I, yeah, I mean, some good news, two items of good news, two items of good news, I wanna report. One is, I don't know how many of you know who Mark Andreson is, Mark Andreson is. Mark is one of the premier venture capitalists in Silicon Valley. He's a big name in the Valley, he's a big name in our culture, I think, particularly among computer nerds, but in the venture community, starter community, tech community, this is a big name. And Mark Andreson cited to write about Iron Rand today, interestingly, so his first tweet two hours ago, I think it was about two hours ago, whenever, earlier today, maybe three hours ago. His first tweet was, Overhood in Silicon Valley, Colin. Iron Rand's heroes are fake, but her villains are real. Interesting, and that's the tweet. Interesting the way he phrases that, because it's not necessarily him saying it, but it's, I think, what a lot of people think, but Overhood in Silicon Valley, Iron Rand's heroes are fake, but her villains are real. Now, I was gonna talk about that, and what that reveals about the people who say that, that they can't live up to be the heroes. It's not political, it's not anything, it's just a statement about Iron Rand's heroes, about who they are. So I think here, you really get a sense of, how defeated so many of these entrepreneurs and people are, it's kind of sad. They are the ones who should be Iron Rand's heroes. But if Michael Jee says not saying it funnily enough in his own words, it's like Overhood in Silicon Valley. But then, about an hour ago, an hour ago, he posted a whole thread, and the thread from beginning to end is a quote from the Fountainhead. Um, it's, it's Elzo Tui. It's one of the bad guys, one of the villains. And it's one of the most powerful, impactful, you know, I think passages that Iron Rand ever wrote. I'll just quote some of it. The, and I'm quoting Mark Andreessen's tweet. The soul is that which can't be ruled. You must be broken. Drive a wedge in, get your fingers on it, and the man is yours. You won't need a whip. He'll bring it to you and ask to be whipped.  Want to know how it's done? There are many ways. Here's one, make man feel small. Make him feel guilty. Kill his aspiration and integrity. That's difficult. The worst among you gropes an ideal in his own twisted way. Direct man towards a goal destructive of all integrity. Tell man that man that he must live for others. That altruism is the ideal. Not a single one of them has ever achieved it or will ever. There's every living instinct screams against it. But don't you see what I will, what you accomplish? Man realizes that he's incapable of what he's accepted as his noblest virtue. And it gives him a sense of guilt, of sin, of his own basic unworthiness. Since the supreme ideal is beyond his grasp. He gives up on all ideals, all aspirations, all sense of personal value. Why preserve that which one knows to be corrupt already? His soul gives up self-respect. You've got him. He'll obey. He'll be glad to obey. Because he can't trust himself. He feels uncertain. He feels unclean. That's one way. And he goes on. And at the end, at the end of it, he write, this is, yes, this is two talking to Keating. At the end of it, Mark Adresin writes, a fictional character who could never exist in real life, I assume. Now, that's powerful. It's a powerful statement. It's a powerful scene. It's reflective of so much of the evil in the world around us. It's a direct, direct criticism of altruism, of the more code that dominates the world out there, embraced by one of the great venture capitalists in Silicon Valley right now. So by the way, FunLena follows me on Twitter. I encourage you, if you're on Twitter, if you engage in Twitter, then go and make a comment. Like it, retweet it, comment on it. Give this some energy. Let this, don't let this die. Let this be a commentary that keeps going. So that, I thought that was terrific. It's just terrific. And to see somebody, I don't know if he's just discovered it. I don't know if, I think he knows on your end. It has known him for a long time, but why he would put this today, and what's the context? I don't know, but it's great to see it. So that's the good news. I think that's good news. Hopefully you guys think it's good news. The second, I'll just mention quickly, I am, as I told you reading, David Deutsches from the beginning of Infinity. And I'm on chapter three. I have a lot of reservations about chapter one. He's so freaking close, and he is epistemology. It just keeps missing, just keeps missing. I wish he would read, I wish somebody to give him, although it probably too late, but I wish somebody would give him to read Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology. I'm so curious. Or listen to Lenin Peacock's talks on induction. But it would be fascinating to see his response to that. But chapter two is really good. Chapter three is brilliant. Chapter three is truly brilliant. And it makes up for any misgivings I have, although the misgivings still undercut it, under my name. So it's so much fun reading an author who I think, based on my limited knowledge, seems to be taking an original view, presenting an original perspective, critiquing what needs to be critiqued, presenting a positive, inspiring view. Of mankind, of human ability to reason, even though he doesn't call it human ability to reason, of what progress makes possible, of the infinity that is progress. He comes so close to Rand's view with regard to concepts, in a sense, concepts are this beginning of infinity. There's a lot that can be integrated there. And it's interesting. He really needs her epistemology. But you can see what I think is an original mind, a truly brilliant mind, grasping with certain philosophical and for certain issues. And then, but just a pro-human being, a pro-life, pro-progress, pro-success, just fun, fun to read. So far, and I'll keep giving you updates as I read through the book. I'm listening to it. Yeah, chapter three is definitely worth reading and listening to. So that's two good pieces of good news. Don't skip it. Thank you for listening or watching the Iran book show. If you'd like to support the show, we make it as easy as possible for you to trade with me. You get value from listening. You get value from watching. Show your appreciation. You can do that by going to iranbookshow.com slash support.  Also, if you'd like to see the Iran book show grow, please consider sharing our content and of course, subscribe. Press that little bell button right down there on YouTube so that you get an announcement when we go live. And for those of you who are already subscribers and those of you who are already supporters of the show, thank you. I very much appreciate it.


and welcome another episode of The Nonprofit Show. Julie and I are excited to have a super nerdy conversation with Neil Sinclair, and Neil serves as the co-founder and COO at Be Generous, so welcome to Neil. And he is here to talk to us about attracting millennials and Gen Z donors. So excited to have that conversation. Julia Patrick is here, CEO of the American Nonprofit Academy, and I'm Jared Ransom, your non-profit nerd CEO of the Raven Group. We are so very honored to have the continued partnership and relationship with amazing presenting sponsors. So a huge shout out goes to Bloomerang, American Nonprofit Academy, also the fundraising academy at National University, Be Generous where Neil joins us from today, your part-time controller, non-profit nerd, non-profit thought leader, as well as staffing boutique. So please check these companies out.  So thank you to our sponsors that keep us growing. Thank you also for allowing us the opportunity to place all 700 plus, in fact I think it's like 725, episodes on Roku, YouTube, Amazon Fire TV, as well as Vimeo. And for those podcast listeners that are like me and listen to a lot of things via podcast, go ahead and cue us up there too. You can listen to the non-profit show wherever you stream your podcast. So thank you to all of our presenting sponsors for that. Neil, welcome back. We are so glad to have you here. Thank you. I think it's been a month or two, so it's been too long. Yeah, you know, we're excited to have you back to talk with us. I thought that you had the most interest, you have a lot of content on your website. You had a really interesting blog post about millennials and Gen Z donor reactions and profiles and strategies. And so we're really excited to get you back in today to talk about that because I think that we're all, we talked about it, but we don't really engage with it. And so I'm really excited to have you talk to us. So first and foremost, what is a millennial donor behavior? I mean, aren't they all the same? Yeah, I think that's the big common misconception is there's two misconceptions. And I think folks here might remember my back from the last one, not only my co-founder and COO of Be Generous, but I ran a non-profit for several years in the child sexual abuse prevention space that was focused on the so-called millennial donors. So millennials, I would typically define them as kind of your current 25 to 45 year old set. There's some variations on that theme where you can kind of be a Gen Xer or leaning a little more Gen Z, but typically generations are defined and are between like 15 and 20 years. That's sort of the standard metric that's used. So millennials are those folks that grew up in the crucible of three major financial crises, the aftermath of 9-11 and the war on terrorism, the 2008 financial crisis, and now COVID. They have been trying to build wealth against those multiple headwinds. Not great. I think maybe the generation that was kind of born right before like World War I, that's all World War I, the Great Depression and World War II, could lay claim to similar world style events. So not only are they having difficulty building wealth, but their behaviors because of that difficulty building wealth and because of the discrepancy between the wages that they thought they would be earning versus the prices of the world, just the consumer price index and variable goods, cost of education, cost of a housing have really gone inverse, right, to the previous generation. It's never been more expensive to be an American today. And so as a result of that, the ability to be philanthropic, to give your wealth away is extremely curtailed if you don't have naturally intergenerational wealth. And so I hear from a lot of folks that there is great difficulty and great trepidation within the nonprofit space of engaging with these millennial and forget Gen Z even for a second, just millennial and to an extent Gen X donors, because what they're seeing is a lesser pattern of donation. And the reality is these folks want to give a large portion of millennials, the vast majority, consider themselves by definition philanthropists. Yet less than two thirds have actually ever given even a single dollar to a charitable or philanthropic organization. And that's that great discrepancy to set aside the fact that there are some distrust of institutions layered on top of all of that, right? And they're looking more for the charity waters and the cool innovative philanthropies of the world. They don't want to give to mom and dad's Red Cross and International Rescue Committee. They want to do something a little different, right? They're very woke. They're very aware of what's going on in the world. They want to give up their time. They do want to give up their treasure, but they don't have the capabilities of generations past. So you'll see, I cite in the article that you've mentioned here, that millennials, right, which are now really coming of age where they should have some wealth, some income that allows them to give away, even a small amount, are still lacking both Gen X and certainly the baby boomer generation by by Debel and even some cases, triple digits for their average gift size. And that's a result of all of these confluence of events coming together to really act against them. And then by the same token, the