So, our next speaker is Rick Pannen with his talk vapor face soldering with a deep fryer. So Rick has been doing hardware design for some time now. He actually considers himself a full stack developer from the hardware world. So basically going from software to hardware, it's everything from doing circuits to firmware development on embedded Linux. He usually does his stuff in a small series production in order to be able to give out some of the samples to the community where he has also been spending a bunch of time. He's trying to slowly move to a process of being able to do as much as possible in-house and this talk is a result of that process. Please give a great round of applause at least at home to Rick Pannen. Thank you. Hi, welcome to my talk vapor face soldering with a deep fryer. In this talk I'll first explain the reflow process in detail and then I'll show you how vapor face soldering works and how to do it with a cheap deep fryer. Reflow soldering basically consists of three steps. First you apply some solder paste to a circuit board.  For that you need some solder paste. Solder paste comes in a hundred thousand varieties. Most of them have different melting points and different ingredients but the common lead free paste that you use these days are melt about 210 to 225 degrees and the majority of the solder paste has a limited shelf life and has to be kept in the fridge if you're not using it. So for home use I would recommend using the solder paste that comes in syringes because it's lesser amount and it probably won't go bad unless you use a lot of solder paste. Also it's a bit easier to apply. Our solder paste comes with a temperature profile that tells you exactly how many seconds you should ramp up the temperature to a certain amount and then you have a soaking face where for several seconds you keep the temperature at the same point and then for a very short amount of time you ramp up the temperature to the reflow phase that's when the actual soldering happens and then you have to remove the temperature to cool it down. For applying the solder paste there are two basic methods. The first one is a direct paste application. So you can do that manually by just taking your syringe and applying a small amount of solder paste to each pad where you want to put your S&D components. Then the next step would be a modified CNC mill or 3D printer where you put in a solder paste syringe as a tool head and then load in your paste layer from your electronics design software and the printer then or the CNC mill automatically applies the solder paste to the pads on the board and for industrial applications there are also inkjet printer like devices that apply the solder paste automatically to PCBs but these devices are very expensive and probably not suitable for home use. For home users I would recommend getting a stencil for solder paste applications because stencils have become very cheap in the recent years and it's much simpler to apply the solder paste with the stencil than doing it manually. So stencils can be used also in different ways. The simplest and cheapest one is just putting your boards on a desk and using some tape to apply your stencil to it so you position it over your board and then you fix it to your desk and after that you use a rake to wipe your solder paste to the board. I will show that later in the demo. For home users I would definitely recommend getting frameless stencils. When you order a stencil at your PCB house you always have a check box where you can say I want a frame or no frame. The first time I ordered a stencil I took the frame version and that looks like this so you get a gigantic thing and there in the middle is actually my ... can't really see it ... maybe like this ... this is the actual board and yeah this is the stencil it has some some aluminium framing around it and that's definitely very expensive for shipping so you'd rather want something like this so a frameless stencil that can be used very easily for the method where you just put it on your desk. If you do a lot of the same boards then there are stencil printers or manual stencil printers that's where you use the stencils with a frame but these stencil printers are not cheap and I think the tape on desk method is pretty simple to use so unless you make a batch production of boards I would always just get the frameless stencil and do it on your desk. For industrial environments there are automatic stencil printers that have a conveyor belt pull in the PCB do all the positioning and then automatically apply the solder paste to the stencil. After you've put the solder paste on your board then you need to place your components again the cheapest way and what most home users will do is just take all the components manually with some tweezers and put it on your board. Because of the way that reflow soldering works and you will see that later in the demo you don't have to position them too exactly because the surface tension of the solder paste when it starts to melt will pull the the components into position so you don't have to be too precise with positioning you shouldn't place it right next to the footprint but if it's not exactly where it should be then this should be resolved while in the reflow soldering process later. So I would always be comment getting some good tweezers if you do the manual placement and not using the two euro things from the DIY store because yeah they were bent easily and some good tweezers really help with this process. The next step would be a pick and place machine that takes a file from your design program that has all the positions of the components and the rotation that it needs after picking up the components from a reel or from a tray and then uses little suction cups to place the components on the board. These have become a little bit cheaper in the recent years but it's quite a hassle to program it for a lot of components. So unless you're doing more than 20 boards or so it's not really worth getting a pick and place machine and programming it and getting all the rotation and the pickup correctly. So yeah for projects where you do one to five boards I always do the manual placement and then in industrial environments there are also these pick and place machine like in the middle but for very high volume production there are also machines called ship shooters that have a revolving turret that picks up components and then shoot them to the PCB. Once your