Let us continue with the discussion of the FTNMR spectrometer we introduced in the last class. So, just to have a recap I have this some summary of this FTNMR spectrometer in this slide. So, that new elements in the FTNMR spectrometer first thing is the computer because everything is computer controlled now. We have to be precise with respect to the timing of the pulses, the control of the pulses and the various other aspects of the pulses as we will see many, many times in due course.  And then the data processing is an integral part of the FTNMR spectrometer because there is a Fourier transformation which is one of the important elements and there are many others related to that. Then the data storage, the storage is in the binary form in the computer. So lot of things keep added as a result of this change in the spectrometer structure. An important element which we also mentioned is the high power transmitter. The pulse has to have a high amplitude. The RF for the pulse has to be very high amplitude because we saw in order that the pulse is exciting a whole range of frequencies and the effective field is along the H1 field which is the RF amplitude. The amplitude has to be much more than the entire spectral range omega i minus omega naught, omega naught is the RF frequency, omega i is the frequency of a particular signal in your spectrum and for the whole range of i's this condition has to be satisfied. Then only your effective field will be along the H1, then you can rotate the entire magnetization about the axis of the RF. So that requires a very high power. This is unlike what is there in the slow passage experiments where this amplitude is very, very small. Remember this gamma square H1 square T1, T2 has to be much, much smaller than 1 for the saturation to be avoided. But here that is not the case, you excite all the spins in one go and that is achieved by using a very high power H1. And then you have this signal which comes is actually an analog signal. The data you collect, you detect the Y component or the X component of the magnetization, it is collected in a digitized manner because signal comes in an analog fashion all right. It is in a 5D, the free induction decay is a continuous signal. However, if it has been stored in the computer, it has to be stored in a digitized manner. So we digitize the signal and collect data points at regular intervals of time. Say we have time between 2 points is 1 by tau and each of these tau points is put in a digitized form and here is the data which is put in the digitized form and this is in the binary form. So you have various bits here, this is called as the analog to digital converter and it has certain number of bits and it is stored in each of these bits. So for example, you can have 1 0 1 0 1 0 or 1 1 1 1 1 that is those are the binary points and this is called as the analog to digital converter. In briefly it is also called as ADC and once the data is converted into the digitized form it is put in the computer in as a world. Each point here goes as a word in the computer and when you add the words for signal averaging then of course each of these points gets added again and again and again, the signal averaging happens in the computer. Then you have filters, the filters we will see in the next slide and filters are used to filter out unwanted spectral excitations and detection systems. The receiver is the one which actually collects the data and we have phase sensitive detectors which collect either the X component of the mechanization or the Y component of the mechanization. Now let us turn to some practical aspects of 50 NMR spectra. As we said earlier the pulse excitation is the generation of a whole lot of frequencies in one go and this is achieved by applying the RF for a very short period of time and this is of the order of microseconds, few microseconds. If the width of this is tau then we will say it will excite the frequencies in this particular fashion, this is the excitation profile of the RF pulse, these are Fourier related. So whole range of frequencies are excited with the different amplitudes and omega naught is the RF frequency and at this point it is 1 by tau, 1 by tau is if the tau is of the order of 1 microsecond this will be 1 megahertz, megahertz here and megahertz here so this covers a whole range of megahertz but however all of these will have different amplitudes and therefore different powers. However, we do not want that sort of a thing we need to have excitation uniform excitation over the spectral range. Suppose your spectral range is only a small region of some 10 kilohertz or something like that which will be just a region around this and that for example we indicate here if this is the region which is the region of excitation, region of your interest and here it is omega naught, this is my omega naught. So this is the frequency which is the RF and around that RF we take a small region here and this small region which will have similar amplitudes because if I want to excite the various spins to the same level then I must have the same power applied to all of them. Therefore we choose a small area here and this is the chute by what are called as the filters which I mentioned in the previous slide. There are electronic devices which allow you to filter out all the other signals which are excited by the application of the RF and we pick out only this much area. So excitation at any frequency omega is proportional to the square of the amplitude and that is called as the power. Here is the amplitude which is plotted but the square of that is the power. So the pulse excitation profile is to be tuned to the region of your spectral width or how much spectral width you want accordingly one has to tune the filters. Now we know that excitation happens to a certain region around the spectral width. So we said that this much area is area which you want to choose. Now suppose you have a carrier frequency which is here but your signal of interest lies somewhere here then what happens? This signal this pin is not excited properly by this excitation pulse. So therefore what one has to do we will have to actually shift this omega naught to this place. Otherwise what is the consequence and that we will see in the next slide here. You see here if your carrier frequency which is the your RF frequency put in a particular place this is omega naught frequency here and if you put it here which is far away from the region of your interest that is then what happens is some signals are excited with this intensity some signals are excited with the lower intensity because the RF power is low here. So we do not want that thing to happen. We want to have a uniform excitation of all these spins and therefore we will have to shift this carrier frequency to the center of this region of the spectrum and this is what you do. So once you shift this carrier frequency from there to here then you will see the whole range is covered properly and all the spins are excited to a similar extent and you get similar intensities for all the signals and this is crucial for any quantitative evaluations of your samples or your molecules the signals have to be excited to the same extent. So for uniform excitation of all the resonances it is necessary to move the carrier frequency to the region of interest and this is called as the offset. Now the next concept here is the phase of the RF pulse. When you apply the RF pulse applied along the x axis it is said to have 0 phase. So we may apply a 90 degree x pulse or a 180 x pulse or a 270 degree x pulse. What do these things do? 90 x pulse rotates the magnetization into the minus y axis, 180 x pulse inverts magnetization from the z axis to the minus z axis and this 270 degree x pulse rotates the z magnetization into the y axis. So therefore it becomes important to define where the along which axis the pulse is applied. So basically this is the phase. It is the phase of the RF and depending upon that we have we call the pulse as 90 x pulse or 180 x pulse or 270 x pulse. We can also have somewhere in