charities are not reacting and reaching out to them in the ways that are required because they're fearful. And I get that to go and acquire a millennial donor is an expensive proposition without the ROI. You know, if you send a mailer to a man or a woman in their 60s or 70s, there's a high ROI on that. They're going to write that check out of their checkbook, which they still balance by hand. My parents do that. Right. But the person that is doing their banking online or, you know, using crypto or whatever, that's a different nut to crack. And so who's doing that right are some of those folks that have the ability to be experimental at the very top of the threshold. You'll see folks that, you know, the Red Crosses or the United Ways that are accepting crypto and, you know, experimenting with outreach to that next generation, or it's the organizations that have nothing to lose that are already coming in and saying, listen, we have to go after the millennials because we're not going to get the 75 year old little lady who's going to write us a check because she already has a long established relationship with Memorial Sloan or one of the other biggies out there. So it's a difficult proposition, but I will tell you as a final point on this particular topic, it is not only worth it, of course, because when it will make a large percentage of population, it is necessary for the sustainability and growth of your mission to figure out how to start getting millennial wallet share. And one of the biggest pieces of advice that I give to any nonprofit, large or small in business for a year or a hundred years is, I really please do not take this analogy as truth, but I hate to do it. You have to start thinking like the tobacco companies and the beer companies, and you got to start getting them when they're young, right? Start cultivating those relationships in the early days to make them the lifelong folks, right? Why does McDonald's do happy meals for two or three dollars? Right? They lose money on that, generally speaking. They do it because that builds that relationship. So when you're an adult, you're still going to come through to their drive-through, right? And you have to start thinking of ways to get younger people involved, whether it's creating a young professionals committee or just doing outreach and speaking in their language and hiring staff that reflects that. And if you don't do that, you might find yourself in crisis or in 20 years when all of those younger donors are now 50, 60 years old and want nothing to do with your organization. Right, yeah. This is fascinating to me because I remember 20 years ago when I started in my career and one in my fundraising career and really the number one problem that my organization was facing was the growing age of the constituency base, right? And so we've kind of had this issue for the last couple of decades, right? Saying, hey, our donors are aging. Our donors are dying. Our donors are no longer our donors. And so what I'm hearing you say in this, Neil, is really it's a long game. And it is like selling a happy meal to a toddler now so that when they come to wealth and they see that brand awareness and connection and then they say, hey, I absolutely want to give to this organization because I was touched by them at some point. So is it a long game? And then what does that kind of look like? So I used to work for an exceedingly wealthy family of like 10, 11 figures of wealth. And they're the ones that taught me how to think in decades and generations. And if you're thinking global politics, you know, who does it really well, or the Chinese, right? Where we have a very short term mentality in America, the Chinese think in centuries. And part of that, their political structure and wealthy families have the ability to think long term. But there's too much short term thinking that goes on. And the reality is if you're going to be a successful charity, you have to have both mentalities. You have to think about how do I survive for the short term? And how do I sustain for the long term? And that's for your upstart nonprofits, for your longer in the tooth nonprofits, you know, your red crosses, your hospitals that have been around for 100 years, these organizations whose names we know, you have to have a similar mentality because there's a little bit at the upper end of the market, a little bit of a, I can't be touched. I'm too big to fail kind of arrogance. And the simple reality is, ask a Sears executive back in 1952, if they ever thought they'd be basically bankrupt today, right? And the simple reality is that that happened. Times change, things change. If you're setting up a nonprofit, you either have one of two goals, either you're going to do sort of foundation style management and say, listen, we're running this to solve a 20 year problem, and then we're out. I get that. That's great. You can have a much different mentality. If you're like, my goal is to set up a sustainable organization that's going to change the world for the next 100 years plus, right, to be the next Red Cross, you have to have that long term mentality. And for those organizations that already have that long term mentality, you have to start thinking about, how do I avoid being maybe the next Sears, right, or some of these other institutions that, you know, I mean, there was a Woolworth on every corner, where are they today, right? They don't exist anymore. I used to love that store. They were great, right? I'd still like to go in and get a malt for 10 cents, but you know, it doesn't exist anymore. They lost touch, and they lost reality with the changing times. And I think some of the larger institutions have done a very good job of that. And some have done a very poor job of that. And they're going to be facing a kick the can down the road crisis. We talked last time on this show about, you know, the death rate in this country, which is, you know, two, three percent, very almost sort of logarithmically tracks the inversely, the rate of individuals that are switching to online donations. If you're not going to meet your donors where they are, even if it's a slow rotation, two, three, four, five percent a year, well, 10 years, that's 50% of your donor base that is gone. And 50% of a donor base that you have no contact with.  I'm going to go and do that, right? And eat their lunch. And we've seen that. I mean, Amazon came in and ate Sears' lunch, right? Because they weren't dynamic.  And so I think nonprofits need to have that similar kind of mentality if they want to survive for the long run. Absolutely. You know, and part and parcel to that in looking at this long road and understanding that we have generations and they have their own habits and they have their own experiences and they are influenced differently by things. I mean, you talked about 9-11, the crisis of COVID and then the major global economic crisis of 2008-2009. Where does Generation Z donors, where do they fit in? Because I think this is another generation that they've been actively volunteering through their schools, like the public school system. So they get that piece of it. What about the money piece? No, it's a great question. So I'm going to show you this. Not even my Gen Z, but my Gen Alpha piece of flair. This is my daughter's bracelet. We have daddy daughter bracelets, but she lost her. So I'm wearing hers right now because I found it. So I have a little bit of personal insight, not only into Gen Z, but Gen Alpha, right, which are the children of millennials who are coming of age now. And I'm going to lump them a little bit in together because we don't quite know about Gen Alpha and we're still learning a lot about Gen Z. Gen Z and for the audience that's unaware, again, there's lots of definitions out there, but they're sort of the sub-25 year olds, right? They're coming into their age right now. A lot of them might still be in their teens. Some are kind of in their 20s, maybe later 20s, again, depending on who you ask. They grew up in a mostly post-911 world. They grew up with an extreme distrust of institutions. I don't like the word because I think it's become pejorative, but they've grown up with an extreme degree of wokeness that is, you know, your organization is not good enough, right, for them. They are very much a mentality of having a much deeper direct relationship with the organization, hence why you're mentioning that there is a lot of volunteerism, right? And so, again, it's all about the idea of meeting donors where they are. And a big part of that is saying that these folks, they don't just want to receive a mailer once a year and they'll send a check back. They want to be involved. And they don't really care about the annual report, right, to see your efficiency as an organization. They care about the mission. They care about the cause and the good work that you have done and that you lean into their values. This is a value-driven, you know, level of individual. And if you're not doing that, they will find somebody else that will do that in the way that they think, right? This is one of those generations that I think is going to create a real sea change in the way that both brands and nonprofits who are also a variation on brand need to engage or you will lose that consumer and somebody else will come in and figure out that way to speak to them very meaningfully. And on the topic of meeting them where they are, let's be very clear, they're not on Facebook, right? Especially Jen Alpha, right? My daughter has no idea what it is.  That's like Windows 95 to her, right? It just seems silly or incarnate. It's goofy stuff. They're on TikTok. They're on Snap. By the way, they're abandoning Instagram now as well. They're in chat functions, right? They're on WhatsApp. They want real dialogue and they want short, pithy video content. It's a whole different fundraising ballgame for these folks. It's done through influencers as opposed to brands and a lot of scenarios, right? It's a lot more, again, about building personal relationships. We don't know what they're going to look like from a wealth perspective yet, right? Millennials got the short shrift on this and we don't quite know exactly what the full Gen Z size is going to be both in terms of wealth and as a segment of population, probably somewhat similar to millennials. But as they mature into their wealth and into their careers, I would augur even more than millennials, if you have not established an early relationship by having them volunteer and be proactive and coming out and meeting them where they are on the social media channels where they are, they are going to leave you behind and happily so. Jen Alpha, from the little insight that I've seen with my two kids, they're doubling down on that Gen Z mentality, both of wokeness and of sort of new avant-garde ways to interact with brands. There has to be an entire switching of mentality, maybe not today, probably about five to 10 years to think about it, right? Because they're not going to be making up the majority of your fundraising, but you do have to start strategizing about that group because maybe they won't be on TikTok by the time they can become a meaningful donor. But you do have to start thinking about how you can cultivate, right? And that's the biggest word I always give to folks. You have to cultivate relationships early on, or they will not respect you at the point at which they can become a meaningful donor, but they'll respect that small upstart organization that's been able to stick it out for these 10 years, and that's where their check's going to go. And you're going to see a lot of deficit of larger organizations and sea change of larger organizations that didn't do that prudent planning, facing a reckoning within the next 20 to 30 years. And Gen Z is going to be a real catalyst to that. You know, one of the things I heard you say in particular for the Gen Z years is, you know, they don't really care so much about the impact report, the annual report, you know, so that leads me to think about trust philanthropy, right? Trust based giving. And so really moving in that space to say, hey, I've been watching you. You are innovative. You have caught my attention and you've kept my attention. Here's my money or my time. Use it however you wish. Are you seeing that as a trend? Yeah, it's a great question. I think it's a little bit of both, right? I don't think there's a pure answer on this. Some of it is, hey, wherever it will help the most, I tend to see that more when there's a one to one model. And I would like to see more of that from more organizations, where it's like, if you give this $50, this is specifically what will happen. 