So I share my screen now. Not yet. First, I will present. Not yet. OK. OK. I don't share the screen. OK. OK. So hello, everyone, and welcome once again to the Latin American Webinars in Physics. I am Joel Jones from the PUCP in Peru, and I'll be your host today. This is webinar number 55, the last one of the year. And we're having Isabel Cordero Carrion as our speaker. Issa is an assistant professor at the University of Valencia in Spain, and is a member of the Virgo Valencia Group. She finished her PhD in Valencia itself at the Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics. She later carried out host dogs at the Max Planck Institute of Astrophysics in Munich, Germany, also at the Observatory of Paris Moudon in France, and at the University of Namio and Lisch in Belgium. In 2016, she returned to Valencia and joined the Virgo Valencia Group, where she is also the coordinator of outreach and communications. So of course, today Issa shall talk about the recent observation of rotational waves, and we're very happy to have her as our speaker today. So before we begin, we remind everybody that you can be part of the discussion by writing questions and comments on the YouTube live chat system, which should be on the upper right. So I will now hand you over to Issa. So they're all yours. OK, before starting, I would like to say thank you to the organizers. It's a great pleasure for me to be here. I have a lot of friends. So let me share the screen. I also want to thank all the members of Virgo Valencia Group, but in particular, our coordinator, Professor Jose Antonio Font, because he has helped a lot in the elaboration of some of the slides. So I go to the slides number two. I will start this webinar by introducing gravitational waves. So as you know, Einstein equations of gravity can be interpreted as a geometry of a spacetime. So in Einstein equations, you have a term which denotes the curvature of a spacetime, the geometry of a spacetime, and is connected with the matter content of the spacetime. So one of the first things that actually Einstein did, and you can do also to understand the behavior of these equations, to analyze these equations, is to consider the so-called weak field approximation. So basically, in this approximation, you consider that you are far from the source that generating any modification in the metric of your spacetime. And you can basically write your metric as the flat metric, the so-called Minkowski metric, plus another term that can be viewed as a perturbation of this flat Minkowski metric. Actually, this perturbation, H mu nu, is not the right or let's say the proper quantity, but you have to define the transverse traceless quantity associated to this H tensor. This H is here nothing else than the trace of this H mu nu tensor. And once you have considered this bar H tensor, it can be viewed that the Einstein equations can be rewritten as a wave equation. So you have a wave operator, the Lambert operator here, of this quantity equals to a matter content. In the case of Einstein equations, one has to take into account the gauge variables. And also, one has to take into account the constrained equations. So once you have imposed all these degrees of freedom, the only two physical degrees of freedom remaining are the so-called polarization modes. Here, you may have seen these two polarization modes as H plus and H cross. This is nothing else than the two degrees of freedom associated to the gravitational radiation. Once you take into account the gauge degrees of freedom and the constrained equations. Basically, this polarization mode corresponds to the two possibilities of the formation of a spacetime when a gravitational wave pass. So imagine that we have a gravitational wave, which is a perturbation of this spacetime, of the metric of the spacetime that is traveling along the zeta direction, so perpendicular to our screen. The two possibilities in general relativity is the formation in the so-called plus polarization. So you have vertical and horizontal distance increasing and decreasing. And the cross polarization, which is here, which is basically a rotation of 45 degrees with respect to the previous one. In case of other theories of gravity, you can have other degrees of freedom. But in general relativity, you only have these two possible polarization modes. OK, I go to the next slide. So basically here, we can see that the gravitational waves, these perturbations of the metric of spacetime are generated by the acceleration of masses. Actually, it can be viewed that if you include only symmetric or axisymmetric acceleration of masses, you don't generate gravitational waves. You may have a tensor H mu nu, which is not 0, but it's stationary. So you don't have propagation of any kind of information. Sorry. OK, so these waves can be basically viewed as a ripple of spacetime. And they propagate at the speed of light. And basically, if you imagine a wave at the surface of a lake when you throw a stone, these waves basically modify the distance with respect to the bottom at the surface. So you can increase or decrease this distance. In the case of gravitational waves, what you increase or decrease is the distance between two test masses. So basically, you are contracting or expanding distances. The amplitude of a gravitational wave can be expressed in terms of a dimensionless quantity. I know that in physics, you like a lot of units, but coming from mathematics, it's very natural to work with a dimensionless quantity. And actually, this quantity gives you an idea of the relative measurement we have to perform to be able to do in our gravitational waves observatories. For a length L between two test masses, it can be viewed that this gravitational wave, that this relative displacement produced by a gravitational wave, is of the order of 10 to the minus 15 times energy over radius. And for an illustrative example, if we consider, for example, a gravitational wave source at the distance of the Virgo cluster and radiating the energy equivalent to a solar mass, we get a relative displacement of around 10 to the minus 21. So if we think in our detectors, Earth detectors nowadays, we have detectors of three, four kilometers, the baselines. But for example, for a 10 kilometers baseline detector, this relative displacement corresponding to h equal to 10 to the minus 21 is of the order of 10 to the minus 15 centimeters, which is the order of the order of 100 of the size of a proton. This estimate is quite optimistic. And actually, in real detections, we have to lower this quantity about two or more orders of magnitude. Sorry, I need to drink a little water sometimes. OK, so in next slide, basically, I have put an image of the three current observatories on Earth, gravitational waves observatories on Earth. Here you have a handful. This is Livingstone, both at the United States. And here, with more sunny weather, I would say, you have the one in Virgo, the European one in Italy, close to Pisa. So basically, we have seen that when a gravitational wave passes, there are two directions, perpendicular to this direction of propagation, that the distance can be larger or shorter. So this is the reason why the gravitational waves observatories have these two orthogonal large arms. The distance of these arms is restricted because of several reasons. So for example, curvature of Earth and also other sources of noise, I will comment later on this. And basically, the technology we use to measure and to detect gravitational waves is basically to measure distances. And basically, what we use is the so-called LASER interferometry. So basically, you have a LASER. This LASER is splitted in two aces, which travels along the two arms of the gravitational wave observatory. Basically, they do the way back, and they again arrive to the same splitter. If the distance between arm A and arm B are basically the same, you have a cancellation of the two waves of the two LASER waves. And basically, you don't see anything. So in this detector, what we do is basically register if we see anything in this detector. If we don't see anything, then the two arms have exactly the same length. If there is gravitational waves that passes through this gravitational wave observatory, and the arm, for example, arm A is shorter, a little shorter. And arm B is a little larger than arm A. Basically, once this LASER is splitted and then they are again together in this splitter, what we have in the detector is that the light waves do not cancel out. So we do see a light in the detector, which means that we have difference in length between arm A and arm B. So basically, this is a very basic technology, but there are a lot of problems that can occur. So in next slides, I just want to briefly mention some of the technological ingredients that we need in these gravitational waves observatories. Of course, what I have said is a very simple scheme of what you can find in a real gravitational wave observatory. In order to have these LASERS, you need these LASERS to propagate in vacuum. So we use a ultra vacuum arms. The temperature of these arms are around 1.9 Kelvin. Basically, this is more vacuum than the vacuum of the interstellar medium. OK, a part of having these ultra vacuum arms, in order to avoid movements of the test masses, due to, for example, seismic noises, another kind of noises, for example, also thermal effects, we have a very important suspension systems. If I am not wrong, we are a system of seven pendulums in order to suspend all the mirrors and all the test masses in order to avoid these noises. On the other hand, we need high power LASERS. And the shot noise is one of the problems we have in the sensibility of the gravitational wave observatory in order to be able to detect gravitational wave signals. One important ingredient in these observatories are, of course, the highly reflective mirrors. And here I would like to mention that, actually, Virgo had a very important role in the collaboration because not only for the Virgo Observatory in Italy, but also for the observatories at United States. OK, apart from the thermal noise and the shot noise, one of the more important problems we have for determining the detectability region is the seismic noise. So as I also mentioned before, we need suspensions, not only of the test masses, but also of the detectors. And we need to isolate vibrations from seismic noises. I would like to mention that I am not an expert at all of