Welcome to Hope Today. It is a fantastic Monday. I'm here with my friend, Sydney. I'm Amanda, and we are grateful that you today would find confident hope in Christ, as it says in Romans 12. I love that confident hope in Christ. That's what it's all about. And you know, today is Yom Kippur, the day of Atonement. And just up in a moment, Tom and I had a chance to have a conversation with Rabbi Jason Sobel about the spiritual significance of the day. He also shared the signs and secrets of the Messiah from both the Old and the New Testament. Amanda, there is so much revelation when it comes to things of Jesus and how, you know, there's all these mysteries and things that are hidden. And it's so incredible that we're able to do this. When I hear rabbis or people who have rabbinical studies and then they also understand Jesus as Messiah, it amazes me. And it literally hearing them and all the dots connecting does build my confident hope in Christ.  He is the one in control. Like we are on God's timetable. And if we can miss it, if we don't take time to learn from like rabbis, like today, what we're about to hear. And I like how you're talking about like connecting the dots. And you know, we just want to for a moment just highlight Yom Kippur. So just a little background on it. It is the day of Atonement. Today is considered the holiest day on the Jewish and the Hebrew calendar. And you know, Jesus Christ is our Atonement for our sins. It says it in 1 John. And here's a little background that I did. So if you're wondering, where is this in the Bible? So when Moses, it dates back to Moses when there was the 10 commandments and he broke it after the Israelites made the golden calf. Well, God called for the day of Atonement after Moses made the 10 commandments again. And so that's where we get it in the Bible. And this is a day of repentance. It's a day of just really being introspective. And you know, I just think about Jesus, you know, for us. So we think about how his blood was shed for us on Calvary and that he rose again. But if it wasn't for Jesus, if he didn't die for us, if he didn't raise again, like, I can't even imagine what life would be like. So today we just encourage you as it's Yom Kippur day of Atonement just to be introspective and to seek your heart and maybe those hidden sins and things that are inside of you and within you that you need to just lay them before Yeshua, before Jesus. Amen, Sydney. That is such a powerful word. And I think of the generations and how well the Israelite people really told their children. You know, they built altars and they, the Lord told them to, so that they would tell the story. What happened there in that place? And I feel like we have to improve on that where we're sharing the good news of Jesus in our life, but his word with the next generation, talking about that, my husband and I, this past weekend had the opportunity to speak at a young adults retreat. And the one made me a little bracelet. I was like, oh, just, but their heart for God and how they're seeking him and desiring them. And we were in Romans 12. And let me tell you, Pastor Dave quizzed us and you had to know word for word. And yeah, the guys won over the girls, but let me tell you, we gave a great fight. So it was just good to, you know, impact the next generation. And I believe that's so important and vital today. Yeah, the generation should know God. But when we come back in 60 seconds, the signs and secrets of the Messiah with Rabbi Jason Sobo, we'll be back right back. You don't want to miss it. Every now and then life gets the best of us. And we need a reminder to keep calm and trust God. Simple but striking, the keep calm and trust God box of blessings provides messages of reassurance to help carry you through tough and challenging times. These small cards fit into the palm of your hand and will turn your focus to the one who is in control of everything. Inside you'll find 51 colorful double-sided cards featuring a combination of inspirational scripture verses and faith-based quotes. Add it to a get well basket or use it to encourage a teacher, family member or friend or save it for the time you need encouragement. Be sure to ask for the keep calm and trust God box of blessings when you give today. It's our way of saying thanks as you encourage others by providing life-changing Christian television from Cornerstone TV. Call us at<PHONE_NUMBER> or give at ctvn.org slash donate. Raised in a Jewish home in New Jersey, Rabbi Jason Sobel dedicated much of his life to finding truth. After years of seeking and studying, he encountered God and found his true destiny as a Jewish follower of Jesus of Yeshua. All the traditions Rabbi Sobel grew up with took on a new depth of meaning as God connected ancient wisdom with the teachings of the Messiah. Today is the founder of Fusion Global on New York Times bestselling author, TV host of the program, The Chosen Unveiled. And he brings us his new book, Signs and Secrets of the Messiah, Rabbi Jason Sobel, welcome back to Hope Today. Shalom, thank you for having me. It's great to be with you. Oh, it's wonderful to have you again. So, so good. Listen, I wanna dive into the book in just a second, but I have to ask you, today's Yom Kippur, the day of Atonement, the holiest day on the Jewish calendar. What's that mean for you as a believer in the Messiah? Yeah, absolutely. We are in a very important season on the biblical calendar. It began 10 days earlier with Wosh Hashanah, the Feast of Trumpets, which begins, it's the biblical New Year, but it's also a call to return to God to examine our lives. And each of these holidays also have a prophetic significance to it as well. So, practically, Yom Kippur is a day, number one, where we remember the Atonement that has been provided for us through Yeshua, our Messiah. Jewish people at this time are fasting and praying and seeking to get their name inscribed in the book of life, the Sefer Ha'chaim, for another year. But through Messiah, we know our names have been indelibly inscribed in the book of life through faith in Him, not just for one year, but for all of eternity. We don't have to guess, but Yom Kippur finds his ultimate fulfillment in Messiah, but it's not yet fully fulfilled because, A, I still sin, it falls short. So, I need to examine my life and say how can I get to the next level with God growing my faith, become more conformed to His image and likeness? What things do I need to turn from? But also, we're waiting for the day when salvation will come to Israel and the nations into the entire world. So, as long as there's people in the world that don't know Him, as long as my Jewish brothers and sisters don't know Him, Yom Kippur is an important day to fast and pray that God would open hearts and minds to turn to Him. You know, everybody is so important for we're just praying and believing for minds and hearts to be open to Yeshua, to Jesus. There's such prophetic significance with Yom Kippur and even it's now a new year on the Jewish, on the Hebrew calendar, on God's calendar. Can you unpack for us about 5, 7, 8, 4? That's the new year that we're in right now. What does it mean? Yeah, absolutely. Very significant time and season. We just did a whole message in depth on this new year, but this, first of all, this decade that we're in, the 80s, this is 5784 on the Hebrew calendar, the decade of the 80s is the decade of breakthrough. And I believe God is wanting to take us out of Egypt, our places of personal confinement and restriction. And this year of 5784 is the year of the open door. Four in Hebrew is the letter Dahlut. It literally means door. So God is opening doors to opportunities. He's opening the doors to salvation and to do new things in our lives and in the world. I love that. I love the open door. What could be better, right? An open door for so many things. But thank you for sharing that. We wanna talk about your book, Signs and Secrets of the Messiah. Fresh look at the miracles. So let's go right into that first miracle, the wedding at Cana and Jesus turning the water into wine. We've heard about it. We've heard probably different teachings on it. Give us some of the