have somebody that you know and they have just this great talk game but that talk game they use it to appeal to whoever they're speaking to in the moment but it can change based off of who they're having a conversation with or who they're having a conversation about because they may say just anything that they think you want to hear in that moment but when it comes to them actually being real about their word they aren't and this kind of reminds me of Gregory, Gregory Roman the Ravens offensive coordinator and the reason I say that is because it just reminded me let's take you back to 2019 I remember a lot of Ravens fans that they were having a conversation and again this this wasn't a being a prisoner of the moment of the Ravens doing good or bad because they were 14 and 2 they were in the middle of a 12 game winning streak so a lot of Ravens fans were thinking oh man these Ravens come playoff time oh they not showing us everything now come playoff time oh just imagine because the Ravens they started sprinkling little things in here and there and we were thinking oh man are they saving plays for the playoffs or Greg Roman is this offense saving plays for the playoffs and the reason that a lot of us thought that was because we saw things like the Heisman package Lamar Jackson RG3 Mark Ingram all on the field at the same time and it was like whoa where that come from and then I remember in the Bills game it was right before halftime it was looking like all right Ravens just about the near the ball let's go to halftime but Ravens did a fake kneel and they they snapped it to Justice Hill and he took off got a nice little chunky y'all it's obviously didn't get a touchdown but still and when we saw stuff like that a lot of us would think it oh man this offense they've been crazy good doing this streak just imagine what they got stored up they ain't even showing us everything yet man and then the playoffs came in yeah we remember what happened but then on top of that we go back to last year this Ravens offense they start off very past happy there's some open lanes Lamar's not taking them they are just past happy Ravens team they force-feeding all of they running back say like you get a carry you get a carry you get a carry even though you're hot we're gonna cool you off buddy go give the carry to somebody else so at the beginning of the season the offense was just it was a question mark it had a lot of us scratching our head and then Greg Roman said hey we are going to forge a new identity forging a new identity let's get baby and then we were like okay he said we're gonna forge a new identity let's do it all right Ravens flock let's go what happened what where was that new identity because we sure didn't see it so that's why with this with this quote with him saying this that's like I just don't believe you Gregory and I'm not calling for him to get fired I'm not calling for him to get demoted like a lot of y'all a lot of y'all man he needs to go back to run game coordinator but I'm just saying I just I don't believe it based off of what we've seen in the past now of course we've had so many questions from subscribers y'all have been on it from jump I remember when we unfortunately first lost Gus Edwards and JK Dobbins a lot of y'all were on it y'all sent the question from subscriber talking about the Ravens using Devin Duvenay in the backfield using him like a scat back using him to just come out of the backfield and make some stuff happen we already knew he was a jet sweep king because Greg Roman has let us know that plenty of time based off of the use of Devin Duvenay even from last year but just to see him involved more I've been starting to call him Debo Duvenay to see if they could use him like the 49ers use Debo Samuels sort of like the Falcons use a Cordero Patterson he's obviously much different body type than Duvenay but you get the point to just use him in different ways he's been involved in offense a lot this year he's been out there wide received a lot and of course again the jet sweeps you know again jet sweep king give him his crown even though he already got it so y'all have been on that been on it but Greg Roman was asked about it today about using Devin Duvenay more out of the backfield and his response was we have a we have a ton of stuff sitting in the vault whether or not we choose to unlock the vault it's a long season I like to space things out I can't man I can't I hope that I can be proven all the way around I hope I can't I would love this I would love to I would love for people to come back and say oh engraving see you thought Greg Roman was lying you were wrong okay you think I'm gonna be mad at that but my expectations they already are tempered they're already set and they've already been lowered based off of things that we've seen in the past I know a lot of people they will get upset despite the Ravens being eight and three that we will continue to talk about the coordinating of these games they'd be like man what the why you guys complaining you're eight and three what's wrong with Greg Roman what's wrong with wink martindale mind what's going on mind why are you complaining and it's like whoa are you watching the games eight and three great and for the this team to have overcome everything to be eight and three is wonderful but the thing that we were complaining about even though it's just being real it's not complaining at all but the thing that we were bringing out and mentioning is patterns it's patterns stuff that we see on a repeated basis stuff that we see constantly and consistently that are problems and even though the Ravens have overcome these problems if the Ravens address these problems a lot earlier in games a lot earlier in the season then they may be sitting even prettier right now but again they have these problems and and we'll take the eight and three all day atop the afc will take that all day oh we love that we definitely appreciate that that's amazing but we still