Ynw i fewn i gweithio, ac ydych i mi ddim yn ysgrifennu i mi. Mae gennydd Argyntarr, ac am Julio, ym Ysgrifennu Cyngor a Ysgrifennu Cyfrwythol Llywodraeth Cymru. Felly, mae'n gweithio i ddim yn gweithio i ysgrifennu ym Fynghor a Llywodraeth Cyfrwythol Cymru. Cymru Cyfrwythol Cymru yn y Llywodraeth Llywodraeth Cymru, byddwn yn ddiwylliant ar y Cyfrwyth Llywodraeth Cyfrwythol Cymru, Gynnwch Some Of The Best And Brightest Future Lawyers fo'i ganneddynial. Ciffur Chans has opportunities for students from first year onwards. You can find out more by visiting their website. Now we have the pleasure of having Ray Taff with us. He is a guest lecturer and former detective constable with The West Yorkshire Police. He will be talking to us today about the hunt for the Yorkshire Ripper, and we can't wait to hear from him. He will take some questions at the end at which point we are going to turn off the recording, Felly, byddai am yw ddigon i'n ddigon i'ch gree i'r cysylltio, Felirを felw sydd i'u gael agorffodol a cherdd. Yn gyfrifbwydänod, a'r ddweud wrth iddyn nhw'n ddweud fel hynny, rwyf am ydych chi'n defnyddio mi i chi. Yn gyfrifbwyd yn erbyg o hynny, dwi wedi bod i'n gwleidio'n deary'n adeiladau. Rwyf wedi bod wedi'u gennym ni am y gwrthodol yma, rwyf wedi bod nhw fydd yr ystafell yn goll, ac mae'n cael eu cwmio'r oedd yn ddywodol yn wrefwyr hwnnw diolch gwych, aleu'r orioedd yn gwybodion yna erioedd yn gyfyrdd yr oedau'r lle mae hynny yn ymddangos o 65 a rwy'n ddigonwch chi. Mae gennymw flynyddoedd a dyma i gael eich hollro hollrwydd.  Yn dyn nhw'n gallu'n gilytныu? Rydyn ni'n ddweud i'r gyflyn o'r llym, ond rydyn ni'n ddweud i'r cyflwyniad i gael unrhyw mai'n meddwl cysyllt hwn. Rydyn ni'n edrych yn ddweud i'r ddesmwn? And he said yes." And I said, Well, student, he said yes, whereabouts, Cambridge. That got my attention. Thought about it afterwards. And I thought, well, and he told me the context I'm not going to go on to that because we're going to cover it. But I thought if I approach Cambridge, if I approach Cambridge and ask them whether this would be a benefit to students potentially, the worst anybody can ever say to me is no. Mae gwasiat gael hyn, sut daeth yn dded attacked i ddodod, ond mae hefyd yn gwlad ni Peihau'r dda i yn ymgyrch. Felly mae'n ddiweddol o e-mails o'i addysgu, â'i byw yn gweithio ddod. Mae'n ddod wedi wneud wrth i'n gawdd, ac mae'n ddod. Brunio'r ddyn ni'n amser. Ond mae'n ddyn i'n gweithio'r gwahiddau, mae'n gweithio'r gymuned yng Nghymru. A at gael yng nghymru a'i ddod yn oesllwerd llwniol yn cyffredinol, majestywyd mewn bydwyd. I always wanted to be a detective, nothing more, never achieve constable, I just want to investigate crime and serious crime and I'm lucky because I did. I worked in drug squad and regional crime squad, which is the forum of the National Crime Agency and I used to teach people how to follow people without them knowing they were being followed. That's the theory didn't always work out but I did my best in teaching them, so here we are. Now currently Sorry, I'm looking around for it, I can't see it. It's great to meet my wife, right at the back. I'm here with my wife, Angie, and it was a massive, massive support to me. These talks take some putting together. They take hundreds of hours of research. I'd like to think that every single bit of what I'm going to tell you today is as accurate as I am aware of. There's nothing in it that I'm going to sidetrack you with. No opinions of mine, this is all factual stuff, so there we go. I'm going to start now. I've got that off my chest, but I thought, oh finally, and finally. Because we've been very kindly put up in Downing College, I've treated myself to some Downing cufflinks. More importantly, the suit I'm wearing tonight, lovely grey, it was actually made in Singapore for my daughter's wedding a few years ago, and it's true in one of my favourite countries. I'm surrounded by people from Singapore, which is the icing on top of the cake. Anyway, here we go. Peter Sutcliff was a psychopathic serial killer. When the first murder attributed to him happened in 1975, the phrase serial killer hadn't even been coined. There's no doubt at all, in my opinion, the most contemporary observers that he killed or attempted to kill many more people than he was eventually charged with. In fact, quite recently, about 18 months ago, a new book has been published, and in it the authors list all the murders in their opinions that they believe Sutcliff was responsible for. It's errant nonsense. It can't possibly have done them all. It's just a convenient way of blaming somebody who was in prison for serial killing. I read it, I analysed it, and I'm undecided, but I've been who knows, there's only one person who does, and he's in Durham prison. I'm not a criminologist, psychologist or a psychiatrist, and I'm not going to delve into his mind, except in a general sense. There's no happy ending to this. There was never going to be. But in many ways, this talk is an overview, a praisey of what happened and how he was brought to justice. Within the constraints of a 45-minute talk, it has to be. This is the story of lives wrecked, families torn apart by the actions of one man. And some observers have said, by the ineptitude and the intrangeance of the police, with the benefit of hindsight, few would disagree with that. Hindsight can be a very overly used word, a cliché even, but not, I would venture to suggest in this case. But even to now, over 30 years after these crimes have happened, he still makes headlines, whilst as victims, I've forgotten about the words of the bad, twas ever thus. Can you do it? Can you go on to the map slide, please? So we're having to do this in two stages because that's misbehaving and that isn't. My talks are never about me and they never will be, but it's relevant to say that I worked on this inquiry on three separate occasions, not that I had a choice. I used to enjoy, if enjoy is the correct word, working on murder inquiries, just bear with me a second while I do something else that's annoying me. Murders were good to work on, they enjoy, there's a massive feeling of satisfaction when you detect a murder and they engender a good camaraderie, too. But on this one, we were up against it from the start and we didn't have a clue. It was always catch up, sometimes seeing people months and months after a murder had taken place. And then when another one happened, it started all over again. This is a map of where he lived, was arrested and where the murders took place. I very rarely use this, but he was from this neck of the woods who murders in all the highlighted ones. Leeds, Halifax, Huddersfield, Manchester, and eventually, for those of you who know the north of England, just outside Sheffield. When I was on a cruise ship a couple of years ago, a passenger thoughtfully suggested it might be a good idea to have a map of where these locations were and I find it's a massive benefit. This is, of course, I know there are quite a few international students here, but for those of you who know England, you might not know this particular neck of the woods, but it's the north of England, I live in Leeds.  He said he'd been ripped off by a prostitute in Bradford and wanted to get his own back. It was sort of investigated, and I'll say that carefully, it was sort of investigated, but the victim, the prostitute, was loath to get involved with the police, and that was often the case back then. It probably still is. The working girls didn't like to involve the police, it was bad for business and the police were seen as the enemy. In September of the same year, he was found by a police officer hiding in some bushes in a suburb of Bradford, a well-known red light area, in possession of a hammer. He was arrested for the offence of going equipped for crime, which was then, and still is, a catch-all if you've nothing else, and that's how it was recorded. So, we had to suckle if recorded as committing a crime in 1969 of going equipped for crime. I think from the top of my head, it was section 25 of the theft act, but I'm probably wrong, because it's a long time since I've stood in it. But I did split it. It's all the officer who was looking for a hubcap that had fallen off his car. He was convicted and fined £25. Not man found in bushes with a hammer. None of that was written down, just going equipped for crime. But even if it had, there was no linkage of crime recording from division to division and from force to force. It was the same all over the country. It was done on small index cards and in officers' heads. It was a poor system, but it was the best and only system we had. Jump forward now to July 1975. A woman was attacked in Keithley and a month later, a woman was attacked in Halifax. Both attacks taking place at night. They were both attacked by hammer blows to the back of the head. That they survived is entirely due to the skill of the surgeons because Sutcliff thought it'd kill them because that's what we intended to do. And for good measure, he also attacked a 14-year-old girl in August that year too and she was just walking home late at night. And he tried to befriend her before hitting her on the head with the hammer. As a car drove by, he pushed her into some bushes. He ran off and she survived. Thank goodness. Can you do the next slide? Oh, I'm sorry. I'm back in advance. Oh, keep it on. Keep it on.  It was never linked to this series of attacks for many, many years. He was never charged with it, but admitted it in 1992, well after his convictions. And he said to us, said that she was a prostitute. This was a 14-year-old girl, his nonsense. But neither these particular parts, Keithley, Silsdon or Halifax, how red light areas, and the victims had nothing to do with the sex trade. Geographically, Keithley and Halifax are not close and in police terms back then, they might as well have been in two different countries. The crimes were never linked and foulers undetected for years to come. When he started killing his, when he started his killing spree, technology really, really was in the dark ages compared to now. No CCTV. These are just images that put together over the years to just to signify what we didn't have. No CCTV. No automatic number plate recognition. No mobile phones. Can you imagine in life without mobile phones? We didn't have them. We detected crime. Miraculously. No computerised incident rooms. And probably most important of all, the double helix. DNA. Not for the first time I mentioned this and made no apologies for it. And it's somewhat ironic because of Cambridge where in 1953, Watson and Trick, of course, announced to the world that discovered the meaning of life. Not the Douglas Adams or the multi-Python version, the real meaning of life. This was the real thing that the double helix. Later developed by Professor Sir Alec Jeffries at the University of Leicester in 1984. In my humble opinion, I said I wouldn't give opinions. This is an opinion. In my humble opinion, it's the greatest advance in forensic detection and elimination, of course, that the world has ever seen. I cannot stress how important it is and how it would have been in this series of murders. That's not hindsight. It's a fact. Next one, please. I'll tell you one. I might be easy. Is it just that one? Yeah. Forgive me for this. I've never operated like this before. The