Welcome to today's edition of Life in the Law and I'm your host, Carol Mon Lee. Our guest today is Justine Herrera, a lawyer and graduate of the William S. Richardson School of Law and the new executive director of MaxCorp, Maximum Legal Services Corporation, a very important non-profit legal organization that provides trustee, conservatorship and other services for people who need help managing their finances or properties. It serves people around the entire state who are not otherwise able to obtain those services elsewhere. So, welcome, Justine. Thanks so much for having me, Carol. Good to see you again. Good to see you too. So, MaxCorp, which the full name is Maximum Legal Services Corporation. So, tell us a little bit about MaxCorp and its mission. Well, MaxCorp was started in 1988, so we've been around for quite a bit of time. And we were originally founded from the Legal Aid Society of Hawaii.  And the idea behind starting MaxCorp was that at the time Legal Aid was coming under some strains for funding, similar to where we are now where the federal government is looking to cut back on some legal service fundings. MaxCorp was founded around that same period of time. And it was because the Legal Aid Board of Directors really saw the need for guardianships of the property for disabled adults and children that wasn't necessarily going to be funded by grants. So they started MaxCorp Legal Services Corporation as a way to fill that need for what we call the GAP group individuals, people that may not qualify for legal services, but may actually qualify for additional services, but not necessarily funded by grants. So MaxCorp was started and we eventually became our own independent non-profit. So you're no longer affiliated with Legal Aid. That's correct. We're no longer affiliated with Legal Aid. But we have a lot of the same Board of Directors that actually initially started MaxCorp still on our board today. So give me the background of the name Max. Is it Maximum? Maximum Services? Maximum? Maximum was actually started because one of the founding attorneys from Legal Aid on Kauai, his name is Max Graham. So it was kind of a play on words, so you know Max, so it was kind of a play on words and he was one of the founders. And they decided to have a little fun with the name. And so they came up with Maximum Legal Services Corporation. I see. So okay, so I see you were specifically then established to service only certain types of cases. Well, originally when we were founded, the idea was behind it was really servicing disabled people who may need help managing their finances. Okay, so give me an example. So an example of that, the typical case is going to be an individual who may have been involved in an accident. And through that accident, they've lost capacity to manage their finances and funding. And a lot of the times you're getting money from a settlement because of the accident and the insurance, whatever that case may be. And so a lot of the times you're setting up a special needs trust for the individual so that their money can be used for their benefit, but oftentimes if there were adults or minor children, there wasn't anyone to actually serve as trustee. And so MaxCorp came into existence to actually be that trustee to manage the finances, making sure that we were able to pay the bills. A lot of the times with a special needs trust, you can't pay for all the things that you could want. It's there so that the person, individual can still get benefits like Medicaid and Medicare, Social Security benefits, while receiving some supplemental income to kind of keep them above poverty line since they have that funding available to them. So will MaxCorp actually maintain these accounts for individuals? Will open up an account at a bank or some other financial institution, pool all of the resources for that individual and then distribute and pay bills? Correct. A lot of what we are is a fiduciary service. So we are opening accounts, reconciling bank accounts, paying bills. And then the additional level to that is we have myself an attorney on staff that we can actually, if it's court ordered, file petitions with court, accountings with court and report back to court so that they know exactly what we are doing and that we are confining to the law in that regard. So how many attorneys do you have on staff? Well right now we just have me. I'm the solo attorney as well as the executive director so I wear lots of different hats. But we also have a paralegal that helps me and as you know paralegals are always the crux to a legal practice so we have a fantastic paralegal office assistant. And then in addition to our legal team we actually also have two bookkeepers on staff that help manage the clients finances making sure that bank accounts are reconciled monthly so that we know exactly what's going in and what's coming out of each bank account so we can make financial decisions based on accurate accounting. And then in addition what makes MaxCorp really unique is that we've had this social worker aspect which allows us to add a different level of service for our clients that social worker helps the clients by setting budgets with them and also connecting them with different social services making sure that they're really getting the full benefit whether that's connecting them with social security office with the VA to get certain other benefits that may be available to them. So we're really kind of a we like to call ourselves kind of a one stop shop in terms of fiduciary services where we're not only covering the legal side but we've got the bookkeeping and accounting side as well as the social side. And by how many clients do you have at any given time? Well right now we have a client base of about 60 clients so we're still growing and there's always room to grow. Are they all from Oahu or do you also accept clients from neighbor islands? We are all over the neighbor islands so we have cases on Big Island, on Maui, majority of our cases are in Oahu and I don't know if we have any current active cases on Kauai but we do have a presence on all islands. You know I know we have a great slide on the summary of the services and the team sir can we show that one? So let's see you've mentioned the conservatorship administration and trust administration, special needs trust administration what is that? So the special needs trust and the supplemental needs trust are different types of trust that can be created and these trusts have higher restrictions on them as to how you can spend the funds. So an example of a person who might need that? So that's typically an individual and we have a lot of cases where there can either be a first party or third party trust and the first party trust is that example of someone who may be in a car accident where the funds are given to them directly and they are able to because they have the funds. So they have an accident and someone's insurance pays them a million dollars to cover part of their injury and other loss. Now if they may already be receiving some benefits maybe they want to keep their SSI they can't receive the full amount to themselves it will automatically disqualify them from certain services. So you put it in a special needs trust and that allows them to still have that fund available to them without disqualifying them from certain federal funding services that they may need. So it's theirs technically but they don't have access to it as easily without that trust so therefore will not disqualify them. And those trusts also have an automatic payback provision that says after they pass the money left over will go back to payback Medicaid. So any excess funds that they don't spend will can be used to payback the state for any medical services that went covered. And then I noticed the last service was probate administration. So that's actually one of our newer services that we just started doing in 2016 and it came about because a lot of our conservatorship cases they typically end when an individual passes away but what do we do when there's still funding left over. So for our audience what what is a conservatorship good question.  Typically you have to go to court and so this might be someone who has become incapacitated because of an accident or dementia Alzheimer's you know that I think typically what we're seeing nowadays because as a society we're living longer you know a lot of these issues facing us when we age like losing your mental ability to be able to keep up with your finances pay your bills get your taxes done on time all those things if they go undone someone can look and say hey you may need a conservatorship to have someone help you manage those finances. So a lot of the time it's family members or other individuals like care homes who may see that a person is not being you know able to manage their own finances and they may ask an attorney to come and petition the court to get a conservatorship over an individual. So this might be an adult child or a friend of the family I see yeah and you step in if there are no children or well we step in if there's no one that's willing to become the conservator and with being appointed as a conservator by the court you have some responsibilities that may be your regular person wouldn't want to handle and that would be like you have to report back to the court annually as to your expenses and you need to provide budgets to the court for future expenses. So actually any conservator would have to provide that except they may not be equipped or want to do that so you can step in and do that. I mean it's challenging enough to manage your own checkbook imagine having to manage somebody else's and be able to keep your accounting in line to present it to the court annually. So it is a challenge that most you know regular family members maybe they're busy taking care of the actual individual. Sure day to day needs. Yeah and they may not have time to go about and to actually do all the financial steps make sure all the bills are paid make sure everything's done timely and then again put it all together in a report to the court at the end of the year. So we can provide that services to families who either don't have anyone necessarily to serve and that could be maybe the elderly couple who hasn't had any kids or it's the family that maybe only has one or two kids that maybe are on the mainland or are already handling their everyday care and don't have the energy and time to really spend it on the financial side. Okay and so then when that person dies the do we call that person the patient? Well our client. The client. Our client when they pass if they have funds left over we come into the