between you can have a phase of the pulse at 45 degrees in which case it will be somewhere in between x and the y axis and you can control that all this is now possible because of the computer which will allow you to control the phase of the RF because you remember RF is also an electromagnetic wave. It has a certain amplitude and a phase and we can always control this by the computer. So technically we say if it is a zero phase we say it is along the x axis or 180 pulse along the x axis, 270 along the x axis and so on. Likewise, if you apply a pulse along the y axis then it is said to have a 90 degree phase. So like therefore we can have a 90 y pulse, 180 y pulse or a 270 degree y pulse. So if you do the same thing with a 180 degree phase means we apply it along the minus x axis then we write it as 90 minus x, 180 minus x, 270 minus x and so on and so forth. Often you will see different kinds of nomenclatures used in the literature or in books. People may write it as 90 x or y or minus x or minus y but sometimes they may also use it as 0, 90, 180, 270 and so on. So all of these mean the same thing and this is the correlation between the phase of the RF pulse and on which axis the pulse is applied. Now what happens as a consequence of this? Let us begin looking at the generation of the FID once more. We have the initial magnetization along the z axis, equilibrium magnetization and now you apply 90 degree pulse along the x axis. So therefore as I said before the 90 x pulse rotates the magnetization to the minus y axis and after that you collect the FID, you collect the RFID. What do you get? Now the magnetization is recovering back to equilibrium by rotating in this manner is a spiral way, it goes in the spiral way and eventually it will reach to the z axis. So while it is doing so you are collecting the x and the y components in your receivers. So the detector along the y axis, let us say how will the FID look like? So this magnetization is maximum here, when it is here the x component of the magnetization is 0. So if I look at the y component of the magnetization as it is moving and recovering it follows this sort of a pattern, there is also decay, there is a transverse relaxation decay happening and therefore the FID decay is like this, in this of course the decay is not written but there will be an exponential factor which cause the decay here, this is the frequency component which is written here. So exponential decay will happen at this point and therefore you will have the signal going like this. So we may want to add that here to indicate the decay as well. So here if you multiply this by e to the minus t by t2 and here also we multiply e to the minus t by t2, this is the transverse relaxation here and this allows for the decay of the signal. So when you do that the magnetization collected along the x axis starts, so in this case the magnetization starts from here and it goes down to 0 and then oscillates in this manner. But look at the y x component of the magnetization and this starts from 0 because initial point x component is 0 and then as it moves around here then this picks up and then it goes in the sine wave here as in this manner and also it will be decaying because of the exponential minus t by t2 factor. We can apply various kinds of pulses along with the different phases and let us look at what it results in terms of the spectrum. If I apply 90 minus x it comes along to the y axis, if I apply a y pulse it comes along to the x axis, if I apply 90 x pulse which goes to the minus y axis as we indicated earlier. Now what will be the nature of the FID in these cases? I am detecting the y component, so this FID goes in this manner in the same way as I indicated before but here the signal goes in this manner as I indicated before and here what happens? This is the x pulse, this goes from minus y and it goes in this manner. So this is exactly 180 degrees out of phase with respect to this. So this is the way it goes in this manner. Now if I were to Fourier transform this signal, so I get an absorption signal in this manner which has maximum intensity. You remember in one of the Fourier transform theorems the first data points essentially is the integral of the spectrum and here the first data point is the maximum it is positive. It gives you the total integral of the spectrum, this is the integral of the spectrum which is positive which is greater than 0. In this case when the signal is collected in this manner it starts from 0 here, F of 0 is equal to 0 and this produces a dispersive signal and the integral of dispersive signal is 0, this half and this half are opposite in sign and therefore this goes to 0 and here when it starts from the negative side obviously it will have a negative integral and this goes in this manner and F of 0 is less than 0. So therefore we call this as signal phase. If I call this as 0 phase, this is 90 degree phase and this is 180 degree phase. So this is the relation between the RF phase and the signal phase and the FID phase. All these things are correlated in some manner. Now with regard to the detection what kind of frequencies we get when we actually collect the data and Fourier terms. Suppose we collected the cosine component only, we call that as the single channel detection. So now if it is a cosine component which is getting detected, so then my FID is cosine omega t and this FID is going like this as we saw. Now when a Fourier terms form this what do I get? Now if you remember cosine omega t can be written as cosine omega t is equal to the heat i omega t plus e to the minus i omega t divided by 2. Therefore there are 2 frequencies here plus omega and minus omega and therefore when a Fourier terms form this I will get 2 signals and if this is plus omega this will be minus omega and that is what is indicated this slide here. So I have here when a Fourier terms formation if it is a cosine function it is a sort of signal and I will have 2 frequencies omega i and minus omega i and this is called as a single channel direction. If I were to detect x component of the magnetization this is for the y component. If I were to detect x component this will have also plus omega and minus omega but they will have dispersive phases like this one like this and the other one like that. So they will have also plus and minus frequencies in the same phase. So this is indicated here. Now if I were to detect both of the components mx and my components and this is called as quadrature detection. Now quadrature detection y component is giving me these 2 frequencies as plus omega and minus omega mx component is giving me again 2 frequencies but notice however that I have written here as absorptive signals but this comes as a result of phase correction. After I do a certain 90 degrees phase correction on the dispersive signals which we collect with the mx component then I get this absorptive phase because between the absorptive phase and the dispersive line shape there is only 90 degrees phase shift. So I add this 90 degrees phase shift then I will get this negative here and this positive here. Then what I do is I add these 2 frequencies this is mx plus mx both are collected these are collected separately in Fourier transformation and then I add it then you get you have cancellation happening of these 2 components whereas this one survives and therefore I will have only one signal present here the another signal is removed because this signal was an artifact of Fourier transformation this was not really present in your spectrum. It was an artifact of Fourier transformation we do not want that so therefore we have to remove it and we have to for that we have to do this separately we will have to collect both the components separately Fourier transform them and do a phase correction on one of those components and when you add it this removes this component and you will have a proper signal at the desired place this is called as quadrature detection. And therefore this allows discrimination of positive and negative frequencies. So if I have the offset carrier frequency at one place then this will allow me to discriminate whether I have a signal on the right side of it or of the left side of it and because the right side of the left side they will be called as positive and negative frequencies and they will be discriminated when we have quadrature detection. If I want to call this as positive frequency this is negative frequency and if these are real present in your sample then you will be able to discriminate them using quadrature detection. But sometimes some artifacts appear what are these artifacts? So let me also write that here artifacts are called as quadrature images.  