Welcome once again to the breakfast here on Plus TV Africa and now let's go to off the press where we have a quick review of the stories making headlines across Nigeria today. We're going to be kicking off with the Daily Independent and of course our guest Tunde Colawale, a legal practitioner will be joining us via phone. Good morning Mr. Colawale. Good morning my friend. Thanks for joining us. How was your weekend? It was beautiful. Welcome once again. Thank you. Now let's start with the Daily Independent newspapers should be on your screen in just a few seconds. Yes it says travel at risk as vandalism of airport's critical equipment spikes. How Nigeria can cut one billion dollars annual importation of egg powder and also we trekked four days to our doctor's den says a free Tejina islamia school pupils. Emirates extend ban on Nigerian flights till September and also danguete is two billion dollars petrochemical plants to produce 77 grades of polypropylene. Still on the Daily Independent, why Secundus may not return as PDP national chairman and controversy trails death of captain Balaz who's a kebi senator's son. Paralympics Nigeria's Amalaya wins gold, sets new record. These are some of the big ones on the Daily Independent. Now let's quickly see what we can find on the nation newspapers. Just a few stories. We can see here Kayamo, government unaware of planned power tariff hike. Also on the nation, gunman kills senator's son. NMA issues, NMA's 21 day strike notice on fare says Ngegei and why revenue formula needs review and that's by the RMAFC. There's also a big story. It's a court proceedings, a court-sacked Taiwo Lakanu, Amkan receiver and manager from Nikon. I'm not sure what this is about but it also makes the headlines on the punch this morning and we could also quickly just share one or two from the punch. It says 21 day notice strike dangerous now. Federal government begs, doctors, NMA, ministry all disagree. Asu threatens fresh strike gives the government Tuesday ultimatum and also government implements cooking, gas, imports, tax, price jumps by 100%. NMA, false federal government as minister rejects ultimatum. Citizens lives on the threat, Hanyire laments. That's some of the stories on the punch this morning. Finally, we're going to take stories from the Guardian newspapers. Despite approvals, absence of ports scanners cost government 800 billion naira monthly. Also on the Guardian this morning, handle insecurity creatively, editors advise government. Nigeria needs new revenue sharing formula to address emerging challenges and also Singapore vaccinate 80% of population against COVID-19. NMA threatens to join Dr. Strike, gives federal government 21 day ultimatum. That's also on the Guardian this morning. Just a few stories across the papers this morning. I'll start with one of the stories on the Daily Independent, I believe. Anyway, good morning Mr. Kola Wale, thanks for joining us. Good morning my brother. All right. It was beautiful. Let's start with the story from the proposed strike by Asu. They've given the federal government to Tuesday, another ultimatum to Tuesday. What are your thoughts on that and put that side by side with the NMA also threatening to join the resident Dr. Strike in another 21 days? Well my brother, these are very troubling times for us as a nation. All those institutions that we have mentioned, the Asu, the NMA, they all represent very critical sectors of the economy. And as such, it is not decidable at all when any of those people a bullet of strike. Say for example, the medical people. You and I are quite aware that the nation is going through very serious problems in the area of the COVID pandemic. The Delta variant, which is considered to be more violent and which has faster has begun to ravage the country. And the support that the government and the organized by the system were giving when this COVID-19 started, that kind of massive order we saw is no longer coming as it used to come. So if the medical people now won't strike, these possibilities are that the nation might be witnessing a lot of casualties in the health sector. Furthermore, if Asu begins another land of strike, the possibilities are that our children who had said at home before now for almost two years because of this Asu strike will again return home. And of course, with no implication of that, the devil will find jobs for a high demand to do. That's how you find out they will now come again and join the unemployment market, which is already 33 percent of the employable persons in the in the concert. The girls who went back on the fire's activities, courtesan will be on the rise and all manners of undesirable behaviors will be seen among these children. So that's the extent I want to appeal to the federal government in the name of God. So please honor the agreement that you have signed with the NMA, with the resident medical doctor, and then with the Asu. Agreement is an agreement. One's individual, one's adult, and a good adult, who's Asu, who has their minds and thinking for causes, in fact when they are entered into an agreement, you're supposed to honor whatever agreement you have signed with the people. And especially when this is an industrial agreement which you executed in the full glare of a camera before the old natural people. And now you begin to see a difference here. This is not a defiant at all. It doesn't paint a very good picture for us, both internally and externally. So the board is in the court of the federal government. It is also in the court of the state government that they show for God's sake and the name of what is good and defiable. Please honor whatever agreement they have signed with the medical people and with Asu so that we don't witness another strike in there. And the lessons again for those who work in those areas like I used to say, it's desirable for them to strike for good governance all over the country. Until you have had good governance all over the country, it is difficult if not impossible to have a rational location of resources across both subjects, as well as education for social and all other areas of our crisis with the adequate place taking care of. The kind of people we have at the end of our lives today are like locals who are just ravaging the country in such a manner that they live with you on nothing for the other sectors of the economy to be able to develop. All right. I'm going to say good morning also to Ezekiel Ngayetok who's also joining us on the afterpress this morning. Good morning. Thanks for joining us. Good morning. Pleasure to be with you. Thanks for having me. You're welcome. All right. Let's also get your thoughts on the threat by Asu too. Once again, you know, resume their strike on Tuesday and the NMA also given a government 21 days ultimatum. What would you say about the Nigerian government's failure to adhere to memorandum of actions and memorandum of understanding? It suggests there's an unimaginable level of deceit that runs our government. They do things not because they mean it, but because they just want to get rid of you for the time. And that should not be the mentality of government. Government runs on trust. Trust is one extremely important factor in governance anywhere in the world. You need to say something and the people believe you for what you have said. But are governance as generated to a point where the sign papers, not because they mean it, they say things, it's not because they tend to stand by it. The concept of integrity has almost completely eluded us as far as governance is concerned in this country. That is why whenever you want to get into an agreement with government, you just find it very difficult to understand or to know what to think, what to believe, how to get about it.  And even when you go on strike, the initial body language is like you are an irritant and they can't understand what I would dare to do that until it starts to bite and the citizens start to complain and they start to feel worried that their position might be affected on the long run. All that matters to government and those in power is their position. Anything that threatens them as individuals, either their party or a nation that is coming or their resources, you see them waking up and jumping open in terms of being committed to the essence of government and governance as clearly stated in the constitution. They are in for a different ballgame completely. It's like, look, we're not here for this taking care of you. We took care of you at the election. We are here to take care of ourselves and recover whatever we have done. And I think Nigerians need to start to wake up to this new reality and decide who they would want to get into power in future. All right. To Nikola, sadly over the weekend, we lost the son of a senator, Bala Nala, his name is Captain Ibn Nala of the weekend Kaduna. Quickly also share your thoughts on that. You mean the killing of the son? Yes. What is a tragedy when people lose their children in the way and manner that the senator has lost his son? To my condolence to the senator and then to entire members of his family and to the friends of this boy. I have lost his son before. I lost my fourth son from three, four years ago. I will not believe that I haven't gotten over it, hope you today. So I know what the senator will be feeling. And in that respect, I really sympathize with him. What this tells us is that no one is longer safe in this country because I'm aware that most of these high-place politicians, senators, governments and what have you, they have securities that land their children. But still, thanks to that number, some of them have had their families been hit or been adopted or been killed by these bandits that we have all over the country. It is for the people, not just in the legislature, but in every arm of court, and including them to begin to treat this as charity. It is now obvious. People are more common to the law for sure to address this issue. It is now obvious that it is beyond them. And it is for that reason that one who wants to say and appeal to the legislator and the judiciary to help the people in the sector more common to sort this out. Nobody is safe again in this country. Generals have been harassed, intimidated, abducted and kidnapped. Emlers have been kidnapped. School children have been kidnapped. Life and property no longer has meaning in Nigeria. These are all indicators of the failed state. What this is signifying is that Nigeria as a nation has collapsed and the security architecture that we have on ground today is not working. And to that extent, it won't be too much if the people in the legislature are more common, we will do the next thing. If the executive, if the people in the legislature are more common, no longer have the capacity to decide their responsibility. They have primary responsibility to secure life and property. Then the legislators will do the next thing. Get rid of that executive more common so that we can help people who are in power, who will be a life and a responsibility and who will be able to guarantee the security of life and property to all our people, all over the country wherever it may be. All right. Ms. Dianna, can you also quickly show your thoughts on that one? Some people have pointed out certain things that have happened in the last few years and said, oh, maybe this will be the wake-up call. Now it's affected a sitting senator. How bad do you think this is? I think it's actually worse than we report. And the reason is simple. The security and welfare of the people is far from being the priority of the people in government. And that is going against the spirit of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. I think that every senator or every assemblyman, once they get into the chambers, they should all recite that section of the Constitution. Chapter 2, section 14, subsection 2b, it states, the security and welfare of the people shall be the primary purpose of government. When you talk of government, government has three arms. You have the executive, the judiciary, and the legislature. I can rephrase it and say the security and welfare of the people shall be the primary purpose of the national assembly. The security and welfare of the people shall be the primary purpose of the national assembly. When they recite this on a daily basis, my hope is that one day, they will come to understand the importance, the purpose, and the prognosis