Hello everybody and welcome to our AgriTech Talk, an initiative of the Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, led to inspire us all to think tech on designing and implementing our projects and programs across the region in less than 20 minutes a month. Today is special as we want to commemorate International Women's Day by bringing on the spotlight at once, the rural, the gender and the digital. Also in the line with this year's Commission on the Status of Women. My name is Veronica Sherra and I'm the Digital Agriculture Analyst and today's host. Our special guest is Nicole Warnsworth, Program Director at Kosovo Women's Network, who will tell us about the recent gender assessment which she conducted in Kosovo in collaboration with FAL. Nicole, welcome and thanks for joining us. Great to be here today. Thank you. I have four questions for you today and now I will launch a timer for 20 minutes, sorry, 12 minutes, and we need to get these questions answered before the timer ends. And in the last minutes we'll take a couple of questions from the audience so dear participants please use the chat to write down your questions and comments. My colleague Ida will monitor the chat. And timer starts running now, Nicole, shall we begin? Yeah. So my first question is, could you please tell us about yourself a little bit, how long have you been in gender mainstreaming? And then, could you share a couple of words about this research project that you conducted in Kosovo? What was it about, what were the objectives and the methods? So I am a sociologist and political science in practice and I've been working on gender mainstreaming and gender analysis for about 20 years, mostly focused in Kosovo but also in the western Balkan region where we've done a number of gender analyses in different sectors. I work with the Kosovo Women's Network. We are a multi-ethnic network of about 190 women's rights organizations throughout Kosovo and cooperating with others in the region and internationally. We were founded in 1996 actually as a rural women's network and have formalized in 2003. Economic empowerment is key to our strategy, inclusive of rural women who are among our members and integrating attention to gender equality in laws and in policies and programs including agriculture and digitalization is very important to us, particularly as part of Kosovo's EU accession process. So to fulfill our strategy, we've been working on gender and digitalization analysis to inform all sectors and one of those being agriculture, using a model that we have developed together with UNDP and based on their inclusive digital transformation model where we hope to integrate attention to gender equality and we really hope that this can serve as an example and a model for other countries in the western Balkans and beyond because we really couldn't find money examples when we set out to do this research. And we hope it will help others to do gender analysis and inform a more gender inclusive digital transformations. Thank you Nicole. So very interesting to learn a little bit about your experience and we look forward to read more this analysis actually. And now, because we want our participants today to understand how to make digital interventions more inclusive and responsive so can we start by actually explaining what is gender inclusive or gender responsive intervention. And based on your experience, could you provide some practical recommendations for us when designing projects and programs across the region and including in the Balkans. Sure, I know all of us when we go to design our programs we often hear well this programs on agriculture this programs on digitalization this programs for everyone. There's no difference by gender because it's for everyone. And this is what we would tend to call a gender neutral approach to a policy or a program. The problem is that this type of approach may actually contribute to reinforcing the status quo and reinforcing gender inequalities that already exist within a given society. That's why we have this gender equality continuum, where we try to reflect that we don't want a gender neutral or negative approach, but rather we're all seeking for more gender responsive or gender transformative approaches. That means we're trying to address the fundamental inequalities that exist among women and men and diverse women and men through our programming. And how do we do that well I'm sure you're familiar with the project cycle and project cycle management, and we kind of follow that and see how we can integrate a gender perspective into it. So, as with any intervention, we have to start off with analysis, we have to start off with gender analysis at the beginning of any project or to inform any law or policy, because we first need to understand what is different among women and men and their needs. So, specific to gender responsive digital transformation, we've been working with this model that UNDP created, but integrating gender into it. What is that? Well, availability, access, adoption, awareness, and protection are all cross cutting themes across the dimensions that have been identified for digital transformation, including infrastructure, government, regulation, business, and of course, most importantly, people. So for each of these dimensions, we have to think how does it differ for women and men. For example, in terms of accessibility, what time do women and men have that gives them access to participate in digitalization. What access do they have to education, to knowledge opportunities, to finance for investing in digital transformations, and how does their location at home or near or far from these opportunities affect their access to infrastructure, or participation in government and education making, or cybersecurity, for example. So for each aspect of digital transformation, we try to look at how women and men might experience that differently by looking at issues of availability, access, and adoption. And beyond that, we also try to think about intersectionality. Well, what's that? I think of it as a road sign of different roads coming and intersecting with each other. We can't think only about women and men because women and men are very diverse. We have to think about ethnicity. We have to think about location, rural or urban. We have to think about disability, language, ethnicity. So all of these issues also impact how different women and men have access to digitalization and to the benefits of different programs. One thing we saw from our research, and I'm very interesting, was women with disabilities in rural areas actually had a lot of opportunity for engaging more with digital transformations in rural agricultural businesses because they have more time to spend on their phones. So it's interesting also to look at these different intersections of inequality as well or potential inequality. So after we do our gender analysis, the first step up there in project cycle, we use that analysis to identify where there are inequalities. And then within our project, and this is the important next step, we have to move beyond just doing the situation analysis to address how different perspectives, results and indicators changes in gender quality so that we can measure them. And it's very important that we integrate these within our intervention logics and projects so that we can actually then measure later the changes. In implementation phase, it's important also to consult with women's rights groups and gender experts to get their inputs when you face challenges on how to reach diverse women and men. Of course there's monitoring and evaluation and evaluating what impact we have had using our indicators on gender equality as part of our programs. And this of course completes the cycle and helps us see where in terms of gender analysis, we can further integrate attention to gender equality. Thank you Nicole, very interesting, very interesting to see how much this cycle corresponds to actually the project cycle and how important it is to implement it in projects. So I understand that you started that in Kosovo you started with the first step right with the analysis. So I would be really curious to know what did the survey in Kosovo show and how did you interpret the results. Sure, so together with FAO, we have led as the Kosovo Women's Network Kosovo gender profile on agriculture and rural livelihoods agenda assessment last year it's in its final review I hope it will be published in the next month and you'll all be able to read it. This was done because of a request coming from our Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development, as well as based on needs from the European Union to inform their work and of course FAO's own strategies. It also came at a time when the government needed it to inform its laws and policies that are being revised, both on agriculture and rural livelihoods but also on digitalization and we really hope that the recommendations coming out of it would inform these new policies and laws as in Kosovo at least we have to have gender analysis done based on law in order to inform laws and policies and no such analysis existed so we set out using FAO's methodology for country gender assessments to do this. This included a literature review gender analysis of all the laws and policies relating to the sector, looking at existing reports and statistics and so far as they were available. We sent data requests to the government local and central level especially looking at subsidies, as well as women's participation in governance and in providing some ventures and services. We then did a Kosovo wide representative household sample using random sampling of 810 rural households, where we surveyed both women 400 and men 410 of working age that's ages 18 to 64 years. And we also conducted 10 focus groups with women and men of Albanian Serbian and Bosnian ethnic communities, as well as 35 semi structured interviews with key informants, including rural women farmers business associations government officials at local and central level civil society organizations and digitalization experts. So we compiled all of this ends maybe now I'll share a few of our findings. In Kosovo women and men have pretty equal access when it comes to both Internet at around 99% and ICT tools like especially smart phones they're very widespread and used we didn't find inequalities in in their ownership or usage. What we found is that rural women and men don't really tend to use their phones for agriculture or business. They use their phones more for communication and social media and keeping in touch with friends. So, we really could see, as you can see from this slide that very few rural women and men use technology for agriculture. And I think the slides shows one of the main challenges that women and men said they faced is that they lack knowledge and information on how to use ICT, including how to use it for accessing public