best that was available was blood groupings. And I'm told even now that that's been thrown into debate and fingerprints. I've not got socliff left, any. We have the PNC, the police national computer, for checking registration numbers of vehicles. But that was it really. On a personnel side, we had some very clever and experienced detectives, but that was never going to be enough. Add it to the mix was on the 1st of April 1974 a huge reorganisation had taken place in the police service. Gone were the former city forces all over the country, mine included. And we merged to become West Yorkshire Metropolitan Police. But the arrival is at the top of the CID. Some senior CID officers from the city forces. So it's as a takeover rather than a merger. And it didn't help. This is the first known murder victim. Will or mean a McCann? Everybody call a Wilma. She was found on the outskirts of Leeds by a milkman on his rounds at 5am. He thought it was a guy forks that had just been left abandoned in a field. The head of Leeds CID described her as a good time girl in the euphemistic police jargon of the time. And that's how it was. Wilma had three young children and was separated from the father of these children. But she wasn't a prostitute. She had no convictions for it. But she liked to drink and was known to have sex with strangers for money. While working for their mother to come home on this particular night the two older children walked to the local bus stop to wait in vain for her. Then they went home and put themselves to bed. I think the oldest at that time was seven. They'd done that before more than once. But it was a particularly brutal murder. The back of her head had been damaged with what looked like blows from her hammer. And her torso had been severely mutilated with a variety of implements or weapons. It was a start to a consistent aton. The killings had started. Three months after the murder of Wilma Emily Jackson was found dead just outside the city centre of Leeds in a derelict alleyway. Emily was married and she lived in the south of Leeds in a suburb.  This is really sore. Did the family had fallen on hard times and she was desperate to earn extra money.  When the post mortem was carried out and Emily was not what the detectives wanted to hear. It bought all the hallmarks of the first killing which had been thoroughly but fruitlessly investigated. It's a paradox really because in the perverse way it can actually help and enquire for similar one is committed but not when you have no forensic evidence and certainly no witnesses. Irene Richardson found on a well-known park one of the largest parks in Leeds area called Roundhead Park. She had three children and they'd all been put into foster care. She wasn't equipped to deal with them to care for them. And actually another irony.  I cannot imagine how he felt. An indirect victim if you like of this man. With these killings the timing seemed to be random but the pattern was the same and body had been mutilated in almost exactly the same way. But this time tire tracks were found and this generated a whole new enquiry and thousands of cars entered of the system and we were always playing catch-up but he had a head start. The then head of CID in the foreground a guy called Detective Chief Superintendent Dennis Hoven who was one of the nicest men I ever met in my life certainly in my service. He died very very sadly and very very suddenly and he was massively missed but even Dennis was baffled by these murders as was everybody else and to me that was the acid test as a very young detective. If Dennis didn't know how to solve these things oh the hell does it? It's just that's how it was. This time in Bradford Patricia Atkinson was a prostitute and as was June Richardson as I mentioned before this lady was the only known victim to have been found in the house again this time back to Bradford in the notorious red light district but there was no pattern as I mentioned before they seemed to be totally totally random attacks. Sorry. This one was the one that this was almost the straw that wrote the camel's back. This is Jane MacDonald and Jane was 16 years of age when she was found dead and she worked in a shop. No connections or whatever with the sex trade and this seemed to be the catalyst the enquiry needed. Sir Cliff had been given the surricade the Yorkshire Ripper by the local morning newspaper the Yorkshire Post by now and boy did that take off even we used the expression. The man put in charge of this enquiry now was an assistant chief constable George Oldfield and he vowed to catch him if it was the last thing last thing he did and it very nearly was. Oldfield was a very experienced detective and had responsibility in West Yorkshire for all crime investigations. But everywhere there's panic and alarm women's groups people travelling on buses separate buses being put on at night time leaders have got a massive student population. Everybody was walking around in fear I can't tell you how bad it was it was just awful.  The next victim that was Jean Jordan and she was found in Manchester and a clue was about to be delivered into the hands of the police a real clue. A handbag was missing but an extensive search of the waste land where she'd be found left found it. Inside a secret compartment in the handbag was a £5 note a very new £5 note that she'd been given by Sutcliff in advance to entice her into his car. It later transpired he returned to the scene to try and find this £5 note but he'd been unable to do so. So if through the handbag as far as he could search actually revealed the handbag he thought it could be linked to the money and he was right because he'd been given it and he's paid back it back then a lot of people were paid weekly and in cash. With the assistance of the Bank of England a note was traced to the to a suburb of Bradford called Shipley branch of the Midland Bank and as part of a consignment centre 34 businesses and traders in the area one of them was a company called T&WH Clarke an engineering company which employed Sutcliff as a lorry driver. He was interviewed twice by different detectives in relation to this £5 note inquiry but he had no £5 notes left by the stage and his wife Sonia provided an alibi for him. In time another 8,000 people would be interviewed in relation to this inquiry. It was later revisited by the head of Greater Manchester at CID and the list had been whittledown of potential suspects to 250 and of course Sutcliff was one of them. In December 1977 a prostitute called Madeleine Moore who I had met professionally I hasten to add was attacked and left for dead in a suburb of Leeds late at night she suffered horrendous head injuries but Sutcliff was disturbed by a dog barking and he drove off leaving her for dead. She made this photo affair but it was discounted by the powers that be as was she she was described and I kid you not she was described as a drunken slut what does she know well as far as I'm more concerned she's the only one that survived and seen you properly so I think the photo affair it stands the test of time but she also said her attacker called himself Dave but preferred to be called David and she'd been picked up by into the business of course so that was it then we were looking for a guy called Dave no one seemed to believe and I am shaking my head still in disbelief after all this time no one seemed to believe that her attacker could have used the false name he was safe again and quite as continued across both sides of the penines it was non-stop thousands of people were interviewed and eliminated some as a resort of tire tracks from vehicles it was the original plaster cast in the in the soil like you say on old movies some wives even suggested husbands as being responsible as they'd fallen out with them but they all had to be investigated some were seen in red light areas on two or three occasions and that was enough to be interviewed police unmarked cars anoxymor and if ever there was a one were trying to carry out covo observations sat in these cars with hand held tape recorders this big press down to speak rig wind forward get more cassette tapes in it was hard work and it was leading nowhere not that this presence ever seemed to put him off because Yvonne Pearson was the next victim sorry this is Helen Ricker and she was she was a twin was Helen they're quite a her and a twin a dreadful early life and they were both works as prostitutes to make ends meet in other fields they were usually very careful and always arranged a meet up after each session with the punter as they called them but not this time and she was found dead in a timber merchant yard she was the next he was moving further afield again Leeds Bradford Huddersfield it's like a Leeds Bradford Manchester and now Huddersfield Vera Milford was the next one and she was a prostitute who worked in Manchester and she was really really ill she had massive health problems and she was found on some wasteland in Manchester and she was found for those of you you're probably a bit young to be Coronation Street aficionados but there was a character in there called Les Battersbyd quite some time ago and she was found by him that's his only claim to fame because he was a dreadful actor Josephine Whitaker was walking across a lovely park in Halifax she spent the evening with her grandparents close by Sir Cliff went up to her and asked her what time it was and then he killed her the injuries again fitting this old too familiar pattern and she worked at the Halifax building society a very very respectable young lady with her life ahead of her as indeed the old the other victims of course irrespective of what they did for her living if it was back before what it was about to get a whole lot worse Mr Oldfield had been sent two letters the editor of the Daily Mirror in Manchester was sent one and the contents were not released for some time but more infamously Oldfield was sent a cassette tape he'd been a cassette tape I'm the person who has said it again We're now personal it was the ripper against George Oldfield or was it a press conference was held at the West Yorkshire Police Academy in June 1979 Oldfield shared it and our paraphrase what he said at the time we know that we're definitely looking for a man who originated in the northeast of England and convinced that this is the man who has murdered 11 women now there'd only actually been 10 women in this series but he included a woman found in Lancashire murdered in Lancashire by the name of Joan Harrison and he talks about in previous letters that there was information which only could be known by the killer that is no doubt that he was born in the Sunderland or the Sunderland area the net to catch him spread far and wide I met a pattern on a cruise who lived in Hampshire and he'd been brought up in the Castletown area where this voice had been identified as coming from he was given a hard time that left a nasty taste but the tape had been analysed by voice experts who were as certain as they could be that the person responsible was spending his formative years in the Castletown area of Sunderland but the experts never said that the person responsible was the killer they weren't qualified but it was an assumption that police made and acted upon it was on billboards in newspapers on the television work played in