But this assumes that these two signals are exactly identical because these are collected with the two different receivers one is along the y axis other one is along the x axis. Suppose there is a mismatch between these two receivers and the signal amplitude here is not the same as the signal amplitude here then it will produce a small glitch here and which does not have any particular phase or anything like that and this is called as quadrature image. And this has to be removed and there are of course techniques to remove this kind of glitches and these quadrature images are not desirable in your spectrum. So that is a special feature of Fourier transform NMR and then we have the next thing that comes out is what is called as signal digitization and sampling. We said the signal has to be sampled and at regular intervals of time. So this is the, we collected data point here, a point here, a point here and so on so forth at regular intervals the time between two successive points is called as the dwell time. And suppose I want to represent it as tau but do not confuse this with the pulse width which also we said earlier as tau but you can, well you can call pulse width as tau p if one likes. But this is, now at the moment this is the dwell time what we are talking about. So this is the time between two consecutive points is the same between every two points. Now how do we decide what should be this dwell time? Now this is determined by what is called as the Nyxt theorem. Now what is the Nyxt theorem? This states that to represent a sine or a cosine wave precisely by digital points there must be at least two points per cycle of the wave. So if I have a full cycle of the wave, if I have a wave going like this in that wave there must be at least two points. So that is properly represented and that is called as the Nyxt theorem and therefore what frequency we should therefore sample. Therefore the dwell time is selected to suit the largest frequency in the spectrum. If omega max is the largest frequency in my spectrum then I must collect at the rate of two omega max because two points per cycle means two omega max should be the frequency that should be the rate. So that many points I must collect per second that is the rate and this is called as the Nyxt frequency therefore tau becomes equal to 1 by 2 times omega max. So if I choose this naturally every other frequency which is smaller than this will have more than two points therefore every frequency will obviously be represented in this kind of a choice. So you choose your frequency to suit to the largest frequency in your spectrum. If I collect these many points then naturally I will be collecting more points for each of the frequencies. Well to explicitly show it let me indicate to you how. So if I have a FID which is going with a frequency like this and this is the particular frequency called as let us say omega 1 and I have points here at least two points per cycle 1 2 3. So this is the largest frequency let me say I am collecting two points per cycle. Then I have another frequency which goes let us say like this. So now how many points I have per cycle from here to here I will have 1 2 3 4 5 6 so 7 so many points I have. So any smaller frequency I will have I will have a large number of points to represent it therefore since the data is collected as a result of the sum of all of these frequencies so each point therefore represents all the frequencies correctly therefore choose the largest frequency for to define your sampling rate. That is my sampling rate and accordingly I will choose the spectral widths. So now another important feature that happens here is what is called as the folding of signals. The sampling theorem poses the difficulty that one has to know the frequency range in the spectrum even before collecting the data because priori you do not know where your frequencies are and then how to place the frequency, how to place your carrier, where to place the carrier. So how to choose the offset that is often a difficult problem. So therefore you can always end up choosing a wrong offset or a wrong filter and then you may not be able to cover your proper spectral range. In such a situation what happens is the signals which are outside your spectral region get folded into a region of interest they appear with a different phase and this is a phenomenon known as folding of signal. The sampling theorem poses the difficulty that one has to know the frequency range in the spectrum even before collecting the data and this is not an easy thing to do and we can get into troubles if the choice is not proper. Any error in the choice of the sampling rate vis-a-vis the chosen offset causes the so called folding of the signals and this is illustrated here typically that suppose I have a spectral region which I have selected here what I means I selected here then I applied my filter so that I select only this much region of my spectrum compared to the offset. The offset is here half of the spectral region is here half of the spectral region is here therefore the largest frequency which I have is omega max and this accordingly I will choose my dwell time. So now if this is not proper that some frequencies are left out for example this one if it is left out then it turns out that this fellow will fold into this region at this point and this is called as the folded signal and this appears as a result of some deseratization problems which we will discuss in the next class in greater detail. This is the consequence of folding this is the this is the consequence of the wrong choice of the dwell time and wrong choice of the spectral weight or the filters which we are giving for the data collection. So this one deseratization is indicated here and folding of the signals happens as a result of this and we will continue with the folding of the signals in the next class. Thank you.


What's up everybody, Jason here for Jasper's CaseBase.com. This helps sell out Panini one-on-one basketball PQT number two with this random number block that features the Bulls, Nicks, Hawks, Kings, Slippers, and the same thing as the one we just ran right here, serial number break, we go by the first number, the left side of serial number dash, if any of these teams do get hits. Now, if there is any non-numbered cards like downtowns, we will be randomizing that to the group. And of course, this is our early bird break, so we only sold nine spots. If you bought one of the first six, you had a chance to win a free spot. So, dice roll will be for the early bird giveaway, then we'll paste your name here, then it'll be names and numbers for the same dice roller, and then we'll do the break. So roll it, it's a one and a four or five times, name it number one, gets a free spot. One, two, three, four, five. Boom, boom, chat, congratulations, another free spot for you, buddy. Came really close right there, Jeff. There you go, now we're gonna go five times, five, one, two, three, four, five. Chat down to chat, and let's go five times here, zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, 99, one, two, three, four, five. So two down to seven. All right, so chat, you have two and one. Jeff with five, chat with nine, three, six, eight, four. Jeff, you have any and all redemptions for this team's year and then chat with seven. So there you go, folks, good luck to the both of you as well. I'm gonna go grab the case and in a separate video, we'll start the break.