this technology, but it's amazing the ingredients we need to introduce in these observatories in order to be able to measure a relative displacement of 1,000 part of the size of a proton. In this point, both Virgo collaborations work as a joint group. So not only, for example, this point I mentioned about the mirrors from Virgo that is also integrated in LIGO. But there are a lot of points, like the instrument design, all the technologies, the analysis of the data, or for example, the outreach. That is a joint work among all the people involved in the collaboration in LIGO and Virgo collaborations. I would like to comment a little about numerical challenges. So one of the topics of my research is in the numerical relativity field. So it's very important to mention that one ingredient in this field of gravitational waves are the capability of being able to simulate astrophysical scenarios that are going to generate gravitational waves. So stellar mass compact objects like neutron stars or black holes are basically the most promising astrophysical sources that we know that are going to generate gravitational waves that we can, at some point, be able to detect. So for example, a measure of these two compact objects, or if you consider a perturbed neutron star, rotating neutron star, or supernovae, these are all sources that, in general, we expect to detect gravitational waves from these events. Of course, we will have, I hope, gravitational waves coming from unknown sources. As I mentioned, a very important point here is to be able to generate, to simulate, sorry, these astrophysical scenarios in order to generate the template of the radiated gravitational wave. So once we have a template of the emitted gravitational wave, we can use this template in order to extract from the noise the signal we are interested in. Actually, this point was a challenge. And in 2005, it was possible to be able to simulate, for the very first time, the measure of two black holes of equal masses. This is vacuum. We were not including at this time a matter. But this was a problem. So before 2005, the people working in the field of numerical relativity, we were not able to simulate a vacuum measure of two black holes of equal masses. The point here was that there were mathematical problems related to the formulations of H10 equations. So we needed to rewrite H10 equations in a way such that you have good mathematical properties of the system of partial differential equations you are trying to solve. Moreover, not only from a mathematical point of view, but also we need to use appropriate numerical methods in order to solve this highly nonlinear system of partial differential equations. So there were a lot of works before 2005. But that was the year we were able to simulate this step. After being able to simulate a vacuum measure of black holes, we were able to simulate also non-equal masses the measure of two black holes with non-equal masses. And now we are also able to simulate the measure of neutrons. As I have mentioned, this is very important because without these templates, we cannot extract the information we want and the physical properties from the noise. Actually, these simulations in numerical relativity are very, very, very expensive. So in order to perform thousands of numerical relativity simulations, now we have a combination between numerical relativity simulations and other effective approaches in order to have effective templates that can be used in the analysis of the registered data. From this analysis, we can extract the information and then derive the physical properties involved in the astrophysical scenario we are analyzing. So in next slide, I would like to say that in the first simulation I mentioned, this measure of two black holes, we were talking about vacuum spacetime. Now let's say the measure of two black holes is a point that is quite well understood. There are still several things to properly analyze, to analyze better. But one of the challenges now in the field of numerical relativity is the matter content. So apart from, let's say, in addition to solve instant equations, we have to deal with the numerical resolution of resistive relativistic magnetohydrodynamic equations. We need to know and to solve the neutrino transport equations, and these equations are very coupled with instant equations and can be very, very difficult to solve. Apart from the difficulty of numerically solving these equations or simulating these astrophysical scenarios, including the matter content, there are a lot of uncertainties about the matter content. For example, we don't know which is the exact interior structure of an internal star. Or basically, we have no idea of the correct equation of state when you go to density beyond a nuclear matter. And for example, these kind of scenarios are going to appear when we simulate supernova explosions. So apart from these uncertainties and these difficulties in the simulations, basically, we need to simulate a lot of possibilities. And we need more data coming also from the gravitational wave detections in order to understand, to understood properly, which are the right ways. A century ago, Einstein was able to derive this basic approach, this fundamental approach, in order to derive that you have some waves coming from the metric of space-time. Sorry. But the Einstein also was concerned about the amplitude, the so extremely small amplitude of these gravitational waves. Actually, Einstein himself thought that we were not able, we will not be able to detect gravitational waves never. Actually, we needed 100 years of theoretical, numerical, and technological improvements. But the truth is that we have been able to detect gravitational waves. This is, as I mentioned, a long way. I am relatively new in this field, but you can imagine that there are a lot of people dedicating his entire life for working in this field. And here I would like to thank Abelino for the help in the figure in these slides. So before going to the recent detections of gravitational waves, I would like to mention that before these direct gravitational wave detections, there was an indirect detection of gravitational waves coming from the Hulse-Taylor binary pulsar. In 1967, Josephine Bell discovered pulsars, which are very compact stars rotating very rapidly and with a very strong magnetic field. This binary system, this binary pulsar, was orbiting, it was a binary system that there were observations where the period was decreasing. In the figure here, you have basically, the dots are observations, and this line corresponds to the prediction of general relativity of the decreasing of this period due to the emission of gravitational waves of the system. This agreement is basically amazing. And thanks to this discovery, to this decreasing of the orbital period in accordance to general relativity, both Hulse and Taylor received the Nobel Prize in 1993. So going to the recent detections of gravitational waves in next slides, as you know, we are now, we are talking about other Nobel Prize, Nobel Prize due to the direct detection of gravitational waves. The first direct detection of gravitational waves was in September 2015. Here you have the reference in case you want to have more details. And here you have basically the spectrogram in frequencies for Hulse and for Libystone. At this time, only the two observatories in the United States were operating. Basically, here you have in the top part of the figure the gravitational wave detection and the reconstruction of the gravitational wave using numerical relativity and other templates. In this first detection, we were able to detect the gravitational wave signal coming from a merger of two black holes of around 36 and 29 solar masses. The final black hole was of 62 solar masses. We have enough confidence that this is a real detection. This merger occurred 1,300 million light years in distance. And we were able to basically see this signal in our detectors during 200 milliseconds. The total amount of energy radiated in form of gravitational waves was of three solar masses. And all the information we can derive from this detection was consistent with general relativity, but in this case, in a strong gravity regime. So it's a very important detection because it's the first direct detection of gravitational waves that confirm existence of black holes, existence of binary black holes, and is a test of GR in a strong gravity regime. OK, sorry. So even if I did mathematics and I come from the field of numerical relativity, I know that there are a lot of friends listening in these webinars in the particle physics community. So I would like to comment about an upper bound for the mass of the graviton that can be derived from the detection of direct detection of gravitational waves. In general relativity, the graviton has zero mass and moves at the speed of light. So basically, we have zero mass and speed of light. If we have a non-zero mass for the graviton, the dispersion relation relates us these quantities. So we can basically measure, well, we can basically have this relation of the velocity of light here, the velocity of the graviton, the mass of the graviton, and the length, and this lambda g, this length. Sorry for my voice. So in the case we have a non-zero mass of the graviton, this lambda is finite. And actually, the low frequencies propagate slower than the high ones. So this dispersion relation can be incorporated in the analysis of the phase of the signal of the binary. I have not performed this analysis, but you can go to the paper for more details. And the idea is that once we have a bone for this lambda coming from the velocity propagation of this graviton, we can induce a bone, an upper bone, for the mass of the graviton, which is actually, I think, a very nice observation. So after this first direct detection of gravitational waves in 2015, the Ligo-Virgo collaboration, we have been able to detect other mergers of binary black holes. So here you have basically a figure with the other mergers that we have been able to detect. At this point, only the two observatories in the United States were operating. So we have basically very bad information about the localization of these mergers. Well, as you can see, one important point here was that these binary black holes were in a range of masses above a few solar masses, but below the supermassive black holes at the center of our galaxies. So thanks to the gravitational