components are placed on the board you will need to solder it and the cheapest method here is to use a hot air gun. If you ever did this you will know that it's not as easy as it looks. So you set your hot air gun to a temperature and you set the airflow and often if you set the airflow too high then you blow your components of the board or if you set the temperature too high you burn some components or you desolder stuff that you don't want to desolder on other parts of the board. So it's mostly used if you do replacement of single components. So you want to rework a chip or replace one or if you do really just a few components then this can also be the method to use but I'd always recommend if you do that then use some solder paste that has a lower melting point. So I listed one from Chipquick here that I am using for hot air reflowing and that melts at just 135 degrees C. So that makes it way easier to get the setting right on your hot air gun. The next thing is using a modified pizza oven. So you get a cheap pizza oven and you put some thermocouples into it to have a good temperature measurement and then most hobby users add some controller for example an Arduino based controller that then tries to keep the temperature profile that you've seen on the solder paste. That works well for some stuff but because these ovens have these heating coils on the top you have to be really careful with the placement of your PCB underneath it because there are some spots that are hotter and some are colder and in general it's hard to get good results with a pizza oven. Often you have to add some airflow to get a better distribution of the temperature. Sometimes it's hard to ramp up the temperature fast enough and it's kind of a hassle. So I also used this method and that's why I switched to vapor phase soldering because that's a process that's much easier to control at home. In industrial environments you have large reflow ovens that have different zones with different temperature and then you have a conveyor belt and your PCB goes on this conveyor belt through the oven and through the different zones and then by just adjusting the speed of the conveyor it's very easy to control the heat that is applied to the board. Instead of using an oven for reflow soldering you can also use vapor phase soldering and that's a very simple concept that has been around since the 1970s that works by using a phase chamber with a heater on the bottom. Phase chamber is just a sophisticated word for a cooking pot.  Galden is a liquid plastic that has some very unique properties. So the most important one is that it has a boiling temperature of about 200 degrees so there's galden for different temperatures just like soda paste so there's one that evaporates at 170 degrees and some that evaporates up to 260 degrees and now when you apply heat to this galden at some point it begins to boil and then it forms a vapor that is heavier than air so it stays at the bottom of this chamber and that way you have a low temperature on the top of the chamber and higher temperature on the bottom of the chamber and the temperature will be exactly the boiling temperature of the galden. So it's just like with water if you cook water then you get water vapor and unless you put it under pressure the water vapor will have exactly 100 degrees and not more and that's just like with the galden vapor that if you have galden that has a boiling point of 230 degrees then the vapor will have exactly 230 degrees and unless all the galden in the face chamber has evaporated nothing will change so you can never get a too high temperature and in most of these chambers for vapor phase soldering you also have a cooling system on the top so because galden is pretty expensive you don't want to use any of it now if you put a PCB in this chamber and slowly lower it into the vapor then the temperature on the PCB will slowly rise to the galden's boiling temperature and as this galden vapor condensates on the parts of the PCB and it does it everywhere where the vapor touches the PCB then it will very evenly heat up all the components and also the solder paste on the PCB to exactly the galden's boiling temperature and that way you have a process that's very easy to control because it's not really possible to overheat your components or the solder paste so by timing the lowering and the lifting of the PCB into the vapor you can very nicely follow the temperature profile of your soldering paste one drawback of this process is that the galden is very expensive so if you have a large industrial vapor phase reflow oven you need some liters of it and as you see here five liters costs about a thousand dollars but for the process I'm showing now with the small deep fryer you just need a very small amount so I use about 250 milliliters and at least in Europe you can get 400 milliliters of the 230 degree galden at beta layout for 88 euros so for the deep fryer vapor phase soldering you need to buy a deep fryer for about 100 euros and galden for 90 euros so the whole process can be done for under 200 euros and if you're worried about the safety galden is actually very safe because it's it's basically inert so it's no problem if you breathe in the vapor or if you even swallow it on the safety instructions that come with a galden say if you breeze it in then you should go outside and take two or three deep breath and if you swallow it you should drink two glasses of water in an industrial environment you have these large vapor phase machines that also use a conveyor belt and automate the whole process and yeah these are very expensive but for lap use and prototyping there are these smaller machines that also cost a couple of thousand euros but they are basically a container with a heater on the bottom a temperature probe and some kind of controller and these are exactly the same as deep friars so deep friars also have some kind of heating coil at the bottom and they have a controller and somewhere there's a temperature probe to keep the temperature that you set on the controller and I've looked at lots of these devices and finally I found one that fits very good to my use case and the size of the boards that I'm usually making and that is a WMF mini fryer it is quite small and it has a lid that is sealed so there's not much vapor escaping and a very nice thing it is that when the lid is closed by turning the handle you can lower and lift the basket inside it has a container that