From the heart of the jungle comes a savage cry of victory. This is Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle. From the black core of dark Africa, land of enchantment, mystery and violence, comes one of the most colorful figures of all time, transcribed from the immortal pen of Edgar Rice Burroughs. Tarzan, the bronzed white son of the jungle. And now in the very words of Mr. Burroughs, the story of Strange Island. Lieutenant Jacques Corday stood by the window of the officer's room, scowling out at the sun-baked parade grounds and the blue ocean beyond it. He disliked the British who shared the authority of the sector. He hated Africa. Africa. No, I was talking to myself, Captain Lawrence. I find myself a vastly more amusing conversationalist than any of you British. And I say the fine-out of conversation has become lost to those of us who've been here for many years. How do you stand it? The eat, the insects, the rotten fools, the filthy people? If they were up to me, I would exterminate them all. Even if I agreed with you, which I don't, I hardly believe our combined forces could conquer the Bushmen. They have the power of numbers, of jungle skill and of great cleverness.  I know many who are far more clever than any civilized people I've ever met. Not that he's typical, but there's a white jungle man by the name of Tarzan, for example. Tarzan, I've heard of him. He's the Jungle Lord, Nisper. Yes, many call him by that title, but what I was going to say was... If someone were to reveal his superiority to this Tarzan, you would be a man of importance around him, no? Yes, I suppose so, but... And this man would then be in a position to make requests, for a transfer or for other favors, I imagine? I don't know what you have in mind, Lieutenant Corday, but I should like you to know that Tarzan is my friend. Furthermore, we are here to enforce law, not to stir up trouble. But if this Tarzan violated any law, it would be up to us to arrest him to bring him here for trial, no? Tarzan doesn't break laws. And if he did, it would take a garrison of men to bring him back. One man might be able to accomplish it if he uses it. If he made a study of Tarzan and of the law, and then used both to his own advantage.  He spent his days talking to people who knew Tarzan, learning his strength and his human weaknesses, and his nights were spent pouring over the law books that had to do with the African colonies. Every man makes mistakes, and when Tarzan made one, Lieutenant Corday intended to take advantage of it. It required months of study and of patient waiting, but at last a story drifted back to civilization concerning the Lord of the Jungle. And it was sufficient to take Lieutenant Corday and a small complement of men into the jungle and to the seacoast cabin of Tarzan. I'm rather curious, Lieutenant Corday. Why did your men turn around and leave you here alone? Because I ordered them to return to camp, Tarzan. But first I secured a boat that will enable me to get back. Such a journey in a small boat is dangerous. I have spent my life at sea, but I did not come here to discuss the abilities of Lieutenant Jacques Corday. I came to speak of those of the Lord of the Jungle. My abilities? Your prowess with a bow and arrow to be precise. The story concerning your recent killing of a white rhinoceros has impressed many of us at the International Camp.  Yes, I know they passed such a law and it was a good thing for the white rhinoceros as almost extinct and conservation measures are important, but I shot this rhino in order to save a life. No, the law does not stipulate any exceptions. But surely those who passed the law did not intend to stop. I was told you would try to talk your way out of this, Tarzan, but there is no arguing with the law. I have come here to arrest you. To arrest me for saving someone's life? Go back to your camp before I lose my temper. I will go back, and you will go with me. You should have kept your men here. Perhaps a company might have been able to force me to go back if they could have caught me. Frankly, I brought them for only one reason. What was it? So they could testify as to my safe arrival here and my meeting with you. What importance is that? Because now the only factor to be solved is my safe return. I am well aware I would stand no chance if I had seen you in the jungle alone. So unless you go with me, you will be responsible for my death. I have never knowingly caused any man's death. I have left a letter at the post to be opened if I fail to return. And in it, I hold you responsible for my safety. It would be like attacking me or feeding me to one of your jungle animals to refuse to accompany me. I am to assist you in returning to the camp so that you can bring me up on this ridiculous charge. But if I do not return, you will be held for my murder.  I don't think you will give way to that temptation. We should have a most pleasant voyage. In just a moment, we'll return to our story of the strange island. There is a storm brewing, Tarzan. We will have to trim ourselves. Now, the wind hasn't started to rise yet. But it will soon. If there were a place to put in here, I would order it, but the island is gone. The island? An oceanic island used to lie quite near here until a few years ago, but it submerged. They sometimes do that, you know. Would have been handy in case of trouble. It's only a few miles to the mainland. I could swim that far if anything happened to the boat. I couldn't. Do you think you could pull me that far? Pull you. If I do not return, you will be held for my murder. The storm is coming up. It's going to be a bad one, quite so. Perhaps we should lash ourselves to the deck. No, no, I must be free. You will never be free if you swim ashore and leave me here to drown. Remember, if I do not return, you will be held for my murder. The storm had struck with tropical suddenness, and now its fury increased as the wall of Africa will avoid. The waves lashed high. The boat lurched violently, and the men were struck from its deck. Tarzan's power of arms carried him back to the frail craft, but Lieutenant Corde was nowhere in sight. He'd gone down. He would not return to the camp, and if Tarzan lived, he'd be charged with murder. He had to find it. But as Tarzan attempted to scurry over the wreckage, the mask shivered and cracked. As it toppled, it struck Tarzan upon the head, and he started sinking into the ocean depths, completely unconscious. Did the boat go down? Yes. Yes, it was splintered against the rocks. Lieutenant Corde, the man who was with me, did he die? I don't know. I saw no one else but you, and even if I had seen another, I couldn't have dragged anyone else ashore. You dragged me ashore? But you're only a slender girl. I was always very strong. Father used to say I should have been a boy. In the gym class at the English school in Lagos, I was always head of the class. It's impossible that the current carried me to Lagos. Oh, no. We're hundreds of miles from there. We're quite near where the storm struck your birth. The storm? It's completely over. Of course. You've been unconscious for hours. But I do think it's time you opened your eyes completely. It's really quite sunny now. An island. I'm on an island, a beautiful one. I've never seen such lush vegetation, glorious flowers and gaily plume birds. It is a beautiful spot. I love it here. But this must be the island Lieutenant Cordes said was submerged. Oh, did he? I'm happy it isn't, for if it were, I shouldn't have been able to save you, Tarzan. How do you happen to know my name? Oh, I suppose you might as well know.  I used to read stories about you, and once I clipped a picture out of the Lagos paper and kept it on my bureau. Once when you were in Lagos concerning some native who was accused of something or other, I waited by the courthouse all day just to get a glimpse of you. That's very flattering. I think I have something of a crusher on you for saving my life. Besides that, you're a very pretty girl. Thank you. I've waited years just to hear you say something like that to me. Years? You can't be very old now. Oh, I'm 17. It's my birthday today. Your birthday? Well, we'd best get you home. Your parents and your friends most surely have arranged some sort of a party and they'll be worried about you. Which way is the village? Village? Oh, there's no village on the island. I'm the only one who lives here. A 17-year-old girl living alone on a tropical island? How long have you been here? Seems that I've been here forever. Father used to bring me here sometimes when we were in sailing. He used to love it too. There's something very strange about this. Well, will you answer a few questions for me? Of course, Tarzan. First, I'd like to know your name. It's Pamela. Pamela Johns. And your father's name? Godfrey Johns, but I really don't see what... Does your father know you're here on the island all alone and you think you're off visiting friends somewhere on the mainland? Oh, yes, that's it. He thinks I'm visiting friends. Well, I think you should return home. Where's your boat? Boat? Yes, the one you came over to the island on. Where is it? Oh, well, it was wrecked in the storm. It washed away. Oh? Well, I guess I'll have to swim ashore and get help so that I can take you home. Tarzan. Yes? Please don't leave me now. In my life, I dreamed of you. I know we can't ever really mean anything to each other, but spend this day with me. Give me this day as a birthday present. One no one can ever take away from me. Leave tonight for the mainland, if you must. And so the day was spent swimming in the island's blue lagoon, running over its lush green carpet of soft moss and fern, working like children suddenly released from school. But as the night shadows began to creep over the island palms, Tarzan knew that he must return to his world, even as this charming girl must return to hers. They stood facing each other on the strip of beach, and Pamela's slender hand clutched Tarzan's.  