gotta see this team for who they are and they have problems now somebody talked to me they said oh we engraving well but every single team got problems yes of course that's why nobody's undefeated because they all have problems but with the Ravens problem since we focus about 98 percent on the Ravens that's why we call them out that much more that's why we address them that much more because we know if the Ravens continue those same problems if they don't clean up them problems then they're gonna get cleaned up right out of the playoffs asap and we just don't want that to happen but with Greg Roman with him saying that he got some stuff in the vault oh man i would love to see that vault and i would love to see it opened up now one thing i know a lot of people they there's a lot of different conversations that can be had about this when it comes to saving plays for later on in the season so saving plays for potential playoffs um now one side is like hey you can't show your hand in the regular season you you just that's that will be foolish why would you show them everything that you're gonna do you can't put everything out on a table like that and i can understand that but i'm leaning on the other side a bit more there because i feel like hey not that you got to show everything but you don't you want to make it to the playoffs don't don't you want to be there and so if you want to make it to the playoffs hey you got to sprinkle some stuff in yeah you you really got it like this often and especially the the state of the offense that where they're at i feel like um it's just been a mix of a lot it's been a mix of Greg Roman being a problem it's been a mix of Lamar being a problem sometimes it's been a mix of the offensive line being a problem sometimes it's been a mix of just all those different things just happen sometimes it's the receiving sometimes it's just a lot it's not just one person to blame Lamar the other night a lot of bad throws Lamar sometimes stepping into sex Lamar not taking check downs offensive lines sometimes not blocking offensive line if they do block somebody it could end up being a holding call why receivers drop uh like it's it's it's crazy but running backs yeah so it's even though Devonte Freeman he's been doing this thing recently man really establishing himself really getting in a groove man so shout out to Devonte Freeman but they've they've all contributed to the Ravens offensive problems uh as a whole and but like i said we just we want them to do better but when you see all the different contributing factors you you have to put guys in the best position to have some success because success as a Ravens offense it just it hasn't been there they've passed a couple of games like that it hasn't been there consistently and we're not expecting this team to score every single offensive drive that would be ludicrous we wouldn't complain we would love that but that that should not be an expectation and it is not a realistic expectation they're not going to score every time they have the ball stuff happens in order for a football play to be successful so much has to go right it's much easier for a football play to go wrong than it is to go right because in basketball like one person could dribble down court shake a couple people drive to the basket oh lay up dunk whoever you may be or you hey put back dunk shout out to James Harden there but but for football like so many different people contribute to one play being executed the right way because one person can't do it all it's impossible because for the quarterback to make a pass the offensive line got a block the receiver got to run the right route the quarterback got to make the right throw then the receiver got to catch it so it's it's that back and forth first the um the responsibility is on the offensive line in the quarterback then it's on a receiver then it's on a quarterback to make the throw then it's on a receiver to catch it see that responsibility all that goes back and forth in just one play just one play so it is so tough that's why you want to make sure you're doing everything that you can as a coach or as a player to contribute positively to a play being successful now with Greg Roman I just I really hope that this isn't one of those things where because we've seen the offense struggling we don't want them to struggle and we want the offense to just gain some more confidence we want them to have that that that swagger we want to see them on a sideline smiling now we're not expecting them to blow out every single team with that that's mm-hmm those those I was gonna say those are the old days but yeah that's two yeah two years ago 2019 those were the old days this is regular Ravens football now so if whatever you're saving apparently even though I don't believe it bring it out bring it out because this offense like bring it out please and I would say like you don't have to be running all these trick plays like crazy but those plays that are a little more creative because you don't got to be cute but you can just get cute a little bit tiny bit don't be cute don't consistently be cute you don't have to consistently be a trick play offense no don't do that because you need to establish your regular offense too but it's okay to sprinkle some stuff in here and there just to spice things up just to give your team that much more momentum just throw some things in there it just reminds me of like how the Chiefs were maybe not so much this year but I mean this year that offense they've been doing a thing they've been throwing a lot more picks than normal but with the Kansas City Chiefs I know that they um their offense high-powered offense we all already know um but they a lot of times they will sprinkle in some some crazy stuff where you be like oh man how did what oh who's getting where's the ball oh wow but they would they will sprinkle that in there oh wow they're still running the normal offense but they would just change things