waves, we are able to observe a range of masses for the black holes that we were not able to detect before. So in the next slide, I would like to mention one of the other important direct detections of gravitational waves. In August this year, the Virgo, the Advanced Virgo Observatory in Italy, close to PISA, was able to join Advanced Ligo for the observatory observation run to during this summer. So you may know that here in Spain, summer is a holiday period. August is a holiday period. But actually, all the people in the collaboration, we were working very hard in order to be able to join Ligo for this observation run to. Actually, I have to say that Advanced Virgo did a very good job during this August, because we had a duty cycle in science mode of about 85% during the four weeks. We were taking data together with Advanced Ligo in this observation run to. I have to say also that nature was extremely generous with us. And we were able to detect a signal, 14th of August, that was able, that was detected in the three of the observatories, of the gravitational observatories that were operating at that time. So Livingstone here at the center and for is in the first column, and Virgo is in the last column. You can see that actually Livingstone is the detector who had a most clear signal, but also Hanford and Virgo, we were able to detect the gravitational wave coming from the same source. Thanks to the fact that we had three detectors observing at that time, and we had the signal in the three detectors, we were able to restrict significantly the direction, the origin of this gravitational wave detection. The details of this signal can be found in this reference. I don't want to extend too much because I would like to restrict to this 30, 40 minutes of the talk. Again, it was a binary black hole measure of around 30 and 25 solar masses. The final black hole had around 53 solar masses. And again, this range of masses of the black holes was above a few solar masses, but below the masses of the supermassive black holes at the center of the galaxies. This is very important because not only about the position, the localization in the sky, but also because having more gravitational waves observatories means that we can control the systematics of the instrument and we can better control the noise coming from one or other detector. So I say that Rachel was extremely generous with us. Let me mention again that I am talking about four weeks of observing data. In this time, we had a few binary black hole measures, including the one that was detected by the three observatories. But a few days before ending this period, we had an amazing detection that, for me, is basically the surprise. This is a detection that will be in the books for the students learning physics in the next years. So in August 16, we received an alert of a detection, but a very special detection. It was a signal that was coming not from a merger of a binary black hole, but a merger of a binary neutron star. As I commented before, this is a very different scenario. Now you have a matter content, and this can give you a lot of information, not only from the metric, let's say, the curvature of the space time itself, but also about a question of state, structure of neutron stars, and a lot of other information from other aspects I will comment later. This merger actually was expecting, was the kind of signal we are expecting to see. But with only four weeks of observing period, we were very lucky. We were very lucky also, because this detection was the closest signal that we have been able to detect. So in this slide, you can see here you have the reference, and if you want to see more details, I will comment the main points here. You have the spectrogram by Ligo Hanford at the top, Ligo Livingstone in the center, and in the third row, you have Virgo. As before, in the Ligo Livingstone Observatory, the signal was very clear. Here, I have to comment that instead of milliseconds of observing, let's say, of detection of the signal, in this case, we had around 100 seconds of signal in the range of frequency, where the gravitational observatory, gravitational wave observatory can detect the signal. So these 100 seconds, here you have the signal very clear. We are able also to detect by eye, basically, the signal here in Hanford. And actually, we see no signal in the spectrogram of Virgo. The point here is that any gravitational wave observatory has blind spots. And luckily, or not so luckily, the direction, the origin of this signal was in a blind spot for Virgo. Anyway, thanks to this information, we were able to restrict the area in the sky, the localization in the sky of the source, the direction of this source. Actually, this is the lowest signal yet observed with a signal to noise ratio of 32.4. The masses observed for this neutron star are in the range of the known neutron star masses and below those of the known black hole masses. Here, you have a plot of estimation of masses for the two binary neutron stars before merger. Sorry. You can see that this range is not very narrow. This is because we don't have a lot of information about the spin effect in this merger. So basically, we are able to restrict the range of the masses for the first and the second masses of this binary system of neutron stars. The blue color corresponds to an effective spin below this value and the brown color corresponds to an analysis, including an effective spin below to this quantity. I will not enter into details, but basically, in the case of binary black holes, you can determine with more precision the masses of the black holes, but in the case of the neutron stars, this is more difficult. And also, you have a lot of uncertainties regarding this spin, this effective parameter regarding the spin that is used in the parameter estimation. Anyway, as I mentioned, the range of these neutron stars are in the known range for the neutron star masses. So here, you can see what I was mentioning before. An example of sky localizations of several detections of gravitational waves. These waves, GW-17, O-104, or GW-15, 1226, were detected only when the two observatories in the United States were operating. So you can see here that the sky localization is very poor in order to identify the origin of this source. On the other hand, for example, for the first detection of gravitational waves coming from the three observatories, regarding the binary black hole merger, or this gravitational wave coming from the merger of the neutron star also with the three detectors, you can see that the area in the sky is very, very small. So small that you can localize with a lot of precision the origin of the gravitational wave signal. In this case, we were able to have a very rapid localization using Ligo Hansford and Ligo Livingstone of 190 degrees squared using Virgo and using a very rapid localization. We were able to restrict to 30 degrees squared. And with a little of time and our final localization was in area of 28 degrees squared. We were able also to measure the luminosity distance of this gravitational wave source. It was around 40 megaparsecs. Actually, this is also the closest localized gravitational wave signal. So with this rapid localization and in an area in the sky small enough to be able to give alerts to other observatories. Well, in Ligo Virgo, we have agreements with a lot of instruments, around 200 instruments across the entire electromagnetic spectrum, as well as the neutrino observatories. So I'm talking about gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, infrared, radio, optical, all the range. So basically, as I was saying, we had a very rapidly localization and in a very small area. So we were able to alert our colleagues from other observatories all around the world, on Earth and also in the space. That day, we gave the alert to all of them.  But at least the people working in the Ligo Virgo collaboration, we tried to be silent, to be shy. OK, what happened that day? Well, before talking about what we detect not only from gravitational waves, but also in the electromagnetic spectrum, I would like to mention that this was a scenario that was full of uncertainties. Basically, simulations, numerical simulations and theoretical analysis of the merger of two neutron stars but only suggested it was not checked at all, that these two neutron stars merge. Then you form a central black hole.  In the symmetric, in the, let's say, North and South Poles with respect to this accretion disk, you have the emission of a jet of material that is a relativistic emission of material that is known as a gamma ray burst. Apart from this emission of the symmetric emission of the jets, one expects an emission, and symmetric emission later on, which is called kilonova, which has a characteristic spectrum. And basically, it was thought that all the heavy elements from, I mean, all the heavy elements like platinum, uranium, gold, and other elements beyond the elements that you can form in other astrophysical scenarios, like carbon, oxygen, then these very heavy elements were formed in this kilonova emission. All these ingredients were just part of simulations or analytical studies. But there were no check, no detection to link the merger of a binary system of neutron stars with this emission of the short GRBs. So let me comment that there are two GRBs of gamma ray bursts. The one is the so-called long GRB, and the other group is the so-called short GRB. The one I am talking about here is the short GRB group, which has a very short duration and a prompt gamma ray emission. So I'm not going into the details about this emission, but basically all these elements, the merger of the neutron stars, the formation of the black hole, the formation of the accretion disk, the emission of the relativistic jet as a short GRB, and the emission of the kilonova was just a simulation in the computer or theoretical studies on the papers. On August 17 this year, the gravitational wave detection was followed by the detection by Fermi, an integral around 1.7 seconds later of a short GRB in an independent way. So it was from two to six orders of magnitude less energetic than other GRBs observed. But, well, with a similar redshift, but maybe this is due to the fact that we are observing the GRB of axis. Here you have basically in the center, in the central part, the spectrum of the gravitational wave, and in the first and in the last rows, you have the spectrum of