90% of your donation will go to buying a goat for a person in a developing country. And this is how they'll use it. And these are the benefits of that, right? That one to one modeling, that personalization is really important. And that's where I think that trust philanthropy comes in. Hey, use it as you wish. But I want to understand that if I give 50 bucks, what is that sort of philanthropic ROI that I'm getting? But I trust that you as boots on the ground will understand that. But by the same token, some people say, I don't trust, I want to actually see and hear, I want you to do storytelling. And or I want to be involved, right? If I can meaningfully be involved in some way and come out and actually help out and then say, oh, I see where my treasure would meaningfully go to this organization, because I've actually seen the results and impact on that, right? Remember, millennials kind of started this. Gen Z has really taken up the mail. This is the show me generation. They want to be out there and get the selfie while they're doing good and show that to their friends. That social proof is so massively important. And just saying, Hey, I struck a check, doesn't do it anymore, right? You'll actually get harangued by your friends for doing that.  Why aren't you out there doing some, some good in the world, right? What have you done today? Right? If you ever get a chance to read the philosopher Peter Singer, he's an Australian philosopher, wrote a lot specifically about animal rights and animal welfare. And he has this sort of amazing philosophical concept out there where he says, if you're walking down the street and you see a man or a woman with a broken leg in the middle of that street, about to get run over by a car, wouldn't you go and help? He said, Of course I would. I'm a moral person. I dragged them out of the way, get the medical attention. And he says, Well, there's another person a thousand miles away with the same broken leg and same peril. How was your moral obligation to that person changed just because of distance? Right? And when you start to think of it, it's like, it really hasn't, right? It hasn't because then you can just substitute that person in a sense of urgency with someone in an impoverished situation, someone dealing with an emergency that just because there's an arms length distance between you and them has not actually diminished your moral obligation to them. And I think that Gen Z and certainly Gen Alpha as well have that kind of moral framework. And that kind of global, I must help mentality and I must show up mentality. And so even more so than, Hey, you're a great nonprofit, go out and do your good, where yes, some of that will play in. It's gonna be a lot of, I've got to show up and actually do something more, they kind of mock the millennials, right? And me being one of them, when we like, post about like, Hey, I put a frame on my Facebook. So like, I'm like against anti-Semitism, right? What did you do? Right? What else did you do? Yeah. What did you do?   There is not a single scent that comes home for my son for anything because he's donated it to some, you know, box that's in front of the cash register or given it to someone who needed something more. So, you know, I'm seeing that age and he's 12, very giving, he is very giving. And maybe some of that's because of, you know, I've, I've modeled this through my work career and he's seen that certainly as have your children.  How have you seen this for the be generous platform, you know, change philanthropy today? Yeah, no, it's a great question. So the simple reality, as I mentioned earlier, is there's a huge disconnect between the economic reality of millennials, Gen Z's, probably Gen Alpha's and their, their ability to earn income and wealth, right? Sustainable wealth and their ability to then give that away against the headwinds that they've faced. And just the fact that the world is so much more expensive. That's why we've seen a lot of an uptake towards those high net worth individuals towards those major gift donors making up more and more of the share of overall giving. Well, corporations have remained steady at six percent discussion for a different day. By now, pay later, what we call donate now, pay later is a necessity within the philanthropic space. There's a reason that by now, pay later, right, in the consumer space, what some people call reverse layaway has done so well. A, the millennial and below generations do not trust credit cards or banks, right? The financial crisis of 2008 shied us all away from that. They don't like institutions. So there are some recent reports that at two thirds of all millennials and even more of Gen Z don't actually own or utilize a credit card on a regular basis as a major seed change. They're using alternative forms of payment. They're trying to live a little bit more within their means because they have to. And on top of that, credit isn't being extended to them in the same way. So by now, pay later if you want to buy a dress or a TV or whatever it is that's outside of your means is becoming more and more popular, but out of necessity, not necessarily out of avarice and desire to be acquisitive, right? It's just, I have to have that in order to get the things that I need because I'm paying $6,000 a month for a one bedroom, 300 square foot apartment in New York, right? Some of the realities of the world. So that model need be cross-applied to these millennial and certainly Gen Z donors as well because they don't have the financial capability to pop down a credit card and spend $1,000 on an auction item and then materially meaningfully pay that off because their income is greatly constrained and they're paying back student loans in a way that our parents and grandparents generation didn't have to. And I appreciate, you know, $20,000 of student loan help that might be coming if it gets out of the court scenario. But if you've gone to law school, right, making a good living as a lawyer, right? If you've gone to a top sort of, you know, 20, 30, 40, 50 law school, $200,000 in loans just for that, right? Unless you have that intergenerational well. Do you know how much on even on a 25 or 30 year payback basis servicing $200,000 of loans, even with a de minimis interest rate is, we're talking $2,000 a month sometimes to service that loan. And you're maybe making a starting lawyer salary between $150,000, take taxes out of that. You're working in a major city because that's what the major law firms are. That $10,000 a month of take home is already one quarter gone. Now you layer in your basic living expenses and you've got almost nothing left, right? Bonuses don't exist in the way that they were less millennials and Gen Z are able to engage in sort of other wealth building activities like buying homes or getting involved in the stock market. A lot of things that are coming against you. So donate now pay later, you know, in our scenario interest and fee free spread out those payments over time three, six and nine months. It's a wonderful thing. We would be doing this even if this wasn't a financial reality because it is always helpful to be able to pay over time, but we are also a necessity in order to engage those younger generations. And so what we encourage a lot of our clients to do is not only market, donate now pay later to your current audience, but if you're a little fearful of going after those millennial donors right now, offer them donate now pay later, show them that you're not saying I need $1,000 in my pocket today to go out and do good in the world. Be like, I'm still going to get the $1,000 from be generous amazing. They pay me up front, but I want to make sure that I'm being respectful of your wallet, right? And the other difficulties that you're facing. And I feel like a lot of nonprofits, you know, I'm Jewish, so I can say this, they go to the Jewish mother route, right?  Oh, come on, can't give $1,000 today. There's dogs, there's veterans without meals. What are you doing? And you do it. And it's painful to do that. And the reality is that nonprofits have to be a little more respectful of the fact that as much as we want to help as millennials and Gen Zers, sometimes we just can't, we can give up our time, we can't give up our treasure. So that's why donate now pay later really fundamentally has to exist.  Our average donor is actually around 48, 49 years old. So much younger, but it's not still necessarily that a 25 year old, right? Not yet. Not yet. But that is because a lot of nonprofits are fearful of marketing to the young generation because they don't think the ROI will be higher. And I have to encourage you, you're missing out on opportunity for like 20 to 25% of the population by going directly to them to have this dialogue and conversation with them very little to lose a lot to gain. They're already sort of behaviorally institutionalized to this type of, you know, sort of buy now pay later, you know, sort of mentality and behaviorism, donate now pay later makes sense to them. And so I would encourage all folks, whether you're just offering a sustaining giving program, or you're offering, you know, sort of, you know, donate now pay later as we do to really lean into that or the acquisition, the donor acquisition equation for the sub sort of 40 year old donor. And then you'll get some really material ROI. You know, this is so amazing. I, you know, as soon as I heard from Dom, your co founder in Be Generous, I was, I was on board, like I love what you're offering through Be Generous, the donate now pay later talk about innovation. So this is just fantastic. I hope that all of our viewers and listeners will certainly check out the website. It's be generous.com and co founder and COO, you heard from him directly today, Neil St. Clair. Julia mentioned the blog that's on their website. So definitely check that out. It has just a wealth of information and dives, dives deeper on this conversation. So Neil, thank you. It's always a fantastic conversation. And I cannot wait to see where this platform goes. Thanks so much. I really appreciate you having me on. It's been a lot of fun. Hey, everybody. Again, I'm Julia Patrick, CEO of the American nonprofit Academy been joined today by the nonprofit nerd herself. These are the things that we love for, we love these conversations. And we are so fortunate to have a sponsorship of Blumerang American nonprofit Academy, your part time controller, be generous who we had Neil today on fundraising Academy at National University, Steph and boutique nonprofit thought leader and nonprofit nerd. You know, this is the type of discussion that we have a lot on the nonprofit show, not just talking about those things today, but really expanding, you know, the horizon and looking that we do have a trajectory to follow if we want to be sustainable. And so Neil, thank you so much for giving us a new insight onto that. My pleasure. Thank you again. Thank you. Hey, Jared, since I flubbed up so much on our exit last week, I'm going to let you take us out. Well, we have a lot going on this week. It was a wonderful opportunity to kick off with Neil today with be generous. We invite you to join us each and every day this week for another hot topics that we have on the lineup. So until then, we ask you encourage you remind you to please stay well, so you can do well. Thanks, everyone. And we'll see you here tomorrow.


