So let's begin here in chapter 9 of the book of Romans. I'll begin reading at verse 1. We'll read to verse 5. And as I mentioned, I have prepared the entire chapter, but as the Spirit leads and time permits, I'll do my best to get to as far as I can, hopefully the whole chapter. So beginning at verse 1, reading to verse 5, Romans 9, Paul says, I tell the truth in Christ. I'm not lying. My conscience also bearing me witness in the Holy Spirit, that I have great sorrow and continual grief in my heart, for I could wish that I myself were accursed from Christ for my brethren, my countrymen according to the flesh, who are Israelites, to whom pertain the adoption, the glory, the covenants, the giving of the law, the service of God, and the promises of whom are the fathers and from whom according to the flesh, Christ came who is overall an eternally blessed God, the eternally blessed God, amen. And so Paul, as we've concluded in chapter 8 in verses 38 and 39, you remember Paul had just closed that particular portion of his letter with encouragement. He had said, I am persuaded that neither death nor life nor angels nor principalities nor powers nor things present nor things to come nor height nor depth nor any other created thing shall be able to separate us from the love of God which is in Christ Jesus our Lord. And so he's closing with these tremendous words of encouragement concerning the love of God and our relationship with him. And now in this section, and it's a different, it's leading into something a bit different, he's going to be sharing with us concerning God and what are called his sovereign choices. So at the time of this writing, God had begun working with Gentiles. And because of this, people were beginning to ask, has God abandoned his work with the Jews? So the answer is going to be found in what is called the sovereignty of God. The word sovereign speaks of the one who is the supreme ruler. And so God is that supreme ruler and he always works according to his own plans. That's why he's sovereign. He makes decisions on his own. Man does not tell him what to do. Now we know that God, the Bible reveals to us that God has created everything that exists outside of himself. So as a creator, he can do whatever he pleases because everything belongs to him like it says in Psalm 24 verse one, the earth is the Lord's and everything in it, the world and all who live in it. Everything belongs to God. Daniel 435, all the inhabitants of the earth are reputed as nothing he does according to his will in the army of heaven and among the inhabitants of the earth. And none can stay his hand or say to him, what are you doing? Even though a lot of us do in our prayers or in our concerns will say, what are you doing? Well the answer to that is none of us really have the right or ability to ask such a question. And so we're going to be looking at his sovereign choices in chapter nine. Now he begins in verses one and two by saying, I tell you the truth in Christ and I'm not lying because my conscience is bearing witness with me. So he's saying I'm telling you the truth in Christ. Notice how he emphasizes the fact that he's not lying, that's important. He's making it clear that he's not preaching insincerely. He's not giving messages with insincere motives. He knows the effective witness originates in the motive of the heart so he begins with a sincere desire to glorify God. You see there are those who would question his motives as he's taken this message of the gospel out to the world. There are those who are beginning to say during the time of the writing that he's actually attempting to undermine the law and to replace Moses with himself. And so this could, there's nothing that could be further from the truth in this because he's saying it. He's saying I tell you the truth in Christ, I'm not lying. My conscience also bearing me witness in the Holy Spirit. He's saying my motives are pure. I'm not moving in an insincere direction. In 2 Corinthians he had told the Corinthians in chapter 4 verse 2 this. He said we have renounced the hidden things of shame. Not walking in craftiness nor handling the word of God deceitfully, but by manifestation of the truth commending ourselves to every man's conscience in the sight of God. We've renounced the hidden things of shame. We don't walk in craftiness and we don't handle the word of God with deceit. We're manifesting ourselves in sincere, with sincerity. And so my desire is to see Israel come to faith in their Messiah. Now he says in verse 2 that I have, he says I have great sorrow and continual grief in my heart. So when he says I have great sorrow, sorrow is speaking of something not just a light, you know, I'm bummed out, I'm feeling bad. It's a consuming grief in pain. It's an all consuming grief and an all consuming pain. He's saying I have such a great desire to see my brethren saved and we'll see this clearly in a moment that is breaking my heart because so many have rejected Jesus Christ. I chose to entitle this particular installment of our study, The Heart of Evangelism. Because if you have a desire to see your friends and family, especially beginning with your family saved, then I would have to say to you that that's the kind of love that motivates you to pray for and share with those whom you love. That's what motivated me and I won't go into any testimony with you other than to say it was that kind of motivation.  That's the fact. And so, he got saved, but he never got any better looking. But that's a different story. Never, never give up on praying for your family that's lost. Never give up, never give up. Because there are so many stories and testimonies of people who on their death bed came to faith in Christ. So never give up, just hold fast and seek the Lord. And when given opportunity, share with him. You see, this is what motivated Paul, his desire to see his brethren according to the flesh saved. To see the nation of Israel come to faith in Messiah. It's this kind of love for those people that consumed his life. And it was that kind of love that drove him on. Their salvation and everything to him. And he wasn't gonna give up on them. And it's that kind of love that moves our hearts. And it's that kind of love that some people can even say has resulted in tears. There are times that you, perhaps I have, in the past especially, I've been so grieved over my family who didn't know the Lord at that time or a friend who doesn't know the Lord that he drives you to tears. The Psalmist in Psalm 126 verses 5 and 6 says it like this, Those who sow in tears shall reap in joy. He who continually goes forth weeping, bearing seed for sowing shall doubtless come again with rejoicing and bringing his sheaves with him. Salvation very often, the seeds of salvation are very often watered with tears. And so as your heart is broken and you desire to see people come to faith in Christ and you're willing to even weep over them, God has a way of honoring such tears. You see, he loves his brethren according to the flesh. But it's his experience that the message that he's bringing to them is being rejected. And sometimes the rejection was humiliating. Sometimes in the case of the Apostle Paul, it was not just emotionally grieving. It was actual physical pain. He said in 2 Corinthians 11 verse 24 from the Jews, from the Jews, five times I received 40 stripes minus one. We read of the scourging of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ and the pain it was a living death to be beaten to a pulp in a literal sense. To be taken and beaten and he's also beaten with rods. He'd gone through intense physical pain. Jesus went through it one time and that's terrible in and of itself. But he says five times I received 40 stripes minus one. He had been beaten severely many times. So his experience is not just rejection and humiliation and not simply the grieving. It's also physical pain. And so effective ministry begins with a concern for the lost and a desire to honor God. So Paul begins by testifying to his constant sorrow at Israel's rejection of their Messiah. The majority of the Jews rejected Messiah and to this day still do through spiritual blindness. And so that causes him sorrow. It causes him sorrow because he loves his Jewish kinsmen. You see, after he was saved, Paul would first preach to Jews. He would enter a town, a village. Immediately he'd go to the Jews. When he was saved, he first went to the brethren, his Jewish brethren. You see it in the book of Acts in chapter nine, for example, right after he was saved. It says in Acts nine, verse 20, immediately he preached the Christ in the synagogues, that he is the Son of God. Acts 13.5, when Barnabas and Paul arrived in Salamis, they preached the Word of God in the synagogues of the Jews. He would go to the Jew first and also the Gentile. So his greatest desire was that his kinsmen, according to the flesh, would receive Messiah. And the common response was rejection. And that caused sorrow in his heart. Incidentally, I don't even know what the proper word is anymore.  And I don't think it's wrong at all for you to have a deep sorrow and pain in your heart for people that are of your own cultural background. Sometimes people think that's racism. I don't believe that it is. I believe that's a love that you have for the people that you're part of. There's nothing wrong with that. It's not a greater love, I would hope, than your love for Jesus. Our love for Jesus is the number one thing, and that's why it doesn't matter whether somebody is a Jew or a Gentile. Gentile, it doesn't matter. That doesn't matter at all. But at the same time, you may have a sense of kinship with somebody from a particular culture that you're very familiar with because it's your own. Praise the Lord. The Lord put that in your heart. Paul had a love for the Jews, and he wanted them to get saved. Now that didn't mean that he didn't love Gentiles. It simply means that he wanted to see his kinsmen according to the flesh saved. And I have a similar kind of thing. I love people in general. I hope this church knows and believes that it's true. But I also have a burden in my heart when I'm speaking in Mexico to the Mexican pastors. I have a kinship with them, a love for them. And I think that's a good thing. I think God honors that, and I think we should have that. If you're a person who loves your Irish, you love Irish people, bless the Lord. Go to Ireland, take me with you. Never been, love to do it.  