working men's clubs especially in the Sunderland area there was a dedicated phone line generated more inquiries more paperwork a team of officers from Leeds were sent to work with the counterparts in Weaside they interviewed thousands of people in the Castletown area what it did do overall to the inquiry was eliminate anyone without a North East accent Barbara Leach was the next one Barbara was a student at the University of Bradford and her body was found hidden under some rubbish a discarded body for all the hallmarks of the Ripper attack one of my dearest friends and was actually the family of the years on officer I'm quite sure you've heard that that term family of the years on officer to Barbara's parents who were from the Northampton area they were devastated they probably still are Margarit Walls was the next one a conshinged a civil servant walking home after working late she had never worked late this particular night she did and it was the last time she walked home she was found abandoned the body was just discarded like a piece of garden refuse it wasn't initially thought to be part of the series but she'd been strangled I'll come on to this one now because I think it's the most relevant one Jacqueline Hill was an English student at the University of Leeds and she'd hoped of becoming a probation officer she was found in Headingley in Leeds an area I knew like the back of my hand that I'd travel past it every couple of weeks or so even still many many mistakes were made prior to her body being found I am well aware that this was the part of the talk that the young man who complimented me on giving it was particularly interested in because it covers what I'm about to talk about although I'm not going to cover it it covers the lot of talk that you study, don't you? Yeah, everybody's nodding Well, you should do otherwise you won't be here unless you just know it A handbag had been found with what appeared to be blood stains on it but the scene wasn't searched Inside the handbag was her name and address and she lived less than 100 metres away from where the handbag was found No one went to a house to check on her well-being By anyone's standards this was badly handled there weren't all this one was in particular instead of being quite as being made to trace where Jacqueline was her handbag with blood stains on it was logged into a police station as lost property I know it's of relevance to Jacqueline's mother, Mrs Doreen Hill because she's the one who took the case that ended up at the Supreme Court Jacqueline, of course, was the last victim this is where the incident room was this is Milgar Street police station where my wife and I actually my wife and I met there which is rather a nice thing we met and it's such a long time ago when we've been together ever since that's the only good thing that ever came out of this inquiry but this is a long time back in the 1970s this was a state of the art building state of the art for 1970s and it's now a John Lewis car park in the sense of late progress but when the Ripper investigation was at its height there was such an amount of paperwork inside on the fourth floor of this building that it was in danger the floor was in danger of collapsing they got structural engineers in to test the strength of the floors desks filing cabinets were moved to the outside tables and desks full to capacity with box index systems thousands and thousands of names were in there and of course Sutcliff's name was in there too many times over the main indices were called nominal index for names and vehicle index teams of detectives usually working in pairs very backwards and forwards delivering statements actions of the types of paper information it was a sea of paper it was like Andrew described it was like painting the fourth bridge and it was it was endless one of the busiest people in the police station was the carpenter busy making new wooden index boxes at the height of the inquiry this floor chart showed the comings and goings of the inquiry the incident room was at best manic to the outsider and most detectives and that includes me hated going in there it wasn't pleasant it wasn't a welcoming environment index cards were regularly miss filed names miss spelt and each new inquiry generated a new index it was just a self-propagating monster I mentioned a high site a high site but it's the most appropriate word I can think of these are some examples of some of the many photo outfits that witnesses and victims provided and he of course suck lifts on the top right of this and these are some of the other images the firm they're all not a million miles away from him but when he was interviewed and I'll come on to that in a few minutes he didn't have a wayside accent so he was eliminated on that a reason alone he couldn't possibly send the letters on the tape because he wasn't responsible for them at the end of January and I do apologise for the quality of these photos but these are the best I can get all the proper stuff from the files it's all actually it doesn't bother me there it's worse on mine that's it's my eyes the quality of the photos are not very good at the end of January 1981 two South Yorkshire police officers were on duty in nights they were based in a suburb of Sheffield and one of them the one on the right had only been in the police for seven months and he was being supervised by Bob Ring they saw a card in an area being used by prostitutes on their clients and decided to have a look a PNC police national computer check revealed this big rover as it was the number plates and it showed that it should have been a Skoda Sutcliffe was asked his name and said he was called Peter Williams and was with his girlfriend she was asked to tell the officer who knew her anyway that she was called Olivia Reevers and she was a prostitute but he knew that anyway Sutcliffe was arrested on suspicion of theft of the number plates and he asked to go for a pain some bushes Sergeant Ring was suspicious from the start and he even asked Sutcliffe if he was the orgy ripper and of course he said he wasn't at the police station when they took him back in Sheffield he was sat underneath a series of photofates and the station sergeant said to me said to him you look remarkably like those photofates he said yeah people always say that he was soon to be unmasked he was with a prostitute he resembled the photofates and his card had been disguised by thoughts number plates he was taken to Dewsbury police station in the heavy wool and district of West Yorkshire to be questioned about the theft of the number plates but as a matter of routine the incident room in Leeds were notified they said they were aware of him and he had been eliminated but they were told to get their back sides in gear and get over to Dewsbury to interview this man because of the mix of the audience I cannot possibly say what they were told to do but it wasn't that I'm sure you get the picture but don't need to get excited yet though it didn't have an orthease accent we told the officers at Dewsbury it stole the number plates as his cow wasn't insured which is true he was questioned by the Ripper Squad detectives and he seemed to have an answer for all their questions although he was described as being evasive well, he would be wouldn't he and he was detained for more questioning in the meantime back in Sheffield Sergeant Ring who had been a detective prior to being promoted into as a uniformed sergeant having found out that Sir Cliff was stood in custody went back to the scene of where he'd arrested in the previous night a hunch a gut feeling call it what you want but he looked in the bushes where Sir Cliff had had a pee and he found a hammer and a screwdriver when he went back to the toilets in the police station he was lodged in they had overhead systems back in there I'm sure you've seen pictures of overhead systems not your low flush things these are systems on top stand on the scene and you could lift the lid up and that's exactly what Sir Cliff did in this police station when he asked to go to the toilet in there to hide a knife alarm bells rang the detectives in Leeds were told and Sir Cliff was confronted with this information about what had been found and where it had been found across the table with two very experienced detectives he said to the officers I'm the one you're looking for I'm the Yorkshire Ripper it was over he didn't look like the monster he'd become and being portrayed as but he was polite and softly spoken and he had a Bradford accent he was interviewed over several days and there was no mention of any voices from God and that would come later he told the detectives everything they wanted to hear and added he was responsible for the murder of the civil servant Margaret Walls who had been strangled and he denied the murder of the one impressed and that Mr Holfield, the head of crime was so insistently done for a very good reason he hadn't done it eventually 2008 a DNA swap was taken by from a man we're not DNA taken from a man for a drink driving offence and he was linked to DNA from this particular scene so it most certainly wasn't Sir Cliff these were in his garage which had never properly been searched either but to be fair there are a lot of tools that most people if you're at all handy could have in your garage the end of April 1981 court number one the old bailiw was full to capacity the judge was Mr Justice Borum leading for the prosecution was the attorney general Sir Michael Havers QC who was the father of the actor Nigel Havers Sir Michael was assisted by Mr Harry Oggnall also at Queen's Council the defence was led by James Chadwin and Sydney Levine and the stage was set for the trial of Peter Sir Cliff although it wasn't because Sir Cliff through his barristers told the court he was pleading guilty to manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility Sir Michael Havers for the crown told the court he was willing to accept this and this was based on the statements of four psychiatrists the defence not surprisingly had no objections to this court of action his honour did he was not at all impressed and wanted the evidence to be tested paradox until the intervention of the judge Sir Michael was almost arguing the case for the defence but when the court came back after an interval of six days he started doing the job he was supposed to do and that was arguing that Sir Cliff was mad sorry wrong way around was bad not mad a prison officer from Leeds gave evidence from Leeds prison to the effect that he'd overheard Sir Cliff in conversation with his wife during a supervised visit and he told the court that Sir Cliff had been overheard saying that if he played and I apologise for what I'm about to say it's from its time if he played the lunicad he would go to a secure hospital where the bed had been arranged and came up with that idea Sir Cliff had told psychiatrists that he'd heard voices from God but he must have forgotten to tell police this although he didn't see it because he didn't but by the time Mr Ognall had finished with him he probably wanted to meet his maker face to face sooner rather than later Harry Ognall who I came across as a detective was a legal terrier but a very very nice man too but one of the best barisys I've ever come across in my life but Sir Cliff in the witness box was told to shreds and the