Hello, and welcome to the Bruce Wagner Show, episode 504. Today I'm going to talk about some things that we talked, actually I talked about the other day, and that is launching your own web TV show. This show, in fact, is transitioning from what I'll call Format A to Format B, just simply creating a web TV show. So Format A is sort of like a casual reality show where I'm explaining to you where I'm at with creating a web TV talk show, and Format B is the actual result of that, the show itself. So in the process there are going to be times where we're doing Format A where I'm explaining where we're at, what's the status with the show, how things are coming along. I'm hoping that this will be beneficial to any of you who want to start your own web TV talk show of some sort, that from my experiences you can learn, and also I can learn from your feedback. Always get ahold of me at Bruce at BruceWagner.com or on Twitter as Bruce Wagner, all one word. And I really appreciate your feedback, comments, suggestions, ideas, answers to questions that are challenging me. So today is going to be one of those Format A days because we don't have a guest panelist lined up or anything. So let me just review really quickly what we're at and what we've done so far. This show, the Bruce Wagner show, is one of three shows actually that we're doing. But this particular show has some unique factors about it that I don't think anyone else, as far as I know, is doing all of the above. So first the idea is that we're broadcasting it live via sites like Ustream, UstreamTV.com, or no Ustream.TV that is, and also on demand via sites like YouTube of course, and in full one hour segments. And we're also doing it on iTunes as a podcast in two forms, a video podcast for those with an iPhone, iPod Touch, I Touch, whatever, any sort of video podcast device, and also as an audio only version for iTunes as an audio only version of the podcast. By the way, if you're not familiar with podcasting, it's really brilliant because it allows your device to automatically receive every new episode without you having to go anywhere and look for it. So as soon as one is broadcast, boom, your device will automatically download it, which is really handy. And if you go to iTunes, in fact, you can just do a search for Bruce Wagner and you'll find this show in both forms and you can subscribe to one or both. If you have an audio only iPod, you can still subscribe to both and watch the video version on your computer and the audio one will get downloaded to your device automatically. Then the fourth thing that we're doing is very interesting. It's live guests via Skype and these could be celebrity interviews if they're not available to be here in person in New York City, or more often panels, a discussion panel, sort of like the view, but not all ladies and very diverse people from all over the planet live right here on this big screen behind me. So with switching to up to four people via Skype, so that's really, really cool and powerful. You'll see as we get there, when we get to that point, you'll see how amazingly powerful that is, that format, because we've tested it out a bit and it just looks awesome. And then the final thing that makes it really, really unique is doing it daily. We are pursuing a really aggressive broadcasting schedule of doing a show up to one hour, like maybe 40 to 60 minute show, definitely under one hour. Every day, Monday through Saturday, six days a week, so that's very, very aggressive and that means that plays a role in a lot of factors like zero editing. You have to be able to do things very, very, very quickly when you're doing a schedule that's that tight, when you have a staff of maybe one and a budget of zero, as I say. So those six things about this show make it really unique and especially challenging, actually. So I wanted to talk about the Skype situation. As I said, from what I've learned from Leo Laporte on the, if you go to iTunes or Google either way and do a search for on-demand, Twitter, TWIT, that stands for this weekend tech, but if you look for on-demand on your iTunes podcast search, you'll find the raw footage of all of their shows, which is really interesting because that's all the behind-the-scenes stuff. That is much more interesting to me. You can see what's happening before the show, in between the breaks and after the show. That's where I learn the most. So anyway, from that I've learned that they say Skype, and I believe it's true in my experience as well, Skype works really well if there's nothing else running on that machine, that it's really not as much about the bandwidth as it is about the processing power. So you really need one dedicated computer running nothing but Skype if you want it to be a crystal clear call quality and video and without freezing and all that. So our intention is to have one computer per Skype caller, up to four computers, and each one having its own unique Skype caller. And we're not going to send video back to that person that we're chatting with. We're going to receive their video but not send it back just to save us bandwidth. If that works psychologically, I don't know how that's going to feel for them to not see us and us only see them, but