services for accessing government subsidies for researching new agricultural methods for getting information on prices or weather for marketing their products online for business networking, or for expanding their agricultural activities. There are things they didn't even use or consider using their smartphones for. And one of the challenges that we found that was really a difference between women and men because until now they were pretty similar is on time use. If we look at how women and men spend their time in Kosovo and in fact in many countries in our region, women spend a lot more time doing caregiving work than do men, as this slide is illustrates. Given women's also comparatively lower levels of education, they're limited time because of their care responsibilities, their poor access to finances because of gender norms on who owns property and who has money in the family. And social norms, women had even less access to using ICT for their economic activities than did men. We also found that women's minimal participation in business related networking, even before digital transformations also affected the extent to which they use digital tools for networking for business. Women just didn't have business networks like men did, and they didn't have the time to invest in creating them that men did because of their care roles and other roles within the family. I feel the main challenge seemed to be access to information about the opportunities available to them and how to use it. And we saw a lot of readiness from both women and men on what they could do to learn more about how they could use their digital tools to develop their agricultural businesses. And I think what we found and what we're recommending is we really need to think about women and men's differences in time and in location when we set up these types of outreach efforts, so that we see how to provide childcare, how to have them at a time of a day when women can attend and how to have them in locations that women can access given their comparative less access for example to private vehicles. Thank you, Nicole. So I see that some of the results are cross cutting across the region and some of the things that you're saying for instance access to technology or how farmers or people women and men use the technology is similar across the region. So I would really love to ask you, you know what are the implications, political implications for promoting the digitalization inclusive digitalization in rural areas. Well the first as I mentioned was gender analysis has to be done in order to inform laws and policies and this gender analysis we do hope will inform the new agricultural strategy for Kosovo and the digital agenda. And that women's groups need to be involved in these processes and gender experts to inform the drafting of laws policies and the development programs, so that we can ensure that they meet women and men's diverse needs. It was also very clear that the government needs to continue its efforts related to development in terms of affordability and accessibility of childcare, elderly care and care for persons with disabilities because this is the main reason we have based on research in Kosovo why women don't have time to engage in learning and digitalization and using it for agriculture work. We need to see more affirmative measures used by the government and by donors in how and when they are giving funding to ensure that they these funds for developing digitalization and agricultural reach women, and also for providing advisory services that can reach out to rural areas, more often to go door to door and reach out to women to inform them about what's available to them, but also these types of advisory services to be more available coming from women, considering social cultural norms sometimes it's better if women can access women in rural areas to inform them about the opportunities available to them. There's a lot of work that needs to be done in raising awareness about technology and how it can be used, including through municipal advisory services and outreach and the specific targeting of rural women through these outreach efforts. We also found this interesting finding I mentioned earlier about young women and women with disabilities who have really been neglected when it comes to business agriculture participation in family economies. And there's a lot of opportunity there because it's young women and women with disabilities who are both the most marginalized highest unemployment rates, but also are the most often on their phones and have the most opportunities to actually spend time to learn and engage and help their families in developing their marketing developing their networks and developing their businesses online. So these are a few of our recommendations I hope that they are useful to others and look forward to any questions. Thank you, Nicole was very interesting to learn from you. Yes, indeed. It's time to get some questions from the audience. I thought you've been monitoring the chat. Could you please tell us what our colleagues curious about. Yes, Nicole. Thank you for this informative responses we have received two questions from our audience. I'll read out one of them considering our time constraint. So the question goes, for which specific challenges. Do you think we should be better prepared when mainstreaming gender in projects and programs. Sure, three of the main challenges we faced the first is lack of data. So for this you really need to budget for collecting data of course household surveys can be the most ideal when done properly but sometimes just speaking with people focus groups discussions with women's rights groups or associate farmers associations that are working in the area can help you gather a lot of information for little money and that's the second challenge we always hear we don't have money for some huge research project it's try to do small things if you don't have the budget and then budget for it in the future, have smaller meetings again with women's rights groups with women's farmers associations with rural women and talk to them and get their input on what are their challenges and this is not extremely resource heavy and can be very enlightening on what are their greatest challenges so that you can try to incorporate address of those challenges into your programming. The third we always have, but there's no political will from our partners, the government is our main stakeholder and they don't care they say what does gender have to do with digital what does gender have to do with agriculture. Well, I think here we all have a responsibility in our work to really raise their awareness of what it has to do and the number one, you can't leave out half the population it's not good for the economy data shows us that you need to engage the entire population if you really want to have economic development and to leave no one behind and to engage the unique things that women can bring to the table that maybe haven't been considered and could actually be contributing more to the development of businesses. It always needs some arguments for those meetings but I think that we can if we want to convince them of the also economic benefits of engaging women more. Thank you Nicole. Amazing, we made it in 20 minutes. It was really great to learn from you about the gender responsive digital interventions and I think you highlighted so many important points today. Gladly we'll have the recording to share with even more of our colleagues so thank you very much was really pleasure to have you today. So pleasure and please freely share my email Nicole at women's network.org I'm happy with sharing our methodology or research and responding to further questions because I know the time was short.


What has the rookie from Florida really added to this offense that you can see? Yeah, he's really running well, Mike. I mean, he runs behind his pads well. He's got good stature for a back. He's got a good balance of patience and instincts in that he lets the blocks develop. He gives them time for the play to get going and he'll run it the way it's supposed to be ran. But then if he sees a hole on the other side, one way or the other, he just got great vision to find it and gets in the hole. And he makes positive yards. He's a really good football player and off the fast start as a rookie. Lovey Smith is known for his defenses. What do the Titans need to do against Houston's defense? Yeah, I think we've got to handle their disruptive play style.  They've got a lot of speed at linebacker. So we've got to do a good job of handling the movement that they do up front with the line and getting on these linebackers that play with speed, covering them up so we can get the run game going.


Okay, my name is Grace and I'm the one for ISPAM International at the Pan-African Programme and I'm here with the representative of the ISPAM International Initiative which is an initiative that was born in San Tezba and in 2016 it was able to climb the Clifangere Mountain and to raise the number of members and they were able to enter the program which was announced by the AUC in 2017 during the AU Summit. So this year we supported them to come to the African Land Policy Conference whose aim is to, the theme for this year is so vital. We need the fight against corruption in the land sector. The reason why we wanted them to come is to engage the program and also plan for other partners and for so forth from the investors. For them to bear our burdens. We've had cases whereby investors come in a certain area and then the level of corruption is so high. Women are not involved when it comes to decision making especially when it comes to the land policy. And that they have been compensated unfairly or the money takes long for them to be moving or at all they don't get it. So there's a lot of corruption in the land sector. You'll agree with me that in Africa especially women, they don't, there's no concrete data that shows that there's a certain number of women they own items. That also explains how corruption is in Africa. So we believe that them coming here, they're able to hear their views. They've been able to sit in quite a number of sessions. For one in the women land registration, they're also engaged in traditional opinion leaders. And in the afternoon they're also going to sit in the digital session side event. We want them to have that knowledge and how they can generate data digitally with the new technology that is there. So I'm very happy and we look forward to have to engage more in the next kind of things. So thank you so much. She's Login from Nigeria. She's the chairperson of Women to Climate Change Initiative. She was able to climb onto Climate Change after the talk. And she's Tewonga from Malawi representing the Sampan region area. We have quite a number of them in the session from all different parts of Africa. So thank you so much for your time.