Going on everyone Sam here with late sports cards from in 22 Pneumy NT football hobby 4 box full case break number 119 picker team style names and teams got abdozy falcons Panthers shipe with the Jags Brett W Eagles Charlie S Patriots Colony Saints Dan F Rams Dave S with the Packers Texans Manuel L Raiders Chargers Harper B Niners and Commanders Heath F Cowboys Jack B Jetson Seahawks J.R. Bears James P. Bill's chiefs JMS with the Lions Jeffrey H Steelers John C. Browns Broncos Kale F Cardinals Keith B. Dolphins Max B Giants Robert B with the Ravens Scott F Bucks Sebastian a Vikings Steven W Titans Tom B Colts and Saja H with the bangles Good luck here everybody. Thank you Mike picking up a spot tomorrow as well Do it and see time. Oh, yeah, sorry Metro It was after this. Yeah 10 boxes after this one that I was saying was after last one. That's what Sean told me Oh, really? He told him that is a Joe Burrow to 99 one-on-one printing plate. It's gonna be Derek Henry. Nice one there for the Titans That's on that Tennessee. Come W with a random team spot tomorrow. Thank you, buddy. Hey Adams Nice one there three color patched 16 of 25 For the Raiders that is a stealer James Harrison game gear 91 and 99 game used for this for Pittsburgh So congrats on that Steelers Yeah, I kind of agree with you on that shite to be honest The base are nice base are clean like I have a lot of like NT cars to 99 of like Ravens all over my collection 10 of 35 is gonna be Tyrion Davis Price Jersey and two color patch No, but I think people that still make Lamar a running back joke are like three years behind like those people are Those people are behind man Jalen hurts 28 to 49 nice one there for the Eagles Like that was a dot dude. The stadium erupted on that throw to likely Bring moss that moss that dude That is gonna be Nicoby Dean 45 and 99 It's one there for the Eagles We were letting some Jags fans have it dude because I was so I was on the visitors side And yeah, exactly loses.  Sorry Vaughn and There are these freaking kids behind us dude. They're probably like 20 just talking like smack the entire game about the Ravens and Then they ended up leaving like 10 minutes to go in the fourth and we started just We started just yelling at him dude.  That's awesome the inconvenient truth God Pierre Strong jr. On the crossover RPA 65 and 99. That's kind of nasty. Actually. I like that Nice one there going to the Commanders that is gonna be four of eight Brian Robinson jr. That's disgusting dude Congrats on that Harper, so you get his buddy Howell to go with him as well empty empty Got you got you got you see some sweet stuff come out of this man and he's always a good fun rip Sauce Sauce, that'd be dope Empty that is gonna be a or and Aaron Rodgers treasured moments to 99 for the Packers Rats on that Green Bay We've got two at 25 8 of 25 Tom Brady on the base for the Bucks nice one there Got a quad car Adams Waller Jacobs 22 and 99 Now he is Not in this moment. It's a treasured moment 10 of 49 Jamar Chase three-color patch nice one there 20 of 49 is Mark Andrews. Nice one there for the Vents Horford with the three. Oh, dude. Oh Horford, let me send a gal Hawk legend Yeah, it's Kenny Pickett on the rookie Jersey six of 99. Nice one there. That is gonna be rookie Otto a Channing Tyndall 77 and 99 for the dolphins Channing Tyndall As we're here for the Jets Is 10 of 10 Joe Cleco? That is awesome for the New York sack exchange new Hall of Famer this year That not a lot of people say I've heard it from somebody else. That's I said the same thing earlier Yeah, I know they're not a lot of people calm the Vents, but I never heard. I think it's like in Baltimore A lot of people calm the Vents Nice one there 10 of 10 God 62 of 99 that is gonna be a Calvin often Calvin Austin Jr. Well, Joe didn't want it did want to stay in the lines and Nice one here true RPA here you go Metro that is gonna be Kenneth Walker 82 of 99 That's awesome on the true RPA. We'll get that into a mag for you Metro 82 of 99 Kenneth. Whoa Metro It's okay Vaughn. They got it. They got it It's okay Vaughn. They got it. It's okay Vaughn. I got it Sean's losing it over here right now. That's Going through so much 22 files trauma watching this game Yeah, but a new addition to the to the fun trace Jackson Davis. Oh, let's go baby. Come on be added to the fun Stafford to at 99 we've got Jerry Rice for the Niners To 80 you guys got security Adrian Amos 22 of 49 This one there for the Packers We've got to 49 that is Devon McCordy 17 of 49 Tyler Lockett going to the Seahawks on the Jersey card treasured patches Got nasty quad here is gonna be a That's dope, dude Jalen hurts Mike Vic Donovan MacDav and Randall Cunningham. I do like that. Do you know what that says? I can't breathe it dude except the player.  This is going to the Cowboys Cowboys Who is Heath F that's gonna be a Michael Irvin notable nicknames inscribe the playmaker or the player playmaker Sweet, that's awesome notable nicknames. Yeah, the play back though. I could have just read it. It's literally right there Oh, you know, I swung there congrats on that Cowboys The playmaker and that one he actually inscribed which is dope a lot of guys just don't inscribe Oh, yeah, they'll just be it'll just be the guys on it's like, okay, cool Someone there that's dope sweet Josh Jacobs to 99 for the Raiders Hurricane that's when here's 17 of 99 that is gonna be a Brian R. Locker That's actually a pretty cool metro work with Michael Irvin. I don't get seared one on one That's fire that's sick metro or lacker Irvin Combo and then true RPA to 99 Khalil Shakir four colored for the bills That's pretty funny. I'll take that card. Yeah, you hit one of me. I'll take it. Oh boy. That's shady Shakira Shakira All right last box. I'll see you be QB QB Nice shady.  We've got a Tony Gonzalez to 99 It's a boarding going well man to 35 Matt Stafford again. Okay. Gotcha. Gotcha. Gotcha. Got you shady. Got you CD lamb to 49 For the Cowboys again 17 of 49.  We don't have to send anything. Oh, it's nasty. This is dope, dude for the Cardinals. How about Kyler? Deandre Hopkins and Marquis Brown look at the patch on this thing to color full logo patch and Three color that is sick Kale. We'll get that into a Mac for you. I just that is so such a freaking awesome card That's got to have some some proper display to it for sure. Congrats on that, buddy I really like that That's awesome Kale. There he is. Congrats Kale. There we go. Good stuff, buddy That is so freaking awesome, man. The upside-down Cardinal, baby. Let's go. That's sick We'll get that like I said, I want I just want to mag that one for you Kale because I think that's really freaking awesome We've got a stealer quad stealer patch pick it pickins Johnson and Najee Grads on that one there Pittsburgh really jealous of that Kale Got to relevant art rookie auto for the bills That's again Buffalo follow that is a Justin Tuck Nice one there 13 of 99 for the Giants We've got 49 of 49 that is gonna be RPA of Skymore Grats on that one Nice one there chiefs Skymore aka groundless Mmm And 23 of 99 true RPA of Desmond Ritter congrats on that abdo Z with the Atlanta Falcons There you go, buddy. Oh, that is nasty 23 of 99 Desmond Ritter Very nice. All right one second before we do a recap in the last two weeks Mack Jones will be a Falcon next year mark my words really that is quad for the Steelers Joe Thomas CD lamb quad for the Eagles Tyler Lockett That's nice. I'm a key Devon McCordy Adrian Amos Kenny Pickett Mark Andrews, man Smart Chase is quad for the Raiders Jay Laird. It's Tyrion Davis price James Harris is God. I don't know Let's throw someone on the field. I don't know that is a Skymore Justin Tuck Terrell Bernard Khalil Shakir Michael Irvin described the playmaker Brian Ehrlacher Josh Jacobs Calvin Austin Joe Cleco Channing Tyndall a pure strong junior Frank Gore into Kobe Dean Magged cards again. I just want to mag this because I'll cool the patches That is gonna be Kyler de hop and Marquise Brown to 10 with the Cardinals logo on it That's awesome, dude. Okay, I'll enjoy this card man. I'm really jealous of it. That's sweet True RPA Kenneth Walker 82 and 99 there you go Metro God Brian Robinson jr. 4 of 8 and a Desmond Ritter 299 Break everybody. Thanks again for the field up next is