hopefully they'll agree and it'll work. And then we use this box called a KVM, which stands for Keyboard Video Monitor. I don't know, Keyboard, what is it? Keyboard Video Mouse, Keyboard Video Mouse of course, KVM Switch, which is a device that lets you switch. You can use one monitor, keyboard and mouse and switch between up to four PCs. So that's how we do it. This big TV becomes a monitor and then we have a USB mouse and keyboard that's the console keyboard and I switch between up to four PCs. So I can have my own PC, which has got this logo on it right now, as one of the PCs, and then have three more PCs that have Skype callers on it. And technically I can have a Skype caller on my PC as well so we can have up to four. All right, and then whoever is speaking, I can switch to that person. So it's going to be really cool once we get there. And I'll tell you what the roadblocks are that I'm facing right now. Maybe you can help me with them or someone else can and we'll all learn together. So anyway, that's the Skype thing. All right, the issue that I'm dealing with with that is I want to have a discussion panel on various topics with a different topic category each day of the week. So money is Monday, body is Tuesday, love, dating relationships all that is Wednesday, technology is Thursday, celebrity interviews is Friday and then spirit is Saturday. So I want to arrange panelists and they don't have to be a celebrity or selling anything or whatever. Just an ordinary everyday person who's well spoken and has some interests. You don't have to be an expert in anything except your own opinion. And we're looking for people like that to be panelists who can be on the show with us as a discussion panelist, either via Skype most likely or if you live in New York, you can even come here in person. I've got one person lined up for that who is great, his name is Daniel Diaz.  Tuesdays, Thursdays, Fridays and Saturdays. Tuesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, which is great. And he'll be here in person. But we need people like you to join us for these interesting discussions. It's gonna be a lot more fun, the more people we have. And so if you're interested in being a discussion panelist via Skype, all you need is a $29 webcam from Best Buy. And you download this free software called Skype. And then you have to resist the temptation to do anything else on your computer during the interview.  We can see you and we can hear you. You also need a microphone of some sort like a plug-in microphone is better. I think it's better to buy a webcam that does not have a microphone built in because it's not natural to put your mouth up to the camera.  They work brilliantly and you don't have anything clipped to you or any wires. And just a webcam. This is a simple $29 webcam that you, whatever, could be on a stand or clip to your monitor, whatever. But the cheapest webcam that we test, we bought all the webcams that they sell at Best Buy. We tested them all with various people without telling them which one was which. And everyone agreed the cheapest one was the best. So that should tell you something. And it was, I think it was $29 on sale. So anyway, just buy a cheap webcam and it works fantastic. And a standing microphone with a jack. So if you're interested in joining us as a discussion panelist on any of these topics, it doesn't have to be all the topics. You might only be interested in technology or you might only be interested in whatever, dating and relationships day or something like that. You could pick as many or as few of those as you're interested in and also depending on your schedule. We tape the show live noon to 1 PM, starting at 12 noon Eastern time, New York City time. So you can check whatever time zone that is for you. Anyway, if you're interested in doing that, get ahold of me. Email me is probably the best. Bruce at brusewagner.com or just go to brusewagner.com and click contact me and you'll have all my contact details there. Okay, so that's where we're at with the Skype thing. I'm really excited about it and we would actually be doing a Format B real show if I had some panelists on here with Skype. So there's two little roadblocks with that. One is getting people to do that. And some people have contacted me. If you've already contacted me, I'll get to you. But I haven't had the time to catch up to getting back to them and actually speaking to them and booking it yet. So if you have contacted me, hang in there and I'll get back to you. If you haven't, then go ahead and contact me and we'll be in touch and we'll see if we can schedule you. So that's gonna be a lot of fun. The other little thing too is I need to buy some more computers. I was looking at PCs online, which by the way, this is very interesting, I think. Let me just jump over to this page. I was just showing a friend of mine that there's this site that explains the different speeds of the different processors in a graph. And I bookmarked it because I think it's brilliant. I saved it as CPU benchmarks. But it's actually cpubenchmark.net slash common underscore cpus.html. I'll put that on the annotations on the YouTube version. But anyway, probably if you Google Passmark, cpumark, you'll find