significance that you've discovered in there. Yeah, absolutely. I mean, part of our passion, as you know, is connecting the old and the new so people can see the Bible in high definition in its original context. So the first thing we have to ask is why is the first miracle Jesus did? Yeshua turning the water into wine. Well, think about it. The New Testament is trying to show him, especially the gospels as the promised Messiah who was gonna be a greater than Moses. The first Redeemer. So what was the first miracle Moses did? He turned the water into blood, but Jesus doesn't come to bring death. He comes to bring life that we might have it more abundantly. So he turns the water into wine because wine is a symbol of the Messianic kingdom. Okay, let's keep going on that line. What is the significance of, there's so many things in there. I love Mary asking him before the time and yet he still does it. And then the six water pots, these heavy water pots, they had to go filled all the way to the brim. What's the significance there? Yeah, absolutely, great question. I mean, as you know, in John two, Mary comes to Jesus and says, listen, they've run out of wine. He's like, mom, what does this have to do with me? And what I love is that Mary doesn't take no for an answer, she has what's known as chutzpah. Holy chutzpah, holy boldness, right?  And he responds by doing this miracle. And he says, listen, take the stone pots, six of them, fill them to the brim. Every detail in the Bible is there for a reason. So if it says six, there's a reason why it says six. So what's the significance of six? Well, six is a number of men. We were created on the sixth day. In Jewish thought, we fell on the sixth day. Messiah comes to restore everything that was lost. So he does the miracle with the six stone pots of turning the water into wine as a new creation miracle, as a foretaste of the kingdom. The rabbis say that in the kingdom at the marriage supper of the lamb, we're gonna drink wine reserved from the six days of creation. And then when Messiah dies, he dies on Good Friday, which is actually on the biblical calendar, the sixth day of the week. So on the same day we fell is the same day Messiah died on the cross, these he comes to reverse the curse and restore the blessing. Wow, I love that. I love how God takes those things that are fallen and restores them to life. I love that. Let me ask you, just kind of moving into another one. There's so much in here on how they recommend everybody get this book. It's just got so much in it. Let me ask you about the healing of the man at the pool of Bethesda. This is a very interesting miracle. What special significance do you see in there? Yeah, just even before that, I think it's important to understand that there is understanding the biblical, historical context, but also how each one of these miracles has a promise for our lives and for our situations and circumstances. So here's this man at the pool of Bethesda hasn't been able to walk for 38 years. And as you all know, I'm a spiritual advisor on the chosen and I love this scene in the chosen, but can't walk for 38 years. And if there's a number again in the Bible, it's there for a reason. What's interesting about the number 38 is according to Deuteronomy chapter two, 38 is the number of years that Israel actually wandered in the wilderness. They were there for 40, but they wandered because of their unbelief for 38 years. And so that's significant because 38 is also the numerical value of the Hebrew word libo, which means his heart. So Hebrew is alphanumeric. That means every number is written with the letter. There's no Roman numerals in the Bible. So his heart equals 38, 38 years of wandering in the wilderness. Yeshua was testing this man to see what was in his heart, 38, so that he didn't have to wander for 38 years and die in the wilderness like Israel did. Yeshua was restoring to this man hope. And he was saying to this man, listen, if you have faith and believe and do what I asked you to do, take up your bat and bat and walk, you will be healed and made whole and walk into your promise, into your future. If you fail the test and don't believe, you'll die like Israel in the wilderness and your unbelief. And all of us have that same choice to make. Maybe you've been stuck in a difficult situation, but the Lord is extending to you an opportunity to get up and to step into a better future than your past. Rav, I love that so much. God is inviting us into these opportunities to step up and to step into him. And speaking like going down the road of numbers, the multiplication, God is a God of multiplication. Can you talk to us about the feeding of the 5,000 and the significance of that with Yeshua? Yeah, absolutely. I love this miracle and it actually does tie in to 5784 as well because in connection to the four, this is the fourth miracle that Jesus performs in the book of John, okay? And what's significant is, why does he do this miracle? Well, first of all, it's trying to show him as the greater than Moses, right? So in a sense, Moses parted the Red Sea, Yeshua walks on the water. Through Moses, God brings manna from heaven, but through Jesus, he multiplies the bread and the fish, five loads and two fish, totally in the number seven. The fact that there were seven is significant. Seven, as we know, is a number of completion, but it's also the number of trust. Think about it for a moment. Seven is about trust in the sense that six days God gave the manna, but they had to collect a double portion that would last for the seventh day as well because they were to do no work on the seventh day. You have the sabbatical year, work the land for six years, let it rest on the seventh. Well, that takes a great faith to say, okay, I'm not gonna work my land and I'm gonna trust that it's gonna bear fruit and I'm going to be fed. So seven is trusting God to possess your promise in face of the impossible and the improbable. There's seven Canaanite peoples in the land of Canaan and the Promised Land. Jericho, they're called to walk around the city seven times on the seventh day, seven time, blow the shofar and the walls will come tumbling down. So it's about trusting God and resting in his promise to do the impossible and to be our provider. I love the seven. When I read that, it blew up in my spirit. I just really just sense, can you just take a moment to speak to that person that's watching right now that they feel like they are in an impossible situation, that they feel like their back is up against the wall. Can you take a moment to speak into somebody who's watching right now that needs to hold on to that truth and the promise of what God says, what he's gonna do, what he's gonna say he did? I just wanna encourage you that he is the same yesterday, today and forever and every problem that you face has a promise attached to it. When you trust God in the midst of the problems, there is a promise that God wants to bring into your life as you are faithful and as you pass the test, he doesn't want you to live out of the lack. He wants you to live out of the overflow. God can do a little with your lot. They brought to them their little, their five loaves and their two fish and by faith they gave it to Jesus, to Yeshua and he multiplied it. And I just declare over you that this should be a season of breakthrough. This should be a season of multiplication and that God should give you the strength to pass the test because he will lift you up as a result. Praise God, amen to that. Let me ask you about a chapter you have towards the back of the book that I think is so significant and important for us. Are these miracles for today? Should we expect to see the same kind of miracles that Jesus did or did they just pass away with the biblical age? Yeah, I mean in signs and secrets of the Messiah we talk about so many of the miracles beginning with the water into wine, signs of secrets of transformation, signs of secrets of healing, signs of secrets of wholeness, multiplication, so many things. But the reality is that part of what we hope this book will do is build in people the faith to believe that God still wants to do miracles, that he still