medical men didn't escape either the psychiatric evidence was based almost entirely what he told them as the judge had intimated he was found guilty on 13 counts of murder and seven counts of attempted murder and sentenced to life imprisonment this then is the only known photograph of John Humble Humble was the author of the tape you've heard and the letters he was a wreck of a man a lonely alcoholic with a drudge against the police stretching back years in his deluded mind he said he was helping them he lived in Sunderland but he hadn't been interviewed about the Rippertape inquiry but he had nothing to worry about on that score he wasn't the killer he was finally caught in 2005 a long time afterwards thanks to some brilliant detective work and brilliant forensic science work and I'm just about to use the fabulous three initials again DNA he was caught with DNA retrieved from the original envelope I make it sound easy and I've just done that in a few seconds but it was anything but easy they had one go at this I think but unusually for this type of offence he was converted to pervert in the course of justice and he actually received eight years imprisonment I think everybody gave a very large halleluia because that's also a sentence although probably not enough it's quite a lot for pervert in the course of justice he derailed it there's no doubt about that he derailed it and probably caused the deaths of a further three victims I worked on it I mentioned earlier and it's easy for me to say that but I didn't believe the veracity of the tape I honestly didn't neither did most of my colleagues but we were told what the elimination points were the parameters and we had to abide by them and there was nothing nothing else one particular detective was so sure he'd been face-to-face with the ripper ie Sutcliff he put a report in asking for Sutcliff to be arrested but it was ignored because Sutcliff didn't meet the criteria at the time he had a gut feeling and he was a very good detective almost one of the most inspirational people I've ever met in my life is Richard McCann the son of Wilma McCann the first victim Richard's a motivational speaker and a best-selling author he turned his life around in Richard I've seen him give talks to high schools where I'm a governor at on a couple of occasions but his elder sister Sonia the one who led them pipe pipe style back to the house wasn't so lucky after years of torment Sonia finally took her own life let's have a look at Sonia Sonia Sutcliff and the daughter of migrants from Czechoslovakia as it was back in the 1940s early 1950s before she married Sutcliff she'd been diagnosed with schizophrenia and had spent time in a mental hospital was this how Sutcliff came up with the idea lots of people think he was but she provided alibis on every occasion that he was interviewed by the police but to be fair a wife or a partner alibi never really rules anyone out but there seemed to be nothing else to a linking to any of these attacks it was interviewed a total of nine times but on each occasion Sonia provided an alibi almost without exception though it was by different teams of detectives so by the time they got the report back it was found in different places and they were unaware how many times he'd been interviewed Sutcliff was vague when he'd been asked they were aware he'd been interviewed before but no matter what the detectives thought or said there was no escape in the fat he didn't have a weird side accent he was fireproof one of the most asked questions has been did Sonia Sutcliff know what her husband was doing and are dumb but it's a question that a lot of people have their own views on we'll never know for sure the satirical private eye satirical magazine private eye alleged she profited by her husband's murders by selling her story to anyone that would listen and friends of Sutcliff were offered money to sell their stories too and the stories went to the highest bidders this was checkbook journalism at its worst she took private eye to court and she was awarded £600,000 in damages for defamation of character in his lot the editor of private eye then famously stood on the steps of the high court in London after the award had been made and said if that's justice then I'm a banana on appeal that the amount was massively reduced but the question will never go away over a quarter of a million people were interviewed 150,000 of vehicles checked and in modern terms it probably cost about £30 million it was unprecedented as far as human costs are concerned it's impossible to quantify every single family of each victim suffer their own loss their own grief and their own what might that be it goes on to this day it's never ending Oldfield died two years after re-attiring and he was a broken man was he another indirect victim on the subject of indirect victims I found out further recently one of my mentors when I was a young detective took his own life a few years after the Jacqueline Hill murder he had supervised the uniformed sergeant who had decided to enter this particular handbag into lost property and he couldn't live with himself he hanged himself in his garage and I only found that out less than two years ago the uniformed sergeant whom I knew and worked with on one occasion went on to have a stellar career in the police service a home office report a home office inquiry was carried out under the leadership of Slaweron's Byford who was the chief and majesties inspector of constabulary and Hedrell lessons were learned that's for certain but it had to be a blame game with no stone left unturned one of Byford's many many conclusions were the last three murders could and should have been prevented because too much emphasis was placed on the tape incident rooms were chased forever Holmes the home office large major inquiry system was launched and Holmes 2 that linked forces was instigated in 1999 I hope we'll never see the lights again I don't think we will thanks to the advances in technology and policing we never will Sutcliff was a sexual sadist who gained gratification through the act of killing it's as simple as that no woman was safe from him between 1969 until 1980 the story is now confined to history books and theatres like this one but from the families who still wonder what might have been Sutcliff will never ever be released having been made the subject of a whole life Tariff is in what I call the proper prisoners in HMP Durham always been for the last HMP Franklin sorry in Durham now calls himself Peter Coonan I don't care what he calls himself what I do care about is the victims and their surviving relatives but for the victims him being where he is is the best it's the only justice that can ever have thank you for listening


I'll get a high off of just freaking people out. You have to figure out other ways to make strong art. How do you create something that's also new?  I never moved nothing. I just abandoned it all for this. I came out here. I thought what was going to be for three days. But I never went back, you know?  Hi, baby! Good to see you! What'd you like, man? What did you use? What'd you like?  I never moved nothing. I never got my guitars. I never got my books. I never got my clothes. I never got my dog. I never got my girlfriend. I never got my house. I just abandoned it all for this. We don't fuss with the coffee too much here. I moved it first. I know Jamie might give you a different version of this. So, yeah, I... I was in Oakland and I was looking in the Craigslist and I found an ad. It said, Lower East Side Restaurant for Sale. And Liz was living here at the time. I said, check it out. I remember walking down the street in April, I think. And the sun was hitting it and I was like, that's it. I know that this is like the right spot. And she talked to Mohamed Koudabeda, the guy who run the falafel stand, who's infamous for the... What's that man's name? I can't put my finger on it. That's my mom, my mom, Mohamed. I bought the place for Mohamed Koudabeda in the Wien video. I mean, he's well liked. He gets excited about life. Hi, come in. You know, he doesn't talk to you like a businessman. He doesn't talk to you like, you know, he talks to you like you're his friend. What'd you like? Like it was a era of coffee where, boy, if anybody had any knowledge about coffee, they wanted you to know it. You want sugar in the ice cream? I think I treat people like you would want people to treat your own mom, you know, don't treat them snobby because they want to put sugar in their espresso.  You know what I mean? My first time at a brazo, I thought the guy is too friendly. He doesn't understand New York. First sip, I was like, this is the best ice coffee I've ever tasted. And that was it. A lot of people, like, let their guard down and they feel comfortable enough to talk to somebody else. I'm like one arm touching the machine and one arm out the window and the other way is not much larger. People say it was like being in a subway car.  All I ever wanted to do all this time was open my own coffee shop. Since high school, what are you looking at? I became a coffee fanatic before I ever worked in coffee. Sleeping in my station wagon so I can go to the med in the morning. And then I finally, you know, after all those years, I got a job there. Every place I ever worked at kind of got me where I am now. That was college for me. That's studying with the masters, man. All right, see you late night. Or when you're on. Bye. So I started the shop in 2007. Now I'm opening a new place across the street. It's gonna be beautiful and I'm very happy about it and I really lament leaving this place because this place has been home for 10 years. And I have a baby coming in a couple of days. It's all beautiful stuff. I need a fireball. This might be one of the last times I shut these windows. It's not the last time, but it's one of the last. It truly is. Like maybe the last, and I'm not gonna cry about it. I mean, I don't think we've lost anything. I think we've gained when we opened the smaller bra. So it was just me and Jamie and then Lily grew up in that small space. And now it's Lily Amateo and us here. Gives me a place to hang out with my daughter.  Liz is about 60% of this place.  Part of the reason why we met and why we got along is because I brought him food when I first met him. She brought me some olive cookies and I thought that that was insane. My food always went really well with the coffee he made. So there is something just about balancing the two pallets. There you go. See you guys later. What Jamie and Liz offer is much more than coffee. They offer a good chunk of community. I want you just to take it for granted 100%. Walk in, give me two bucks. You get a great espresso. All you need to worry about.  It's not your problem and it's not your responsibility to know why.  I just want you to listen to the grooves. Have a good coffee. Have a good time. That's it. One day I was sitting in a Brasso and it just kind of vibe in the place. I think the lights might have even been out. The song Akela Brasso, come on. And it just hit me. I was like, that's it. That's totally it, man. And then I emailed a friend of mine who's a big coffee guy. He kind of belittled the idea and said, oh, hugs. I was like, no. A Brasso is not a hug. It's an embrace. Hugs are for bears. A Brasso is where we're going.