this page as well. But here's, I don't know if you can see this very well, but this is a graph of all the common CPUs on PCs. And you see it goes all the way down to the slowest and all the way up to the fastest. And this is what I used to demonstrate to people, to explain to them that when you're shopping for a PC and you're interested in the speed of the processor, the gigahertz is actually the clock speed of that CPU. But it's much, much, much more important what kind of CPU it is than the gigahertz, the clock speed. So the gigahertz clock speed is what that is, is like the RPMs on a car. So the best analogy is this. You could buy a little, if there was a Ugo three wheel go-cart that goes at 6,000 RPM, but it only goes 30 miles an hour, you would be looking at the 6,000 RPM like it's 6,000 gigahertz or something, right? Right next to it could be a brand new Ferrari that goes 200 miles an hour at only 2,000 RPM. So if you look at the RPM, the Ugo go-cart looks, wow, faster, but it's not. The real speed that you're concerned about is the miles per hour. How fast does it go? And they don't rate those. I don't know why. They don't put that in the marketing material. But if you look at this site, you can see the truth. They call it the Passmark, which is a benchmark that they've done by running real software on real machines with these CPUs. And it's updated continuously throughout the day. I mean, it's constantly updated with new people running this same software on many, many different machines. So it gives you an average of the speed of those machines. So as you can see, the gigahertz really is irrelevant except when you're comparing two identical processors. Like if they're both Intel Core 2 Duo, then you can compare the different gigahertz. Then it's a tiny, tiny, tiny slight difference. So bottom line, pretty much ignore the gigahertz and look at the actual processor. Like the other day, Ed was saying, he found some deal in this Pentium 4, I don't know, something like 3 gigahertz or something. And I said Pentium. See, the problem is, ignore the gigahertz. And look, anything that has the name Pentium in it doesn't go faster than this line right here. So what you want to look for is what are the fastest processors? The fastest are called Intel Core i7 965 and so on. Intel Core i7 is the top of the list. And below that, Intel Core 2 quads those series. And then right below that AMD Phenom, or however you say that, Phenom Phenom X4. So you look at that and you remember those names that are at the top of the list. And those are the processor names that you want to look for. They're not a numeric thing, they're a name. So you have to remember that. Well, I looked at dealsofamerica.com, which is very cool by the way. That site is kind of like the Google of Bargains. But they only list real reputable brick and mortar stores or super reputable online stores. And I found that the PC that I bought two months ago, which is down here about the middle of the list, about two months ago for $400, now I found the dealsofamerica.com lists one it's an AMD Phenom X4. It's 9.6 times faster for 447, okay? Did you get that? It's almost 10 times faster for $47 more than I paid a month or two months ago. So anyway, that's very interesting. If you're shopping for a PC, make sure you check that out and I'll put the link right here on the YouTube video. Now just go to breadmedia.com and look at it, it'll be on the video there as well. So, but the point of this story and how this relates to Skype is that I need to buy more computers. I'm gonna need to buy, I'm thinking I need to buy three new towers so that I can have those four Skype callers based on the assumption that I need one PC per Skype caller, which is what I'm told I do. I know that Skype will only allow one caller at a time for video. So the application is limited, but it's not only that, like even though you could, you know, trick it with virtual machines and other fancy things on one machine, the problem is the CPU as well, being able to keep up with it. I think it would be very complicated if you had, you know, four Skype callers with different microphones. You'd have to configure different microphones and virtual machines and go crazy, complicated to try and run multiples on one machine. So I think the easiest thing is to buy four cheap boxes, but the ironic thing is these cheap boxes are now among the fastest. They're 10 times faster than two months ago. All right, so that's what we're waiting for. At this point is simply more people to decide to be a panelist. Right now we can have one Skype caller and I do have the KVM switch, but I just need to buy a few more machines. I'll probably just buy one and then buy another and another and so on, but eventually we'll have four altogether. Then we'll have this Skype panel. It'll get more and more interesting as we go along, in other words. Okay, now, I want to go through the technical process of how we're taping the show. We have a camcorder, not a webcam. We're using an actual consumer grade camcorder. They're $300, maybe $200 by now, but just a simple bottom of the line, really, camcorder that has a firewire out. I think it's called 1344 or something sometimes, but anyway, it's firewire. You