the delay requirements are in the order of hundreds of milliseconds We need a small delay accessing Facebook if the delay of your packet is 500 milliseconds It will still be okay so Giving priority to different Types of traffic is what quality of service control does so if we can do that We can provide a better service to the end user Give priority to voice calls Compared to web browsing for example But we didn't cover that in any detail The other thing that's needed which we're not going to talk about of course some way to keep track of who's accessing the network Are they authorized to do so to log in and to charge the money for example? What technologies do we need inside these networks? Inside especially the core network the access network and the home network Well, it depends upon the speed requirements Typical technologies inside the core network are using optical fiber Things like SDH are common Access networks ADSL to optical fiber coaxial cable some cases ethernet and In shot inside the home ethernet wireless LAN remember From the end user's perspective a house a home may require a data rate of tens of megabits per second if we want high-quality TV and It turns out as we go through these three networks from core Access and home network considering these different technologies Usually the slowest one is the access network The service internet service provider access network the bottleneck link or the is that last mile that last portion of the Network to your home Let's look first at the core network. What do we need in terms of capacity? How fast should the core network be? to support IPTV Here's some example numbers for HDTV or for standard definitions, so If we can work it out With the blue line, let's focus on the blue line high definition TV in this case the Assumption is that we have about where's this About 10 or 15 megabits per second needed per per TV channel So if there's one person watching hate high definite high definition TV The network has to have capacity of about 10 to 15 megabits per second to support that channel so if we have 10 Channels that we want to support at the same time then we need 10 times as much and As we increase the number of channels we get a linear increase in the capacity requirements for the core network So this is the amount that we require in total and this is the number of channels that we want to support in the network Because if we have 10 channels So the organ the the company wants to provide the users with a choice of 10 different channels Then it means at any one time Some users may be watching each of those channels. So some users watching channel one channel two channel three and channel ten Therefore we need to be able to be streaming all ten channels through the core network at the same time if the capacity to stream one channel is Say 15 megabits per second Then the capacity needed to stream ten channels is a hundred and fifty megabits per second and As we increase the number of channels, of course the required capacity of the network goes up So this is the required capacity for the core network it's 100 channels, which is many for most networks So think of a TV network how many supply 100 channels It's close to the limit then the capacity inside the capacity net of the capacity inside the core network is Approaching two gigabits per second With optical fiber that's possible Optical fiber using SDH capacities of two and a half gigabits per second ten gigabits per second common So it's not such a challenge to provide this type of capacity inside the core network. For example a network across Bangkok where the entire network is run by one company one ISP That was the case if we have normal TV Where we use multicast The idea is that Doesn't depend upon the number of people watching the channel Because with multicast We send one copy of the packet at the source if there's one person watching the channel We send one copy If there are ten people watching the same channel, we also send one copy so with multicast increasing the number of users Doesn't impact upon what we require for capacity. So that's if we have normal TV sometimes we'd like to have TV on demand video on demand where a user Goes to some website or some user interface and they select the video to watch at a particular point in time so With normal TV the schedule of what you watch is decided by the the TV channel But with video on demand the user can choose what they watch and when With video on demand We normally cannot use multicast Because normally there are not multiple users Wanting to watch the same content at the same time Hence we have to revert to unicast And therefore For every user that's wanting to watch a video The source has to send a single copy of that content So if user A is watching one video They want to watch a movie and they start that movie at 8 p.m. So they go to some interface and they choose that movie to watch at 8 p.m Therefore the video head end is streaming content to user A then user B at 805 Chooses to watch the same movie then We have to use unicast to stream a copy of the same content to user B We cannot use multicast because they're watching it and they want to receive the content at different times So we have to use unicast and stream the content separately in that case So that's a problem in terms of video on demand The capacity we need in the core network depends upon the number of users we want to support For example, if one user needs a capacity