integral and Fermi. So you can see that basically from the same origin in the sky localization, we had an emission of gamma rays, which is in agreement with our model of merger of binary neutron stars and production of a short GRB. Not only gravitational waves and gamma ray bars were detected that day, actually I think this is the event that astronomers all around the world were expecting to see once, at least once in the life, in a life. So we were extremely, extremely lucky because we were able to detect very clearly the gravitational wave to localize very good the origin of the source to detect the gamma ray, but also we were able to detect this source in X-ray with shift in ultraviolet. Also we were able to identify the host galaxy thanks to optical observations all around the world. We had also infrared and radio emission. And basically this is not only, I am not talking only about that day. As you can see here, there will be a observation of this source in the days following the event, but not only the days, but in the weeks, amounts following that day. Just to let you know, the amount of people working in this event I would like to mention that over 3,500 households were a part of the beginning of the multi-messenger astronomy. And I think this is an extraordinary example of what international collaboration means. I'm not going to give more details about this multi-messenger detection. You can find all the details in this reference here astrophysical journal letters, but they think it's just amazing the amount of information we have in all the possible ranges in all the possible frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum plus gravitational wave. I have to say that we had also, we sent also alerts to neutrino experiments and they were observing the source, but there are no confirmed detections of neutrino particles. This is the last link we need, but I am quite confident that if nature has been so generous with us in the past, it will be in the future. And in the next detections of gravitational waves, we will hopefully have also detection of neutrino associated to these events. So here you in the next slide, I just want to again highlight this binary neutron star short GRB connection that was for the very first time confirmed with an observation. In magenta, you have the region coming from the localization in the sky of Fermi. In gray, you have the localization coming from Fermi and internal timing.  We have a very high significance of coincidence. And for sure, this is the very first direct evidence that binary neutron star mergers are the progenitors of these short gamma ray bars. As I have just mentioned, let's wait for the observation of a neutrino that will be also very, very important to analyze the physical properties of these astrophysical scenarios and is the basically the last link in the chain. I would like also to mention that this multi messenger detection was amazing and we were able also to provide some important constraints for the people working in cosmology. We were able to measure the Hubble constant. You can see all the details here in the referencing nature. I'm going just to mention very briefly the most important point here. Basically, if you combine the distance that you can infer from the imperial face of the gravitational wave signal and the red shift that was able that we were able to measure thanks to the identification of the host galaxy of the source coming from the electromagnetic signal, we are able to measure the Hubble constant from this relation. The observed value is this quantity here and in the plot you can see basically the relation with the value derived from Planck in green, the value derived from choose in brown and the very broad line that you can get from the Hubble constant value measured in combination with the gravitational wave signal. Of course, we still have a lot of uncertainty for this value, but basically we are combining somehow the two values that has no intersection. So we are basically more or less in the middle but with a lot of uncertainty. We hope that with more detections we will be able to narrow this error bar and to give a more precise value for this Hubble constant. So I have arrived at the end of my talk. I hope it was not too long. Sorry for my voice. I just want to say that we are starting this multi-messenger astronomy just now. This is an amazing new time for astronomy. We are looking forward to the future and who knows which kind of gravitational wave detections we will have and which kind of amazing information is waiting for us to be able to reach thanks to the gravitational waves in collaboration with all the rest of observatories in the world and also out in the space. So I will stop here and just thank you very much for all your attention. Okay, thank you, Issa, for this very nice talk and thank you especially for giving it with such a complicated scenario for you with the voice. Yeah, sorry for that. But it won't work. So now we proceed with the question round. So let me remind everybody again, watching us in YouTube that you can make questions and comments on the upper right part of your screen. So let's begin first with questions from our audience. Maybe somebody here would like to ask something. Let's see. Hello. Hi, thank you, Isabel. I have a short question out of curiosity. You mentioned that the first time that we were able to like simulate equal masses of black holes collation in the computer, I believe it was Franz Petrodius. Could you please comment a little bit? Like what was different? Like what was the big change? Just entering a little bit on the details. Like what did we do as a community to be able to do that? Like what was it just for the common reader? Okay, so thank you very much for the question. This is very close to my research, so I can give you more details about that. Basically, before that moment, there were, let's say, analytical studies and we were able to simulate, not to simulate, let's say to calculate less than one orbit, just a short time. The problem here is that, first of all, the formulation, the way you write instant equations can be critical. And I want to mean that, for example, there is a property called well-posed net of the equations. No, for example. So that means that the properties of the partial differential equations you are trying to solve can change a lot if you write them in a way or another. For example, this well-posed net means that if you start from a solution that deviates very small from your, let's say, exact initial data, and this will always occur because you have numerical approximations, then the evolution of your system can deviate dramatically from the exact evolution. So basically, it means you cannot believe at all what you are simulating. This is one thing. Another very important point here is that when you talk about black hole in general relativity, you are not including quantum physics, and you are including singularity at the center of the black hole. Okay, if you want to include a singularity in a computer, in a computer, this is a mess. This is a nightmare. In this case, you have two singularities, one of each black hole. You have to move these two singularities, and there are crucial quantities that diverges at this singularity. So it's not only, I mean, there are a lot of quantities related, for example, to the curvature of the space time at that point is infinite. So you have a lot of quantities that basically you cannot handle with a computer. So you have to do some kind of trick. Sorry, one moment. Don't worry, thank you. Okay, the two main tricks that we have been able to use for that is the first one is the so-called excision. This is the one that Pretorius used in his paper, but in the same year, there were other groups that also were able to perform the simulations with other formulation and other techniques I will comment later.  Okay, this is nice in principle, because you basically cut inside the upper and horizon, and because of casualty, you will not have information propagating from inside the black hole to outside. But you can imagine that the complexity of Einstein equations is very, very big, it's very hard. So you have non-linearity phenomena, and you have to do all these things with a lot of careful. So basically the way excision was included in the code was critical. And this excision was associated to a particular way of writing the questions, which is the harmonic generalized harmonic formulation. This is one option. The other option that basically most of the groups nowadays are using is to use another geometry of space-time.  So this interior part in your numerical grid is no more a singularity of a black hole, but another, let's say another regular solution. In both cases, the point is that from a classical point of view, what happens inside the trap region will not affect to the outside part. So this second approach about this other geometry is called the Trumpet geometry and it's using combination with another formulation, which is called the BSSN formulation of instant equations. So you see that you have to be very careful, both taking into account which equations are you going to evolve and which geometry on which streak are you going to use in order to avoid the singularity at the center of the black hole. Moreover, sorry, Moreover, these two formulations are in the group of the so-called free evolution schemes. As you may know, in instant equations, you have several kinds of equations. You have evolution equations. And for example, if we are talking about gravitational waves, you do have evolution equations. You have a physical degree of freedom, which is propagating, which is evolving. But apart from these evolution equations, we have constraints. We have a Hamiltonian constraint and we have momentum constraint. There is a, let's say one approach which is not to solve constraints, but try to solve them initially and then just evolve the evolution equations. This is more less easy if you are solving the equations numerically and if you don't do, let's say, if you do the things properly, then the constraint equations will also be satisfied in future times. But this is not guaranteed when you are talking about numerical methods. So there were also a lot of numerical tricks in order to avoid the growth of the violation of the constraints. These are only very general comments, but let's say that there were mathematical, numerical problems related to the