plug a firewire cable into the output jack on the camcorder, turn it on in camera mode, and you don't even record it on the camera. You just have that firewire coming out and it streams the video out into your computer. You have to have a firewire jack on your computer. If you don't have one, you can buy a little firewire card at any of the computer stores. They're very cheap, and you can have that card installed into your PC if you don't already have a firewire input. Then that PC needs to be running Windows, and then you can run this free software from Adobe called Adobe Flash Media Encoder. That's what we use to stream out to Ustream Live, and it also has the most incredible feature that it encodes the video and audio together into flash, and then into a flash file, an FLV file, and it saves the file to the local hard drive at the same time it's sending that signal out to Ustream, so we can broadcast live and record at the same time with the same software on the same machine, which is brilliant. Now you can use this even if you're not using Ustream. That's the cool thing. You could just use the software and not broadcast live on Ustream, and it does the same thing, it'll just save the file. All right, after you have that file, what's really cool is that you can just directly upload that FLV file to YouTube. So as soon as you press stop, you're finished recording your show, within, you can immediately be uploading it to YouTube. So as long as it takes to upload to YouTube, whether it's 10 minutes or 40 minutes or whatever, however depending on the file size, it will immediately be available on YouTube in that format. Now if you wanna do what we're doing, which is broadcasting as podcasts on iTunes, it's a little bit trickier, and that involves, we use a freeware software. It's a free application that you can get at download.com. If you go to download.com, which is CNET's download site, and just do a search for format factory, I think it's all one word. Format factory is the name of the application, and it's free. And what you can do then is there's a, under the video tab, you can select all formats. It converts files from one format to another as a purpose. You can convert all formats to mobile format, and that's what it's called on the button. And you drag that FLV file into it or just click add files, add the file in, leave all the settings at the default. Don't change any of those settings, just leave them at the default. And it will create a video file with an MP4 extension, which is perfectly compatible for iPhone, iPods, iPod Touch, and all mobile devices that play video, okay? That's the MP4. Then you do this similarly, you do the same thing, right after, actually you can do it in Q, and you can do this right afterwards, and as soon as that's done it'll do the next one. You click on the audio tab, and you convert all formats to MP3. And then drag that file in, and it will create an MP3, which is obviously just stripping off the video and just using the audio only and creating the MP3 file. So the resulting files are from the original FLV, you now have an MP4, which is video, and MP3, which is audio only. And those are the two files that you'll need to use for your podcast, okay? Then there are a few steps involved, like I said. The next step is you take those two files and you go over to archive.org. Archive.org is a free public data archival facility, which is wonderful, wonderful thing that they're doing for the world because they're offering this storage space and hosting free, it's brilliant. The only thing is that it has to be something that is Creative Commons licensed. It can't be completely proprietary. So you have to agree to some sort of Creative Commons license, which means that you allow people to freely download it. If it's something that is copyrighted and you cannot freely download it, you can't put it up there. But if it's your own created content, you can choose to do that. So you select your own Creative Commons license and you can have some limits and restrictions on it, but it has to be something that anybody can download. All right, so you go to archive.org, a-r-c-h-i-v-e.org, you create an account, one time only. Then you upload that MP4 file. You give it a name, whatever, something like your episode number in the name of that episode or something, and you upload that file, okay? And you do the same thing with the MP3 file, so you upload that and upload that MP3 file to the same account. Now, when you upload it, it'll give you a page. It'll give you a link and say, okay, the upload is finished, you click this and there's your page. That page will contain links to the file. It actually converts it into other formats for you too, but you wanna find the link for the original format that you uploaded. If it was MP3, then find the same MP3 file that you uploaded the same format, and right-click on that link and say, right-click on the link and say, copy link location, okay? And that'll take that link for the file and that link should end in a .mp4, for the MP4, of course, or .mp3 for the MP3. All right, now you have the link that you need. That link is gonna be the link that's used for your podcast to go out and get it. So whenever somebody