of 15 megabits per second to watch their movie The second user also needs another 15 megabits per second because we need to stream using unicast so The capacity needed inside the network depends upon the number of subscribers In particular the number of video on demand subscribers So this is some some data from large network, so but you can extrapolate to different numbers So this is in thousands of subscribers If we have 25,000 people in the network That we want to support with video on demand Then the capacity of the network is in the order of five gigabits per second Because the capacity requirements goes up as the number of users go up and The more users we want to support the larger the capacity requirements because we cannot make use of multicast So supporting normal TV multicast is very beneficial and The capacity required in the core network depends upon the number of channels we want to support But with video on demand The capacity depends upon the number of subscribers that we want to support So we need to weigh up those It's easy to support normal TV, but with video on demand. There's Higher requirements on the capacity of the core Even tens of gigabits per second are not too difficult with optical fiber though. What about from This router here is a core network to the home the access network or Here called the service provider access network So from your home to the core network what technologies are available? We'll go through several First use ADSL. So use the normal telephone link from your home to some telephone exchange Where this router is located in a telephone exchange? ADSL, ADSL 2 plus so their improvements What typical speeds do they provide? ADSL 2 plus in both cases depend upon the distance between Your home and the exchange if this link the distance here is say 300 meters Then with ADSL they may be able to get a speed of 12 megabits per second download With ADSL 2 plus up to 26 megabits per second if this home is three kilometers from the exchange then They're talking about speeds of less than 10 megabits per second Now if we want to support going back the entire home with multiple TV channels We spoke about a requirement of tens of megabits per second therefore If you're three kilometers from the home between the home and the exchange ADSL even ADSL 2 plus will probably not be fast enough to support IPTV If the home is close to the exchange Then it may be fast enough. We can get up to 20 25 megabits per second But further from the exchange the the speed supported by ADSL is not high enough So that's a problem. ADSL will not always be suitable for IPTV Router 8 router 7 so one option is to use ADSL But depending upon the distance it may not be sufficient because with a copper Remember ADSL makes use of the copper telephone network with a copper wire the signal quality degrades across distance and with ADSL it turns out that the limits are in the order of 20 25 megabits per second But only over very short distance the further we go the lower the data rate that's available So the solution if we need faster data rates and what's available is To reduce the length of the copper line So we see here with a short distance the speeds are okay with a longer distance the Speeds are not enough. So the idea is To reduce the distance of the copper line eventually down to zero so we do not use copper Note that normally from the router to the rest of the network is optical fiber in the core network So here's router 7 which is this zoom in from our other picture ADSL of course is use our copper telephone network. So the idea is to then Try and bring the optical fiber closer to the home and that's what we get with some of these Versions or variants of providing optical fiber to to the end user We get fiber to the node fiber to the curve fiber to the home. Let's go direct to fiber to the home The best case solution There's optical fiber coming into this router this edge router one option is to Or try and draw it all in the same diagram Use optical fiber that connects that router direct into your home this option would be referred to as fiber to the home f TTH That is you have an optical fiber link coming direct into your home or your building sometimes you'll see In others fiber to the building FTT be There's no need for the copper link now We don't need ADSL and we're not limited by the the physical limitations of that copper link the speeds with speeds Which which which we can achieve? limited by the optical fiber so Usually in the order of gigabits per second a typical So that's the best case for the end user With a gigabit per second or even 100 megabits per second IP TV is possible What's the problem? It's expensive who has so fiber to the home Okay, it's expensive for the for the ISP to deploy because Digging the holes and laying the cables to all the homes so you get coverage of tens of thousands of different homes is very expensive So it's very expensive to to build the network Of course countries are deploying it, but it takes time and it costs a lot of money So what are some intermediate? Approaches if ADSL is not enough and it's too costly to get fiber directly into the home Then the idea is to bring the fiber closer to the home But still utilize a portion of the copper network and that's what we get with fiber to the node and fiber to the curb Let's introduce a new device We have our let's say our router which is in the telephone exchange originally, but now What we can do is