of that statement. Because what they are doing, they don't seem to know why they are there. The day that our security matters, our priorities will be rearranged. And I call on Nigeria's again to think of that passage or that section of the Constitution and think in their leadership recruitment. To play down on collecting money from politicians. To play down on thinking that election time is the time that they benefit from government. And know that you cannot have a little window of one day and then bargain it off against four years. It doesn't make sense. Nigeria should wake up. I have actually stopped blaming people in government. I am actually no longer really interested in doing that again because they got into a contract with us. They paid us in exchange for four years for themselves. I think we need to reverse that by talking to ourselves first and think of sending people and not being baguined against to collect, you know, our power for four years. Yeah, but also Miss Zaire, apologies. Pretty much the same thing with the attack on the Nigerian Defense Academy. The government made statements about making sure that the perpetrators are brought to book and some of all of that. We've heard that so many other times here in Nigeria. I'm sure that there would be a similar statement made here, but there doesn't seem to be actual arrests being made and prosecution for some of these criminals that are running rogue across the country. So don't you feel like that is one thing that has maybe led this thing continue? Their statements, I said before and I say it again, their statements are things that you just like copy and paste. It's never the thing that comes from your heart. The only statement that comes from your heart and they mean it is what affects them directly or indirectly. That's when they come on hard. You know, maybe you've not taken the part on the on the majority and the body language that stands the disposition of Mr. President. And you see how he comes. He takes certain issues first. Now, certain issues are no go areas. He's willing to bend over backwards. He's willing to use a sledgehammer to kill a flight to get to prisoners. When will the security and welfare of the man in Ikatepene give Mr. President a sleepless night? When will the life of the armadry boy on the street who has no future, no life, make Mr. President to say this is not okay? When will that woman who goes to prayer house in Ikate instead of going to the hospital? Because she can afford and the medical facilities are not enough and the doctors are on strike. When will her life be so important to Mr. President that he goes down on all fours, if need be, to say no, this is not enough? I think that we should be careful the people that we send into office. I could never say this enough. Our leadership recruitment criteria must be looked into again. We've become the poverty capital of the world. We've become one of the three most terrorized nations in the world. We have become one of the top five most insecure places in the world. What else do we want before we can wake up? I call on Nigerians to wake up. I call on the complicit in old elite to wake up. I call on the so-called professionals like us to wake up and know that this is not okay and start to talk and start to reach out and start to say it is not enough. That is why I will always commend the National Consultative Front for wanting to come and give alternative narrative. I want all Nigerians to wake up. Okay, let's quickly then share one last story and that is on the nation this morning. It's talking about the first of Skanyamo. It says government on a way of plan, power, tariff, hike. To Nicola, well, let's start with you on that one. There were some fears last week when there was supposedly a notice put out asking discos, and this is from the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission, asking discos to go ahead with a power tariff hike from the first of September. First of Skanyamo has said that they are not aware of that. And the same thing with the EKEDC. Ms. Nicola Wale, do you think that- The papers, even before today. All right, go ahead. Just go ahead. There was something on the social media and which the people in charge of electricity were said to have issued a notice of a power increase. Generalist went and interviewed the man who signed the notice. Only for a man to begin to- that there is no intent to increase the challenge. The truth of the matter is that their voters have been playing games with us just like my brother, who is running this commentary with me, have said. For the people in government, they have no respect for the Nigerian people. All the activities are carried out with impunity. They look us all like they call us a prodigy to deal with. And as of today, and before now, it's nothing we're going to ensure that every home has a prepared matter. After that, if you have prepared matters, you call this regular whatever power that you have called. As they've fulfilled our promises to all of us, the answer is no. All that we've been getting most of the time is promises and promises. Now, the question I want to ask is this. If people have to pay as much as $10,000, $30,000 for power consumption in a night, but it may be a mini swap where a woman follows her cause. And this kind of a process is on the monthly salary offer, which is what they call the minimum wage. Which means to come and which most of the state are coming and that is called to pay. And that also our minimum wage, for example, all the women in the village, they can move themselves by pay. Move themselves to the north. We'll not be entitled. Is that what we are saying? The truth is that they have sold this power to themselves and people who don't know the nitty-gritty of generality and disability in power. And that is what the majority of people are paying for today. Inefficient in the sector. They thought the power sector would just be like the telecommunication. And with the beginning of the pandemic, they will start running in a GSM company and start flipping the pantheon out there without knowing that it's the more complicated game over there. And other than handle that or answer, that sector, not those who would have the wherewithal to run the power sector efficiently and cheaply. They have refused to do that. The power sectors were sold to former president, former head of state, former general. And they have kept executives who have no knowledge of anything. Well, let me and Gennady work forever. All right. Who are paying for today. My opinion also again is the Nigerian people have introduced the land of their leader. They are not going to get away with too many things. And it is time we begin to stand up out of people and challenge those who are important as a nation. Okay. I have lost interest in the value of possession. I am not saying that for a long time ago that this government will merely won't do that until we conduct another election in 2003. If anybody is here, especially any good from this government, that person is wasting his time. All right. But for the power sector. Thanks a lot. Thank you. The Nigerian people that must now rise up and then no. Enough is enough. We don't want to pay any increase or we don't want any size again. In the tariff and after spending. The Nigerian people are already paying enough. Give what prepaid meter for. If every home is having prepaid meter and they can regulate their own power consumption. And we see transparency. We see transparency. Then we begin to talk about the increase in tariff. But this idea of saying that that power is done. You begin to wonder. Each time there is a fall in the power sector, we also increase the tariff. I see the water that can generate electricity. And Kanji Dam is important. Let's bring in Mr. Yaito. The use of power from the power sector and all that. And to convey everything is important. I see the tolls. The electric poles and all that. Okay. Mr. Kola Wulehuk, can you hold on? Mr. Yaito, I want you to. My brother called Wulehuk. Mr. Yaito, I want you to also add one of the stories on the punch this morning. It says government implements cooking gas, imports tax. Price jumps by 100%. So it's not just power and electricity tariffs that we're talking about increase. Now also cooking gas. Even if you just to quickly also mention that the EKEDC and FESA scheme will have both denied that there will be any increment. But go ahead. The first thing is that for goodness sake, why can't we run governance that makes sense? Keyamu to the best of my knowledge is minister of state for labor. There is power minister. And then labor minister is talking about power on behalf of power. It just doesn't add up. Doesn't make sense. What's really wrong with this administration? The doctors tried. I expect that case with my brother, the Keyamu, will be concentrating on the strike. Why is it jumping into power? I don't understand. Don't we have a minister of power? Anyway, it's like the stocking trade of this administration. Anybody, the CBA can go into the minister of finance issues and minister of finance can go into housing.  And what we expect at the end of the day, we have a system that really doesn't understand that government is so important that next after God, his government is the next most important institution. And there's something called quackery in professionalism. Do we have quacks in power? And if we have quacks in power, why should Nigerians expect anything better? I think that God will help us to manage till 2023, but that the beginning of our rescue should be on our psyche and mentality and resolve to ensure that we will get the right pilot to pilot aircraft and not engineers. And that we will get architect to design our houses and not draftsmen. We will get doctors to do their jobs and not, you know, other paramedical staff or things like that. Each of them have their role. Let everybody play their role in their assigned and the professional areas so that we can have a system that works so that we can have the governance at this focus. I think that all these things is because we are getting the wrong people into the places of work. And the answer cannot be anything different from the constitution that we are having now. Well, you know, how strange would this be for Nigerians if there's going to be an increment in some of these things? A lot of Nigerians already can't or are struggling to afford electricity and cooking gas. It's brother, when you prioritize your people, you will know the things to subsidize. You will know where to subsidize it. You know how to subsidize it when you prioritize the welfare of your people. But when it is about how you can make money, your contract, you are looking at the bottom line to you as an individual, selfishness, you're selfish, you're self-centered, you're inconsiderate, we will continue to have policies that bite on the poor that are already dead. That's why we have taxes, tax them more, tax them more. Get is like pulling and not giving back. And we don't even understand that the cow that is fattened gives you more milk. The cow that is lean have less milk. Wisdom demands fatting the cow and get more milk. That's just right thinking. But the government says, no, forget about fattening the cow, just keep pulling, keep pulling. Even when nothing is coming out, you're not even wise enough to understand that nothing is coming out. The people are suffering. The people are suffering. The people are suffering. And government doesn't even know about it. And they're just like, so I think that the people need to wake up and look at our leadership recruitment profiling criteria. And that's going to be the beginning. Outside of that, all these commentaries that we are running, we just next year will come here and run the same commentary and then unless we wake up. But we have about two years to fix that leadership recruitment process and hopefully make better decisions in 2023. But thanks very much, Ezekiel Nyayetok, for joining us. Always a pleasure to see you. And of course, Tunde Kolaouli, thank you also for joining us this morning. We wish you a great week ahead. Mountain. All right, that's it for Off the Press, this is where we have a quick review of stories making headlines across the country every morning. Stay with us. We'll go back in history to tell you a certain things that happened on this day, the 30th of August, a couple of years ago here on the breakfast.