evolution, to the numerical evolution of the equations. Okay, thank you, Zabel, for your complete answer. Welcome. Okay, are there any more questions from the audience? Okay, I have one question. So you've been able to get a lot of information from only one event, basically, right? So I don't know how often do you are expecting to get such events per year. I would like to know, Marles, how much data do you think that you'll be able to acquire over the lifetime of LIGO and Vergo. What sort of information will we be able to ultimately obtain at the end of this life? Okay, about the first question, I think we were very lucky, very lucky. I mean, we had a lot of luck. We were only observing for weeks. Now, both LIGO and Vergo are advanced, Virgo and Advanced LIGO, which means that they have been improved from previous observing runs. The detection rate, I will not give you a very precise number, because it's one of the things that was not very well known. I would say a priori. It depends on a lot of things. For example, the sensibility curve of a detector is something a little other life, in the sense that you don't have the perfect curve all the time. But let's say, so very general number, and now we have one per year, okay, more or less, or a little more, but I will not say very precise number. But we are now both LIGO and Virgo, we are in commissioning period. They are improving a lot the sensibility, well, a lot, they are improving the sensibility of the detector. Only a factor two of improvement in distance because of the volume means eight times more of a detection. I would say that where we expect that ending of next year, we will have another observing period, but I don't know exactly one month or something like that, but let's say. So, and we expect a few ones. What means a few? A few means more than one, but maybe I would not say a hundred, no? A few, a few ones. And that will depend a lot on how good are we decreasing the noise in the observatories. So, I would say for the next year, I would expect a few detections. A few more than this year, but a few detections. I don't want to be very, very optimistic. I would like to be more realistic because this is really technologically, it's amazing the things that are included in these instruments. But if you think in token that Kagra is being, well now the people in Japan, they are constructing Kagra and they are constructing it very, very quickly. There are also a strong steps done in the construction of LIGO India, not the observatory itself, but the technology, the compromise of the government. So, I think we will have a few more observatories soon, which also enhance a lot possible detections because, well, I have shown the spectrogram of some of the detections and in some of them, I think by eye, you can see where is the signal. But in general, we were very lucky and in general, maybe we will have more noise or the source is further, so the amplitude of the gravitational wave that we observed is small. For this point, templates are critical, are very, very important. And if you have not only one or two or three detectors, but four or five detectors, that can be very, very important. So I would say for next year, a few ones and a few more than now, but I don't know. And then if you take into account, well, Lisa and future, I would say maybe something one per day. I hope to be able to see one per day soon, but soon means in a few years, no? Maybe Alejandro, who is in Virgo Observatory, can say more than me, but this is the number I can remember now. So you're referring to the other Alejandro, not the one that asked the question. Yes, Alejandro Torres is a member of our group here in Valencia too. Okay. I don't know if he wants to say something more, but... No, I don't have more things to say. I think you are right or less. I don't remember them. Okay. Yeah, and also I would like to say that this is, this is technologically, this is amazing. So who knows if they can improve? For example, they are now, they are installing the squeezer in the laser, they are including more and more elements, more observatories, less noise, better technology, who knows? Super. So it's a little bit late. Let's see if there's any other questions in the audience. Sorry, I almost took it a lot. Oh no, no, it's okay, this is what it's about. I don't know if there's any other final questions from the audience. Okay, so we're good. And from the YouTube live chat, there's, okay, there's just a comment from Felipe Gomez, who's saying that it's been a very nice talk. Thank you. So there we go. Okay, so that's it. This has been the last webinar of the year. We are restarting next year in January, around the 15th, after the 15th of January, by the webinar by Bradley Kavanaugh, who will be talking about Dark Matter. So we hope to see you all there. Before we sign out, thanks again, Issa, for the wonderful seminar. Thanks for all the viewers this year, and we hope that you have a very nice end of the year. Okay, so we'll see you around. Goodbye. Bye. Thank you.


I'm Ron Duker with Pyramid Air. Today we're going to talk about the 10 point Vengeant 440. This bow is shooting a blistering 440 feet per second which is 166 foot pounds of energy. All that compacted in an 11 inch axle to axle uncocked and this goes all the way down to 5.8 inches which is somewhere in that range which we'll show you in a little bit. Overall length from stirrup all the way to the back is around 37 inches. How do they get the speed and consistency out of this crossbow? The vector quad cam system is something we need to talk a little bit about.


Now that Thunderfoot, aka Phil Mason, has made his decision to reveal his personal information, we could finally talk about his research. Some have characterized him as a glorified technician because he's not listed under faculty, but rather under staff on the website of the university by which he was employed. In fact, nothing could be further from the truth. Professor is usually someone who runs a lab, but doesn't usually have time to generate data or conduct research. A professor or principal investigator spends most of their time writing grant proposals, papers, and in some cases teaching or in administrative roles in their own research and within the organization. What Thunderfoot is or was is much closer to a research fellow, someone employed to do nothing but research. Staff, not faculty, but clearly an independent and productive researcher, someone who has had a positive impact on human scientific knowledge. Here is papers in PubMed, so far as I can tell, and I have to warn you that there are at least two people with nearly the same name doing very similar work, so I'm having to make some guesses. If I've gotten this right, he has 34 publications starting in 2003. He's first author on 20 of them, which means that he contributed to the work more than any of the other authors. The pubs are generally in physical chemistry journals of the second or third tier, meaning they're the kind of journals for routine but important work. He does have one first author in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, which is a definite prestige journal. To just summarize his publication record, it's tenure-level research for a very specific field of physical chemistry. He's been consistently productive in high-quality publications for over nine years. He could absolutely take this CV and be a serious contender for an associate professor spot at a top university. His research focuses on molecular modeling from neutron scatter data, which I'll try to explain as best I understand it. This is way outside my own field, so I may be completely off base. Neutron scattering is a way of studying the physical structure of matter. You take a sample, usually a powder, and place it near a nuclear reactor or source of energetic neutrons. Neutrons are neutral but massive, so when they go shooting through the sample, they'll sometimes collide with the nuclei of atoms in the substance and be deflected from straight through lines. The same process can be done with x-rays, and that's how the structure of DNA was finally deduced. In Dr. Mason's, and yes, he is a PhD, so Dr. Mason is the respectful name, in his case he is often studying the way that it dissolves substance, like fluoride, interacts with the solution that it's in. Where are the solutes in relation to the solvent? One area he seems to come back to often is the nature of water and guanidinium interaction. Guanidinium is important in my field of molecular biology because it's what is known as a chaotropic salt. We use it to mess up the structure of proteins, either to study them, or just to make them fall out of solution. Dr. Mason is helping to explain how they perform that useful function. By reading out the deflection of neutrons, he's observed the stacking or arrangement of these solute molecules was water or other solvent. He then creates a simulation of the laws that govern their behavior, and tests the experimental observations against the simulation. If they match, then we'll know how these things behave in solution. Are there applications for this kind of work? Absolutely. Think about the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. What kind of modification could we make to the petroleum to encourage to either form little globules or to break up that surface tension? In the case of drugs or industrial chemicals, can we optimize the chemical composition of a solvent or buffer so that the water-loving structures remain stable over time, increasing shelf life or availability for reaction? It is a very abstract field of research studying the structure of solutions of salt and water, but it's a peek into the fundamental nature of matter and salvation. That's salvation, by the way. Solvation. The nature of solutions. Not to be confused with the religious concept. Not everyone likes Thunderfoot. I understand he's a very bold character. He doesn't pull any punches. Ultimately, though, he's just a guy with some strongly held positions. People like to watch his videos, and he communicates science very well. That's given him a certain celebrity. With that celebrity will naturally come criticism and personal attacks. The one thing that you can't say about Thunderfoot, no matter how much you dislike him, is that his work is unimportant or unimpressive. His contributions to scientific knowledge are respect worthy, even if you don't like his work here on YouTube. Thanks for watching.