Okay, so now we're, I think a moment's presentation is done. We're going to go to a debate format. So I'm going to take a few minutes to state the case for gold as money, and then I'll be able to state the case for Bitcoin as money, and we'll have two rounds of rebalo, and then lunch. So let's talk about gold a little bit and why it's the best form of money. And I certainly agree that anything can be money. Various times, various places of feathers have been money. Clamshells have been money. So I don't doubt that Bitcoin is money. I dispute the fact that Bitcoin is a kind of money, and Roman gave the three-part definition. He said maybe we're two and a half parts of three. I would satisfy that, but I'll give Bitcoin the benefit of the doubt, so it'll get to all three. But let's, we'll come back in the next round, but just talk about gold a little bit. The first thing about gold, it's important to understand, it is genuinely scarce. You know, you've probably heard of what are called rare earths, rare earths are special minerals that are used in various technological applications. They're found in very low density different places around the earth. Well, gold is far more rare than rare earths. Rare earths are actually plentiful. The reason the cold rare earths is because the amount of ore you have to dig up to get a little bit of it is huge. They're scarcely thinly distributed, but they're actually around the different quantities. Whereas gold is genuinely scarce, but the entire effort of the mining industry on a worldwide basis in that effort has been extensive the last 10 years because the price of gold has gone up so much. I should say the dollar price of gold has gone up so much in the last 10 years. All that output adds about one and a half percent to the stock every year. So it's estimated there are about 165,000 tons of gold in the world. So that goes up about one and a half percent a year. So really just a few thousand tons, about two to 3,000 tons every year. That's important because the economy is growing at a certain pace and gold were everywhere. It would be very unstable as a store value. The dollar price of gold would be a lot more volatile. It wouldn't be very valuable as a store of wealth. That's one of the three-part definition, but that scarcity is very important. And actually there's feedback between production and scarcity. People say, well, what about the California gold of Russia of 1849, where the gold came into the market all once and that's true, and there were some major discoveries in the late 19th century. But what happens is that when you have that much gold coming on the market quickly, and that has been rare throughout history, it has happened, but it's very rare. It causes inflation. If gold is money and you put a lot of money in the system quickly, you do get an inflationary spike, which makes the money, you know, temporarily less valuable, but then you get into periods of scarcity.  The converse is true and appears where deflation, where gold is more valuable, that attracts more people to mining. You know, they say that imitation is a sincerest form of flattery. I think it's interesting that in the Bitcoin world, they've actually used the term mining to describe what's going on. A lot of Bitcoin was patterned on gold in the sense that it was going to be scarce. These bitcoins can only be created very slow. Patiently, more and more computing power to produce them. It's exactly like the capital investment that goes into mining to produce gold. So the Bitcoin creators were consciously imitating gold and gold production, gold mining, to create what they've done. Second thing about gold, it's an element. It's atomic number 79. Gold is gold. It's not anything else. So you look at other commodities, good people say, well, gee, couldn't you have an oil standard or couldn't you have a grain standard or a corn or wheat standard, et cetera? The answer is you could. But those things all come in various grades. I mean, oil, and we talk about West Texas and Brandon's benchmark prices, but there are actually 70 or 80 major grades of oil around the world depending on viscosity and sulfur content and other variables. Same thing with corn, if you trade corn futures in the Chicago futures market. They have very detailed specifications about what kind of corn you're allowed to deliver and it can't have certain impurities and et cetera. That's not a problem with gold. It's an element, it is what it is. So there's no such thing as near-gold or crop-gold or pseudo-gold. I mean, you can make 14-carat gold. That just means you put an alloy in. It's not all gold. So uniformity is very important. Gold has very, really about the reasons why it's money good. Has very high density.  So when you put a gold coin in your hand, it weighs a lot what it does. I happened to pick up a 400 ounce bar recently. It was in Switzerland a couple of weeks ago and it's, I have a picture and he's smiling, but we don't see the pictures. I was straining to hold it up. It's a 25 pound free weight, just a small 400 ounce bar. So it has a density, which means you get a lot of value for the weight. It's scarce, dense, pure. It's malleable. Gold is very easy to work with. So if you want to coin it or shape it or turn it into valuable objects, that's fairly easy to do. People talk about the industrial uses of gold. I say there aren't any, there are some. They use it to coat space helmets and they use it in sort of electronic applications. And people, official statistics count jewelry as a different use of gold than money, but I dispute that. To me, jewelry is just money that you wear. You go to India and you look at the gold necklaces. It's very pretty, it's attractive, but that's really the wealth and net worth of the individual that happens to be worn kind of decoratively around their neck. Same thing with a watch or a bracelet and so forth. So it has these characteristics, you know, uniformity, density, malleability. It's nice to look at and it's pretty. That's not a big part of the case, but you know, it's a nice sort of benefit. But above all, what gold really has is longevity. It has been money good throughout the entire history of civilization. Now it wasn't always coined and used as money, but it has always had a value. It's always been considered a source of wealth. The sources are historical, the biblical, archeological. I don't think we need to spend a lot of time on that. I think that's fairly evident. People said that there's not enough gold to support finance and world trade. That's a sort of a reasonable objection. There's always enough gold. It's a question of price. There may not be enough gold at $1,200 an ounce, but there's plenty of gold at $10,000 an ounce. That was part of the presentation I did earlier. So there's always enough gold. You just have to get the price right if you're trying to support money supply. And the last point I would make, and we're gonna have some time for rebuttals, but you can have discretionary monetary policy combined with a gold standard. People say, well, if we have a gold standard and there's a financial panic or a crisis or a depression and you need to create money, what are you gonna do? There's not only so much gold, you're sort of feeding the deflation. We talked a little bit about that. Well, you can have a gold standard, gold back money, and a discretionary monetary policy side by side. But what you have to do is hold your feet to the fire in terms of monetary policy by conducting open market operations of gold. You have to be willing to stand up to the market. So let's say you want to set the price of gold at $5,000 an ounce. What a central bank has to do in that world is not just dictate that, but actually say, okay, gold is $5,000 an ounce. I am a seller and a buyer. I'm a buyer at $49.95 and a seller at $50.50. And if you think gold is cheap, come and get it. We'll ship it to you right out of Fort Knox.  So you have to stand up to the marketplace. So now you've got this financial panic. You want to print a lot of money to ease the situation. You can do that, but you'll find out very quickly by people's behavior whether they believe you or not. If that's good policy and people support it, they will not come down and buy all your gold. They'll say, you're doing the right thing. If you're abusing privilege, if you're trying to create a place, if you're trying to destroy wealth, if you're trying to steal savings, then people won't trust you and they'll say, yes, I'll take the gold, thank you very much. So that's how open market operations combined with discretionary monetary policy can work side by side using price signals, which is a very Austrian concept, to guide your monetary policy to tell you if you're on the right track or not. So just to summarize, it's got its uniform grade, its atomic element, it's malleable, it's dense, it's got a long historical track record, it's flexible, and at the end of the day, it's tangible. If you have physical gold in your possession, you have money that does not rely on any degree of trust. If you have it in a bank, you're trusting the bank, if you have it in GLD form, you have it on a comax future, you're trusting the exchange, you're trusting some other party, but if you have physical gold in your possession, you didn't lose the leverage to buy it so the bank can't come and take it away. That's money with no element of trust of any third party, it's the ultimate form of money and the foundation of all other kinds of money. So I'm gonna turn it over to you. I believe in gold, I own a little bit of gold, but I'm gonna live up to my responsibility and try to tell you why Bitcoin is better, but I think they're both great. First I'm gonna argue about physical gold and then comment on electronic representations of gold. And when I argue about physical gold, remind that of a joke that was told by Guido Holtzman who many of you know at an economics conference that I attended, and the joke involves that economists, the physicist and a chemist washed up on some desert island with a can of beans and the physicist said, let's smash it open and the chemist says, no, let's heat it until it pops open and the economist says, no, no, I have a better idea, let's assume we have a can opener. So I think the argument for physical gold has a similar assumption embedded in it. It kind of assumes that we have a free market for money and that if you wanna just go and trade these gold tokens or if you wanna take them across borders or do whatever, use them however you want without anyone's permission that that will be allowed, but it's not allowed. Bitcoin is very much a reaction to the state and the state's impositions on money. And Bitcoin's advantages over physical gold to me seem fairly obvious. So you can transport it anywhere in the world almost instantly for free. It's easier to verify it. There have never been fraudulent Bitcoins. It's more divisible.  