how y'all doing it's time for another chit chat and yes honey we gonna make this this gonna be about 30 minutes girl so go ahead get you some snacks get it together now I am twisting my hair this is going to be a separate video I am using the design extentional smooths along with a curl custard and some other badness to do this twist out oh yeah so how y'all doing are we ready for Christmas are you ready for honey we're already in the middle of Hanukkah I mean how how are we feeling right now y'all I know so many so many people even before COVID this is a really sad time of the year they get depressed doing this time I am here to encourage you okay this is the day that the Lord has made I will rejoice and be glad in it okay if you are breathing if you have life you are blessed we are those of us who are in the US the number of people who are dying every day I just came out of the living room and I closed the door and locked it nobody can come in here anyway because you know my baby is not here but still 3600 people highest number of people who have passed away from the coronavirus and excuse me um I I had to leave y'all it's really it's a really difficult time for those of us who are empaths or empathetic and I I am breaking down crying every week over not just this but just stuff in general um there are I just left the living room like I said and hearing about the 3600 people who have passed away and there were I guess three sons talking about their parents who passed away and they passed away in the same bed together they were only in their early 60s and I'm hearing that a lot of families or children who will become an orphaned and not just old because these three boys were older but younger kids there's two young boys out in was at El Paso Texas who are orphanage who are orphaned now sorry y'all but we don't do any gatherings you know we just we stay put y'all and just trying to wait it out and hope that things get better we have found the family that we visit and because they all stay home too they haven't left the house feel kind of bad for the little girl there she literally has not left the house since March that's a lie I think they took her to a pumpkin patch in October but that's it like they don't go anywhere which I don't blame them so gotta bunker down do what you got to do you have to do what's best for your family I am not judging nobody you know it is what it is so um so y'all let's talk about some things I heard the unfortunate use of Debo the actor that played Debo what was his name they call him tiny his nickname was tiny he passed away from COVID well it hasn't been official but they said he had COVID like symptoms so I'm assuming he had COVID he lived out in California he was found unresponsive in his apartment we have the woman who played in baps she passed away from colon cancer she was 53 look y'all have better get right people or checking out left and right and we kind of talked about this in my last chit chat with all the celebrity deaths and the music ended when I was necessarily celebrity deaths but all of the celebrities that I had a family member passing away due to violence gun violence specifically and so people are checking out left and right it is absolutely sad the amount of people you know you have children killing their their family members we had a guy in our neighborhood to kill his mother domestic disputes are on the rides we have had three murders in our neighborhood and this is a nice neighborhood I mean houses start off in the 300 thousands in our neighborhood so but it doesn't matter crime can happen anywhere and especially right now and especially I'm not gonna go there but I am especially being it being we're in the end times it's going to increase this type of behavior is going to increase so you know with that being said it's another reason why my butt stand home I don't know these people I don't know you I don't know what's going on in your family I don't know what type of issues I have now we're staying home so yeah so yeah it's it's it's sad it's really sad so yeah that woman died from Babs and what else did I like her from she was in how to be a player with Bill Bellamy so yeah yeah so you know I am still remaining optimistic as a believer I just have to be that way and faithful and it was so funny I was talking to and I didn't mention this in my my blog I was chatting with Antoinette Busby Bubs you know who she is the pretty big Karen 500 kids girl we chat every now and then and so she said that this year had because she just you know checking in and see how we do that chicken and see how each other are doing right she said that this year has been the best year for her even though you know things are crazy I'm gonna give all the details things are crazy in the world it is the best year for her family and she and I'm I know Buzzfeed Antoinette is a it's a Christian and it's really is all about perspective you guys so I girl I read your text message like three times I'm like you have an entire football team over there and you and she's still giving glory to God amen it has been a great year and as I stated earlier in the blog we're living we're breathing yes we have family members who may have been sick we may have had losses but we serve and all knowing and faithful God y'all you know so at the end of the day I know that a lot of you guys are probably depressed and you're down but I'm here to tell you that it will be okay right now it may not seem that way but it will you guys and we're gonna look back on this as victorious we really are you know we're not gonna be victims okay so I'm gonna I'm gonna pass around the collection plate so yes yes yes I am good with that being said we're a good homeschooling is good we're gonna switch up things a little bit for 2021 I had on my goals goals if I can you know correct my language girl and I'm really going back into tapping into my spiritual goals because I used to be a yearly type of okay these are the things I want to accomplish but now I well a couple of years ago I switched to a vision chart and that was really really good for me and then so that's why I was leaning towards when we started out with 2020 and then the pandemic hit but one of my spiritual goals on there was to look into what my spiritual gift is and I think we all have a spiritual gift amen now part of me wishes it could be um to sing you know the vocalize and be able to bless people but that's not for me and then I don't have that girl so you know but I believe that my gift and I need to really pray on this and fast and get it together is the gift of encouragement or exhorting okay I I believe I I I know there's no belief at this point I know that that is my spiritual gift so I need to really focus on that for 2021 cuz I think that people I need to start focusing on that now because I know that people are wanting to meet and I think I do that to a certain degree I try to encourage you guys here on my platform so yeah you guys so that's it for the personal life stuff y'all wanted to give y'all an update y'all already know things are gonna be a little bit crazy for 2021 on my channel I'm trying to get this last ratchet yo I have no idea where the camera the camera stopped and I don't know where it stopped so oh well girl I hope y'all heard me talking about me focusing on for 2021 but really starting now on what my spiritual gift is because I really think that whatever gift that you are blessed with is definitely going to be needed for 2021 and so I think it's really important right now and this day and age also to be obedient and to not be too distracted okay and there's a lot of distractions right now so alright you guys what I'm watching on YouTube y'all I really have not been watching a lot um I thought I don't know why I don't know if I had a dream I thought that African export had came back girl stop I thought that y'all I was so excited I don't know if I accidentally saw a video and I thought it had been released for like this week girl she ain't back she is not back she is now she was kind of active on Twitter but I haven't checked her Twitter feed so I have no idea what she's doing y'all it's I do wish some of the OG natural hair YouTubers would come back but I get it I mean when you've been gone for a while and to come back it's a lot you know and and YouTube has changed so much when it comes to how you upload and all of that I mean it changes for those of us who've been on here consistently uploading it changes for us like every other year we know it is something I'd be laughing my ass off an angel nezzie naps y'all she trips me out something something will change and she'll either text me or call me to verify if I if the changes is occurring on my channel too if it's reflected on my channel and sometimes it does sometimes it doesn't so y'all she she cracks me up with now I girl I called her on her live she had a live and so I accidentally called I was just calling the chat with her and she put me on the on speaker I'm like oh Lord girl why did you go and do this I why did you put me on speaker oh she's like what are you gonna start going live never ever did you see how I change y'all I filter so much madness and foolery out of my videos y'all y'all don't want me live no and then going live is a totally different it's a totally different ball game there are some people who are really good at it I think that what is his name y'all know who it is African hair god is really good at it he has perfected it but you got to get a webcam a streaming service and I'm done I don't want to do all that I just want to record my videos put them up there and that's it and but I understand you know a lot of y'all really do enjoy the live videos people who you know do that and I like people that go live too and I join in sometimes but yeah girl now we ain't doing that so um what else am I watching on YouTube I started to watch back again Sean's videos love coach no life coach Sean I know who she is she does the strawberry letters I just really don't understand y'all like I must have and I listen to a lot of the times I listen to YouTube videos while I'm in the car and sometimes I can't even get through the entire letter without almost running off the road like are you crazy and it's not I shouldn't say that it's not that the women or the young women who are writing into Sean are crazy you know love can make you think a lot of things and also a lot of these men or people in general or narcissistic and controlling and they will have you thinking a certain way or feeling a certain way and so I don't want to want to a hundred percent blame the writer of the strawberry letters but at some point you have to take accountability of making this decision to be with this dead beat man because you get and you know what's so funny is a lot of these letters I saw the red flag but then why are you writing in you already know what you need to do you just need someone to say yes this is okay to leave them you already know what you need to do and I get it it's hard it could be extremely hard to leave someone who you know truly or in love with so yeah I I was listening to the one where I guess this guy had this woman had gotten to a relationship with a guy and they had invested in some rental properties he apparently had 17 rental properties come to find out that he was staying with his baby mother for according to him he was still staying with the baby mother not for the mother but for the child they needed to cohabitate together is that a word they had to live together for the child and so the writing was like you know she asked her boyfriend what are y'all sleeping together what type of question is that like seriously like