Yes, Pamela. I must swim to the mainland so I can find a boat to take you home. And I must let your father know that you... Oh, no. No, you mustn't get in touch with him. It doesn't matter to my own to be straightened out. I may be in serious trouble concerning the man who drowned when you saved me. But you might drown. It's a long way to the mainland. All the sea is calm now, and I can swim it without difficulty. Goodbye, Pamela, and thank you for your birthday. Wait! Yes? That amulet you wear about your neck. Would you give it to me as a remembrance of this day? Be all that I'll ever have to keep the day warm in my memory. Of course you may have it, but we'll see each other often. I'll return with the boat, and even after you're living back in Lagos, I'll come to... No, Tarzan. We'll never see each other again. Thank you for the amulet. Thank you. Goodbye. Tarzan waded into the water and struck out for the mainland. When passed out of sight, another tropical storm began, and this one enveloped the island. Great tidal waves smashed against the rocks, bolts of lightning hurtled downward. A fragile girl stood on the beach, her eyes still gazing out to sea. But not by a movement of her body or a flick of her eyelids did she acknowledge the storm. And only a tender sigh escaped her as the island submerged, leaving only strands of seaweed in place of the tropical paradise. And completely untouched by the storm, were the waters where Tarzan swam. Some four hours later, he reached the dock of a small native settlement and climbed out of the water. Tarzan, I knew he'd... Captain Lawrence. What are you doing here? I've had boats I'm looking for. You ever since yesterday had almost given up hope. Well, let's get one of those boats. I have to go back to the island. You have to... What island? There's an island just a few miles out here. There isn't an island within 200 miles of here. Yes, but there is. I've been there all day. I know there was one up until a few years ago. There still is. It's southwest of here, and I have to go back. There's a young girl all alone on the island, and I have to go back to...  You're probably... What do you know about a mass striking my head? Lieutenant Corday told us about it. He said you were trying to push him under when the mass toppled.  In just a moment, the strange and exciting conclusion of Strange Island... We know more outbursts from you, Tarzan. You're not in your jungle, but in a court of justice. I apologize, Your Honor, but when people accuse me of lying... Thank you, Tarzan. You try the patience of this court. And let us review the case. Lieutenant Corday came into the jungle to arrest you in a charge of violating the law that forbids the killing of a white rhinoceros. Which I have already explained. It was either the life of the rhino or that of a young native who had been disarmed. That case against you has been dropped, but that of attempted murder is still pending against you. Is the duty of this court to determine whether the charge is true or not? But it is true. I have told the court how this savage attempt to hold me underwater until I drown in order to escape punishment for violating the game law. Is the word of an officer an gentleman to be disregarded? Not at all, Lieutenant Corday. We are obliged to hear all the testimony. Now then, Tarzan, if you were not hiding from the law, where were you following the accident to the boat?  Captain Lawrence could tell you that never in my life have I ever... Unfortunately, Captain Lawrence has seen fit to disappear. It seems highly likely Captain Lawrence disappeared because he does not choose to serve as a character witness for Tarzan. Your Honor... Your Honor, since I have neither counsel nor witness, will you permit me the right to question the man who claims I tried to kill him? Yes, you may cross-examine him. Take the witness down, Lieutenant Corday. All right, Tarzan. Ask me what questions you will. Lieutenant Corday, you've told the court that you swim poorly. That you were so busy struggling to keep afloat that you could not defend yourself from me. Is that correct? That is very true. Then how did you manage to swim ashore after my savage attack upon you? Well, I did not swim ashore. After you were rendered unconscious by the falling mast, I floated there on a piece of wood that had been torn from the wreckage by the storm. And your makeshift raft reached the shore near Malaconda only a few hours after the storm struck. Is that also correct? Maybe it is correct. In what direction was the storm traveling? I do not know exactly if it seems to strike all at once. In what direction does the normal current flow at the spot where the boat capsize? You are asking many technical questions concerning the sea. As an army officer, I could not possibly be expecting those such things. Perhaps I can convince the court that only a very strong swimmer could have reached the shore at all, that a raft would have been carried in the opposite direction, and that you have knowingly committed perjury concerning these matters since your training has been that of a naval officer. What? You are talking a great deal of nonsense. Would you like to call Captain Lawrence as my next witness? Captain Lawrence is not... I am here, Your Honor, being sitting at the back of the courtroom. It will take the stand. I am happy to see you, Captain Lawrence. Will you tell the court what you have learned during the past few days? With pleasure. Your Honor, gentlemen, I shall be as brief as possible. I have traveled a great distance to learn of the past of Tarzan's accuser. But rather because of the shortage in army personnel, Lieutenant Corday was commissioned without any extensive investigation. It is past been checked closely. It would have been discovered that he left the navy under a cloud, occasioned by an incident that took place at camp. No, Captain Lawrence, you must not take that. In another moment, I shall hold you in contempt, Lieutenant Corday. The holder of numerous medals for swimming and small craft handling, Lieutenant Corday went boating with a fellow officer, one who was a competitor for a promotion. The other man did not return. There was no evidence of foul play, but Lieutenant Corday saw fit to resign his commission and volunteer for African service in the army. He hoped to gain a transfer after the incident had been forgotten. Tarzan was to be the instrument through which that transfer was to be affected. I ask to see you in your chambers because I have a favor to ask. Now that I've been cleared, I'd like to leave near Cotto as soon as possible. Well, perhaps we'll have enough evidence against Corday without your testimony, Tarzan. I don't know what this important mission of yours is, but I wish you luck. Thank you. I had to hunch all along that Corday was lying. I know those waters near where you were wrecked, and the currents there are... Are you familiar with the island near there? I knew the island was there. Up until the time it submerged, it was a wonderful spot for fishing. Used to go there with an old friend, Godfrey Johns. Poor chap. Poor chap? I'd rather not talk about him. Tell me one thing, if you will. Does he still live in Lagos? Yes. If you can call it living. You said you'd rather not talk about him, but do tell me what you mean by phrases like poor chap and if you can call it living? Well, Godfrey Johns has become a complete recluse. Won't see anyone go anywhere, keeps himself buried under an estate near Lagos. He's been that way ever since the death of his daughter Pamela. Tarzan spent all one day sailing along the coast, circling the district near where Corday and he had been shipwrecked. The search was in vain. Tarzan's strange island was gone, but perhaps some clues to the mysterious happenings and the identity of the girl might be uncovered at Lagos. A few days later, Tarzan reached the city and made his way to the estate of Godfrey Johns. Tarzan was immediately ushered into a great drawing room, and as he entered the room, his eyes fastened on a beautiful portrait that hung over a fireplace. It was a picture of Pamela. He stood there fascinated and yet confused. Good afternoon, Tarzan. That picture. That picture, Mr. Johns. It's my only child, Pamela. She died some time ago. Under... Under what conditions? Well, you see, there used to be an island along the coast, off of Malaconda. Nice to take Pamela there as a child. It was wonderful for picnics and fishing. On her 14th birthday, I gave her a small boat. She wasn't supposed to, but she took it out alone. Sailed for the island. Yes. Well, she must have misjudged the rocks by the small cove. We found the wreckage of a boat there. And Pamela? You never found her? Yes, we found her. On the beach, she had always loved. There couldn't have been any mistake about her identity. Oh, her face was unmarked. Look at her picture there. Could you mistake such a face? No, you couldn't. She's lovely. I've never spoken about her to anyone else, Tarzan. Why did you decide to talk with me? Because you were always her idol. She used to read stories about you.  Once she waited outside a courthouse in the city just to catch a glimpse of you. I thought I would like to talk to you, Tarzan. Thank you. When did this... this accident happen? Three years ago. She'd have been 17 last Wednesday. The day I spent on the island. Sort of a poetic thing. The island had given her so much pleasure and so much sorrow. Disappeared a few days after her death. Was she buried there? No. No, I wanted her near me. You must have passed her grave on the way in. It's just by the entrance to this state. I see. During the past week, her birthday always affects me that way. Perhaps... perhaps you'd go there with me. I'd like to put some flowers on her grave. Of course. Yes, Tarzan, that's where my little Pamela is buried. Perhaps another man might have built an imposing monument, but I felt... There, on the ground there. That's an amulet. I wonder how that could have gotten here. The gardener never touches the grave. I take care of it myself. Tarzan, has your name been graved on it? Yes, I passed this way on my way to the house. I must have dropped it. Yes, I... I dropped it on the way. Oh, yes. Mr. Johns, if you don't mind, let's... let's just leave it here. My small tribute to your daughter, to the lovely Pamela, who would have been 17 last week. We hope you enjoyed the story of Strange Island, and we invite you to remain with us for another few moments so that we may tell you about our next story of Tarzan. An army unused to the jungle, its men dropping like flies beneath the equatorial sun, the thundering herd of stampeding animals killing all in their path, an angry mob of bloodthirsty natives with vengeance in their hearts, and a garrison of men marooned in a jungle stronghold and doomed to die there. These are the elements of our next story, a message to Fort Chabir. Tarzan, a transcribed creation of the famous Edgar Rice boroughs, is produced by Walter White Jr. Prepared for radio by Bud Lesser with original music by Albert Glasser. This is a Commodore production.