You will have a great time. But you know, it's OK, because I think that we have to understand that I don't think we ever ought to put our ethnicity above what it means to be a believer. But there's nothing wrong at the same time with loving the people that God has given you and blessed you to be to be part of. That's OK, too. And I see that in the life of Paul. I don't believe racism has any part in the body of Christ. But I do know that you can love people that are much like yourself, and that's OK. So he says, I have sorrow and continual grief in my heart. I love them deeply. Sometimes we can take rejection personally. And as a result of that, we become bitter towards people. Paul reacted to rejection by loving them even more. Notice what he says in verse three. He says, I could wish that I myself were a curse from Christ for my brethren, my countrymen, according to the flesh. I love my fellow Jews. I have a tremendous burden, he's saying, for them. And I would exchange my life in Christ for them to have life in Christ. Now, I could never say that. I could never say that. You know, I would give up my salvation so you could be safe. Nah, no, I'll pray that you're saved. If you're not, what can I say? I prayed. So that's always humbled me. That really has. That's always humbled me. I would give up my salvation so you could know Jesus Christ.  It was this passionate love that made him the great evangelist. There was a Scottish reformer, they called him, in the 1500s. His name was John Knox. And John Knox said something that I've never forgotten.  That's the passion that he had. I want to be used by the Lord. Well, Paul had that passion for his people. And so he goes on. And he says in verse four, there's kinsmen according to the flesh who are Israelites to whom pertain the adoption, the glory, the covenants, the giving of the law, the service of God, the promises. And so he begins to list the spiritual heritage and benefits of the Israelites. Now, he uses the term Israelites. If you take notes, you might want to note this. At least remember this. Israelites is a technical word for those who are what are called descendants of Jacob, they're Israelites. And so he's speaking of these particular blessings, this heritage, this benefit that they have. He speaks of adoption. Adoption, as he's speaking of, is as a nation that the nation of Israel was adopted by God to become his children. Exodus 4.22, he says, you shall say to Pharaoh, thus saith the Lord, Israel is my son, even my firstborn. So he speaks of the Israelites who pertain the adoption, who have been taken by God to become his children. It speaks of the glory. The glory he's referring to is what has been called the shekinah glory. We've all heard that term, the shekinah glory, or the shekinah glory. It depends on how, what version of scripture you use, you know. I'm sorry. The shekinah glory. You see that in Exodus 16, verse 10, Aaron spoke to the whole congregation of the children of Israel that they looked towards the wilderness. Behold, the glory of the Lord appeared in the cloud. So they're speaking of the glory of God. So the adoption as a nation, God's presence revealed in the shekinah. He speaks of the covenants. Over their history, God had made various covenants with the nation. You can see this if you read through your scripture, you'll see what is called the Abrahamic covenant. Abraham, the father of Israel, the spiritual father of believers. You see the Mosaic coming through Moses when God gave the law to Moses. You see what is called the Davidic covenant. When God promised the Israel would never lack a ruler, that was a prophecy fulfilled by Jesus who came from David's line. He speaks of the giving of the law, which you find in the book of Exodus chapter 20. You see the temple service, which speaks of Levitical ceremonial services, the sacrifice offerings and things of that nature. And then he goes on to speak of the promises. These promises relate to our time on earth as well as eternity. The promises he's speaking of includes the Messiah, his kingdom, eternal life in him. So he's speaking of all of these things that we have through faith in Jesus Christ, but it's something that is part of the heritage and could have been what Israel itself had possessed because of that. And so he's speaking of these things and he's sharing with us how many blessings they have received. Look in verse five of whom are the fathers from whom according to the flesh Christ came who is over all the eternally blessed God. Amen. And so he says of whom are the fathers and from whom according to the flesh Christ came. The fathers are speaking of the earlier fathers. They call them the patriarchs. It speaks of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob. It speaks of those, the early ones, the forerunners, the foundational ones. So he's saying that Jesus is Jewish and I want you to notice this. Jesus is Jewish, his heritage is from the promises that God gave to David and from Abraham on. But he's also pointing out that he's not just a Jewish man, but I want you to notice what he says and it's a very powerful thing that we could pass over if we don't look at it closely again in verse five when he says again of whom are the fathers and from whom according to the flesh Christ came goes on to say who is over all the eternally blessed God. Amen. That's a very strong statement. He's telling us Messiah is God in the flesh. Jesus Christ is God in the flesh. The writer of Hebrews in chapter one, verse eight says it like this. To the son, he says your throne, oh God is forever and ever. A scepter of righteousness is the scepter of your kingdom. So he's speaking concerning Messiah. The Jewish nation to this day did not know that Messiah was gonna be God in the flesh. If you speak to a religious Jew in Israel perhaps even here in the States, but I've heard this in Israel, they will say to you that Messiah is not God in the flesh. They will tell you that. They will say Messiah is not God in the flesh. I've had him say that to me like this. This is where we Jews differ with you Christians in personal conversation. We do not believe Messiah is God in the flesh. We believe Messiah is a prophet like unto Moses, a human being with authority and power from God. They are prepared, and I say this with sorrow of heart, they are prepared to receive the antichrist because the antichrist is gonna be looked at as a man. And ultimately the great betrayal is gonna be when he sits in the temple of God showing himself that he is God. And he's gonna betray them because they thought that they were following a prophet when in fact he's gonna try and say to them, I'm God and you have to worship me. And we know that from our study in Daniel in Revelation. That's what takes place. They're being prepared for the antichrist right now. And so Jesus is Jewish, but Jesus is God in the flesh. Now he says in verse six, but it is not that the word of God has taken no effect for they are not all Israel who are of Israel. At this point, God's sovereign choices are being illustrated. You see the failure of Jews to respond to the gospel doesn't mean that the gospel has no power. What it's speaking of is there is no automatic salvation based on racial descent. You see the Jewish people during the time of the writing had a belief that because they were physical children who were heirs of Abraham or from Abraham themselves, they thought themselves to automatically have a relationship with God. Matthew three, verse nine counteracts that. When it is said, John the Baptist said, think not to say within yourselves we have Abraham to our father. For I say unto you that God is able to give these stone stories of children into Abraham.  Just because you have physical lineage that you can say that you've had a Jewish heritage and ethnicity does not mean that you are God's children does not mean you're part of the promises. And so he's beginning to develop this with us right now because salvation isn't automatic. It's something that you receive by faith in Jesus Christ. And so he's gonna begin to illustrate this. He's gonna speak of Isaac and Ishmael, Jacob and Esau as well as Pharaoh himself. So in verse seven he says, well, I'll begin in the second part of verse six. They are not all Israel who are of Israel nor are they all children because they are the seed of Abraham. But he says in Isaac your seed shall be called that is those who are the children of the flesh. These are not the children of God but the children of the promises or the promise are counted as the seed for this is the word of promise. At that time I will come and Sarah shall have a son. And so Ishmael is what he's speaking about. You see, Isaac was the child of promise. He's the one who is of the spiritual line of Abraham but they had another son. They had a man by the name of Ishmael. You know the story. I don't have to go into deep detail about that but Ishmael was born due to a fleshly action on a part of Sarah and Abraham. Remember how that Sarah could not conceive. She couldn't get pregnant. And so she went and spoke to her husband, Abraham. And she said, Abraham, you know, you can see that I can't get pregnant. So I think what you need to do is I think you need to produce a child with my servant, my handmaiden, a woman by the name of Hagar. It says in Genesis 16, listen to this. Verses one through fours. Her name at that time is Sarai. Sarai, Abraham's wife, he was later changed to Abraham, Abraham's wife had born him no children. And she had an Egyptian maid servant whose name was Hagar. So Sarai said to Abraham, see now, the Lord has restrained me from bearing children. Please go into my maid. Perhaps I shall obtain children by her. And Abraham said, yeah, she's foxy. No, he said, I'm sorry. Abraham, you don't see him arguing. Abraham, Abraham, Abraham heated the voice of Sarai. Then Sarai, Abraham's wife took Hagar, her maid, the Egyptian and gave her to her husband, Abraham to be his wife. It was, she was a concubine. After Abraham had dwelt 10 years in the land of Canaan, he went into Hagar, she conceived. That was an act of flesh. Peter, I rather, Paul later described it in that way. In Galatians 4, 23, it says he who was of the bond woman was born according to the flesh, he of the free woman, which was Sarah, through promise. Would you have as a contrast? Isaac is the child of promise. Ishmael, the child of the flesh. And so later in Galatians 4, 31, he said, so then brethren, we are not children of the bond woman because the bond woman represents the law. We are of the free. And so that's being a child of promise. So now he's beginning to speak of these promises. In verses 10 through 13, he speaks of Jacob and Esau. He says, not only this, but when Rebecca also had conceived by one man, even by her father, Isaac, for the children not yet being born, nor having done any good or evil, that the purpose of God according to election might stand, not of works, but of him who calls, it was said to her, the older shall serve the younger. As it is written, Jacob I have loved, Esau I have hated. So God made his choice of Jacob before the two children had been born. In Genesis 25, 23, it reads, the Lord said to her, two nations are in your womb, two people shall be separated from your body, one people shall be stronger than the other and the older shall serve the younger. That was totally contrary to how it is normally to be done. The older receives a greater blessings and the younger is looked as subordinate, but they reverse that and the choice is made even before the children had been born. And that's why verse 11 says that the purpose of God according to election might stand.  