Hi, rai gael yma. Mae gweithio ym Mhlynedd, 30 wrth gyrsgón 8am, yma, inni London. Rwy'n dechrau'n gwneud hynny o'r hwyl ni'n gweithio'n gwneud hynny o'r hoffa ar y cyflawn.  Mae'n gwneud i'r euro o'u ddolar o'r hoffa o'r hoffa o'r hoffa o'r hoffa Give it to you just that newentiوم o' realise this chart back longer term, on an실u, but just drifting it to the lower month there you can see we've now just made a new low for the year for the euro automatically so if we just put this on the daily chart exam, remove everything you can see we're going to draw a horizontal line here we're now the lowest we've been since May 2017. So one of the articles we will focus on Felly, mae'r holl Genedig yng Ngher Maes byw i'r bro can holds Peir yn ei gael i ddweud, yn ei geisio i ddwy wneud i ddweud asi mor trio wedyn feddwl i fod yn rhaglyn. Cymru siarnef iawn i chi —來 immediately— aodd Wordll Th делоion iddo rhai atser, wrth i dwatero lefel ond i gyd y rai os gyd yn unig i mewn ócriaeth ars allanedd, So 4 May, 1.10.33 would be a key level support if that was to go today, which isn't out of the question, I don't really see much stopping it for quite some time. Of course comments can come out and it wasn't too long ago if we look at last Friday that we had such a big push higher and I remember when this was coming out and it was actually relatively late in the day, 3 o'clock Jackson Hole speech, it's a bit of a nothing up and down exactly where a bit of a dogey then Trump comes out and his big Twitter speech war and the dollar weakened massively against the Euro on the trade fears igniting China weakening and obviously the Euro following suit I thought it was strengthening to the upside there as the dollar weakened and I've been along the short Euro dollar for a while so seeing that was quite frustrating and it was a long walk home thinking about what has Trump done to me here. I've given him nothing but praise over the last few years and he's come out with one of these days where all he says is negative. For the dollar but the market at the moment every time we even try to get higher in this Euro just met with a push down. You can see every single time and even going back to that daily chart here you can see just how any moment even going back to January push higher and it's just that breakthrough and this market despite what Trump wants is pushing lower and of course within a couple of weeks, three weeks or so we do have the central bank meetings coming together again ECB this time of first year so obviously we've got that coming up and the Fed and Bank of England as well on the 18th and 19th of September so going to be certainly interesting as we've now wrapped up August from the end of today September's coming the volume I suppose we can look to start coming back into the market and people going to have to start pricing in new events ahead of these central bank meetings and the Hawks are trying to step it up from the ECB to know a veil as of yet and you can see as well just this morning the Dax over the last few minutes or so just pushing to a new high well here we go since well pretty much the fifth of August there so Dax pushing higher is a bit of a resistance point and of course we're 10 minutes into that open where the volume is going to start picking up anyway but that doesn't look like a hawkish ECB does it despite what some of the comments have been yesterday and even this morning as well S&P you can see this this really really key level being tested late last night obviously there's no pivots on here but you can just see the importance of this whole area whether we can get above there this week will be absolutely massive for the month as well 2943 the top end 2944 the top end of that range and then even where we just sort of reached overnight in the Asian session 34 so if we can clear that there will be a pretty good pretty important for the S&P and what's been a pretty good last week really since Friday last week where obviously stocks came down pretty strong and Trump eased off the pedal maybe he saw the reaction to his favourite S&P and thought well hang on a minute I need to just calm this down we don't want to repeat last quarter four last year and we've drifted higher and that is in turn has helped oil as well the easing of the trade war fears has helped as oil is set for its biggest weekly gain since July so if we just put the oil chart going on from that week and of course with the trade fears that we had last Friday by just rectangle that now you can see we came lower so if off the trade fears there now easing a touch obviously oil has to repair some of that so that's one of the reasons that we have pushed to the upside and then of course on Tuesday evening as you can see highlighted here now we had the API that was confirmed on Wednesday with the DOE is a big draw one of the biggest since December last year that's another reason why oil has also pushed higher and also there's a hurricane looming in Florida and this has been priced into the markets of course the week isn't over yet and just looking at this from technical point of view you can see this trend line that was already marked up I imagine this is from the session yesterday this is put that on exactly the highs this looks pretty key going forward from yesterday you can see got those free tests now so again going into the week and the month would be massively important to see whether we can get above there and then this is that trend line on a longer term coming in around 5750 something that we focus on so hurricane what they named it this time scroll down hurricane Dorian heading towards Florida raised fears of the offshore US crew producers may shut her output if the storm passes into the Gulf of Mexico over the weekend so I know oil traders will be keeping a close eye on that and it's just another reason why we are looking like we're going to have one of the best weeks for oil since July so a few weeks there helped by hurricane fears trade easing and of course the draws that we saw in the weekly inventories for API Tuesday and DOE on the Wednesday as well having a look elsewhere just in the markets now the stocks just trying to continue this push higher also with the pounds as well you can see on the fact that the dollar is slightly stronger today we are just drifting lower here as well so the euro has mentioned making that new low for the year the pound thanks to some comments from Merkel last week has still relatively elevated hasn't actually retraced all that move yet if we were to make a new low for the week however you'd imagine that would come pretty quickly you can see we're trading on the futures anyway 121 77 so fair whack away from the low of the year that we had at 123 34 of course that 120 level still very much a level of interest stories from overnight what's feeding into the market I think I didn't have the chart up there so let me just go through that again for the pound you can see trading 121 77 so there's those Merkel comments there's the suspension of parliament and we pretty much reversed almost to the tick here those Merkel rumors coming through so it's an important levels for the pound still obviously to have marked up couple of headlines overnight UK and EU to step up Brexit talks as parliament show down loom so speaking to answers before the briefing about this and certainly on Twitter it depends what your agenda is but there's certainly people on one side of things that are very critical Boris Johnson and what he's doing to their beloved Great Britain but there's also people that say we're finally getting someone that's actually sticking to what they're saying and not beating round the bush and sticking to their cunning plan if you like and Boris Johnson has got this set up here so over the next month Boris Johnson has ordered officials said they will meet at least eight times throughout September in order to start a new deal come to some sort of agreement and this is to almost help the ward off the rebellion against that no deal to war so at least he's trying or this is the way it looks anyway to get some sort of deal to avoid that no deal but at the same time saying well if we can't if Europe aren't going to play a ball well fine we'll leave with that no deal as well so it would be interesting to see how that sort of developed certainly over the coming days as well and for the interns obviously trading the pound if we just have a look over the last couple of weeks you've had comments coming out which have been pretty unscheduled so that's a market where certainly today I'm just going to be a bit more of an edge and I'm only going to treat it as if I'm trading the pound so we have got some dollar related things out so therefore euro yen or Aussie against the dollar is where I would focus there for the currencies rather than the pound is treating it as almost a reaction to a news headline that you might happen to be at your desk or also headlines from yesterday drifted in or worth keeping an eye on shall we say is is is the speaker burko about how he's going to try stop this suspension of the parliament he's going to hold a vote next week to well to try and get an extension of article 50 again and whether that would happen or not may well help the remain side of things so that's a good thing expected to potentially take place next Tuesday or Thursday. I'll post the article in the chat later on with conservatives side of the thing or Boris is camp now I guess you could say especially ahead of the sort of the next parliamentary votes is of course you know this this recess happens every year between September and October so it's actually nothing new yes I know there's more at stake here we didn't really hear people talking too much about that and there hasn't been a queen speech for quite some time as well so on the other side of things it's kind of business as usual it happens every year but yes of course I do understand that his bigger things have played for now but also burko has been at the helm for over to two stints already which is the sort of the status quo so wouldn't surprise me to see a pick up in China almost out him from his seat so I'll be keeping a watch on that certainly as we do go into the end of September and October whether he still even has a role and of course he's been very very vocal over the last three months are trying to stop this this no deal and Brexit from from even happening even though not too long ago he was a Euroceptic but that's for another day perhaps and I want to get too political but certainly over the weekend we want to see how this story plays out you know are there still going to be a rebellion against Boris that no confidence vote seems to almost just drifting away as maybe this plan for the article 50 extension from burko holding that vote next week is now at the forefront of people's minds data wise as well will come on to in a moment but also speaking of the weekend we're keeping an eye on what's happening in Germany you've got the elections that fine these might be the elections that finally lead to Merkel's fall the headline there perhaps insinuating too much in the way that that would be a development that I don't think is on the cards for now that the far right AFD poise for major gains in coalition run states however the article goes on and this is really general consensus that even if the AFD becomes the strongest force in these elections it is unlikely to be able to govern as another party is willing to form a coalition with it so as has been the case