If I was to ask you where the oldest calendar in the world was found, where would you say? Some may say some were exotic, like Babylon or Ancient Egypt. Others might say don't know, don't care. How many would say Scotland, however? Today I've come to Warren Field and Aberdeenshire, in the grounds of Cratus Castle, which is the site where the oldest calendar in the world was found. Dating back an astonishing 10,000 years to 8,000 BC, predates what was previously thought to have been the oldest calendar in the world by 5,000 years, a calendar that was found in Mesopotamia. The calendar is a series of 12 pits in the shape of a general arc that mimic the phases of the moon and track the lunar months. There are also three smaller, undated post holes adjacent to the central and largest pit, pit number five. This lunar calendar was also aligned with the midwinter sunrise, which worked to calibrate the calendar. Without this calibration, the lunar calendar would inevitably fall out of sync with the seasons, as a lunar calendar alone is not an accurate tracker of seasons without some correction. As Vince Gaffney, Professor of Landscape Archaeology at the University of Birmingham, along with his colleagues, writing Time and a Place, a Lunar Solar Time Recanner from 8th Millennium BC Scotland, published in Internet Archaeology in 2013. A key characteristic of using lunar phase cycles for calendrical purposes arises because the length of the seasonal year is not a whole number of lunar phase cycles. This means that a lack of correspondence with the seasons will inevitably ensue if the moon is used as the primary guide to the passing of time. Thus, the people who constructed this site must have had a deep understanding of the lunar phases, whilst also understanding the imperfect nature of the system and the need for calibration. The fact that these people 10,000 years ago understood both components is quite remarkable. It speaks to the fact that they and their ancestors must have tracked time for decades and centuries prior to its construction. Who were these people, however? It is thought that they were a group of hunter-gatherers that lived around this region of Aberdeenshire around 10,000 years ago. Considering that these people showed the sophistication to track time in such a way, there must have been an intelligent and sophisticated people. You would have probably thought that this site was constructed by a farming civilisation and the fact that it was constructed by hunter-gatherers is astonishing, indicating that hunter-gatherer societies were far more worldly and intelligent than is often assumed. It is believed that one of the primary reasons that these people constructed such a calendar was to track the seasonal migration patterns of animals to ensure that they had consistent feed sources and to plan for leaner seasons. Knowing where there was going to be an abundance of fish on the River Dee, for instance, which is just south of this site, would be one use for instance. The authors in Time and a Place also note that the contents of the pit hint strongly at repeated ceremonies involving fire and the deposition of unusual materials within the features. While the longevity of the monument also suggests the special knowledge associated with the pit arrangement appears to have been curated and maintained over a significant time. The Mesolithic monument was first spotted from the air during an aerial survey by a team from the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. It was originally excavated in 2004 by the National Trust for Scotland, with researchers led by a team from the University of Birmingham delving deeper into the ancient mysteries of this calendar in 2013. Considering this site, our view of hunter-gatherer societies in general has got to be reimagined. I'm going to put the bell and I'll speak to you soon.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebrakes.com, coming at you with 2021 Panini National Treasures Football. 4 box, full case, pick your team number 10 from jaspyscasebrakes.com, there it is. Very big thanks to this group right here for making it happen, appreciate it. Thanks for spending a bit of your Sunday night with us. So Sean Mattick grabbed the Jaguars before the remaining teams were pulled for these two number blocks, which we did in two separate videos. Did I upload the other video? Hang on just a sec. So that other number block was New England, etc., etc., which I'm about to show you the results of those randomizers right now. So that's if you won those spots in those absolute breaks. Han won the extra spot that we were giving away, Calvin got last spot mojo. So set that one over here. And then the other one featured a lot more teams. So Han last spot mojo, Joshua with the extra spot, right next to me over here. All right, add that sleeve off. Matt Jones on the bottom. Why am I teasing that early? Because that's a number block team, we don't know what number it is. Is it out of 99 Matt Jones, a one-of-one Matt Jones? Who knows? All right, let's start off with Kordarell Patterson, 5 out of 84, Atlanta. Justin Herbert, 5 out of 99. What if it's a not numbered Matt Jones, then we'd have to randomize it to one person in that group. Justin Herbert, that'll go to, the Kordarell Patterson will go to the Houston number block group. So that'll be Atlanta 5, Joshua.  There's Maddie Ice, 8 out of 99, Framed Fabric going to Atlanta 8, that'll be for Joshua. 3 out of 99, Treasures of the Hall, Marcus Allen for my Raiders, Derek picked up my Raiders straight up.  Joey V, 97 out of 99, that is, Century Material for the Bengals, that's for the Bengals number block, part of that New England group over there. So that'll be for Cincinnati 7, so we go by that digit if you're new to the number blocks. Couple more, ooh, nice field pass, Terrace Marshall Jr., Gold Ink Autograph, which he had used the canvas a little bit more but still pretty cool. 4 out of 99, Han with Carolina. We've got a Randall Cunningham, nice, 33 out of 49 for the Fly Eagles Fly, that's for Philadelphia, Philadelphia 3, part of the big number block group, and that's for Han. And the Mack Jones, Jersey and Autograph, on card auto, 10 out of 10. So that goes to 0, New England 0, that goes to Calvin Last Spot Mojo, picked up that spot straight up and gets the Mack Jones RPA, congrats to you. A little bit of a little chip right there, you can see that little bit of white against the blue. I don't know, maybe Mack Jones was handling these cards poorly when he was signing them, but just letting you know on that, another little bit right there, but sometimes that's the drawback of these thicker cards, but otherwise, looks really sharp. There you go, Calvin, thank you for getting in, all right, I don't know, it looks just like a, I don't know what that, it looks like a piece of the Jersey, because you can still see like the, the threading inlet, right, the threading holes right there. All right, 21 out of 35, James Robinson for Jacksonville, Sean with that one, got a George Kittle for the Niners, that's going to go to Han in San Francisco. There's Jamal Charles, 79 out of 99, heirlooms, Relic for the Chiefs, Kansas City is a number block team, part of that big Houston group, Kansas City 9, that'll be for Joshua, CD-Lam, four out of 25, two-color patch for the boys, Han with the Cowboys, got the Cowboys straight up, 14 out of 25, a Monras Saint-Brown, I like that big Lions logo behind him, that's Han with Detroit, got Zach Wilson, 34 out of 99, the Jets are a number block team, part of the New England group, oh I don't know what happened here, there's a little pinhole or something like that in this top, all right, so Zach Wilson, Jets four is going to be, it's going to be for Han, we got 26 out of 99, Simifee Oko, Dallas that's going to be for Han, and we got Howie Long, 21 out of 35, nice Howie Long for my Raiders, that's going to go to Derrick, Kyler Murray, 24 out of 99, Jersey and Autograph, Farina Heintz, picked up the Cardinals straight up, and the Book, a Book, Saints, Ian Book, Ian Book, Book, 49 out of 99, Steven Flatt with the Pat, with the Saints straight up that is, a Book Book, none that anyone would admit Rex, Jason Jess, we heard a story where Golden offered over $25 million for the PSA 10 of the 1952 Mantle, and the guy said no, if that was, if that was the first offer I'd probably say no too, I'd be like no, that's your first offer, that's the low ball offer right, 31 out of 49 Jimmy G, Niners that'll be for Han, George Kittle also going to Han, 83 out of 99, couple off the Jersey number, there's the Tyler Boyd, treasured patches, right Chad, exactly, and the guy who owns it probably isn't hurting for the money, Bangles, Bangles 4, Cincinnati 4, that'll be Han, and an NFL Shield, Logan Thomas, one of one, now we pulled the Logan Thomas the other day in the football mixer, and Nick was telling me this is the same Logan Thomas that was drafted as a lineman for the Cardinals, and then was converted to a tight end, I don't think, is that the same Logan Thomas or QB that turned into a tight end, right, yeah, he was a fourth round pick in 2014 for the Arizona football Cardinals, that's what it was, so we were we were opening, we were ripping some 2014 boxes in a, in our football mixer and we pulled a Logan Thomas and he was like yeah remember he turned into a tight end, I was like that's the same guy, he's like yeah, yeah he bounced around a little, I don't know when he converted positions, yeah with the Lions, he switched with the Lions in 2016, after a little stint with the Cardinals, claimed off the waivers by the Dolphins and was out, Giants, claimed off waivers, then released, and Detroit, Thomas switched to position to tight end and was signed to the practice squad, and then Bill signed Logan off the Lions practice squad, and then Thomas Gaines and he had been playing time in 2017 after fellow tight end Charles Clay with sideline with a knee injury, so there you go, back to Detroit and now with the Washington Commanders, it's not bad, so there you go, Nathan Rossi, with the Washington Commanders, Nathan, all aboard the Big Head Express, bought the team straight up, yeah QB, what a story, that's what Tebow should have done right, heirlooms, Dan Marino, 83 out of 99, Miami 3 that is going to be part of the Houston group, and that is for Han, G that is saying that that Logan Thomas is great man, and a 2 out of 5 Eli Mitchell, had him on my fantasy team last year, did pretty well for me, as an RB2 flex spot guy, could be some same value there this year, Han, Niners, all aboard the Big Head Express, yeah I like those patches too, part of the Niners logo somewhere on that jersey, we got Rashaun Slater, 6 out of 35, Chargers, Anthony picked up the bolts straight up, 36 out of 99, Tyson Williams, Baltimore, Aaron with the Ravens, got Ty Law, the long arm of the law, Ty Law, 65 out of 99, Patriots, number block group, 65 out of 99, so New England 5 is Joshua, and a Zach Wilson, Prodigy patch in autograph, 2 out of 10, we got the Mack Jones earlier, and now an insert auto of Zach Wilson, that's also part of the same New England group, but it's gonna go to a different person, so 2 out of 10, three-color patch, on-card rookie autograph, Jets 2, Joshua, there you go Joshua, rooting for him to do well this year, all right, fourth and final box, good luck, yeah, NT delivering, yeah, this case is cooperating this time, sometimes it doesn't cooperate, yeah I don't cover the spot, we'll cover that commander's spot I'm sure, okay, last box, thanks everyone for making this happen, I appreciate it, is that Jersey number on Zach Wilson too? Is he number two? Nice, good eye, Jason, all right, 43 out of 99 for the blue horseshoes, Peyton Manning, it's gonna go to David and the Colts, Keenan Allen, 8 out of his Jersey number, 8 out of 13, that'll be going to Anthony and the Chargers, Teddy Brusky, heirlooms, 32 out of 99, Patriots 2, it's another one for Joshua, Calvin Ridley, we'll see him in a year, 10 out of 10, the gambler, you gotta know when to hold them, know when to fold them, know when to walk away, know when to run, you better count your money, less you're betting on the Falcons, which he did in a parlay, and he didn't win, goes to Houston zero, that goes to, or sorry, part of the Houston group, Atlanta's in there, zero, Sean Maddock with that one, 1 out of 25, Jerry Rice, Treasures of the Hall, goes to the Niners, that'll be for Han, and Kyle Pitt, 16 out of 99, that'll be for Falcons Atlanta 6, that's to Joshua, and a redemption, we got Philippe Franks, I think that's also a Falcon on this checklist anyway, Philippe Franks, still with the Falcons, so that'll go to Atlanta zero, zero gets any on all redemptions, Sean Maddock, that's right, still backing up in Atlanta, G-dash, yeah they must have a locker room full of just boxes of cards that they haven't signed yet, I think it's mostly just ignorant, they're just like, we'll get we'll get around to it, it's not a big deal, they're not familiar with the hobby, 1 out of 10, Amanra St. Brown, that will be for Han, and Detroit picked up the Lions straight up, two more, we got Jim Kelly, 10 out of 25, legend, going to the Buffalo Bills, Buffalo's part of that Houston group, that big number block group with multiple teams, a lot of teams, so Buffalo zero, Buffalo zero, Sean Maddock, and last but not least, the last card of this four box case break is Kyle Trask, a lot of rookie quarterbacks and you got the Zach Wilson, got the Mack Jones, got the Kyle Trask, but didn't we have an Ian Book in there somewhere, Philippe Franks, 73 out of 99 for the Buccaneers, Dusty picked up the Buccaneers straight up, is this Prodigy, you know, he's been marinating behind Dom Brady for some seasons now, could learn a lot from that guy, so there you go gang, no randomizers, no nothing, I'm Joe for jasmiescasebreaks.com, thanks for watching, thanks for breaking with us, and I will see you next time for the next break, bye.