Demonic presence of unsaved lures. Lockdown, in effect. Demonic presence of unsaved lures. Lockdown, business, eliminating. Lockdown, disengaged.


Coming up on DTNS, Apple and Zoom fulfill Chinese requests over content removal, Snapchat steps up their augmented reality game and Uber and Lyft lose a battle over calling their drivers contractors in California, but the war ain't over. This is the Daily Tech News for Thursday, June 11th, 2020 in Los Angeles, I'm Tom Merritt. And from Studio Redwood, I'm Sarah Lane. From Alamina County, I'm Justin Robert Young. And I'm the show's producer, Roger Chang. We were just talking sandwiches, getting haircuts in the time of pandemic and a whole lot more on Good Day Internet. Get that expanded show by becoming a member at Patreon.com slash DTNS. Let's start with a few tech things you should know. A screenshot posted by app researcher Jane Manchin Wong shows that Twitter is developing a new feature that would let users react to tweets with emoji beyond just likes or retweets. If this sounds familiar to you, well, the company did try something similar back in 2015. Real quick. I declared Jane Manchin Wong a national treasure. Carry on. Thank you. Yes. Apple confirmed that it's all virtual WWDC 2020 event starting on June 22 will include a keynote address, platform, state of the Union, 100 plus engineering sessions and all new developer forums, one-on-one labs with more than 1,000 Apple engineers and Mueller, the keynote will stream quote directly from Apple Park. Adobe released Photoshop camera in the iOS app store and on Google Play before you could get it in public preview, but now it's there for everybody. It includes AI powered features, custom lenses, some tricks like face light that optimizes lighting to remove the sharp shadows, uses Sense AI to recognize the subject in a photo and it can recommend and automatically apply adjustments. Go get it. I was hanging out with that earlier. It's a nice app. It's a bit of a departure, but that is a story for another time. A year after he quit his position at the company over differences with CEO Mark Zuckerberg over Facebook's direction, Chris Cox is returning to the company as its chief product officer. Facebook says that Cox will resume his duties that include overseeing the core Facebook app, Messenger, Instagram and WhatsApp along with marketing. The internet archived announced in a blog post that it has ended its national emergency library programs two weeks earlier than originally scheduled due to an ongoing commercial publisher lawsuit. The internet archive will revert to a controlled digital lending or CDL model that it's been using for almost a decade prior to March where only one person can digitally check out a book for each physical copy the library has in stock. The UK postponed a test of the second version of its contact tracing app on the Isle of Wight. They were supposed to launch this June 1st, so it's been delayed. BBC sources say the apps are having difficulty using Bluetooth to estimate distance. In fact, BBC did a really good technical breakdown of all of that. Ministers in the UK are reportedly considering switching to making an app that works with the exposure notification platform developed by Apple and Google. Intel revealed specifications for its first hybrid x86 platform called Lakefield, which pairs one higher power Sunny Cove CPU core with four efficient Tremont Atom cores and a stacked arrangement using Intel's Forveros technology. Lakefield has already been announced for use in the Samsung Galaxy Book S, the Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Fold, and the Microsoft Surface Book Neo. The European Food Delivery Company Just Eat Takeaway announced that it has agreed to acquire Grubhub in an all-stock deal worth $7.3 billion. This comes two months after Takeaway acquired Just Eat in an $8 billion merger. Bloomberg reports that Uber had reportedly been in talks with Grubhub about an acquisition prior to the COVID-19 lockdowns, but concerns over US regulatory approval delayed that deal. Just Eat Takeaways hopes to use Grubhub to launch its services in the United States market. Wall Street Journal sources say the European Commission plans to file formal antitrust charges against Amazon, alleging it used data from third-party sellers to compete against those third-party sellers. Charges would take about a year to investigate before the Commission decides if they're true, and even if they are true, Amazon could still appeal them in court after that. The eventual fine, if the charges withstand all of that, could be as much as 10% of annual revenue, but it would take years to get to that point. All right, let's talk a little more about what Amazon's doing to try to say we're giving you good news. You're right, Tom. Amazon announced that it will not let law enforcement use its recognition facial service for one year in order to give government time to introduce legislation about the ethical uses of facial recognition. The US House Committee on Oversight and Reform has held a number of hearings on the use of facial recognition technology, but has yet to introduce a bill. The Washington Post reports that Microsoft President Brad Smith said that Microsoft will not sell its facial recognition technology to police departments until a federal law on facial recognition has passed. Facial recognition is frequently trained on databases that reflect existing bias. So we've been covering the drumbeat of this from the exposes of which companies we're doing what to IBM saying we're just going to pull out of the business. We'll keep supporting existing contracts, but we won't sell anymore and pushing for legislation. And now we're now we're seeing Amazon and Microsoft's approaches. Amazon is saying a year moratorium, so you can't use it anymore for a year, but that's just to give the feds time to put in the legislation and then we'll bring it back. I think that's an attempt to kind of keep law enforcement from signing a new contract with somebody else, which is one of the things I've been saying is look, if the big companies pull out there will be other companies fill in. So you got to take that into account, but also pushing for legislation and Microsoft taking a more of a hammer approach saying, look, we're just not going to sell it until there is legislation. Yeah, I mean, the year long snooze button is an interesting way to put it. There is obviously a sunset on their self-imposed restrictions on when they are going to put stuff out. What I would love to see now, though, is for a lot of these major players and some of the people behind it to say, you know, maybe talk to privacy advocates and come up with what they want to see in this legislation and be forceful with it and don't just say, well, the feds have to