operates in supernatural ways in our lives. I believe we need to take Yeshua Jesus at his word. He said to his disciples, "'Greater things than these you will do.'" And we need to step into that. And I can tell you on a personal level I've seen God do so many miracles. I've seen miracles of multiplication. I've seen miracles of healing. And what God did through the disciples, he still does today and he wants to do through you. Jesus didn't do these miracles operating out of his divinity although he was divine. He didn't do one miracle until he was, until after his baptism when the Holy Spirit came upon him he was tested in the wilderness and then he went out and power the gospel says and word about him spread. We have the same Holy Spirit that raised him from the dead and therefore we have the ability to operate in the supernatural miraculous. You know, for someone who's walked with the Lord for a long time, it's exciting to hear about God wants to do something new. In fact, he talked to you, you mentioned about Nicodemus and the miracle of the new birth. Could you just speak to that? Maybe for a believer though, someone who's like you or I or Sydney have walked with the Lord for a while. What new thing is going to spring forth? What does God want to do new in us? Yeah, I love the miracle. We talk about the, you know, the sign and secrets of new birth. One of the really the greatest miracles, right? Is we don't think of it as a miracle but being born again, having a supernatural spiritual birth is miraculous, right? And so this idea of being born again, the concept really is based out of, you know, Jesus and Nicodemus, you're a teacher in Israel and you don't understand these things. Well, what should he have understood? Well, God birthed Israel twice. He birthed Israel as a family. They went down to Egypt 70 and all, but then he birthed them as a free nation. Egypt means Mitzrayim, it means a womb, it means a place of confinement or restriction. It's like the womb. When the water breaks, that's like the woman's water birthing. When you have the plagues in Egypt, that's like the birth pangs, the labor pangs. When they go through the canal, it's like they're, when they go through the water, it's like they're going through the birth canal and they come out the other side. They are born again as a free people. Listen, we get born again when we believe in Jesus with the promise of eternal life or filled with the Holy spirit.  That means he wants to not just save your soul for heaven. He wants you to experience wholeness right now. He wants you to experience spiritual wholeness, relational wholeness, emotional wholeness, physical wholeness. There's a promise of healing and transformation on those four levels because of what Jesus did on the cross and by his resurrection. He wants to do that for you. He wants to do it in you and then he wants to do it through you to bring wholeness and healing and salvation in the lives of other people. And there's no greater joy than being used by God to see that happen. Rabbi, we love what you're just saying about the abundance that God wants us to live in through Yeshua, through Jesus. And as we're wrapping up our time here with you, just really thought of my spirit. Can you just speak the Abrahamic blessing over our viewers in Hebrew for us? Yeah, I just want to pray this prayer. Yivarachranai v'yishmarecha ya'er adonai panave lecha v'kunnecha yisa adonai panave lecha v'yasem lecha shalom. May the Lord bless you and keep you. May the Lord cause his face to shine upon you. May the Lord lift up his countenance to you and give you his shalom, nothing missing, nothing broken, healing, wholeness, hope, open doors, expansion, multiplication, abundance, and the name of our Messiah, Sarshalam Yeshua Jesus, the Prince of Peace. Amen. Amen. How wonderful is that? The book is called, Signs and Secrets of the Messiah, a fresh look at the miracles of Jesus. Rabbi Jason Sobel, thank you so much for sharing with us today. Thank you so much for encouraging us today. Hedairah Ba, thank you so much for having me, shalom and blessings. All right, God bless. Wow, was your life just impacted, Sidney, that was so rich, just taking that all in. And I want to go back and ask you a question. What is your confidence in? Today, hearing that, I can place my confidence, my hope in Christ. And we encourage you to do the same. I took notes, Sidney, I was like, oh, this is good stuff. You know, the year of the opened door, these opportunities, but I love that mirror image of what's happening in the Bible and the character of God, happened in the Old Testament in the new. And it's so ties together. And I think there were so many points, but I loved the 38 years that he waited and that that 38 reveals his heart. Like in the waiting and like that, that was the same amount of years that they wandered in the wilderness. Like when you see these miracles, and I never thought of Moses as the first redeemer, but he is who led them out of captivity and Jesus was trying to get them to see him as their redeemer. And it's amazing to me. I'm so grateful that he not only came to save the Jewish people, that he came to save the Gentile. I think my lineage is more along the Gentiles and I am grateful to be grafted in, but I just, you know, I feel today that if you are struggling in that relationship and you're hearing this interview and you're like, you know what, maybe this God of Israel really is the real deal. He is. And that's why we exist here at Cornerstone Television. That's why hope today is so important because we wanna give you that opportunity to connect with God, with your maker. And you might need to pick up your phone at the end of the program and give us a call.  So important. Amanda, as you're speaking, something that God put in my heart is that there's a captivity in your heart possibly today. And you know, as this is Yom Kippur, it's the day of atonement. You've heard what Rabbi Jason Sobel was talking about with Jesus, he is the propitiation of our sins if it wasn't for Jesus, we would not have access to the Father. There is no other name by which we can be saved except through Yeshua, through Jesus. And we see like all these connections in the Old Testament, the New, it's fascinating how God was so intricate in the details. And this is a moment that maybe you feel so much captivity in your heart, maybe you're bound by sin, maybe you're bound by mistakes and choices. And today is the day that maybe today you need to go to Jesus and just have a conversation with him, just to pray with him and just beginning to confess, these are the things that I'm doing Jesus. This is the way I'm walking God. And I want to turn away from that life. And I want to walk a life with you. I love that Jesus is the way. I love that Jesus is the truth. And I love that through him we gain new life. And that's what we just want to speak to you today. If that's you today and you want a new life and a new beginning, a new start, you want to start again, that's exactly what this day of atonement is all about through Jesus. That because of him, because he died, he was broken, he was the word that became flesh and he was broken for us. That when we say, I believe in Jesus, we get that eternal gift of salvation but also the gift of life. And so that is our heart for you today to know Yeshua Jesus like never before. And we desire that for you. So if that's you don't delay, I like to hear them say delayed obedience is disobedience. So just be obedient to the calling of the Lord. I would like to end with a scripture from Romans 12 as well. And it tells us to hold tightly to what is good. God's word is good. God's word will never fail you. So today have hope and hold tightly to God. On tomorrow's hope today, learn to combat loneliness and uncover the transformative power of friendship. Speaker and author Justin Whitmell Early offers life changing habits that will help you drift away from isolation and into a life filled with meaningful friendships. That's tomorrow on hope today. Cornerstone television wishes to thank all our faithful viewers whose consistent prayers and financial support have made this program possible.