up a little bit change the pace sometimes it would work sometimes it wouldn't but when it did work it would just give them that much more life give them that much more energy and just that much more dominance a lot of times over a lot of the teams that they were playing now that did the Chiefs stay cute no they just got cute real quick and it helped that's all I'm saying for the Ravens again don't stay cute just get cute a little bit a little bit so we'll see we'll see Gregory let's see if any of these new plays these plays that they got saved for the long run these plays that he could pull out of any second if they actually show up so and again with those plays it's not all on him now in order to in Hollywood set it himself he said it uh during I think training camp a preseason something like that he said it early on this year um that with the plays that they're running he said for he said for guys numbers to be called they got to show that they can execute that in practice they got to show that they can make it happen in practice because that's where it all starts so again it's up to Greg Roman to try to incorporate it and it's up to the players uh to be able to execute it so it like I said it just it takes so much for football play to to just come out right but this responsibility is on everybody team keeping clean I love y'all and I appreciate y'all oh boy we'll see if these plays if we see any of these oh goodness anyway we out love y'all y'all stay up me


So the midterm scores are up on the web page if you want to look at them. You put in your last name, which may not be working to keep your last name in, but it's what registers for your last name is. So for some people who have two names in their last names, sometimes it comes out weird. You put in your last name, your ID number, and you can see what grade you got and what letter it's available into is. People did worse on the exam than I expected. I thought it was a relatively easy exam, but clearly you don't agree. If you've got below an 80, which means you've got an F, a D, or a C minus, that doesn't mean you're going to fail this class. So one thing that confused people at first is a C minus is not a grade that you want because it means that while this course counts towards graduation credit, it doesn't allow you to take the next course in the sequence. If you need this for your major, it also doesn't count. I mean it counts, but it doesn't fulfill the requirement. So if you're an engineer and you need to take this class, you need to get a C or better. If you were a math major, you need to get a C or better because it's a very, very good calculus, whatever. So whatever program you're in, if you're taking this course because it's required, you need to get a C or better. If you've got a C minus on this exam or even a D, it doesn't mean your life is over, your family, your life is died. What it means is either you have to change what you're doing. So the next exam will actually be harder than this one. Sorry, it just is harder material. So the next exam will be harder. I just said that. If you've got below an 80 on this exam, you can recover from that by not necessarily working harder but working more intelligently. So I know that some people, for example, when they do their homework, they do it all together in a group. And what answer did you get? Oh, I got that answer too. Okay, that's the answer. That is a way to figure out stuff but that isn't necessarily a way to make sure that you know it rather than your friend knows. There's also the possibility of moving down from Math 132 to Math 126 or even Math 131 or even Math 103 if you want. But that needs to be done by a week from Friday. There's a form on the class web page also on the registrar's website which you fill out. If you're a freshman, you get your advisor to sign it and you also get either someone in the math department or the professor in the new course to sign it. You take it to the registrar's office and then have her cadaver and you get in that course since the beginning of the semester. So there's no W on your transcript. You should not withdraw from this class. If you're one of the two people who got a zero on the exam then you should not withdraw from this class. What you should do is get that form, figure out what math class you belong in, take that form to the math department, you get a sign, take it to the registrar and then be in that other class. If you move to Math 126, Math 131 or Math 125, it's the same textbook. So you just look back at some amount of space in your container. I'm not telling you to get out of this class. I'm just telling you that's an option. One thing you should be aware of, if you've always got A's in high school you can get an A on this test. That doesn't mean you should get out of this class. I only get, usually in most of the math classes, only about at most 20% of the students get an A or an A minus. So on this exam, another A is about including A minus if we're about 1,000%. It's just the way it is. A's are hard to get. A's mean something. At least they mean something here. There are other places where the average grade is an A. That's not true. Getting an A is a significant issue. A B? Well, B is another, I mean I gave a lot of B's and I gave a lot of C's. So unfortunately, I gave a lot of C's. A lot of people did like one or two things. Okay, any questions about the exam? You get the exam back at your recitation either today, tomorrow, or Wednesday depending on when you have a recitation. Any questions? No? Okay, so everybody knows how to check. You probably have already done it, right? No? Okay, so if you go to the classroom today you can check this. All right. Other questions? No? No? All right, so we need to move along then. So what we've been doing and what we will continue doing for the next class or two is this idea about sort of the core idea of this section of the class is that an integral, well, not the troubles here. It's the same as adding