Well, welcome everybody. Welcome. Good afternoon and thank you for joining us for this issue briefing. It's extraordinary issue briefing which we arranged just because there was so much interest when the programme was released to the public last week that Professor Hariri here was going to be speaking in the congress hall. There was such an intense amount of interest to get him in a smaller, more conducive environment. I can't think of anywhere more conducive than here in the media centre all that way from the busyness and the hubbub of the congress centre to drill down a little bit more and ask a few more questions and try to get a bit more behind the professor's work. So as is the norm with issue briefings, we don't have a huge amount of time. It's 30 minutes. We want to make it as interactive as possible. I'd like as much disagreement and challenging of the professor's theories as you can possibly muster. They're quite compelling and I've been trying and failing. One thing I will say is I'm glad there is a 5 minute walk between the congress centre and here because after his session I was looking for a deep dark room to gather my thoughts. I should also say, and I always forget this, but welcome indeed to our audience watching live online. We're on Twitter on weforum.org and a number of other platforms as well. Professor Yvonne Hariri, you're a professor in the Department of History at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. You're of course best known for your two books, Sapiens, A Brief History of Humankind, I believe, in 2014 and Followed Up Swiftly by Homo Duce, A Brief History of Tomorrow, which was a year later. I would just ask, I'd like to take advantage of my privilege of being in this position and ask the first question.  Now actually I find you are similarly able to inspire fear myself. What I wasn't sure about is what your view of the future is, whether you think it's a good thing, whether you're a scientist, you're quite entranced by its possibilities and whether you're as scared as maybe some of the other people that have left the room. I just don't know, I mean, I don't think that anybody has any idea how the world would look like in 40 or 50 years, let alone a century. The only thing we are certain is that it's going to be completely different from what it is today. I don't remember who said it, but somebody said that if they tell you about the world in 2050 and it sounds like science fiction, it's probably not true. But if they tell you about the world of 2050 and it doesn't sound like science fiction, it's definitely not true. So this is the best I can do. The message is that technology is not deterministic. It's not like, okay now we have AI and bioengineering, so this is going to happen, no matter what we do. No, it opens up an entire menu of possibilities and nothing is determined in advance. I was part of my preparation for this meeting. We focus quite heavily on the fourth industrial revolution here and it was, again, popularizing a book, this time by our professor, Clare Schwabart, founder and executive chairman, a couple of years ago. I was looking to see what the narrative had been that had followed from this book. In my reading last year, there were less developments in terms of technology but more developments in terms of the impacts of technology and the kind of thoughtfulness around the need to bake in some kind of system to govern and to try to steer the technology in the right way. What is your view of where we're at as humanity and trying to understand, as you say, these technological leaps that we're seeing before our eyes? We are making so far very little progress. Most people are hardly aware of what is happening and even many governments, their basic attitude, ah, we have more urgent things to take care of than this. As I said in my talk, the world is divided into a very, very small minority of people concentrated in a few corporations and governments that have at least a clearer idea of what is really happening and what is at stake and the vast majority of humanity that they just don't have the time, they don't have the volition, they don't have the education or the ability to make sense of what is happening and this is very, very dangerous. In the past, you talk about the succession of difficult situations humanity has found itself in. If you're on the wrong side of events in feudalism or industrial age you're a peasant or you're a worker and we could find ourselves on the wrong side of history again in the vision that you create. Are we less able in the current situation we're about to enter to be in charge of our own destiny than we have been in the past? It was always very difficult to be in charge of your destiny. What is unique now is that the big danger for people is no longer exploitation, it's irrelevance. In the previously in history, if you were on the wrong side of history if you didn't understand what was happening and you lost the competition then you ended up as some kind of serf or manual labourer being exploited by the people who understand and have the power. Now if you're left behind you're facing something far worse which is to be completely irrelevant. They won't even need you as a serf or as a slave. Which is a worrying thing and of course we form again we're very concerned about how to find meaningful work and meaningful existence for folk in the future including ourselves. One of the comments by the moderator in the last session in the congress centre was that Chancellor Merkel actually passed you in the green room when she'd gone and mentioned that she'd read your book. How involved have you been working with governments and other organisations in trying to think out this next stage of history and try to make sense of it? I mentioned I think a scant respect for the ability of governments to put in place the long term thinking as well. Are there any good examples of collaborations or signs of hope that we're attacking this in the right way? I'm not very involved with government. I see my job as a historian and I still regard myself as a historian basically as just trying to level the playing ground a bit in the sense of making more people appreciate what is happening around the world, what is at stake, what are the developments we are facing so that more people can join the debate about the future which is the future of all of us. If you're not part of the debate it doesn't mean you won't be affected by the consequences. I have no illusion that we can include all 7.5 billion people in the debate for a variety of reasons but even magnifying the number of people involved by ten times it's still something that we should aspire to and this is what I see as my role as a historian just to create more clarity for people and to thereby empower them to have a voice in this debate. How what kind of response are you getting from people? Is this a slow burn? We talk a lot here again about shifting mindsets which is never as fast as one would like. Do you feel that mindsets are being shifted or is this still too early to say? No, they are shifting but the pace of progress of what we're talking about, especially the disruptive technology is much faster than the pace in which minds shift and it's very very difficult to really change the minds of people. Which goes back to your comment that we don't know our bodies as well as algorithms may soon know our bodies. Let's have a quick show of hands so you want to ask questions. We have a couple here. Let's start then, please wait for the microphone if you can remind us who you are and where you're from. Thank you. Alec Hogg from businessnews.com. There are many questions but I'll throw two at you and maybe you could answer both of them. The first is some kind of an update from sapiens on the two big lies, markets and the state. The second thing is we're in the media. People are uninformed. 50% we heard from Edelmans don't consume media anymore. How can we change that? So about markets and states, there are still the main actors, the main agents in history. We don't have a new agent so far and I don't think that it's going to change anytime soon. The two big processes is states trying to accumulate more power and markets trying to accelerate the pace of growth. This is what is pushing these revolutions forward and this will continue. Anybody who tries to get off this train, unless the whole human race gets off the train at the same time by some common agreement, then you'll just be left behind. If some states say, I don't want to go on with these kinds of developments, while other states continue with business as usual, then it will just be left behind and no state is willing to do that to itself. As for media, I'm not sure that I understand the question. If you can just rephrase it. Media, sorry. At the Edelmans Trust barometer yesterday, it came out that 50% of people are no longer consuming media at all. Any kind of media. The 50% that are consuming them, two-thirds of them don't know the difference between fake news and proper news. We are presumably in the business of trying to inform anti-fake news. Have you got any thoughts of how one... As a historian, I don't really understand the hysteria around fake news because this was always the case. When was the era of truth in the 1980s, the 1930s, the 18th century, the Middle Ages? When was it that everybody consumed just truthful stories, that governments didn't lie, that propaganda didn't play a central role? I think that in some ways, the situation is better now than it was. I'm a medievalist, so I tend to look at everything through the prism of the Middle Ages and believe me the Middle Ages was full of far worse fake news than what we are seeing today. I think that the really big problem is the flood of information of any kind.  What we are really missing is not just the ability to tell the difference between what's true and what's not true. It's the ability to make sense of the big picture. This is the real difficulty. In this sense, the problem with media is not so much whether the stories are true or not. To what extent does the media focus on really helping people to have an understanding of the big picture or is it just focused on pushing the next story? It doesn't matter if the story is true or not. That's for me the real issue. You mentioned a slight distrust of governments to put in place the long-term thinking of talking and a slight distrust of the media for putting across that bigger picture. This is a multi-stakeholder embracing organisation and meeting. What stakeholder groups are best positioned to do this long-term thinking that we need to do? It would be easy to say science, but that's too easy because when you don't have responsibility, you can have all kinds of ideas and theories and talk big. I don't think that the government of scientists fooling the world will necessarily do a better job. What we need is not to get rid of the state, so get rid of the corporations, but to get them on board and to work with them and through them. Gentleman on the front row, let's move on to you, sir. Please wait for the microphone. So if we as a species are changing... I'm Vikram Chandra from NDTV. If you said that we as a species are changing and the era of sapiens might be coming to an end, have you thought any further as to what could be coming and what sort of entity is likely to replace sapiens? That's an impossible question to answer because given the ability to re-engineer bodies and brains and minds, then our imagination too is up for grabs. I can tell you what sapiens like us would like to do with things like bioengineering or direct brain-computer interfaces. They would like to extend their lifespans to be more healthy, to be more beautiful and so forth and so on. But once you change the basic parameters of the human brain and of the human mind, I have absolutely no idea what the new kinds of entities would like to do with these technologies. I mean, so far in history what we have seen is humans just like us changing the world outside them. So they cut down forests, they build bridges, they build factories, all kinds of things. But the real change now is that we are gaining the ability to start re-engineering not the world outside us, but the world inside us, inside the body and the brain.   