Every Bitcoin is divisible down to eight decimal places. And we heard that physical gold requires no trust. Sort of. I mean, you're trusting society against physical aggressions against your property or it's easier to hide Bitcoin than it is to hide gold and it's easier to transport Bitcoin than it is to transport gold. So in some ways Bitcoin requires less trust than physical gold. But I think the more interesting comparison is to talk about electronic representations of gold which have existed in the past back when entrepreneurs were allowed to do that. And I think the biggest rival to Bitcoin will come, I hope it comes in my lifetime, but it'll come when the fiat system is dead and buried and entrepreneurs aren't afraid of engineering gold to behave like Bitcoin. Then you can have, then you can do with gold everything that you do with Bitcoin from the user's point of view, you could send it across boundaries for free and trust that some company is just keeping the accounts accurate in a vault somewhere far away. This is how e-gold functioned before all their gold was seized. It was one of the largest seizures of physical gold ever. But even then, even then there is still a case to be made for Bitcoin because I don't know if their e-gold's vaults were in Costa Rica or somewhere in the United States. I don't know where they kept it but that's still a physical risk of someone coming in and taking the gold. No such risks exists with Bitcoin. You're still trusting a third party if you use electronic gold whereas Bitcoin is person to person, no third party whatsoever. E-gold had an annual peak of about, or had in their decade of existence the most annual transactions were about a billion and that was right before they were shut down. Bitcoin is already doing 200 million a day. So if you add that up, it comes out to like seven trillion something. So would somebody trust a business, electronic gold business enough that they would build additional software and internet infrastructure to support the exchange of their currency? Bitcoin is a protocol and it has no owner and that's very attractive to software developers and I think that's why there's so much more action on Bitcoin than there ever was with e-gold. Relying on that third party also creates the potential for a Google Reader problem. A Google Reader was a very popular reader that people would get their news from but it belonged to Google and when they decided they wouldn't support it anymore and they shut it down. Why would programmers, why would programmers build infrastructure on top of the next e-gold when it's controlled by someone? I'm not saying they won't. I'm just saying that even in such a situation, there's still a case to be made for Bitcoin which would not belong to anybody and which would be peer to peer with no trusted third parties. Last point I wanna make, you believe, most of us believe or at one point believe that money should be a commodity but I think even more fundamentally we believe that markets choose their money. Markets choose their money and I think when we see the flight from the dollar, that network effect that we saw in the earlier presentation, I think the door is wide open for Bitcoin in a way that it is not open for gold. I don't know of any restaurants that accept gold. I don't know of any place where you could buy electronics for gold. There's a libertarian conference that happens every year in New Hampshire called Pork Fest and they really try to live absent the state and with that in mind, they used to trade it in silver. They're a little bizarre that they set up. This is a very small anecdotal example and I may be guilty of a confirmation bias but they had a little market at this conference every year where they traded in silver. This past year, no silver whatsoever, it was all in Bitcoin. So I'll leave it at that for now. We'll do a few minutes of rebuttal and then back over to Roman for the last word. So this conference is called Intellectual Minds which implies a certain broad-mindedness or open-mindedness and I think Roman is definitely a lot more open-minded than I am because he said he owns gold in Bitcoins and I own gold. So he's a little more forward-leaning in that regard. A couple of things about Bitcoin specifically. One thing that's overlooked is that, is Bitcoin a form of money? Sure, is it a kind of money? I don't dispute that but it's not state money and here we have to go back to the state money theory which has really evolved in Germany in the early 1920s later called chartillism today runs under the banner of modern monetary theory but says the money derives its value from the fact that the state can require it in the form of taxes under pain of death and the extreme case. And so the problem with Bitcoin is if you buy your Bitcoins for $100 equivalent and you cash them in or exchange them for $200 of goods and services under certainly US tax code in the UK and I think most countries, you have a $100 gain in that example. You bought the Bitcoin for $100, you swapped it for something that was worth $200, you have a $100 gain, leave aside whether that's an ordinary income or a capital gain, you have to put that on your tax return and you have to pay dollar taxes on the gain. I dare say that there are practically no Bitcoin users in the world except in Roman who are actually tax compliant who are actually doing this on their tax returns which means that all the Bitcoin users are tax evaders which is a felony in most jurisdictions. For people who don't think that the government's watching I would refer them to a gentleman named Snowden I think now residing in Russia who has told us enough about the NSA capabilities and their encryption capabilities and decryption capabilities. We also have an IRS scandal in the US which shows that the IRS has been perverted to do selective politically based enforcement. So I think what's going on is that between the NSA and the IRS and Oregon's the US government and the Inland Revenue and your general headquarters I think is what they call the R equivalent of the NSA are watching all this and someday sooner than later hundreds of thousands of people if not millions of people around the world are going to get deficiency notices from the tax authorities saying we've observed the following transactions we've also observed that you didn't put this on your tax return, come in and give us an explanation of course you're all felons at that point and if you happen to be on the wrong side of the political divide you might be subject to incarceration so that's coming just kind of put that down as a warning and one reason to think hard about Bitcoin. I'm actually very serious when I say that. The other thing is that I talked about anything being a form of money. By the way, we're all familiar with what's called the straw man argument where you create a straw man so you can go knock it down and say see I knocked down that straw man. I thought it was interesting that Roman spent two thirds of his time talking about the deficiencies of e-gold. I never mentioned e-gold. Don't advocate e-gold. Roman basically put up a straw man that he attacked. I'm not talking about e-gold. I'm not talking about comics futures. I'm not talking about GLD. I'm not talking about ETFs. I'm talking about gold. So gold is no one's liability. I think no one's done a better job than the Austrians at pointing that out. It's the only form of money that's not a liability. You say what's a dollar or a pound sterling? You know, I learned in the first week of law school if you have a contract you're supposed to read the contract. Take a dollar bill out of your wallet. Take a pound sterling and look at what it says. Look at the writing. That's the contract. It says it's a note. It's a Bank of England note or in the case of US dollars a Federal Reserve note. Where I went to law school a note is a liability. Indeed, if you look at the balance sheet of a central bank the money that they've created is listed on the liability side of the balance sheet. So it has no interest and has no maturity but you can think of money as a perpetual non-interest bearing liability of a central bank and these days the central banks are actually insolvent. So there the amount of trust in using that as a form of money is extremely high. On the recent clamshells and feathers and other media of exchange were accepted as money was because others in the system trusted that they had value. I would take a clamshell as money because I trusted that when I wanted to spend that somebody else would take the clamshell as well. That works fine in communities. It works fine in tribes. It works fine on a limited scale where the trust is high but the minute you broaden the community so that you're no longer into our contact with people you're relying on a degree of trust that may be misplaced. So Bitcoin is really a global community at this stage. I expect that will grow but you're trusting Saki Moto whether he was an individual or a team whether he was working for Google, we're not quite sure but the creators of Bitcoin, we don't know that there aren't so-called trap doors or hidden aspects of the code and an open source so you'll probably figure that out sooner or later but finally the ultimate trust is that when will you want your money the most? Let's call it your store wealth and let's refer specifically to gold. When will you want it the most? You'll want it the most when society is at its worst. In other words if things are good somehow the Fed starts printing money and the dollar stabilizes. By the way I'm often labeled as a gold bug I'm actually not a gold bug I spend a lot of time reading and writing researching and talking about gold. I'm a bit of an old school imperialist I favor a strong dollar the so-called King dollar policy. The problem is it's not what we have. I may favor it but my preference is irrelevant. The policy of the United States is to weaken the dollar that's why I lean to gold but at the end of the day if society actually collapses your gold will be money good and by the way as you roll for silver as well not to change it up but that's an answer to the domination problem I recommend people have a what we call a monster box 501 ounce American silver igles so you think of silver as fractional gold so you don't have to sit there with a file and kind of chip off little pieces of your gold coins I agree that a gold coin in that world is probably years worth of groceries not a week's worth of groceries so there might be a roll for silver there but at the end of the day you don't have to trust anyone to find your value in gold and Roman talked about Bitcoin being kind of outside the power of the state that really is wishful thinking the state is watching, they're waiting for you they control the portals you probably if you're a Bitcoin user you're probably a tax evader and last time I checked the last time I checked the state runs the power grid and good luck with your Bitcoins when the power goes out it was some hacktivist Mark Amberg if I remember his name I think I have his name wrong but he said government may be a violence on monopoly but violence can't do math I think Bitcoin is outside the control of the state the role of the state is not it has a huge impact both on the price and the usage of Bitcoin all the big companies in America Amazon, Google, Apple they're waiting to see what the state will do the recent drop in the Bitcoin price from about 1200 to about 700 came after the Chinese version of Google the Chinese equivalent of Google said that they would stop accepting Bitcoin they did that after the the state sort of limited the legal usage of Bitcoin so it has a huge impact but I think it's just a question of whether it's going to be a a white market or a black gray market and certainly if the dollar starts to go you know you want to be in the black gray market I mean just to pay the you know inflation like if there is serious inflation your taxes will go through the roof because if you buy something for a day and sell it tomorrow it will have doubled in price so it's not irrelevant but I think it is outside the control of the state what they do now is they watch the exchanges I buy my Bitcoins the most recent ones on an American exchange where I'm registered with my name and bank account and I have warned my accountant that I will be about all that but those are just the choke points into and out of the Bitcoin system and because the choke points are guarded most people want to stay in in Bitcoin because they don't want to pass through those choke points again they want Bitcoins so they can exchange without without having to ask the permission of any bank without the approval of any state and I think that's why it's going to spread there was one more thing power oh right well I think without power the you know the legacy what I like to call the legacy banking system maybe that's wishful thinking but I think without power the legacy banking system will be out out of luck just as much as Bitcoin and when the power comes back on the the blockchain is still there so I wouldn't worry about that and uh... and I think that that's that's mostly it I mean I guess the the amount of time I spent on on e-gold was just because I thought the advantages over physical gold were were fairly obvious more transportable you know more verifiable more divisible maybe we should want to take questions now maybe that'll trigger some more good discussions so so maybe please ask which one of us should should answer the question and uh... and then ask the question will share the mic thank you hopefully you'll be able to enlighten me just on a question that I have first of all as many of you will know uh... Carl Manger wrote a book on the origin of money and he in his theory which Mises then built upon was that money has to have its origin in the marketplace as two important words as a consumer good so both of these two words are important consumer as