up. So we saw already that an integral we see that we add up lots of skinny lines within an area. We see that an integral of the cross section and we're adding up, we have some object in the area of lots of slices and I get a volume. Another thing that we did is we saw that the average value is just an area. So we take something like that and we average by the width that gives us the average value and the last thing that we saw last time was that arc length. So the length of the curve, we have a curve and we approximate it by it's like 9.3 degrees. So if I just pass out of here it's 9.4. Then you can leave. Okay, so the length of the curve which we also did last time came from a bunch of lines and these short lines and so what we did last time is this is dx and this is dy and this is the square root of dx squared plus dy squared which is the same thing as 1 plus derivative. So if we divide through by dx back to dx out so we did this last time. Does anyone need to see another example of arc length? You do. So the problem with arc length is almost always the integrals that you get are horrible and you have to do them numerically because there are very few functions for whom 1 plus the derivative squared take the square root is something you can integrate. So I'm just going to write down an integral and I'm not going to do the integral as in the other one. And plan 1 let's just say so just to remind you of this example so what is so as you can see this would be a quicker question but the computer's still working so just pretend it's it, okay? So this is the kind of question you should be able to do. What I'd like you all to do is I don't know how to do this question. So if I call on one of you with random you can just tell me the right answer, right? So I don't need you to do the integral I just want to write an integral. This is something that should be trivial and the formula is right there.  Okay so somebody want to tell me what this integral is? Nobody wants to tell me, okay I'll start it here put another part in here we go here I'll put it in the next part okay somebody tell me what's next please now this integral this is 1 plus 1 over x to the 4 x to the 4 plus 1 does not look clear to everyone that goes with the same thing is not and maybe you should drop down to any of these so this is 1 over x to the 4 we get where we get x to the 4 okay so now this is not it's not an obvious substitution you can do you could maybe let x square be a tangent so let's move on so I can ask the computer to do that I don't know maybe you could do this by trace substitution move on to the next topic so we have a bunch of these little ideas that slice a thing up in different ways then we get something we want so one application of this that comes up in for example physics is this idea of work one does in physics calibration and the amount of work involved in exerting a force how much you need to observe that force so for example the work to observe a force over a certain distance the amount of force you need to observe is the distance that you need to exert it so for example I don't know how much it weighs let's call it 5 pounds the work involved in lifting this book let's say it weighs 3 pounds the work involved in lifting this book 1 foot because there's the force of gravity involved so the force of gravity is I want it to be 36 36 32 is 3 times the force of gravity there's this confusion about whether we're talking about forces whether we're talking about weight or mass so this 3 pound book this is the math all the force involved but if we're talking about a force then we just there's the newtons and jewels and all of that junk if you prefer I don't care this is not physics class depends on how the question is phrased so that's fine that just says we exert a force a constant force over a given distance and over the force of 2 feet the force of gravity is not very very much so we can call it constant but if the force is not constant so if the force is not constant then we have to do what so if we don't know if the force moves a little if the force changes so at this point it's harder to do than it is to do how can we solve this so for example so let me give you an example of this stretching a spring we're stretching a spring and Hooke's law says that the force proportional to the distance stretch stretch in other words the force is some constant times x so if I have a spring which I don't have one here okay so if I have a spring so imagine a spring here and I just pick it up and it's this long then I can stretch it out like that and I need to know that the hold it here takes no force the hold it stretched out here takes some amount of effort to hold it stretched at that length and the amount of effort I need is proportional to how far I stretched it beyond the place where it just wants to hang out so I don't know if you can even think in this case so I have a spring here which has some difficult natural length and the force to stretch it here is proportional to how far it's gone so to stretch it from say my spring is should I put it in meters now no as long as I put it in meters I can't stretch it pretty far but it has a natural length of one half meter and now if I want to stretch it and let's just say it has some constant so I'll just give you a spring constant I wouldn't tell you what that means so then how would we figure out how much work because to stretch it from a half meter from 0.5 meters to 0.6 meters is a whole lot easier than to stretch it from a nine meters to a whole lot harder pulling a lot harder when I'm out here near one meter then it is when I'm out here near one meter then that's good when I'm out here from one meter is when I'm in here right? I can't tell if you're following this or you're just dying of heat yeah both of those both is okay is this clear so how would we figure it out what would we do I want to integrate the force I want to integrate the force here dx and in this case the force is times the