What are the first ways we'll see this happening? Give us some kind of first baby steps towards infiltrating the inside of the body rather than the world around us. What do we need to look out for? It's happening on three fronts. There is biological engineering, which is taking the body as we know it, as natural selection shaped it, and basically speeding up natural selection with all kinds of help from intelligent design. And we are beginning to see all kinds of interventions on the genetic level, all kinds of interventions with the growing new organs and rejuvenating organs and so forth. So this is one front, biological engineering, which is the most conservative because it still stays with the basic building blocks of organisms as we have known them for four billion years. Okay, so they change a few genes and you have a different brain, but it's still an organism as we have known it. The second approach is more radical and this is to start combining organic and inorganic stuff. So direct brain computer interfaces replacing organic hands with bionic hands, adding to the body a second immune system, which is not organic but an inorganic immune system, made up of millions of tiny nanorobots inside your body that diagnose cancer and eliminate all kinds of diseases and so forth. But the main command and control center is still your organic brain, which is connected to all kinds of devices or computers, can serve the internet, whatever. The third and most radical way is to completely give up, completely abandon organic stuff and create completely inorganic lifeforms. Whether this can be done or not is an open question. The biggest open question is yet so far in the life sciences is the question of consciousness. We have no idea what consciousness is, what it does, how it emerges. The common assumption is that somehow the mind consciousness emerges from the brain and if we hack the brain and if we understand how billions of neurons create subjective experiences of anger and love and pain and pleasure, then there should be no barrier for recreating these kinds of experiences based on silicon and not carbon, based on computers and not brains. But this is just, at present, it's just a dogma. We are still far from really understanding consciousness, so maybe it's not like that and maybe we'll never be able to create non-organic lifeforms. But more and more serious scientists are becoming convinced that sooner or later this will happen and we'll be able to leave behind the realm of organic compounds and create completely inorganic lifeforms. I've seen a couple of hands going, maybe we should just take the questions and then we'll take them in a row. Lady at the front row, Mum, if you wouldn't mind giving us your name. Hi, I'm Pia Mantini from Argentina. I have a question that you talk about markets and the state. I was wondering if you see any role in the future for the networks and specifically what are your thoughts on the blockchain as a mechanism to organise human cooperation at scale that maybe previously was only able to be done by states or markets. And a tricky one, what are you hopeful about? Okay, well, let's just see if a gentleman over there and give you some time to think about that one. Hi, I'm Marcelo Nins from Global News TV Brazil. I've heard Mr Jack Maaf from Alibaba, his thoughts about education. That the world would need a revolution in education to be prepared for the loss of jobs to computers and robots. He talked about 800 million jobs being lost in the near future. I'd like to have your take in what needs to be done in education because it always seems that we are educating, looking at the past and not at the future. And he says that the more important things nowadays to separate clearly humans from robots. So teaching kids music, sports and painting, let's say, to make them very different from robots. I'd like to have your say on education. Anybody else while we're doing the right of questions? Yeah, a gentleman in the front row. I'd love to know how you see these three sects or these three movements playing out in the near term. Maybe a decade or two, something that you feel you do have some analytical visibility into. I mean the three ways of the organic mix. Bio-humanism, neuro-humanism and post-humanism. Let's just do the gentleman in the last row and then we'll take all these. You can choose which one you want to do first. Rick Wild's true news, Florida, USA. In the earlier session you said there's no intelligent design by a god in the clouds. Could you elaborate on those thoughts? Okay, so we have blockchain and the power of networks for facilitating human cooperation. Education, revolution and education. Timeline of three stages.  Don't run out of time before you get to that last question, please. So about markets and states and blockchain. I mean basically we've been there before in the 1990s in the great optimistic era of the internet. And then we heard the same story that all states, the markets, corporations, this is old stuff. The internet will completely change the way things are happening. We'll create all kinds of digital communities that will replace states and corporations and markets. And as we all know it didn't happen. What happened was that the corporations, the markets and the states colonized cyberspace and are now becoming more and more powerful. And they now compete among themselves. It's states against states against corporations. And now we have this new promise. Okay, the old internet was not good enough to do it, blockchain will do it. And maybe it will happen. I mean history has never just repeated itself. The fact that something happened last time is no guarantee that this will happen again this time. So we'll just have to wait and see. I'm skeptical because the states and the market have been here for such a long time already. And they have managed to adapt to so many different new environments that I find it hard to imagine that just one more technological twist and they are out of the game. Some of them may become extinct but others will adapt and take over also the new technology maybe. So this is about the promise of blockchain. About education, then yes, I mean this is the really big question with all the talk about job loss and so forth is it's not the absolute annihilation of jobs. There will be new jobs. The big question is whether people will be able to perform these new jobs, whether they will have the skills because usually when people talk today about the coming waves of automation and the creation of new jobs what they think about is jobs that demand specialized, not specialized but more highly proficient skills jobs that demand creativity and innovation and things like that. So you have millions of jobs that demand that but do you have the necessary education and skills to fulfill the jobs? In the previous waves of automation, let's say if you're a farm worker in 1910 and they don't need you anymore because they now have these new tractors but there are openings in the tractor factory in Detroit so you move from the farm to Detroit and you apply to the tractor factory and it's a routine manual job so you do need to learn some new skills and you do need some time to adjust but in principle most farm workers were able to reinvent themselves as factory workers relatively easily but in the next stage in the next waves of automation if you lost your job as a cashier or as a textile worker and there is a new job in data analytics or in designing virtual reality games that's going to be far more difficult and we are not teaching young people today the necessary skills for the simple reasons that nobody knows what these skills will be. We can't predict what will be the necessary skills so the best bet is to focus on things like emotional intelligence like mental resilience, like the ability to learn because this will definitely be necessary. The problem here is that nobody really knows how to teach it on a massive scale.  This is a big question about the three ways in which this is going to play out. We see it beginning to happen in different ways around us today. Genetic engineering is no longer just science fiction. Every month or so we hear about a new treatment, a new experimental method on mice or on monkeys or sometimes on people which is being explored and it's the same with brain-computer interfaces. Now, for example, the idea of just thinking about something and the lights go out or something appears on the computer screen, this is no longer science fiction. It's happening. Once we have a good two-way communication system, direct communication system between brains and computers, this is kind of the watershed moment. Once you have a good two-way, nobody has any idea what happens after that. It's kind of like the screen comes down and a completely different show begins. For example, if you have a good two-way communication system directly between brains and computers, it also means you can connect several brains together to create an interbrain net because it's the same communication system and nobody has any idea what this means for things like identity. Who am I when I can access directly the brain of another person? The third way of creating completely inorganic lifeforms, this is still science fiction. Of course, it depends on your definition of a lifeform, but if you wanted to have consciousness, if you wanted to have subjective experiences, then this is still science fiction and maybe there will be a breakthrough in the next decade or two, maybe it will never happen. I don't know. The fourth question was about intelligent design and clouds. I was just referring to it that the word intelligent design immediately brings to mind of many people. The creationist idea that all lifeforms are designed by God and sometimes people tell me, don't use the word intelligent design. But it is intelligent design, what we are about to see in the world. It's just not the intelligent design of the God of the Bible. It's the intelligent designs of human beings and increasingly of algorithms. This is why I referred to the intelligent design of clouds, of the cloud computing. That designing a lifeform is such a complicated thing to do that in all likelihood no human being will be able to do it. But our algorithms may be able to do it for us and increasingly we'll see in more and more fields this shift in authority from humans to algorithms. So even if we keep as figureheads the presidents and the CEOs will continue to be human beings because we don't like the idea of being ruled by algorithms, actually these presidents and CEOs, they will be choosing between options dictated by algorithms often without really understanding how they came to these options and what do these options mean. So you'll still have some human being being given the option, okay we'll do A, B or C but the ones really driving the show will be the algorithms that shape the options in the first place. And the last question was about... What gives you hope? That humanity has managed to overcome very big challenges in the past as well. If you look back say 50 years, in the 1950s and 1960s, the nuclear war was on everybody's like number one item on the human agenda and lots of people were convinced that humanity is not up to it and that sooner or later the cold war will end in a nuclear catastrophe that will annihilate all of humankind and much of the ecological system as well. And so far it didn't happen. The cold war ended not in some huge bloodbath but actually ended peacefully with some eruptions here and there but generally speaking if you think about previous similar crises in history it was the most peaceful transition of power maybe in human history what happened at the end of the cold war. And this was not a miracle. This was human beings making wise choices. The Soviets, the Americans, the Chinese, the Europeans, they made wise choices during the cold war and it ended peacefully. It gives us no guarantee that we can do the same thing with the challenges that we now face, but it does give us hope that yes human stupidity is unlimited but so is hopefully also human wisdom. I'm reminded of the fact that I believe it was after the first nuclear bombs were dropped that we managed to get a treaty for the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. Yes still, I'm with you, I'm hopeful. Good news guys, we have an extra 15 minutes. We've given Professor here more time than we normally give so we can have some more questions and just to give you some time to kind of think about this I'm sure you have plenty. We haven't really talked about business much. I don't know how to make money. Exactly. Before you do, you talk about states and governments but also vast owners of data these days are businesses. My question I'd like to ask is can they be trusted more than governments to be safe custodian, responsible custodians of this data and do you think that the owners of this data today will be the owners of data as we move into this future painting for us? No, not necessarily. We also own the data today. There is no guarantee that they will continue to own it especially as more people and especially governments wake up to the importance of this data they might want to grab it to nationalize it. Actually one of my fears when I was thinking about what to talk when they invited me to Davos and I was thinking about giving this talk my main fear was that it will be considered as a call to nationalize the data. And even though I think there are many reasons to distrust corporations that at least in the West, in China it's different but at least in the West today the main owners of data of the big corporations I'm not convinced we'll be better off if the governments nationalize this data. Again, as I said, I don't have a solution. I think it's really too early. The discussion is just beginning. Let's take a couple more