what type and he's like no absolutely not we're just you know we're I'm just here for the child I'm not sleeping with her even though I have 17 different houses I can go to and do whatever the hell I want with her and anybody else y'all whoo child sometimes you know like I said I just think that these women need this almost like permission slip to do what they know that they should have done years ago and it's hard so listen to that looking at that um I still feel like on this platform YouTube that a lot of I don't even want to say for see that a lot of four type chicks are still chasing length and a certain cure of pattern and my opinion there is no reason why someone like Buzzbee who has quality content shouldn't have over a hundred thousand subscribers that's just my opinion I think she puts out great content I'm not just saying it because I like her there are other four type chicks that I think put out just as great content and they have less than 10 thousand followers and I'm thinking what's going on and then you go to someone else who has 3c 4a I'm gonna be nice nice and put in 4a but most of the time they really are just 3c and they have over a hundred thousand followers they have long hair they have even like super thick hair and it's like you know most people they have great content come on the curls it's one although she's not as consistent as she used to be but she has fine hair she has long hair and she has fine hair and I think that she deserves a lot of you so anyway y'all I'm just saying that I just think that there are still a lot of people who are deserving of their views and subscriptions and they're not getting that and I know a lot of people view the natural hair community as toxic and I I don't feel that way necessarily I think that it could you know it could be that way depending on how you look at things but I don't let it get that way for me girl um there's this X at the top of your screen that you could click out of and never log back in again for the rest of the day so y'all yeah no so yeah so yeah I'm not really looking at much like I said on YouTube JB has taken over our our TV shall I'm over it so yeah alright y'all so what I'm watching on TV girl I'm watching a lot of different stuff but we're gonna talk about some of the things I've been watching on Netflix I really need to trim my ends look at this I need to trim my ends cuz that's not pretty um let's start off with the movie run starring Sarah Paulson from Nurse Ratchet and America horror horror series um basically crazy-ass mama who is suffering from what is that disease munchausen by proxy where you make your child sick spoiler you make your child sick for attention or control issues it was good it had a twist ending which I enjoyed but yeah it was good and this was on Netflix and the name of it again is run um also was watching girl many series called a teacher um can't remember the name of the people but redhead actress we already know what's gonna be about a teacher who is basically grooming one of her students that's what the overall series is about and y'all before I even got past the first episode I needed to verify that these kids are legal cuz I'm like you never know like seriously so I'm like yeah so that the boy or the guy that plays the young high schooler is actually was like 25 but still like the um the actress that plays the teacher is 37 I'm like oh I mean yeah he's legal but these 25 was very young but hey he's of age and so they could do whatever they need to do in the movie was good and again it's called a teacher and um but I started to think about that y'all like we all know that there as I honestly think it's been way more than we have heard about we all know of the teachers that have or heard about the teachers that have slept with their with their students and there was one here in Phoenix actually she got pregnant by the boy that she was sleeping with I don't care what these people look like and oftentimes when you see in the news though the teacher is a fairly attractive woman but let's just be honest there is something wrong with a grown-ass woman who had first of all she's a pedic she's a predator she's a pedophile there's something wrong with a grown-ass woman who feels the need to groom and sleep with a 13 year old child I think the one out here was the child was 12 because we all know if it was the other way around let's just say if the woman was unattractive we will be like you know but oftentimes when I look at these cases especially on YouTube you see all these comments from men oh I would have loved to have slept with my teacher but since it's a good looking woman it's okay absolutely not absolutely not who is the one that passed away from cancer Mary Kay Mary Kay Laterno she ended up having two children by this child well I think the second one she was of age as she ended up passing of cancer what was it last year or earlier this year but you know what I was thinking he's the only from what I understand the only case he's the only one where we got to see what the child look like and I honestly think it's because he's a child of color what is he Asian I don't know what his ethnicity is but everyone else you never got to see what the child look like I think a lot of these women in especially in the the series the mini series a teacher the women or are you know the attention that they get from these young men is everything because come on a 14 year old 13 year old boy probably haven't even had sex and now you have your teacher showing you some attention of course you gonna be texting her all day of the hour and she sends you a little picture that's it it's a wrap it's disgusting it's sick so anyway y'all enough of that we watched the Goonies I know y'all from the 80s my baby we're watching a bunch of 80s movies with JB and I ordered watching a bunch of 80s movies together so we watched the Goonies a couple of a couple of days ago and he was like this is the best movie ever he's so cute he's like this is now my favorite movie besides Coraline yeah Coraline is so damn creepy to me that's his favorite movie though Coraline so anyway we watched the Goonies and I was pointing out some of the things in the movies and he he was right it was right up his alley because JB's an old soul and he really did enjoy watching that girl saving the best for last so y'all know that I've had the Game of Thrones in my list for literally for like a year and I was like I got stuff to do I ain't going to know ain't got time to be watching all this stuff I am here for it baby um winter is here baby winter been here it's cold as hell so y'all I'm looking at and of course I'm late I'm years behind but hey I'm finally doing it so I finished season one y'all the first few first few episodes you gotta pay attention like you're gonna be lost if your ass is paying attention right so they're talking about the white walkers I'm like the white though white walkers it's some more white people what the hell it's girl no it's a different it's not even people's I'm assuming it's a species a different species of a being that they're scared of um so yes I finished season one I can't stand Jeffrey's ass I need for someone to do something to him um I have a feeling that they're gonna kick him off the throne cuz he's the king he's a child king and he's very immature he's sadistic as hell he needs to go he needs to go so yeah y'all I'm liking it there there is a lot of sex and Budsby didn't warn me that it's gonna she's she said she stopped watching it because it was too much sex I'm like wait a minute there's gonna be more sex than this yeah yeah it's a lot it's a lot going on so um not a lot of cursing cuz I'm like how they gonna curse cuz this is like old English doubts on to beat thousand ass you know something like that but they do some cursing but it's just not it's not a lot but it is a lot of sex so I am enjoying it I will probably binge watch season 2 and 3 next week yes get it out the way but girl I gotta watch this when JB's not around so y'all there's something else I'm seeing on Netflix that has Merrill Street and I Merrill Street yeah I need to watch cuz I really like her I really she's one of my favorite actresses so I really want to watch that besides it y'all there is no other series I'm watching um I think I may go back and start watching season 2 of forego it's just it right now since I'm doing game of thrones I need to be focused girl gotta be focused so y'all that is it for this chit chat I wanted this to be a longer chit chat I need to go ahead and finish my hair so alright y'all that is it thank you so much for watching and thank you as always to all my subscribers take care


In our previous video for lecture 13, we defined the notion of what it means for two rays to be between one another. We also proved the crossbar theorem. So an immediate corollary of the crossbar theorem is this idea of correspondence of betweenness. That is, we have two notions of betweenness that are playing out right now. We have the notion of betweenness of points. That's how we started our conversation of the betweenness axioms. Betweenness of points was this undefined term. But then as we've developed the theory, we've come up with this betweenness of rays. And it turns out that these two notions of betweenness are really related to each other, this so-called correspondence of betweenness. And so what we claim here is that we have three rays, B A, B C, B D, in an order geometry. Then the ray B C is between B A and B D, if and only if there exist points on the rays, call them A prime, C prime and D prime, so that C prime is between A prime and D prime. So that is a betweenness statement of rays coincides with a betweenness statement of points. And it's a really short proof. It follows basically from the crossbar theorem and the between cross lima, which in some respect we can think of these two properties as almost converses of each other. So let's assume we have some type of betweenness of rays. So we get a picture that looks something like the following. So we have a common vertex B here, and then we have these rays given by A, B, and excuse me, not B, C, and D, like so. So we have these three rays. And so as illustrated, B C sits between B A and B D. So I claim that there exist points A prime, C prime and D prime. So we have a betweenness relation there. What I'm going to do is I'm going to use the crossbar between the points A and D. So in this situation, A prime is A and D is D prime, like so. By the crossbar theorem, there's going to be a point of intersection between the ray B C and the crossbar A D. And that intersection will call it C prime. And by the crossbar theorem, we know that point is going to be interior to the angle. And by construction, since C prime is on the interval A to D, then it's going to be that, okay, you have that C prime is between A and D, which of course we're calling those A prime and D prime. So let me use the first direction. So necessity follows directly from the crossbar theorem. But we can also go the other way around. So imagine we have our rays again, I deleted too much. Okay. So I deleted too much. And so suppose we have some type of line like so. So we have a point B right here, there's some point A prime, there's some point C prime here, there's some point D prime right here. And these are points on the rays B A, B C and B D, like so. So we're assuming that C prime is between A prime and D prime. Now this follows by the between cross lemma. So by the between cross lemma, because C prime is between A prime and D prime, that means that C prime is an interior point to the angle A prime B D prime. But as B A prime is the same ray as B A, and as the ray B