act, but the feds have to act a certain way. Yeah, and that's something Microsoft has been really good at. They've put out some very detailed papers. Brad Smith particularly has put in some blog posts about what they need to see in that kind of facial recognition. Yeah, I think unity on this particular situation would be big because right now, pardon me if I don't exactly see literally every move that is being made in this very highly charged environment as exactly being for pure motives and not just to stay out of the fire. But I would like to see Amazon get behind something like that. Yeah, it would be cool to see multiple companies come together on and work on proposed legislation as outside advisors. It'd be lovely to see a government that welcomed that. Indeed. Well, Snapchat made quite a few announcements during its annual developer event Thursday, including Lens Voice Search, which will let you ask the app to find filters that do something like change your hair color or take you to the moon, you know, fun Snapchat stuff. Or Snapchat also announced partnerships with PlantSnap and DogScanner to identify plants and dogs with the camera inside Snapchat. It's actually very interesting because I have standalone apps that do both of these things. If I could do them inside Snapchat, I might actually launch the app more often. Later this year, Yucca will provide nutritional content when you can scan product labels within Snapchat as well. SnapMe lets developers bring their own neural net models to transform the environment in images. For example, wannabe will bring its foot tracking tech to let users try on sneakers within a lens. Prisma applies artistic styles to the world. Local Lens is a geography based specific AR system that will use public snaps to help create 3D maps of the real world. This will enable persistent AR in larger public areas. Obviously, that is something that a lot of companies are interested in doing. A new design for Snapchat also adds an action bar at the bottom to make navigation more clear and change based on what screen that you're on. Snapchat, for instance, will appear to the left of the chat screen. And then the map will introduce places that let you can let you find local businesses, other locations, find out information, order food, for example. And then you discover section replaces shows adding happening now instead, which is a curated section of shows at the top and a section to highlight originals. Snap also announced that snap originals from a variety of, you know, big places you've heard of ESPN, NBC, Viacom have some shows with viewers in the millions. Tens of millions. I mean, this is those are numbers that Quibi would like to see. And they are. So I mean, that the snap originals is interesting, especially in this world of like, who could possibly do short form video that will work and snap is over there quietly doing it. But this augmented reality stuff really stands out to me as, you know, we sort of poke fun of the fact that Snapchat a few years ago said we're a camera company. But I feel like they really are an augmented reality company. Like the idea that you can just tell Snapchat, hey, make my hair pink, and it'll make your hair pink. It's kind of impressive. The idea that you could just use it to augment reality of the world around you based on user contributed snaps that that you can point snap, eventually at anything and it'll tell you what it is like we're starting with plants and dogs, you know, but but that's just the beginning. That's why they want to have the snap ML available for people to add different functionality. This is one of the more exciting Snapchat announcements that I think we've had in a while. Yeah, I mean, I I bailed out of Snapchat. I don't know. I probably haven't opened it in a year.   And that was and that was fun, but it kind of ran its course. And then something like the physical snap snap spectacles came out. And you know, I remember thinking, well, maybe this is the new thing. And I don't know anybody was wearing those. But I also was like, huh, this company is really thinking outside of the box, the AR part of where these initiatives are going are really interesting. You know, it's not about making your hair pink because it's a cutesy app. It's about being able to do things like that. And that's what I think, you know, it the again, the sort of idea of like, yeah, I don't look at a plant and be able to identify it. That is a real thing. I do that all the time. That if I could think of Snapchat as a place where I do things, lots of things like that, then then it becomes much more powerful. If you want to get a sense of how much snap has done work with AR, then please go ahead and download the snap camera, which is a camera for your for like, you can use it on zoom and stuff like that. But it really gives you a sense of how much work they've done and how fun some of the lenses can be. And do check out the video version at youtube.com daily tech news show to see Justin say all that as a pickle. Apple has removed pocket casts from the app store in China saying the cyberspace administration of China determined the podcast app could be used to access illegal content in the country. Apple informed pocket cast of the decision in advance two days before the removal, suggesting that pocket cast should contact China if they wanted to find out what content was being considered objectionable pocket cast says it believes podcasting should be free of government censorship and will not take down content at China's request. So even though they don't know which podcast it was, they don't sound that interested in finding out the Castro podcast app was also pulled from the Chinese app store on June 6 but podcast one of the biggest ones to have this happen. In a separate but related story. A lot of people are reporting that their zoom accounts were suspended or meetings were disrupted because of some connection to China, even though the meetings may be held involving people outside of China or even originating outside China. For instance, Xiaofeng show a leader of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests who now lives in California had his accounts suspended after taking part in a commemorative stream. It has now been restored. Zoom says they regret the error. A Hong Kong activist had his account deactivated and a meeting on June 3 commemorating Tiananmen Square was deactivated midstream. Zoom says it's complying with local law but added quote, we regret that a few recent meetings with participants both inside and outside of China were negatively impacted and important conversations were disrupted. Zoom says it will modify its process to better protect users. So zoom has moved on from security breaches to censorship controversies as they continue to learn on the job because of their newfound popularity. Man, they are speed running controversies. They are they are in the advanced dungeons and dragons portion of how to get in trouble in terms of the public. But look, as we let off with that story, this is something that Apple and Google deal with every day. A lot of these major companies are constantly dealing with the requests or I mean, you can Well, I'll correct you real quick. Google doesn't because Google doesn't operate there. But sure. Yeah, not the play store anyway. Yeah. Yeah. I mean, certainly not. Yeah. But these are things that you have to do what you play ball in China. You want to access that market you play by their rules. I believe their rules are very bad. And I think we are seeing now how complicated that is on a platform like zoom that erases physical barriers. And that means getting into extra legal territory when you have conflicting ideologies and governments that enforce them. Yeah, no reason you're seeing zoom have this controversy when maybe you're not seeing other competing products is a lot of those competing products don't operate in China to begin with for various reasons. They may have a conscientious objection to it, or they may just not want to have to deal with the different set of rules, or having to partner with a company on data storage, whereas zoom is is trying to straddle that line in a product that doesn't respect lines because it's on the internet and wants to interoperate with everyone. Crazy that China would disrupt a zoom meeting about a thing that didn't happen. That's nuts for them. I see what you're saying because it didn't happen, according to some people. Yeah, right. Interesting.  