really over the last couple of years where within Europe you have this build up of the far right are going to have massive gains on these elections blah blah blah and it can then lead to this that and the other that's not really been the case and it's almost some have won some haven't so for me a bit of a non story for sure worth keeping an eye on and again if it fits your agenda of the Euro another sort of nail in its coffin and fine but for me the Euro obviously even with these hawkish comments and it just seems destined that we are going to keep pushing lower as money just pouring into the dollar what other currency really at the moment would you want to be holding especially if we are going into that recession can argue obviously again and the frank but certainly against the Euro the dollar looks like it is going to strengthen it and as mentioned on that daily chart now we're at the lowest we've been since 2017 and we can just see here we just make this bit clearer you can just see the direction of this market just trending down every time we even look to push higher you can see the extent of that that move to the downside there so yeah not looking too good for the Euro quit look over the calendar as well just transition this as mentioned we do have a fair bit of data and speaking of the Euro will be worth keeping an eye of course what happens throughout the day as well we do have some inflation data around 10 o'clock and the most recent reading of that wasn't too good at all and you can see 1% was the July number and it's been on a decline in the line from a year ago where we are up at 2% so not looking too good there the range to keep an eye on there still you know not even if it was to get that top end it doesn't look too rosy but 0.9 the low end 1.2 the top end of that year on year figure and for the excluding food and energy 1.1 is the expected figure so to stay in line for both of those readings is the expectation at the moment if we were to get a worse than expected reading you can see here just put in trading economics the chart on to that five year that would be the worst well going back to late 2016 a bad reading is just going to ignite the flame even further that come September there's going to be that rate cut that they kind of were in wait and see mode at the last meeting or wait to see what the Fed did almost at the last meeting so we're looking like there's going to be a rate cut and then how big is this QE package going to be of course the Hawks over the last couple of days have been saying we don't need it as of yet but just some of those Hawks that have come out and said these things are not bydman and louton shlager so just to bring up the the dove hawk cheat sheet which you can obviously find on itc maffit I'm sure we've gone through this before we can see not bydman and louton shlager free of the most hawkish so what you would expect and then on the flip side you've had Wren over the last couple of days saying they need this QE package so as expected there hasn't really been a surprise in the ECB hawk dove camp to suggest you know that we aren't going to maybe have this package in September but you know development certainly into the into those meetings will be key and obviously we're keeping an eye on back to the the calendars we go through the morning obviously the key event euro wise is going to be that data act 10 o'clock you've also got the unemployment figure as well expected to stay in line at 7.5% then probably a bit of a lol probably a bit of a lol as we go into lunchtime so certainly from a trading point of view you'd be probably looking to exit the most part of those positions by midday and then lit the market re-adjust maybe almost take everything off the the chart and re-evaluate the positions we've got to think about it is the last day of the month so you can have that crazy month then trading where you get erratic price behavior but certainly worth looking at really key levels on your longer term chart so for example if I was trading oil I need to be thinking well hang on if we finish the week above this trendline it's key and it's bullish so above that trendline you might well get a push but also the longer term one as well which you can see here if I put it on the daily chart if we can get anywhere near today 57 54 massively important and a break above there you may well see a quick run through especially the way oil and gold of course can move on a Friday so that would be the time where I just want to around midday just have a look at the charts as we only have a session or so left of the week to identify where these really key areas then heading back into the afternoon or heading into the afternoon I should say we've got some inflationary numbers out of the US and we've got some Canadian GDP data from quarter two so it's a bit the Canadian data is always an interesting one to trade so for the interns you might be in a sticky position by then but just be careful as we know how quickly that can spike to always come back again so just wait for the retracement will be my advice on that inflationary numbers out of the US will be worth keeping an eye on those core PCE index from July 1.6 expected for that year and year personal income 0.3 as well and then Chicago PMI got the chart up here to see it's been on a steady decline over the last three readings of this below 50 now as well so it's fallen into contraction for the last two that expected figure still below 47.3 it would have to beat the top end of that range for some I would say consistent dollar strength and then obviously that would be above 50 for the first time since May so you may well see a further run through for the dollar if that number is to be good and that really wraps up the afternoon to 1.32 to 3 o'clock is going to be pretty key data wise and it's not necessarily a case if you're going to want to be holding positions for maybe a long time. Just a quick note that Dax is pushing above that resistance level if that's going to confirm a break above then it's always worth keeping an eye on the half hourly close so in four minutes you've got the 8.30 close a break above there and you can imagine stocks are going to have another go at pushing to this really key resistance I can't stress how important I think this whole level is for the week and month and well for the rest of well for the next few weeks anyway. Going back to that Canada that wraps it up then no real speakers of no however we have had some unscheduled releases for sure over the last few days and weeks and you've got to imagine Trump is going to be tweeting and he does not want that dollar as strong as it is so just be careful about holding positions over the weekend as well I would say. Any questions as usual please do let us know obviously be on the mic throughout the day and to the interns good luck ahead of your training competition.


We've seen how we can represent integers in a computer, but we'd also like to be able to represent numbers from the real number line. We've tried a few different ways of implementing real numbers over the years, but the only one that's really stuck is the IEEE 754 standard. This is a relatively straightforward method, but it has a few different pieces that we'll have to work with, and each of them works a little differently. First of all, this is a method for encoding normalized scientific notation. So the first thing we'll have to do is take our number, convert it to binary, and then convert the binary number into normalized scientific notation. So we'll have one dot something, something, something times two to some exponent. The format then will have three parts. We've got a sign as in the sign of magnitude format. So that will just take up our leftmost bit. Then we've got an exponent. That's used for holding our exponent from our scientific notation. Lastly, we've got the mantissa. And that's just going to hold all of those bits after that leading one. In normalized scientific notation, we need to have exactly one non-zero digit ahead of the decimal point. So in binary, this means we've got to have a one up there. So since we always have a leading one, there's really no reason to encode that in our format. We can just accept that it will always be there and not worry about writing it down. So instead, I just have to write down everything after the decimal point. And all of that will end up in the mantissa. Now there are lots and lots of real numbers. So we end up having two issues to worry about. We have scale, how large or how small of a number can I have, as well as precision. How accurate is this representation of my number? So we address that by having both mantissa for precision and the exponent for scale. In the 32 bit format, we use 8 bits for our exponent and 23 bits for our mantissa. If we move up to a 64 bit format, then we use 11 bits for our exponent and 52 bits for our fraction. There are other versions of this format such as 128 bits or 256 bits that increase these further. But for most purposes, we find that 64 bits work reasonably well these days. It gives us a good balance between range and precision. Without requiring specialized hardware or additional computation to handle all the extra bits. For most of the examples, I'll stick to using 32 bits because that's reasonable to write out in a small space like this. But for a computer, you probably want to use your double precision 64 bit floating point numbers. So this format does have a couple odd things to it. First is that we can represent more than just regular real numbers. We also have three special values that we can represent. First is positive infinity. And we represent positive infinity by setting our sign bit to positive. Setting all of our exponent bits to one because infinity is larger than anything else. And then we set all of the fraction bits to zero. For negative infinity, we do pretty much the same thing except we set the sign bit to negative. Exponent bits are all still one. Mantissa bits are all still zero. The last option we have there is not a number. Not a number is what you get when you set all of the exponent bits to one and have any non-zero bits in your fraction. IEEE 754 standard will allow us to do some things that we might not otherwise. We can do division by zero. We divide a positive number by zero, we get positive infinity. We divide a negative number by zero, we get negative infinity. We can also do some basic arithmetic with our infinities. We can add things to them. We can multiply by them. We can divide by them. As long as we don't try doing things like zero times infinity or infinity divided by infinity. In those cases, we still don't know what to do, and we end up getting not a number. Once you get in NAN, then you're in trouble. Because we really can't do any sort of arithmetic with this. We have no idea what we have, no idea what it should be, or how to work with it. So if you have a NAN, any sort of arithmetic you do with it will also produce NAN. If you try to do any comparisons with NAN, you'll get back false. That includes if you compare NAN to itself. Fortunately, the only way you can get NAN is by doing indeterminate operations. Things like zero times infinity or infinity divided by infinity or zero divided by zero. Those are cases where we just don't know what the answer should be. There's actually an infinite number of possible solutions and the computer has no way to pick. But the IEEE 754 standard will allow us to do some arithmetic that we might not otherwise be able to do.