Please, please, please call me Sandy.  John, thank you so much for inviting me to talk about our book, Circle of Treason. And thank you all for coming to hear this story. Before I begin, I want to say a few words about my good friend and my co-author, Jean Verdafe. For those of you who are unaware, Jean passed away a year and a half ago after a relatively short and totally unexpected illness. While she did live long enough to see our book published, we both knew that she would not be able to participate in any eventual success it might have. So I'm here today to speak for both of us. As I tell you about our journey to determine who or what caused the wholesale loss of our Soviet assets in 1985 and in 1986. In 1991, that led us to search for a traitor in CIA. To make matters worse, we knew he wouldn't be a stranger. He'd be a co-worker, a colleague, someone we had known for probably 20 plus years, as well as someone we saw frequently in the hallways of our headquarters building. But thankfully, for both Jean and myself, Circle of Treason is not just a story about how we identified a mole. It's much more than that. For the first time, we were able to tell the CIA's operational history with many of our traitor's victims. A number of our stories are theirs as well. We participated in the handling of some of these cases, and we watched as those we knew were arrested and executed. Always concerned that we might have made a mistake that led to their deaths is a burden no one wants to carry. But I have to tell all of you that's exactly what a number of us in the Soviet and East European Division and other components in CIA's Director of Operations had to do for the next eight years until our traitor was identified. You may have noticed that I have yet to mention his name. We all know who he is. He's called Rejames, or Rick, as he was known to us. And yes, he was a co-worker. For me personally, a carpool member. We grew up together as young officers in the Soviet and East European Division. And it is this individual, whom Jean and I knew, for well over 20 years, decided to walk in the Soviet Embassy downtown Washington DC, April 16, 1985, through the front door, not the side or the back door, and volunteer his services to the Soviet Union. Two months later, Rick also made the decision to provide his KGB handlers with the names of or identifying information on every one of our current reporting Soviet sources, including those who were dormant or long retired from service. And in doing so, Mr. Ames knew exactly what fate awaited these guys. They would be arrested, interrogated, tried, sentenced, and executed. And in all cases, it was a bullet to the back of the head. Before I get into our story, I'd like to give you a little bit of background on the long road of Circle of Treason. It's the first book either one of us has ever written. We certainly never saw ourselves as authors. We were just two ladies who had a story we thought was worth sharing. And I will add, we were much older ladies after this journey was completed. Although Ames was arrested in 1994, we did not put pen to paper until 2003. And then it was four years later after several serious medical issues and a couple of other interruptions, we had completed our first draft. And submitted it to the CIA's Publications Review Board for approval. I'll only comment briefly on that process. It was painful. We went back and forth for over three years before we finally had their OK to share our draft with a potential publisher. But we weren't finished with the PRB. They still had to approve the galleys of the book before it could go to the printer. That happened August 15, 2012, 18 years after Rick's arrest, nine years after we started the whole process of writing, and sadly, and certainly unknown to us at the time, just six weeks before Gene's illness was diagnosed. OK, now to our story. But I have to start with just a little bit organizational background. And if I use acronyms, please bark. From early 1985 until Rick's arrest in 1994, basically all the action took place in two components in CIA's Directorate of Operations. One was the Soviet East European Division, which is responsible for recruiting and running assets, whether they're Soviets or any of the bloc nationals. At the time, early 85, the division was headed by a longtime Soviet operations officer named Burton Gerber. He also served as chief of our station in Moscow. The second component was the Counterintelligence Center. This is the only component in CIA's Directorate of Operations that has investigative responsibility. It was headed by the late Gus Hathaway, also longtime Soviet operations officer, and a former chief in Moscow. At the time, again, early 85, both Rick and I were assigned to the Soviet East European Division as branch chiefs. My component was responsible for all of our activity against our targets in Africa. Rick's branch was responsible for providing counterintelligence guidance to some of our geographic components. Additionally, he and his people did case studies and reviews, as well as wrote papers on the two Soviet intelligence services, the KGB, known to almost everybody, and the GRU, which is the military intelligence. Jean was not at headquarters at this time. Jean, also a Soviet specialist, was assigned to Lieberville Gabon, or anybody who knows where that is. And she was our chief of station. All right, it's 1985, and our nightmare begins. There are big changes in the spring in Moscow. Mikhail Gorbachev assumes control of the country, but it is business as usual. Back in CIA headquarters, Soviet East European Division, Langley, Virginia. And I have to tell you, business was very, very good. We had been so successful against the KGB and the GRU that it is not an exaggeration to state that we perhaps knew more about these two organizations than any single individual working in them. As one senior and former KGB officer would say about this early period, the CIA didn't have one station in Moscow. They had three. The traditional one in the American Embassy, second one, GRU headquarters, and the third one at the KGB headquarters. It is against this backdrop that we have no, I repeat, no indication of the impending human disaster. Late May, GRU colonel Bokon, whom we are handling in Athens, Greece, tells us that he has been recalled to Moscow to take care of a problem involving his son who's attending a military academy. Bokon has contacted his brother, also in Moscow, who doesn't know of any difficulty. We advise Bokon to defect rather than to return. He agrees, and we bring him safely to the United States. Early August, KGB counterintelligence officer, Colonel Polis Stuk, is arrested in Moscow during a home leave from his assignment in Lagos, Nigeria. As you might well imagine, this was personal for me because it was my component that was responsible for keeping him alive. Additionally, his and my association went back 11 years earlier to Kathmandu, Nepal, where he volunteered to work for us and where I was fortunate enough to support the case for a period. Sometime between late August and October, we don't know the exact date. GRU officer Smetanen, who we're handling in Lisbon, Portugal, is arrested in Moscow again during a home leave. November 6, KGB scientific and technical officer, Martinov, who is assigned to the embassy in Washington, D.C., boards an airflot flight at Dulles, bound for Moscow. This will be a short trip over and back. He is serving as one of the KGB security officers for our famous or infamous KGB defector, redefector, Vitaly Yurchenko. Martinov never returns. Now, this particular operation is a little bit different because it was joint CIA FBI. Again, early November, KGB illegal support officer, Varenek, whom we are handling in Bonn, West Germany at the time, tells us that he will be attending a three- or four-day conference in East Berlin. We never see him again. This case is particularly disturbing because he had only volunteered in March of 85, so there were very few people who were even aware of the operation. Unfortunately, I have to go into 1986, March. Our Moscow station officer, Mike Sellers, is ambushed on his way to a meeting with another one of our KGB assets. We're running in Moscow, Voronsov. June or July, as best as we can tell. GRU Colonel Vasilyev, whom we're handling in Moscow, is arrested. Our last contact with him had been via a dead-drop exchange in December of 85, no problems. Additionally, we had handled Vasilyev in Budapest, obviously a denied area at the time, no security issues. 7 July, GRU General Dmitry Polyakov is arrested in Moscow one day after his 65th birthday. The general, who has retired from the GRU at the time, is the highest-ranking Soviet intelligence officer this government has ever run. We had over a 20-year history with him, and he was known as our crown jewel. The case was personal for me as well, more than half of my 26 years with CIA were intertwined with his operation, beginning from the second month after I joined the agency. Unfortunately, again, into 1987, KGB Colonel Piguzov is arrested in Moscow. And we have been out of touch with him since 1979 when he volunteered in Jakarta, Indonesia. With the exception of GRU Colonel Bokhan, every single one of the individuals whom I've named was executed. By the end of 1985, not 1986, obviously our losses continued, but 85, there's no question that something is seriously wrong. We have lost four reporting sources in a little more than four months, unprecedented, never happened before. There are two theories, and you all have probably guessed what they might be. One, we have a traitor. Or two, our communications have been compromised by the Soviets. In other words, they're reading our traffic. So what do we do? Our first action is triggered by the appearance of a new Soviet asset, a volunteer in January 1986. Our goal is simple. We have to try to keep this one alive since we don't know whether it's a traitor or a technical penetration. We have to guard against each. To address the traitor side of the equation, we in the Soviet East European Division institute what we call then, hopefully they are still continuing to call it this draconian security measures, which severely limit the number of people who were or would be made aware of our new source. And by severely limit, probably not much more than a handful and a half. To address the security of our communications relative to Soviet operations, we simply choose to ignore them. I know it might be difficult to believe in a bureaucracy, but there is no cable traffic to and from headquarters and the concerned field station. None. What do we do? We went back to basics with a technical twist. We sent a case officer from Washington indirectly to the new sources location. Once there, he went nowhere near. The US Embassy met the asset in a safe house. And after each meeting, returned to his hotel room where he transferred the meeting notes, his meeting notes, to a laptop computer. And then he encrypted them. Once the meeting cycle was completed, he returned to Washington again indirectly where the results were decrypted. Now, obviously today, a laptop computer, but particularly one with encryption capabilities is not out of the ordinary. But I have to tell you, in 1986, it was cutting edge. And speaking from personal experience, it was one of the least user-friendly machines I ever had to deal with. I didn't think there were times I thought the case officer is just going to have to remember what the agent said, because trying to break that stuff out was almost impossible. OK, it's time for my co-author, Jean, to enter. In the fall