can be taken out that is quite flat on the bottom and that is also important because if you have the heating coils inside of the container you need a lot of the expensive galvan to put that much in it that it fills it up above the heating rods and because the heating rod here is in the bottom that's you just need about 250 milliliters so the whole bottom is covered with galvan the temperature sensor in this device is just at the point where the if you put in cooking oil then it's just where the lower level indicator is on the container and the temperature sensor is basically outside and it measures the temperature of the container at a certain height when we're using this for vapor phase soldering this temperature sensor will be above the liquid which is pretty nice because it will basically measure the temperature of the vapor and not of the liquid the only drawback is that it can just be set to 190 degrees and not more which is I think kind of due to the fact that you shouldn't fry something like potatoes with a higher temperature because there can be some cancerous stuff developing if you fry it with too much heat but yeah that's no problem for vapor phase soldering so we have to somehow modify it that we can turn the temperature higher fortunately this device doesn't have any electronics it's all pretty discreet so it has the temperature probe and that has a certain resistance and then you have the knob in front where you set the temperature and you that's also just a potential meter where you set a resistance and then it just compares the resistance of the the temperature probe to the resistance that you set on this potential meter and if it's higher it switches off the heater so the you just have to turn the knob a little bit further then you can choose to have a higher temperature range on that device and you can do that by opening up the bottom and then there's a little metal piece that stops the potential meter from turning too far you can take a screwdriver and bend that up a bit and I guess it works the same for all the cheap deep fryers on the market so they should be all basically the same and just have a mechanical limiter that can be removed so yeah you bend up this little metal piece and then you screw the bottom part back on and then there's a second limiter that you see when you take off the knob on the front there's a little plastic part that also stops the knob from turning too far so just take a sharp knife and cut away that plastic part and then you can turn the knob as far as you want to prevent too much of the precious gallant to escape through the lid we also need to add some cooling I just used an old PC cooler that I found somewhere in our basement I also wanted to add a water cooler at some point and looked at some water coolers for graphics cards but the ones I found were too expensive or not really available or not really fitting but I'm still looking to add that and then probably I would lose where even less garden through the lid so now let me show you how that all works here I prepared the board I'm gluing it with some double-sided tape onto my desk and add some some old boards around it the upper one I also glued to the board then I put the stencil on it taped it onto the upper board and used again an old board to rake the solder paste over it and as you can see that works pretty nicely so it's not that hard to use that solar paste now I'm putting some components to the board and I have attached a temperature probe to the basket you don't really need that it's just for this demo to to show how it works the temperature probe is not working really well so it's not 30 degrees where I'm doing this it's plus minus 10 degrees I think it was damaged at some point so you make sure that there's enough galvan that the whole bottom of the container is covered with it then you put your basket with your board on it and switch on the deep fryer so I put it to about where 210 degrees would be if it would be on the scale and then it takes about three to four minutes until some vapor is forming on the top of the PCB here I waited a bit too long because I had to figure to handle the camera so you see it's already starting to solar so I should have lowered it much sooner but now I'm lowering it and as we can see the temperature is rising quickly to where it should be and here you see through the glass how the soldering works and how the components are put into place by the surface tension of the solder paste and yeah you can just watch it through this window and see when everything is nice and shiny and and everything is soldered and then you switch your switch off the deep fryer raise the basket again and wait for a few minutes for it to cool down I didn't wait long enough here so you see there's some vapor escaping it's not dangerous but it's expensive so you should maybe wait a bit longer and now you see we have a nicely soldered board thank you so much Rick I think it's really cool like reducing the friction in this entire process I think it's important to keep be sure that it's possible to like innovate with like low amounts of resources because as we've seen before with the community like that's really something that drives things forward so questions and I was actually thinking about something myself like this entire process like what has been one of the biggest obstacles because like watching the talk it seems like you really overcome everything among the way when there was a little itch or something like what has actually proved to have been a problem because I guess there must have been something yeah the biggest problem was finding the right deep fryer so yeah I ordered I think about three different ones and now everywhere I'm using my browser I get some advertisements for kitchen appliance that last for some time but yeah finding one that can be modified easily and that has this flat bottom so yeah I ordered a lot of them and send them back but yeah finding the right one then then the processes is pretty easy once you have the right one also the the modification takes just a few minutes sounds a lot like trial and error on that part I mean it's awesome that it worked out and I guess like it's just part of the prop process with like the advertising stuff if you do something like that and want to misuse a part and then use a private browser tab for that because I'm not really interested in kitchen appliances but the algorithm doesn't know that that's that's great yeah