what's first? introduce a new device in the network and connect Using our copper link from the home to this new device and then from that new device use optical fiber with the idea that we're reducing the Distance that we use the copper link When we use ADSL the copper link is between the home and the telephone exchange So it depends on where you are compared to the telephone exchange as to what the distance is but the ISP can then deploy new devices which are closer to the homes for example in a particular neighborhood They put some cabinets in the street Which connect into the telephone network? So from the home you have a copper link into this special device and Then the company running the network uses optical fiber From this special device back into their core network What it does is it reduces the copper line length and as you see with ADSL the shorter the distance the higher the speed which we can achieve So let's say that the first copper length was three kilometers The idea with fiber to the node is to introduce a special node Which is closer to the home? Connect using the normal copper network from the home to this special node over a shorter distance Let's say 300 meters and Then optical fiber from this device into the core network and Of course not just home a does that but home b c d and e or all the homes in that area All connect by the copper telephone network into this special node. So now we have one special node covering Multiple nodes or multiple homes in a particular area Maybe hundreds thousands of homes. So in in some neighborhood So one device in each area and to cover another area we put in another node So the cost now to deploy this network We don't need to bring optical fiber into every home We just need to build a network that brings optical fiber into these nodes where we have one node per 100 or per 1000 homes So we reduce the cost of installing the optical fiber network for the ISP But we potentially increase the data rate that's possible because remember the limitation is the copper link and The smaller the distance the higher the speed which we can achieve So now from home a to the node We only use a 300 meter copper link and we can get higher data rates and in fact you no longer need to use a DSL There are other technologies VDSL for example is Useful for very very short links hundred meters for example 30 100 meters and You can get data rates of up to 100 megabits per second across the copper link So by reducing the distance of the copper link we can increase the speed and that's the idea of Fiber to the node and also fiber to the curb exactly the same concept, but instead of having one special node per Some neighborhood per per 1000 users They put this special node closer to the home say on every street on the curb of every street As a result reducing the distance of the copper link even further in G10 meters and then optical fiber from that special node Back to the core network fiber to the curve and the middle one was fiber to the node I don't think there's any specific definition of the distances for each of them. It's just the concepts that Okay, here we think about street level so everyone on the same street Connecting to the same device here, and then there's one optical fiber link back to the core network So with fiber to the curb the company that builds this network needs more devices and therefore has a higher cost of building the network But because we have a shorter copper link we can get higher speeds again So that's what we can compare ADSL copper direct back to the core network Fiber to the home optical fiber direct back to the core network the fastest option But the most expensive or intermediate ones That reduced the copper length at the expense of building some or deploying some portion of the network to be optical fiber so the trade-off there between Speed for the user and deployment costs so eventual costs for the user and different countries different regions different ISPs of trying different approaches What is the benefit of IPTV? We no longer Well, we can start to carry all of our services across the one network eventually so Not just IPTV, but this approach of from the home's perspective There's just one Network in this case many homes now would have internet access you pay a company for internet access You could pay another company or pay a different bill for your home telephone line All right, some people go without home telephone and then again, maybe for satellite TV or cable TV All of those are using three different networks, so your Well, your telephone uses the same network, but eventually splits out into two different networks Your TV is using a different network either the satellite or a separate cable So the benefit for the companies in this case is that they only need to maintain one network Okay, one physical network so they cut down on the infrastructure required The potential benefit for the users is it simplifies things everything is via the one network technology So long as it's fast enough That is your access network is fast enough. It should be suitable in terms of quality Simplifies the management internal of the of the network. So not just having less routers and less links for the company, but Maintaining who the subscribers are managing the payment managing Who can access the network simplifies the operations of that network maintaining the network is expensive? so Potentially in the long term it would be much cheaper