It's 18 members include Google, Facebook, Microsoft and Twitter. The coalition published The Project Protect, which includes five goals, including investing in new technology, holding annual forums with governments and law enforcement, funding independent research into changing trends with child exploitation, creating new systems to better share information and new threats across the industry and share insights on reporting, including a way for firms to benchmark their progress. The group says it will spend millions on research and publish annual reports on its progress. The companies are trying to show that these issues can be dealt with without resorting to weakening encryption. Yeah, not to undersell the importance of what they're doing. And I think there's a genuine usable effort here to combat a rising problem. We're seeing these platforms like Facebook and Twitter being used more often for exploitation like this. But one of the reasons that they have a clear motivation to make this work is that what about the children argument is used whenever a backdoor for encryption comes up. It's like we want to catch these horrible people. And the argument is we can do it easier if we can break encryption. And the fact is it's arguable whether that's true or not. But these companies have to show that there are other ways to catch a predator than just putting a backdoor in encryption. If they want to win that argument, that is.  All of these companies should be doing what they're doing. I'm glad that they're working together to try to be smarter in the future. Well, and it is an important encryption conversation as well. Because this is the one thing that you will always politically be able to turn the dial on is protecting kids and specifically in situations where we know that they are being targeted and exploited. But at the same time, the onus is on these companies to prove that it's not something that they got to cut a hole in the backdoor in terms of the security and protection that I think all of their users deserve. Facebook is testing a version of Facebook search that displays factual information in the sidebar when searching for certain topics like public figures or movies or TV shows or places of interest, et cetera. The information displays work similar to Google search knowledge panels. So if you know, if you know how it works in Google, it's probably kind of look the same. At least Facebook wants it to look the same within Facebook pulled from publicly available sources, including Wikipedia. This is an outcome of Facebook's transition from graph search with used Facebook user data to keyword search. The test is running for some users of English language Facebook on iOS and also the web. Yeah, the graph search thing really fell out of favor in 2016 after the Cambridge Analytica stuff hit and people said, well, hold on, you're doing what with our information, you're sharing it how and Facebook has really dialed down. They haven't got rid of it, but they've dialed it way back and focused on keywords where it's not using any particular user data.  And now they're doing this, which is like, and if it's something that it's just a generic term, like, what is that movie? We'll show you that. The Tecrunch article on this says that it has variable quality. Some things don't turn up anything at all that you might think they would. So it may be that it's in its early days. But when it works, it seems to, like you said, Sarah, it works very similar to the Google Knowledge Panel and just shows you an excerpt from something that is, you know, fairly uncontroversial. It's funny to think that Wikipedia, the thing people used to throw stones at for like, yeah, I can't trust Wikipedia. It's made by people is now seen as a more reliable source compared to Facebook. Well, it's funny because I think of am I ever in Facebook and being like, huh, I don't know that term. Maybe I should look it up within Facebook and see if I can get some contextual info. I would just never do that, but it's never been offered before.  But but it the the idea that people would get start getting comfortable within Facebook to do stuff like that would keep them within Facebook. And so it makes perfect sense. Yeah. And I think it also I'm curious to know what the Facebook what what searches they were seeing that that made them think like, OK, people are just randomly saying like the War of 1812 and and stuff. But that because that that's what this kind of this kind of solution would be good for is telling you things that aren't just searching for your friends, family or groups, which is the only thing I've ever used the Facebook search bar for. Yeah. Well, folks, if you want to get all the tech headlines each day in about five minutes, don't forget about daily tech headlines. You can go get it at dailytech headlines dot com. Let's catch you up on California, a B five and contractors as full time employees for years. Right. Hailing services like Uber and Lyft have contended that they are just the technology platform that connects independent drivers with independent people wanting rides. The drivers, in their view, are not employees. California passed a law called a B five that laid out new rules about how to determine if someone is an independent contractor or an employee. Uber and Lyft contend that even under these new rules, drivers are independent. Dig down into California a B five just briefly for you because it bears on whether you agree with Uber and Lyft or the state of California on this. California Assembly Bill five made a California Supreme Court case, which is called Dynamics Operations versus Superior Courts into law. It's interesting because Dynamics was a same day courier service that in 2004 just suddenly decided all of its employees who were drivers were now contractors. Drivers were paid per delivery. They could refuse deliveries, but only if they acted immediately. They had to notify in advance what days they wish to work so they could quote set their own schedule, but only with conditions and they can only quit with three days notice. They couldn't just stop taking report with taking jobs. Drivers also had to buy a lot of equipment like uniforms with the logos of Dynamics on them and a next telephone to keep in touch with the dispatchers. So it's a little bit of a different situation that Uber where you just turn on the app when you want to work and you turn it off when you don't. Now the court ruled against Dynamics and set the precedent that workers should be presumed employees and the burden of proof to show an employee is in fact an