just just and now we will be taking the questions that I've come in for the internet and so one person is asking so if the gallon is 230 degrees can it be can the solder be lead free the solder basically yeah yeah I'm using that free solder for for yeah it doesn't make sense to use let it solder with with this process because it works just fine I know a lot of people who do who use the method or a cheap Chinese reflow oven they use leaded solder paste just because it's easier for to to get the lower temperature right but for this it really doesn't matter so it works great this was leaded so the paste and also in the demo I used lead free solder paste that's awesome I think that was an important thing to to be able to to figure out so another person is asking so with the discussion about foreignated chemicals is there a need to revisit the safety classification of the gallon or like is that fine I think so you're really using just a little of it and there's as long as you don't heat it up too much it's completely safe if if you would manage to somehow heat up the gun above 290 degrees would break down and there would be some hydrofluoric acid coming out of it that would be very very bad but so so you have to make really sure that you have enough garden in it because it's the only way that that could happen that you heat up the vapor too too much I think would be to put too little in it if it's just very little bit in it it could be that the bottom gets too hot and then it could break down but you really get it it's hard to to get the vapor above 290 degrees if it's not under pressure or anything so I think it's pretty safe and it lasts very long so I probably I bought this 400 milliliters and it probably will last forever from time to time there's some residue in the in the gal but you can just run it through a coffee filter and then it's fine again so it's it's you're not really using it up it's it's just like a tool and then it will last a very long time so I and extending on the last thing so someone who's a bit freaked out with chemicals and stuff like that for instance me like how do you actually go about it like what's the absolute worst thing that could happen the worst thing is a hydrochloric acid forming when you when you get it too hot so it's something so I would recommend to if you do that do that outside take all the precautions use safety goggles use use gloves and maybe also use your your FFP to mask if you're if you're really afraid of it and then if you do it outside and and never look away if why they're using it so if you're done using it or if you walk away from it disconnected from the power and yeah it was everything so so it's really hot 200 you don't want something that's 230 degrees on your on your hands so so just don't be stupid sounds like a same precaution but the garden is actually so if you have seen the film the abyss it's it's an old science fiction movie where they are underwater and they're breezing in a liquid that has oxygen in it to go deeper and that is actually the same stuff and there are yeah you can find pictures on the internet where they have rats in in small glasses with the stuff in it and they're breezing it and so it's really yeah unless you make it too hot it's really inert and it doesn't react with anything I'll refrain from asking you how the movie ends I think yeah no worries cool so next question is do you need to do you need to remove the condensed galvan vapor from the components or how does that work there's actually very little on it so they feel dry so I don't I don't clean the boards afterwards I think I think that's fine and there's not really much left so yeah there's stuff condensating on it but I think most of it drops down and and they're not wet to the touch so so yeah I don't I don't clean the boards afterwards okay I think it's good in these kinds of situations to like figure out what someone who's a bit more experienced or very more experienced like yourself basically handles and doesn't that kind of kind of situation so one of the next questions is that if whether you have checked if the plastic can safely be heated to 230 degrees and I think they're basically referring to the deep fryer here oh that's that's all there are some plastic parts but the container is metal and there is on the top lid there are some plastic parts I made some experiments first and nothing melted but yeah I have to see see what happens I used it I don't know 10 or 20 times and it's fine until now but yeah yeah probably this device is not made for that kind of heat but it's made for 190 degrees and 230 is not too far from that so until now it it caps up nicely but again yeah it's a heck it's not really really made for this so for me it works fine but you have to be careful if you try it out yourself cool thank you I will just check if there are any like last on the falling rope questions I don't know how to say that in English and I think that was actually everything for now so as I said previously Rick like thank you so much it's it's really great especially considering that as the more you can take in at home the easier and faster this process will be and basically also lower the cost and like I at least personally feel that that's very important so I want to say thank you and I think that the audience agrees with me so thanks a lot okay then yeah have fun soldering at home we will thanks okay bye bye


Good morning guys and welcome to a new vlog. It is Saturday and my morning is kind of packed. I'm not going to cycle bar surprise. I know I wanted to but then I forgot my dog has a grooming appointment at 9.45 so it's like in an hour but when I'm downtown celebration I want to kill two birds with one stone and shoot for my phabletics post. So fingers crossed I get a good post. I was actually kind of proud of the last one I did. I have no idea or inspiration for the concept of this one so it's gonna be like kind of just walking around seeing what's cute and bringing my tripod. Oh let's unbox this or unbag this together. I'm excited to see what it is. Always come with this like fun little stuff. I love that it's black. You guys know or it's like I don't know a deep dark color. No it's black. I love black. I'm so excited. I love how everything just kind of matches so you have these leggings really thick good quality. I think I have some of these maybe it's a different pair but I have some like super similar to this.  