for the company providing the network and hopefully then cheaper for the end-user and There are others that you can do services that a Normal TV network cannot provide by using IP You now basically have access to two-way communications. So now You can stream TV But by your TV you can be sending data back to the TV station and then getting customized content And different interactive applications. So that's some of the benefits So you can support more services in that case So in terms of the capacity requirements Let's summarize inside the core network owned by say the ISP They need enough capacity in there to support The number of channels that they want to deliver across that network With normal TV channels, we can use multicast and therefore the capacity scales related to the number of channels If we want to support video on demand, then we cannot use multicast. We must use unicast and therefore the capacity depends upon the number of subscribers and number of users For the access network We usually need 10 20 giga 20 megabits per second depending upon the quality of TV ADSL sometimes is not enough So some alternatives to try to bring the optical fiber closer to the home either direct into the foam into the home and As an alternative if that's too expensive To nodes which are closer to the home to reduce the copper link the technology inside the home Usually wireless LAN ethernet are sufficient for the speeds that we require with the latest wireless LAN standards We can stream 10 20 30 megabits per second possible Ethernet no problem, and that finishes our IPTV any questions Try and understand the advantages of using multicast The idea of well the correspondence between TV stations and multicast that is we can think of Multiple users watching one TV station at the same time We can take advantage of multicast because those users are a set of destinations In some multicast group and with multicast we send to one special multicast address and the routers deliver that content to each of the destinations in that group and with video and demand that's not possible because Usually there's no one user watching the same content at the same time Because people start the videos and watch different videos or movies and at different times and hence you revert to unicast And then in terms of the technologies inside the core network. Typically we use optical fiber Inside the access network We use either the existing telephone network and ADSL or some Network that makes use also of fiber in the access network fiber to the home fiber to the curb fiber to the node and Inside the home wireless LAN and ethernet are the main technologies There are a few others, but they're the main ones any questions to finish on that topic Easy topic. We've got one topic remaining Let's just introduce it and then we'll finish for today Although there are two sets of slides. It's all on the one topic. This last topic is about peer-to-peer systems. So using Using our a network of computers a distributed system to Take advantage of the multiple different computers that are in the network which are used by the end users to Provide improved services by sharing resources amongst those end users We because we're we're limited on time We've got just tomorrow and next week remaining. We will not go through all of the slides I think most of you know of peer-to-peer systems from peer-to-peer file sharing. Okay, anyone not heard of things like BitTorrent Anyone used it? No, no, we're going to explain how it works. It's not illegal. It's okay. Anyone use BitTorrent? we'll show an example of a download with BitTorrent and there are other peer-to-peer file sharing systems which allow users and users To share files between them Of course, there are a lot of issues about the content that's shared maybe illegal Copyright infringements and so on but the technology for sharing that content is of course not illegal and We'll explain how that works because it's not just for sharing movies amongst people but for Sharing other types of content and also some applications make use of these We're not going to go through the motivation here and so on we're going to go direct into the technologies But one thing that we want to distinguish is will appear to peer system compared to a client-server system so a client-server system if We go use the example of file sharing or or distributing a file a client-server system is when a client accesses a server and Downloads the file from that server and Of course if there are many clients that want that same file They all go to the same server and download from that same server In a peer-to-peer system the idea is that many clients want that same file Some of those clients download from the original server The other clients can then download from the clients that have already downloaded the file from the original server The result is that of those many clients With a peer-to-peer system we distribute the the task of downloading the file amongst all the devices or amongst many many clients in a client-server system That should disappear in a client-server system We depend upon the original server So and these comparison of a client-server system versus a peer-to-peer system and the same or essentially the same a trade-offs as a client-server versus a or a centralized versus a distributed system in a client-server system whether it's downloading a file or Accessing some resource or requesting some service The clients