Good morning, everybody. I'm Tommy O'Brien, coming to you live from TFNN headquarters in St. Petersburg, Florida, 10 a.m. Eastern time on Wednesday, 30 minutes into the trading day. We got markets right around flat territory. Dow Jones, positive by two points right now, trading at $26,050. Got the S&Ps, negative by one, trading at $28,84. NASDAQ, negative by 18 points, trading at $7804, and we have the Russell, basically flat at $1518.  The VIX pulling back from about $1620 down to $1607. With that in mind, let's jump over to the future markets. We'll start it off with the Dow, and so there's your acceleration. From about 8 a.m., the last two hours, you've seen the Dow, was under $26,000, trading at $25,982. We're climbing about 80 to 90 points off that level, $26,066 in the Dow. NASDAQ 100, trading at $7502. We were down there overnight on a couple occasions, right around 74, 78, so you're talking about 25 NASDAQ 100 points off those lows. S&P 500, trading at $2886. 6 a.m. this morning, we're trading at about $2875, so about 11-point bounce. Gold contract, trading at $1336. Got a little life last night up to about $1342. Quite an acceleration. If you back things up to yesterday's action, that's about 6 o'clock p.m. We're trading at $1330. Make it up to $1342. Gold trading at $1336. Crude oil with some volatility as well, $52. We made it all the way down to $51.45. We've got the EIA numbers for crude inventory a half hour from right now, $1030. Euro, US dollar with some volatility, $113.17. In terms of what you have going on fundamentally in the market, this story driving a lot of the price action this morning as CPI, consumer prices, barely rise. Underlying inflation is muted. What that is pointing to is moderate inflation, which is going to increase the pressure on the Federal Reserve as if there wasn't enough already to cut interest rates this year. The market actually likened that. That's where you saw the oscillation at about $830. Where are we? There we are. Coming into the market, we trade higher off that. Rate cuts. Seems like it's coming at us. Stay tuned, folks. Come back at 10 o'clock with Tom. Blow those oil inventory numbers to $1030. Then of course we get Fast Market, TD Ameritrade, Thinkorswim, Kevin Hakes of the team at $11. Basil Chapman, Steve Brode, Steve White, Tom O'Brien all this afternoon. Stay tuned, folks. Have a great Wednesday.


Next question is from Wampie Eurato. What are the most undervalued exercises? Oh, exercises that are undervalued. You know what? I see more people doing this now. Did we do an episode on this? I think we did. I would say if not, we should. That's a cool- A while back, yeah. Yeah, I mean- We should link to it, right? Yeah, if we did. I thought we did. I don't remember. Maybe you can look, Doug, but I do think that's a cool conversation because there's some exercises in the strength community that people shit on all the time. And I think they are in the undervalued. Yeah, and you know what? You see them fall in and out of favor. Here's one that now I'm seeing people do that when we first started the podcast about six, six and a half years ago, nobody did Sissy Squats. Nobody did Sissy Squats. Now this was a staple leg exercise in the 50s, 60s, 70s, somewhat in the 80s, then leg extension machines got real popular and everybody stopped doing them. When we started talking about Sissy Squats on the podcast- Did you hear that, sorry to interrupt you, but you just sparked something. I gotta ask you, I've been meaning to ask you. Did you watch the episode that Mark Bell did with the biomechanic expert? Yeah, I saw that. Well, I'm not bringing up the chest thing that I don't agree with. But he talked about Sissy Squats and comparing the way it actually loads. Yeah, I know, but you know what the problem with what that is is you try to do this kind of one-to-one math with mechanical load to a specific muscle. Sometimes, and we haven't yet explained why some exercises build more muscle than others. Like a deadlift is going to build your more back than like a cable straight arm pull down. Now I'm pretty sure a cable straight arm pull down is gonna add more direct mechanical load to the lats, but I'm not gonna argue that it's gonna build bigger lats than a heavy deadlift. Well, I think the case that we try to argue or think that it is, it's CNS related, right? Because if you compare a Sissy Squat to like a back-loaded Barbell Squat, you might be able to make the argument as this biomechanic expert did that the Sissy Squat technically loads the quads more, but you cannot do a Sissy Squat nowhere near the amount of weight that you can load a Barbell Back Squat, which the CNS adaptations- You can have the same argument as the Barbell Hip Thrust versus Squat. Yeah, similar. Yeah, I know you're- Somewhat. Yeah, similar. Yeah, so, you know, back to the original question, Sissy Squats fell out of favor. You're seeing people do them now, which is cool. It's a great exercise, great quad exercise. Here's another one that I see people do more now that people didn't do for a long time. I would get funny looks when I would do this in the gym. The dumbbell pullover. I think a dumbbell pullover is so undervalued. Find me an exercise that moves resistance in that direction. Very few, right? Very few movements actually take a weight from almost behind you to in front of you in this pullover motion. That was a staple exercise back in the day. In fact, bodybuilders in the 50s and 60s would brag about how much they could do a pullover. I think it's important, though.  Turkish get up and the windmill in there, but I think we should more importantly, why do we think they're so undervalued? Like this, why I think the Sissy Squad is so amazing is, one, you have to be able to hip hinge really well. You have to squeeze your glutes and keep them activated in that position. You mean you have to lock them, not hip hinge, right? Excuse me, lock your hips in place. You have to also have good ankle mobility and stability and control in order to do them. So I think it promotes a lot of good things. The windmill or the dumbbell pullover you're talking about, such a fundamental thing you should be able to do. We should be able to have something from above or behind our head and come forward. I mean, that is something that we've evolved to be able to do. Oh yeah, we throw, we throw with accuracy. That's an overhand kind of motion. Yet, how many clients have you guys seen or assessed that have lost that ability to do that? So I think not to, yes, it's a great lat loading exercise that a lot of people don't do. And I think you see great results from it from a muscle building perspective, but just a functional perspective. Both those exercises, I think are good fundamental movements that your body should be able to do. And a lot of people can't do it. And so instead of not doing it, you should work towards the ability to do it. And that, I think the same thing goes for the Turkish get up and I think the same thing goes for a windmill. These are, these are not, we're not going to compare it to some other exercise and say it's going to build way more muscle or it burns way more body fat. But those exercises are fundamental movements that your body should be capable and not just capable, but good at. You want to get good at it. And if you can't do those movements, it's a really good goal to work on those. And I think they have tremendous carryover into all other pursuits in the gym. Totally. I think too that some exercises fall out of favor because a lot of people don't have the prerequisites and the mobility to kind of pull them off. But then they just get thrown to the wayside even though there's lots of muscle building potential and value from those exercises. Like for instance, like, you know, behind the neck pulls or behind the neck press. Yes. Something that we would completely voice against as we're going through our certifications and we're thinking about safety and the overall general population probably can't pull a lot of these types of exercise off. But can it be a goal to be able to have that type of control, stability and mobility to then be able to perform something like that, which then would stimulate your muscles in a completely new way, which then provides a whole new opportunity to build muscle. And as you know, what's funny about that, Justin, if you look at bodybuilding routines of the late 80s all the way up to the late 90s, all of them included a behind the neck pull down or a behind the neck pull up or a behind the neck shoulder press, all of them. In fact, bodybuilders almost exclusively did behind the neck presses. You know what would be really fun is actually to create a program that is based around all these