I always work out in the phabletics leggings because they're just like thick and I know that they're durable and they can withstand my washing machine and stuff and not like get all gross so we have this top so cute. I love the high neck and the back is super cool. I'll try it on after I get out of the shower because today's hair washing day. Man hair washing days are the best so my dog's getting groomed and my hair is getting washed so it's an everything shower type of day but this is what the back looks like and I love working out in these because they're like a lot more like it's high support bra and I don't like you know having my girls like just flopping all around so I'm really happy with this.   So here is the look I love the high neck and it's super comfortable it's a little loose here but it's fine and then the back is super cute let me show you guys isn't that cute? Anyway I have to go I am running late like always for this dog appointment but the thing is um they're always like oh we're running a little bit behind so like I mean I know I'm gonna be okay but still it's it kind of sucks. I'm wearing my green pullover because like 40 degrees out I gotta remember to take my tripod over there and yeah I don't think I'm gonna have enough time to dry my hair shoot. Got the dog all settled sort of like she always hates going in there it's so sad but um I totally got it like you know a different person did her like her grooming and she needed to like really be de-shedded and she needs like the nail file and everything so fingers crossed that I know Adion always does a great job so like I'm happy it's her not that the other girl is just bad but like you know I was not happy with the way Piper looks the other time so yes our girl's back and yeah she was like so scared like Piper did not she was like cleaning on she's so scared it's so sad I think I'm gonna get a coffee I forgot okay it's horrible I forgot my tripod I was in such a hurry to like get out of the house I was only three minutes late so thank goodness um but I forgot to grab the tripod but luckily I have this octobuddy now on my phone so hopefully I can just use one of these like windows and like do it um the clip that you saw me dry my hair I just put my um phone like section to my ear and it like it stayed and because I'm using the adhesive now like I pulled the two octobuddies apart and basically just like stuck it um on this black iPhone case so I did that and it's actually working now I just wanted to give an update I do want to take the photos so I'm just like scouting out little places that I could potentially you know use as a background it is so cold guys hopefully this is gonna go fast because it kind of needs to go fast it's so cold okay so editing some photos and it's 40 degrees out and I still got a nice coffee I don't know I cannot drink hot drinks like I don't know I have to be in the specific mood to drink the hot drink there's my prince oh my gosh Adriana you always do such a great job look at her yeah I'll put it in the note to the booker with me but if it's okay good girl all right guys so I'm home from the store I did like some laundry and stuff and surprisingly I'm going to be cooking some chicken tonight I'm excited in the cooking era so I'm gonna film myself like making it and yeah normally I'm not the cook but it's fine I'm learning new things and I'm excited because like eventually like I do know that I will cook and you know when it the time comes of like me having a family and stuff like I probably will I just I think the only reason why is just because my passion and I'm just lazy so anyway I'm gonna montage this and give you guys little updates along the way but I'm gonna get to cooking some chicken and corn the green beans are kind of easy because you just like warm them up because I can cook green beans but you know I got the chicken in the oven it was literally just like stirring the green beans and stuff and waiting so there wasn't much to it but this chicken was simple and this is how it turned out really proud of it and yeah simple meal the next day all right here's me allery it's been a hot minute but she looks like her sale well that's good she's been doing good honestly I just wanted to start this vlog so I can show you guys my outfit because I'm actually pretty proud of this let me turn off the tv so can I turn off the tv yes thanks sometimes Piper's just really picky and she doesn't eat sorry I'm talking about you um but now she's eating so thank goodness outfit of the day okay thanks Valerie so I'm wearing my black coat again it's like 37 degrees out so black coat again this Hermes scarf that my aunt gave me um my vineyard vines um sweater I've had this forever like probably since like 2016 and then Levi jeans and then the platform oh I'm actually pretty proud of this outfit so I think it's gonna go on the Instagram because I was like oh it's cold I have never worn this scarf out so I'm like today's the day oh and if you don't know what where I'm going or whatever I'm um going to church with Valerie she's speaking on like reincarnation and stuff clearly the subject is way up my alley but you know it's family bonding day


Hello, I'm Enrico Vini, Debian developer, and since this is Debian Day, this morning we have seen a bit of what Debian is and some theory behind it, and I want to try to show you what's the everyday life, kind of give you an idea of, well, the life of Debian developers, what people do, what people think or feel inside in the project. So BDL has been talking about this this morning, that's like from Debian.org, the Debian project is an association of individuals who have made common cause to create a free operating system. Who are those individuals? So, to be speaking, some are left-wing activists, many are not. Some could be Christian, Muslim, Jewish, Taoist, Discordians, Pasterferians, many are none of that or something else or they just don't care. Some have children, some have grandchildren, some have children, who are Debian developers? Some are married, some are not, some married after meeting at a Debian event, and some went to a Debian conference for their honeymoon. So socially, you shouldn't give much for granted. If they tell you Debian is made by, I don't know, university student, nothing like that. In terms of profession, some are students, some are professors, scientists, admins, programmers, okay, you would expect that. We have monks, dentists, surgeons, firefighters, some work on a company