A frequent question that comes across my desk relates to building intimacy with a man. And many women believe men are afraid to love and they're curious to know how can you actually build deeper intimacy with a guy and I'm gonna get right into it about men being afraid of love. I think one of the challenges most men have, especially for those of us who are baby boomers and Gen Xers. And I can speak from personal experience. When I was growing up, my parents, my father told me to stuff my emotions, stuff my feelings, not be expressive. And whenever I did act out in rambunctious ways, what was happening to me frequently, I was told to stuff it, to curtail it. I was hit. Why don't you think about this for a moment? For our generation, many boys were slapped or hit for being expressive to having a lot of energy and being boisterous around this energy. So I want you to think about this. For so many of us, we were taught to, we were told to repress our feelings and more importantly, we were actually, violence was used to curtail our feelings. And so I want you to think about this. This is true for men and this is true for women as well. We have a dysfunctional view of what real love is because it's very rare any of us were really raised with parents that were absolutely loving 24 seven that they were absolutely conscious that their words and behaviors could have some lasting ramifications on you when you became an adult. This is why I habitually talk about understanding childhood wounds and traumas as well as adult traumas. Okay, so put that in the box for a second because we oftentimes think of childhood wounds as being something severe like true abuse whether it was physical, whether it was emotional. And we're talking about oftentimes we think of severe cases. I wanna let everyone know right now or at least invite everyone to recognize that even if you had an ideal upbringing, idyllic upbringing, a really good childhood and you had really good parents you experienced to some degree some trauma in your childhood. And it could have been an innocent thing that your parents did and you're unaware of or maybe had issues with children that you went to school with. Okay, why does this relate? Because I want you to understand that intimacy for many of us is something that we weren't taught in other words to be vulnerable, to be authentic to be transparent in relationships. And I know this is really confusing particularly in the early stages of dating because men can come on with a sense of bravado a sense of being expressive of how you how you make them feel right in the early stages but that is driven by our biological need to connect with you at a sexual level to spread our seed. So in the beginning stages men might be expressing of their feelings about how you make them feel initially once you're in a relationship with them and I suspect this is the reason why this question came about is how do you build deeper intimacy in a relationship after that initial stage because the reality is is most men and women have this initial euphoria of connection and they never actually experience a deeper level of intimacy. What is intimacy? Intimacy is into me you see. In other words, I feel safe with you. I can share my greatest fear. I can share my shame with you and I can do it in such a way knowing you are not going to abandon me. See, here's the really tricky part for you ladies. I know you love the idea of the provider protector. You love that. You love that the man is chivalrous and he takes charge in everything but within that DNA of provider protector, we can't, we're not allowed to show weakness. And what is vulnerability? It's a reflection of an insecurity you might be feeling for any reason whatsoever by expressing that, by being vulnerable, by being authentic, by being transparent. We believe you are going to think less of us. See, so this is the dueling factions that's going on right now is that space between wanting to show up as a partner in that way that we've been biologically trained but more importantly, how to show up as a partner from an emotional perspective and most men don't give much consciousness around this. I know I'm a perfect example. I was raised with the blueprint and many of the men you're dating are raised with the same blueprint.  Your job is to pay the bills. That's what it is. That's what being a provider protector is, is paying the bills. And it was, I mean, and the stress of paying for everything for so many men can be absolutely overwhelming. And if we ever expressed our fears and our concerns, we were fearful that you would leave us. And so understand that our fear of love, our fear of closeness, our fear around real connection is sometimes predicated on the fear that you'll leave us if we are actually true and sharing our weakest, most vulnerable moments. See, to build intimacy first starts in the early stages of dating is to build a deep friendship with your partner. Now, why am I using the term friendship? Because it's something we can relate to. We can think about the other people in our lives who are friends. And I want you to think about what is friendship? Friendship means you can count on this person. That's what friendship, one aspect of friendship. You can share most anything to a person. That's what friendship is. Friendship is companionship. Friendship is connection. So it's important to understand that friendship is a building block to intimacy. And yet very few of you actually build a deep friendship with the person you're dating. Now, how is friendship built? It usually starts with social activities. It starts with hobbies. It starts with mutual interest. It is in the doing of things together that it's a building block to building trust with another person. See, intimacy is all about trust. And trust isn't about fidelity per se, although that's an important component. Trust is, can I count on you to care about my feelings as much as I care about my own feelings? That is where true intimacy lies is in the experience of trust. Yet many of you are dating without actually feeling like you can trust this person. So how do we build those blocks of trust? Okay, first we just said, it is through the doing of things together. This is why long distance relationships are incredibly problematic.  And what happens in many cases, many of you are experiencing what's known as artificial intimacy. You're built, this artificial intimacy, as most of you, it's predicated on how's your day going, did you have a good day? I hope you had a good day, it's talking about your day.  This is why so many of these shows like 90 day fiance blow up because they've had these incessant communications over the phone. They think they've built intimacy and when they're actually together, you're experiencing how this person treats you in real life, in real time. And are they treating you from a sense of trust? So another factor in building intimacy, I talk about this habitually in my coaching practice is something I call radical honesty, radical honesty. In fact, this is the building block to deeper intimacy. This is talking about the nooks and crannies of who you are as a person which includes sharing fear and insecurities. You got nothing to lose to talk about in the beginning to some degree. Now, some of you might be saying, no, I don't wanna tell my insecurities to a stranger but at the same time, your fears around relationships are predicated on those wounds that you experienced in childhood or also those adult experiences. And this causes many men to shut down. I want you to think about this for a moment. You've been married for a decade or so. You thought it was gonna work out and maybe the woman ended the relationship. In fact, 70% of divorces are initiated by women. So I want you to imagine the emotional effects to a man. Here's a person that they trusted was gonna go the distance. By the way, they may not have had intimacy in their relationship, but all of a sudden, the person they thought they were gonna go the distance with, whether they were happy or not, ends it. That creates a psychological wound within a man. And God forbid the woman cheated on him. That's a significant wound on the man. And by the way, ladies, I know you experienced this as well. So this isn't one sided. But so these men are now gun shy to deeper intimacy. That's why they're afraid of love because they've been rejected once before and nobody likes feeling rejected. By the way, there's no such thing as rejection. When a person chooses to end a relationship, if it's not right for them, it's not right for you either.    So maybe what you're working on didn't really fit with this person in the relationship, but do never, never take rejection personally. In fact, I invite you to look at what the quote that says rejection is God's protection. In other words, you're not further subjecting yourself to something that isn't going to work out. Okay, so coming back to what, how to build deeper intimacy. We talked about radical honesty. Do you know, Brene Brown talks about vulnerability is true, it's being vulnerable is true courage. In other words, sharing your deepest shame with someone. See, it is through the communication of our fears and insecurities that we actually build deeper intimacy with someone, especially when you're with a person who's an emotional grown up. Now, this is the tricky part. The vast majority of human beings have weak emotional maturity and weak relationship skills. And this is true for men. And yes, this is true for you women as well. It is an equal percentage of both genders. I know you like doing this. Men point the finger at women and women point the finger at men. Men complain about women habitually. They don't have an agreeable personality. They're complicated. They're irrational. They lack a sense of logic. Men complain about women or they're gold diggers. And you women complain about men. They're commitment phobic. They're emotionally constipated. They're emotionally unavailable. This is the reality that we're faced with. The vast majority of human beings are rather emotionally wounded. Their relationship skills are weak. Their communication skills are weak.  