questions. This is the last one, I promise you. Three people there, four. My question was actually your question about data. Merkel said the crucial question is your path to decide who owns the data. I wanted to ask you whether it's better if a corporation owns the data or a government and what scares you more. Let's do four in a row. Mum, if you could give us your name as well. I was wondering, independent of the question of who owns the data, have you thought at all about how requirements might be put in place so that people will have access to their own data? An example is that Axiom and other data aggregators have the sophisticated data model that they use to advertise towards you which it would be really, really, really nice if you could see what do they know about you. What do they know about me? So that you can challenge that and so that you can audit that. If you could talk about that. Pass on the microphone behind you please mum. Can you give us your name and where you're from please? I'm Wendell Wallach and I'm from Yale University in the Hastings Centre. So you've written particularly in the more recent book but also in some of the futuristic aspects of your first book. You've written a lot of ideas that have been around. There's really a large community of people who have been thinking about this and in addition to bringing some good insights and some kind of balanced account an awful lot of what you did or accomplished was just wonderful writing and organizing it in a refreshing way. I was just interested in who you drew upon because there is this large community of scholars out there involved in this and I just wondered who your inspirations are and who you found particularly helpful whose ideas you were inspired by. Gentleman next to you please. Lee Wei from Tsai Shing from China. So mentioning about government you repeatedly mentioning China. I'm wondering do you mean it in a say negative sense as Julian Tadd mentioned earlier digital dictatorship or in a positive sense Chinese government have the capability to do things specifically on these tech giants Chinese society's recognition of their kind of negative impact is lagging behind western society but it seems monopolistic effect on society of these two tech giants are ahead of the west. So do you think Chinese government can do it before things blow up? Not a great choice of words but anyway. So we've got China digital democracy inspirations, access to data and mum your question wasn't quite answered earlier about. So I'll address the first and the last questions together about China. I'm trying to find this middle way. My basic message is not that the Chinese are worse than everybody else or that they are better than everybody else. My basic understanding is that they are ahead of all the other governments in understanding what is happening and what is at stake. And this can be something very good because they are thinking about these issues and they come up with solutions before people in other countries realize that the dangers they are learning how to manipulate it and how to use it. So it can go either way. At present and again I'm not an expert on the subject, I haven't studied it deeply enough. The only thing I can say is that they are probably ahead of other governments in understanding the importance of... In actions I don't know what they do in actuality so this I cannot comment on. But at least from what I... from meetings I had and discussions and what I read the impression is that they really understand what is happening in a way that in the West you talk to people both in governments and sometimes also in business and they are somewhere behind. They think they don't realize the immense power. Most of their thinking is really about shopping and consumerism and if Amazon knows that I like this they can sell me that and almost everybody knows that by now. But the more important stuff that they can know things far more important about me and they can manipulate far deeper aspects of my personality and life this is still something that at least in the West people are not aware of or not aware of enough. Now this brings us to the question of okay so if you have to choose between corporations and governments what do you choose? It's very difficult. On the one hand governments at least represent people or supposed to represent people beyond the shareholders and the managers whereas the big corporations nobody really voted for them or endorsed them in any public way to to take hold of these developments and of the future of humanity. So from this perspective it's better if the data is in the hands of governments who also thinks in broader terms they have the mandate to think not just about profitability but about social issues and about health and about the environment and many other things that corporations this is not their business their business is just business it's just a bottom line so from this perspective it's better if the governments nationalise the data. On the other hand governments can do because they have a broader perspective they can do far worse things with this data than the corporations I mean the corporations okay so they'll make a few more billion dollars but what all kinds of despotic regimes might do I mean if you really build a digital dictatorship based on biometric sensors and biometric data there is no way that it can be dismantled from within. It's the end of the line I mean all these liberal fantasies about people making revolutions and rising up there are 100 steps ahead of you they know what is happening in your brain before the thought is even formulated and they can manipulate you on a far deeper level than just George Orwell and the propaganda machine of the kind they had in the 1930s and 40s so this is really the scary scenario once you go there there is no way of getting out of there so this is why it's really scary if the governments get their hands on this Can we do a quick show of hands to see who would prefer to have governments in control as opposed to business who's the government zoning your data Lady in the 2.5 3.5 and he takes on 3.5 business 7 or 8, 10 business wins Is there a surprise you? But none is, I mean, so where is it? I actually promise not to track personal data My name is Giuliana Ferreina and I'm a journalist career of the Italy So yes, we can think about third options but as we discussed earlier this is a lot of power we are talking about if you establish some, I don't know, NGO that accumulates the data it will become the most powerful organ in the world and then either the states and the corporations will try to get the power back or the same problems you have today with governments and with corporations you will have with this NGO just not using the data it means giving up on all the enormous potential and here, as I said in the talk the most obvious front is healthcare I mean think of the kind of healthcare you could provide to people if you really know what is happening every moment inside their bodies and inside their brains give it up because you are afraid of the other things that this kind of information might make possible My guess is that most people especially when it comes to life and death situations affecting themselves or their children or their spouses would not like would take the risk I mean healthcare will win and in the wake of healthcare will have all the other things making use of this data Evel, let's move on, we have a couple more minutes left Access to your own data and inspirations in whatever order you like Yes, so access to data, this is a very good idea I think for the things we can implement then okay so there is lots of data about me I want to have access to know what they know this is a very good idea, how to implement especially because most of the data would not make any sense to you unless you have the tools to I mean if they give you all the data about you can today get your DNA scan what does it mean? I mean you need an entire system to make sense of data like your DNA scan so this is one issue you need a system and not just the raw data and the other thing is that throughout history the repeated advice that all the philosophers and prophets and poets told people is get to know yourself know thyself and this is very very difficult partly because people often don't want to know themselves very well there are many things you don't want to know about yourself if you really had access not just to the raw data but to what the data means about you this will be a life-shattering event to really know who you are it's not necessarily bad it's just very difficult difficult not in the sense of how to make it happen if it happens it will be something very difficult for people to deal with and again the kind of consumerist idea in the same way they give me the report about my bank transaction every month they'll set me a report or what we learned about you this month this will be a shattering report and your inspirations? I read so much I'll mention just a few with Jared Diamond who first gave me the idea that historians and scientists can talk about these issues seriously from a scientific perspective and there is Franz de Waill who is a primatologist he studies chimpanzees and bonobos and so forth and I've learned from his work more about humans I guess than about only chimpanzees and bonobos and there is a long list of other... we are running out of time so I leave it there but it's a very long list most of my work is not creative it's a work of synthesis I read what people write about chimpanzees and about artificial intelligence and about ancient China and about brain science and I try to bring it together in such a way that it will be meaningful for the average person and it will be helpful and empowering to understand what is happening in the world Find a question for me before we leave so you've written a brief history of humankind you've written a brief history of tomorrow Professor you're a young man The next book is really about the present and the future of the present is the only thing that is left so this is the next book Fascinating, what a vivid description you've given us by far one of the most interesting sessions I've had the pleasure, not this one, the earlier one I hope you enjoyed this one I enjoyed talking to you, thank you so much for joining us here Thank you all for joining us Thank you for watching us online


This review discusses the recent developments in the preparation, microstructure, and magnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles, IONPs, as well as their potential applications in biology. To make them more suitable for practical use, IONPs need to combine properties like high magnetic saturation, stability, biocompatibility, and interactive functions at the surface. Surface modification can be achieved through organic materials or inorganic materials such as polymers, biomolecules, silica, metals, etc. The review also considers the current directions for the synthesis, surface functionalization, and bio application of IONPs, as well as future trends and prospects. This article was authored by Wei Wu, Jia Wei Wu, Taikyung Yu, and others.


My name's Ron Garthott, I'm the group officer of the car crew who looks after eight brigades in the area. The area at the moment is very very dry and the water supply also is not real good around the area for this summer. At this stage we're about a month ahead from normal with the fires. The fire restrictions for this area will be coming into force as from 1 a.m. Monday morning for the Shire of Mount Alexander and so forth. We also had, we had quite a few significant fires in the area.


Russian military digs mega-trench over 700 km long in Zaporizhia Oblast.  The new voice of Ukraine informed it. The Center for Journalistic Investigations discovered the earthworks using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. The continuous trench runs for over 700 km and extends from the outskirts of Semenivka, about 9 km from the center of Melitopol to a field outside the village of Marinivka in the Primorsky district. Based on Center for Journalistic Investigations estimates, construction began in early September 2022 with the defensive line dug from both directions simultaneously. The estimate is that the trench was completed in mid-October. The 70 km ditch represents almost one third of the length of Zaporizhia Oblast from east to west, 205 km. Before this, Ukraine's National Resistance Center announced that Russia's invading forces have developed an evacuation plan for occupying administration officials and their families to move from the occupied town of Vasilevka, Zaporizhia Oblast, to Crimea. The scheme would seek collaborators and their families flee to temporarily occupied Crimea two hours before the retreat of the Russian army. The plan is an attempt by Russian authorities to calm nervous traitors. The agency added that occupying administrations in Crimea have also developed similar evacuation plans and are compiling lists of employees and family members who are subject to priority evacuation.