because their company asked them to work on Debian. Some work on Debian because the company asked them to work on Debian. We have a few over here, but not just over here. Some own companies, some own companies that ask their employers to work on Debian. Some people package video games where you believe you are in space, and some people design satellites and then send them to spaces their hobby. Some people go to space on holidays. So professionally, again, it's very diverse, and you can't take much for granted. Some quotations from Debian developers about answers to the question, how did you start with Debian? So I maintained geology software that I was using, it's one answer, or another one package PHP apps, but didn't dare upload them because I thought it wasn't a good idea. Then you said the first thing I did was to use it, which makes a lot of sense. Maintain local packages for Red Hat servers and realize they would save time if they got those in the distribution, but not Red Hat, but Debian. Save more time if they actually switched to Debian. I was working in Perl, found challenges in Debian to practice my Perl skills. I ended up capable for operating system as a platform to develop software for an amateur satellite payload for the hobby. Some started maintaining because they wanted to prevent their favorite package from leaving Debian because nobody cared. Managing the internal infrastructure for a small office, stuffing Debian boots, helping running Debian boot at the conference, or it's so long I cannot remember anymore. So what can you do with Debian? I personally use it on my computer, on my laptop, on my server, on my mobile phone. My parents use it and my partner uses it. My internet provider uses it, he's the chief of my internet provider, and my accountant uses it, and he's my accountant. My former high school uses it, my university uses it, well, my former university, because I don't work at a university, but when I was at the university, they used it. I've seen it used to drive industrial machinery, which is nice, being paid to help them to do so, which is also nice. I've seen it used to drive amateur telescopes, please raise your hand. If you have questions, find him. I've seen it used in weather forecast agencies, well, weather forecast. I maintain some weather forecast stuff, because, well, I contact for them as well. I've spoken with people who maintain it for governments, and, well, Rhonda is going to talk about it later on this afternoon, so, yeah, well, you can see them too. Some people use Debian to test compilers, because it's got gigabytes of source code, so sometimes the GCC people ask us, can you please try to rebuild all of Debian with a new version to see if it explodes? And yeah, well, it's like one of the hugest bodies of source code you can ever find, and Lukas, who should be here, maintains a whole infrastructure to rebuild the whole of Debian in eight hours on a cluster or something. And so, yeah, sure, we have capability to do that. A friend of mine uses Debian to control the light effects of the theater play, and he sits in the audience controlling the light effects with an EEPC, and he's got the computer behind the stage that does everything. And so, people say, how the hell can you control all the lights by sitting in the audience, and he says magic. Other questions, besides my personal experience, people answer to that question by saying, I use Debian to find friends, run computers, play games, or use Debian to make the Austrian healthcare system work. It's good use. Half of my wardrobe consists of Debian clothing, which was an excellent answer. I use Debian to get my daily work done. I use Debian for everything, says Bdale. All of personal use, and I also use Debian to offer Clamavi Ubuntu Mirro. So, the Ubuntu Mirro for Clamavi runs on Debian. So, I use Debian to keep the Department of Physics of ETH Zurich working. I use it for everything, says René Magyarga, and I use it for everything, says Wouter, indeed. Well, most people would actually answer, yes, I use it for everything. So, you should not give much for granted about the limits of what you can do with Debian. It's been on space, it's been everywhere. So, common ways of earning a living with Debian. So, you can do, you want to make money with Debian, right? And you know Debian, and so, okay, you can do a system administration. And somebody asks, can you install, maintain, upgrade, monitor, fix my Debian setup for me? And you say, well, yes, I'm one of the developers, sure, I can do it, right? Easy. Some people may say, but I cannot install Debian in my very important corporate agency because Debian doesn't have a phone number that I can call in case something goes wrong. That's quite useful, people say, oh, I want to put other stuff because they have a phone number that I can shout to if something goes wrong. And well, it doesn't have a phone number, it has many. One of them is mine, and I have a price list. So, that's another way to make a living with Debian is to offer support and people do that, or you can offer customization. People can say, I understand that Debian does everything. But I don't need everything, I only need to do one thing. And I want it to work, fine. No problem, Debian can be customized. Many people are adapting Debian to all sorts of specifications. There's Debian for schools, for industries, for kiosks, for whatever.  Other way people make money with Debian. Debian does not come with a purpose. That's why people find it hard to make sense of what can be done with Debian. The only purpose of Debian is to be the best free operating system, obviously. But nothing more specific than that. We don't need to be more specific than that, that's kind of the thing. But you can give it your purpose with some work, obviously. That's very important. Everything you do in Debian is about work.  They don't want to see you around anymore. It's all about work, it's all about having a purpose, or wanting to do something with it, or wanting to fix things you don't like and just do it. No point in asking, oh, what if I fix this, you just go and fix it and say, I fixed it, do you like it? And people say, yeah, I don't, but I don't have the time, so I'll take your fix and Debian moves on. So I've asked people what is your best Debian work and answers were, well, running Debian for five years, which, yes, definitely worth an applause, because it's a lot of work to run Debian. And thanks to all the volunteers, not just Gunnar who, year after year, and keep this on, which is really cool. Or, well, people have done their own technical, specific things like new metadata in packages. The answer was, there's no my best Debian work because in Debian there's always space for improvement, which is very true. Some can be proud of the fact that it's mostly because of their effort that a choice of 70 languages appears when you install Debian.  