They don't earn his favor. So he's pointing out that he had chosen without regard for what either would do because that fulfills his purpose. Now what's interesting how he says in verse 13, Esau have I hated. That's a strong word. So let me share a little bit about that. The word hate can be used in comparison to degrees. It can speak of what is called a relatively higher choice. The point he's making is this, I have preferred Jacob and have a stronger positive attachment to him.  No, what was he speaking about? Does not hate his father and mother, wife and children, brothers and sisters, yes, and his own life also, he cannot be my disciple. Is he saying that to be a follower, I'm supposed to be a hater? Because I heard that when I first got saved, maybe you heard the same kind of thing. When I first got saved, that was one of those, what are you talking about? Aren't we to be known by his love? So how can I hate and still, how's that work? It's speaking of a manner of degree. The devotion and love you have for God is so intense that everything else is less. So it's a matter of degree. It's a matter of preference, one over the other. And so God isn't saying that there was some hatred in his heart in the way we would define hatred. What he was saying is based on his election that the one was chosen over the other because he preferred the one for his purposes that would be fulfilled in him. That's what he's saying. So what then, verse 14, what shall we say then? Is there unrighteousness with God? Certainly not. For he says to Moses, I'll have mercy on whomever I will have mercy. I will have compassion on whomever I will have compassion. So then it's not of him who wills, nor of him who runs, but of God who shows mercy. And so some might be arguing, well, that's pretty petty of God, isn't it? So he points it out in verse 16, and it's not of him who wills, nor of him who runs. It's all God. Election, he's saying, begins with God. Why? He is the one who chooses. So God is not obligated to show mercy to anyone at any time. God chooses to, and he also chooses not to, as it suits his purpose. So with that as a background, he brings in Pharaoh. Notice verse 17, the scripture says to the Pharaoh, for this very purpose I have raised you up, that I may show my power in you, and that my name may be declared in all the earth. Therefore, he has mercy on whom he wills, and whom he wills, he hardens. Now that's an interesting thing to look at. Pharaoh, he speaks of how the Lord raised him up. When it says that God raised him up, verse 17, for this very purpose I have raised you up, it's a picture of bringing him into the scene of history. I brought him on the scene. Why did he do that to show his power? How did he show that power? Well, the Exodus. You see what happened, and we know this from looking at Joshua, but other nations heard of what God did to Pharaoh, and they were awed by it. In Joshua chapter two, verses nine through 11, it reads, I know that the Lord has given you the land, that the terror of you has fallen on us, and that all the inhabitants of the land are faint-hearted because of you, for we have heard how the Lord dried up the water of the Red Sea for you when you came out of Egypt, and what you did to the two kings of the Amorites who were on the other side of the Jordan, Sion and Ag, whom you utterly destroyed, and as soon as we heard these things, our hearts melted. Neither did there remain any more courage in anyone because of you, for the Lord your God, he is God in heaven above and on earth beneath. So the Lord allowed him to come on the scene of history to illustrate his power as he took his children and brought them out of bondage. And so verse 19, you will say to me then, well, why does he still find fault? For who has resisted his will? So here's the argument, if he's in control, then how can he still find fault with those who sin? If their destiny is divinely determined, how can God judge them? And so they're saying, God is unjust if he holds them accountable for their actions. Somebody put it this way, if God's glory is so greatly manifested by our hardness, and he allows us to proceed in our hardness, why does he find fault with us for that, which is according to his good pleasure? That was the philosophic argument at that time. Why am I being condemned for something that brings glory to him? That's what they're arguing. And now he gives an answer. Verse 20, indeed, oh man, who are you to reply against God? Will the thing formed say to him who formed it? Why have you made me like this? Does a potter have power over the clay from the same lump to make one vessel for honor and another for dishonor? Who are you?  That's what he's basically saying.  You have rejected God's grace, you have broken his law, and yet you're calling him unjust. He created you, he cared for the Jewish nation, and yet you're trying to correct the one who made you? How can you claim God has done wrong? And that's a strong point, isn't it? Again, I told you at the beginning of our study, he's gonna be emphasized in God's sovereignty, that he rules as he wills.  That was a phrase Dr. Mitchell used. He was my Old Testament professor, and he said, you see this man with this puny little hand shaking his fist in the face of God, and it stayed with me, because that's exactly what Paul's dealing with. Who are you? Who do you think you are? To answer back to God. To say to God you're wrong, who are you? And yet I'm sorry to say many people do that every day. When something happens that they don't like, and you know God doesn't take that lightly, I was, I got out of the army. I took a little time off, I started growing my hair. Again, it was in the early 70s when I got out, and I liked my hair long at one time, I used to wear my hair long. And so I started growing my hair, but I applied to go to Biola, and they had dress codes at that time, and I had to get my hair cut.  You know that moment? When you go, oh yeah, or you say, oh my God, I had my, oh no God, moment. He had cut my hair short. Now, I had been growing my hair, it's now real short, and he made it into like a bowl, and he sprayed it really hard with, I was riding my, I had a motorcycle, Harley, and I didn't need to wear a helmet because he sprayed it, it was like, I was so mad. I didn't know what to do, I got on my bike, I went home, I went into the house, I washed my hair, tried to comb it, and you know when your hair's short and it sticks up like that, and it may look cool now, but it didn't then, and I was so mad, and I started, I was 23 years old, and I started just talking to God in a disrespectful tone.  You couldn't guide his hand, and I was mad, and I got on my bike, and I went off, and I came up to an intersection at a stop, and I power shifted from second to first to come around and spun the bike, I spun the bike, it hit the ground, I hit the ground, and I didn't hear his voice, but I heard him. I am not kidding, when I picked up the bike and dragged it off the side of the road, and I'll never forget the impression I had in my heart, I will not say God said this, but I did hear in my heart, don't talk to me that way. I haven't since, I haven't since. Who are you to shake your puny fist in my face about a haircut? Ah, it will grow back, punk. But you know what, things as little as that that we can get mad at God for, and I really think this is a valid question. Indeed, oh man, who are you to reply against God? Who are you to make a case against God who is the sovereign of the universe? What if God, verse 22, what if God wanting to show his wrath and to make his power known endured with much long suffering, the vessels of wrath prepared for destruction, and that he might make known the riches of his glory on the vessels of mercy, which he had prepared beforehand for glory, even us whom he called, not of the Jews only, but also of the Gentiles? And so what if God wants to show his wrath and make his power known? In verse 22, the word wanting, it speaks of an intention. It speaks of a resolution or a purpose. Wanting speaks of a purpose of mind. God is allowing sin. Why? It has given to him the opportunity to reveal wrath. Now in what way does wrath bring glory to God? It shows the excellence of his nature. It also shows righteous justice. You see, with sin's entrance into the world came the opportunity to reveal his power. Again, that is most clearly demonstrated in the Old Testament, in the Exodus, when God delivers his children from bondage. It's also shown very, very severely in the book of Revelation. So God's power displayed in creation is also terrible in destruction. The point he's making is he has the right to judge. He has endured patiently. Notice he speaks of him with the vessels of wrath. Vessels of wrath are unrepentant people who willfully reject him. He says they're prepared for destruction. That word prepared means that they are suited for destruction. They are fit for the deserving of judgment and they enter into hell. And now that place called hell is not intended for people. It is for the devil