Welcome this is Melissa Armo with a stock swash and I'm reviewing year-to-date 2019 So we're almost at the end of the third month of the year first quarter of the year and Well, this is a very interesting year because in starting 2019 the market rallied at the end of last year and is almost rallied straight up Through the better part of the beginning part of this year So market has not had really that much of a volatile year so far to start However, that being said, I think that it does going forward because so many people now are going to start to jump in and think bullish bullish bullish And even though the market is bullish don't expect necessarily that it's going to be straight up from now until the end of time So I think that's what tends to fool people So some of these trains are short summer longs. Let's go over them Again, these are the day trades only not the options trades that will do a separate tracking for that So this is an advanced trader risk. You can risk an advanced amount. You can risk a beginner amount It's whatever you can afford if you would like to ask me about that with the size of your account feel free So tracking so far year-to-date 73,630. Let's go over it If you have any questions you can email me at melissa at thestockswish.com or call me at 9 to 9 3200 gap Follow me on twitter facebook youtube or skype So it is coming up the next earnings season starts in april. It's the end of march It's not earning season right now. There's sporadic earnings here and there But for the most part earning season is a time where there you can make a lot of money When most stocks report earnings apple amazon google all the things that you know of that move the market They have big moves too And so most of the stocks that we're doing in the room really are things that you would know That you've heard of companies things that you buy products and services from Let's take a look at it So off the first part of the year in january spy first trade was a loser second one winner Sometimes i do a retake i teach that in the class Then closed i was sick in january lulu was a winner netflix was a really nice winner in the 15th SIG was a loser then second trade and third trade were winners in SIG AXP was a loser on the 18th and the Q's was a winner on the 18th Market closed at 21st swk was a beautiful gap and the 22nd cof was a good one NKC was a loser qq Q's was a winner starbucks was a winner small one on the 25th Cat was a winner.    Are you going to hold it to the target? Are you going to get out fast? Are you looking for one risk unit? Are you looking for the target? How much you're going to risk? Are you going to get out havesies? All of these things should be in your trading plan and again if you have questions you can ask me Personally, I like to do the morning and I do like to get out fast But I like to give sometimes something a little bit of room so it can get a little bit going Not just a baby amount. I don't like to scalp. I like to get a move in something I call it the money move and I'll talk about that more in the next webinar But for those of you that are asking what is an advanced trader risk Anywhere from 1500 to 2000 dollars is an advanced trader risk now This doesn't mean you have to risk that you could risk $100 a trade you could risk $200 a trade Again, it has to do with the size of your account and also your buying power margin And you might have more margin than sometimes you can even use if the stop happens to be Wide in something and for example, if it's a dollar you normally only risk $100 whether you can only take 100 shares Ultimately if you want to work for yourself it is the best thing that you can do It is a lot of fun to work for yourself. It doesn't mean that you're not going to have challenges in certain days That's part of the the uh, I guess the the balance and you have to look at yourself and you have to say You know what I've got the confidence. I've got the knowledge. I've got the right information And in ultimately in the end it's worth it to work for yourself even though some days it may seem hard work It definitely definitely is worth it because in the end you have freedom freedom of time You only report to yourself You do have to be an independent person to work for yourself And that's part of having a strategy to follow being strict with it a money management plan and being strict with it And also really focusing in the morning on what you're doing again Like I said, I never do anything where I'm not reading the gap I do look at everything pre market or at the post market and rate the stocks that we're trading ahead of time To predict the moves that they're going to make and the choices of the stocks that we're going to pick and do I teach my method in a class Again, this is for day trading or you can use it for swing or options trainings But all of these trades were day trades. I do have an options letter That's a separate program a separate service that you can sign up for But if you want to learn the system that I use you can only learn that in the golden gap course And you can only join the live trading room after you've taken the golden gap course So the class is march 23rd and 24th from 9 to 5 eastern time cost of the class is 59 99 us dollars classes online It could be anywhere in the world and take it email me if you would like to sign up deadline is march 22nd I'm doing a 24 hour special just to help people get ramped up here for the next earning season Which again begins in april. It's one year free in the trading room. This is only for 24 hours deadline is march 22nd That's it. The class is online. You must sign up by march 22nd The class is this weekend the 23rd and 24th You would get one year free in the trading room if you signed up and you would do the class this weekend This is a huge savings because the room is normally 3600 a year Don't miss out on this you would get all the trade calls that I just did and going forward for another year So i'm really looking forward to april to see what really happens with the market particularly because we've had this rally And to see where the market goes from here. I think april is going to be a great month I'm looking forward to it. I've been very very focused in the last week I will continue to be so throughout the rest of the year And if you have any more questions, don't hesitate to email me at melissa at the stocks wish dot com. Thanks everyone


My name is Seth Hoffert and together with my co-authors Yoan, Mikal, Jill and Rani. We will be presenting Zodiac today So an outline of what we'll talk about first I will talk about what Zodiac is and what we can do with it and then Jill will discuss security claims Yoan will talk about the Zodiac permutation itself and then finally Mikal will talk about implementing Zodiac So first of all, what is Zodiac exactly? So Zodiac is actually a rich API operating on a stateful object This API allows everything from hashing to session-based authenticated encryption to be implemented Zodiac is suitable for embedded devices and Is also designed with side-channel attacks in mind Zodiac implements the cyclist mode on top of 12-round Zodiac permutation. So what can we actually do with Zodiac? So Zodiac is an object with a persistent state You can initialize it in either an unkeyed or a keyed mode So some examples of unkeyed modes would be an extendable output function hash function and keyed modes include stream cipher message authentication code or authenticated encryption scheme The idea is that you absorb one or more arbitrary length byte strings into a persistent state and this state really represents the digest of all the strings absorbed thus far We refer to this digest as the history and the object takes care of properly domain separating all the strings and Allows you to optionally combine absorption with an encryption or decryption operation Once all of the input strings have been absorbed you then squeeze an arbitrary length byte string and You can also ratchet for forward security. So let's take a look at an unkeyed example So this example implements an extendable output function. So you can see we start by initializing the cyclist object with no key we then absorb an arbitrary byte string X and Then we squeeze an n byte output and this n byte output represents the hash of string X What about something a little bit more complex that what about multiple strings for example? Again, we initialize cyclist with no key We then absorb strings x1 x2 and x3 and Then squeeze n bytes of output This time this output represents the hash of the tuple of strings x1 x2 and x3 all properly domain separated But what about a keyed use case? What about something like session-based authenticated encryption? So here we initialize the cyclist object with key K and an optional ID and This ID serves as a diversifier Alternatively you can absorb a non-string separately as shown here. We then proceed to handle our first Message which in this case is composed of metadata string a1 and a plain text string p1 And you can see we are absorbing the metadata and then encrypting plain text p1 Obtaining the ciphertext c1. We then squeeze the tag t1 and now put the ciphertext and tag and Then wait for the next message to be processed So in this example the next message looks much the same. We have a metadata and a plain text string We absorb the metadata encrypt the plain text produce the authentication tag and then output the ciphertext C2 and the tag t2 and wait for the next message to come in We are able to handle metadata only scenarios very efficiently as you can see here We absorb metadata string a3. We have no plain text and Then we immediately squeeze tag t3 Likewise, we can handle plain text only scenarios as well. So in this case, we encrypt plain text p4 obtaining ciphertext c4 And then squeeze tag t4 Returning output ciphertext c4 and tag t4 and we repeat this process for as many messages as we wish to handle Zodiac provides multiple ways of mitigating side channel attacks One set one such way is through the use of sessions So if you consider the key mode of a session based authenticated encryption scheme The secret state is a moving target with each string that you absorb The state changes. There is no long-lived key In addition the cyclist object supports an optional counter parameter This counter parameter serves as a nonce Except that it is absorbed in a special way. It is actually absorbed in a trickled manner and this trickling Reduces the degrees of freedom that the attacker has We also support ratcheting and rolling subkeys. Let's take a look at how rolling subkeys might work So in this example, we initialize Zodiac instance with key Ki But then right after that we squeeze next key Ki plus one and replace key Ki with it We can then perform an optional ratchet and Then we can for example absorb metadata AI Encrypt plain text PI obtaining ciphertext CI squeeze the authentication tag Ti and then output the pair Cypher text and tag and Wait for the next message. We increment the counter and repeat this process as many times as needed each time squeezing a new key And now Joe will discuss security claims Thank you set. So indeed I'm going to talk about the security claim we made on Zodiac So overall we wish to have 128 bits of security So the underlying permutation Zoodoo with 12 rounds We assume it's strong enough so that Zoodiac can reach the generic security security level That is the generic security of the cyclist mode. So