Again, all sorts of technical changes. Pushing the use of Debian in specific fields. Debian is the operating system of choice for neurological research. And that couldn't have happened unless we had neurologists who liked Debian and went to conferences and tried to make sure it would be useful for them. And, you know, they used it, they packaged stuff for software that they needed, and it was missing in Debian and they created documentation and they actually made it happen. In the main worldwide neuroscience convention of everything, Debian had a booth and it was like, yeah, we are here to stay and we are cool and people were into it. So, people are proud of being the bridge between software developers and the distribution. Software developers like to develop software, but they are not usually aware of what happens when their software is actually used in all sorts of different places. And that is the task of Debian developers. Debian developers make sure that that software works in all sorts of different places and then they can link back to the software developer and say, well, people reported that this could be improved or there's a new practice for integrating your software with other things, and so there's a lot about, you know, working with users and working with developers. We are in the middle and we have a very important task. Help Debian scale by building infrastructure, being an auto builder administrator for over 10 years now. That question? No, okay. So, what keeps all Debian developers together? It's tricky because, well, the only vision we have is to make the best free operating system, but then there are so many, like, what's the best free operating system for a dentist is different than the best free operating system for a space engineer. So, the thing that keep us all together are the Debian social contract, which basically everybody agrees that for their work in Debian, they'll do according to those five points. It's a kind of simple point. It's a bottom line. If you want to package non-free, well, if you want Debian to be all about proprietary software, then you're not welcome as a Debian developer because that's the first point of Debian social contract. If you are happy with the fact that you contribute to something that will remain 100% free, then, yeah, we understand each other. We understand each other that we all wish to give back to the free software community. All the work we do, we won't keep it secret and say, oh, I have this really cool piece of free software that I'm not giving to you. That's not what we do in Debian. So it's like we can assume that if we ask a Debian developer, oh, you've done that really cool thing for Debian. Can I see the source code? They'll say, yeah, sure. Usually, you need to ask, where did you put the source code? You don't need to ask, can I see it? If you ask some Debian developer, can I see the source code? They'll say, yeah, of course. Why do you ask? We will not hide problems. We do all our best not to have like a secret thingy of secret issues that Debian has and nobody must know about. We do have a few, but we try to keep them to a minimum. Is that some security problems cannot be disclosed until all the other distributors agree to it, and so we have to keep a few of them. But it's like every problem is in the open, except a few very recent security issues that we can't do otherwise, but we'd like to. Our priorities are our users and free software. So we usually fight about the order of those. But generally, we agree that those are both priorities. Some people say, yes, we need to have free software, even if it's unusable. Some people need to say, no, we need usable software, even if it's not completely free, but generally we reach a compromise at some point. And about works that do not meet our free software standards, we understand that some people may want to run on free software, and although it's not part of Debian, we sort of... Let's say we won't help you run non-free software, but the idea is that we won't kind of put you in a condition not to be able to. Let's say, if you need to run something non-free, we'll try to do our best so you can, although we won't package it for you. The idea is that we won't put a system in Debian that if you're running something which is not free software, we'll format your hard drive or something. That won't happen. Well, it will be considered a bug if you can't run something. Maybe it's a bug that we can't easily fix or won't be the top of our priorities, but we won't put... Let's say we won't boycott it because people may have a need, unfortunately for them, to run software which is not free. And then what is free software? That's defined by the Debian free software guidelines, which, as BDEL was saying this morning, have been used as the basis for the open source definition. And it's basically 10 points of what is considered free software and it's generally reasonable. You can have a look. I'm not going to explain it to you, but it's... Well, yeah, quickly. You can give it away without restrictions or you can get the source code, you can change the source code, give away the change side. Then there's some other details, but you can't discriminate against persons or groups. Like if a software says this is free software, but if you are... I don't know, if you are a criminal, you can't use it, then that's not free software for us. It's not that we care about criminals, but that's a slippery slope. And some people say if you are a criminal, and some people say if you are not a Christian, you can't use it, and some people say if you talk badly about that company, you can't use it. And so there must be no discrimination, no matter what. A license must not be like, oh, this is free software if it's in Debian, but otherwise it's not free software. This is a very important point. The license must not be specific to Debian, because Debian is something that anybody can take and customize and build something else. You know, people may want to, you know, take