and his demons. He goes on in verse 23 and he says that he might make known the riches of his glory on the vessels of mercy which he has prepared beforehand for glory, even us whom he called not of the Jews only but also the Gentiles. So he wants to point out that there are vessels that are prepared or fit for destruction but also vessels of mercy. And notice he says these have been prepared for glory by God. Now, it looks like I'll be able to finish the chapter, here we go. Verse 25, I do believe in miracles. As he says also in Hosea, I will call them my people who are not my people. And her beloved who is not beloved and shall come to pass in the place where it was said to them, you are not my people. There they shall be called sons of the living God. Isaiah also cries out concerning Israel. Though the number of the children of Israel be as the sand of the sea, the remnant will be saved. For he will finish the work and cut it short in righteousness because the Lord will make a short work upon the earth. Isaiah said before, unless the Lord of Sabah had left us a seed, we would have become like Sodom. We would have been made like Gomorrah. Or shall we say then that Gentiles who did not pursue righteousness have attained to righteousness, even the righteousness of faith. But Israel pursuing the law of righteousness is not attained to the law of righteousness. Why? Because they did not seek it by faith. But as it were by the works of the law, for they stumbled at the stumbling stone as it is written, behold, I lay in Zion a stumbling stone, a rock of offense, whoever believes on him will not be put to shame. And so he makes it very clear there remains a remnant today. Something came about in my lifetime that you did not see in the history of the church. And all of you, any of you are young and you may not be aware of this. Others of us who are older and have been Christians a longer time, you'll know this. There was never an organization like Jews for Jesus. That came about not that long ago. Now there are Messianic groups now. There always have been Messianic believers. I'm not saying that's not true. What I'm saying is an organization. Jews for Jesus is really a relatively new kind of thing. And they're a good example of what he's speaking about a remnant. The nation of Israel is a miracle nation. Obviously we love Israel tremendously and we go as often as the Lord allows and have a burden for the people and are grateful for all that we've received from the nation of Israel and all the declarations and blessings that God has poured out on the nation. We're very grateful for that. But they unfortunately, they en masse have rejected even to this day, the Messiah. And because of that, God has worked with the Gentiles and all. And so God, though he didn't give up on his, we're gonna look at this as we go through the next couple of chapters. And I don't wanna give too much away right now, but the continued existence of the nation of Israel reveals the providential work of God. And I've said it before many times and I'll say it briefly. You read your Bible and you see all these people, the Midianites and the Hittites and the Jebusites and Canaanites and all thoseites, quite a number ofites there in scripture. There's so many peoples, you know that you don't see anymore, the Philistines and you name it, you don't see them anymore. Not in the way that you see them in biblical history, the miracle of the Jew, the fact that the nation was scattered throughout the world and yet regathered and once again became a nation, that is what has been called rightly the miracle of the Jew. You can find Jewish people on the four corners of the earth. There are Jewish people and again, I get caught up with this, I have to be careful not to go too far with it, but you will run into Jewish people and there's these stereotypes. Oh, and those stereotypes are so wrong because you don't know the person you're speaking to very well could be a Jewish person, but because there was this evil stereotyping of the people of Israel for so long and then you see this person and you say, I didn't know you were Jewish. Well, what did you think I look like? What does a Jew look like? You know what I mean?  When? Name another nation. It's a miracle of the Jews. God has not stopped working with Israel. God has not stopped working with Israel. God is still gonna do work amongst the people and there is a remnant to this day. Well, I'll close very briefly. What shall we say? It says in verse 30, then that the Gentiles who didn't pursue righteousness. Well, he speaks of the Gentiles who've heard the gospel and responded they have become righteous, but that's because they exercise faith in the promise. But what has been the problem? Well, the point he's making, we'll look at this more, is as a nation, Jews had rejected Messiah. They sought righteousness through their works and not by faith. And in doing so, the point he's making is they have rejected Messiah. In Matthew 21, 42 through 44, Jesus said to them, have you never read in the scriptures the stone which the builders rejected has become the chief cornerstone? This was the Lord's doing. It's marvelous in our eyes. Therefore I say to you, the kingdom of God will be taken from you and given to a nation bearing the fruits of it. Whoever falls on this stone will be broken, but on whomever it falls, it will grind him to powder. To come to faith in Christ is a brokenness. You are broken through Christ. So either you come to him and are broken by him or ultimately you're judged by him. That's the point that's being made there. So Paul is beginning in chapters 9, 10 and 11 to speak about God's work with the nation of Israel. This is his introduction. We'll pick up next time at verse one in chapter 10 and move on further.


Let us talk about the third mechanism of contaminant transport which is dispersion. So I mean, yeah, there is a literal meaning is getting dispersed, is it not thinning out of something, spreading, scattering. So here you have a plug of certain concentration and now because of the flow of water what is happening, the concentration over a distance gets spread out. That means here the concentration is dropping now. So this is the concentration profile, you know, at this end you have higher concentration, at this end you have low concentration on the x axis. So Ct by C0 at this point is 1, Ct by C0 at this point is 0, is a step gradient. Now as this concentration front moves, what happens, there is a spread out of the concentration and Ct by C0 becomes substantial. Now what is the logic when you try to study the dispersion phenomenon, we use these type of models which tell you how dispersion phenomena is taking place. So this is a micro mechanism associated with the dispersion mechanism. The analogy is similar to the pipe flow. Now if I ask you to draw the velocity profile in the pipe flow, you can draw it maximum at the centre and at the two ends because of the wall friction or the friction of the pipe the velocities are less, the same analogy I can use over here. So if you consider the velocity contrast within the sample as far as the pore size is concerned, the pores which are bigger would allow you, allow the migration of water to be faster as compared to the pores which are quite close to each other. There could be a concept of the path length also, the difference between discharge velocity and the seepage velocity if you remember. So the short path is normally straight and the tortuous path is going to be the longish path and then of course we talk about the friction in the pores. So these are the three mechanisms which are normally used to define the dispersion process. So the velocity is going to be more in the central portion of the pore as compared to the place where the water is in contact with the soil grains because this is where the friction is getting mobilized and the velocity of the flow is going to be less. So what causes dispersion? Ultimately the dispersion is because of the contrast of the velocity in different layers of the sample. So imagine a situation where within the pores you have a velocity contrast. So this is going to result in the dispersion process. Similarly, the long and short path distances within the pores are also going to create dispersion phenomena and of course the pore size, if pore sizes are not uniformly distributed the dispersion is going to be prevalent, is this part okay? It so happens that in case of the clays and the sands normally we do not talk about the dispersion because the seepage velocities are going to be extremely small and dispersion gets ruled out. Sir, why at the bottom the dispersion is least? It is not the bottom dispersion is least, you are talking about this figure? It is getting reduced. No, it is not that, it is the just to show you that if the pore distance is too much the velocity is going to be more, discharge is going to be more as compared to the smaller pores. Then logic could be the path length, third logic could be the friction. So at the ends of the pipe there are, the friction is also there because of the pipe surface and that path length is also there. So both the factors are contributing, as we go above the friction is getting reduced only the path factor is there. So see friction is going to be constant in the pipe flow, is it not? So at bottom the friction will be the shear surface. Let us start the bottom, basically this is the contact between the fluid and the pipe where the friction is mobilizing, correct? Now within the fluid, the central portion of the fluid is migrating faster as compared to the portion which is in contact with the pipe, I think that part is understood. So this contrast in the velocity itself is going to create dispersion or the variation in the pore sizes or the variation in the flow path. So these are the three models which you create to study the dispersion phenomena. So in short the dispersion is because of, you know, change in or let us say gradient in the velocity which gets created in the pore system and the answers or the reasons could be 1, 2, 3. This is how you are modeling it. So from this point onwards, this is the poromechanics it starts. I am sure you must have heard the name of the poromechanics in geomechanics is becoming a very advanced subject where the pore size analysis is being done by using the most sophisticated instruments because now the realm of the discussion you must be realizing is intra-pore, inter-pore, all right. So what is happening inside the pore is becoming more interesting and more important. So I will be talking about how to do the pore structure modeling subsequently because as you said sometime back, you know, what is the importance of the porous media. So porous media is defined by its pore structure and then the question is how to quantify the pore structure, how to differentiate between the pore structures, clear.  