issue of what do we do. You know we've been conservator and your conservatorship ends at the term of somebody's life. So the next step is typically you have the will probated at court. Now what happens if they don't have a will or if the person they list in the will was never asked in the first place and are not willing to do so. So MaxCorp has offered those clients that we would step in and we can be the personal representative named in the will and we will actually go through the steps to make sure that the will is properly probated. Notice is provided to the public through publication and newspaper. Notice to creditors are made and then after any excess bills that need to be paid we go ahead and we distribute to the beneficiaries either listed in the will or the interstict succession. So I bet it takes a long time how long does that take? It does. The program process can take up to six months at minimum and typically can last over a year. So how do your services get supported or paid for? Well we are a fee for service nonprofit and that means that we charge fees for our service. Now we also stick by our mission and I don't know if we can pull the mission out on the screen. Look at our mission again. But our mission is to provide high quality legal services and assistance to all persons of all ages who would not be otherwise able to obtain or afford adequate legal representation. So although we are a fee for service nonprofit and we do have to accept cases with fees we do first and foremost when we're looking at whether or not we're going to take a case is does it fit within our mission? This is an individual who would not be able to receive services elsewhere and elsewhere when we talk about elsewhere we're usually talking about corporate trustees and that's typically the banks, the larger banks institutions and they have certain thresholds for amount of liquid assets that a person needs to have in order for. Minimum. Exactly. And so a lot of the times when we're looking at a case as to whether we should accept it or not is really is there anywhere else for this person to go? And so that's for me the first checklist that we need to ask ourselves and then come secondary whether or not they can pay. And if they can only provide a limited amount then we work that out. We don't want to turn anyone away because like I said our mission is first and foremost and that's really where we want to be able to serve the public. That's why MaxCorp was set up and so we try to do it in a fiscally responsible way but at the same time recognizing the need and the community for the service. Great. Okay well we're going to take a short break justine and come right back and hear more about Max, MaxMill Legal Services Corp and it's very important work in our community. We'll be right back. Hello thank you for watching Think Tech, Planet of the Courageous. I'm Dr. Dean Nelson, host of Planet of the Courageous. In Tibetan mythology it's said that you pick this planet to learn something. You picked your birth on this planet to learn something. This planet is spinning and hurling through space at 67,000 miles up per hour and it takes courage to not slip into fear and collapse into anxiety. One can find so many justifications for selfishness and prejudice but we have two ears to listen to one another and one heart that can provide a common ground but this takes courage to stay in that space. We've chosen the right planet for the opportunity to learn, courage and try to solve so many challenges. Aloha, thank you for watching. We're back. This is Carol Monly and my guest today is Justine Herrera, the sole lawyer and executive director of MaxMill Legal Services Corp. So thank you so much Justine for being here. So we're talking a bit about the types of support that you provide to your clients and although your fee for services you do have pro bono clients. So what percentage of your clients are pro bono and what percentage actually pay for services? Well we right now have a nice even mix of both pro bono and fee for service clients. So I would say we're about 50% even on both and like I said it's right in line with our mission that you know although the fees are important it's more important to serve those in need. So even though some may be pro bono some may be very reduced fee for individuals who you know an example would be we have a client who is was involved in the accident and only receives social security.  Oh no. But the accident didn't result in any insurance payout? It didn't unfortunately. Off-grid or nothing? No, no it was just kind of one of those freak medical accidents that happened to individuals and I believe he's suffered several strokes throughout that and made his condition a little bit you know continued to deteriorate. So we only receive a certain limited amount of funding every month for the individual but we want to make sure that money goes towards his care. So you mean you receive it on his behalf? Correct. From social security. And does he have family that? He doesn't, unfortunately. He has no family. So you step in? We've stepped in and we make sure that his caregiver is paid for first and foremost, secondarily that he has... That's all the bookkeeping. That's the bookkeeping. And then you know he's a human being as well so we want to make sure that he has spending allowance. As much as permissible we give them some money to spend on you know the things that we all like just because he's disabled and at home doesn't mean he doesn't have access to Amazon or internet so why not give individuals some integrity, some autonomy in that. It sounds like because you mentioned you have social workers on board as well as people who help with the budget and the bookkeeping. So does your social worker actually go to your client's home and home? Yeah. Our social worker actually does home visits which is like I said what really makes us unique is that aspect. In fact just last week she did a home visit to one of our clients who's actually a couple, a married couple, both are disabled and was able to go and just do a home visit, see how everything's going. They had some wishes and wants on their list so we went there to see if we can make those things a reality. Purchasing certain things. Exactly. Yeah. Washer and dryer, those type of things. And seeing if you know A is the house equipped for it and asking those questions to the resident manager and things like that whether or not the apartment can be retrofitted to include certain amenities that they're requesting and what are our options. So we wouldn't be able to know those things if we didn't go down there and actually see how they're living and what they need. So does the social worker actually go into the shopping if they're not able to get in? We try to get them some level of independence but a lot of what our social worker will do is on top of the home visits and setting the budget is looking for different programs that may suit the individual and then working with the guardian if there is one or the individual directly to get them enrolled in different programs whether it's adult daycare for individuals with dementia and Alzheimer's, getting their caregiver a break and dealing with those issues because if you have a 24-hour caregiver and your client has dementia going on Alzheimer's it can be a lot for one person as a caregiver to deal with 24 hours a day. So being able to find different sources of funding or different programs that we can spend the finances on to get them into that gives the caregiver a break and that allows the individual to get a different you know group of friends get out there and continue to exercise their mind as best they possibly can. So our social worker provides a great tremendous service and it's all catered towards each client because we have such a different variety of clients from children who need guardianship or guardianship of the property services to you have your elderly and disabled clients. So having that wide variety really means that our social work has to wear a lot of different hats you know what client are we dealing with and what role are we fitting are we the conservator are we the trustee you know are we dealing with family members are we the PR probing someone's will and helping you know with different aspects of grief. Boy I didn't realize how complex these services that you provide your clients so how do these clients find you. Well we were very fortunate to have good connections with attorneys in the community since we've been around for so long we get a lot of referrals from attorneys who are in the process of drafting the document and maybe they're drafting the trust or the conservatorship you know they've been approached by a family member to initiate a conservatorship or by the individual to do a trust and the question becomes so who are you naming and if their answer is well I'm not too sure or I don't have anybody you know I can afford to pay a corporate trustee. Exactly so then we rely a lot on referrals from local attorneys in the community for a while we had a very good connection with the Maui office of public guardian we know that the public guardians offices around the state are have a high load of cases and so we we try to connect with them to let them know that if they see cases where we can become a partner we'd be happy to step in and become involved. Is there a wait list? For our services no not right now we don't have a wait list so we are accepting new cases so if there's any attorneys out there. We will post and toward the end of the show some contact information so you all know where to find Justine and Max core Max core. So tell me a little bit about you mentioned your fee for services do you have and your budget or non-profit do you accept donations? We do we do absolutely accept donations so we've been a fee for service program for quite a long time when we first started we did have some grants through the Hawaii Foundation the Justice Foundation so but because we know that grants aren't necessarily sustainable and there's other non-profits out there that also need grants as well we try to be independent as much as possible but we always will accept donations from the community who see what we do as an important aspect but we also really enjoy referrals from attorneys who have cases that we could be of assistance we don't have a minimum threshold so we can accept all types of cases so we're corporate trustee we might have a minimum million dollar account you have no such limitation we have no such limitation in fact recently we accepted a case where it was a probate issue where an individual passed and he left some funds for his grandchildren now