distance to be stretched past one half in this case okay so it's going to be 2 times x so I can write this in two ways you need to write this and x is going from 0.5 to 2x dx or if you prefer from one half to one to minus half the reason I wrote this in these two different ways is to try and make a formula in the same so here if this is my spring and this is one half I could either let x be or I could use either way whichever way seems to make more sense to you is fine so because I wrote the formula 2 x minus one half so force either 2 times the distance I stretched minus the distance I stretched to 2 minus its natural length which is the same thing where x at the distance is stretched beyond its natural length so these are not hard is it clear to everyone why this isn't integral is it clear to anyone why this isn't integral so force is integral somebody want to tell me why this isn't integral so why if not a constant force should I integrate after taking any way I want to so I mean why possibly would I integrate if it's a constant force would I integrate it would it make sense if the force is constant to use an integral I see a lot of nodes why not it works perfectly well if I use an integral when it's a constant force I want to force of 18 and I want to apply that force over a distance of 2 meters and I integrate from 0 to 2 of 18 dx 18x evaluated from 0 to 2 is 36 it's exactly the same thing so it makes perfect sense to integrate if it's constant it's just stupid it's like it makes perfect sense to drive your car to your mailbox in a 10 meter driveway except it's just stupid by the time you start up the car and roll down to the end of the driveway you've gone up and down 14 times but you can do it and it's exactly the same thing so the idea here the reason we're integrating is over a tiny little interval of time or a tiny little interval of distance the force is approximately constant so this integral here when we integrate force dx this means add up the work tiny interval so this f dx here represents the amount of work I need to do to move my object dx units so this dx is not just the stupid thing that means this I'm right it actually represents the distance the infinitesimal distance that I'm applying this force over this means I add up the amount of work that I do to stretch my spring from here to here and then the amount of work I do to stretch my spring from here to here and then from here to here and then from here to here this alright so we can do other examples of this kind of thing like the amount of work required to say pump some water out of the tank or any of those kinds of things maybe I should do an example like that or should I do another spring example where we can grab the concept it seems to me in the context of figuring out the constant on the exam there's a lot of trouble for a lot of people so let me do a slightly different example in the vein of this before I do say water from the tank or something so say that it takes so say I have a spring 40 newtons of course so maybe 40 newtons but whatever that's enough so then you stretch it from one meter beyond because newtons are naturally measurable so the work will be in joules but newtons over meters so how do I do this this is enough information to do this problem even though I didn't tell you what the constant is so how do I figure out what the constant is what is the constant so let's make a change okay that's pretty hard so here the constant since it takes 40 newtons to hold 2 meters beyond its natural length that means that the constant is so the force is the constant by the distance beyond the natural length and the force here is 40 so the constant is 1 okay that's pretty easy now that I have the constant this problem becomes the same as the last problem force involved in work involved I have to apply it from 1 to 3 to the constant of 20 so I just integrate 1 to 3 of the force so to read the question it takes me 40 newtons of force this is 2 meters beyond its natural length now my question is still I want to stretch it from 1 meter to 3 meters how much work so that's the integral 1 to 3 of 20 which is nx squared from 1 to 3 which is 90 minus 20 which is quite a constant aren't you supposed to integrate force instead of the constant the force is 20 the force is 20x where x is the distance stretched beyond its natural length so I did integrate the force the constant is the force is constant times x if your force is more complicated and you have more complicated but usually the force is not so complicated so I guess let's do one more example of this but again the idea here is that work is just integral of force over so say I have a cylindrical tank filled with water and I want to pump let's make it a little harder let's say that the tank has a radius which is like 20 meters so this cylindrical tank is filled with water so I want to pump this tank and how much work is involved notice that it's more work to pump it from the bottom I'm going to pump it this way so how do I figure out what is this what do I do again the point here is not to memorize formula the point here is to attack problems and figure out so what is it that I need to do to calculate how much oh I guess I should say how much the water weighs so the mass let's say the mass of water the mass of water is 1 kilogram per square meter so water and everything is in meters so we can just forget about everything is in the right units we don't have to think about the units so what do I do sorry someone is telling me what to do what do I do calculate the volume the volume of water so you're saying if I slice it you're saying that volume so the volume let's call it h of a width v h times 100 right if I slice if I take a little slab of water which is v h all this is this limit all this 10 meters across then the volume of that height that little slab of water is v h I mean this 100 pi v h so the mass that was right multiply by the height so why do I multiply by the height but I'm not