D prime is the same as the ray B D, that means the angles, the angle A prime B D prime is equal to the angle A B C. In particular, that tells us that C prime belongs to the angle A B C sorry A that should be A B D, like so. So C prime belongs to that one. So in particular, the entire ray B C prime lives inside of that as we previously shown. But that's the same thing as just the ray B C. And therefore B C is between B A and B D because C is an interior point. So sufficiency is essentially an immediate consequence of the between cross lemma, although I want to provide all the details here. So because of the correspondence of betweenness of points in rays, so betweenness between points relates to betweenness of rays, betweenness of rays is going to inherit many of the same properties that the betweenness of points have. For example, the symmetric property. So because we can turn this around to become B prime C prime dash A prime, we can also turn this one around and say B D dash B C. There shouldn't be a prime there sorry. That's a ray dash B C dash B A. Because betweenness of points is symmetric, betweenness of rays will likewise be symmetric. It doesn't just stop there. We also get extension, right? The extension axiom becomes a property for betweenness here because we could extend this point, get some new point E prime. We could look at the ray there. Whoops, try that again. We could extend the ray there like so. And then we have now extended the rays. So we have this new ray B E prime. And so B A is going to be between that one, right? So extension works because we can extend the points. We can extend the rays. We also get density, right? What if we come up some new point F prime right here? By the density property, there's some point F prime that lives between A prime and C prime. And if I connect the dots here, then we're going to get a ray that sits between B A and B C. So density is also a consequence here because betweenness of points has density, betweenness of rays will likewise have density. What else can we talk about? The linearity rules, which talk about if we have certain betweenness statements, we can infer from them other betweenness statements. I'm not going to write those ones on the screen here, but the linearity rules are going to carry over because of this correspondence. Now, not everything's going to correspond perfectly. It is also true that trichotomy holds, well, we know trichotomy holds for three points that are collinear. Would it also be true that trichotomy holds for three rays that are concurrent so they have the same vertex? The answer is we have to have, it's almost true. We have to take a slightly weaker statement. And that's what we're going to prove right now. If we have a line that contains the point B in an order geometry, so again, I'm going to try to start prepping my picture down below. So we have a line, and this is our line L, and the point B lives on that line. Then I want you to consider the points A, C, and D so that they all reside in the same half plane. So you have A, you have C, and you have D. So A, C, D are all in the same half plane of the line L here. If you look at the rays associated to B, A, to B, C, and to B, D, so all three of these rays live in the same half plane of L, then one and only one of the three between this statements is true here. So either, as I have illustrated, either B, C sits between B, A, and B, D, or B, A is between B, C, and B, D, or B, D is between B, A, and B, C. So one of the three between the statements has to hold. So trichotomy holds if you live in a half plane. So before we prove this theorem, let me kind of mention to you what can go wrong, right? If you exit the half plane, you might get something like the following, something like this. So here's our B. So you have like A, C, and D like so. In this situation, because we're no longer in the same half plane, we might get some ambiguity about who is between who is B, C between B, A, and B, D, or is B, A between B, D, and B, C, or is B, D between B, A, and B, C. It's hard to keep track of these things, right? So if you take the entire plane, trichotomy falls apart because of rays because of this issue right here. But if you if you restrict it to just one half plane, that is if you have a flat angle, then trichotomy will be will be withheld. It will be held up. That's what I'm trying to say here. And so because of that, that's why we restrict to a half plane. And so now let's go through the details of this. Why does trichotomy hold? So there are a few cases that we have to consider. So first suppose that A and D are on opposite sides of the line B, C. So the ray B, C is already illustrated on the screen. So that gives us the line. So let's say that A and D are on opposite sides of this line B, C, just like I have illustrated right here. That means that the line segment A, D intersects the line B, C at some point C prime, which will label that. And it must be that C prime sits between A and D. Okay? So by the illustration here, it feels like C prime should be on the ray B, C. But what if it wasn't? It intersects the line B, C. So if it's not on that ray, then that means it's actually would then be on the opposite ray. So what if C prime is actually down here? So we get something weird like this happening. So by way of contradiction, suppose that C prime is on the opposite ray, negative B, C. Well, if that's the case, then C prime is not in the half plane that's bounded by L and it contains C. And that's because the point B sits between C and C prime in that situation. Okay? Because these two rays are on opposite sides of the line L. So we would get that C and C prime are on opposite sides. Now what we said earlier, right? By plane separation, it's going to be that A and C prime are on opposite sides of L. Well, why is that? Well, if we go through the details of this, like we just said a moment ago, C and C prime, they're in different half planes. So they're on opposite sides. What about A and C? A and C like so. They're on the A and C are on the same side of the line that L is, that's by assumption. So that's where plane separation comes into play. Since A and C are on the same side and since C and C prime are on opposite sides, that would then imply that A and C prime are on opposite sides of the line L. So that would then give us some point of intersection right here, which we're going to call that point P. So P is the intersection between the line segment A, C prime, and L. I noticed I'm going to get rid of this C prime that's already on the screen because it could be misleading. We're assuming it's somewhere else right now. All right. So likewise, D and C prime are on opposite sides of the line L. How do we know that? Well, it's basically the same argument here, right? So by similar reasoning, the line segment C prime D is going to have to intersect L somewhere. We'll call that point Q, right? Our picture is kind of curious. It looks like our line is a circle. Now if lines can be circles, clearly this would be acceptable. But what's going to happen here? Okay. Well, notice that the line segment AD, when you intersect with L, it'll contain the points, it'll contain the point Q and P. Well, why is that? Well, the line segment, so notice my construction, C prime is between A and D. So if I take A, C prime, the interval, and at union with C prime D, the interval, this is going to give you the interval, the line segment AD. So P is a point of intersection here and Q is intersection here. So P and Q are both on AD and they're also both on L, which that seems a little problematic, right? Because wait, are P and Q the same point? Or are they different points? That's very interesting here. The problem is that P and Q are actually different points. Why is that? Well, that's because C prime sits between P and Q. Where did that come from? This actually comes from the linearity rules, right? So we're going to use the fact that C prime is between A and D. We also know that P is between A and C prime. Okay. And we also know, of course, that C prime is between Q and D. So if you follow the linearity rules, I'm not going to provide all the details of this right now. But if you follow the linearity rules, you would then have to infer from these three between the statements that C prime is between P and Q. So if there's a point between P and Q, then they cannot be the same point. But wait a second. The intersection between a line segment and a line is two different points. Well, the line segment can be extended to a line. So we're saying we have two distinct intersections between two lines. That's a contradiction to line determination. All right. So this is the contradiction. What was the assumption? Well, we assume that C prime was on the opposite ray, negative BC. So we then have to assume the opposite. C actually belongs to the ray BC. So let me clean up my picture a little bit. Here we go. So we then, because of our contradiction, we now have the following picture that C prime does, in fact, live on the ray BC. And in that situation, because C prime lives on the ray BC, this really tells us that the ray BC is the same as the ray BC prime, like so. And so because C prime is an interior point of the angle, that means C is an interior point of the angle. And therefore BC is between the rays BA and BD. So that was under the assumption, of course, that A and D were on opposite sides of the line BC. All right. So consider the last possibility where A and D are on the same side of BC, and A and C are on the same side of BD. So if I reschedule the picture, I'll get something like the following. Here's our line L again. Here's our point B. Now to draw the picture this time, I kind of have to do the following. Here's A, here's C, here's D, something like this. So if we take the line BC, which would be illustrated over here, then we can allow for A and D to be on the same side of that line. But if we were to consider the line DB, then A and C are on the same side of that line. So we get something like this. So this diagram does seem to match up with our assumptions here, but let's analyze it here. Since A and D are on the same side of the line BC, that means A belongs to the open half plane determined by the line BC and on the same side as D. But then our other assumption was that A and C are on the same side of BD. So that means that A belongs to the open half plane bounded by the line BD on the same side as C. So A lives inside the intersection of these two open half planes, but the intersection of these two open half planes is exactly the angle, the interior of angle, CBD. So A is an interior angle to CBD, and that's exactly what it means like to have BA between the rays BC and BD. So just like I've illustrated right here. All right? So the uniqueness of the between the statements, so we've now proven that we've exhausted all the possibilities here. And so we've shown that one of the rays was always between the others. Now the uniqueness of the between the statements comes from the correspondence between between this of rays and between this of the points, right? Because if we have some betweenness between the, if we have some type of betweenness of the rays, then we can draw our line in which case we have the three points on this line as it intersects the rays, like so, for which in that situation there's only one between the statement between the points. And so correspondence of betweenness of points with rays will then give us that this will be unique. And so therefore we've established that in fact there is a, there is an analog between betweenness of rays with betweenness of points and they just do in fact, once they correspond with each other.


Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to Unizor Education. This lecture is part of the advanced mathematics course for teenagers presented on Unizor.com. All lectures are there, have notes, there are some past exams, problem solving, etc. And for registered students, there is basically the way to organize the whole process as an educational process which contains most of the topics presented in the regular course of mathematics. And I do suggest actually to register which would enable you to get enrolled in the course and take exams, have your scores examined, etc. Everything is free on the site and it definitely makes sense to do it on a serious basis like an educational process rather than pick this or that particular lecture. As a course, it does make this kind of a sequential study of one topic after another. Alright, after this deviation from my main purpose of this particular lecture, let me start. So the theme of this lecture is the main task of the theory of probability. Well, it might be a little presumptuous to basically state that the theory of probabilities has this main task. However, as a general representation of the ideas behind the theory of probabilities, well, it does make some sense in as much as you can say that let's say the purpose of arithmetic is counting. The most important purpose of algebra is probably solving equations. I mean, there are some other, obviously, applications of algebra, but this is probably one of the most important. And in this particular, from this particular viewpoint, we can really state what is actually the purpose of the theory of probabilities. And here is how I would like to present it. First of all, the theory of probabilities is studying random experiments. That's the foundation. We are talking about random experiments. Random experiments have certain elementary events, like individual results, individual outcomes, which in many cases, at least in this course, are presented as events which have equal chances. Like, for instance, if you are rolling the dice, then 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 on the top of the dice have equal chances to occur. If you are dealing a deck of 52 cards among four players, then every distribution of 13, 13, 13 and 13 cards to these players seems to be having equal chances and can be qualified as an elementary event. So, we have a set of elementary events, like the minimum and the smallest event, which we can talk about, which is the result of the experiment. And there are some bigger events which we can build from these smaller events. Like, for instance, if you would like to know, let's say, something about rolling two dice and have six on both of those. I mean, this is a more complicated event. So, the random events, which are also the result of the random experiments, can be constructed from the elementary events. Okay. Now, let's talk about the probabilities. Now, when we are talking about elementary events, we usually assign certain probability to each one of them. Well, it can be actually built on many different foundations. Well, first of all, for instance, we can just roll the dice million times and see that the six comes more or less one-sixth of the times, and three also comes about one-sixth number of the times. So, it can prompt us that the probability, which is basically a concept which can be derived from the frequency of occurrence, can be associated with each number one, two, three, four, five, six, as one-sixth of the total number of rolling the dice. And similar considerations can be applied to other elementary events in other random experiments. Another source which we can derive our probabilities is certain knowledge. For instance, if we are knowledgeable in combinatorics, we can actually calculate what should be the frequency of any particular distribution of 52 cards among four players. What's the frequency of occurrence of every particular distribution as the number of deals would actually go to infinity? So, the frequency, observed frequency, our experience, and then our knowledge, both are input, so to speak, into our view on the theory of probabilities. And this input allows us to basically understand what are the probabilities, which is some kind of a limit number for the frequencies of each elementary event. All right, so far that's not the main task of the theory of probabilities, although it is part of it. So, the input part into this particular problem. So, what's next? Well, next is from different elementary events, which are basically our sample space, so to speak. We can construct more complicated events. As I was saying, for instance, we can talk about two dice rolling and have, let's say, whatever numbers on the top. Or we can have, let's say, a coin which we are flipping, let's say, two times. And we want to know what's the probability of having two heads on two flips of the coin. So, these are a little bit more complicated events. And now we have to understand how these complicated or more complicated events are constructed from our elementary events. So, the input information which we have, either experience and frequencies or knowledge, are contributing to our understanding of what the probabilities of elementary events are. Now we have to build upon it the next layer. Let's talk about more complicated events. If we know how they're built from the elementary events, we can calculate their probability. Okay, so that's our next problem. And why do we have to do it? Well, primarily, we are interested in more complicated events. And I was saying before that the probability allows you prediction. Now, since if we know that the probability of something is equal to something, we can actually say that the frequency of occurrence of that something would be, well, such and such. So, we expect it to occur a certain number of times on average if we are providing a certain number of experiments. So, that's what's very important. The important is the output, the result of all these manipulations which we are making. We had input to have the probabilities for elementary events. We have the way how we construct the events. And now we have to use all this information, all this knowledge, and derive with an output, which is the probability of events which we are interested in. And this is needed for predictions of the future. Again, why do we need the probability at all just to predict the future? Not precisely. We cannot say that exactly this particular event will or will not happen. But if we know the probability, we can say that, well, with a certain degree, frequency, etc., approximation, we can evaluate how many times out of how many experiments we can expect this particular event to occur. So, that's what our output is. So, let me just summarize it. What do we have? We have the input into our theory, which is experience. We observe the frequencies and knowledge. We also have the way how we construct different events. So, from which elementary events, which we know the probabilities of, our more complicated event, event we are really interested in is constructed. So, as a result of this, we come up with an output which is a probability of different events. So, that's actually something which we have examined the whole process. And we did actually a few examples before. So, maybe for just illustration purposes, let me just give a very simple example. Just as an example, let's take the flipping the coin. And we are interested in two coins, actually, which are independently flipped. And the event we are interested in is having two heads on the top. Now, how can it be related to whatever the knowledge about the coins we have? Well, we can observe that if we will flip the coin million times, then something about half of the time will be tail and half of the time will be the heads. Not necessarily exactly half, but more or less. And if we will make instead of a million, we will have a billion flips of the coin, then the relative frequency will be even closer to one half. And in general, the more we do, the closer the frequency occurs. So, it makes us to believe that the probability of having heads and tails is equal to one half. Alternatively, we can actually examine how the coin is manufactured. And we see that there is no grounds for putting more probability on tails rather than heads, because the manufacturing process is relatively symmetrical. And the tiny details are not really significant. So, we can say that from our knowledge about how the coin is manufactured, we can state that the probability of flipping the tails or the head should be exactly the same and equal to one half. So, that's our input. Now, let's talk about our event we are interested in. We have two coins and we independently flip them. So, what's our elementary events we are interested in? Well, there are four elementary events, right? We can have heads-heads, we can have heads-tail, tail-heads, and tail-tail. So, there are four different elementary events of the experiment with two coins. And again, there is absolutely no grounds for putting more probabilities on one than another. And in this case, if we are interested in two heads, this is just one of the four different elementary events. Actually, our event is elementary event. It's constructed, we have constructed this event from one and only one elementary event. And we know that the probability of all of these should be equal to the same number and some of the probabilities should be one. So, it's one quarter for each of them. So, the probability of head-head is supposed to be one quarter. All right. In some way, whenever we have constructed our event from elementary events, and when we know that the probability of each elementary event is such and such, whatever it is, our task of obtaining the probability of the event we have constructed is very similar to, let's say, you're talking about weighing an assembly. And the assembly contains certain details. You know the weight of each detail. Now, how do you weigh the whole assembly? Well, you just summarize. I mean, if you cannot weigh it physically on some kind of weights, whatever, then you just summarize the weights of each component. And that's how you get the result, the weight of an entire assembly. So, that's how the probability of the event is constructed based on, or calculated rather, based on the way how it's constructed, how this event is constructed from elementary events. Or similarly, and this example I will probably use more extensively in this course of probabilities. If you have to know the area of this particular figure, well, probably you have to understand that it's constructed from a square and a triangle. You know how to, you know the area of the square if you have these sizes. And you know how to calculate the area of triangle if you have sizes. So basically, you can just add the area of this particular square and the area of a triangle. And that's how you get the area of more complex figure. That is how the probability of any more complicated event is calculated based on the probabilities of the elementary events it's constructed from. So, this is a very important example which I will probably use all the time. Now, a couple of examples from the theory of probabilities, kind of a set of problems. Let's say you are shuffling the standard deck of cards and you are interested in the event queen of spades is on top. After you shuffle the deck, you are interested in the event that queen of spades is on top. Actually, there are more than one approaches to this particular problem. Let me just exemplify two of them. Approach number one. What is the result, the elementary event, so to speak, of each shuffling of the card? Well, it's the sequence of the cards in the deck after we have shuffled it. So we know that the number of permutations of 52 cards in the standard deck is 52 factorial. So the 52 factorial of different sequences of the cards in the deck is the result of our shuffling and this is our sample space. Now, this sample space contains 52 factorial of different elementary events. There is absolutely no grounds to consider one particular sequence more probable than another because shuffling is supposed to be really random. So let's just assume that we have some really good shuffling mechanism and it provides you... Now, this definition of the good shuffling mechanism is actually the equal chances for any kind of a sequence. All right, now, out of all these 52 factorial different sequences, how many different sequences construct our event when the queen of spades is on top? Well, obviously, if queen of spades is on top, so the top card is fixed and the other 51 cards can be in any sequence whatsoever. So we have 51 now different sequences, 51 cards put in any sequence we can and the number of these sequences is obviously 51 factorial. So if we have 52 factorial of the elementary events, the probability of each of them is obviously one over 52 factorial and 51 factorial of these events are those when the queen of spades is on top. So I have to add 51 factorial times one over 52... 