listens to it or downloads it for the podcast, it'll be coming from archive.org, all right? The next step is you need to have a blog. We have a blog set up on a site called Ning, which works really well if we, let me go over to it under my site, see if I don't know if you can see this, but it's bredmedia.com. If you're at a bredmedia.com, bredmedia.com, you'll see our site. And we're using a web tool called Ning, n-i-n-g.com, to host this. So you'll see that when you, this is what ours looks like, if you go to bredmedia.com, you'll see it. If you click on the Bruce Wagner Show, you will be taken to the Bruce Wagner Show page. And what this is is actually, this center section is actually a blog. If I click on View All at the end of the blog section, it will take me straight to the blog page itself. So this is just a typical internet blog, all right? So that each posting, the newest shows up at the top, and then the previous episode, and the previous episode, and the previous episode, and so on. And at the bottom, you'll see the typical RSS. I don't know if you can see it here, but the typical, usually it's orange, but they've decided to make it blue. Anyway, you get it.  But it's the RSS feed.  But that's the RSS feed. So you take that RSS feed. That RSS feed is what iTunes uses to broadcast your iPod, your podcast. All right, anyway, you have to have a blog set up for the video version of your show. And if you're gonna have an audio-only version, you have to have a separate blog set up for the audio-only version. So I don't know if you can see this, but if you, again, if you click on, you know, go to breadmedia.com, click on the Bruce Wagner show, you'll see it. What I've done is I've embedded a YouTube player for that episode, which is optional, but I did that so that they can watch it right here as well. But then in the text body for that blog post, the first thing I have is a link that says, download this episode as an MP4 video file now, and that's a link. And of course, that link goes to the archive.org actual MP4 link, the link that ends in MP4 that we got for the previous step. Okay, and then after that I put, just in plain text, I put parentheses, right-click then save link as, for people who are not familiar with how to do that. So that they can right-click on that link, and it'll pop up here and you do save link as, and that will download that video file to your hard drive on your computer for people who have a need to do that. Then, right after that is another link I created called visit the audio-only MP3 download page. And then I've got the description and show notes about that particular episode. So anyway, when they click the visit the audio-only MP3 download page, it's actually taking them to another blog, okay? It's called the Bruce Wagner show audio-only MP3 download page. And if we go to the blog of that, you see all it is is another blog with a different icon up here, but, and it's called the Bruce Wagner show audio, all right? And it's the same exact thing, but this one is audio only. So it's got the same exact title for the episode parentheses audio-only MP3, all right? For each episode. And it's everything else is identical except the first link now says download this episode as an audio-only MP3 file now. And of course that link goes to the archive.org version that ends in .mp3, okay? So the same thing, if you want to download this as an MP3, you right click and save link as and you're going to be downloading that MP3 file right away to your computer, which is perfect because if you have some other brand of MP3 player, you can download the MP3s manually one at a time if you choose to without even subscribing as a podcast, you may have some other use for putting the MP3s on your hard drive or on a network or something like that. So you can download the MP3 directly. And then of course, right after that is the link, visit the video player page for full video and downloads. And if you click that, it takes you right back to the first page that we were on. So they just, they just reference each other.  But the point is that at the bottom of the video blog, there's an RSS feed. And at the bottom of the audio only blog, there's an RSS feed, okay? Those are important. That's what's going to drive iTunes. You take that RSS feed and you go to Feedburner, F-E-E-D-B-U-R-N-E-R, feedburner.com and you put that into Feedburner. They call it burn the feed. And what that does is it allows you to, what Feedburner does is it acts as an intermediary and it lets you tweak the feed. And it's very, very, very easy. It sounds complicated, but it's not. You take that RSS feed by right clicking on it and say copy link location, go to Feedburner.com and say burn this feed and paste that URL, the feeds URL into it. And then tell it there's a box that you check I am a podcaster. Yes, check I am a podcaster. And what it will do is it'll automatically bring up the features. This is Feedburner. It'll automatically bring up this section on the feed under the optimized tab called smartcast. It says smartcast, podcasting and iTunes setup. It couldn't be easier, really. You just fill in these blanks and that puts in the information that iTunes is looking for, specifically for a podcast. So