they're all minor kids so they can't necessarily just receive it outright I think their ages ranged between 10 and 17 so a wide variety of grandkids we were asked by the court to step in to administer their funds and it was a small amount left for them but enough to have a nice gift for them when they turn 18 so until they turn 18 you establish bank accounts and distribute on a regular basis if they need money they come to you and ask for money correct so we allow them to know where our funds are kept give reportings to them on an annual basis depending on what the court requires we may have to report to the court either annually or try annually and then you know we provide a way so that they can you know get their funds when they need it and the court knows that it's being responsibly held and it's not being spent too quickly and that hopefully will have enough saved so that when they do turn 18 if they want we can turn over the account to them they can invest the money they can spend the money they can use it to college you know whatever they want it'll become theirs but we'll be safe keeping it in the meantime to make sure that they have something when they turn 18 that's a really important method for them to be able to access their money but have it safe in the meantime watched and protected and hopefully growing if that's what you do invest the money we do we oftentimes do in fact we have another case where a minor parent passed away and left a life insurance settlement which is you know a great way to provide for our children's future in case of an accident and you know what do you do when you're a young kid now you all of a sudden have a large sum so she was old enough that we were able to go to financial planner together and include her in the decision-making she could learn about she can learn about finances exactly and make smart decisions for when she is of age and ready to take over that she can either continue to invest and maybe have enough to buy a home eventually one day or use it for college and and you know enjoy a loan-free college experience so you know there's a lot of ways that we help the community whether they're young elderly disabled I mean such a variety different avenues that we can really provide services to people who really don't have a lot of options elsewhere in the community right so what's the future of MaxCorp well I see us growing this is the first time in MaxCorp's history that we've had an executive director and an attorney full-time so I've taken on that role and I'm here looking to expand I've been talking to a lot of attorneys since I first started here to find out what other needs can we fill in the community and and what what do they need in terms of attorneys who are drafting the documents and how else can we serve you know the people of white so I'm starting to get a lot of different inputs from a lot of different attorneys on how we can continue to grow what services are needed and I don't know if we mentioned that I'm my third month at MaxCorp so as I get more familiar with what the needs are in the community I hope to expand our services and be able to offer a different variety of services and places that people may need and so we'll see where the future takes us but I have high hopes for MaxCorp okay great and just quickly do you see any changes in the future because of the changes in the political environment or the possible increase in immigrant issues you know I do and working in the legal service field has been something that I've dedicated to my my very short career as being attorney but my career is in the legal field towards and I know that although it won't directly affect our budget it will affect that of legal aid site of Hawaii and and the other organizations that receive federal funding and because of that I think that they're not going to be able to serve as many people which is the unfortunate reality of getting funding cut which means that we may have to fulfill a need to pick up some of that exactly so once that happens and it's too early to tell exactly what's going to happen with the new administration but once we figure that out and we find out what services have been cut where is the need we may look into picking up that slack and seeing what we can do that to our part we'll be watching you just a wonderful potential help to our society our community we just have a few seconds do you have something you'd like to say to our community and we're flashing on the screen the contact information from MaxCorp there's the website www.maxlegalservices.org and the phone number<PHONE_NUMBER> and justine what would you like to say well I would like to tell everyone listening and watching today if you haven't heard of MaxCorp please go our website take a look find out a little bit more about our services that we provide if you're an attorney who has maybe a client in mind that could benefit from our services please do give us a call and then if there's any clients out there or potential clients out there who are watching and who are interested in how max services can help you please call go visit our website and contact us thank you thank you so much justine we really appreciate the learning more about MaxCorp and this is Carol Monly for I think tech Hawaii life and a lot we'll see you next time


G'day mate 40 here. So in the 1960s there was a saying don't trust anyone over 30 So there was this youth revolution and goodness and and wisdom was supposed to reside with the youth and they wanted the power to completely remake their own educational systems to completely remake their own, you know curriculum at university to completely remake society and Obviously that was you know foolishness now It makes me think the kind of the opposite that when it comes to Questions of wisdom questions of politics questions of you know deeper significance Don't trust anyone over 25 car rental companies won't rent a car to anyone over Under the age of 25 why because the prefrontal cortex, right that that self-regulating mechanism Doesn't really come online properly until we're 25. So you'll notice with people in their teens and early 20s have exuberant and exorbitant belief in themselves like above and beyond all evidence that Teens and early 20s they have have these delusions are going to change the world that they have all sorts of talents and abilities that they don't have to the degree that they think they have that they are confident that you know, everything's going to go great for them and It's only until about age 25 that this prefrontal cortex really comes online and people get a stronger sense of reality So people tend to sober up by their Late 20s, right people don't tend to have the same delusions that they've they've carried, you know through their teens and into their early early 20s And so I've been live streaming here on YouTube since 2015 I think since 2017 people have been talking about Nick Fuentes as this amazing political commentator and my reaction always was I'm not gonna seek political wisdom from you know some 17 18 year old kid now 18 year old kids 22 year old kids can provide high entertainment value and people like Nick Fuentes and what James Alsop and Ken Brown Deep Left Jerkel, I mean these guys can provide entertainment value And so occasionally I've checked them out for the entertainment value now What's happened is that they've amassed substantial following because they are entertaining But they've misunderstood that as Confirmation of their deep-life wisdom and so with Ken Brown in particular He's got this delusion that all these people are asking him for life advice and whenever he He talks about what other people are saying to him at least in his latest video doesn't correspond to reality Nobody is saying to him any of the things that that he alleges in this in this video and What makes young people in their lead teens early 20s? particularly wacky is when they don't have a community when they don't have friends to bounce things off so when you listen to Ken Brown or Nick Fuentes or even a rigid Spencer You notice that friendship doesn't seem to play a significant role in their lives that there's no Community like Nick doesn't go to church. I suspect that Ken Brown doesn't go to church that there's not a community that keeps An eye on on them. So for me I would I could never get away with with saying many of the things that Ken and Nick Richard have said because I got friends in a community.   So There's there's a lack of balance like in people under 25 they they seize on You know some idea that they have chanced upon and then pursue it to some absurd ends Without any greater sense of context, right? We should live Within a constellation of values like truth is a value but also being prosocial is a value and preserving relationships is a value and laughter is a value but also preserving life and minimizing harm is a value and justice is a value But also we're trying to increase tranquility and peace is a value and these values are constantly clashing and So what you see with with people under 25 is they all choose one or two good values and then just pursue them to an absurd degree without respect to Other values in in a normal constellation. So I Think it's wonderful that Ken Brown wants to dedicate his life to serving God But his dedication to a life-serving guide seems to be completely bereft of community and friendship and family like Friendship family community play played seem to play virtually no role in his videos I know he went on a trip where he was trying to connect with people. So good for you But overall in his in his videos He doesn't seem to events, you know any sense of family any sense of community any sense of developing a career any sense of studying with people wiser than himself at a particularly either informal or a formal educational setting and So when you're just going off on your own half cocked pursuing, you know an idea, I'm gonna serve God, right? I remember I was like this. I was listening to Dennis Prager and about age 23 in in the summer of 1989 Towards the end of 1989. I said I want to dedicate my life to God and One day Dennis Prager called me and he said look you've called me many times because I called him on his show He said I thought I'd call you because I had also written him letters and At the time I was reading the brothers Karamazov by Dostoevsky and I've been reading about the Grand Inquisitor And I talked, you know, I told Dennis, you know, I want to dedicate my life to God I'm gonna dedicate myself to serving the Almighty and Dennis said be moderate about it, right? so when you have friends when you have community when you have family when you have