draining the tank and pumping it out at the top so what's wrong with that so this is almost wrong what's wrong with this approach your h goes to the wrong way so if I'm draining the tank your answer is perfectly right because it's going this way so there's a lot of energy here and very little energy here but I'm not draining the tank I'm picking it up from the bottom and taking it out at the top so this stuff is a lot of work to get out and this stuff is not much work to get out and there's a space so what I have to do is let h one thing I need to do is let instead of h I can call it well d's are bad if I call it d then it's e d so what's another word for depth I'm just calling it h so h is the distance this way and h go that way then I find it's the height I have to lift the watch yeah so if you want h minus h not yeah no 100 so the volume of the slide is i r squared times the h's times the height that's the volume of the little cylindrical slab in this case h is dh it's a skinny little slab r is 10 so r squared is that the volume is 100 pi dh the mass of the slide is easy because it's 1 kilogram per cubic meter so it equals the volume so this is 100 pi times dh kilograms and now this little discussion that we have is now the work involved 30 meters high if I have a little slab of water somehow just working in the sky here the amount of work is the mass times the distance I have to move it so the work is in this case the mass is there 105 times this distance here from here to there so if this this distance is h and it's 30 minus h this distance is not this slab is a high h then this is 30 minus h then it has to go so now the work is a pretty straightforward integral it's the integral the water goes up to a depth of 30 meters and so I want to figure out the work that it is see the water from the bottom all the way up to the 20 meter line so it's 100 pi I'm going to integrate 30 minus h that's the force needed that's that's the anyway that's what I need to get from here to there I just integrate that from 0 to 1 so I mean we can make these problems a little harder we can make the tank be conical or spherical or whatever but the idea is the same the idea of of pressure is the same and all of these ideas are the same idea in fact the whole thing is kind of the same idea you want to figure out a big thing figure out what happens if it has to be an input so it's too hot here to move on so I'm going to stop


Diabetes is a serious health condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood due to insulin resistance or lack of insulin production. One of the most dangerous complications of diabetes is diabetic nephropathy, DN, which is a progressive kidney disease caused by chronic hyperglycemia. Early detection of DN is important because it can lead to end-stage renal disease, ESRD. The presence of microalbuminuria, a marker of early DN, can be detected through a simple urine test. In this study, researchers examined the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF, in various stages of DN and found that it is associated with several clinical and histopathological parameters. This suggests that VEGF may play a role in the development of DN and should be further investigated.


Crews are out searching for two fishermen who went missing after their boat capsized in lower Red Lake yesterday. Reporter Cheryl Moore has the latest on the efforts to find the two men. Searching by land, water and air, more than eight different agencies, including the U.S. Border Patrol and the FBI, joined the search for two missing fishermen. The incident happened late Monday afternoon near an area called the Cut-Off on the eastern side of lower Red Lake. The two men were joined by another man on the boat who was able to make it to shore. That man was taken to the Red Lake Indian Health Services to be treated for hypothermia. Hospital staff tell me he has since been released. At this point we really don't know if it was because of the wind or if there was some other reason. The person who had made it to shore was disorientated, so that information we still have to determine. But there was a pretty good risk wind yesterday, so that's highly possible. One of the missing men has been identified as 29-year-old Dylan Bolio. The other is a 17-year-old male. Crews spent yesterday evening searching for them until one conservation officer started showing signs of hypothermia at around 6 p.m. We didn't know around the body to jeopardize anybody else on the lake. So the decision was made to call a search off on the water. However, a search still continued on the shoreline. Dozens of volunteers were out here searching by land and by water. Police say the searches could last all night. Yesterday's search also provided challenges, including a lake that was freezing fast. Agencies made sure to address those issues today. My understanding is some of the gas lines are freezing up on the boat due to the extreme temperatures, so obviously today we need to be better prepared and make sure that there's some type of attitude for the gas lines to prevent them from freezing. So... Leaders also say they plan to break the ice in order to get out to the main body of water. In Redby, Shrelmore, Lakeland News. If anyone knows anything about the fishermen, they are urged to call Red Lake Law Enforcement at<PHONE_NUMBER>. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