request data or functionality from some server now if There may be a large number of clients accessing that server Then the server may be replicated so that Think of the google web server. There's not just one computer that runs the google web server The same website is replicated across many physical servers in fact geographically separated But conceptually there's one server in that case The problem with a client-server system is that if the server fails No clients can access that service So the entire service becomes unusable if that server fails and the other main problem is that all of the Traffic all of the requests to the server and the responses from the server go via that server and The link to that server the network link So if we have one server Say this computer is the server and there are thousands of clients sending requests to retrieve a file from this server Then the link coming into this server is the usually the bottleneck link in that so The rate at which the data can be transferred between the clients and server depends upon the link going into that server and That becomes a problem because if that link is not fast enough then the clients get a slow transfer speed The advantages as we'll see against a peer-to-peer system is that we can easily control access to resources and functionality If this server is distributing some file clients download a file from it Then every client that wants to download that file must contact the server We can control at the server who accesses that file we can provide a username and password login system So that each client needs the right credentials to access that resource So it's easy to control access if we have one central server So good for providing security in that case and it turns out that the algorithms needed to search for resources quite efficient and simple Because quite simply if we want to if the server offers a set of files If a client wants to find it then they can just send a request To that server who can say whether or not they have the file that they're looking for What about a peer-to-peer system where? We now have many clients and they're all trying to provide the same functionality They're all peers with each other a decentralized system We do not distinguish between clients and servers. We just call each computer a peer Although they may take a role or Maybe another way is to think that each computer can be either a client or a server So they can take both roles in the exchange They may sometimes be a client and then change to be a server the peers must cooperate with each other So that again if we have this ability to transfer files then if we have ten clients then The peers must allow those other Peers to contact them and and download the file from them There must be some form of cooperation the advantages of a peer-to-peer system compared to client server opposite the the Opposite so the advantages of the negative of the disadvantages Is that right? The advantages are the negatives of the yeah the disadvantages for a client service system We have a single point of failure failure with a peer-to-peer system There is no single point of failure Because there's no one server that we rely on So if one device fails in a peer-to-peer system the system can keep running that's an advantage and With a client service system we have this performance bottleneck at the server Everything depends upon the server the speed of the server the speed of the network link into the server with a peer-to-peer system We'll see that's not the case and It turns out with a peer-to-peer system In some cases as we add more users The network gets better it scales up The problem with a peer-to-peer system is that it's harder to control access Because if we think of the file sharing If there are 10 peers that have the same file and a new peer wants to access that file Then it's difficult to say who or to restrict that new peer from accessing that file All 10 of the peers would have to have some login mechanism with a server the server can control who accesses that file one point of control and We'll see as we go through this topic that the algorithms needed to search to find resources to find files Are more complex than a client service system? So what we're going to do and we'll start tomorrow is go through some different approaches for peer-to-peer systems We'll skip a few of those slides and go through an Example of approach similar to Napster, which was used for file sharing and then Two other approaches Nutella and fast track and compare the general approaches and Then next week will go through the specifics of how a protocol works for the exchanging of files and that's bit time Let's stop there and we'll go through these techniques tomorrow