these interlocking human connections, they will tend to make you more moderate and more pro-social and they'll help you to To make better decisions than you would if you just went off on your own When we when we just go off on our own So serving God as as you know, we think best Usually doesn't work out too well because serving God can mean absolutely anything Right unless you have a community to whom you're accountable You can go off and do anything like some have been lied in an al-Qaeda thought they were serving God by Taking down the twin towers towers. There are plenty of Christian terrorists who thought they were serving God by by killing people so Just you and God, I don't trust that I don't trust people his morality is based on their own thinking and you see with it the Nick Fuentes and a Ken Brown and and Richard Spencer that they're so disconnected from other people that they seem to overwhelmingly rely on the Of their own thinking right that they're going to be able to think things through and they're going to find the flaws in their Own arguments and we're just not evolutionarily adapted that way All right, we evolved to think socially like we evolved to be very good at pointing Finding the flaws in other people's arguments so that would be less likely to be manipulated By by other people, but we're terrible at seeing the flaws in our own argument So that's why we need to think socially. That's why we need to be You know connected we will we were born into a tribe. We were born into families a tribe a nation right and We weren't born to think you know metaphysical questions philosophical questions just all out on our own Right, we need other people challenging us and you know often face-to-face looking as looking us in the eye and That way we develop empathy for other people for their experiences and We often see the limits and the shortcomings and the failures of our own thinking And with the Nick Fuentes and the Ken Brown. I'm kind of surprised at how similar they are And how they they both go off kind of half cocked completely Assured of their own thinking that they can they can they're confident They can spot the flaws in their own thinking and they're just going to serve God on their own And they don't need community to mediate anything. They don't need Mentors they don't need, you know priest ministers rabbis. They don't need Guidance that they can just figure it out on their own and it's absurd it leads to the absurd results that we're seeing in the work of Nick Fuentes and Ken Brown and Richard Spencer and other people who don't live life Interlocked and immersed with with others If I had a dollar for every time Luke Ford quoted Dennis Prager, I would be wealthy or Dennis Prager played a huge role in my life and one of the things that Being being connected to Dennis Prager did is it also connected me with with a wider Jewish community and The people may come and people may go But the Jewish community has played a huge role in my life And unless one is accountable to community one is very likely to go off in you know, all sorts of bizarre directions Simply an individualist society like America today That you can just start going downhill and there's there's no longer any automatic stops As you become degenerate as you start, you know Morally declining. There are no automatic stops in our society anymore. You can just keep going right into the gutter Unless you're immersed In invaluable connections with other people and they will say hey You got to cut this out or I can't have anything to do with you so The prefrontal cortex doesn't come online till 25 You know, we can expect entertainment value from people under 25, but we can't expect life wisdom Political wisdom, right? And so just because someone listens to you for entertainment value That doesn't mean that you have life wisdom cultural wisdom political wisdom Religious wisdom, right Nick and ken, you know chose niches that are underserved So there's a great thirst for alt-right commentary That is not provided by the mainstream And so you can very quickly build up an audience if you talk about these these alt-right topics Because there are so few people of substance talking about them So you get an audience far in proportion to what your talents would otherwise deliver for you and then out of that disproportionate audience it's very easy to to get the sense that That your insights are far more valuable than they are I mean we used to call people You know who are autistic didn't didn't we used to call them mentally retarded? And now we just say not not neurotypical or differently differently abled and so There's autistic and schizophrenic, right these are opposite sides of the spectrum. So the autistic Don't really read other people and what's going on with other people. They're not in touch with their own emotions They're not in touch with the emotions of other people. They have no sense of Of the inner life of other people. They have very little sense of their own inner life They're just kind of emotionally barren right, which which seems seems to characterize Much of ken brown's work and then on the other side There are the people of schizophrenic who read way too much into what's going on in the lives of people around them And the the motivation so this the schizophrenic and the paranoid Right, they believe that the whole world's conspiring against them they they over analyze they They believe all sorts of things that aren't there While the autistic Is just completely blind To all sorts of things that are there. So those are the two of the most prominent mental illnesses They they are opposite All right, so you want to have you know, a moderate amount of understanding of other people and being able to tune into them Right, there's no shared reality and there's no shared energy unless you can get on to the same page with other people and Younger people in particular tend to be incredibly self-absorbed. They don't tend to Have a great deal of empathy, but you'll notice by about age 25 to 30 People stop deliberately Shaming and humiliating other people publicly, right that almost never happens at the hands of people over age 30 Because as people age they grow in empathy. So I noticed that when I was going through my health problems in From 1988 to 1994 in particular, but actually nobody in the second half of life was cruel to me but Very few people my my own age displayed much empathy instead they they shied away because They couldn't understand what was happening to me.  They just like shied away While people in the second half of life just were overwhelmingly Compassionate and empathic because people in the second half of life they've had enough suffering that Their their understanding of life has expanded while people prior to age 20 they tend to have You know understanding about their own experience and they haven't devoted a great deal of attention to the lives of others and They haven't concerned themselves a great deal with, you know, other people's priorities They haven't internalized that other people are just as real as they are that other people have just many hopes and dreams And and feel things just as keenly as they do But when the prefrontal cortex comes online by about age 25, then you can start to Have more empathy for other people and empathy is a really good place to begin a worldview So that's why I don't trust the life wisdom religious wisdom political wisdom Or cultural wisdom of people under 25 because they're simply not uh Cognitively capable of sufficient amounts of empathy And if you begin from a place of empathy, you're in a place of reality All right, you're you're recognizing your obligations to others.  It doesn't occur to them There might be something that they are missing that there is someplace that they've gone wrong Let's have a look at the chat Situational value these lads are in rooms by themselves shouting into a megaphone speaking at people Seeing other people as lesses yes So I shouldn't be trusted I was exaggerating but when it comes to life wisdom and political wisdom Yeah, people under 25 are not a good source of that now At age 19, I had an open microphone to the world Right, I was the weekend news anchor at k high news radio very exceptional for a 19 year old to have You know an open mic mic to the world But I demonstrated that I was a responsible person and I was working within a particular genre news and I never violated that trust so I would report the news for about two and a half years. I was weekend news anchor I did hundreds thousands of news broadcasts never violated that trust but very few 19 year olds have an open mic to the world very few 19 year olds a news anchor as it can just flip a switch and and talk to talk to the community Talk to anyone who's tuned in to am 950 ke hi news radio So generally speaking people don't get those kind of roles until they're at least 25 years of age Now that doesn't mean that you may know some exceptional young people who can be trusted right But generally speaking you don't give the keys to your car to someone under 25 Generally speaking you don't give the keys to your home to someone under 25 Now generally speaking you don't give you know $5,000 to someone under 25 for safekeeping There there are exceptional young people under age 25 who can be trusted in certain situations and It's often entertaining to exchange with them about their life religion politics culture but We all have limited time Why would we Why would we seek out the the perspectives of the 18 year old on politics? Generally speaking when there are so many wiser and more accomplished people to talk to And chat says well goes the opposite way to people over 80 shouldn't be Loud to vote because they barely have any life left They shouldn't have any decisions in voting because they have no skin in the game Well, they have a skin in the the game if they care about people Once you care about people whether it's your own children your grandchildren or your friends or your community You've got skin in the game Don't give the keys to your car to an 80 year old Generally speaking All right Between giving the keys to your car to an 80 year old and keys to your car to an 18 year old Generally speaking You're going to suffer less damage to your car if you give it to an 80 year old All right, generally speaking 80 year olds make far wiser decisions than 18 year olds Pro their flaws Bye. Bye