in it is precious for reason in and of itself all the different types of money in history of a consumer gold worn as jewelry but also as a good Manger also defines good as having four characteristics the most important of which is so i have a question with regards the scarcity this digital currency not that we all understand that it is mind and it is released at a certain period of time but the fact that the what makes bitcoin and scarce is its uniqueness and that is it was the first digital currency to be released as far as I'm aware but what is stopping multiple other new digital currencies being created um... well you don't have infinitely many but there are uh... hundreds i think there's around two or three hundred alternatives to bitcoin they're collectively known as alt coins uh... and they've been a great playground for experimentation uh... one of the funniest ones is called fry coin which i call kenzie in coins because it's creator had the idea that you need to spend your money or else it's bad for the economy so they depreciate in value if you hold on to them too long uh... others others are tied up with uh... one can be a new uh... a new protocol for the ownership of domain names there's one called name coin uh... right now if uh... you know say the the government wants to seize the domain property and freedom society dot org if uh... if those if the if it was property and freedom society dot and it's it's the ownership of the domains was regulated by name coin they would be non-seasable uh... another one is uh... is called prime coin and in their mining algorithms they do something that's potentially useful for mathematics they generate very big prime numbers for the math mathematicians to play with okay i'm getting off on a tangent just because i love this topic uh... scarcity okay uh... right and minger okay so scarcity i think there are many metaphors for for bitcoin i think one of the best ones is a big ledger and you're renting space in this ledger so it's not scarcity in the commodity sense but it's it's maybe scarcity in in the service sense and i think if you wanted to make things like the uh... like missus's regression uh... regression theorem work with bitcoin you have to do a little bit of of gymnastics and argue that it's a service and not a commodity and it's a service that predates bitcoin you know before bitcoin came on the scene i'd paid uh... thirty dollars for wire transfers from one country to another i i paid uh... uh... what is it uh... two point something percent for paypal transactions or credit cards take their percentage so so a demand for this service does predate the existence of bitcoin and then bitcoin arrives think of it not as a coin but as a ledger and you rent space in this ledger in order to use it for the sending of money and i think that's the best way to square bitcoin with with missus and manger but i'm also not sure if that how valuable an exercise that is because they were very much engaged in in you know untangling all the mediums of exchange of their day which is why i i think the colloquial definition of money is best thank you just to add uh... to what roma says i actually think bitcoin passes the scarcity test maybe too well because it has a limit is it twenty four million is the twenty one million or so bitcoin the way the algorithm is set up that you won't be able to produce anymore after that now the problem with that is it's highly uh... deflationary if you measure the price of goods in bitcoin in other words if you cap out the amount of bitcoin but the economy continues to grow the value of the bitcoin will go up uh... enormously so eventually you know in the extreme one bitcoin would be able to buy an entire country with it because the economy would have grown to the point where you know that the bitcoins are fixed so they may have to solve that problem but it gets back to the community that roman described a lot of people object to the gold standard and i would distinguish a gold standard from gold because gold is just money and if you have it you have money you have a store well but a gold standard is this is a system where you take a paper shit you know in effect a warehouse receipt but probably not that good that's fixed to golds is golden vault and we circulate paper and the paper has some fixed relationship to the gold and you trust that but the history is that countries abuse the trust they periodically devalue the currency uh... they'll confiscate the gold they'll do various things to break that trust that's happened over over again that's an objection to a gold standard it's a valid objection but yeah the same objection with regard to bitcoin there's nothing stopping the bitcoin community from getting together you know online or in cyberspace and can essentially say you know twenty one million is too low we really ought to have forty million bitcoin because that's more practical so that could happen it's not happening yet because we're not at that limit but these are the kind of things when i say you have to trust the community and trust the evolution trust the power grid trust governments is a lot of trust of people you don't know that go into bitcoin and one of my reservations is i'm not a bitcoin hater i'm i've read the papers read the papers roman has i'm familiar with it i think the technology school the encryption school i like open source uh... so i say go for it i don't know anything i don't recommend it to clients uh... probably because it doesn't have a kind of track record that i look for when i want to allocate wealth let me just add to that briefly uh... the uh... deflation problem if you consider it a problem is actually made worse by losses of bitcoins you can search for losses of bitcoins and read some painful stories about people who had hundreds of thousands of bitcoins and either threw away a computer or or uh... lost their their wallets or something like that it's actually worse but with each one divisible down to one hundred million pieces uh... i don't think that's a problem and uh... with the community support the changing of the protocol to expand to forty million or eighty million uh... they would they would not if it would cheapen the bitcoins they currently own but if it was if the if it was a problem and people were abandoning bitcoins altogether then they would choose that to save the value of their coins but that's a long way away yes david well if you uh... if you buy gold at a level and you exchange it for business services at a different level you have to put that on your tax return that's not what people do what they do you know what what they do is they i don't mean they don't report on a tax return what they do is you buy gold for dollars uh... and then when you if you need dollars you sell the gold for dollars and use the dollars to pay your bills and yeah that's that's the taxable gain you put that on your tax return so i don't think it's any any magic there is no different than buying IBM at a hundred and selling at a two hundred you have a hundred dollar gain so there's probably some tax evasion and uh... yeah across the board but i think uh... gold is uh... you know you're in and out of the dollar system it's let me put it this way there are very few people evading taxes in gold who don't know what they're doing i think the problem with bitcoin is a lot of people just haven't thought about the problem that my experience the followers of bitcoin are libertarians and technophiles not necessarily economist or traders and so i i think in a lot of cases it's just naivety they can't put us all in jail um... can you help me with the difference between consumer and producer good oh yeah uh... well i i that's a good question uh... the the service i would classify at the same as the the service of money transmission uh... so however you would put that i actually i i i i don't know i i would love to defer to our austrian scholars in the room on that question but i don't know uh... you did ref remind me of an earlier point if you allow me to escape from that question uh... you mentioned mangers definition of money being a good that exists on the market and i was very happy to hear that because uh... i didn't know that he used those words because when mises describes it he uses the word physical commodity so that spoils it right there but uh... i'm i'm glad that manger just said a good that exists on the market because then if you want to do them and mental gymnastics you can say that it's uh... it's packaging a service as a money i still think this is maybe not a very important game because we're we're dealing with archaic definitions more questions this is uh... the tough crowd that take issue with austrian tenants but uh... i've suggested there are things in the world other than producer and consumer goods uh... and one of them is the rule of law uh... and the rule of law is civilizations alternative to violence in other words absolute law through through most of history wealth was created at a very very slow pace uh... a little bit here and there are some from trade some from your mining and and agriculture but wealth grew very slowly the way you got a lot of wealth was was through violence you uh... you know uh... thirty years war uh... crusades uh... uh... nightly uh... combat uh... you know the norman invasion you name it but the way you got wealth vikings raids we got wealth is by stealing from other people and killing them in the process uh... it's only really with the industrial revolution that we got better at creating wealth as opposed to stealing wealth but part of that evolution on and off as the rule of law i would put money uh... my definition of money would be uh... contractualism theory rather than austrian theory or a monitorist theory or chartlism which is the state power of money uh... i would advance a contractual theory which is really a subset of law and saying that money is part of the rule of law one of the ways that societies facilitate commerce and wealth creation without violence and in that regard bitcoins for money yeah everything about bitcoin is it's code and any any good programmer can go and read all of it at this point i will say that there are no secrets in the bitcoin code there are no backdoors uh... like it could be that some guy with a a gigantic brain is gonna figure out how to crack elliptic curve cryptography but this is like that's some serious you know scholarly work to break that kind of cryptography but even then the blockchain still exists we know who owns who owned what bitcoins so at worst it's a disruption and they'll switch to a different type of cryptography but those are you know the types of crypto use in bitcoin that they've been under academic scrutiny for for decades how can somebody stop it from being counterfeited from being recreated oh okay but by counterfeiting it seems like you're referring to making a bitcoin too that does the same thing in parallel those already exist there are hundreds of uh... of those but within the bitcoin system nobody has ever sent the same bitcoin twice and had it accepted so that when we when i was talking about counterfeiting and and better of verifiability than gold that's what i meant within the ledger that is bitcoin nobody has ever made fraudulent transactions or sent bitcoins they didn't own or anything like that other questions great thank you for your attention


Armenia  1800 nm.  Continuing  isn't it that there is no guarantee that you haven't taken a video? It's just a coincidence!  ключunta  religious Water What can you do? What can you do? ʄʀəʀhʁ ʲ ᴏᴏᴏʀᴏʀᴏ ʷʀᴏʀʀ ᴏᴏʀᴏʀᴏʀ ʸᴏʀ ʠʰʷᴏʀᴏʀᴏʀ ʠʰʰᴏʀʀʀᴏʀ, ։։։։։։։։ ։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։։ $11! Now, prix double I can run I can enjoy I can enjoy I can sing Today, is 1st day of a degree of having high school the school is open different schools ʋI can run. ʋI can jog. ʋI can sing. ʋI can sing. ʋLicking at you, ʋAlexa ʋnot ʋmizl-i-mʃtʒʋluent. ʋAhonwed ʋananim ʋmelis. ʋLilut tʃim kasa ei-nallet. Okay. Say these sounds after me. jj,ump, jump, ump, stump. I can jump over so many things. Hey, let's go take a walk. I can walk, I can walk, I can walk, walk, walk. I can jump over so many things. I can jump over that. This is a stump. Stump. I can jump over a stump. I can run. I can run. Max, stop the video. Stop the video, the show is over. But Anna, look at your face. Max, say goodbye. Goodbye. See you next time. I can jump. I can jump. I can save.