of 1986, Jean returns back to Washington from Lieberville. And she is put in charge of a small task course in the Counterintelligence Center, again with its investigative capabilities, to try to determine why we had these losses. Now, this was primarily an analytical effort. They reviewed all the cases that we lost. They looked for patterns, commonalities, and they put this information in digital format. We were really in the dark ages in the directorate of operations at this time. Nothing was computerized, at least not on the desks. Concurrently, the FBI establishes a task force of its own to look at the cases it lost in the Soviet area at the same time as we were losing operations. We weren't alone in this mess. The two groups, Jean's group and the FBI group, they meet frequently. They exchange information. They exchange ideas. However, after each get together, whether it was at our respective headquarters or offsite, everybody always came away with far more questions than answers. OK, does anybody wonder where good old Rick is? Well, in many respects, he was out of sight, out of mind. Although he volunteered in April to the Soviets, walked in. In April of 1985, not too long after that, entered Italian language training in preparation for an assignment, three year assignment, to Rome. He leaves the Washington area in July, 1986. He returns in July, 1989, along with his relatively new wife and a young son. In the fall of 89, Rick is assigned to another position in the Soviet East European division. So he just wasn't around for a long time. OK, just to make things a little bit more interesting for us, as we were trying to stop the hemorrhaging and determine what in the heck happened, the KGB, still busy with arrest, still busy with executions, initiates the first of two deception operations against us to try to lead us down the wrong path. First one begins in January, 1986, within weeks of the appearance of our new and legitimate source. We give this guy the code name, not really a code name, we give him the name Mr. X. Pretty original, right? The second one begins in June, 1988, and continues for about three years. This guy gets a real code name, GT Prologue. OK, Mr. X is a self-described KGB officer who volunteers to us via a letter to a case officer in Bonn, again, West Germany. In Mr. X's first letter, as well as, I think, three or four subsequent ones, he tells us that we have a mole, those were the words, obviously, in Russian, that he used in our communications facility located outside the Washington DC area. For Mr. X's instructions, he's never met, but we do provide him with sizable, we do provide him with a lot of money via dead drops in East Berlin. The details are in the book, so no need going over them here. But before too long, we all come to believe that Mr. X really does not exist, and this has just been an attempt to deceive us. So we sever contact in the fall of 1986. He doesn't get his last payment. While I don't like to admit it, the KGB deserves a great deal of credit for its second deception operation. As I mentioned earlier, it began in June 1988. This operation was well conceived, beautifully run, and most importantly, they read us perfectly. As I said, June 1988, an unidentified Soviet male approaches our chief of station in Moscow on the train from Moscow to then Leningrad, and he passes him an envelope. This individual subsequently identifies himself as Alexander Zhomov, KGB counterintelligence officer assigned to the component in Moscow that runs all operational activity against our station and its personnel. Obviously, great catch for us. Be wonderful. OK, in the envelope, Zhomov passed to our chief. There were several KGB documents, one of great interest. It was the KGB's assessment of the activities of our Moscow station from the end of 1984 until the end of 1986, obviously a critical period for us. In the document, the KGB concluded that the reason for its successes against us and our failures was due to one thing, poor tradecraft by CIA station officers. In other words, it was our fault. So what does Mr. Zhomov want in return for his continued cooperation? Thing that might be expected, he wants money and he wants plenty of it. The second one, not unusual, but it does have an unusual twist. He also wants our assistance in leaving the Soviet Union. However, only when he tells us that the time is right. Again, the details are in the book. But before too long, Jean and I began to believe that Mr. Zhomov is nothing more than the son of Mr. X. And the KGB is controlling this operation. However, despite a number of tries, over the next several years, we are unable to convince the leadership of the Soviet East European division, my division, that we are being had. And the exfiltration of Mr. Zhomov takes place. So as you might expect, he was a no-show at the pickup site. However, he did send us a message. He told us two things. Our plan was too dangerous and he would have to sever contact. So what do we lose besides our personal pride? Plenty. We pay Zhomov a great deal of money, which finds its way into the future. Which finds its way into the KGB treasury. We also give the KGB our plans for exfiltrating our assets from the Soviet Union. And just to put topping on the cake, we give them a valid US passport. I can't forget either. This is probably the worst part. We contribute to two promotions, two or three. Mr. Zhomov received to the highest ranks in the KGB. All right, here we are. It's the end of the Zhomov case. It's early 1991. And in all honesty, we still do not have a clue as to what happened in the mid-'80s. This is despite the work of Jean's original task force, as well as her subsequent investigative unit. Not to say that there were plenty of leads, lots and lots. Each was investigated and each was discarded. On another front, however, we had had great success. Remember the draconian security measures? They worked. Not only had we been able to keep new sources, new assets alive, but the number had continued to increase. We were back in business. But we created another problem for ourselves. Some senior officers, not all, but some had come to believe that whatever existed in 1985 and 1986 no longer existed. Sources are coming down the pike. As far as they were concerned, this 85-'86 disaster was only of historical interest. How wrong they were. Now, at this time, Jean was facing mandatory retirement in another year and a half. She still felt guilty that she had been unable to solve our mystery and she wanted to spend the rest of her time before retirement taking a fresh look at our old problem. Now, Jean saw this as a solitary effort, but that was about to change. A couple of months later, the newly arrived Deputy Chief in the Counterintelligence Center, a man named Paul Redman, who had come from the same job in the Soviet East European Division. Redman's not here, so I can say it. And he thought Jomov was a good case. He's one of my buddies, so I can say it. Went to the FBI on a matter totally unrelated to our losses in 85-'86 as well as their losses. At the conclusion of this meeting, Redman just happened to mention that Jean was going to take another look at our old problem. The bureau asked if they could join. Redman said, sure. That afternoon, after their return from bureau headquarters, I received a call from Redman. He asked me if I would like to join the team. He knew I was planning on resigning from CIA and that only an opportunity to determine why we lost General Polyakov and Colonel Paulistuk would keep me working. So I left, immediately left, my division, Soviet East Europeans, and headed, I think it was upstairs, to join Jean and later our two colleagues from the bureau. One, Special Agent Jim Holt. And two, FBI Soviet Analyst Jim Milberg. Later, we added a fifth member to our team, a young CIA Office of Security Employee named Dan Payne. Dan became quite a valuable member because it was he who handled all the information and activity related to Rick Ames' finances. So as you can see in many respects, what became known as the Ames Moll Hunt team really was the creation of Paul Redman. He was a catalyst, and he deserves a great deal of credit for any of our success. Again, many details of the work of our group are in the book. But here, I'd like to highlight a couple of events which I believe were important in our search for the traitor. Before I get into those, however, I must emphasize that at no time during our deliberations from the very beginning until the very end, did we hide from anyone, including Rick Ames, the fact that we were looking for a human penetration of CIA. This was not going to be a paper exercise. So how do we start? Well, our approach to this question really did pay big dividends in our eventual identification of our traitor. Our first step, again, one that everybody would probably imagine. We had to identify all those CIA employees who were aware of one or more of the cases we lost. After some initial pairing, that totaled about 160 people. Now we've got a real problem. There is no way we can investigate 160 without an army or a navy. So we've got to find somewhere to prioritize. And it is Jane to the rescue. Her approach was simple, was not scientific, and I will add it was roundly criticized by individuals in positions of power and influence, but only after Rick's arrest. What we did is we asked all four members of our team, myself, Jane, and the two gyms from the bureau, and six others, two from FBI, four from CIA, two list, no consultation here, list on a piece of paper, four or five or six if you wanted, individuals who made them uneasy and whom they believed we should take a close look at first. Now I will point out, by uneasy, we don't mean and we didn't mean someone you had an argument with over an operational decision, or you simply didn't like the way they dressed. We're looking for a trader here. We also had another request, and we ask everyone to please put their names in rank order. The one that bothered you the most, first place, and so on down. Jane and I took the submissions, and then we assigned a numerical value to first, second, and third, and so on. Any time your name appeared in the number one position, you got six points, number two, five points. Obviously, you didn't want to win this contest. And we totaled the points. Big surprise was, Rick won the contest. He had the most points, 21. Now here I will toot my own horn, and I will quote Jane. Of all those who voted, only Sandy gets the gold star. She had him number one. Now, I will back up a little. This is not to say we ignored the remaining 154 on our list. We didn't. They were looked at as well. However, we did concentrate on those on our new short list with Rick eventually becoming our primary target. Our primary focus, I should say. Simple water here. Next was the Eureka moment, our search for the mole. Yes, and it happened in early August 1992, just a little over a year after our group had been put together. By this time, Rick was our focus. And I had been tasked with compiling a chronology of all the information we had available at that time on Rick. Eventually this document, let me give you the time parameters because that is important, it was from 1994 until the present. Eventually it totaled over 500 pages text searchable. It was mind numbing to compile. And even worse to read. But it did become an invaluable investigative tool. As part of my research on Rick, I had come across information that in early 1985, he was attempting to develop a Soviet arms control specialist assigned to the embassy in Washington. His name was Chuvakan. Now Chuvakan, I must stress, was neither a KGB staff officer nor a KGB agent. He was also not a GRU staff officer. He was just an arms control specialist. Additionally, Rick's involvement with this individual was not out of the ordinary. He was doing so in alias first. Additionally, his contact with Chuvakan was known to the CIA and known to the FBI and reported to each organization. And as I said, this was not a contact out of the ordinary. In those days, the bureau simply did not have sufficient manpower to cover the target. So often officers assigned to the Soviet East European Division would assist the bureau in particularly developmental operations. So as I said, nothing out of the ordinary. And I dutifully input this information into the chronology along with all of Rick's badge in and out. And he was a heavy smoker. It was just horrible stuff. That particular August day, Dan Payne had received an envelope with information from one of Rick's and his wife Rosario's local bank accounts. In that envelope, there were three cash deposit slips. After Dan finished with one, adding it to his spreadsheet on Rick's finances, he'd pass it over the cubicle wall to me and stuff on Rick into the chronology. The first one was 18 May 1985. Remember, he volunteered 16 April that year. 18 May, Rick makes a cash deposit to this account for $9,000. As I'm typing, I just glance at the line above and, wow, the day before he had lunch with Mr. Chewbacca. Next deposit slip, 5 July, 85. 