undervalued and unconventional movements. Like that's the whole thing. It's written around nothing but all these. It would be cool to do it by decade. So like a bodybuilding routine from the 70s, 80s and 90s off of what was popular of those times. Yeah, I just think that there's, I think the first thing is getting people to understand that they're great movements and then probably the next challenge that people have because they are unique is how to program it. So I think that putting together a program that is primarily, obviously it'd be almost impossible to do a full routine that doesn't have some sort of standard movements that people are familiar with, but I think we could write a program with a bulk of these unconventional exercises. Yeah, and again, you have to, especially when it comes to the physique and muscle building world, they tend to follow what the winners and champions are doing and then that becomes a trend. So like, I remember when Dorian Yates was Mr. Olympia, all of a sudden everybody was doing supinated grip barbell rows, right? That's because he did them and he would won and he had these big muscular back. In the 90s, no bodybuilders did barbell squats either. Everybody did leg presses. You're starting to see more do barbell squats now. Why? Because you're seeing like the Olympia physique champion. What's his name? I can't remember his name. He does heavy barbell squats and he's got these incredible, developing like these incredible legs. He also does deadlifts. What are bodybuilders now starting to do again? Deadlifts. So that's what you gotta pay attention to. If you wanna find exercises that are undervalued, just look and see what people did 20, 30, 40 years ago that they loved back in those days and then you'll find some value and you'll see like, oh, wait a minute. And again, I said dumbbell pullovers. That was a staple exercise. To this day, I do them at least weekly and I love the way that they develop my body.


I'm going to show you something I think is pretty cool. What if you could boil down every negative emotion, and there are so many, I'm going to talk about those in a sec, but what if you could boil them all down to basically three emotions or three experiences, and that's what I'm going to show you here. So I want you to do the work with me here as I show you what I'm getting at, and to start off I'm going to show you a list of negative emotions, okay, so I want you to take a look at this list of negative emotions. So as you can see here, I have put a whole bunch of negative emotions there for you to look at, and really I've just jumbled them all up. There's no real rhyme or reason to why they're there, they're all just randomly spread out, and when you look at that you know it can it can become quite overwhelming. It's like where are all these negative emotions coming from? I might be bored, I might feel humiliated, I might have panic, I might have constant worries, I might have a feeling that I'm separate, I'm hopeless, loneliness, guilt, so many emotions, and how do we start to make sense of all these? Is there a way to make sense of them all? Or at least to understand them all in a simpler way. Because you could look at that list, you know, and you could think to yourself well you know I have to work on my shame, I have to work on my regrets, I have to work on my anxiety, I have to work on my depression, and the fact that I feel so bored and lonely and pessimistic, all these different things. And that's a lot of work to do, everyone has to do all those things to go to work on each of these different emotions, right? So what I'm going to try and do is boil all of those emotions down to basically three. And I want you to follow along with me here. So that's pretty random, that's pretty difficult to deal with, right? There's no real system in terms of understanding it there, there's no way to conceptualize this, except just a random list of emotions. So I'm going to show you another slide here. And this next one is beginning to take slightly, you know, it's coming more together a little bit, right? So I haven't, I'm not spelling it out for you here. But I want you to see what is there a theme as these words kind of group together? Is there a theme emerging for you? Can you see it yet? Okay, so if you look to the left of the page, to the right of the page, you may notice a difference. If you look in the center of the page, you may notice a theme forming. And I'm just doing it this way so that you can kind of see slowly maybe something is emerging from this random list as order seems to be coming to it here now, okay? What if I did something else to that list? And I added this to it. So now you can see more clearly that there's a whole bunch of emotions on the left, there's a whole bunch of emotions on the right, and there's a different bunch of emotions in the middle, right? So now it's basically it's not seeming as maybe random as it did to begin with. We can see feelings of hopelessness, depression, powerlessness, grief, isolation, numbness, separation, disappointment on the left, among others. In the middle, we see guilt, inferiority, humiliation, jealousy, unworthiness, shame, regret and embarrassment. Maybe you can see a theme there on that. And on the right, we have anxiety. I'm self-conscious, I feel tense, I'm nervous, I feel threatened, frustrated or angry, okay? Now, we're getting to something now with this. And there's basically three themes have been pulled out of all those seemingly random emotions. And what I'm showing you here now is those three themes, what they are. Basically, this concept I'm talking about here is sort of talking about a narrative that can be made from all human emotions or all negative human emotions. And to begin with, we have this feeling of being disconnected. That's kind of where the whole thing begins, right? You could lump all those feelings of loneliness, overwhelmed, powerless, rejected, depressed, abandoned, despairing, doubt hopeless. All of those could be put together under a heading of I feel disconnected. What do I deal with disconnected from? I feel disconnected from other people. I feel disconnected from the world. I feel disconnected from myself and what it is that I actually want. I feel totally disconnected from who I used to be when I was a child, for instance. So we have this human experience that is showing up in all these various forms of emotion, that if we think about it, it's telling us a story of there's a disconnection haven't taken place. Where then do all these feelings of guilt, shame, embarrassment, humiliation, unworthiness come from? This is the next step in our, in our, as what you call it, a metaphysical story of negative human emotion. And this is what I call anyway, it's the defective story. So not only do we feel disconnected from ourselves and the world and other people, but you know, the mind goes into, well, if I'm disconnected, if I've been rejected, if I'm now alone, why am I alone? Well, it must be because there's something wrong with me. And again, this is where the guilt, shame, embarrassment, humiliation, all these feelings come from, there's something wrong with me. So this is a really, really deep one. The deepest of all is the feeling of disconnection. Then we have that guilt, which is closer to the surface. And much closer still to the surface is the last part. Because of the disconnection, because of that guilt. Well, you know, what if people find out that there's something wrong with me? And now we go into the vulnerability story. So this is where all your anxiety, all your worries going to be all your, you know, panic, anger, blame, this sort of the themes we're pulling out from this go deeper than analyzing the million and one various forms that all these emotions take place in the context in which to take place and the various things that they apply to. Okay. Anxiety might show up in your life in loads and loads of different ways, but there is and that same feeling of anxiety shows up. So if we work back ways, we can find, well, okay, there's this vulnerability around that. Is it tied back to this defective story? Is that because of feeling disconnected? Okay. So having an understanding of these big three makes it a lot easier to work on processing emotion, because you know, kind of that there's a story and we need a kind of a story to bring an understanding to something. One thing that's well understood is that if we have a narrative around something, it'll make it a lot more easy to understand and work with. So you could call it this connection defective vulnerable story. That's the arc of the story here. Now of those three, you know, it's it's very difficult to do anything really with that or directly at least