let me now discuss the series security of cyclist So cyclist object can be initialized in either unkid mode for hashing or kid mode In this case for unkid mode Cyclist is actually equivalent to the sponge construction. So with 256 bits of capacity We can reach a security level of 128 bits against any attack Unless easier against a random rock when switched to the kid mode Cyclist reduces to the security of the full state key duplex construction So this construction is similar to the original duplex construction The main difference being that now input blocks can be stored into the entire state So output blocks are still taken only from the first orbit. So the other part of the state But nevertheless the input blocks can modify the entire state of this object Another difference is that the input blocks can override the first orbit instead of being sold Though the analysis of this construction was done in these two papers and The assumption we need to make on the permutation is not that the permutation behaves like an ideal permutation Actually a sufficient condition is that this permutation behaves as a PRP a pseudo random permutation When the at the input and the output the last C bits are blinded with some secret value So this should be indistinguishable from a random permutation a Similar condition applies to what happens at initialization when the secret key is absorbed together with the first bits So for Zoodiac what we did is simply to write down the security bound we have on the full state key duplex construction and we just adapted it to the parameters of Zoodiac So the bound looks a bit complicated. Let me illustrate it with a couple of use cases So first use case is authenticated encryption. So in this case, I'm just going to focus on the nominal Behavior that is it uses a nonce. There is no nonce repetition and no leakage of unverified decrypted ciphertext Also, there is only a single secret key and the secret key has capabits kappa up to 192 So we look at the security level for integrity and confidentiality and we divide the security into the time complexity or computation complexity or again offline complexity on the one hand and on the other hand on the data complexity or online complexity and you can see using on that these expressions for a 128 bit secret key that we can reach the 128 bit security level both for offline and online complexities We can even go higher than 128 bits if we use a larger key So what happens in the case of a nonce misuse so for the first Blocks that to plain text differ you will be able to see the difference and then after that the key stream Will diverge This is it's the same behavior as for any other duplex based authenticated encryption mode Now let's assume that there is no nonce or there is a massive nonce misuse or there is release on of unverified decrypted ciphertexts in that case the Adversary has more degrees of freedom Nevertheless the keys should still be protected and integrity should still be guaranteed however given these extra Decrease of freedom the security bound decreases somehow but not them dramatically in terms of offline complexity We can still reach 128 bits of security and for data complexity to the power 64 blocks Another use case to illustrate the bond is multi target attacks So multi target attacks are granted for in this term QIV times n over to the da kappa So here kappa is again the key size in bits and is a time complexity and QIV is the number of keys for which We use the same IV so clearly QIV is a rebounded by you the number of users And the security can degrade by at most long you bits What we can do to compensate is to increase the key size by long you bits and if we do that We can restore the security level we had for single target attacks Another way to address multi target attacks Using subject is to enforce the use of a unique key identifier So each key has an ID and this ID is absorbed At initialization so in that case if we do that QIV is guaranteed to be always one And there is no degradation of security against multi target attacks and no need to increase the key size So that's all I wanted to say Next yarn is going to talk about the Zulu permutation Thank you Jim We made the Zulu permutation public now three years ago at the ECC workshop in Nijmegen here in 2017 November exactly and The Zulu permutation was inspired and triggered by that of Gimli and Gimli is designed by a team of 11 people I will not read their names. That's too many of them and Gimli did a very good job at Being efficient on a wide range of platforms and that was because of its size of its State namely a 384 bits that you can encode as 12 32-bit words And we found that a very good idea because in Ketchak F We only had Ketchak F400 that came near this but this had a native word size of 16 bits and was not so suited for 32-bit CPU So we decided to build a permutation that has a state like that of Gimli But we were not such a big fan of the around function of Gimli So we built a round function that's much closer to that of Ketchak In particular the round function of Ketchak F the permutation underlying Ketchak If you look at The state of Zulu At the bottom of the slide. We see that it consists of three so-called planes parallel planes horizontal planes That each plane is a rectangular array of four by 32 bits So instead of on the figure it's kind of a toy version with eight instead of 32, but you get the idea You can also see it as a rectangular array of columns where columns consists of three bits and each bit of a column is in one plane So the Zulu round function operates on this state and has five steps The non-linear status key and it's the same key that we find in Ketchak F or in subterranean But in this case it operates on three bit units and these three bit units are the columns So you can consider it as the parallel application of three bit S boxes on the 128 bit and 128 columns Data the mixing layer as a column parity mix also similar to that of Ketchak F First we compute the parities of all columns and put them in a plane Same shape as the other planes called P And then we build the so-called that effect plane by taking two copies of the parity plane and shifting them over different offsets And then we add it to the two to the three planes of the state So you see that she and Delta they makes a lot they that bits within a column interact a lot And not so much outside the columns So if we want to break this column alignment, we put in between Delta and see we put Bit transposition that moves bits in a column to different columns and that's a row West Basically, we do this by just shifting plane one and plane two over different offsets And that's comparable to the composition of row and P in Ketchak F And then we do the same between she and the row of the net and data of the next round and that's row East Where we do a similar kind of operation that that's something we don't not have in Ketchak F And finally we add round constant just before he to kill the symmetry so to evaluate the cryptographic strength of these permutations that Come from this round function We look at trail pounds and trail pounds are relevant in difference of cryptanalysis and linear cryptanalysis But they say also something about the general diffusion Now what's relevant in the difference of cryptanalysis is the maximum difference of probability over all possible differential Delta and Delta out and the linear cryptanalysis is the maximum correlation over all possible linear approximations Defined by masks you in and you out and in Zulu for a limited number of times We actually claim that the maximum DP of a differential is closely approximated by a maximum DP over the trails and This is much easier to investigate because finding it for difference is quite hard and it's similar in linear Cryptanalysis we can look at linear trails What we report on is not the DP or the correlation But the weight and where the weight is the minus the log 2 of the DP or basically if the DP is 2 to the power x then the weight will be x So now let's take a look at what the bounds are for trails over a number of rounds of Zulu and we compare actually with ketchup 400 the member of the ketchup family ketchup have Permutation family that is closest to Zulu inside actually quite close And we see already that for three rounds Zulu performs quite a lot better. So it has a Minimum weight 36 while ketchup 400 only has minimum weight 24 both for linear and differential trails So that's 50% better If you look for four rounds We see there are two numbers that and we know that the minimum weight is somewhere in that interval So for instance for ketchup 400 for four rounds We see this number 48 that means that we scan the whole space up to weight 48 And they did not find any trails But we did find the trail of weight 63 so that it cannot be larger than that It is somewhere in that interval. We see immediately that in Zulu these numbers are quite a lot higher and for linear linear trails the difference is even bigger And you see this trend Goes on for five six and twelve rounds where for these number of rounds We don't have tight bounds. So we know a lower bound on the minimum number minimum weight But we don't know exactly what it is But we see that we can investigate Zulu quite a lot further into the weight scale than Ketchup So you can see with respect to trail bounds that Zulu is a great improvement over ketchup F4 Let's now take a look at third-party crypt analysis So there is not so much third-party crypt analysis of Zulu Yakiya Which is quite understandable because it has only been published recently But there is a lot of third-party crypt analysis of Kya ketchup and Keith ketchup Actually, it started in 2009 and we report on all the attacks on a page on our website I invite you to have a look the strongest attacks Cube attacks that exploit the low algebraic because if you have our rounds of the catch a calf run function Then you only have a degree to the power and These most of these attacks they can be transposed easily to Zulu Yakiya So you can easily see how we can see this attack look at the details. Yeah, it kind of transposes to Zulu Yakiya And this gives already a lot of understanding in what we can expect So there have been two papers that have dedicated attacks on Zulu Yakiya One is by song and grow and was published in 2018 and the other is by Zou et al in 2019 so quite recently and both attacks They address Zou de yak with Zulu with a reduced round version to six rounds instead of the nominal 12 rounds And what we actually see for the complexities of the attack is what we would expect at least what we were expecting So there are no surprises yet. Let's see So we think that the security of Zou de yak is well understood. Yeah, that impression But of course all crypt analysis remains welcome That's it for Zulu and the crypt analysis now I give the word to Mikael who will explain about implementing Zou de yak Thank you, Johanna. I'm not going to talk about the implementation aspect of Zou de yak But before giving performance figures of Zou de yak in software and hardware I will give you some advantage that we think are quite unique to Zou de yak when it comes to lightweight application So when you design a lightweight application It doesn't make sense to look for instance at the cost of a single primitive or a single services But instead you have to look at the cost of your application as a whole and one big advantage of using cyclists