The Cube at EMC World 2014 is brought to you by EMC. Redefine VCE. Innovating the world's first converged infrastructure solution for private cloud computing. Brocade, say goodbye to the status quo and hello to Brocade. Okay, welcome back everyone. We're here live in Las Vegas for EMC World. It's the Cube, our flagship program where we go out to the events and extract the signal from the noise. I'm John Furrier, the founder of SiliconANGLE. Joe, my co-host, Dave Vellante, co-founder of wikibon.org and our next guest is Ahud Ruka, who's the co-founder of EMC's Extreme I.O. Pleasure to have you inside the Cube. Great to be here, thank you. Dave and I, we just love the acquisition because it was so much controversy around Flash going back on the day. What's it going to be? The memory's cheap, it sucks, it's not going to work, it's never going to ship. So much has changed, two years. Well, congratulations on the journey, but now it's all Flash, all the time, in line, all the time, great stuff. Clearly, clear the runway, as they say. The plane is up and cruising out. How do you feel about that?  Obviously, we were aware of the concerns. It's always less concerning when you are in the driver's seat because you know what's going on. People from the outside are waiting. We had, of course, our launch, GA, in the last quarter of last year. And 2014 is our first full year of shipping, and it seems to be working fantastically. Great support from EMC, and great team on the Extreme I.O. side, and we are just winning it.  Absolutely, and more important than sales guys, customers are saying the same. So a lot of demand. So what's new in Extreme I.O. for 2014? You had one year under the book, so first couple mulligans under your belt, got the development, you had the direct availability, very successful. Now you had the full throttle, pedal to the metal, we heard from Josh earlier. What's new for 2014 that's going to power you up this year? So I think a number of things. First, there is a great roadmap. We are launching its first part for the year, this month, May, with a lot of great capabilities, snapshots, and encryption, and the whole range of features. And there is more to come this year. So we are very excited on the product side. And no less important, and maybe even more important for this year, enablements of the full power and capability of the EMC sales machine, services machine, manufacturing machine, ramping up, being trained, being coming extremely productive. You got that machine working right now, Keynote offering a million dollar guarantee, and the rescue program. And rescue, yes. Describe that real quick. What does that mean? What's the million dollars mean? Is that a gimmick? Is that real? Will anyone do that? You're not going to pay that out. So I don't worry about that. You're your friend in there, source code, hey, I put a nice back door in for you. Buy a house. I already made millions of dollars. You already made millions of dollars, right? Maybe an engineer somewhere is thinking of a way to make an easy million. But we don't plan on paying it, not because we are being dishonest, because we stand behind what we guarantee here. So the guarantee itself, of course, it's a way to attract the attention of customers everywhere, to the fact that ExtremeIO guarantees all its services to be absolutely in line all the time under all conditions. You fill the array. You put very stressing workloads, whatever you do. And that's very important. It's not just a technical fact. It's very important because what it means is we can guarantee performance. We can guarantee performance consistency and we can guarantee effective use of all data services at the same time. It's a great way to highlight the value proposition, the differentiation. But I got to tell you, I was in the audience and all the IT guys, you can see who the IT guys are because they'll go, oh, that gets my attention. Because they'll all say, hmm, they're probably, the wheels start turning, right? It's like, can we make a million here? And if you guys know you got that in the bag, that's a beautiful thing. Absolutely, and that's the thing we want to encourage people to think about these things, think about these capabilities, whether they exist or not in a product, in ExtremeIO, in other products they evaluate, and let them try win it. I think we'll win along the way. Hey, Hoot, can we go back in time a little bit? So 2012 is obviously the acquisition. We had Pat Gelsinger on and we had a good discussion with him. I want to go back even before that. So when Flash first came out, it was EMC who landed the haymaker, they were stuffing Flash inside of a Symetrix. And so we said, wow, okay, this is interesting. So we started thinking about it. And then at the same, right around the same time, you had FusionIO at the other end of the spectrum with PCIe cards. And then, so I'm trying to understand when you founded ExtremeIO, sort of, what was your thinking? What was the problem in the opportunity that you saw there? Take us back. Yeah, so surprisingly enough, I think, looking today at retrospect, the vision we had back in 2009, my partners and myself, is very much the same as what we are seeing today. Quite amazing. We are seeing the things we were envisioning back then actually materializing. I think it was the understanding that performance is important and there is the famous performance gap between processing and storage that's only widening and there is a need to close it and Flash is the right way to do it. But also the understanding that with Flash being a very different, much more flexible media than disk in many ways, mostly being a random access machine, allows us to build a much better storage solution. So it's not only about performance, although performance is absolutely a key pillar and we excel and I think we lead on that front, but the ability to offer other capabilities make the whole storage solution and related IT solution environment simpler, more agile, more easier to use. How much did Steve Jobs influence you to quit your job and start Extreme I.O., right? I mean, I'm talking about the consumer, it's the choice to put Flash inside these devices, which at the time was replacing iPods, spinning disk and iPod. Yeah, absolutely, we can't ignore the fact that we see the move from disk to Flash. We had disk-based iPods back in the time. I still have one. So absolutely, it's the kind of trends and thinking that definitely creates a thought in your mind, but then there are the obvious challenges of the enterprise environment that are very different from the stress and the requirements that the Flash device in a consumer environment is. Do you feel like Flash has long legs here? Do you care? I mean, there's a lot of alternatives that are being proposed. Do you see, what's your forecast? I know our own David Floyer has his opinion and it's because of the consumer side that he feels like this has long legs, but other technologists disagree and it doesn't matter to you. Right, so in many ways it does not matter. What we have built is a software stack and an architecture that excel and are optimized for any media that's random access media. And looking at alternative technologies, they all share the same capability being of random access nature. So the technology that we have built will be able to leverage new technologies as they become available and cost effective. Although I personally feel that Flash is here to stay for a long time with new generations, new advancements obviously, cost reduction that we are seeing, being aggressively pursued all the time. But if something else comes up, we don't really care. What have you learned in your journey as an entrepreneur than being acquired by the big EMC which has done a great track, has a great track record in acquisitions, you've seen data domain and others. What have you learned and what could you do over or what would you share as learning experience for other entrepreneurs and other executives out there? Sure. Well, I must say I was, I don't know if it's a good or bad thing to say, I was positively surprised with the acquisition and integration process. I think I always repeat saying this EMC, as far as I could tell, they do not have an acquisition or integration textbook. They don't come in day one, day two, and tell you, okay, this is what we need to do now. They look at the team, they look at the product, they look at the market, and together with us, with a lot of listening on the EMC side and a lot of flexibility, build the right plan for the business. And as long as everyone is working to promote the business, it's really a completely consistent mutual interest for everybody. What are you doing now? What's your role now, Ashley?  What are you doing now? So in many ways, my role did not change. In some ways, it definitely did change being part of EMC now from a CEO of a startup company to a general manager of a business that leverages many of the EMC functions. But the role bottom line is the same. Do whatever is needed to win in the market. And frankly, being part of EMC makes it somewhat easier and makes the goal of being number one more than realistic. It's still being a leader, but different elements, right? You still got to do the leadership. Absolutely. You have more resources, maybe more meetings. Or maybe... Somewhat more meetings, yes, more people to meet. But you have more gas in the tank. Absolutely, resources, support, a great team of talent on the EMC side that's helping us. And the sales machine, that's unbelievable. Edward, how should we look at the DSSD acquisition in the context of the flash hierarchy emerging? So I know some people may ask, hey, why do you need another flesh product? But keep in mind, flesh is a technology. Just like no one is asking, why do you need more than one disk-based product? I think the requirements of different environments, different architectures, different applications are such that there is a justification for a range of products. And the transition to flesh only makes the need for more than one new platform much more visible. So the DSSD is, I believe, not much information has been disclosed, not too much detail. A very different platform relative to ExtremeIO, a very complementary one. And when we look at the huge range of use cases out there, we will be very complementary. John, horses for courses, another British term. There you go. Thank you for coming on the queue. It's been a pleasure, real big fans of your success. It's always fun to watch entrepreneurs really make it, have an exit, an acquisition, and now your current growth is a great, great trend. Certainly the trend is your friend, you know, very infrastructure, more mobile, social cloud, God bless technology. Good time for being in the software business. Thanks for coming on the queue. Really appreciate it. Appreciate it. This is the queue, we'll be right back with our next guest after this short break.