with that feeling of being disconnected. And closer to the surface, we have this feeling of vulnerability, right? So we're all our anxieties are. Now, there is a lot you can do with anxiety, you can work because that's closer to the surface. The problem is if we only work on kind of managing the anxiety or the fear or that vulnerability we feel all the time, and never go deeper with it. It's almost like we're just managing the fear and that vulnerability. Really, what I'm saying here is the most central thing of all to work on is the defective story. It's that part that says there's something wrong with me. It's that guilt we take on, because that disconnection can come from the past, it can come from trauma, it can come from childhood. But it's the taking in of guilt or shame around it is where our control is because that's where we can start to reverse things. We can start to turn things around. And as a result of that, we let go of that defective story. What we'll begin to see is there's much less fear, and there's less guilt or shame. And also there's a there's a much deeper feeling of connection starts to take place with your within yourself, with other people with the world. It all kind of centers around that defective story and challenging that guilt narrative that we carry with us. You know, we have all sorts of rationalizations why we need to keep it and why we should carry it and why we deserve it. But that's all they really are rationalizations. So it's really interesting. The disconnected feeling is very deep, but we can do something with this guilt. It's much closer to the surface. And the interesting thing, think about it this way, it's like cause and effect. Okay, the cause of all these emotions is really like disconnection. And the disconnection comes up and the effect is this guilt story, this defective narrative. So every cause has an effect. Okay, but what if you take away the effect, which is the guilt, now something that doesn't have an effect can't be a cause. So there's no cause for this. So it falls away. Okay, so you can kind of reverse engineer this working on the defective story will make you feel more connected with yourself. It'll make you realize I have not I haven't lost anything. The person I was born as the the authentic personality I have. It's still there. And it was never gone. And all that needs now is the right environment to feel safe again. And it'll start to come out. Okay, so nothing is ever really lost with this is what I'm talking about. So just to recap, maybe you can watch that video again. But I really just wanted to show you that there is a way to kind of understand the myriad of negative emotions we have. This is just one way to conceptualize it. Okay, it makes it a little bit simpler. But the big three are the disconnected feeling, the defective feeling, and the vulnerability feeling that we have, you could put them under those. They're big ones. There's some you may have noticed there's some anger and there is some there's some things like frustration. Those things are in the vulnerability category and they come because anger really comes from fear. Right? It's like only a cornered animal starts to get angry, right? So it's coming from a place of fear. So you could say that that's another aspect to it. But really a lot of this is fear, you know, you could conceptualize the whole thing is fear, to be honest. But the main thing is that defective story. And once we start to question this narrative that there's something wrong with me, and we begin to silence that inner critic, we feel this more, more peace, less fear. And we start to feel a deeper sense of connection again. Hope that was useful for you. And if you enjoyed the video, and I'll talk to you in the next one. Bye for now.


Welcome back to this Fundamentals of Opticals and Scanning Electron Microscopic course. In the last class, we just started reviewing all the fundamental principles and we started looking at the basic rules of light and then some of the basic definitions of diffraction, reflection and so on and we also discussed about some of the image formation rules and then we would like to continue from there and if you look at the criterion for the image formation and this is how it looks, it is a base criterion in order for the lens to form an image of the object, at least two diffracted beams should enter the objective lens and allowed to recombine in the image plane. So if you go back and see the animation what I showed in the last class, it is very much clear that the rays which is coming from this periodic object, the orifice from O1, O2, O3, they are all passing through this glass lens and then you can see that at least two diffracted beam are converging into this image plane to form an image, in this case you have about 1, 2, 3 but the base criterion states that at least two diffracted beams will recombine to form an image, so that is valid. The another important point is there is a relationship between the periodicity and orientation of the object and the spacing and the orientation of the spots in the diffraction pattern. Let us go back and see again, I just mentioned in the last class, the diffraction pattern is forming in the back focal plane and this is a transmitted spot F0 and F1 and F1 dash they are diffracted spot. So to prove this exact, I mean the statement that is the relationship between the periodicity and orientation of the object and the spacing and the orientation of the spots in the diffraction pattern, we will now take up an example like this. Look at this very interesting diffraction pattern, this is an optical diffraction pattern. The pattern A, pattern B, pattern C, pattern D and pattern E and then this image F, look at them carefully. The pattern A is from the grating, a grating with the spacing of 0.126 mm. This grating is in the form of vertical lines along the length of this image. So you see that diffraction pattern appears perpendicular to that orientation, okay. That is very important information. Suppose if I have the grating ruling between this horizontal line, then I will get the diffraction in the vertical direction, okay that is very important. So if you look at the B, C and D, they are from pattern coming from a 100 mesh grid with the spacing of 0.25 mm and then C is coming from a mesh of 200 grid with the spacing of 0.125 mm and the pattern D is from a 400 mesh grid with the spacing of 0.0625 mm and the pattern E from a 2D crystal shown in F. So what is that we are trying to understand from this? You look at this numbers very carefully, of course the pattern 1 clearly demonstrates the depending upon the orientation of the objects, your diffraction pattern is going to appear. But if you look at the pattern B, C and D, you can see that there is a clear cut relationship between the spacing of the mesh grid with the spacing in the diffraction pattern, that is a relationship. I hope you will be able to appreciate this, you can see that as the spacing in the grid decreases, the spacing in the diffraction pattern increases, you can clearly see that. So just from this optical diffraction pattern, it is clearly understood that there is a relationship between periodicity and orientation of the object and the spacing and orientation of the spots in the diffraction pattern. This is just to prove that how much the diffraction pattern is important as an introduction. So you will see that how we will exploit this to understand and most of our microstructural and crystallographic data in the due course of this time. So as an introduction you should know the importance of this diffraction pattern that is why I brought this information. Now we will concentrate on what is this resolution. Let us look at the introductory remarks. Resolution rather than magnification is usually the prime concern of a skilled microscopist. It is the smallest separating distance D that can be discerned between two lines in the image. So you have to be very careful, you should not confuse resolution with magnification. We have seen some of the aspects of this magnification in the compound lens microscopy in the last class. We derived a set of equations, you can refer to that. But we will also emphasize or we will make little more a discussion in the due course about this magnification. But you have to be very careful, resolution is not magnification. Resolution is the smallest separating distance D that can be discerned between the two lines in the image. The unaided eye at the least distance of comfortable vision about 250 mm that can resolve 0.1 mm. Resolution is determined by one wavelength lambda of the radiation and the numerical aperture nA of the objective lens and it is expressed by the abase formula D equals lambda