So the mode that uses Zou de yak Is that it's a mode that provides all the symmetric cryptographic services that you would need So it provides not only authenticated encryption, but also hashing it has a full support of sessions You can derive keys and so on Also, we design cyclists to be as compact as possible and you can implement it You can implement all use cases with very little over it So in all implementation software you can implement all the use cases that Seth mentioned the first part With only while using only 52 bytes of RAM And so this means that we don't even need Message queue for instance thanks to the streaming mode of cyclist and you can compare for instance this 52 bytes to For instance in most AS mode you would need at least 48 bytes of RAM only for the mode part So one of the advantage of Zou de yak in lightweight is that the underlying primitive Zou de can be efficiently implemented So not only the state fit nicely in 12 registers of any 32 bits CPU But also the RAM functions has a lot of symmetry which enables circuitry use and also it only use efficient logical operations Which is very interesting in hardware Finally another advantage of Zou de yak in lightweight comes also from security design. So even though Zou de yak targets lightweight applications It also provides a security level of 128 bits everything. It doesn't make sense to target the security level without also taking take into account such and an attacks and there Zou de yak not only allows for very efficient such an account measures thanks to the primitive Zou de but also in the mode we have designed several features that make it stronger such an attack for instance. I'm thinking about The fact that in Zou de yak the secret so the key or the secret is constantly updated and which make it Moving target and hence much more difficult to extract in the side channel Now let's have a look at some performance figures in software So we've implemented Zou de yak on two platforms of the cortex M0 and M3 So on the M0 we focused on code size So we only implemented one round in a loop and on the M3 we focused on speed So we enrolled the 12 runs in a single loop So at the top of the table you can see the cost in cycle plus byte in hash mode and there you see that for absorb and squeeze the cost is Around 145 cycles per byte on the M0 and 40 cycles per byte on the M3 So of course we have a difference because of the difference of implementations But the main difference comes from the fact that on M3 All the logical operations can be combined for free with rotations Meaning that all the shift in the round functions of Zou de yak can be implemented for free So for instance the round row west and the row east can be done for free So one limitation that explains the difference and one limitation In the M0 is that although it has the same number of registers The logical instructions only works on the first Eight registers of the CPU meaning that then you have never had due to shuffling of registers If you move to keyed mode There you get much better performance And there the difference of performance comes directly from the difference of rate In keyed mode Compared to the hash mode and he of course you can achieve the best performance in absorb because there you get a full state Absorption so the rate is maximal, but also when you consider squeeze we can use a bigger rate because and We are in key mode and in key mode We can get a bigger rate while also targeting the same security level and for sense of absorb You see we can decrease the cost in cycles per byte to 48 in absorb on the M0 and down to 40 cycles per byte On the M3 as a matter of comparison. We also give the performance figures of AS-138 in quantum mode from the two reference below and there you see that the comparison is strongly a favor of the of zodiac So we you can get our implementation software from our repository if KCP and To which we give a URL at the end of this presentation Now let's have a look at performance on hardware. So Sylvia Mela implemented zodiac on the hardware 14 nanometer technology and in this case we give only the figures for The architecture on the one round per cycle if you want more figures You can have a look at our update paper that we submitted to the second round of the lightweight crypto competitions done by NIST And in this table we listed the performance in Increasing order of area and for the smallest area. So what 8.2 kilo gate equivalent? You can achieve 200 megahertz frequency Frequency and you get other clock frequency throughput of 2.7 gigabit per second for auto-attracted encryption mode and 1.3 gigabit per second for hashing so for a slight increase of area You can see that you can increase the frequency and then the throughput you get is directly line linear in the frequency Increase and you can get up to 600 for frequency of 600 megahertz You can go as high as 8.1 gigabit throughput in auto-attracted encryption So yeah, that's it. Thank you for your attention. Please have a look at the paper. There are much more detail in the paper But also the complete specification of Zodiac and you will see that they are very compact and clean So if you have any questions, you can ask them during the FSC sessions on November 9 But you can also send an email at our address zodiac at catchac.team Please have a look to our kit up repository in the description Please have a look to our kit up repository XKCP and Gazoo-Doo for the software and other implementation And we give also the URL to our homepage. Thank you. Bye


What's up everybody? Jason here for jazzybskatesbreak.com. 2023, tops for Steam Baseball. Two box break, random teams number four. And again guys, everybody gets a random team, the MLB all-card ships, six cards per pack, 10 cards per pack, or six packs per box, 10 cards per pack. And then obviously two autographs, one autograph relic, 10 base refractors, five inches per box break. And it's a pack within a pack within a pack. Here's the dice roll, here's the customer names, the teams, click roll, three to one, four times. One, two, three, and four. Nancy, down a mark, two, three, four. Oh yeah, Logan, damn. I just remember that one time, man, a couple years ago, I think it was, like when you told us that you had broke both your arms at the same time, I was like, dude, like how was that? How was this just kind of like breaking both? You say you were like bracing yourself, right?  I just, I don't know why I vividly remember this, but I just remember like you were telling us, and we had said something, I think it was me and Joe or something like that, and you took so long to reply back, and we were like, oh man, like it's probably so hard for him to like reply back to a text right now, why were you even chatting with him? I was just like, I was just picturing you like struggling, I felt so bad. It was the craziest, I still remember that day. I just felt so bad.  Oh man. Dun dun dun dun dun dun dun dun. Plenty of time. I'm just, I mean, I get it. I think, I think for us like we released it, which was great, but like we released it like kind of on the wrong week cause then Top Scrum came out, and then obviously we just been really, really just, just doing so much Top's baseball products with Chrome, Pristine, now Cosmic, throwing a little football with like NT and now, you know, encased. So you know, obviously I feel like it has gone a little slower than we anticipated, but I mean, like I said, we're already halfway there. It's something we're gonna have there until we sell it out. You know, we'll eventually sell it out, but it is a fun product, man. I mean, obviously it's a high risk, high reward, right? Like anything else, but it is a good one. And I had to pay my rent today too, Logan. Stung a little, but tomorrow's payday, so it's just gonna sting a little tonight. I wish I could do that for you guys. Great picture and people love to chase them in last year's products, right? Or 2021, whatever year it was, but his stance is kind of different. And he's like Walker Bueller and those guys that just wear the tightest pants. I have to, I wanna get rid of some of my Dominguez cards. I've kept this whole time that I've lost money on. So, hopefully he has a great debut and a great series and then we can all prop it on Dominguez. Pitching and yoga, I know, right? That's basically what he's doing. Are you still domineering right now? Plus, he has a wicked stash. It's really nice. Oh, you hit the exquisite one? Dude, that card logo at one point was a massive card. Like, thousands, dude. I mean, they still can be again if he does well. I mean, he's only 20 years old, right?  But that was a massive part of the time. No, I wouldn't sell yet either. Not a card of that magnitude because like I said, at one point it was just such a massive card. And it's not like a base card either, right? I mean, they only made so many of those. It's that tribute year, right? Oh, 304. So, definitely hold on to it. The tricky situation is like, do we get rid of him like if he does well? Like, let's just say he stays up this last month of September and he like hits multiple home runs, he has great batting hours, just like hype. Like, do you hold on to them because he might be there next year or you just get rid of him now? Because it'll be such a small sample size, right? Dude, if for some reason he'd had an amazing September and they decide to keep him on the roster for next year, that means in 2024, not only are you gonna have L.E. Dilla cruise rookies, you're gonna have freaking Jason Dominguez rookies in the same class. Good Lord. I know top six is praying for that to happen. Jesus. Hunter Henderson. Got Alec Minow out of 50. Jim Tillman. Old Wolf Paraza out of 74. James Allman, nice one there for the Dodgers, orange. Nancy with that one. Eight out of 25. And for the White Sox, Eloy Jimenez. And I don't even know if that's a White Sox patch, that looks like a red and blue. Oh, you know what? They have the retro one, right? The one that says Sox on it. I guess that could be that jersey. Six out of 25. Oh, okay. Well, I remember going when you were also saying that you lost a lot of money on crypto because you held on to it for too long. Home run. Good Lord Lancelin, get out of there already. Although he did settle down. Game one brace. All right, Longoria coming back. Brian Kay. And we got Jose Ramirez, nice. Out of 99 for the Guardians, Neil P. We have a Steve Garleton for the Phillies. Harry, how about another one? This time numbered, just 75. We got Josh Smith for the Texas Rangers. Anthony, then Joe Musgrove for the Podgers. Harry. All right, last box here. All right, Ted Williams, out of 50. That's for Boston. Ozzy Alves for the Atlanta Braves. Harry to 25. Oh, snap, Aaron Judge.  Gold and the autograph to 50. That's Metz. Harry, there you go. Josh Young and Jacob the Grom Blue color match. Our last box here, guys. Here we go. Lobe is shut for the Blue Jays going to Nancy to 50. We got Cody Clemens for the Phillies. Harry. Jeter Downs for the Washington Nationals going to Nancy. Alec Thomas, Orange for the Diamondbacks to 25. Brian Kay. And then our last autograph is Caleb Killian for the Cubs. As well as a Hayden with Miski for the Cubs base. And there you go, folks. That was the break. So that was the last two boxers from the case. I'm pretty sure we have more. I'll double check right now and then I can post another one. But thank you guys so much, guys. Got a lot of nice colors, too. Thank you, guys.