As Murphy was free. She had a good look. Oh, you can't do that with Carly Bows around the goals open She's gonna wait and let's tell me get back into position and then score anyway Wise job she take her time make sure she gets that Make sure she scores that goal because she has no teammates around to back it up So she could have tried to pull the trigger when the net was empty emcee like it's not always so easy And from that distance out right like as you point out if she doesn't if she misses the target It's turnover right so instead Carly Bows Just gets right in front and then she knows she's gonna finish second of the day To nothing Mustangs lead with 2601 to play here in the first half and it starts with Carly getting the interception On top of everything else we joked about how she thinks of herself as defensive player Considering she's the reigning Mack often or Matt Commonwealth offensive player of the week Well, she now has 23 cause turnovers on the year to lead the team


Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to a new Zor education. We continue talking about self-induction and this lecture is about a couple of very very simple problems related to self-induction. Now self-induction is actually a very practical issue primarily because when you are disconnect something your self-induction works against reducing the current, which means it's trying to increase the current and that's why we have sparks whenever you're turning off the electricity and in some cases self-induction might be really really large and it might actually damage certain electrical equipment. So we have to really know how to calculate the value of this self-induction. So I consider a very simple setting where we will just calculate this particular value of self-induction and then the second problem will be about the current, which is the result of self-induction. Okay, so here is the problem. The problem is the following setting. You have a wire loop. It's connected to switch and the battery, so plus minus. Now switch is on-off switch. Now our purpose is to basically calculate what happens with self-induction in this case and then the second problem will be about the current. Okay, so this is the setting. Now this lecture is part of the physics 14th course presented on Unisor.com. I suggest you to basically take a look at the website Unisor.com because the whole course is presented there. But there are interdependencies between lectures. In this lecture, for instance, I will be using something which I was presenting in the previous lecture. So I do suggest you to take the course. And there is a prerequisite course to physics 14. It's called Math 14. And it's on the same website. It's free. All courses are free. No strings attached. So I suggest you to basically take the whole course and maybe even both courses. Math 14th and physics 14th. All right, so let's talk about this particular problem and let's go into conditions, whatever we have. Well, first of all, we have this battery and let's assume that it produces certain voltage, U0. So that's original primary EMF, primary electromotive force. In this circuit. Now, under normal circumstances, the resistance of this circuit is R0. So if the switch is on, battery is working, current is working, everything is fine. Basically, U0 is your voltage. R0 is your resistance. And I0 is, according to the Ohm's law, that's your current. Now, that's when everything is settled. But I'm interested in the moment of turning the switch on and off. What happens in these cases? Well, we will consider a specific model. What does it mean that I'm turning the switch on and off in mathematical, for mathematical position? Well, when it's off, I can assume that resistance of the whole circuit is equal to, well, basically infinity. Right? There is no current. So I assume that whenever it's off, it's infinity. Whenever it's on, resistance is R0. So during the time I'm switching on, my resistance is changing from infinity to certain value R0. Now, let's assume that from purely mechanical standpoint, the contact, the time between no electricity and the residual electricity, it's a very small actually interval of time, obviously. This time interval is equal to t. So during the time t, my resistance is reduced from infinity to R0 whenever I am turning the switch on. Whenever I'm turning the switch off, resistance is turning backwards from R0 to infinity. Now, that means that actually resistance is a function of time. Right? Now, time is changing on interval from 0 to time t. So from t is equal to 0 to t is equal to capital T, my resistance is changing when I'm switching on from infinity to R0, when I'm switching off from R0 to infinity. Okay.  Well, it would be nice if I can express it as a formula, right? Because R of t is a function. So function should have a certain relatively preferably simple way. Well, I can come up with a very simple function which does exactly what I was talking about. Now, if it's on, that's R0 times t divided by t. If t is equal to 0, that's denominator, the whole thing is infinity. If t is equal to, and then as t is growing from 0 to capital T, my expression is, it's a hyperbola, right? It goes this way. It's diminishing from infinity to certain fixed value at lowercase t is equal to capital T. Now, that will be t divided by t1. So it will be 0, R0 at t equals to t, right? So that's a simple formula. Now, for off, there is practically the same simple formula. Again, if t is equal to 0, I have t divided by t, it's 1, so R0. As t is increasing to t, capital T, the denominator goes to 0, so the whole thing goes to infinity. So these two functions in my specific problem describe how my turning on and off actually is happening. It's basically changing a resistance of the whole circuit between infinity and R0. Now, is it the same how it really happens in practice? Well, I can tell you a very honest opinion, I have no idea. But it seems to be that at least approximately, and that's what physics actually is. We cannot really know what exactly is happening in nature, but we can approximate it, and our approximation are supposed to be reasonable. So I think it's a reasonable approximation. That's all I'm saying. Well, maybe it's not just this time of proportion. I mean, there are many functions which go from infinity to certain fixed value. Well, there is a logarithmic, for instance, function, or there are many others or tangent who knows. But anyway, for simplicity purposes, it's good enough. Okay, so I know how the resistance is changing in time. Well, if I know that, and I know my original, my primary voltage on the battery, I can come up with change of the current. Now, why do I need the current? Well, I need the current, how it's changed, because I have to know how the magnetic field intensity is changing, because intensity depends on the current. If current is changing, intensity is changing. If intensity is changing, the flux, magnetic flux going through this loop is changing, and that's exactly what's causing the self-induction. So as soon as magnetic flux is changing, it generates extra EMF, the induced EMF, self-induced EMF. And that's what we are interested in, right? So we need to know what is the induced EMF in this case. So again, to get the induced EMF, we have to know how the flux is changing. Magnetic flux depends on the intensity of magnetic field and the area of this loop. Well, area is constant, so magnetic field intensity is changing. How? Because of the current is changing. Why current is changing? Because the resistance is changing. So that's a very simple three or four steps which we have to make. Okay, so let's consider on, whenever we are turning on the switch, what happens? I know R of t. So I can say that current, which is equal to my voltage divided by R of t equals to what? It's equal to voltage R of t is this. This is variable. You see, it depends on t. At t is equal to zero, my current is equal to zero because the switch is not turned on, right? As t is increasing, my current also increases and at t is equal to capital T, my current is equal to nominal current. Whatever this particular circuit is basically developed for. Okay, now I of t current is changing. Well, now if there is a current in a loop, we know there is a magnetic field and you understand that magnetic field goes something like around it. Well, obviously the direction depends on the direction of current. There is a right hand rule, et cetera, doesn't really matter right now. So there is a magnetic field and inside this loop it goes perpendicularly to the surface of the board, right? Now, what is the value of the magnetic field intensity inside this thing? Now, in the center, we have already calculated in one of the previous lectures. Whenever we were talking about magnetism of current in a loop, I think that was the name of the lecture. We basically calculated it. It's a very simple integration problem and the result was that B of, now I put the dependency on the time because current depends on the time. It's equal to mu zero I of t divided by two r, right? Where r is radius. Now, I have calculated this in the center of the loop. Now let me make another assumption that if I will go to any other place, it will be the same. Well, it's a stretch to tell you the truth, but it's a reasonable stretch. I mean, we can go into math and basically try to calculate what exactly the magnetic field intensity at each point inside based on the laws which we were using before. And one of the main law which we will be using in this particular case is the dependency of, if this is the current and this is infinitesimal area, let's put it gs of the current, then the magnetic field intensity at this point depends basically on the current and on this angle. So we can obviously calculate it. Now, in case of the center, the current is always perpendicular to the radius to the radius to the center. So there is always perpendicularity here. So it's easy. If it's not in the center, it's not that easy. But again, we can go through calculations and we can show that it's maybe equal, maybe very close. In some ideal case, maybe it's even equal. I'm not sure it's really not very easy to do. And I prefer basically, okay, let's just assume that the magnetic field intensity at every point is