Income tax 2021 2022 tax line 16 part 2 get ready to get refunds to the backs diving into income tax 2021 2022 most of this information can be found in the form 1040 instructions tax year 2021 on the IRS website irs.gov irs.gov income tax formula we're down here on the tax line down below on the form 1040 we're on page number two line number 16 of the tax calculation so we're continuing on here we started this discussion in a prior presentation obviously the tax can be a little bit more complex than you would think at first given the fact that it's not just a flat tax that we're dealing with and that we have some other components that are going to be involved as well so just note that the tax software will of course be quite useful to actually calculating the tax for most people and most tax professionals do in part just to the complexity of the normal tax system which is a progressive tax system as we've talked about in prior presentations meaning that your taxable incomes could be subject to multiple different tax rates which is a little bit more difficult to calculate and therefore the software is useful to be able to calculate that we might have other components that are going to be feeding into the tax some components might be subject to different tax rates typically favorable tax rates based on other circumstances such as income that was for qualified dividends for example might be a different kind of progressive tax structure altogether as well as the capital gains I could have a different structure if it was long term capital gains so those are just a couple things that add to the complexity which you want to do most likely if your tax preparer or doing your taxes is used to software to help you calculate the tax but understand the progressive tax system that'll help you to budget that'll help you to explain to somebody else what's going on with the taxes and also understand where you have some of those differences within the tax rates such as qualified dividends capital gains so that once again you can kind of understand the calculation that's being made as well as explain the benefits and possibly be able to do tax projections more easily that way as well so now we're looking at the form 8615 form 8615 must generally be used to figure the tax on your unearned income over 2200 if you are under 18 and in certain situations if you are older so you must file form 8615 if you meet all of the following conditions number one you had more than 2200 of unearned income such as taxable interest ordinary dividends or capital gains including capital gain distributions now some of the rationale for this could be that let's because of the progressive tax system and you've got different different rates being applied to the same net income then it might be beneficial to basically have income not on a parent return but possibly on a child return because then then they would be at the lower tax brackets so if you have a child that has a significant amount of basically investment income then you would think that that might be trying to utilize that as a way to basically get access to the lower tax brackets in a progressive tax system and so it could be thought of from an iris standpoint as kind of an abusive strategy in that instance and so you could have you know tax you could see how the iris would be kind of skeptical of someone under 18 making a lot of unearned income such as interest and dividends which would be on things like stocks and bonds for example number two you are required to file a tax return number three you were either a under age 18 at the end of the year b age 18 at the end of 2021 and didn't have earned income that was more than half of your support and or c a full-time student at least age 19 but under age 24 at the end of 2021 and didn't have earned income that was more than half of your support you could see those those kind of qualifications kind of mirror similar qualifications to be basically being uh qualified as a dependent type of situation so the idea then here in my interpretation of it it would be that if you're still basically under the support of say a parent for example as a child and you have a significant amount of investment income from like dividends and interest then the iris is possibly suspicious that that's because the parent is trying to put that income in the name of the child in order to have access possibly to lower tax brackets from it so four at least one of your parents was alive at the end of 2021 five you don't file a joint return in 2021 a child born on january 1st 2004 is considered to be age 18 at the end of 2021 a child born on january 1st 2003 is considered to be age 19 at the end of 2021 a child born on january 1st 1998 is considered to be age 24 at the end of 2021 schedule d tax worksheet so the schedule d is going to be the calculation generally of your gains and losses for most individual tax returns that usually is like stocks that are being sold for example and that's where you have this long-term and short-term capital gains and the capital gains rates possibly being favorable rates in some cases to the ordinary income rates which complicates the tax calculation because now you have two sets of basically progressive tax systems two sets of different ranges of progressiveness divided on income level in the tax ranges obviously the ordinary income tax is more progressive and the capital gains if you get a favorable rate is designed to be beneficial a beneficial tax rate generally so use the schedule d to a worksheet in the instructions for schedule d to figure the amount to enter on form 1040 or 1040 s r line 16 if you have to file a schedule d and line 18 or 19 of schedule d is more than zero or you have to file form 4952 and you have an amount on line 4g even if you don't need to file schedule d but if you are filing form 2555 you must use the foreign earned income tax worksheet instead qualify dividends and capital gains tax worksheet use the qualified dividends and capital gain tax worksheet later to figure your tax if you don't have to use the schedule d tax worksheet and if any of the following apply you reported qualified dividends on form 1040 