Part 4 of A Grammar of the English Tongue by Samuel Johnson, read for the LibriVox Language Learning Collection, Volume 1. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. If there be an L as in jingle, tingle, tinkle, mingle, sprinkle, twinkle, there is implied a frequency or iteration of small acts, and the same frequency of acts, but less subtle by reason of the clearer vowel A, is indicated in jangle, tangle, spangle, mangle, wrangle, wrangle, dangle, as also in mumble, grumble, jumble, but at the same time the close U implies something obscure or obtunded, and a conjurys of consonants MBL denotes a confused kind of rolling or tumbling, as in ramble, scamble, scramble, womble, amble. But in these there is something acute. In nimble the acuteness of the vowel denotes celerity, in sparkle sp denotes dissipation or an acute crackling, k a sudden interruption, l a frequent iteration, and in like manner in sprinkle unless i and may imply the subtlety of the dissipated guttules. Quick and thin differ in that the former ends with an obtuse consonant, and the latter with an acute. In like manner in squeak, squeak, squeal, squall, brawl, brawl, yall, spall, squeak, shriek, shrill, sharp, shrivel, wrinkle, crack, crash, clash, gnash, plash, crush, hush, hiss, fist, soft, jar, hurl, curl, whirl, buzz, bustle, spindle, dwindle, twine, twist, and in many more we may observe the agreement of such sort of sounds with the things signified. And this so frequently happens that scarce any language which I know can be compared with ours, so that one monosyllable word of which kind are almost all ours emphatically expresses what in other languages can scarce be explained but by compounds, or decompounds, or sometimes a tedious circumlocution. We have many words borrowed from the Latin, but the greatest part of them were communicated by the intervention of the French, as grace, face, elegant, elegance resemble. Some verbs which seem borrowed from the Latin are formed from the present tense, and some from the supines. From the present are formed spend, expend, expendo, conduce, condusso, despise, despicio, approve, approbo, conceive, consipio. From the supines supplicate, supplico, demonstrate, demonstro, dispose, dispono, spatiate, expatiore, suppress, supremo, exempt, eximo. Nothing is more apparent than that Wallace goes too far in quest of originals. Many of these which seem selected as immediate descendants from the Latin are apparently French, as conceive, approve, expose, exempt. Some words purely French, not derived from the Latin, we have transferred into our language as garden, garter, buckler, to advance, to cry, to plead from the French, jardin, jardier, buslier, avancer, crier, plaider. Though indeed even of these part is of Latin original. As too many words which we have in common with the Germans, it is doubtful whether the old two-tons borrowed them from the Latins or the Latins from the two-tons, or both had them from some common original, as wine, venom, wind, dentus, went, theni, way, via, wall, vellum, wallow, volvo, wool, vellus, will, volo, worm, vermus, worth, vertus, wasp, vespa, de, dies, dra, trajo, tame, domo, greek dameo, yoke, jugum, greek zugos, over, upper, super, greek hyper, am, sum, greek imy, break, frango, fly, volo, blow, flow. I make no doubt but the teutonic is more ancient than the Latin, and it is no less certain that the Latin which borrowed a great number of words not only from the Greek, especially the Aeolic, but other neighboring languages, as the Ascan and others, which have long become obsolete, received not a few from the teutonic. It is certain that the English, German, and other teutonic languages retained some derived from the Greek, which the Latin has not, as ax, ox, mit, ford, ferd, dauter, takter, michel, mingle, moon, seer, ore, grave, graph, to grave, to scrape, whole, from greek asini, greek meta, greek porthmos, greek phygator, greek megalos, greek mignio, greek mene, greek xeros, greek grafo, greek holos. Since they received these immediately from the Greeks, without the intervention of the Latin language, why may not other words be derived immediately from the same fountain, though they be likewise found among the Latins? Our ancestors were studious to form borrowed words, however long, into monosyllables, and not only cut off the formative terminations, but cropped the first syllable, especially in words beginning with a vowel, and rejected not only vowels in the middle, but likewise consonants of a weaker sound, retaining the stronger, which seemed the bones of words, or changing them for others of the same organ, in order that the sound might become the softer, but especially transposing their order, that they might the more readily be pronounced without the intermediate vowels. For example, in expendo spend, exemplum sample, excipio scape, extraneous strange, extractum stretched, excrucio to screw, excorio to scour, excorio to scourge, excortico to scratch, and others beginning with X, as also emendo to mend, episcopus bishop, indanish bisp, epistola epistle, hospitality, spittle, hispania, spain, historia, story, and so on. Many of these etymologies are doubtful, and some are evidently mistaken. The following are somewhat harder, Alexander Sander, Elizabetha Betty, Apis B, Aper Bar, P passing into B as in bishop, and by cutting off A from the beginning, which is restored in the middle, but for the old bar or bear we now say bor, as for lang, long, for bane, bane, for stain, stone, aprugna, bran, p being changed into b, and a transposed, as in upper, and g changed into w as in pignus, pawn, lege, law, greek, alopex, fox cutting off the beginning and changing p into f as in pelis, afell, pulis, afoul, potter, father, pavor, fear, polio, file, plio, implio, fill, full, piscus, fish, and transposing O into the middle which was taken from the beginning, apex, a peace, peak, pike, zaphorus, freeze, mustam, stumb, defencio, fence, dispensator, Spencer, ascuto, escuté, French, scout, excalpo, scrape, restoring l instead of r, and hence scrap, scrabble, scrawl, excalpo, scoop, exteritus, start, extonatus, atonatus, stand, stomacus, ma, offendo, find, obstipo, stop, audair, dare, caver, wear, whence aware, beware, wary, warn, warning. For the Latin V consonant formally sounded like our W, and the modern sound of the B consonant was formally that of the letter F, that is, the aeolik, digama, which had the sound of Greek P H, and the modern sound of the letter F was that of the Greek, Greek P H, or P H, ulcis, ulcer, ulcer, sore, and hence sory, sorrow, sorrowful, ingenium, engine, gin, scalinas, leaning, unless you would rather derive it from Greek, cleno, whence incleno, infundibulum, funnel, gagates, jet, projectum, to jet forth, a jetty, cuculus, a cowl. There are syncopes somewhat harder, from tempore, time, from nomine, name, domina, dame, as the French om, fam, gnome, from omine, fomina, nomine, thus pagina, page, Greek proterian, pat, Greek, qipela, cup, cantharis, can, tentorium, tent, praecor, prey, praida, prey, specio, specular, spy, plico, ply, impure, impure, impure, impure, impure, implico, imply, replico, reply, complico, comply, sedis episcopalis, see. A vowel is also cut off in the middle that the number of the syllables may be lessened, as amita, ant, spiritus, sprite, debitum, debt, dubito, doubt, comis, comitus, count, clericus, comitus, count, clerk, quietus, quit, quite, acquieto, to acquit, saparo, to spare, stabilis, stable, stabulum, stable, palaecium, palace, place, rebula, rail, raw, raw, brawl, rabble, rabble, quiseto, quest. As also a consonant or at least one of a softer sound or even a whole syllable, rotundus, round, fragilis, frail, securis, sure, regula, rule, tegula, tile, subtilis, subtle, nomen, noun, decanus, dien, computo, count, subitaneous, sudden, soon, superare, to soar, periculum, peril, mirabile, marvel, as magnus, main, dignore, dein, tingo, stain, periculum, periculum, tinctum, taint, pingo, paint, predare, riche. The contractions may seem harder where many of them meet as Greek, Kiriakos, Kirk, church, presbyter, priest, secristanus, sexton, frango, fregi, break, breach, fagus, greek, phega, beach, af-changed-interface, af-changed-interface, to be, and g into ch-ch, which are letters near a kin. Frigesco, freeze, frigesco, fresh, s-c into s-h, as above in bishop, fish, so in scafa, skiff, skip, and, refigesco, refresh, but veeresco, fresh, phlebotomus, fleem, bovina, beef, vitulina, veal, scutifer, squire, ponatentia, penance, sanctuarium, sanctuary, sentry, casitio, chase, perquistio, purchase, anguila, eel, insula, isle, isle, island, island, insulata, islet, islet, ite, and more contractedly, ey, whence, ounci, ruli, ilai, examinari, to scan, namely by rejecting from the beginning and end, e and o, according to the usual manner, the remainder, salmon, which the Saxons, who did not use x, writ, c-s-a-m-e-n, or s-c-a-m-e-n, is contracted into scan, as from dominus, dan, nomine, noun, abamino, ban, and indeed, apium, examin, they turned into s-c-i-a-m-e, for which we say swarm, by inserting r, to denote the sum of the sum of typically the Chinese, ite, but it... Fourth, Species, Spice, Recito, Read, Ajuvo, Aid, Greek, Aeon, Avum, Eye, Age, Ever, Flocus, Lock, Excerpo, Scrape, Scrabble, Scrawl, Extravagous, Stray, Straggle, Collectum, Clot, Clutch, Collego, Coil, Recaligo, Recoil, Severo, Swear, Stridulus, Shrill, Procurator, Proxy, Pulso, to Push, Calamas, Aquil, Impater, to Impeach, Aglio, Oxy, Wax, and Vinesco, Venue, Wayne, Silabari, to