the same. Without the proof, it's just an assumption. And quite frankly, I just don't know if it's a true assumption. It looks like at least approximately true. Maybe it's true 100%. I don't know. And I didn't go through exercise of integration and basically finding out exactly. But let's assume. Now, so this is magnetic field intensity at every point inside this loop. So it's basically at any moment of time, I can always calculate the magnetic field flux, which goes through this loop. Flux is a product of intensity and the area of the loop in this particular case. So my flux, which is also function of t is equal to my magnetic field intensity times area of the circle, pi r square. Okay, so that's equal to mu zero i of t, I will put this, which is u zero t divided by r zero t times true r and times pi r square. Well, r will, so it will be pi r. Am I right? Let me check. Pi mu zero u t r t. Okay, fine. That's what it is. Now, since I know the magnetic flux, I can basically determine very easily my induced EMF. If you remember induced EMF, I will use it u i for induced. It's equal to minus first derivative of the flux by time. So it's a rate of change of the flux. So if flux is changing, there is an induced EMF. If flux is not a function of t, if flux is constant, then there is no induced EMF. So whenever this switch is on after the time, after the time t, when it's really solid on, we have a direct current, which is constant, which is equal to this one. If it's a constant direct current, there is no dependency on time in the magnetic field intensity and there is no dependency on time here with magnetic flux and derivative would be zero, so it would be no induced EMF. So induced EMF is generated only during this relatively small interval of time when the switch is really turning on, not yet turned completely. So this miniscule amount of time, it's like 10 to minus whatever degree of second this thing is happening and then it doesn't really happen anymore. Well, in this case, since I have assumed a relatively simple dependency resistance by time, I have a relatively simple function. Dependency on t is basically a linear dependency and all I have to do is just to take the derivative from the linear function and this is definitely minus mu zero pi u zero r divided by two r zero t. I just changed the sequence and this is my induced EMF. Now the switch is turning on. My induced EMF is negative, it's reducing the original EMF. So whenever I'm trying to increase the current in the circuit, my induced EMF works against my primary one, it doesn't really let me to increase as fast as it probably would be. So this is my induced EMF for the case when I'm turning the switch on. Now let's go and turn to the switching of situation. What happens in this case? Well, in this case, r of t is slightly different, right? Now, if r of t is slightly different, my current would have, instead of this, it will have this. Now, my magnetic field intensity is this, my flux is this, so all I have to do, I have to change this to t minus t. And what happens with my derivative? Well, I have to multiply by derivative of the inner function, which is t minus t, and the derivative is minus one, so in this particular case I have plus. So the absolute value when I'm switching off is exactly the same as when I'm switching on, but it's positive, which means when I'm trying to reduce the current, my induced EMF is trying to bump it up. It prevents actually to reduce the current to zero, which means it's just, it prolongs this agony of electric current. Whenever it's basically dying, it's trying to prolong it a little bit more, put some more life in it. Question is how much life? We don't want that to be too much because then it would overload our electric equipment, whichever is on this circuit, right? And that would be the subject of my second problem. So the first problem is done basically. We have this expression as the magnetic, as the induced EMF produced by switching off and on. If on, it's negative, if it's off, it's positive. Now I have to use this, all these calculations somehow, for basically determining how strong that induced EMF actually is. Now my purpose is not to overload the circuit. So my second problem is the following. I would like to know, now by the way, you have to really understand that if T is small, the smaller T is, let's put this way, the bigger EMF, induced EMF, is generated. So the shorter my time when the switch is turning off, and off is actually more important than on, because on we are just reducing the current, but on we are increasing the current. So that's dangerous. So if my T is very small, then this thing might be very big. So the more abruptly, the faster I'm switching off, the greater EMF is induced EMF is really developed in the circuit. So that's why it's very important, especially in cases when you have really large loads and big voltage, etc., etc., big voltage, you see, if voltage is very big, that might actually be a problem. So it's very important to reduce this current slowly. So it's not just abruptly cut off the electricity. It would be nice if you would gradually do this. That's why on the very large installations, whenever you have switches, large, I mean, in terms of current it consumes, whenever you have these switches, switches are not really like electric switch you have in the room. They are really very, slowly changing the current down to zero when you're switching off to prevent sudden growth in the induced EMF. And that's why whenever there is some kind of a breakage in electrical equipment on big installations, that's dangerous for all the electrical equipment because the current might actually have a spike.  So my purpose is, what is the minimum T when it's really safe? Now what does it mean safe? Well, that's just my definition of safe. So I would like I of T to be less than or equal to 1.1 times my nominal T. So nominal T is what the circuit is basically developed for. I don't want more than 10% increase. So it's 1.1 multiplied by this nominal. I don't want I of T to exceed this value. So question is, what is my minimum T, minimum time during which I am switching to satisfy this condition? Okay. So basically we have to find out the T when this is equal to 1.1 of I zero. Not this one, I'm sorry, that's the electromagnetic force. So we need the total voltage. This is the total voltage, right? The original plus induced. And this is the constant by the way. It doesn't depend on time. This induced EMF depends only on these parameters which are constant. So this is my total voltage. If I will divide it by resistance, I will get my real current in the in the circuit, right? Okay. So what I have to do is I have to basically make sure that this is so I have to basically resolve this U zero plus U I divided by R of T. It's equal to 1.1 times U zero divided by R zero. So I have to put whatever the values are and resolve it for T, for capital T. Right? So instead of R of T I have to put R zero C here. Well, in this particular case I'm interested only, okay, let's think about it this way. Since my total voltage induced plus original is constant, when the current will be the maximum, when the resistance will be the minimum, right? Now when we're switching off, my resistance is growing from basically original value R zero to infinity. So when it's minimum, when in the very beginning, at the time T is equal to zero, at the time T equals to zero, my resistance is smaller. That's why my current will be the bigger. So instead of divided this, divided this to R of T, it's better to divided by R of zero because R of zero is always less than R of T. We're switching off. So in the very beginning, R zero is the maximum value and then it's increasing. So my maximum, my spike is in the very beginning. So I basically have to divide it by R of zero, which is equal to R zero. If T is equal to zero, that would be R zero. So this is an equation. So let's just substitute proper U i.  Pi U zero R divided by two R zero T. Okay. Now I can safely reduce both sides equals to one point one U zero. Now this is one point one, which means I can subtract one of them and have zero point one, right? And this is very simply to resolve by T. T is equal to mu zero pi U zero is also cancelling out, right? R divided by about zero point one goes here and T goes there. So it's zero point two R zero. I think that's where it is. Let me check. Yes, correct. So this is the minimum value during which my switch should work if I don't want to exceed 10% of the original current. So it depends basically only on the initial resistance of the circuit and the radius of this loop. Well, that's what it is. This is a T minimum. It should be at least this or greater. If it's greater, it would be slower process, less EMF would be induced. Now as far as what exactly this value is, now you know that every lecture on Unisor.com has comments, notes, whatever. It's like a textbook basically. Whatever I'm saying right now is presented in a textual format. And I ended up with some calculation for some practical numbers. And for those practical numbers, I mean real practical numbers, I've got T minimum approximately 10 to the minus eight of a second, which is a very, very small value. So that's the minimum value. Now, most of the switches which manufactured, you know, for regular purposes are not as fast. Now, at least the smaller ones maybe really are something on this level, but they don't really generate big spikes. And the bigger ones are designed specifically to do it slowly. So it's definitely time is greater and that prevents destructive spikes in the current. So if you would, if you read the notes for this lecture, which I always recommend you to do, you will see what kind of a practical values I substitute for these numbers. Mu is a very small actually, I think. And these are just got something, whatever seemed to be reasonable to me. Alright, so that's it for today. Thank you very much. I recommend you to, again, recommend you to take the whole course and even start with a mass for teens. But this lecture, read the notes, it's very interesting to read again, whatever you have, you know, listened to once and pay attention to these numbers, the calculation they're kind of educational. Alright, thank you very much and good luck.