Okay, my name is Gaebra Hanu, I'm from Masosa University, working research on political representation in regional parliaments of Ethiopia, focusing on the case of Benchangul Goom's regional parliaments. And this project was funded by Global Research Challenge Research Fund and Global Research Network on Parliaments and people. And when I do this research, it's not only me, I have my co-researcher, Yob Sambata, he's also from Masosa University. Let me start my presentation. So as I said, I'm going to speak about political representation in regional parliaments of Benchangul Goom's. As we know democracy and representation are closely intertwined concepts. It's very difficult to think about the one in the absence of the other, that means. And again, ethnic representation is a serious issue in countries with ethnic diversity. Particularly, where there is feeling of marginalization or where there is quest for federal representation, it can cause or sometimes exacerbate conflicts. That means the nature of representation markers in a given country. Particularly in our research, we employed a mixed approach. We have quantitative data as well as quality data we gather through interviews and focus group discussions. And before directly talking about the case of Benchangul Goom's regional state, it's very good to understand the national context, the national context within which the case of Benchangul Goom's regional state is embedded. When we see the national context, Ethiopia as a country first. Ethiopia is an ancient country with a history of over 3000 years. Of course, the second most populous country in Africa right now. And Ethiopia is the mosaic of diverse ethnic and religious groups. We do have more than 80 ethnic groups living together. That means the peace and stability of this country depends on how this diversity is handled or how these groups are included or excluded in the state apparatus in general, and in parliaments in particular. As a result, Ethiopian regimes, particularly Ethiopian regimes of 20th century, 20th century attempted to under this diversity in different ways. For the sake of this presentation, I can roughly divide into two and see how they handled this diversity in this country. So 1991 is a landmark. So pre-1991 have their own pattern and post-1991 has its own difference from that. So pre-1991 Ethiopian regimes have a tendency of assimilation, have a tendency of assimilation and centralization. Of course, their goal was creating a strong Ethiopian state in this part of Africa. But the issue is how we can build a strong Ethiopian state with unity and solidarity as a user assimilation, creating Ethiopia with one language, one religion, and like that. And this has brought exclusion and marginalization to the very diverse religious and ethnic groups in this country. And many scholars argued that this was a failed nation building strategy. As a result, in 1991, there was a regime change, the double regime was overthrown, and this Ethiopian people's revolutionary democratic front assumed political power in Addis Ababa and established Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia with its own constitution, which was drafted in 1990s. And in order to handle this diversity, the post-1991 Ethiopian regime adopted ethnic federalism. And since then, ethnic federalism has become overarching state framework. And the income of the region believes that federalism will be a solution to problems of Ethiopia. And as a result, regional states were established based on ethnicity. This region to this ethnic group, that region to that ethnic group, there was region formation based on ethnic lines. And this has created sense of exclusion or marginalization for groups living outside the region in almost all regions. This is in almost all regions in Ethiopia. As a result, in Romania, we do have millions of non-Romans, and millions of non-Romans residing in Romania are facing this challenge. So many scholars argued ethnic federalism has only decentralized marginalization and exclusion. As a result, in Ethiopia currently there is quest for federal ethnic representation. And therefore proliferation of region-good questions, identity questions are at the forefront of local political dynamics in Ethiopia right now. So the case of Benchang-Ulgum region has to be understood in this wider national context. And Benchang-Ulgum regional state itself is multi-ethnic, multilingual, multi-religious region, multilingual located in western periphery of Ethiopia, bordering with Sudan and South Sudan. It was established by the 1995 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopian Constitution. When we see ethnic composition of the region, of course, regions have their own constitution in Ethiopia under Ethiopian ethnic federalism. All regions have their own regional constitution. And the regional constitution has also recognized that there are indigenous people and there are also others. So the indigenous groups identified in Benchang-Ulgum are fine. The Bertha, the Gumus, Shinasha, Mao, and Komu people. Others, sometimes they call them indigenous, are money, are too many Ethiopian people living in the region. But this, the so-called others, or what sometimes they call them indigenous, are dominant in national politics, are dominant at a national level. We should understand that. The indigenous are, they don't have that much voice in national politics. They are simply indigenous in Benchang-Ulgum region. And when we see the population composition, around 57% of the population of the region is made up of the indigenous people, what we call indigenous. The remaining 43% of the population is an indigenous people according to the 2007 Housing and Sensors report. When we see ethnic representation in the parliaments in Benchang-Ulgum region instead, we do have parliaments at different levels. At three tiers, we can say. We do have elected representatives at Kabbalah level. We do have elected representatives at Woreda level. We do have also elected representatives at regional level. So there are three tiers. And in our research, we found that in lower tiers of government in Benchang-Ulgum region, there is better representation of ethnic groups. There is better representation. And as a result, there is no quest for fairer representation. People feel that they are well represented at Kabbalah level and at Woreda levels. But in upper tiers, there is feeling of marginalization. And this feeling of marginalization has caused quest for fairer representation, particularly among the non-indigenous ethnic groups. If