I've only experienced one really good, well maybe two good communicators in my life from women. And so why I'm sharing this with you is I wasn't a good communicator a decade and a half ago. I was good at sales. So I had some basic skills on listening and I had some basic skills on asking questions. It was through my experiences within relationships that I actually was able to communicate in a much healthier way. The first relationship was with, I was with a therapist for over six years. I mean, we're in a romantic relationship. She through her probing drew out my communicative side. See ladies, if you wanna build deeper intimacy it starts by leading by example. But Jonathan, why isn't the we women have to do all the work in relationship? Because intimacy, because you're better equipped to share your feelings than us men. We were taught to stop our emotions and feelings. And I know you ladies and when you were little girls were the same thing in many cases. But you tend to be more in touch with your feelings because you tend to have more estrogen in your bodies and we have more testosterone. Testosterone stuffs our emotions and feelings and estrogen heightens the awareness to this. Now what's interesting within men as we age our testosterone levels drop and our estrogen levels do begin to increase not at your level, it's down here for us. So you actually can help create intimacy in the relationship. I said as a moment ago, you lead by example. You lead by example by being expressive of your emotions but many of you have duct tape over your mouth.  Well, it's might be true, he might run away. When I wrote my book, what the heck is self love anyway journey of personal development, self help and spiritual work. Chapter one is speak your truth, deal with kindness in chapter nine says if it's sincere and from the heart you can't say the wrong thing to the right person.  And even if it's something that they don't like they dive into the relationship when you're with the right person. And you see the reality is is most of you have a broken picker have a broken picker part of it is because you're to some degree a bit broken as well. You see relationships isn't so much about a journey of where going the distance with someone. First, it's learning to have a relationship with yourself. That's the most important part of this journey because let me just say this at some point one person is going to die before the other. That's just a reality. So the person who dies first gets off easy in a way. It's the person that has to go on. And so many of you who are widowers know what I'm talking about. You might have had a significant relationship that ended because of a disease, an accident or something. See, we all have to learn to love ourselves. We all have to learn to be in relationship with ourselves. And when you're in a good relationship with yourself and you meet someone who's also in a good relationship with yourself, then you can share the union of that together. But if you're showing up wounded, hurt, jaded, bitter, and if he's showing up wounded, jaded, hurt, bitter in relationship, you feed off of the initial euphoria of the connection, but it's gonna be challenging to build deeper intimacy with one another. So this is why I invite you always, habitually on my channel to do the personal development, self-help, spiritual work, therapy, to heal your past, to heal those past relationships, to be clear of your past relationships, not still charged by your last relationship. Sadly, many of you are still rather charged by your past relationships. And then you have this judgment about men in particular, that they're worthless, that they're commitment phobic, that they can't build intimacy. Let me just share this with you. I do believe a significant percentage of men are really good people. And I think of those good people, there are wounded people that struggle with opening up emotionally. And at the same time, there are also really good men that are capable of opening up. They just need the right guide to get them there. And I know you might be frustrating going, I don't want to be the guide, but at the same time, think about this. Building intimacy together builds the deep roots of trust that helps your relationships withstand the storms. And most importantly, it starts by showing up as a full and complete sense of self, just recognizing that we never finish the journey. It's all part of this process. But at the same time, when two people show up fully whole as individuals, then they're really prepared to go the distance. And hopefully if they're lucky, they pass away at the same time. That's probably the truest form of love, thinking of the movie, the notebook as a possible example of that. By the way, is this sinking in, is this resonating? Please let me know if it is. Please share this content. Please tell your friends. Send them to my website, jonathanasley.com. Have them click the group coaching button so they can join my group called Midlife Love Mastery. Or this is a group where you can have direct access to me on a regular basis via Facebook page. And we can connect. And when you post questions, I shoot videos based on what you asked just like this video today. All right, I think this will be a great place to wrap up. I'd like to hear your thoughts. Please post a comment below if this resonated with you or if you have something to share. And I'm gonna wrap up this video as I always do.  I'm gonna reach into the camera and give you a hug of love if that's okay. I'm gonna ask you to turn to someone, a pet, a teddy bear pillow, and give Iter them a hug of love because hugs are a great source of love. And let's face it, we could all use more love in our lives. Thanks a bunch. Bye-bye now. Bye-bye.


The hurricane season has arrived and the Department of Infrastructure, Ports and Transport is one of the key government agencies tasked with disaster preparedness, monitoring, mitigation and response. Over the years, the physical, social and economic losses incurred as a result of natural disasters have exponentially increased. The impact of these events on developing countries is extremely harsh considering the wide-ranging setbacks to the development process. Numerous lives and livelihoods on St. Lucia and the wider region have been and continue to be affected by natural disasters. The impacts of the disasters are deeply related to socioeconomic conditions, tradition, culture and location of the communities. To minimize the damage caused by disaster, various efforts have been taken by government, local disaster committee groups and the international community including donor agencies. Some of these include, but are not limited to, the silting of rivers, culverts and drains, trimming of overhanging branches, debouching, slope stabilization, river bank protection, river training. Notwithstanding the participation and efforts of these sectors, we have observed that many of the disaster management programs have failed to be sustainable at the local level following the completion of the project. Without sustainability, disaster management efforts will not preserve. A critical component of sustainable disaster management is communities' participation in these activities. The emphasis of disaster management efforts must be on communities and the people who live in them. Unless we can ensure the sustainability of these efforts at the individual and community level, it will remain difficult to reduce the losses and the scale of tragedy. We at the Department of Infrastructure, ports and transport are pleased to announce and invite you to participate in a community-based cleanup campaign aimed at promoting a cleaner, healthier and safer environment for all residents. This campaign, which will take place throughout the morning of Friday, June 9, 2023, will involve a series of activities, including litter picking, trimming of overhanging branches, and cleaning of drains and culverts. Our aim is to encourage community participation in the country's effort at sustainable disaster management. The most common elements of community involvement are partnership, participation, empowerment and ownership by the citizenry. The DIPT recognizes the importance of a clean environment in promoting good health and well-being. As such, we are committed to pulling our resources to ensure a unified effort in minimizing risks of damage to loss of property and life. The Department of Infrastructure, ports and transport has therefore engaged businesses, individuals and other important stakeholders to achieve a cleaner and greener community. National Emergency Management Organization, NIMU, the St. Lucia Solid Waste Management Authority and the Department of Housing and Local Government, among others. We therefore invite all citizens of St. Lucia to join us in this noble cause by participating in the cleanup activities. We do acknowledge that this planned activity falls on a workday and some residents may not be able to participate. However, the message we want to leave with you is that community-based disaster management is not a one-off exercise, but rather a way of life and most importantly, we are all affected. The areas identified for cleanup are Area 1, Grand Riviere, Marisul Road, Area 2, Caribbean cinemas to Union Roundabout, Area 3, New Development, Bel Air, Area 4, York Hill, La Clare, Area 5, Calde Sack, from KFC to the Kamaki Building, Area 6, Black Bay View Fort, from the Early Childhood Development Center to Comfort Bay, Area 7 in Dennery, from the Dennery Mechanical Workshop to the Fisheries Complex or the Dito. Let's work together to make our community a better place to live in. For more information on how to participate in the campaign, please contact the Department of Infrastructure at 468-4307. Thank you.