This picture just shows you how the solid particle and the fluid interaction takes place, what is the tortuous path and what is the direction of the flow and truly speaking how the porous media is defined or how it is modeled, is this part okay. So when we talk about the dispersion, we use the coefficient md and this is equal to another coefficient, we call it as a dispersion coefficient in the lateral direction multiplied by the seepage velocity. So AL is the dynamic dispersivity, vs is the seepage velocity and AL is a term which depends upon the flow path, these are empirical relationships which are used for modeling the dispersion phenomena. But as I said because when the flow takes place through the compactor soils, the seepage velocity is going to be extremely small, is it not. And hence md term becomes insignificant, tortuous path I think you understand is a seepage path and the general direction path is a discharge path. The fourth process through which the contaminants might migrate in the porous media is hydrodynamic dispersion. So hydrodynamic dispersion is a process where you know some mechanical activity is required to trigger or to accelerate the molecular diffusion, a good example would be the potassium permagnet which I added to the water column in the glass, if I let it happen on its own, it will take a lot of time, a better way would be you stir it with a spoon. So what will happen? The entire thing will become uniform colored or uniformly concentration in no time. So what hydrodynamic dispersion does is, it gives you the mechanical effect as far as the distribution of the concentration is concerned in the system. I hope you can realize that in a porous media hydrodynamic dispersion cannot be valid, is this okay? But hydraulics people, when they are talking about some discharge coming and entering into another reservoir of water, let us say when you are disposing the sewage in the sea. So what is done is you take the pipe and flush out all the sewage into a big reservoir, clear? So in this case, hydrodynamic dispersion is valid. But as far as geomaterials are concerned, hydrodynamic dispersion is ruled out again. This is the governing equation which deals with hydrodynamic dispersion, DL equal to AL into VS plus DI. So DI is again the diffusion in the free state. So DL is the coefficient of hydrodynamic dispersion, the units remains in L square by T, L is the distance, T is the time and if you solve this equation, you will get CT by C0, error functions and there are exponential terms and if you substitute the values of time, at a given time what is the value of the concentration of the contaminants or at a distance. So if you see the L, L would be the distance of the point where I want to find out the concentration, this can be obtained by using this type of expressions. So these are simple models which are used for obtaining the concentration of contaminants in the porous media. Now if I club all these things together and as a geo-technical engineer, I will be more interested in advection diffusion equation because as I said molecular diffusion, molecular dispersion and hydrodynamic dispersions are ruled out in our context, you know, this is how this equation looks like. So this is a clubbed form of advection and diffusion process, we call this as one-dimensional ADE, one-dimensional Y because you are talking in terms of only Z axis, ADE corresponds to advection diffusion equation, the rate of change of concentration with respect to time is diffusion coefficient multiplied by del square C by del Z square, this is the second fixed law, I hope you understand minus seepage velocity into del C by del Z, what is this component? This is V into C mass flux, clear? So this is because of the seepage velocity, the rate of change of concentration along the length of the sample, this coefficient KD is the distribution coefficient which defines the sorption, desorption phenomena which we are talking about, eta is the porosity of the soil mass or the porous media, rho dry is the dry density of the porous media, del C by del T is rate of change of concentration with respect to time. So this equation is one-dimensional ADE, now if you do a bit of mathematical jugglery, you can obtain the KD parameter. So there are several ways of doing the analysis of this equation and this is where the practice of environmental geomechanics is important. Normally you will come across situation where you are doing monitoring let us say, so suppose if I dispose the waste at a given point and I would like to measure what is the concentration of the chemical species that they are certain X, Y, Z and T. So I can put sensors over there, I can drill the go logs, I can collect the water sample, I can take out the soil sample and I can establish what is the concentration at this point. In other words, I can know the value of C at a given time and Z by doing experiments or by doing field studies, clear? And I can substitute it there, I have to compute Vs, seepage velocity which is not difficult to do. If I know the discharge velocity, I can divide by the porosity and I can get the seepage velocity. Now what is going to be difficult is how to obtain KD parameter because that is a new subject in itself. So when you ask this question to yourself, how to obtain KD which is sorption desorption phenomena then we have to enter into sorption desorption which is a sort of chemical characterization of soil contaminant system. Another way of looking at this equation would be if I can measure KD parameter, if I know the porosity, if I know the dry density of the porous media, if I know the seepage velocity, if I know the diffusion coefficient, I can substitute these terms in this expression and what I can obtain is del C by del T, so rate of change of concentration with respect to time and what I have to do is I have to obtain rate of change of concentration with respect to distance. So again you have to follow the time series, is that okay? Now one more interesting thing from this equation which can be observed is if I take this term on the left hand side, what happens to this expression, this expression becomes del C by del T, 1 plus KD into rho dry upon porosity. So 1 plus rho dry into KD upon porosity is known as retardation parameter which I had shown you at this place. If you remember, we were talking about the RD parameter over here, is it not? So this RD is equivalent to 1 plus rho dry multiplied by distribution coefficient KD upon porosity. All the countries which are into nuclear activities, I hope you understand, nuclear activities you understand, what do they do? They have to have their researchers who are going to solve these expressions for various reasons. I hope you got the point. It is easy to run a reactor by using nuclear source of power but the question is where you are going to dispose the atomic waste, nuclear waste, you got it? So suppose you have an atomic power plant, you have to solve this equation to make sure that this is going to be the zone in which no rehabilitation should occur number one. If at all this zone is becoming too limited because of the encroachment of the you know land by the people and suppose in a country like Japan where the space is extremely less, how do restrict this zone is a challenge which a geotechnical engineer has to take and this is where I would like to use barrier systems. You remember, we were talking about containment and if I cannot contain it, what I should do? I should remediate it, decontamination. So everything is getting interlinked now and that becomes interesting problem, modeling, giving a solution to the cause of something. This is part clear but I am sure you must be realizing the difficulties also which I have told you because the parameters are not known. Now the question is if I am dumping the waste over here and if I have to find out what is happening over here, I have to keep on taking the samples from different places of the soils at what radial distance, at what depth, how many samples we will take out? Sampling is not going to be easy and imagine if the disposal depths are in few hundreds of meters, 200 meters, 300 meters, 400 meters, so what is going to happen? You will be having a zone of influence which might be running in few kilometers. So a big challenge is how many samples should be taken and hence what type of subject we are going to now use to answer this question, reliability analysis. So what is the reliability of the sampling? What is the reliability of the data which you are generating by lab test or the field test? The reliability of the data is which is going to be corresponding to real-life situation. Now this is the practice of environmental geomechanics, I hope this point is clear to all of you. What are the factors which influence the contaminant transport mechanisms? Grain size of the porous media, yes. In my college again they were using some lagmere model like equations to find this desorption, sorption parameters and then they can put it into the. I am very happy that you are much ahead of time, so that time will come I will discuss. So these are all known as sorption, desorption, isotherms, we will talk about that. So the isotherms which I was talking about are the sort of breakthrough curves which will give you the KD parameter, we will discuss about this. So let me start with the factors which are responsible for contaminant transport in porous media. First is grain size, seepage velocity is a direct function of the grain size distribution, texture is a function of grain size, pores, structure, pore distribution is a function of grain size, density, seepage velocity, concentration of chemicals, viscosity of the contaminants, hydraulic conductivity. So these are as per the porous media is concerned. If you include all these terms the porous media is defined. Now what are the parameters which will be affecting the contaminants