51 factorial times one over 52 factorial probability of each elementary event. That's how my big event, the queen of spades is on top, is constructed. So each one elementary event has this probability and I have 51 factorial of elementary events which are combined together to construct my event I'm interested in. So that's the result. And obviously, since factorial is the product of all the numbers from one to this one, so this is from one to 52, which means from one to 51 and then 52 and this is from one to 51. So 51 factorial can be reduced and we will have this result. That's the probability. At the same time we can consider the whole situation slightly differently. Let's assume that our elementary event is some particular card is on top and we don't care about the rest. Well, I mean it's a different approach. Now how many different elementary events we have in this case? Well, since we have 52 cards, 52 cards can be on top so it's 52 elementary events. Is there any grounds for having one particular probability of one element over another on the top of one card over another? Is the probability after the shuffling of the, let's say, queen of spades is greater or less than, let's say, ace of cards? No. Again, if our shuffling is really random, we really have to have exactly the same probability for any of those events and we have 52 different events so each one should have one over 52 probability and we have exactly the same answer for one particular event, our elementary event. Now we call this elementary event in this particular approach which is queen of spades on the top. So that's one problem which I have. Now another problem which I would like to address and present it in a similar fashion is, let's assume you have a box with n different pairs of socks. Now pairs are different but within the pair obviously two socks are identical. So now you pull from the box two socks. What's the probability of them to belong to the same pair? Well, let's again think about what is our input. So the random experiment is we are pulling the socks two socks. What's our sample space? Sample space is the set of all elementary events. Well that's all the different combinations of two socks out of whatever the number of socks we have. Now we have two n socks, right, n pairs, so we have two n socks. Now and we are pulling out two socks out of two n. How many different ways to pull two socks out of two n socks? Well it's number of combinations from two n by two. Now this is the number of different elementary events which constitute our sample space. And again, since there is no grounds for putting one particular combination of two socks, more probable is more probable than another. So all of them should have exactly the same probability and that probability is equal to one over number of combinations from two n by two. Great. Now question is our event, our random event we are interested in is we are pulling two socks which belong to the same pair. So how many different elementary events are comprising our event? Well we have n different real pair of socks, right? So whenever we pull any one of these n pairs that's the good event, right? So that's the elementary event which must be included into our event of pulling a good pair of socks, right? So we have n different elementary events which constitute our event we are interested in. So we have to multiply this by n and that's the answer n over number of combinations from two n by two. So we have examined what's our input, what's our sample space, what's our probabilities of elementary events. We have understood how our event is constructed from the elementary events and then we just summarized all the elementary events which are part of our random event. We are interested in to get the probability. So all these examples I was just making for one and only one purpose. This is actually the main task of the CREF probabilities to identify your input which means your sample space your elementary events and assign the probabilities to these elementary events. Understand how our event we are really interested in is constructed and then apply just plain arithmetic adding up all the probabilities of the elementary events which comprise the event we are interested in to get the output and the output is the result of this task the answer actually to this particular problem is the answer to a question what is the probability of certain random event which I am interested in because most likely I'm not really interested in individual elementary events that's kind of a simpler job that's the input the output is to evaluate the probability of certain event we are really interested in. Well that is the conclusion which I would like to make I suggest you to read all this material in the notes for this particular lecture on unisor.com and again I encourage you to register on the website on the website as a student have some supervisor get enrolled in some classes which will allow you to take exam and you know evaluate yourself as much as you can for self-evaluation basically purposes. It's always good to solve the problems yourself and the exams actually allow you to do this not every lecture has exams associated with it but I'm working on it so thanks very much and good luck


All right. Hello, everybody. Welcome back to the Pico CTF video. My name is John Hammond, and we're looking at this challenge for 80 points in the forensics category on level two, just keep trying. So it says, here's an interesting capture of some data, but what exactly is this data? Take a look. Data.pcap. We can go ahead and get the link address. Let's make a new directory for this challenge called just keep trying, and let's W get that. Cool. This is another pcap file. That means we can open up in a wire shark that's a packet capture, except interestingly enough, these don't look like normal web or other networking traffic conversations. This looks like USB is the protocol here, and there are a lot of these, I guess, okay, 66 packets, and there's nothing particularly readable in them, but it says they're all URB interrupts in and from some source, whatever, 2.1.1 in the host is in the destination, but there's some kind of data going through this. Apparently, okay, it's USB data. We can check out these frames here, but there's not much that changes other than, oh, sorry, a couple of the frames and the leftover data it says here. Huh, okay. So let's check out what the hint says. What is this? What is it that we're actually looking at right here? Hence, find out what kind of packets these are, okay? It looks like they're, yeah, what does the info column say in wire shark? These are USB packets, right? What changes between packets? What does that data look like? Well, the leftover data changes just a little bit. It looks like every other one is filled with zeros, but every other one that's not that other one has actual data in there, okay? Like some number, or some, it looks like hex, yeah, that's obviously hex, we saw zero F and stuff. So take a look at this, okay? Some link here, PDF document, we can go to that. A universal serial bus, HID usage tables. So HID, reading this a little bit more, HID stands for Human Interface Device, scrolling through this table of contents here and the introduction it says, okay, yeah, this is the device class definition for Human Interface Devices, okay?  It looks like there's a lot of documentation on this in this PDF file. So let's go ahead and save this. Let's put it in, just keep trying. Call it like documentation, cool. And I want to open that up to actually Evan's documentation on PDF, sweet. Cause I'm sure that what we're looking at here has to be some input changing over and over again. So maybe they're inputting, maybe they're trying to type out like a flag if this is a USB keyboard or something. So it looks like there is an explanation on how the keyboards work here with page 53. So let's go to that page in our PDF viewer and we've got, okay, keyboard and keypad page. These are the keys that you would see implemented in a USB keyboard. So it looks like hexadecimal values that refer to whatever specific key they're trying to type on the keyboard. So if we looked at this in Wireshark one more time, what is it that particularly changes? That first string up at the top and this byte down here. So let's say they're just, I mean, we normally would want to know like a flag format here for like a capture the flag competition because we want to know what it is that we're actually looking for. So for Pico CTF there hasn't been a pretty static flag format, but it will likely normally just say like flag, right? So if I check that out, what is it for F? What is the key that I'm looking for or the number that I'm looking for for key F is zero nine, okay? So at the very, very start, it looks like zero nine is exactly that. What is L? L is zero F, cool. So the packet right after it, I remember it was just a zero byte that wasn't changing or doing anything, but there's a zero F and A, zero four and hex. What's that packet? Zero four, okay. So G, right? Spelling out the word flag, zero A. Skip a packet, zero A, perfect. So it looks like, okay, that is trying to type out a flag for us. Now we just have to go ahead and scrape out all this information because we don't want to like, well, we could manually determine what this is, but that's not very fun. So let's try and figure out what we can do. I want to introduce you to something called Scapey or S-C-A-P-Y. It is a packet manipulation program. Really it's a tool for Python. So it's a library that if you wanted to use, you totally can. If you want to install it, you can just use PIP. There's a little bit of documentation and stuff online, but I will just kind of be going through the, like objective oriented, here's the tutorial and stuff. Here's to actually go ahead and do it, but they do give a little bit of