or 1040 s r line 3a you didn't have to file schedule d and you reported capital gain distributions on form 1040 or 1040 s r line 7 you are filing schedule d and schedule d line 15 and 16 are both more than zero but if you are filing form 2555 you must use the foreign earned income tax worksheet instead schedule j if you had income from farming or fishing including certain amounts received in connection with the Exxon Valdez litigation your tax may be less if you choose to figure it using income averaging on schedule j a specialized area of course foreign earned income tax worksheet so now we've got foreign earned income remember if you're a tax preparer then you've got to be thinking about do i want to be doing more complex returns and one of the complex returns would be do i want to be picking up returns where i have foreign source income that i'll be dealing with and or you might specialize in that area that's also an opportunity if you know a lot of people or segment that has the foreign income that could be a way to specialize do you want to focus on taxes that are in your certain state or that might have different state taxations which again could add a lot of complexity making returns more complex but also could be a specialized field where people can you know generate more revenue and get an area of expertise in so if you claim the foreign earned income exclusion housing exclusion or housing deduction on form 2555 you must figure your tax using the foreign earned income tax worksheet


Hey guys, real estate game here today. We're gonna be playing escape Baldy Abbey Or something like that. Look at this guy Getting lit. Alright, man. As you can see we're Baldy XC, but there's a lot of Morphs here And they look pretty cool. They look on point. They look like the actual game Alright, so let's check out the Morphs before we head into the Abbey Okay, so let's turn that Baldy. No wait hat remover. Okay. Oh my god. What happened to my face? My god. Hey, what's up builder man? Let's smack this guy Okay, right, so let's check out the Morphs before we start the Abbey because they look pretty awesome We look playtime Dude this thing looks legit Realistic Spider-Man my friend nice. Well, yeah, we're here with Builder Man as you can see but he's not moving And we're here with Tony Rod. There he is and say hi tweeter. Oh wait, you can't even see tweeter Let's get rid of this tweeter's not here, but say hi tweeter There you go, buddy.  All right, so look the sweep Dude, this looks legit man. All right, so these are the 3d Morphs So these obviously look better than these over here because these are the flat ones, but they have the camping Baldy That's pretty cool. Hey, let's go camp ring. Let's go camp ring. Nope. Okay, man, whatever Morph remover. All right, so let's go into the Abbey now. Oh, yeah, and I want to show you guys They have incredible Baldy. Yeah, look at this. This is Baldy dressed as the Incredibles Look at this guy. Oh, no, there he is Commands, there's no commands here unless you buy the pass, but that's gonna cost a lot of Robux, man Right, so I want to continue. Let's continue at Super Incredible Baldy because we're the best in here All right, so here we go There's floating Baldy's there. We're gonna have to step all over them Okay, what does it say here? Baldy, great teacher due to his incredible hearing abilities He cannot tell where any sound come from, but who made it to? So he's like, he has super hearing.  Oh, we almost fell. They're math problem is wrong because it's despite play time Despite the poor eyesight, she's obviously looking for a playmate. Let's play My god play times the craziest one.  Sister Apple joined nice Apple Blossom wire right I see your sister right there, but so let's continue man. Do we just fall straight down Everybody seems to be falling right and we got this play time. This is enough There you go, right principle of the thing if I see anyone breaking the school rules I make sure just to disturb It tastes good and it feels my tummy. So this guy is a hundred percent evil. No, she just fell straight down and so did we My god, hey, what's up bug man? I do We all keep falling straight down Right there you go Nice, okay, excuse me sir. I'm trying to read this right. Thank you, man. It's a bully here That's cool. We believe every good school needs a bully. What that's wet and that's why we have this kid All right, man, why he's the bully of the school to the kids like super jumping much is awesome and sick Thanks, man. I believe gore made the made the front one the t-shirt one down doesn't look pretty cool Go ahead. Mr. Doge There you go There you go, man All right arts and crafts site and tries to be avoided doesn't like being looked at and gets jealous at people with More notebooks in him. Why would it be jealous of people that have more notebooks in him? This guy, okay? Oh god. That was so close. Okay first prize one first prize. I'd science fair Oh, that's pretty cool. So he must be like genius. Let's hug and people rush towards anyone. It sees slowly It turns super slow. Okay, so he's a slow poke man.  