we see the regional parliament, for instance, the incumbent regional parliament in Benchang-Ulgum, it's occupied by one political party and its affiliates, the ruling political party. This similar result of the national parliament dominated by one single political party and its affiliates. So politics organized along ethnic lines and parliament dominated by single political party is problematic. It will have some aspects of exclusion and marginalization. As a result, some groups are feeling that they are not well represented in the regional parliament as well as town parliament. Despite this feeling, this system was there for around 25, 26 years, due to two reasons. The first reason is weak or absence of competitive multi-party election. In Benchang-Ulgum as well as the whole Ethiopia, there is weak or there is no even competitive multi-party election. As I have said, if you go and see the parliament in Benchang-Ulgum, it's occupied by a single political party and its affiliates. So parliamentary seats are not well distributed among the groups in society. Even candidates approve on matters. Once their candidates are approved, they will become parliamentarians because there is no competitive election in the region. This cannot and of course should not continue due to increasing role of social media activism currently. And there is also again absurdity of new wealth ethnic nationalism. This increasing role of social media activism and absurdity of new wealth ethnic nationalism, they complement each other, they feed each other, they work together. And due to this, such system cannot continue or people will completely resist such things. And such things should of course change and parliament should look like at least the demography of the people, the demography of the region I mean. When we see what are the problems, what are the challenges to ensure political representation in BGRS, there are complicated issues of course. There are three issues complicating this issue, this problem. The first one is this indigenous non-indigenous conundrum has its own problem. And the other one is I already mentioned absurdity of new wealth ethnic nationalism complemented with social media activism has also complicated the problem. And demographic change is another problem, demographic change. The demography of the region is slightly changing. The indigenous groups are what I mean by demographic change. The indigenous groups entitled with some rule rights extending up to session according to the federal democratic republic of Ethiopian constitution are becoming minorities in their localities. Because the so called non-indigenous are dominant at national level and the population movement is there, their number is becoming lower and lower and lower. So they are becoming minorities, they cannot win. If we are saying let election determine the issue, then the so called indigenous ethnic groups cannot win election because politics is arranged along ethnic lines and their population number is very low compared to the other groups. This has complicated the issue of representation in the region. And the problem is here, among the indigenous ethnic groups there is increasing quest for federal representation. They are feeling that as marginalized as excluded from the regional political platform. But among the indigenous groups on the other hand, there is feeling of losing their central rights in their localities. The indigenous groups they want to preserve the status quo. And the others wants to change that there is contending interest there. In our research, we are, we are arguing that this contending questions should be balanced and addressed when by the concerned, by the concerned body. The government as well as the government as they called us should address this issue. How these issues can be solved. Ensuring representation is a must for peace and stability of the region as well as the country. How we can ensure this first adopting proportional representation electoral system might be helpful. Second, conducting competitive multi-party election is a must. Conducting competitive multi-party election is a must in this region as well as in the country. But the issue here is we want to underline is precautionary measures should be taken so that ensuring federal representation should not override central rights of the indigenous groups. Because indigenous groups, the rights have to be respected. They must have a voice in the parliament and other state apparatus so adopting proportional electoral system. Creating favorable condition for competitive multi-party election alone is not enough. Special attention should be paid to the indigenous groups, the indigenous groups. And the other issue might be increasing the number of regional parliamentary seats. Yes, the regional parliament has around 99 parliamentary seats. But if we see the ethnic lipids, the religious lipids, the age categories, if all this section of society have to be represented well, the regional parliamentary seats can be increased and that's possible to do. The regional parliament, the regional parliament offices are aware of this and I think they are working over it. Of course this needs constitutional amendment to conclude the current region or whoever rules the country, whoever rules Ethiopia must balance, must handle this diversity effectively. In the case of the region, the question of federal representation among the indigenous groups and self-ruled rights of indigenous groups in the region have to be balanced. Inability to balance these contending questions will negatively influence Ethiopia's attempt of deepening democracy because if peace cannot prevail, if stability is not served, then we cannot talk about democracy. So to ensure peace and stability, handling diversity in a very planned, strategic manner that suits all concerned parties is very important and the region should undertake measures in that manner. And I have done with my presentation and I thank you.