divided by 2 times numerical aperture. This is very important basic relations and we will now see what is the theoretical information or theoretical definition for this resolution. Resolution is defined as the minimum resolvable distance and if you look at the theoretical resolution if there is no aberration at all the resolution of any lens whether it is a glass or electromagnetic is customarily defined in terms of the Rayleigh criterion which is a practical definition. We will now look at what is this Rayleigh criterion. The criterion gives us a merit in terms of the eyes ability to distinguish images of two self luminous incoherent point sources. To understand this statement we will now look at some of the simple schematic and then animation okay because a single point source will not be imaged as a point even if no aberrations or astigmatism are present. Let us look at this before we see the animation let us look at two more points. The finite size of the lens results in the diffraction of the rays at the outermost collection angle of the lens usually by the limiting aperture. This diffraction results in a point being imaged as a disc called the airy disc which has the cross section intensity profile. Let us look at this schematic and the animation. So the individual point P1 it is a self luminous point source and this particular point source is called airy disc and this is the cross section profile intensity profile and let us look at this point P1 and P2. They are two self luminous point sources and then as you have witnessed when these two point sources merge together you see that there is an increase in the intensity and the amplitude. However our interest is to find out to what is that distance at which our eye will be able to identify these two self luminous point sources as a individual image that is what the Rayleigh criterion is trying to state. So if you look at this image point C I will play this animation again for the clarity. I want to look at this animation little more carefully to appreciate what is this Rayleigh resolution we are talking about. So in the first case it is merging together and the second case it is approaching and then it stops. So to understand this we can consider like this you look at the point source P1 the maxima of this P1 it is overlapping with the minima of the second source. If you look at the center point it exactly come and overlap with the minima of the second source. Here and this is the distance this is actually the distance what we defined earlier as an array disc this is a disc and this is the radius of the array disc that is fixed 0.61 times lambda by beta and if you look at this where is this dip will occur it is approximately at about 80% of the maximum intensity of the source P1. So this is the distance basically as I mentioned this is the array disc and with this distance our eye will be able to distinguish these two point sources as an individual image. So let us now summarize this Rayleigh stated that if the maximum from one source lies over the first minimum from the other source then the overall intensity profile exhibits a dip in a middle at about 80% of Imax. The eye can discern this dip as two overlapping images thus indicating the presence of two separate objects. Under this circumstances the distance apart of the two incoherent point sources is defined as theoretical resolution of the lens RTH and it is given by the radius of the array disc RTH is equal to 0.61 times lambda by beta where lambda is a wavelength of the radiation beta is the semi aperture angle. Now I hope you have some idea about the Rayleigh criterion now we will now let us take some of the examples of some images which displays that the Rayleigh criterion for a spatial resolution. Look at this image carefully this is again intensity profile for the point source A you can see that it has got zero order first order second order and so on it is a self luminous point source of light and then if you look at the B then you have these two points overlap corresponding to this intensity profile match and then point C you have these two points just touching each other correspond to intensity profile C. So the profile of the two discs separated at the Rayleigh limit such that the maximum of the disc overlap with the first minimum of the other disc. So this is what shown in the image B it is two points are barely resolved but if you look at the intensity profile C two discs at a separation distance such that the maximum of each disc overlaps the second minimum of the other discs like we have seen in the previous schematic you can see that the minima of the second source is matching with the first maxima then the points are clearly resolved. So that clearly tells that the Rayleigh criterion for a spatial resolution I hope you get this now we will move on to the other important parameter called numerical aperture we have seen that in the very definition of the resolution this D equal to the inversely proportional to this numerical aperture that is what we have seen. So in order to understand this what is the numerical aperture first we will just look at the introduction remarks the numerical aperture value indicates the light gathering power of the compound length system and it is obtained from the relation numerical aperture is equal to n sin alpha where n is the refractive index of the medium between the front lens phase of the objective and the specimen and alpha is the semi apex angle of the light cone defined by the most oblique rays collected by the lens. So in order to understand this the light gathering capability of the objective lens I would like to draw some schematic on the board. So let us now see first I will draw the objective lens because objective lens only collects the rays coming out of first order, second order and so on. So let us assume this an objective lens let us like so this is angle alpha and this is angle of incidence and angle of reflection. So this is first order let us consider this as a first order beam and this is 0 order beam. So this is a collection of first order and 0 order beam by the objective lens like this and this is how the angles are defined. We will now write we will kind of draw another schematic the condition for the diffraction of these two. So let us write the condition for the diffraction first order by a ruled grating. The object is a ruled grating and then we will see what is the condition for the diffraction which is further being collected by the objective lens. So let us consider this as a the rule grating and then I have a set of rays coming let us this also draw the 0th order which more clear. So this is a 0 order order rays and this is first order rays. Let us mark the angles then this is angle I this is angle I. Let us assume this the distance between this the rule ruling or the grating is D. Now let us look at the path difference between the 0 order rays and the first order rays for that let us draw so this is alpha and this is I. We can write the path difference between this 0 and the first order rays from the successive ruling this is ruling is exactly one wavelength. That means we will write D I sin I plus D sin alpha is equal to lambda the path difference between the 0 and the first order diffracted from this ruling with spacing D is exactly equal to lambda. We will write since two beams are just collected by objective I is equal to alpha. So now we can write the limit of resolution that is D minimum is D minimum is equal to lambda by 2 sin alpha. So this is one expression from this ray diagram we can write and we can also now say if the objective lens is filled with some medium of refractive index n then the wavelength of the light in the medium lambda n is we can write that lambda n. So now we can write D minimum is equal to lambda n by 2 sin alpha which is equal to lambda by 2 n sin alpha which is equal to lambda by 2 n a. So this is D minimum is lambda by 2 n a where n sin alpha is called numerical aperture. So now you will appreciate the resolution definition we just stated before. We get from this a path difference ray diagram a small derivation and then now we will see the effect of the numerical aperture on the resolution. We can simply write either increase in numerical aperture that means the light collection ability of the objective lens increases or decrease in lambda will produce the same effect on the resolution. So this is you have to remember that is what this mathematical relationship explains either increase in numerical aperture or decrease in lambda will influence the resolution power of the objective lens. Now we can take some example in the well known electromagnetic spectrum you just take the visible light ranges in wavelength around 650 