Spell, Puteous, Pit, Granum, Corn, Comprimo, Cramp, Crump, Crumple, Crinkle. Some may seem harsher, yet may not be rejected, for it at least appears that some of them are derived from proper names, and there are others whose etymology is acknowledged by everybody. As Alexander, Elic, Scander, Sander, Sandy, Sanny, Elizabetha, Elizabeth, Elizabeth, Betty, Bess, Margarita, Margaret, Margaret, Meg, Peg, Maria, Mary, Mal, Paul, Malkin, Malkin, Mox, Mathias, Matha, Matthew, Martha, Matt, Pat, Galilmus, Wilhelmus, Gerolamo, Guillaume, William, Will, Bill, Wilkin, Wiccan, Wicks, Weeks, thus Cariaphalus, Floss, Giraffolo, Italian, Girifli, Jillofer, French, Gilliflower, which the vulgar call Julyflower as if derived from the month July, Petroceleonym, Parsley, Portulaca, Perslane, Sidonium, Quince, Sidoniatum, Quidenley, Persicum, Peach, Eruca, Eruc, which they corrupt to earwig as if it took its name from the ear. Annulus Geminus, a Gimel, or Gimbelring, and thus the word Gimbel or Jumble is transferred to other things thus interwoven. Kalka Shows, Kikshas. Since the origin of these and many others, however, forced, is evident, it ought to appear no wonder to any one if the ancients have thus disfigured many, especially as they so much affected monosyllables, and to make the sound the softer took this liberty of maiming, taking away, changing, transposing, and softening them. But while we derive these from the Latin, I do not mean to say that many of them did not immediately come to us from the Saxon, Danish, Dutch, and Teutonic languages, and other dialects, and some taken more lately from the French or Italians, or Spaniards. The same word, according to its different significations, often has a different origin, as to bear a burden from feral. But to bear, once birth, born, bairn, comes from pario, and a bear, at least if it be of Latin original, from fera. Thus perch, a fish, from perca, but perch a measure from pertica, and likewise to perch. To spell is from syllable, but spell an enchantment by which it is believed that the boundaries are so fixed in lands that none can pass them against the master's will from expello, and spell a messenger from epistola, whence gospel, good spell, or godspell, thus frees, or frees, from frigesco, but frees an architectonic word from zophorus, but frees for cloth from frigia, or perhaps from frigesco, as being more fit than any other for keeping out the cold. There are many words among us, even monosyllables, compounded of two or more words, at least serving instead of compounds, and comprising the signification of more words than one, as from script and roll come scroll, from proud and dance prance, from st of the verb stay, or stand, and out, is made stout, from stout and hardy sturdy, from sp of spit or spew, and out comes spout, from the same sp with the termination in is spin, and adding out spin out, and from the same sp with it is spit, which only differs from spout in that it is smaller, and with less noise and force, but sputter is, because of the obscure u, something between spit and spout, and by reason of adding r it intimates a frequent iteration and noise, but obscurely confused, whereas spatter, on account of the sharper and clearer vowel a, intimates a more distinct poise in which it chiefly differs from sputter. From the same sp and the termination arc comes spark, signifying a single emission of fire with a noise, namely sp, the emission, ar, the more acute noise, and k, the mute consonant, terminated, but adding l is made the frequentative sparkle. The same sp by adding r, that is, spr, implies a more lively impetus of diffusing or expanding itself, to which adding the termination ing it becomes spring, its vigor spr imports, its sharpness the termination ing, and lastly in acute and tremulous ending in the mute consonant g denotes the sudden ending of any motion, that it is meant in its primary signification of a single not a complicated exolation. Hence we call spring whatever has an elastic force, is also a fountain of water, and thence the origin of anything, and to spring to germinate and spring one of the four seasons. From the same spr and out is formed sprout, and with the termination ig, sprig, of which the following, for the most part, is the difference. Sprout of a grosser sound imports a fatter or grosser bud, sprig of a slenderer sound denotes a smaller chute. In like manner from str of the verb strive and out comes strout and strut. From the same str and the termination uggle is made struggle, and this gl imports, but without any great noise, by reason of the obscure sound of the vowel u. In like manner from throw and roll is made troll, and almost in the same sense is trundle from throw or thrust and rundle. Thus graph or gruff is compounded of grave and rough, and trudge from tread or trot and drudge. In these observations it is easy to discover great sagacity and great extravagance and ability to do much defeated by the desire of doing more than enough. It may be remarked, one, that Wallace's derivations are often so made, that by the same license any language may be deduced from any other. Two, that he makes no distinction between words immediately derived by us from the Latin, and those which, being copied from other languages, can therefore afford no example of the genius of the English language, or its laws of derivation. Three, that he derives from the Latin often with great harshness and violence words apparently to tonic, and therefore according to his own declaration probably older than the tongue to which he refers them. Four, that some of his derivations are apparently erroneous. Syntax The established practice of grammarians requires that I should hear treat of the syntax, but our language has so little inflection, or variety of terminations, that its construction neither requires nor admits many rules. Wallace therefore has totally neglected it. And Johnson, whose desire of following the writers upon the learned languages made him think of syntax indispensably necessary, has published such petty observations as were better omitted. The verb, as in other languages, agrees with the nominative in number and person, as thou fliest from good, he runs to death. Our adjectives and pronouns are invariable. Of two substantives the noun possessive is in the genitive, as his father's glory, the son's heat. Substransitive require an oblique case, as he loves me, you fear him. All prepositions require an oblique case, as he gave this to me, he took this from me, he says this of me, he came with me, prosody. It is common for those that deliver the grammar of modern languages to omit the prosody, so that of the Italians is neglected by buometti, that of the French by demare, and that of the English by Wallace, Cooper, and even by Johnson, though a poet. But as the laws of meter are included in the idea of grammar, I have thought proper to insert them. Prosody comprises orthoapy, or the rules of pronunciation, and orthometry, or the laws of versification. Pronunciation is just, when every letter has its proper sound, and every syllable has its proper accent, or, which in English versification is the same, its proper quantity. The sounds of the letters have been already explained, and rules for the accent or quantity are not easily to be given, being subject to innumerable exceptions. Such however, as I have read or formed, I shall hear propose. 1 Of dissyllables, formed by affixing a termination, the former syllable is commonly accented as childish, kingdom, actist, acted, toilsome, lover, scoffer, fairer, foremost, zealous, fullness, godly, meekly, artist. 2 Dissyllables formed by prefixing a syllable to the radical word have commonly the accent on the latter, as to beget, to be seem, to be stow. 3 Of dissyllables, which are at once nouns and verbs, the verb has commonly the accent on the latter, and the noun on the former syllable, as to descant, a descant, to cement, a cement, to contract, a contract. This rule has many exceptions, though verbs seldom have their accent on the former, yet nouns often have it on the latter syllable, as delight, perfume, for. All dissyllables ending in Y as cranny, in OUR as labor, favor, in OW as willow, wallow, and allow, in L.E. as battle, Bible, in I.S.H. as banish, in C.K. as cambrick, casick, in T.E.R. as to batter, in A.G.E. as courage, in E.N. as fasten, in E.T. as quiet, accent the former syllable. 5 Dissyllable nouns in E.R. as canker, butter, have the accent on the former syllable. 6 Dissyllable verbs terminating in a consonant and E. final, as comprise, escape, or having a diphthong in the last syllable, as appease, reveal, or ending in two consonants as attend, have the accent on the latter syllable. 7 Dissyllable nouns having a diphthong in the latter syllable have commonly their accent on the latter syllable as applause, except words in A.I.N., certain, mountain. 8 Triss syllables formed by adding a termination or prefixing a syllable retain the accent of the radical word, as loveliness, tenderness, contemner, wagoner, physical, bespatter, commenting, commending, assurance. 9 Triss syllables ending in O.U.S. as gracious, arduous, in A.L. as capital, in I.O.N. as mention, accent the first. 10 Triss syllables ending in C.E., E.N.T., and A.T.E. accent the first syllable as countenance, countenance, armament, imminent, elegant, propagate, except they be derived from words having the accent on the last, as connivance, acquaintance, or the middle syllable half a vowel before two consonants as promulgate. 11 Triss syllables ending in Y. as entity, specify, liberty, victory, subsidy, commonly accent the first syllable. 