4 July, 3 July were both federal holidays that year. 2 July, Rick has lunch again with Chewbacca. It's becoming more interesting. Last deposit slip, 31 July, $8,500 in cash. He has lunch with Chewbacca that day. Well, that was enough for Sandy, as Jean referred to it. It's my epiphany. I told Jean, I told the gyms, told Dan, and headed down the hallway to let Redmond know. And I will apologize in advance for what I'm going to say next. It wasn't particularly ladylike, but that was OK. I went into Redmond's office, shut the door, and I said, it doesn't take a rocket scientist to tell what's going on here.  Redmond and I are still arguing over my exact words, but I think I'm remembering them correctly. He would have said it a different way. However, that's not important. What is important is this was the first link that would eventually lead to Rick's arrest and conviction. It was cash deposits. It was after meetings with the Soviet National. And in each case was below the then $10,000 reporting limit that the feds had put on the banks. All right, now, lastly, I guess, finally, were Jean and I ever afraid Rick was going to get away with treason. You bet we were. And it happened in early 1993, as our task force was drawing to a close. A couple of months earlier, Jim Milburn, the FBI Soviet analyst, had been given the job of writing up our final report. Now, this was an official FBI document. It was not a CIA document. And while Jean and I did have some input into the document during its draft phase, the final wording was not under our control. That report came out in March 1993. And as we understood it, it did not identify Rick as the primary suspect. It did, though, include his name on a short list of other possibles. For Jean and myself, this was more than a terrible time. We were absolutely convinced that Rick Ames was our traitor, that we had spent two years looking for and that our analysis proved that to be the case. Obviously, we now knew the FBI did not share that belief and would continue to look at others and investigate others on their new short list. We simply saw Rick falling in a bureaucratic hole, never held accountable for the deaths he had caused. To make matters even worse, Rick was eligible to retire from CIA. And we could also see him taking their now young son, Paul, five, Rosario, leaving the US for Columbia, where her family was and where they had property. And we'd never be able to touch him. But thankfully, and I have to word this very carefully, thankfully, in 1993 additional information became available. It did not identify Rick, but it did point in his direction. And most importantly, it forced the FBI to open a full-scale investigation on Rick Ames. On February 21st, President's Day 1994, Rick Ames was arrested by the FBI around the corner from his home in Arlington, Virginia. He was on his way to CIA headquarters. He was on his way to CIA headquarters to answer a cable. Obviously, it was a ruse to get him out of the house. The cable did not exist. Shortly thereafter, the FBI arrested his wife, Rosario, at their home. Both, after a couple of months, pled guilty to espionage. Rosario was sentenced to five years, which she served not too far from here in a federal facility in Danbury, Connecticut. Upon her release, she was stripped of her US citizenship. She had to become a naturalized citizen to marry Rick. That's why she was stripped of her citizenship and deported to Columbia. Rick received life. At the time, there was no death penalty on the books for treason. And about 20 years ago, he was sent off to the federal facility, Federal Prison, in Allenwood, Pennsylvania, which is just south of Williamsport. And that's where he currently resides. In conclusion, what did Gene and I take away from this journey and really from our entire careers? It was about one thing and one thing only. And that was our assets. They, obviously, certainly Gene and myself, as well as everyone else involved in Soviet operations, understood way, way too well. We had to. These individuals, when they decided, when they agreed to cooperate with the United States government, put their hands, their lives in our hands. And we, in this case, CIA, failed them. We couldn't repay them for their sacrifices. We certainly couldn't repay their families for their losses. But we did owe each and every one an answer as to why. What caused this mess? That was our goal all along. That's the reason we wrote the book. It's also the reason the book is dedicated the way it is to General Polyakov and to the others who were executed or imprisoned and to their families. We can't forget the line of victims included all of those people. That's it, guys. And I'll be glad to answer any questions you have. OK, now I can. Yes? Let it be known that you were going to do this, brother. What did the CIA? Did the CIA tell you to shut up, go get lost, forget about it? No, no, no. No, they incurred. I mean, we wanted, we, CIA, director of operations, wanted to, there were a handful of us who had to find the answers. I said, we owed it to these people. And Paul Redmond was Juan, Gus Hathaway, Burton Gerber, all the names that I mentioned. I did not mention those who really thought it was just a historical problem, although there were some. And it's one of those things, I think, in a bureaucracy. A bureaucracy. Our business was to run spies, at least in the Sogadish, in the director of operations.  And that is your greatest success in counterintelligence. But it is also your greatest failure. Why didn't you know? Why didn't you stop it? So I think, again, in a bureaucracy, there are always those where, yes, we want to know, but please, I'd prefer it not to be on my watch. So I, but no, we had all the support that we needed to do this. Thank you. You're welcome. Yes. You said you put aims at the top of your list. What was the tickle? You know, a change. I was probably a little bit more fortunate than others, simply because I had known Rick for a long time. As I said, we carpooled together. But briefly, the Rick aims that I knew in those days was he was an absent-minded professor. He was a complete slob. Dirty fingernails, never washed his, well, did wash his hair. I think he wore the same white shirt and blue shirt. He'd exchanged maybe every other week. But Rick was sort of a gentle sort. He was a happy-go-lucky, as I say, absent-minded professor. When Rick aims, returned. And the other thing is he had absolutely zero interest, zero concern for anything material. Gee, 15 years later, he's still driving his old 72 Volvo. Windows didn't work, anyway. But when he returned from Rome and returned to headquarters in September of 1989, that wasn't the Rick aims I knew. He's a big guy, tall, who was always slouched. Rick was stood up very straight. His hair was quaffed, his nails were done. He was in, even in those days, $800 Italian loafers. The suits were magnificent, but the big change in Rick aims was that gentle person I knew was gone. His ego, it wouldn't fit in this room. He was smarter than anyone else. He knew better about everything. It was frightening. That person was gone, that personality was gone. And it's not witchcraft, I mean, it's truly observation. Obviously, you had to have access to the cases. Rick knew every single operation, everyone we lost. And he knew it, not because he was poking around, but that was his job when he was a branch chief in the Soviet East European division. It was the one place where all of those secrets came together. That's, I don't have a better explanation. He made me uneasy, maybe. That really is the word we use. Someone went, whoa. Yeah. Two questions. Do you know the number of your assets in Native Americans that were compromised? And two, there were changes that were made? I can't speak to the latter because I left shortly after. Shortly, maybe three or four months after I'll address that first, Rick's arrest, four months.  There probably were changes? Yes, and I'm certain there were. I am aware that people have to fill out financial statements, very detailed ones. I think that is a new thing. But I will say, with respect to that, Rick Ames filled out a financial disclosure. He just lied on it. I don't think that's gonna catch a spy. It'll certainly make your job easier from an investigative standpoint. But you always say, it's the second oldest profession. It's been there since the beginning of time and then I'll always, I don't know about the rest of you, but I spied on my brother, he spied on me. I mean, it's just, it's part of nature. In Rick's case, though, what triggered it? His wife, his new dolly to be, Rosario. His marriage had failed. He hadn't bothered to tell his first wife, but she could have cared less. She remained in New York when she refused to go with him overseas. And Rosario was pushing him, had been for a couple, get married, get married, get married. And so, he knew he couldn't support her and he didn't want to fail again. So the only thing he had, and it was for $20,000, that's all he needed. He could have gone to the agency and borrowed it without any problem because he had to pay off Naye and his first wife. But no, for 20 grand. Jean, and she convinced me, and I think she's absolutely right, Rick probably would not have been a traitor if it hadn't been for Rosario. He just couldn't keep her in the way she had become accustomed. Yeah. Did he ever show any remorse for all these? None. Even after he did? None. Colorful. None, none, none, none. And even in some interviews with a man named Peter Lee, he said, time out. Did you send him a book? No. I don't care if I ever hear a seed from this guy. But he said, look it, these guys, they're traders, they're traders in their country, they're heroes here, they knew what this was about. He didn't have to face a firing squad, that's where I just, yeah. Maybe it's the time, but do you feel that you're let down by the bureaucracy of the CIA at that time that maybe because of technology or not enough manpower, that when the change of Rick came back in the front room and he was this new person with all this money, Jaguar, Bansie House, whatever, that they didn't think to look into that change a little earlier? No, they did in 89. Was it suspect at Bansie House? Yeah, they did in 89. They investigated because Rick took two polygraphs while he was a spy and he, I can't say past, that's, Jean would get after me. He cleared both and one he took in 1991, right after we started. Well they were a little suspect though. No, what he, no, no trauma came through. We had an explanation with respect to the money. It was Rosario's money. It had come from her family. We had done some investigation and yes, she was from a very influential family in Bogota. She had gotten her appointment in the Colombian embassy, third secretary in Mexico where she met Rick from the president of the country. Their family had contributed the land to the largest soccer field in Bogota. So this, what we didn't know, in one of our problems we couldn't, I wasn't doing this then, anyway. One of our problems was her father had died and wills there are not centrally located. It is a family friend who takes care of this. So obviously you can't send one of your agents in Bogota over to the Depew House and say, hey, can we see a copy of Daddy's will? The other thing specifically with the, let me get to the cards, because that just, I have to clear this up. Rick and I parked in the same parking garage at this time, in 889. I had to walk past three red jaguars before I got to Rick's. So having a red jaguar was not such a big deal. And when we, he took out a loan at, we call it the CIA credit union on that automobile and the payments were in keeping with what AGS 14 would be able to afford. So no, I have to say that red jaguar didn't do much for. Like a big, expensive house and the new suits and the new. Yes, but it was her money.  