themselves, so type of contaminant and its concentration clear and its activity, so whether it is active, non-reactive, radioactive, non-radioactive, so the type of contaminants, type of the soil condition, so this is a big matrix which people are trying to solve. Another thing is contaminant transport is going to depend upon the mechanism, so just now we have studied four mechanisms, radioactive, diffusive, dispersive and hydrodynamic dispersion. So you have to see what mechanism is controlling the contaminant transport and there are few regulatory numbers which I will be discussing can be utilized to establish what type of contaminant transport is occurring in the porous media. So I am sure from this discussion you can realize that I can write a series of parameters like this that the concentration of a contaminant in the porous media would be a function of so many properties, characteristics and I hope you can guess now I am heading towards what pi Buckingham theorem is you have done it. So C is the concentration of contaminants in the pore water, mu is the dynamical viscosity of the fluid, D is the diffusion coefficient, S is the mass of the adsorbed contaminants per unit volume, V s is the seepage velocity, T f is the surface tension, rho f is the density of the fluid, then G is the accession due to gravity, then L is the characteristic microscopic length, characteristic microscopic length and then you have time which is the physical time at which you want to find out the concentration migration and soil properties, what properties have been left out chemical characteristics, mineralogical characteristics, surface area, cation exchange capacity, its mineralogy and composition. So once you put all these things together this becomes a real contaminant transport through geometries. Then we have different similitudes, we call them as non-dimensional numbers. So what are the coefficients or the numbers which control the transport mechanisms? We have concentration number, advection number, diffuser number, capillary effect number, adsorption number, dynamic effects number alright. So what we have done is we could manage a similitude between the numbers for some cases and I will show you how that was done, unfortunately there are few numbers which cannot be simulated like Reynolds number and Peclet numbers. So Reynolds number I hope you understand is nothing but the inertial forces divided by the viscous forces and Peclet number talks about the diffusion coefficient, C pi velocity multiplied by the characteristic length upon diffusion coefficient of the contaminant alright. Now what I will show you is how this discrepancy was resolved. So if I say that there is a relationship between Reynolds number and Peclet number, this can be proved and how this was proved I will show you. So mu is the viscosity of the contaminant in the solution form, rho f is the density of the contaminant, diffusion coefficient of the contaminant, density of the fluid, C pi velocity and L u is the microscopic length such as the particle size and normally we take it as d10 or d50 or the mean particle size of the soil. So if you follow all this, this is the work which some of my students did. What we wanted to do is we wanted to see what type of contaminant transport occurs in compacted soils. I think this is what you are asking sometime back. So if I plot Peclet number against Reynolds number, this is how the situation looks like. So I can divide the whole area of the graph in 4 parts. As far as the Reynolds number is less than 0.4, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0.5 and the moment it becomes greater than 0.5, there is a difference between the diffusive and advective diffusive contaminant transport. When the Peclet number is 0.1, 2, 3, 4, 0.4, a combination of Reynolds number less than 0.5 and Peclet number greater than 0.4 will create dispersion. This is proven by previous studies, Reynolds number more than 0.5 and Peclet number more than 0.4 will create advection and the fourth one is advective diffusive contaminant transport. We did some experiments in centrifuge and numerical modelling and what we could show is that the type of soils normally we get, they follow advective dispersive phenomena. It was very difficult for us to create samples where diffusive and advective diffusive contaminant transport could be created in the laboratory situation, why? Because reconstituting the samples for a given soil where the Reynolds number, sorry Peclet number would be less than 0.4 is going to be difficult. So I am just trying to show you this type of study to give you a feel that simple experiments can be done to simulate a type of mechanism of contaminant transport. All these type of the topics are open topics, anybody is free to work on them and create either a porous media or a contaminant, the combination of which will give you a sort of a mechanism and you can get an answer that why this mechanism prevails.


Ladies and gentlemen, please stand for the arrival of the official party and remain standing for the advancing of the colors and singing of the National Anthem by Petty Officer Kristen Pageant. Please be seated. A special welcome to Admiral Jonathan Greenert, the 30th Chief of Naval Operations, and Admiral Howard's husband Wayne, mother Philippa, sister Lisa, brother-in-law David, sister-in-law Tracy, and Tracy's husband Sanjay. Vice Admiral Howard will now say a few words. Secretary Mavis, CNO, good morning, distinguished guest and distinguished guest this morning. They're unmentioned and probably deserve to have here. So in the spirit of inclusiveness, I'd like to know are there any undistinguished guests this morning? Raise your hand. Thank you also for coming today, the musician first class pageant for that one. Mr. Secretary, thank you for hosting today's ceremony. You honor me with your time. I did want to give you some feedback over this last year and I've talked to sailors and they're from everywhere, from hot coffee Mississippi or New York City or California. They appreciate your leadership. So thank you for taking care of our sailors and Marines. Ladies and gentlemen, this morning it is my duty and honor to introduce the 30th Chief of Naval Operations. Admiral Jonathan Greenert is from Butler, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Annapolis in 1975. He's commanded several times and is a recipient of the Vice Admiral Stockdale Leadership Award for inspirational leadership. As the 30th Chief of Naval Operations, he has refocused our Navy to core tenants. War fighting first. Operate forward. I would say, we're Liberty Dwells, there is my country. Admiral Greenert would say, we're Liberty Dwells, there is the United States Navy. Ladies and gentlemen, Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Jonathan Greenert.  Just remember that. I mean, that's where we are. Because as Benjamin Franklin said. Lisa Mike, I mean, I know you say, well, I saw this years ago running around the house. I don't know.  So we'll see what you say. But honestly, Secretary Mavis, thanks obviously for joining us today. I am extremely proud and excited to be here. Because, well, Michelle has put in a tremendous career. 32 years. Mainstream at sea, tough tours. Very difficult tours. Michelle came up through the amphibious expeditionary warfare arena and came into town and did the hard jobs that needed to be done. And so she is definitely ready to assume this position. There's no question in my mind there. Weeks to rescue. And those kinds of things where Michelle saw an opportunity and she grabbed it and she performed well. So that's kind of all said and done. She will bear the burden of a role model. And she is ready to bear that very well. And I'm very excited about that. My first saw Michelle up close when she was actually the military assistant for the Secretary of the Navy. And those of us kind of standing around the water cooler, flag officers said, we've got something pretty special here. After that, John Harvey asked her to do a study for us. We were having some real issues down on the fleet. And we needed to get to the bottom line, readiness issues, what ways you get, what you expect. And this officer understands that very clearly. So I am very, very, very excited to have her join me. Terrific day. Great support. The wardrooms here. They're ready to listen and to lead from there on out. Diversity and definitely inclusion. That position where we have women in submarines. And that was kind of a hurdle, if you will, or a milestone, which we weren't sure how this was really going to work out. It was pretty darn different from all the others. And it's worked very smoothly under Secretary Mabus' leadership. He's been an naval officer, so he knows our culture. He knows what we're about. Go back and Google it and check out the beard. It's really awesome. But seriously, he has been Governor of the State of Mississippi and he brought that state forward in tremendous ways. He's been an auditor general, so he's helped us in that regard. And he was the ambassador to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during a very, very difficult time. On top of all that, check the ship numbers. And you see very, very tangible evidence. And listening to him and understanding him, he's a father and he takes that very seriously. A seriously dedicated husband. And he's just a good and decent man. So please join me in welcoming our 75th Secretary of the Navy. Welcome, everyone, and I'm honored to be here. Thank you so much, Michelle Howard, for asking me to host this and allowing me to participate in it. I have to say that I'm a little bit torn over what to say. I've been thinking about this, and so I'm going to start out in one direction, but this is, as you all know, an historic day. It's the anniversary of the Civil Rights Act, its passage and signing anniversary of Freedom Summer, witnesses to history. I'm calling Michelle Howard as Jonathan Greenert's only vice. This is not my promise. I certainly don't want to make light of today and of Michelle Howard's many, many to attend the Naval Academy. The first African-American woman to act that she was first put on a subtender when I was in the Navy was the only ship that women could serve aboard, but persisted as a very junior. BXO to be a CNO mention, the rescue of Captain Phillips.  