12 Triss syllables in R.E. or L.E. accent the first syllable as legible, theater, except, disciple, and some words which have a position as example, epistle. 13 Triss syllables in U.D.E. commonly accent the first syllable as plenitude. 14 Triss syllables ending in A.T.O.R. or A.T.O.U.R. as creator, or having in the middle syllable a diphthong as endeavor, or a vowel before two consonants as domestic, accent the middle syllable. 15 Triss syllables that have their accent on the last syllable are commonly French as acquiesce, repartee, magazine, or words formed by prefixing one or two syllables to an acute syllable as immature, overcharge. 16 Triss syllables or words of more than three syllables follow the accent of the words from which they are derived as irrigating, contingency, incontinently, commendable, communicableness. We should therefore say disputable, indisputable, rather than disputable, indisputable, and advertisement rather than advertisement. 17 Triss in I.O.N. have the accent upon the antipenult as salvation, perturbation, concoction, words in A.T.O.U.R. or A.T.O.R. on the penult as dedicator, 18. Words ending in L.E. commonly have the accent on the first syllable as amicable, unless the second syllable have a vowel before two consonants as combustible. 19 Words ending in O.U.S. have the accents on the antipenult as auxorius, voluptuous, 20. Words ending in T.Y. have their accent on the antipenult as pusillanimity, activity. These rules are not advanced as complete or infallible, but proposed as useful. Almost every rule of every language has its exceptions. And in English, as in other tongues, much must be learned by example and authority. Perhaps more and better rules may be given that have escaped my observation. Versification is the arrangement of a certain number of syllables according to certain laws. The feet of our verses are either iambic as aloft, create, or trochaic as holy, lofty. Our iambic measure comprises verses of four syllables. Most good, most fair, or things as rare, to call use lost, for all the cost words can bestow, so poorly show upon your praise, that all the ways since half come short. Greaten, with ravished ears the monarch hears. Dryden 6 This while we are abroad, shall we not touch our liar, shall we not sing an ode, or shall that holy fire in us that strongly glowed in this cold air expire? Though in the utmost peak, a while we do remain. Amongst the mountains bleak, exposed to sleet and rain, no sport our hours shall break to exercise our vain. What though bright Phoebus beams refresh the southern ground, and though the princely Thames, with beautyous nymphs abound, and by old cambers streams be many wonders found. Yet many rivers clear hear glide in silver swaths. And what of almost deer, Buxton's delicious baths, strong ale and noble cheer, to swage brim winter's scathes. In places far or near, or famous or obscure, where wholesome is the air, or where the most impure, all times and everywhere, the muse is still in ear. Greaten 8 Of eight, which is the usual measure for short poems. And may at last, my weary age find out the peaceful hermitage, the hairy gown and mossy cell, where I may sit, a nightly spell, of every star the sky doth shoe, and every herb that sips the dew. Milton 10 Which is the common measure of heroic and tragic poetry. Full in the midst of this created space betwixt heaven and earth and skies, there stands a place confining on all three. The triple bound. Whence all things, though remote, are viewed around, and thither bring their undulating sound. The palace of loud fame, her seat of power, placed on the summit of a lofty tower. A thousand winding entries long and wide receive a fresh reports of flowing tide. A thousand crannies in the walls are made, nor gate nor bars exclude the busy trade. Tis built a brass the better to defuse the spreading sounds and multiply the news, where echoes in repeated echoes play, a mart forever full. And open night and day, nor silences within, nor voice express, but a deaf noise of sounds that never cease, confused and chiding like the hollow roar of tides receding from the insulted shore, or like the broken thunder heard from far when jove to distance drives the rolling war. The courts are filled with a tumultuous din of crowds or issuing forth or entering in. A thoroughfare of news, where some devise things never heard, some mingle truth with lies. The troubled air with empty sounds they beat, intent to hear, and eager to repeat. Dryden In all these measures the accents are to be placed on even syllables, and every line considered by itself is more harmonious, as this rule is more strictly observed. The variations necessary to pleasure belong to the art of poetry, not the rules of grammar. Our trochaic measures are of three syllables. Here we may think and pray before death stops our breath. Other joys are but toys. Walton's Angler Of Five In the days of old stories plainly told, lovers felt annoy. Old Ballad Of Seven Peace of well-formed earth, urge not thus your haughty birth. Waller In these measures the accent is to be placed on the odd syllables. These are the measures which are now in use, and above the rest those of seven, eight, and ten syllables. Our ancient poets wrote verses sometimes of twelve syllables, as Drayden's Polyalbian. Of all the Cambrian shires their heads that bear so high. And farthest survey their soils with an ambitious eye, Mervinia for her heels, as for their matchless crowds. The nearest that are said to kiss the wandering clouds, a special audience craves, offended with the throng, that she of all the rest neglected was so long. Looking for herself, when through the Saxons' pride, the godlike race of brute to severed setting side, were cruelly enforced, her mountains did relieve those whom devouring war else everywhere did grieve. And when all wails beside, by fortune or by might, unto her ancient foe resigned her ancient right. A constant maiden still she only did remain. The last her genuine laws which stoutly did retain. And as each one is praised for her peculiar things, so only she is rich in mountains, mirrors, and springs. And holds herself as great in her superfluous waste, as others by their towns and fruitful tillage graced. And of fourteen as Chapman's Homer, and as the mind of such a man that hath a long way gone, and either knoweth not his way, or else would let alone, his purposed journey is distract. The measures of twelve and fourteen syllables were often mingled by our old poets, sometimes in alternate lines, and sometimes in alternate couplets. The verse of twelve syllables, called an Alexandrine, is now only used to diversify heroic lines. Here was smooth, but Dryden taught to join the varying verse, the full resounding line, the long majestic march, and energy divine. Pope. The pause in the Alexandrine must be at the sixth syllable. The verse of fourteen syllables is now broken into a soft lyric measure of verses, consisting alternately of eight syllables and six. She, to receive thy radiant name, selects a whiter space. Fenton. When all shall praise and every lay devote a wreath to thee, that day, for cometh will, that day shall I lament to see. Lewis to Pope. Beneath this tomb an infant lies to earth whose body lent, hereafter shall more glorious rise, but not more innocent. When the archangels trump shall blow, and souls to bodies join, what crowds shall wish their lives below had been as short as thine. Wesley. We have another measure very quick and lively, and therefore much used in songs, which may be called the Anapestic, in which the accent rests upon every third syllable. May I govern my passions with absolute sway, and grow wiser and better as life wears away. Dr. Pope. In this measure a syllable is often retrenched from the first foot. As diogenes surly and proud, Dr. Pope. When present we love, and when absent agree, I think not of iris nor iris of me. These measures are varied by many combinations, and sometimes by double endings, either with or without rhyme, as in the heroic measure. Tis the divinity that stirs within us, tis heaven itself that points out on hereafter, and intimates eternity to man. Addison. So in that of eight syllables they neither added nor confounded, they neither wanted nor abounded. In that of seven, for resistance I could fear none, but with twenty ships had done, what thou brave and happy Vernon hast achieved with six alone. Glover. In that of six, twas when the seas were roaring, with hollow blasts of wind, a damsel lay deploring, all on a rock reclined. Gay. In the Anapestic, when terrible tempests assail us, and mountainous billows affright, nor power nor wealth can avail us, but skilful industry steers right. Ballad. To these measures and their laws may be reduced every species of English verse. Our versification admits a few licenses except a synelipha, or a legion of E in the before a vowel, as the eternal, and more rarely of O in two as to accept, and a synaresis by which two short vowels coalesce into one syllable as question, special, or a word is contracted by the expulsion of a short vowel before a liquid, as avris, temperance. Thus have I collected rules and examples by which the English language may be learned, if the reader be already acquainted with grammatical terms, or taught by a master to those that are more ignorant. To have written a grammar for such as are not yet initiated in the schools would have been tedious, and perhaps at last ineffectual. End of Part 4 of A Grammar of the English Tongue by Samuel Johnson Read by Bill Borscht