Debian every six months and tweak it a bit and then call it to Ubuntu and make a living out of it. And why not? We like it, it's that way. That's a very strong point of Debian. It's the basis from which people can build other very successful distribution. And therefore license must not be specific to Debian, otherwise this cannot happen. The fact that that point was written like 10 years before Ubuntu is great, right? That makes a lot of sense, and 10 years later you see why. License must not contaminate other software, so you can't say this is GPL and any other software on the same CD is also GPL, because otherwise we couldn't make a CD of Debian, because there's so many free software licenses. Okay, and then in the definition, there's a few example licenses just to give examples about what we mean. And then when people become official members of Debian, there's a sort of oath they need to swear, which is they need to sign a mail in which they say that, yes, I agree with those points and all my work in Debian will be guided by those points. And so one is, do you agree to uphold the social contract and the Debian free software guideline in your Debian work? You know, what we said before. And the second point, have you had the Debian machine usage policy? Do you accept them? The second policy basically says that you cannot use Debian infrastructure for your own stuff when you use a Debian infrastructure, you need to use it for Debian, and that kind of makes sense.  Something like that, and Debian has that. And that is the only thing that you can give for granted that people kind of swear they will comply to in Debian. Everything else, you cannot give it for granted. Nobody says that in order to be in Debian, you need to be nice, although it's appreciated, but nobody says that you need to be altruistic. Nobody gives any sort of restrictions on what you are, what you do, what you like to be, what you like to have, except those, which explains why Debian can expand in so many directions. The way we coordinate, so we have a Debian project leader with no power whatsoever, which can say, please, pretty please, to people and hope that things get done. But the point of a Debian project leader is to sort of know what's going on in Debian and refer people to other people that are doing similar things, keep track of focus of the distribution, join a discussion and say, you're talking about nothing, let's be focused on something, a sort of facilitator for the distribution. Well, he actually has a few powers, but in fact, it's as if... The main thing that Debian project leader does is talking people and keeping them focused in some direction that generally people agree to have. We have a technical committee. It's a number of people that, in case a number of developers argue about something and can't find a common solution for a problem, then instead of arguing forever, we have a technical committee that will say, okay, let's do it this way. It doesn't get invoked often, hopefully, luckily, but we do have it to ensure like every kind of argument ends up somewhere. And finally, when we need to have elections or when we need to agree on something fundamental, we have general resolutions. And we use a voting system, which is mathematically guaranteed to find the best compromise. It's very cool. And as far as I know, where Debian was... Even Bidale mentioned it this morning, Debian was essentially the first group to actually adopt this kind of voting system. And the main governing body of Debian is the work of people. Those few principles we said before do not change, but everything else in Debian does not change with work. Recently, we created a new word, which is duocracy. It's basically, in order to have change, you just do it. And that's it. It's very simple or very complex, depending on how you're used to work. But definitely Debian does not work by committee. If you want to usefully join a discussion in Debian, it matches. You bring examples of code, of website layouts, examples of translations and so on, and so forth. That's how you change things in Debian. And I'd like to finish with three quotations of people who, to the best of my understanding, are not Debian developers, who were apparently talking about Debian, but they didn't know it. So this person in 1994 said that if we cannot by reason, by influence, or by example, or by strenuous effort, or personal sacrifice, mend the bad places of civilization, we certainly cannot do it by force. And this summarizes the way decisions are taken inside Debian. We don't have a steering committee that forces decisions on people. Either things make sense and then people will be happy to join them, or people just won't. This one is definitely about Debian. We want to make good time, but for us now this is measured with the emphasis on good, rather than on time. Which recently it became, we released when it's ready. And finally we carry a new word here in our hearts and that word is going in this minute. We make it, it's our personal vision that defines the way we work and it's our work that defines where Debian is going and nothing else. And that is generally, I hope, gives an idea of life in Debian. Questions? I've seen a hand over there. I don't see it anymore. Do you have questions? Raise your hand. Do you have a question? No. So you've got quotes from a number of other people saying how they got into Debian. How did you get into Debian? Right. It was 2001. I was using it. I've been using it since a few years already. And I wanted to package something that wasn't in Debian for my own use. And so I said, well, how do I package things? Well, the manual is called Debian Policy that explains how you package things. And I've read the thing from top to bottom and I've read the developer reference and I was like, oh yes, sure, now I can package stuff. But I went through all that effort and why don't I do it for everybody? And so I decided to join. And I started to use it because I was whinging at people because in DOS I couldn't allocate more than 64 kilobytes of RAM and somebody came and gave me a floppy and said, run this. And the first thing I did was compile something that allocated four megabytes, which was like all my RAM. And it worked. It didn't return null. And I was like, yes, that's my system. And then I had been learning later that it was like free software and yeah. Very happy ever since. More questions? If not, then thank you, Enrico. You're welcome.