independent contractor is on the employer. That's a really important point to consider here is Uber and Lyft have to prove that their drivers are independent contractors. Otherwise you assume their employees under this ruling. California legislature basically took that ruling and made it law in AB 5, AB 5 window effect January 1st. So there's a three part test to prove that an employee is a contractor. One and you have to meet all three. One the individual is free from direction and control and under his contract for the performance of service and in fact. So you can't just say he's under contract and then boss him around. The individual has to be free from direction and control. You say we want you to do this thing. How you get it done. That's your deal. The service has to be performed outside the usual course of business of the employer. That's where Uber and Lyft say hey our business is just connecting people. We don't actually drive anyone anywhere. That's they're trying to meet that part of the test. And then the third of the three is the individual is customarily engaged in an independently established trade, occupation, profession or business of the same nature as that involved in the service performed. In other words, the person does this sort of thing for other people. It's not just for your company. So in Dynamics case, you can't say like, oh, they're an independent contractor, but their only client is us and their only client has ever been us. That would fail that test. Now, exemptions to AB5 can be granted for certain occupations. And they have been granted for doctors, dentists, psychologists, insurance agents, stockbrokers, lawyers, accountants, engineers, and real estate agents. And they can be granted if you can show that the price of your service can be negotiated. There's direct communication with the customers. Earnings are at least twice that of minimum wage. But again, this is a defense to prove someone is an independent contractor when you can't meet the three-part test. California is not the only one with this kind of law. New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Connecticut have similar laws as well. So that's AB5. Uber and Lyft applied for one of those exemptions. They said, look, we meet all three parts of the test we think and we pay people better, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. Well, Wednesday, as part of a document on rules for transportation networking companies, which is what California considers Uber and Lyft, the California Public Utilities Commission ruled that it considers Uber drivers to be employers. In other words, no exemption for Uber or Lyft and other transportation networking companies. They all have to provide workers' compensation for all employees by July 1 or be in violation of AB5. And if they're found in violation, the state could revoke their operating authority. California's attorney general and the city attorneys of San Diego, San Francisco and Los Angeles have already sued Uber and Lyft even before this decision over non-compliance. And this decision will help bolster their case. Meanwhile, Uber and Lyft are pushing for a ballot measure which is on the ballot in California in November to overturn AB5 at the ballot box and say, no, that shouldn't be the law of the state of California. All right. So Justin, that's where we are. Yes. In a word, on AB5, I would say, boo. I think this is a very bad law. And I think that it has overreaching consequences. I think it's overbroad. If you are relying on the state to give exemptions, then I don't believe that that is efficient for people to be able to do their job legally. Although I think there are two things here. Number one, the perceived or reality fairness of a deal that somebody gets when they work with any of these companies for which you are able to turn on an app, get work, and then turn it off when you're done, Uber, Lyft, Krabhub, all these things, right? If the workers want to negotiate or strike or communicate or the state wants to facilitate the ability for these emerging gig workforces to interact with the platforms for which give them money, I'm OK with that. But when you're making it illegal to do that kind of work without defining them as employees, which fundamentally changes part of the worker bargain that you get from this, which where you are able to define your own schedule, then I think that that is it was a bad idea when we had a great economy. I think it's a increasingly terrible idea now that a lot of people are out of work and need quick money to continue to move on with their lives. I don't want to sound like a broker record, but this needs a new law. AB five is not the law for gig workers. It's a law responding to a company trying to basically break the rules, Dynamics, and it doesn't apply well to Uber and Lyft. The same token, Uber and Lyft drivers need some more protections than a normal independent contractor. This is different than somebody you get to come and put up drywall in your house. Uber and Lyft are more like employees than your normal independent contractor. And I think state laws would rightly recognize that and say, hey, we need to have a system for this new way of doing work that doesn't have the downsides that Justin just said about limiting choice, but also provides a safety net, provides at least a recourse for drivers who may not be able to push the companies to do the things that will help make their lives better and protect their rights as workers. And so I think that's why we have AB five is the system wasn't working well for the drivers, but they overcorrected. And now they've made it so that, you know, Uber and Lyft are not wanting to hire people in the state. And also it affects other industries. And I have a conflict of interest talking about this because I hire people. I pay people to come on the show like Justin. And he's not a full time employee. So where does that put me? Like, how do I make sure that I can do that legitimately without running a foul of this law? There's a lot of unintended consequences going on here. They tried to carve them out with an exemption, but that becomes a game of chasing your tail. Well, thanks to everybody who participates in our subreddit. Unsurprisingly, the story was among many others on our subreddit this morning. You can submit stories that you care about and vote on others at daily technewshow.reddit.com. Also, shout out to patrons at our master and grandmaster levels, including Brad Schick, Paul Boyer and Dustin Campbell. Also, thanks to Justin Robert Young. Looks like you're going to get on a plane pretty soon, sir. Yeah, I'm going to head on out to Tulsa, Oklahoma next week as the first campaign event since the lockdowns happens in Tulsa. So I'll be out there doing that. You can hear all about not only my my trips out back to the front lines of our our burgeoning general election, but everything else that's happening in the world of politics at politics, politics, politics.com. Hey, folks, we got so many good reviews on the Apple podcasting app. And I just want to thank you for that and encourage those folks who are going to get around to it to get around to it. It really does help people find the show. Even if you don't use the Apple podcast app, a lot of people just go in there to find shows and they may subscribe to them in a different app. So please, if you think about it and you want to do it, pop into that app and just leave the stars. You don't even have to write anything. 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