Didn't clear the first time. And he explained to the polygrapher that, I'm down in Bogota all the time. I take care of my mother-in-law's finances, help her out. And many of Rosario's, she has a huge family. I assume some are in the local intelligence service. So, you know, when there's a little bit of a flutter, I'm not giving away classified information, but I'm in the company of people who are probably intelligence officers. This is always, and I laugh, personal experience. Well, I shouldn't say that. If you were asked the question by a polygrapher, do you have contact with members of an opposition service? Yeah. It's my job. You know, so these are things that are a little more difficult, but he did clear both polys. Was he lazy? Yep, probably the thing that helped us the most as a service, that he was a bad spy for them. His damage was all done two months, or almost all of his damage, was done two months after he volunteered. And no, there were no Americans that were put in danger. Yeah. That process that you mentioned about everybody making the list, as simple as it is, I'm assuming that you didn't have a conference ahead of time with one another about the individual. It was just possible. Your soul, you? Right, to those individuals. Mm-hmm. And then put it down. Yeah, yeah. Someone told me, and it's some long, fancy name, that this is really a scientific principle, but it does make sense from the novice here, is, and again, as Gene and I would always say, we couldn't find a spy in the FBI. Why couldn't we find a spy? Let's say a Soviet spy, then Soviet spy. We couldn't because we didn't know the people well enough and we didn't know how the game was played, the political game. But in the agency, yeah, we knew all those people on that list, and we knew the agency politics and the other half that you gotta know, we knew our enemy. We knew the KGB as well as any uniformed KGB officer. We couldn't have to find, for example, in that regard. We never, Gene and I never could have found a CIA employee working for the Chinese, one of the Chinese services. I can't even name them. Yeah, the back. I am not, it was up there. That was a little, as I recall, I think it was 18. Did you look further? I am not common, no, you know, not my problem. You know, it's one of those things. You want to make certain, certain, certain, that you get the right person, because you don't want the wrong person getting away with murder, because that's what it was. And you don't want it to falsely accuse someone. And that's exactly what the FBI did when they, it was a CIA officer after Rick's arrest, a guy named Brian Kelly. If you haven't read articles on him, you should. They thought Brian Kelly, they thought CIA had another mole in addition to Ames, and they thought it was Kelly, and it was not Kelly, it was none other than Robert Hansen. Yes. Do you think your efforts to find the mole were hurt at all in any way by the Barbara Whitworth case, where the Soviets were actually reading out traffic? No. Inaction there. No, I don't, no, I don't think so. But of course that case was terrible.  Rick's damage was human. Although he did, I guess because it was easy, he did have access to it. This was after he came back from Rome. He did, he had access to the military double agent cases, army, and run against the Soviets. And he did give those up, but I think in most cases, Soviets knew exactly, knew that they were all double agents.  And I can say he was lazy. Yeah. Have he ever served in the military in any capacity? Ames? No. No service. No service. He was just, he was just beyond Vietnam. I don't even think he was in the National Guard. No, no service, no service. Yes. At any point when you had a suspect or seven suspects, at any point did you consider selective entrapment by giving out information? Not entrapment, but once the bureau came into it, after we got the additional information, I mean, when they came into it officially, like we had bugs on his car, we had phones tapped at work at home, this thing kept going on and on and on. And we were getting more and more nervous that he would get wind of it. So we had this brilliant idea of passing a top secret document or putting him on the distribution of a TTS document with all kinds of code names and everything. And then the lawyers would be real happy. Justice, the camera would take a picture of it as he stuffed it in his briefcase. Must have been a warm afternoon. He picked up the document. He looks at the front of it. He doesn't or open it up and he throws it in his outbox. So, you could imagine if you were the KGB case officer having to handle Rick Gaines. Yes. I want to comment on a question in graduate school I saw a class called creative problem solving. And it was in the 1960s and it was the exact technique where a group of people would list down various sorts of things. And then they were trying to come up with the name of the group for who were going to solve these problems. There was a process and a discipline that you went through just as you outlined it. This was at Babson Institute in 1967 or 68. The other, my question in the name of Redmond. Great, I feel better. Bill McPay is Rocheford's nemesis in World War II. And I wondered if there's any connection with this Redmond and the two Redmond brothers who were of native intelligence, particularly down in the period of Midway. You know, I've never asked Paul. He's from the Boston area, Harvard. He's very gruff. Those guys are gruff. Have Rocheford if you could find him. No, I don't think so. Of course he had, he was in the service. He had service duty. Yeah, oh, yeah. You worked at the CIA in the KGB quite well. Mm-hmm. So I don't know, did you ever come across the name of Vladimir Putin during that period? No. Because he was active during that time. Yes, I, yes, but I do have to say the answer to your question is no, we never came across Vladimir Putin. The reason is he was a regional KGB officer. Those are lower level. We were concerned about those in the second chief directorate, headquarters, and the first chief directorate, because they were brought coming after us. And the others are inside Moscow and Leningrad and elsewhere coming. No, he would be one regional KGBs. We did have a Moscow city directorate office. We were running, that was Baronsov who was executed, but that is about the extent. How many women, as opposed to how many men, both the four of us, the Scott, the Unicorps? Oh, who was, or the, oh, relative of the, well, two women. It was two women and did we have, may have been three women. She wasn't on the task force. So three women, two, four, seven men. Good. May have been eight men. But now, other than myself, right, I had him number one, the chief of the Counterintelligence Center at the time, Jim Olson, super guy. Also a professor in his written books. He had Rick as number one, I mean, number two, number two. And with respect to Redmond, Redmond never listened to instructions. In the list, he had Rick at the top, but no numbers. So when Gene said, Redmond, what's your order? He said, no particular order. Yeah. Was there any investigation into Rosario to see if she maybe had, because if Rick was not an attractive personality, why would she be interested in him? She was from a wealthy family, I've seen pictures of her. Well, she was not a troll, but, this is, I'd love to answer this question. Okay, back to Mexico City. Rosario is third secretary of the Colombian embassy. In the book, she looks pretty good in a bathing suit, but she is in her late 20s. She comes from a Latin family of influence. As it turns out, it was the cousins with the money. And she's not married. This is not good. Just not good. And she needed a husband desperately. And here on the other side is Rick Ames. Yes. However, Rick Ames is not a CIA officer, right? I think he was second secretary of the U.S. Embassy. So she sees him as a diplomat. This will be quite all right. And intellectually, they got along. Rosario was working on her PhD. Rick was the what-if kind of guy. He loved that. So there was, and I guess there was a romantic spark. And you can imagine, I just wish. I never met Rosario, but she was hell on wheels. That's what the FBI guy said. Everybody has said that, her lawyer. But I just wish I had been there when Rick told Rosario, dear, I'm not a U.S. diplomat. I'm the dreaded CIA officer. And Rick couldn't marry her without her having to become a naturalized citizen. And she had to pass a polygraph. So, and she detested Americans, and particularly American women. We wore jeans. We didn't get dressed up to go to the grocery store. The only nationality of women worse than American were the Soviet women. Yeah, she was terrible. One more? Thank you. I apologize, I stepped off from there to buy a book and then I saw it. Thank you. Jean's family thanks you. Her relatives, thank you. Someone else is already out. You said that he did it for $20,000. And it sounds like the first three deposits that you investigated were that sum, or somewhere around there. Was there evidence that he continued to inform and receive damage? Oh yeah. Oh yeah, those were just the first ones that we had. And certainly most of his personal meetings with the KGB were brought. None was in the Washington area. But he would get, and he would get big payments then. And it was before 9-11, right? So he'd just take a briefcase filled with money. And he's on a dip, passing away. So how much did he get? A little too much. Sum is, sum was left in Moscow. I would say a total, it's a little unclear, but that he had in hand was about two and a half mil, maybe more. But usually what we do is, we would do it with our assets too. We would have an escrow, what we called an escrow account, because we didn't want them spending a lot of money because you'd come to notice of the KGB, particularly with the Soviets. So maybe another mil and a half, two mil was left in Moscow. Thank you very much. Welcome.