Welkom back. My name is Garanja Alex. You're watching Y254 and as always this is Tuesday and we usually do entrepreneurship. Today, I'm joined by two great men, today a lot of women ladies, today I'm joined by two great men and of course I want to bring them on board. One is called Martin Irungu, he's the co-founder and executive director of Emshaw. Karebusana. Thank you so much. It's great to have you here. Thank you. You'll be talking of course later on. That is the grassroot. Alright, who is the communication lead in terms of technology? Yeah, in terms of communication technology. Alright, so what's up? Karebusana. How have you here? Thank you. You've been here again? Yes, we were here last year at a time like this. We were discussing the same agenda and the grassroot of leadership summit, which we did last year. So amazing. So, we're here to talk about the grassroot summit. It's about entrepreneurship and growing the women. So let's begin this. How do you think the field is for women right now? I would say like the conversation around women and social entrepreneurship is a growing conversation. We have the ecosystem ready to support upcoming women in entrepreneurship. And I think that's where our organization comes in handy. And that's why this year when we were organizing for entrepreneurship summit, we themed it around women. Specific theme is demystify the place of women social entrepreneurship in the ecosystem. And I think it's a growing trend. They have an opportunity and all the players are ready to support them. What are some of the mysteries you want to demystify about women and entrepreneurship? I would say first is to say like they have the potential. They have a bigger role. I would say in a household if a woman is empowered, you say the whole household is empowered. And I think it's upon us now to say that they have a potential. They have the skills. They have the ability and the systems must come in to support them. That is the basic and what will be demystified. Alright, women have been so much vocal especially in the country today. We are very young women who are CEOs. They are all over the entrepreneurial field. What do you think about that? Is it creating some sort of competition? Yeah, first of all, I just want to say Kenya. Kenya is one of those ecosystems in Africa that is really considered immaturing. And once you find that women and young girls are getting into spaces that previously were predominantly somehow an exclusion for men, then that is a good sign. So in terms of innovation, in terms of entrepreneurship, at the grassroots level, we are looking at how can we sit down and highlight some of the problems that have been met in making the women become competitive. We are looking at skills. We are looking at how the innovation mindset. We are looking at knowledge. We are looking at networks. We are looking at finding opportunities. We are looking at the policy. We are looking at capacity. So it's a lot of things that are going to be discussed and highlighted during the 2019. But most importantly, I think that the ecosystem is really much right. Yes, focusing on not only the women. Elps also serves for youth. What are you up for for youth? What is the install for young people? Just to give a quick highlight of why our existence is in the ecosystem is that we are a youth-driven organization that started in 2015 and our model is about exaggerating the potentials the young people hold and believing that should we harness their potential, we will be able to have less of the challenges we are facing, talk about an employment crisis and with the understanding that we have the youth crisis which is affecting not only Kenya but Africa at lunch, we have a model program to around innovation, around entrepreneurship and basically our focus is how do we send out young people to the communities they come from to innovate around solutions that would serve communities and create opportunities for themselves. So we have also a network around East Africa and a bigger network in Africa and also we also do a bit of an extended program with the global network, say the European Youth Network basically to create opportunities for young people to be able to exchange and revolve around building opportunities for themselves. I want us not to do so much on the young people because this year your theme is women. Women have got a lot of potential and most people say it's untapped potential. Do you think there's so much of untapped potential in terms of the girls and the women that we have today? I would say that's why we are on edge this year because based on our last year's conversation we realized like among the disadvantages that we hold in the ecosystem is either people are not able to access the needed technology or the needed resources say to do a startup but also in terms of how do we understand the differences that exist even in terms of gender and then the fact that the world also is calling upon among women to be able to come out boldly and be competitive with the counterpart. So what we believe is equally women and men have the same opportunities and now this year is just to bring out in volumes just to dictate and say well women in the ecosystem have the potential they have the skills the resources that is needed is still in the ecosystem how do we harness that put them on the table and also put out their voice and bring in the policies and opportunities that will bring them together. Great, are we at par in terms of the level at which entrepreneurial field is growing in terms of women in Africa in relation to Kenyans women? Pardon when you say how are we really on target are we really looking and focusing on something are we really aiming? Yes and I think like I said the Kenyan ecosystem has been very promising especially in how it looks at women and for GS our concept has always been yes we have entrepreneurs in urban centres we have entrepreneurs across the world that have so much access to resources and opportunities a typical entrepreneur in Nairobi is somebody who has a working distance to a hub where they can go and collaborate and work on projects with different people but there is this entrepreneur who is called the grassage entrepreneur this is somebody from the counties this is somebody outside Nairobi so most of the time you find that these type of entrepreneurs are neglected and that is why we felt like as GS we need to highlight and just coming back to your question I believe that we as an ecosystem are doing quite a lot to make sure that the girls actually are able to complete on the same level as the men entrepreneurs and if there are any gaps if there are any opportunities for improvement then that's the reason why we are having GS 2018 to bring success stories to the table women in the social impact spaces who have already achieved had so much success within the industries come to this summit as panellists, as mentors, as trainers as workshop leaders and talk to other aspiring young women so that they can see if so and so was able to become very successful in renewable energy for example it means energy after all is not a preserve for men women also have a space in it if somebody else has an amazing social impact start up within health probably a young entrepreneur who is a woman can be able to see and look up to that and be able to find inspiration find people to network find people to tap for opportunities you mentioned something about knowledge and information all along I want to ask these you are talking about the grassroots and we are talking about women the young ladies that are so much into the interiors how aggressive are you in terms of reaching to those who are so much in the interior the rural areas so currently it hasn't been an aggressive attempt by the ecosystem that is why GS 2019 will be seeking to highlight those gap opportunities and bring out the voice of those grassroots interior and tell the ecosystem yes you are doing an amazing job in Nairobi and we acknowledge that but how about you go down to Kajiadu where M South was running a project in digital literacy in digital literacy skills and be able to create the same impact so that this entrepreneur this woman leader from a grassroots is not feeling neglected alright we are talking about GS what are they talking about I would like you to bring people on board probably what is it all about when is it happening maybe just as I come to your point when you mentioned about aggressiveness and what the organization is doing we have a model which is called the digital laboratories they are young it's a small kind of hub at the community level so when you go to a place like Kajiadu we have a digital lab in Kajiadu we have a digital lab in Makueni we have a digital lab in Kitui and our main target are women and we do 60% women participation in digital literacy training and entrepreneurship that is how we are focused and looking into women empowerment and entrepreneurship and now bringing in GS for the viewer to understand us better we understand that we have the entrepreneurship summit that brings together the big players the world bank the world economic forum everyone together and they discuss the entrepreneur with that understanding we came to understand that the young entrepreneur are not given an opportunity to speak and then the ecosystem players listen so it's a contrast of the same and what we do is a free to attend for young entrepreneurs and this time round we are dimming around women entrepreneurs and then the concept is about we will be doing a workshop a 3-day workshop for young entrepreneurs female entrepreneurs this time round and we have a bias because in women in tech because again we are also looking into how do we encroach the systems that have been predominant led by men in the ecosystem so it's an annual event it has a different theme this time round it's around women in social entrepreneurship and we have a collaboration with an organization called Women's World Wide Web it's a global organization it's a global champion for women in tech and entrepreneurship they are actually sponsoring most of our activities including the workshop that is what we do we channel the young people in the ecosystem by bringing in players who are ready to support who are ready to understand what are we doing and this time round it will be in Kenyatta University this is where we did last year that is where we will be doing the workshop and the summit will be on 19th of September great and that's amazing probably we hope to be there also so as we can see what women have to offer for us I want us to come together and look at the government sustainable development agendas the nine of them do you think women are really including in all this in terms of inclusivity I think yes and I want to in individual capacity of course appreciate what government is doing and different development partners and different organizations the place of women in some of this development development agendas I just want to mention a lot of ongoing progresses within the big for agenda for example we know and when you come to the GS 2019 you admit an amazing panelist of women 100% women who are doing amazing work within the big for agenda for example one of the panelist probably could be somebody from renewable energy which supports manufacturing we have people who are doing a lot in education especially using technology tools to support how students in the rural areas and the scales and I think just looking about has been a lot of progress let's probably there's probably a young lady at home who is watching and she's just like I wanted to begin this company but then I'm apparently facing too much of challenges what would you advise someone who is beginning a company I would say when you say actually starting a company it sounds so huge but I would have believed in what our model propagates because we always have when we are doing the summits or any other convening that we do here in town it's mainly to tell the young people that it starts with an idea and that is why in our training and our curriculum we talk about ideation the ideation process how you do your ideation and to understand what to offer as a solution because what we say a startup or what people call a company