She and so many, so many others to this day. Some of those that she has listed as role models, Lieutenant Commander Wesley Brown, first African-American graduate of Annapolis, Inc., Francis Wills, first African-American off the U.S. Navy. Also a great example of Chris since I'm the father. The analogy on the other side of this story is two years ago at RIMPAC, the biggest naval exercise in the world, beginning again. We sent 400,000 gallons of biofuel to demonstrate something called the Great Green Fleet. When I was talking to the press, I said the big news here is there is no news. We put that biofuel in our normal logistics chain, took it out, refueled at sea refueled in the air refueled, every type of aircraft and every type of surface ship that was in that strike group. And the ships and the engines didn't notice the difference. It went exactly as the CNO said, women in submarines, women on riverines, make decisions based on anything for success. Ladies and gentlemen, please stand for the delivery of appointment. Information on purpose and prevention. On which I'm about to execute. Execute the office of public return. Vice Admiral Howard to assume the rank of personnel to Admiral Michelle J. Howard, USN. Subject, appointed United States, has appointed you as an Admiral in the United States Navy while serving as Vice Chief of Naval Operations. Signed D.L. Dillon Snyder, Director of Flag Officer Distribution. Secretary Mabus will now present the rank of my distinct pleasure to present you Admiral Michelle J. Howard. A sign of leadership to be persistent in your goals and to achieve them. The first act will be by his first name. Good morning, CNO. Today's ceremony. Who was the most important to this event? My list just kept growing and growing and growing. And then prioritizing the list was challenging. The top of the list was a tie. I must start by thanking Rourad Mouyun and Rob Bianchi. Today was the first four-star shoulder boards for women they didn't exist. A special contract was let and you folks are seeing the first set in the history of the United States Navy. I'm going to let you work that whole quality control thing. And next come. I also have shipmates from SEED and from the Pentagon. I'm Wagner Meredith, Jacob Wyman Wyman. I want to mention you all by name. Who's in a chair? Had something to do with me standing up here. I do want to recognize my fellow naval attaches, though. This last year, you have helped me succeed. You've prepared us when the Sienos traveled. You've prepared me when I've traveled. You've been the wonderful interlocutors with your leaders. And I'm very proud to have served with you in the Beltway, just as when we meet up at sea and I've served with many of the navies of your nations. I'm so very proud to serve with you at sea. So thank you for all of those who represent your countries today for joining us for this event. It is fitting on today, having just sworn an oath to the Constitution, and it is July 1st to talk about the American Revolution. Britain and the colonies had been in a state of war for almost a year when Richard Lee, a delegate from Virginia in June of 1776, moved that these United Colonies are, and of right, is a defining American characteristic, decisive words. It's also enshrined in our American heritage. We formed a committee. It was Roger Sherman, Benjamin Franklin, Robert Livingston, and Thomas Jefferson. The Committee of Five was to draft the reasons for independence and put them on paper. Thomas Jefferson was the chief writer, and his true sacrifice is that he willingly endured the editing of his fellow committee members because the final document was cut by 25% from the original, but the words that stayed in 1776, on July 1st in 1776, the Second Continental Congress leaves resolution to declare independence with the unanimous vote, enthusiasm. This declaration in support and defend these states coming day's transaction. In addition to decisive words and action, volunteerism is the core of the United States' personal character and our national identity. Step up and contribute to a noble cause in your life is a sign of true selflessness. Our sailors and marines are this legacy. They are volunteers, and with every mission, they demonstrate our core values. Values our founders would have understood, decisive words and serve with them goes to the today's USS, the United States Sailor. Today's ceremony and sharing in this special event. This concludes the official ceremony. Please remain in place until the departure of the official party. After the departure, please proceed directly to the reception in the foyer. The official party will arrive to cut the cake in 15 minutes. Admiral Howard will receive you as you depart the memorial.


If you are new to this channel and if it's your first time to come across this channel, consider subscribing and supporting this channel by clicking the notification bell and the subscribe button if you are new to this channel. Well, for the returning subscribers, thank you so much for coming back to this channel and if you are new to this channel, please support this channel by subscribing and don't forget to hit the notification bell. In today's video, we are going to look at another interesting Middle East country. Remember, we talked about countries like Oman, we talked about countries like Qatar, we talked about countries like UAE. In today's video, we are going to look at another interesting Middle East country and that is Kuwait. And we are going to look at the termination rules in Kuwait. Remember, in Kuwait we have two types of contracts that is what we call indefinite contracts and what we call an indefinite contract. Remember, indefinite contract in Kuwait goes for three years and an indefinite contract in Kuwait goes for more than three years. And what does it mean? Your employment contract in Kuwait will be automatically renewed. It will automatically expire in case you agree with what you call your employer at the time. So meaning that after your contract of three years expire and you are winning or not winning to add more work or more of your services to the employer, you can either decide to renew it or you can say to terminate it at a given period of time. But now something that we need to consider or something that we want to look at what are the termination rules. If you want to terminate that contract with your employer, what do you need to consider and what is your role, what is your right and what are your rights of your employer. Remember, for you to terminate a contract in Kuwait, you are supposed to give a three month notice to your employer regarding your decision to terminate the contract. Contrary the same situation, if your employer is to terminate your contract signed with him, then he has to give you what you call three months in advance what you call the notice period before he has to terminate your contract. And a genuine reason has to be explained to you why he or she is terminating your contract. That is according to what you call the Kuwait labor law. Remember, at the same point, when we are looking at some of the termination rules in Kuwait, which are quite very different with the other Gulf or Middle East countries, is that at any time your employer has a right to terminate your contract, if you bleach or if an employee bleaches what was signed in the contract and you may not be reliable to any compensation of indemnity or any compensation of pay or end of service bonus. Meaning that once he terminates you, that's the end of you, you only have to buy for your own ticket and return home at that time you remember and you normally given what you call 24 hours only to depart out of the country. Contrary the same situation, an employee also can terminate his contract with his employer. If his employer at one moment of time bleaches what was signed in the contract or what they signed or agreed upon in the contract. That is why I saw some many times as when you look at the labor law, the labor laws is most of these countries, Gulf or Middle East countries. Emphasis encourage all employees to read thoroughly and understand the rules and regulations that govern their contracts, that they definitely signed with their sponsors or signed with their bosses at the time because it is one that will call you or it is one that will save you at one moment of time at that given time. Remember when we are talking about how much notice period definitely an employee or employer has to give a three months notice period for the termination of the contract on either side. And remember still the same cause that employees has a right to terminate his contract in case the employee commits any acts such as failing to abide by what you call the provision stated in the contract. Definitely he has to pay you all what you call your compensation at that time. And remember if you have what you call an indefinite contract with your sponsor or your manager or your person who is in charge of your work visa or your work permit at that time and you can still terminate that contract so long as you give that person a three months notice about you resigning or terminating the contract with him at the given period of time. Remember the labor laws are so little bit strict when it comes to the employee or when it comes to the legal terms or the legal terms at the time of it all. So exactly that one gives you a very good clear understanding and very clear understanding with what happens in most of the scalp countries. And remember still another rule in Kuwait when an employee is planning to terminate his contract with an employee with an employer this should be written down in what you call in writing known in text onwards. So you should either write submit a copy to your human resource or to the consult office or you should use what you call official emailing address that you can reach out to the persons that are concerned with the same situation. Thank you so much for coming back to this channel and thank you so much for tuning into this channel. Remember it makes for the next question. By the way don't forget to support this channel, don't forget to click the notification bell and the subscribe button. It will be the only way that we are going to shoot up to 1,000 to 2,000 subscribers. Remember it makes for the next question. Thank you so much. See you again in the next video as we are trying to look at other labor laws or other clauses that concern the labor law.