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A group of Hasidic Jewish worshipers were arrested amid a dispute over a secret tunnel built beneath a historic Brooklyn synagogue, setting off a brawl between police and those who tried to defend the makeshift passageway. Video from the Habad Lubavitch World Headquarters in Crown Heights on Monday showed officers removing a man from a tunnel built into the synagogue when a group of onlookers begin shoving police and tossing wooden desks.A spokesperson for Habad said a group of extremists. Students had broken through the walls of adjacent properties and Monday's standoff began after leadership brought in a construction crew to repair the damage to IT wasn't immediately clear why or when the tunnel was constructed. Empty space nearby. The synagogue's leaders apparently discovered the tunnel in the last few weeks and on Monday they sent a cement truck to repair the walls. When they did that the Hasidic students who supported the tunnel staged an impromptu protest getting inside the passage and refusing to leave. Video showed that some people apparently shoved cops, others lifted these prayer desks into the air. As a result nine people were arrested, three were issued disorderly conduct summonses and as of this week the city is still making sure that the structural foundation of the synagogue is intact.


Welcome back everyone. I have just hit the 1000 subscriber mark on my channel and to celebrate I wanted to answer a few questions from some of my viewers and also discuss some things including some stuff about my channel going forward. Let's begin. I'm going to jump right into a few questions I got from some of my followers on Instagram. To start off, GP Coasters asks, What new credits are you most anticipating next season? Great question. I do not have really concrete plans as of yet, but I do have an idea of parks I'd like to visit. I'm looking very much forward to possibly getting to experience many great coasters in 2020, such as Skyrush, Phoenix, Candemonium, Orion, and possibly El Toro, my number one bucket list coaster, as well as Jersey Devil Coaster should it be open if I visit Six Flags Great Adventure. Rat underscore 69 underscore. How many parks are you going to visit in 2020? This is sort of expanding on what I said about my first question and that I don't have any solid plans currently, but I am hoping to get to at least three new parks for 2020, as well as Cedar Point obviously and Kings Island. I really would like to get to the major Pennsylvania parks I haven't experienced like Kenobals and Hershey Park, as well as possibly Six Flags Great Adventure at some point. I have thought about hitting up Six Flags Darien Lake since it is only a four and a half hour drive, and I may also try to squeeze in Dornie Park while I'm in Pennsylvania. Even abbreviated to those parks I just mentioned, these plans are a bit ambitious in scope, so I'm not sure all of these will happen. Wherever I go, I'm looking forward to many great new experiences at new parks and crossing off some of my bucket list coasters. Downhill Adrenaline here, who by the way has been a really big supporter of my channel ever since very early on. In January, when I had 34 subscribers, he did a shout out video for me. I probably got a good 9 or 10 subscribers off of that video, which was really cool and he's supported me ever since. Go check out his channel if you don't know who he is, Downhill Adrenaline. Back to the questions here, he asks what my favorite channels are with 1000 subs or less and with more than 1000 subs. Well, I'm going to highlight several channels under 1000 subs as there are so many great ones. Coaster Hipster, 808 Coaster Life, that Intamin Guy, GP Coasters, and Coaster Hour are all great channels under 1000 that you should definitely check out if you haven't already. They all have great information and quality content with great production and some of these are channels that really help to inspire me in creating my identity as Coaster Daddy. My favorite channel over 1000 subscribers, I also can't give just one example there, so I'm going to list a few channels that really inspired me in creating my identity and talk about them a little bit. And some of these I have watched since they had very few subscribers and only a few videos. Airtime Thrills first of all is way up there. He's great at supporting the community as a whole and I discovered his channel quite a while before I finally created mine and at the time he only had about four videos and something like a few hundred subscribers I believe. His channel has really taken off more recently now sitting at over 16,000. I've also discovered that we think very much alike on many subjects and we also have somewhat similar stories as far as being enthusiasts. Amusement Insiders is another big one. I watched the many speculation videos around a Yukon Striker when it was beginning construction way back in early 2018. This channel has created some of the most interesting unique and professional content out there on the roller coaster industry. The channel recently has taken a bit of a different approach compared to what it used to be and personally I've never been partial to blog style videos for the most part but much of the early Amusement Insiders content helped me to shape what I wanted to do as a coaster channel. El Toro Ryan is a guy who's genuinely really cool as I ran into him at Cedar Point and his content, though much of it being in a blog format, is some of the most entertaining out there but he also does what are in my opinion probably the most in-depth reviews out there and I have learned quite a bit from him as well. Theme Park Crazy always delivers with super high quality production value and very informative videos as among my very top favorite coaster channels. X-Scream Thrills is another channel that has been growing very well recently and for very good reason. Derek provides really high quality in-depth reviews and provides some great footage of many fantastic roller coasters. A few other ones I'll mention quickly are also Parks Bros, Rampaging Rex Productions, my friend Zach with Theme Park Media, Cedar Flags, and Expedition Theme Park. Keep the fantastic content coming. Well, that was a long answer to those questions but back to you the questions from Downhill Adrenaline. His next question, Most Visited Park, Cedar Point. Most Anticipated Park Next Year, Hershey Park. Airtime or Inversions? Airtime. And finally, the most important question of all, of course. On a scale of 1 to 10, what is a microphone? Yes or no? Well, a microphone is, yes, but no, it is not a 10. My last question is from E.Frank0054. What is the most aesthetically pleasing park I've been to? That is a bit difficult for me. I would have to say either Kings Dominion or Kings Island. Both of these parks have such great charm and atmosphere despite being large Cedar Fair parks. Kings Island is just very well rounded and great looking while having a ton of huge coasters and Kings Dominion just blew me away with how beautiful it looked. I really wasn't expecting that going in and Kings Dominion as a whole is very underrated in my opinion actually. To wrap things up, I want to let you guys know a bit about what you can expect from me for the rest of 2019. I will be doing a brand new updated favorite coasters video which will be vastly different from the video I did last December seeing as I got over 30 new credits this year. It will be something like the top 15 probably with a few honorable mentions. I also will do at least one more video under the Christmas Daddy moniker and I want to discuss some of my favorite Christmas albums. Let me know if there are any other holiday videos you'd like to watch for me as well. Something I want to touch on as well with all of you lovely viewers is that my friend Zach of Theme Park Media who I collaborated with recently designed a brand new logo for me and I plan on rolling out the new branding in the new year so be on the lookout for that. I think you all will like it, it looks great. To add on to that and this is something I'm just throwing out there and I've not developed this at all yet but if I were to set up a merch store and make things like Coaster Daddy t-shirts, hats, mugs, etc. available to all of you, how many people would actually seriously be interested and intend on purchasing anything of the sort. I feel like I should maybe wait to roll that out when I have established myself more but if there is enough interest I may consider doing that. Just let me know if that is something you would actually purchase if it were to happen. I don't exactly know if there is any interest, likely not, but I figured why not ask and try to gauge it. Thank you all so much for making 2019 an awesome year for my channel. It is the first full year for it seeing as I founded the channel in September 2018. I've seen a lot of growth only having subscribers in the very double digits in January and what made reaching 1000 subscribers so exciting for me personally was that it happened on my birthday, December 1st. What an awesome way to celebrate. By the way, fun fact, Raptor was open the year I was born. Not too shabby if I must say so myself. Thank you all so much again for supporting my channel for all of this time and of course welcome to all of my newer subscribers as well. I love making these videos and interacting with other Coaster Geeks out there so I look forward to seeing all of you in the comments, comments, comments, so I look forward to seeing all of you in the comments and in the parks next year. Be sure to like my page Coaster Daddy on Facebook and follow me at Coaster Daddy official on Instagram. This is Coaster Daddy. Bye.


Initial public offering IPO or stock market launch is a type of public offering in which shares of a company are sold to institutional investors and usually also retail individual investors, an IPO is underwritten by one or more investment banks, who also arrange for the shares to be listed. On one or more stock exchanges. After this process, colloquially known as floating or going public, a privately held company is transformed into a public company. Initial public offerings can be used to raise new equity capital for the company concerned, to monetize the investments of private shareholders such as company founders or private equity investors, and to enable easy trading of existing holdings or future capital raising by becoming publicly traded enterprises. After the IPO, shares traded freely in the open market are known as the free float. Stock exchanges stipulate a minimum free float both in absolute terms the total value as determined by the share price multiplied by the number of shares sold to the public and as a proportion of the total share capital i.e., the number of shares sold to the public divided by. The total shares outstanding. Although IPO offers many benefits, there are also significant costs involved, chiefly those associated with the process such as banking and legal fees, and the ongoing requirement to disclose important and sometimes sensitive information. Details of the proposed offering are disclosed to potential purchasers in the form of a lengthy document known as a prospectus. Most companies undertake an IPO with the assistance of an investment banking firm acting in the capacity of an underwriter. Underwriters provide several services, including help with correctly assessing the value of shares share price and establishing the public market for shares initial sale. Alternative methods such as the Dutch auction have also been explored and applied for several IPOs.


Let's look at the pattern of surface temperature changes over the past century. We are looking at surface temperatures relative to a base period from 1951 to 1980, so we're looking at whether the temperatures are warmer or colder than the average temperature over that late 20th century baseline. And we're looking at five-year chunks. We can see that in the 1930s, for example, there was some warming at high latitudes, but not global in nature. We can see that in later decades, the 1960s, the 1970s, there was some cooling over large parts of the northern hemisphere. We'll talk about that later on in the course that might have had an impart component due to aerosol production by human activity. And of course, as we get into the late 20th century, we see large-scale warming that is unprecedented over at least the period covered by the instrumental record.