getting started guide and some usage, et cetera. So totally check this out if you want to get into some really, really cool things for a tutorial and actually how to use Scapey to not only receive packets, if you want to listen for things on the network, send packets if you want to do that or process through a P-CAP, like a file of a bunch of packets. So that's exactly what we can do here. Let's take a look at getting to do that in Python. Oh, I killed my terminal, whoops. All right, so if you, again, if you need to just do a PIP3 install, Scapey, obviously you'll need your password because you're running in pseudo and then let's try and create a script here. I'll call it apep.py. All right, I'm going to be fighting over the pep8 standards again in this. So please forgive me, script to extract keys out of data.pcap. All right, so we import Scapey in an interesting way. You actually can do from Scapey.all import star. Normally you've seen that style from module import all, but Scapey.all has an interesting note. That dot all is kind of not what we're used to when we're just trying to get everything out of a package. So that will load everything into the global namespace, so we won't have to use Scapey.anything, which some people might argue at me against, but whatever, this works. You can correct me in the comments, I know you will. So now we can actually create an object that will hold everything that we are reading out of a pcap. And if you wanted to do this in the documentation, if you wanna try and figure this out, I wanna see reading pcap files, sure. Okay, there's a function rdpcap to read pcap and you can just pass it along. And that will have all of the different files that you wanna work with here. So packets equals rdpcap and then we'll give it the file name, which is data.pcap, perfect. And then I can print packets, just to see what it says here. Why do I, oh, did I forget the, yeah, whatever. I'm fine with that. Now we can run Ape, just like that. Okay, and we have other 66 packets. So if you wanted to, we could run packets.show and you'll get a list of all of the packets that you're seeing here. So 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 6, 5. And they're all a raw type because they're not TCP or UDP like you would expect to see normally. So we can index them just like any other list here. And if you wanted to run .show on only that, you can just do that. So see, okay, now we're looking at the very first packet here. It is a raw type packet and it has a load or some like the data that it's carrying with it. That just looks like a lot of right now escaped hex. So an interesting thing is that this backslash t is what we're actually looking for. If I were to show you packets 2, you would note that, okay, that is the backslash 0xf that we saw. So that's the letter L. So packets 0 when we're checking that out. 0x9 is a backslash t. I'll show you that. Slash 0x9, that's backslash t. Cool, so that we can determine how many bytes along that is from the very back and go ahead and extract or slice out just that piece of data that we want here. So one, two, three, four, five, six. It looks like it's six from the back. So if we wanted to, we could just slice out from the load variable negative six from the back. And we want to print that out. So we can just play it on screen. Okay, so that is nine because it's seeing it just in hex like that. Let's actually convert that to hex. Okay, great. And now we're seeing that as a string hex just like that. Cool, so now let's actually kind of correspond that with everything that we saw in the PDF file. So that means we're gonna have to try and carve out everything from that PDF file. So open it up again, documentation.pdf. Let's go to that page and let's try and be smart with this. I'm just gonna copy all of this that we may want. So I'm gonna go keyboard A and down. Let's put this in a new file in, or like call it mapping dot text. And then we can cut this up and carve it out to have our Python data work with it in a little bit. But first let's get all that raw data just copy and paste it out of there. So blah, blah, blah, paste that. And maybe not all of these will be working the way we want them to, but we should at least get a general thing. Cause if we carve out what that hex identifier is and then determine the actual key, it is that we would be expecting there. Well, okay, we can print that out and have it be used throughout our script. Paste that. I don't know how far down to particularly go. So I'm just gonna be safe here. Maybe you can do that too if you wanna trust that. But looks like these are just special characters now and keep that stuff. So maybe we don't need all those. I wanted to make sure I got the numbers because you've seen before in other challenges for Pico CTFA have been using like a hash, like hexadecimal characters and numbers to refer to their flag. So, okay, now that we have that mapping dot text document created, let's go ahead and cut this up. We know how to do this from the command line, right? Because let's say this hex character that we're looking for, zero four, zero five, blah, blah, blah. That is the second column when we are denoting it with spaces, right? And then the fourth column will actually be the key that we're looking for, like F, L, A, G, et cetera. So let's cut that out and see what we can get. I want to cat mapping dot text, cut tack deed limiter using the space character. Let's get the hex that we want, cool. Maybe a couple of these aren't working for us, but that's just fine. Let's also grab field four and then that looks like it has a good mapping for us. So let's go ahead and redirect that to new mapping dot text. And I'm gonna open that up in sublime text so I can figure some stuff out with it because I want to make this into a dictionary that Python will be able to handle. So let's say we want everything before the first space. I'm gonna use regular expressions here. If you haven't used regular expressions before, I want to tell you they are awesome, but I'm gonna use that to just cut up this data and process it real quick. It's using a lot of like special weird characters to denote a thing that you want to search for and track down in text and then you can do find and replace like statements a lot better. So I'm gonna say everything, the space in the middle is what I care about as my delimiter. So if I want the notion before it, I'm gonna take in parentheses a period to match anything and then a star to match a multiple of it. So that will return just that input part and I want to put that in hex. So I'm gonna put a zero X and then a dollar sign one. Zero X will know that I want it in hex and dollar sign one will return the original thing that I was in. So that looks like that copied the space with it. So I do want to change that to be a colon following it. So that will put it in the style where Python will consider that a, we can remove those oddities there. Python will consider that a part of the dictionary. So now following that colon as my delimiter, I want everything after it. So I want that specific string that we're checking out. So I will replace that, put the colon back there with dollar sign one, but I'll put it in string, like put it wrapped around in quotes. So it'll be noted as a string and I'll put a comma after it. So that way I can hit control alt enter and it will affect all of them. And then we can put that in curly braces and to note that this is a dictionary that we want Python to be able to handle. So a couple of those are still odd balls we can remove but for the most part, we have all the particular keys that we want and numbers. So let's see if we get any luck with this. Let's say mapping can equal pasted this dictionary here. I'm going to ignore flake over the time being because it's very annoying. If we wanted to, we could remove all these new lines and then just have everything follow. But okay, this backslash is breaking it. That's a good thing to note. Backslash key, we can kill all those new lines if we want, yeah. Select in that selection. So we don't remove all the new lines in our actual web page or in our current script. But now if I were to print mapping, we should have a notation of what is actually referring to what in our pcap data. Ape, make sure I run there. Great, okay. So now I can specify mapping with 0x04 or 09 and get flag out of that or F, cool. So that means that we can for each packet in all of those packets that we're reading, we can say, let's get the packet out first, get that coordinate that we want, that specific byte that we want, special byte. And then we can determine, okay, what is the mapping set to that special byte? I wanna make sure it will actually do this. Okay, no, so key error, looks like it is interpreting that as a string. So we can actually probably just leave this without the hex portion. F, no, zero does not exist. So because we are checking every single packet, those ones that were in between, everyone that had a letter was just nothing, it was just a zero. If we wanted to fix that, kind of an easy hack is to say, okay, zero in our mapping will refer to nothing or we could skip it in our for loop, whichever one you particularly want. So let's just try it. And we are getting some things out here, flag, press, onward, et cetera. So let's now do some list building. So we don't actually have a new line for every part of it. Let's say flag can equal empty list and then we can flag dot append that byte that we're finding and then we can just determine by printing out the flag joined by an empty string. So to put all of those elements of the list together, that should display it out on the screen for us. Flag, press, onwards, and then we have a random C at the end here. Cool, so this is the flag that we want. Let's go ahead and submit this. Don't need that ending curly brace there. Submit, oh, I missed it, okay. Well, it didn't specify whether or not they wanted it all low uppercase or not. So let's just try it in a uppercase, press, onwards, with our string here. Maybe that is what they want. Submit, no. Let's take another look at the mappings, actually. So I wanna know if that hyphened, oh, the and underscore maybe acting, yeah. So maybe that is an underscore. Let's try that. Yes, okay, awesome, awesome. Geez, I'm sorry that took so long. It didn't mean for us to be tripping over that for so long, but that's cool, good for us to note. Taking advantage of actually reading through that documentation, especially for the special characters that all the words seem to make sense. Like the lead speak looked cool. It looked like a legitimate flag, but the underscores were getting us there. So keep that in mind, I suppose. Try everything, don't stop. Just keep trying, get it? All right, hey, I wanna showcase some love to my supporters here. So special shout out to these individuals for all of your help and donations and support on Patreon. You guys are phenomenal. $1 a month on Patreon will give you just a special shout out at the end of every video. $5 a month will give you early access to everything I create on YouTube before it gets released because normally I record in bulk or in mass and I let YouTube gradually slowly day by day release it. So hey, if you did like this video, please do press that like button. Maybe leave me a comment. If you're willing to subscribe and if you wanna support me, check me out on Patreon or my website, www.johnhamman.org. Sweet, see you later.