Okay. Gotta sweep. Wow, that is one long gotta sweep Sing one like this. Okay. What do you have to do when seven schools open seven not what? What you do when the school opens in seven hours, and you haven't hired a janitor hire a broom Okay, so it looks like they have no. Oh, we have to jump. Oh my god We say by your marriage and I didn't get what it didn't get it. It didn't get it. Oh, no But we'll try to fix that after Come on real I'm going boy. You're not in the one-fifth file names. Oh, we made it Okay, whatever man. Let's continue file name for weird member. I always talked about destroying the game So this guy wants to get rid of everything. It seems in Baldy's office most of the time Okay, so it seems to be a friend of Baldy or some sort But he's not that's the guy when you beat the game like you do the Easter egg Right guys, let's get out of here. Oh, no, what? Rest in peace to them. Oh my god. Okay, we can't jump on the ones that have the pictures of them Oh my god, man. Can we got it here for sure? Move buddy Where are you going to know you went the wrong way dude? Okay, we got this Come on. Oh We touched the ground there, but we made it. All right, man, whatever. Let's just get out of here. Where do we go? No, do we go on the cubes or where do we go? Let's just you got them hops. She got them hop so watch out guys What I was about to say why did put me back here? Okay, let's go here. These look easier. No. Oh my god almost fell.  What is my favorite character? I don't know man What is this guy? Oh, okay? We saw Tony go in here. So let's go in here Okay, this is buddy. Why is it what why is there done Jerry's face on it? My god, Tony Rock got the got the cheat codes activated. All right, man Let's go. Thanks so much. Tony. You're the best man That is so rude man. What is this coins? Oh, we're gonna collect the coins now. So we can buy B soda Potato just fell.   Oh my god. These are scary. They look so far apart Let's go. Let's go. We got it, man. Let's go potato right now with no books. No We just fell straight down Principle of the thing no running in the hole This is bully. Why do they keep saying this is bully? Why do they keep saying that? Is there like one of those name the character things let's go girl But oh now now this guy this is from the camping update This dude is from the camping update, right? Yeah, it is It's the mouse or a wolf whatever it is. It's a wolf mouse. Oh My god, there's so far apart. This is so scary. We made it man. Who's again? Oh not baldy We got baldy here. Then we got noob time Then who is that principal of the thing then it's a rat sweeping. I think that's the old school one It was a nice shirt man. Look at that. Who's that good looking guy right there? I don't know man. Oh wait. It's not me. I'm a zombie. I forgot about that with the scissors Nice man. I mean that wasn't too hard. It was just a lot of stuff. Okay. Now says testing subjects Well, that's cool. The door is even open to make the sound effects. Oh We're going in the classroom now. What do you hear? School I guess you can pick any door in here First prize is on the cafeteria. Oh, these are the cafeteria doors. What happens if you go through those? Uh-oh now we have to jump through Why did I just keep walking? No, we have to jump through the rulers. Oh gosh, please don't beat me up rulers That's where I got all my questions correct. All right. There you go. There she goes man.  You guys think you're cool. Can you made it? Oh, what if I just? Do we touch the checkpoint though? Did it count? Yes, it counted man. Oh my god. I was about to say if it didn't count Thanks so much Tony for pushing me into the water, right? Let's go man. My god, Baldi's right there. I did not see that dude Okay, we go here then we go across. Oh my god. No, how is she running in the water? How is she running across it and she didn't die? What? All right, let's go wait up Baldi. I put black Baldi All right, I did right play time. There you go Principal of the thing. I'm saying if they're typing it man. They can hear me. I think they can't Principal principal of the thing My god, I misspelled the principal There you go, man. This is bully this This is Bully what else can write?  There you go. I will see you What's it do bro sweeping time sweeper Forgot his name Got a sweep. There you go first prize someone type first prize Because he is the first prize. There you go, man. Oh my god. There's an army of Baldi's here Are you kidding me, man?  Get out what you still can. Oh, I think we're on the last we might be on the last level All right, let's go this way No But we got this man. Leave me alone bully Who camping Baldy? Okay, what is this me 21? Let's go with 21. Oh, we got it. Nice. Oh, we're at the camping one now This is a pretty cool 3d morph That's a fake fire. That's a real fire, man But we made it to the end Thanks for almost one key favorites while you're welcome even though I haven't favored it yet But I will man. No, we just fell down We're on the favorites team. Do we really have to get to the other side? Because all I see is oh, that looks pretty cool. Okay, let's try to make it over there without falling.  There you go. I was too lazy to add more man. It's cool You had a lot of stuff.  Why is both man just floating there? Doge believe in the doge And we jump on the pumpkins now There you go What I don't know man. Well, just say by a tweeter. We got tweeter here now. That's right We're gonna have to finish it's just a lot of fun stuff over there. Where's the bike tweeter? There you go, man. Thank you guys for watching. Thank you guys for the amazing support. Oh my gosh Baldy can't be Baldy you guys enjoyed the video make sure to slap the like button if you guys into the channel Make sure to subscribe and turn that notification bell and I will see you guys next time