nanometer at the red end of the spectrum to 400 nanometer at the blue end. So we all know this I just want you to give an emphasis that is why I have written this the visible light ranges in the wavelength from 650 nanometers to that is red end of the spectrum to 400 nanometers of the blue end. So the limit of if you consider this range the limit of the resolution at the blue end one and half times better than at the end just to give an immediate example from the well known visible spectrum and you have the limit of resolution at the blue end that is this here 400 nanometers is one and half times better than the red end spectrum which will have the wavelength of 650 nanometers. So I hope you got the some idea about this numerical aperture and then how it affects the the resolution. So now look at this slide come back to the slide this numerical apertures range in the typical value from 0.08 to 1.25. Suppose this is for this is for the medium air where the refractive index is equal to 1. Suppose if you replace this with the a layer of sedar wood oil which has got the refractive index of 1.5 or monobromo naphthalene which has got a refractive index of 1.66 the number of rays of the reflected light accepted by the front lens of the objective is increased and the resolution and the contrast are improved and this is what shown in the schematic. Look at this this is an objective piece just to show the difference between a dry lens that is a dry objective with the objective immersed with the medium and oil. So you see that when the refractive index is 1 the you can see that the ray reflected from the specimen which are the rays which are trying to enter the objective has some limiting angle this is roughly about 41 degree and then rest of the rays are reflected back by the internal reflection. On the other hand if you look at the objective filled with the oil this the internal reflection is totally avoided and then the same location from the where the rays were reflected back due to the internal reflection they are now accepted by the objective lens because it has got an oil which is having higher refractive index. So that is clearly shown in this and these 72 degree is acceptance angle and this is 67 for the oil immersion objective. Let us look at few more points on the numerical aperture. So whatever I just stated before for dry lenses numerical aperture is limited because the rays subtending angles of 41 degrees this is what I said this is a subtending angle here shown are greater or lost to internal reflection and never enter the lens. The practical bit for a dry lens is about 39 degrees which corresponds to an acceptable angle of 72 degree and a numerical aperture value of 0.95. By adding high refractive index immersion I matching that of the glass cover slip cover slip is because it is covered with this oil on the objective which is having the refractive index of 1.515 which can collect the light diffracted up to 67 degree which corresponds to numerical aperture of 1.4. So let us now look at the other terminology spatial resolution. For all practical purposes we are using only the spatial resolution whatever we are looking at is only a spatial resolution in the microscope and we will see what are the points to remember. For point objects that are self luminous whether it is a fluorescence microscopy or a dark field microscopy we will see them the principles and techniques in due course or even for a non luminous points that are examined by the bright field microscopy in a transmitted light where the condenser numerical aperture is greater than or equal to the objective numerical aperture. The resolving power of the microscope is defined as D is equal to 0.61 times lambda by numerical aperture where D is the minimum resolved distance in micrometer lambda is the wavelength in micrometer and NE is the numerical aperture of the objective lens and in the case of a bright field microscopy where the condenser numerical aperture is less than objective numerical aperture that is the condenser aperture is closed down and or an oil immersion condenser is used in the absence of oil the resolution is given as D is equal to 1.22 lambda divided by condenser numerical aperture plus objective numerical aperture. Please look at this the number 1.22 here it is considered a complete diameter of the array disk here we have considered only the radius of the array disk so do not get confused with this is the same but here it is diameter of the array disk is considered there it is radius of the array disk is considered and another important parameter which we talk about in the light microscope or any microscope is an image brightness very important and the ratio of numerical aperture to the magnification determines the light gathering power of lens and hence the image brightness B. B is defined through the relationship like this B is proportional to numerical aperture divided by magnification whole square for the trans illumination mode trans illumination mode where and B is proportional to numerical to the power of 4 divided by magnification square for a AP illumination mode. We will see what are these two illumination mode when we when we go to the instrumentation details I will just show you the corresponding illumination mode when we look at the instrumentation and this is how the brightness is defined and where M is the magnification and the N is the numerical aperture a geometric parameter related to the light gathering power of an objective lens and numerical aperture as a primary determinant of the spatial resolution of the objective. So it is very important to note that numerical aperture of an objective lens determines the resolution power and of course it has got some range of values we will see that not that all the values of the numerical aperture is going to be useful but if you look at actually the useful magnification is total if you look at it is 500 to 1000 times of the numerical aperture value of any objective this is a total magnification which is useful okay and if you look at this slide what is shown here is the range of useful magnification in the light microscope. So we should not think that suppose if you keep on increasing the numerical aperture value or you keep on decreasing the are adjusting the other parameters we are going to achieve the magnification that is not true what is shown here is the total magnification here in this schematic plot and then these grits shows some kind of the way of reaching some kind of a progression geometrical progression of objective and ocular combinations. So we have seen in the beginning I said most of the microscope we use a compound lens one is one will have objective as well as object ocular eyepiece the total magnification we have seen that it is the magnification achieved by the objective times the magnification achieved by the ocular or the eyepiece. So these two eyepiece as well as the objective has a range of values only that combination will give you the useful magnification okay. So this diagram conveys only that that is the combination of eyepiece and combination of objective and the green line shows the useful magnification range. So this is done with a power focal objectives with the combination of different ocular lens. So it is power focalization using matched power focal objectives and oculars enables the specimen to remain in focus when the objectives are step changed by rotating the nosepiece. It is called Michael series a geometrical progression with the common ratio of approximately 1.25 you can see this is approximately 1.25 provides a basis for magnification values for the objectives and oculars. So the bold lines outline a box within which objective or ocular combinations give the useful magnification. So this is the boundary so you take an ocular magnification and then objective magnification. So within this matrix you find that the total magnification is useful. So it is not that all the you know magnification values are useful. So now we just come to a situation that is we were initially talking about magnification now we are talking about useful magnification and that is anything which is not useful magnification out of this green box is called empty magnification. So we can write a kind of a definition for this empty magnification. So we will write that excessive magnification or increases the size of the image without increasing the amount of detail and it may degrade also degrade its image quality that is called empty magnification. So it is not that we have all the values for the objective numerical aperture is going to be useful. So we have the limitation and this is how the empty magnification is defined. So we will see few more concepts and parameters in the next class.