So who am I? Well, I'm an Old Guard Functional Programmer. I got interested in functional programming before my PhD, so that would have been back in about 1974. I've been working with functional languages. All of my career was on the Haskell Design Committee and then about 20 years ago I've been working very hard on something very important. I can't remember what it was now. And I was finished. I had about a week and nothing to do. I thought let's do something fun. And I had worked in the research group in Oxford around Tony Whore, so with a very, very strong emphasis on formal methods in the atmosphere. And I've always liked stating properties of my programmes but proving them. It was hard work then and it's still hard work. So I thought wouldn't it be great if I could just write a property of my programme and then we'll just generate some random stuff. We'll see if I can disprove it. So that's great. So I began hacking on that and I was sitting in my office working away when Coon Klassen knocked on the door and he said hello John, what are you doing? And I showed him this idea and I was approaching it in a wrong headed manner. He went away. Next day he came back with a much better little solution to kind of very early version of Quick Check. And then there were some things he hadn't thought about that I had. So I took that, I worked on it. The following day I went to his office and I had an even better version and we did that for about a week. And at the end of that time we had come up with the first version of Quick Check and the dream that you could just state a property of your code and if it was wrong then you would get a counter example immediately that was fulfilled in a very early form.  And I think one of the key things about Quick Check actually is we did it for fun and as a result it is fun and it's fun for other people to use as well. And when technology is fun you know that's a step on the way to adoption right there. So we had this fun and this was about 20 years ago and then maybe six or seven years later I was the leader for a big research project and it was a research project mostly in formal methods and we were called by our funding agency to give a presentation of our work and one of the things we'd done was we'd done some stuff with Quick Check. So we had a quick demo of that and then we talked about all of the other things we were doing. And in the audience there were a number of people, I mean it was an industrial audience, there were some of the influential people at Ericsson and they said well wait a minute go back to that testing stuff. We want that. And so we were quite taken by surprise because we thought it was a small part of the project but we found that the people from industry in the audience got really excited and also in the audience was a woman called Jane Valerud who is one of the top entrepreneurs and startup people in all of Sweden. And she inspired me to start a company and Mike Williams from Ericsson who was one of the designers of Edlang and at that time was responsible for Ericsson's radio base station development, he wanted to be the first customer. So we got started in an ideal situation with a customer who was already excited about our technology and since then yeah that's when we found the company, this was 2006 and I've been continuing to have fun with it ever since. So the question is what is Haskell? What is property-based testing? Let me start off with what is Haskell? So Haskell is a functional programming language. What are they? Functional programming languages in general are languages which are inspired more by mathematical functions than by the architecture of particular of computers. So the architecture of computers has influenced the design of languages like C and if we continue today language like Java are still quite closely tied to the underlying architecture and to give you a way of controlling the machine whereas functional programming languages you might say are more intended to let you describe your problem in a mathematical way and then have the machine solve it for you. So one of the key differences between functional programming and conventional programming is that in conventional programming languages there is always a state which I think it was a big ball of mud and when you call a function you have no idea what it's going to do to the state, what will depend on, what will modify, all of that is invisible whereas when you write a function in a functional language like Haskell then it maps its arguments to its result. It does what it says on the tin. You can see all of the inputs, you can see all of the outputs and when it comes to testing code and figuring out whether or not it's behaving as it should being able to see all of the inputs and outputs just gives you visibility and transparency that makes testing inherently but simpler. Then there's a whole lot of other things in Haskell of course, features that make it very productive to write code in. When I got interested in functional programming in 1974 then people were arguing that it would bring an order of magnitude reduction in the cost of software that is using these languages developers would be an order of magnitude more productive than using the languages of the time. And I think that's largely been delivered. Of course there have been advances in other programming languages too but nevertheless you get a very high level of productivity. It's much harder to shoot yourself in the foot because so many details that you have to worry about in a conventional programming language are taken care of for you in a functional language. So it's simply a very pleasant programming experience. I tend to say nowadays that the reason that I program exclusively in languages like Haskell or Adlang or other functional languages is that life is too short for imperative programming. Imperative programming is like wading through mud. I just don't want to do it anymore. But the other question was what is property based testing? So whenever you write software of any sort you need to test it. And the conventional approach to doing that is you just use it, you supply some input, you look at the output and you ask yourself is that right? And in order to build any kind of confidence in the software you need to run hundreds or thousands or tens of thousands of test cases through it and then check that all of them give the right answer. So of course that's usually automated to some extent nowadays if you look at common industrial practice will be to automate running the program on these thousands of inputs but somebody still has to decide once and for all what the expected output should be. That is a hiding to nowhere as far as I'm concerned.  I don't like to work hard. What I like to do is to state a property of my program. That is another program that will be able to decide for any input. Whether or not the output of the first one is correct. And property based testing fundamentally consists of writing these properties in a form that can be used both to generate test cases and to decide whether or not a test has passed. And then you can build all kinds of intellectual superstructure on top of that basic idea. But basically we're taking software we're running it on generated test cases and then automatically deciding whether or not we should accept the result. When a test fails, we have a counter example that shows that the program is not behaving as it should. Those counter examples are simplified down to the smallest possible counter example and that's a very very good start for debugging. Okay, so what is cubic? Cubic is the company that I founded together with Thomas Arts way back in 2006 after our funding agency had encouraged us to commercialize the property based testing work. And so we started it up with Eric as our first customer. We built a version of our product in airline that was more directed towards Eric's needs. And since then then we've been working in the company with property based testing, applying it helping customers to apply it to a variety of different systems. And of course that's taught us a lot about which extensions you need to be able to apply the basic idea successfully in a wide variety of contexts. So up until IHK, all of our customers used the airline version of the product that we've built at the company. Many of them using it for testing airline code. But we've also worked, for example, with Volvo cars, where the code being tested was real time C code that runs on the processors in cars. So we've tested a wide variety of software, but always with the airline version of the tool. IHK is a Haskell company. And really the first Haskell company that we've worked with. So that's kind of exciting. Especially for me, since I was one of the people, one of the guilty parties responsible for Haskell in the first place. And so now it's a great pleasure to see that it's being used for such an exciting application. And so now we have an opportunity to take the Haskell version of QuickCheck and some of those original property based testing ideas and see how they're being used at IHK. So I think it's always, it's always very interesting to see how ideas that you had, and we're able to try out, you know, in a kind of lab situation, get developed and used when you put them into practice. One of the things we've learned over the years at cubic is that the whole process of scaling up these ideas requires quite a few changes and so on. And there are some dead ends. And our collaboration with IHK really started when IHK asked us to look at the code base and look at the way that Haskell QuickCheck was already being used and identify some, you know, what problems there were in its use. And sure enough, we were able to do that. And so what came out of that was an idea that we would run a training course to improve the use of property based testing at IHK and try and ensure that IHK gets the full benefit out of property based testing and thus hopefully that the product that IHK is able to produce will have a much higher quality than would have been possible otherwise. So that's what it's all about. It's about getting quality software with a reasonable amount of work by applying property based testing to make the whole quality assurance and testing process much more effective. It would be very easy for me as the, you know, one of the two originators of the idea of property based testing to say, Oh, it's vital. It can revolutionize software development. You know, it's the bee's knees. In fact, if you look at most software development, most people aren't using it, even though it's been around for 20 years. So the state of the art in practice, to a large extent, is still you write individual test cases and you run them. However, there are more and more companies that are picking up property based development in one form or another. If you look on the Wikipedia page for quick check, I think there are about 35 something like that ports of the basic idea to different programming languages. So there's a lot of interest in using it. And I part of my vision is to help property based testing become standard practice for software development because I think it has so much to offer. So for example, I myself, I like to use property driven development where I write properties first or at least together with the software that I'm writing. And what I find when I do that is that instead of writing software, which mostly works, and that may be over the coming weeks and months, finally, there are some bugs that I need to go back and fix. I'm able to develop software that perhaps, you know, I have to pause from time to time because quick check shows me that, oh, this idea just doesn't work at all. So sometimes I'll go back to the drawing board early. But by the time I get through that process, I've got software and tests that are so solid that I never have to go back and change the code again, unless I want to add features, of course. But I never suffer bugs in that code afterwards. And we know how how devastating bugs are. I mean, there was a well known report produced 20 years ago for Congress in the US, which estimated the cost of software errors to society as $60 billion a year. $200 a year for every man, woman and child in the US. It's a huge cost. And when you say that people think, well, maybe it's things like, you know, the Ariane five rocket blowing up at launch, but it's not. It's things like word crashing and people losing an hour's work. So there are huge costs in buggy software and property based testing offers a cost effective way of making substantial improvement in the quality of software. It's property based testing is based on property. So it's related to applying formal methods. There's a lot of common ideas that and you can, there's a flow of ideas from one to the other. But we avoid the property based testing. We avoid the proof stage and the proofs are still expensive enough that they can only be used on very, very critical software. Well, what about all of the other software, which also needs to work? There's there's a scope for using lightweight formal methods to bring a sea change and the quality of software that we use. I think that that's that's a vision worth struggling for. This course has been, I think it's been very successful and people seem to be learning a lot about how to apply property based testing ideas, but it's it's not going to be the end of the road. So I'm sure there'll be a role for us to help solve those tricky testing problems that always do tend to come up after a training period. So I hope that we'll be able to work with IOHK on developing property based tests for a key part of the software. People have also been talking to me about areas where they think our help can make a difference. For example, there's compiler testing, testing of the GAC compiler and the new languages that IOHK are developing. And that's something that was close to the research frontier, but because we've been working in this area, of course, we know a lot about it. And so I think it could be very fun to work in that kind of area. But in general, I mean, it's very refreshing to work with a company that has an exciting product developed in Askel and is using all of these ideas, functional programming ideas that I've been involved with throughout my career and now property based testing too. So I'm looking forward to some exciting collaborations in the future.