I've already created a feed for the Bruce Wagner Show parentheses video and now I am customizing this feed, the Bruce Wagner Show audio. And since I've already filled in all the forms for the video version, I'm simply gonna copy and paste everything from the audio one and make it identical, the only difference being the title is gonna say video instead of audio. So I'll do this while we're talking. You'll see how fast it is. The first thing, create a podcast enclosures from any links to any rich media file. That's what you want. You just want it set for anything. And then the next one is a check mark. Include iTunes podcasting elements. Yes, of course you want that. And then category. Okay, I put society and culture, technology, TV and film, health and comedy. So, you know, whatever. You can put whatever you want, whatever you think makes the most sense. I really, with the topics that we're gonna cover, we're gonna cover so many topic categories. It's very hard, but I picked five. Okay, so society and culture, I did with no subcategory. And then you can have up to five. So I'm gonna add all five because you never know where people are gonna look for this stuff. Category two is technology. And I'm using no subcategory either because they'll find it at a higher level. I think if they're just browsing categories, at least that's my theory. Category three, I'm gonna call TV and film. No subcategory, sorry. Each one of these I'm changing to no subcategory. And then category four, health. I'm gonna change that to health. You see what I'm doing? I'm just switching to the one that I've already completed the video one and going back and forth to the other. The audio one to make it the same. Okay, category five, comedy. I don't really know that there's gonna be comedy, but we'll see. All right, and then the preview image is a URL to a photo. You know, some sort of a photo that represents your show.  You can click the preview image button and it will show you what that photo looks like as you can see here. Lovely. All right, and then podcast subtitle, I am leaving blank because I believe that the podcast summary shows up. If you leave the podcast subtitle blank, the podcast summary shows up, which I liked better. So I'm pasting in the pre-written podcast summary that I had written for the video when it's identical. There's no difference there. And then same thing with the keywords. I'm just gonna copy and paste the keywords in there in case people search for those words. Podcast author, podcast author email address. Okay, that's my email address. I'll paste that in. What else is there? Okay, include media RSS information and add podcasts to your Yahoo search. I checked that. I'm not really sure what it does, but sounds good. Okay, then contains explicit content. I said no, copyright message. I'm gonna paste that in. The copyright message I put in is a C in parentheses to represent copyright. 2009, Bruce Wagner, some rights reserved, comma C license colon, and then I put a link to the actual Creative Commons license. It's not critical, but if you happen to know what I'm talking about, you can go and get that link. It's very simple. It's created actually on archive.org. It gives you that link. You'll see when you upload it to archive.org. Podcast author, I put my name and then I hit save. And that's it, you're done. You have actually created all the fields that iTunes needs for a podcast. So, let's see, I hit save. And it says you've saved it successfully. Now the other thing you wanna do is go down, I'm still on the optimize tab. You're on smartcast, but go down to the one that says title description burner, the third one from the bottom. Title slash description burner, because that will, if you don't use that, it's gonna take the title that is coming from your blog, which is not necessarily the one that you want because that one says the Bruce Wagner show, audio only, latest posts dash breadmedia.com or something. It's like an automated title, whatever came from the original RSS feed, like whatever they decided to put in there. But you can actually customize the title to be exactly what you want it to be. And so I copied the one that I have from the video show and I pasted it right into the audio one as well. The only thing I changed was instead of parentheses video, this one says Bruce Wagner show, parentheses audio only. And then I've got some more verbiage and garbage and stuff. And I put, actually what I did here, I'll tell you why. The title is Bruce Wagner show, parentheses audio only dash, broadcast live from New York daily Monday through Saturday, quote, not just another talk show host who's gay, quote. And that's really weird. It sounds like a really weird thing to do. But I'll tell you why. There's a method to the madness. That title is gonna show up on iTunes when they're doing a search or even after they've subscribed, that's the title of your podcast that's gonna show up. And really, it's only like that wide. The column is only like that wide. So they're gonna see Bruce Wagner show, also by the way, I dropped the the Bruce Wagner show and it's just as Bruce Wagner show because B comes before T in the alphabet. So sometimes they'll sort it by alphabetic order and I'll be closer to the top. All right, but here's the real reason I did this is because it says Bruce Wagner show, audio only. And that's really all they're gonna see. The rest of it is just verbiage that they would have to really widen the whole column to see all that nonsense. But I made the very last word gay.  