So my career started, I would say in the same time as I joined the Pratt College because I was doing a bit of a design, but I knew that combining school and work is important, as I said. But I was accepted as an intern to IBM and I was a graphic designer for three months. And after the three-month internship, I joined IBM as a part-time designer. And I was working closely with professionals and designers. Also people from IT sector, marketers, which gave me a broad knowledge about how is the real life. What is it like to be in a company? What is it like to be in a huge company like IBM and the corporate? So that was very beneficial for me. I found the job literally in a minute because I just typed a graphic designer, Prague, into the most popular search engine. And I applied for the first post and within a few months I was basically employed.


Hi everyone Sean with jaspyscasebreaks.com here doing 2020 Bowman draft sapphire five box break pick your team number 12 from jaspyscasebreaks.com where we're giving away the Detroit Tigers So how to be entered to win buy two or more teams in this break get entered to win no max entries Two teams one entry four teams two entries six teams three entries, etc. If you only buy one team, you will not be entered 32 cards per box all card ship all cards are penny sleeved Looking for these colored parallels Two per box. So here's our customer list and the corresponding teams and The way we're gonna figure out how how many people he had two or more teams We're gonna copy the customer list here and paste it alphabetize so Aaron With one spot Eric with one Joe one Joe M with one John Josh one Josh P or sorry Josh B Josh P Joshua L whole bunch of Josh was Josh's Mark with three Matt one Nicholas of one There you go 12 spots tonight around this one Copy and paste that there from Nicholas back up to Aaron dice roll name on top after three and a four seven times Seventh and final time congratulations Joe Medeiros You got yourself the Tigers for this five box break So the randomizer worked your way now. Let's see if the boxes do as well So here are the five boxes Hands selected for this break and our final list last Bob Mojo Joshua Browning Baltimore Orioles Good luck sir. Yellow and orange to start Milan Tolentino for the Indians Nick Sweeney for the Giants Anthony Volpe Yankees Caden Polkovich Mariners CJ Abrams Padres Jordan and wogu for the Cubs hunter Bishop for the Giants Austin Hendrick for the Reds Josh young for the Rangers Sammy and Fonte for the Nationals Kyle Isbell for the Rockies or no, sorry Royals Connor Phillips Mariners Mitchell Parker Nationals Hudson Haskin for the Orioles Ryan Murphy for the Giants and Casey Martin for the Carson Tucker Indians Christian Chamberlain Royals Jordan Westburg Orioles Daniel Espino Indians Cole Henry Nationals Jay Groom Red Sox Casey Schmidt Giants Reese Hines Reds Logan Gilbert Mariners Isaiah Green Mets Riley Green Tigers Jeff Criswell A's Marco Raya twins and Tanner Burns for the Indians our first color Milan Tolentino to 99 Cleveland Indians go into Joshua Lucas and bam Spencer Torkelson orange Out of 25 for the Detroit Tigers and Joe Madero's There you go Joe very nice Joe won the Tigers all for having at least two teams In the break now you got yourself an orange sapphire 25 Spencer Torkelson That's pretty good. Congrats, man. Aqua sold for 1300 Aqua's out of 20 that's out of 25 There we go Price and stop for the Phillies Jackson Miller Reds Jackson Rutledge Nationals Gilbert Oh, he meant is for the Red Sox Marco Luciano Giants to co-robi Rangers Matthew Libertura Cardinals Sammien Fonte Nationals Kyle Isbell Royals Connor Phillips for the Mariners Mitchell Parker for the Nationals Hudson Haskin Orioles Ryan Murphy for the Giants and Casey Martin for the Phillies Hey, we got four boxes to do it Jack Longan Rockies Evan Carter Rangers Zach Britton Blue Jays CJ Venek Blue Jays Spencer Strider Braves Jared Schuster Braves Shane McClanahan Reyes Patrick Bailey Giants Brendan Davis Cubs Bryce Bowden for the Reds Hunter Green for the Reds Holden Powell for the Nationals Adley Rushman Orioles Tyler Brown for the Astros Ryan Rollison for the Rockies Justin Lang for the Padres and speaking of the Aqua Tristan Lutz Aqua for the Brewers 5 out of 20 Jersey number Milwaukee Brewers Mark Bissette and Garrett Crochet to 99 for the White Sox and Eric Ainge Orange and yellow Oswald Paraza Yankees Pete Crow Armstrong Ford the Mets Joe Christensen Bryson Stop for the Phillies Jackson Miller for the Reds Jackson Rettlage Nationals Alberto Menez Red Sox Marco Luciano for the Giants and Zach Vienn haven't seen him in a little while Rockies Nicholas Casberg Ryan Jensen for the Cubs Nick York for the Red Sox Geraldo Perdomo for the Diamondbacks Dylan Dingler for the Tigers Luke Little for the Cubs Spencer Torkelson Tigers Very nice that's going to Joe Maderos all for winning that spot Christian Chamberlain Royals Jordan Westberg Orioles Daniel Espino for the Indians Nick Cole Henry for the Nationals Jay Groom Red Sox Casey Schmidt Giants George Kirby Mariners Mike Siani for the Reds Brennan Davis for the Cubs Bryce Bonin for the Reds Hunter Green for the Reds Holden Powell for the Nationals Adley Rushman for the Orioles Joshua Brownie Tyler Brown Astros Ryan Rollison Rockies Justin Lange Padres and our first color yellow Liam Norris for the Diamondbacks Joshua Lucas and Aaron Ashby to 25 for the Brewers and Mark Wissette two boxes to go Getting caught looking at that a Torkelson. It'd be hard for me to sell that card honestly This quickly. I mean I just do I wouldn't even do a rush grade on it I would just let it let it go to let it go to grading and let it sit there So I can't touch it. I can't great. I can't do anything with it Looks like we got a aqua and a yellow Austin Hendrick Reds Oswald Paraza Yankees Pete Crow Armstrong for the Mets Joe Christianson Bryson Stock for the Phillies Jackson Miller for the Reds Jackson Rutledge Nationals Gilberto Amenas for the Red Sox Owen Miller for the Indians Zach Veen for the Rockies Nicholas Casberg Ryan Jensen for the Cubs Dick York for the Red Sox Eduardo Fordomo for the Diamondbacks Dylan Dingler for the Tigers and Luke Little for the Cubs Shane Bos for the Rays Carson Tucker Indians Christian Chamberlain Royals Jordan Westburg Orioles Daniel Espino Indians Cole Henry Nationals Jay Groom Red Sox Casey Schmidt Giants Alec Burleson Cardinals JJ Bladet for the Marlins Zach Daniels for the Astros Brennan Davis for the Cubs Bryce Bonin for the Reds Hunter Green for the Reds Holden Powell for the Nationals Adley Rushman for the Orioles Joshua Browning and There's our guy again Nick Gonzalez for the Pirates Sam Strayer gold. I mean sorry not cold green out of 50 and wow Talk about a break for Joe Spencer Torkelson yellow out of 99. I guess so man. I guess so Yikes, you know, I think it is Joshua as an Angels fan Joe bought the Angels Angels mojo going to Joe Aqua and a yellow maybe a gold, but it probably yellow Dan Acker for the Athletics Carmen Blodzinski for the Pirates Carson Ragsdale for the Phillies Nick Bitzko for the Rays Jackson Kowar for the Royals Bryce Jarvis for the Diamondbacks Jordan Blosovic for the twins Joe Ryan for the Rays Blake Rutherford for the White Sox Jesse Franklin for the Braves Travis Swigarty for the Pirates landed knack Dodgers Lewis Gill for the Yankees and Drew Romo for the Rocks Bailey Oren White Sox Burl Careway for the Cubs Logan Hoffman for the Pirates Slade Sikoni for the Diamondbacks Jaron Durand for the Red Sox Garrett Mitchell for the Brewers and Mark Bassett Corbett Carroll for the Diamondbacks Daxon Fulton for the Marlins Ethan Hankins for the Indians Reese Hines for the Reds Logan Gilbert Mariners Isaiah Green Mets Riley Green Tigers Jeff Criswell for the Athletics Marco Ria for the twins Tanner Burns for the Indians Caden Polkovich to 99 for the Mariners and Josh Proust and Joshua Heston Kirstad Aqua 16 out of 20 last spot mojo There you go Damn that looks pretty dude that is cool You do PC him there you go, man. What a break Well, that was 2020 Bowman draft Sapphire five box break pick your team number 12 from Jasper's case breaks calm I'm Sean Jasper's case breaks calm. Thanks for hanging out. I'll see you next time