That is a strange one. Today I'll be sharing with you my experiences in the gym with this guy right here, Aaron Turner. A cycling specific strength and conditioning coach who also has a PhD in load management. In fact, a lot of his PhD studies were focused on a continental cycling team but today he's focused on a regular bloke at the age of 41 that's just trying to get faster on the bike than ever before and in doing so. He'll be pointing out a lot of things that I'm doing wrong in the gym while also providing the simple changes that I can make that will make me more powerful, stronger and faster on the bike, including a banded deadlift exercise that if implemented at the correct RPE you can see an increase in quad muscle activity ranging from approximately 30 to 50%. So what am I looking to get out of the gym as a cyclist? Well, firstly, I just wanna improve my overall strength on the bike and also. Spent repeatability. Yep. There's two ways you can go about it. We can increase repeatability to the power you're at or we can increase your top end sprint power so you don't have to dip into it so often in a race. So if you can increase that when you're cycling up to just over 1,000 watts you're not so close to your top end power so that'll improve your repeatability as well. The sheer fact of getting stronger because I want you to lift heavier this is heavy for you, which is good. Yeah. The lunges are going a bit easier on yourself. So I want heavier single leg work for you. That'll increase total strength and then for every watt of power you're producing it's gonna cost less oxygen and less energy which will improve your repeatability as well. We're gonna get that benefit from the strength. I just want you to get stronger. More quadricep in this. You got a lot of glue but I wanna bring in some quad as well. Your lunges are good, they're just too light. Okay. Gotta get them heavier. Also keep the same technique. Well, we're gonna play a little with it. I'll show you different variations and we'll see what you like but we need the weight to go up, reps to come down. The other thing is your order of your exercises. We need to front load it more with the important cycling stuff and then the other qualities in the upper body. Let's put them towards the end. Okay, because they're still important for you but they're less important for the cycling stuff. Really good for bone mental density in the upper body and if you haven't forbid you crash and you have to put your arm out like we want you strong through here. We want those bones density less likely to have a major injury. But from performance, if we put them at the start of your gym workout it's gonna increase fatigue. It's gonna increase neural fatigue. So then when we get to important lower body stuff or important core stuff later in the session you don't have to give us enough out of that. Yeah, okay. And it's called the priority model. There's a lot of research on it and it is whatever you put at the start of your workout while your fatigue levels are low, that's where you're gonna get your highest strength and muscle growth outcomes. I don't care which order you put them in. There's pros and cons to each but they have to be close to the start. Upper body at the very back and then of your preferred core we'll put in the middle. Look, your lunge technique's pretty good. So, and the fact we're changing this to be a bit more quad dominant. You don't, you don't recommend going straight to bed.  So, even if you just do a couple of reps with a bit more knee flexion at the bottom of the movement and then once you're happy with that we're gonna add the band. You look good in the lower body. Okay, this looks good here.  So this is just a little here. I need to be here, just a bit more, okay? So we're gonna accommodate that.  Beautiful can, from there, give me three. Again, that's improvement. When you go back and look at the video you'll see that first rep and you're like, oh, that was the golden rep. So anyone who's well trained and is thinking of trying this next demonstration that I'm doing at home, provide it safe for you to do so. You would only bring the band in if you're lifting at least 80% of one repetition maximum in your lifts. If you're lifting less than that and you're well trained it's not gonna provide any additional benefit for strength development. But if you're untrained, probably just work on your technique. Don't worry about adding the band in my opinion. Cam, you're well trained. So we are gonna get you to eventually to a point where the weight that you can lift the heaviest for seven reps, that's ballpark 80%, you're gonna add the band to that weight but you're gonna drop back to four to five reps. Feet on to the band, get your stance fits that you're happy with. No dead spots. No dead spots. It's written all over his face. I can feel the dead spots dying. Oh, different lifts, isn't it? Yeah, wow. But I'd like some like deep knee band lunge patterns and you've got a pretty deep one at the moment but we can get deeper. So your new walking lunge technique we're gonna take you out of your kind of quad dominant style to a style that has a bit more of a harmonious balance with glutes, a little bit of hamstring and a lot of quad in there as well. So side on it's gonna look like this. Leaning forward. Yeah, so see this shim bone angle? Yeah. And then similar trunk angle. Yeah. That's gonna bring more gluten back on my lead leg whereas your other style was very like this. Okay, it's very quad dominant, which was fine but we're gonna bring quad dominance via the leg press and your new technique on the deadlift. So now I can have a bit more of a balance in your lunge pattern and it's gonna be a slightly more stable lunge variation and you should be able to get quite heavy on this one. So we need to find a weight that you feel you could get about seven lunges per leg on but in seven to one seven on each leg with that weight we're gonna do five to four each leg and what that's gonna do it's gonna give you the strength impulse minus the soreness and high amounts of fatigue. I should add some further context here because Aaron's really focused on managing my soreness and my fatigue and that's because I'm currently in a hip phase in my cycling training meaning I'm doing roughly two to three hard sessions on the bike per week meaning adding a lot more additional stress through the gym is not really what we wanna do. We just wanna be optimizing and maintaining strength during this particular phase. Now of course if I was in an off season or doing a lot of zone two base training then this gym stuff would look a lot different but that's a rapid hole for another day. Still wanted to go back to my old school upright. That's it, looking forward for me as you do it. You as a cyclist, very championing in these positions to do tailbone tuck. See my tailbone's tucked under me because that's what you guys are used to on the bike. For the safety of this lift, you have to be here. See how I've flattened that out just a tad versus that. When you're doing it, a good idea to just practice in front of a mirror that you can be walking past. Make sure you get that, the trunk the way I just demonstrated. Okay, because cyclists have that habit of going cycling mode. You could use this in replace of lunges if you wanna mix it up.  I think you could, you could alternate on this one. Cause we've got the single leg leg press coming in later. We don't need to go doubling up on these single leg balance demanding ones. So you want for your height, 45 centimeter to 18 inch box height. It's cause I want deep hip flexion from you and I want deep knee flexion as well at the start of the movement. So deep knee bend, trying to resemble something at the top of the pedaling stroke. Yep. And then lean forward. Like I mentioned earlier, the back, you still have to avoid the curling of the back. Okay, so the back position needs to look good. Now drive up. Drive. Four heavies using your 80% load, but I want you to do three to four sets per leg. No, go for it. I'll put that. I made it look easier. Bring the knee further forward. Okay, now lean your trunk forward slightly. That should take off position. Oh, you felt that one. Now reset, give me that good position. I did do four hours this morning. Give me that good position again. So knee further forward. Yep. Oh. As you master this, the goal is to get to a point where you don't feel like you're bobbing off the rear leg, where it feels lead leg dominant. For now, we'll give you a free pass where you're just feeling it out. Oh. Oh. I do want to bring in a single leg leg press. Why? Think of it as like, we're wringing out a wet cloth. Yeah. So if you're using the deadlift and your lunges, hands, or a couple of other variations I'll give you shortly, that's the meat and potatoes of the workout. But once we've done that, fatigue's kicking in, and your ability to balance is going to go down, your motivation is potentially starting to take a dip. So if I bring in a machine exercise, because the trunk doesn't need high stability on this, because I'm in a reclined posture relaxing on the bench, in terms of this chain, this is quite easy for me to control now because I can't fall over. So for the single leg leg press, you're going to do a double leg warm-up. Much happier that, you're going to lock out. This time I'm going to use this leg. You make sure the safety stopper is higher than the non-involved knee. See how this is above my knee? Yep. That's my safe place. Right. Please adjust that if anyone's going to use this. I'll demonstrate on this leg. I'm going to line up my hip, knee, and ankle from my perspective in a fairly straight line. Right. So if you're peering over my shoulder, that'll look in the ballpark. And now from here, I use my other leg just to help unwrap, and away we go. So deep hip flexion, driving. To a point where you still have lower back contact and rear pelvis contact with the bench that you're sitting on. Okay. If you go so low, you feel your pelvis slip out of the seat. You've gone way too deep. Okay. Because now you're getting into lumbar flexion of the back. Beyond the level that would be deep safe.  Take it down this way. That's going to increase ankle-dorsy flexion and be a little bit more knee flexion. That's not always comfortable for everyone. Me personally, at my height, I just go mid-plate. When you transition to the other leg, it's usually a good idea to lock out first. Yeah. Rewind up your other leg. And away we go. At this point in your workout, just controlled. Okay. As best you can. You can see we get nice, deep ranges within your flexibility range, but we're still getting some really good strength out from the lower body. Based on a strategy of, we want peak strength. And your priority is peak strength in the lower body from a cycling performance perspective, yeah? Yeah. So we want you going to loads that are over 75%. I've been ballparking about 80% weight. And an 80% weight is one that you are probably going to be able to lift the weight for seven reps. Yep. And if seven's like the last rep you can do, we're at 80%. Yeah. But we don't want you lifting up to seven reps because there's going to be too much fatigue from that and your recovery time is going to be extended. It's going to affect the next day on the bike, definitely, and possibly in the day after that if we keep training like that. So what we need to do while we're at these higher loads for you, because you're well trained, we're going to come down. We're going to use that same seven rep maximum weight, but we're only going to do four to five reps of it. Oh, okay. And then you're going to do three to four sets on each of those lower body exercises at that weight that I've discussed. Yep. And if it's the deadlift, you're going to add the band to it. Okay, I want the variable resistance training on that one as well. Because it's huge strength improvements from that. Now let's talk about your rest periods. This is peak strength training, so you're probably going to want between two and three minutes rest minimum between sets. Okay, before you feel ready to go. I know you're used to the circuit style, but the circuit style increases fatigue because you've got low rest. Okay, so even if you're training antagonists or polar muscle groups, like up at a lower body, there's still fatigue going on. So we're just going to take the rest period and then get the next set done. Okay.  Okay, you can circuit in your core, remaining core exercises with your upper body, and go blotter on that. Okay, so that's the fun bit. Yeah. But we get the priority stuff at the start of the session. And that's really the bang for our buck with your cycling performance. It's a lower body sport. Yeah.