And there's a huge audience right there. If you're in a special interest group of some sort or whatever it may be that you remember of that might appeal to a vast percentage of the population like that, it's a great thing to do.  Well, my show comes up, even though it's not a gay show.  It doesn't matter. It's just kind of a little shout out to those who are. And they might be interested just because I am. I guess it's kind of trivia, but whatever.  It's not just something that we happen to be. Anyway, I think that there's a huge audience base in that minority and so why not? Why not tap into them as well? And pretty much nobody else is gonna see it either because you'd have to widen the column all the way over here and you still probably wouldn't see that word at the very end. Sneaky, right? Anyway, so that's what we do. Then that's it. It's done. Now we go back to the My Feeds button on Feed Burner and you'll see all of your feeds and the Bruce Wagner show audio is there now and then there's a little RSS button next to that and you can right click copy link and that copy link location, that's the link. That now is the RSS feed link that you wanna give to iTunes. Okay, because this way you can, once you give it to iTunes and you set it up, you really can't change it inside iTunes. I think that there's no way to change it as far as I know. So the cool thing about, another cool thing about Feed Burner, which is also free by the way, is that I can go and change the source. If I get upset at this blog that I'm using, I don't like it, something better comes along, whatever, I can switch to a different blog. I can go in and edit this feed and tell it, okay, from now on use this input feed and the output feed stays the same. So as far as iTunes knows, my phone number didn't change, you know what I mean? But the original source, I can change it, I can customize it almost infinitely using this Feed Burner thing and it's very, very simple. So that's the story, that's how we do that. Now, if you don't already have a podcast set up with iTunes, that is another one-time thing we have to do. And I have, I do have the video version of the Bruce Wagner show set up as a podcast. And we also do, Ed does a Spanish language show once a week on Saturdays at 2 p.m. Eastern time. It's called El Show de Edward Gell. His name is Edward Gell and he does this a weekly. So we have a podcast set up for that, the video version of his show. And then we have an audio, a little audio podcast just for the fun of it called Bruce and Ed Lie from New York. So we'll put us around with that. That'll just be fun on an irregular basis. So there's, we really need five podcasts and we have three. The two that are missing is the audio only version of the Bruce Wagner show and the audio only version of the El Show de Edward Gell. We're already creating the MP3 files. We've already created, we've uploaded them to archive.org. We've created the blog. We have the RSS feed. We have the feed in Feedburner. But now we have to apply to Apple basically to the iTunes thing to create a new podcast. So I thought, we'll see how much time we have left. In the real world, this is how it goes because I'm gonna do this right here with you live. So, and it's been a while since I did this. So let me Google, create podcast. iTunes, I'm gonna Google iTunes create podcast and just see, here we go. The first link that comes up under iTunes create podcast searches, Apple iTunes, what's on iTunes, before you create a podcast. This might be the page on apple.com slash iTunes slash store slash podcast tech, podcasts, tech specs, study HTML. Okay, anyway, making a podcast. Here we go, submission and feedback. I'm sorry, submission and yeah, submission and feedback process, creating your feed and importance of good metadata, blah, blah, blah. Okay, so they've got here creating your feed which we've already done and the importance of good metadata. The metadata is all those fields you filled in on Feedburner, which was done for you automatically once you fill in those feeds. So you don't have to mess with a lot of the technical stuff behind it. Understanding the client and store, testing your feed, submitting your podcast to the iTunes store. That's the one you want. So it's under step one, one, two, three, the fourth bullet down, I'm gonna click that link. It jumps down to that part of the page. Submitting your podcast to the iTunes store. One, launch iTunes. Two, in the left navigation column under iTunes store, click on the podcast's link to go to the podcast page. In the left column of the podcast page and the learn more box at the bottom, click on the submit a podcast link. Follow the instructions on the submit a podcast. That's right, I forgot. It's inside of the iTunes program. So you have to go over to a machine that runs Windows. All of our computers run Ubuntu Linux except one. So I'm gonna go over here to this computer, that the one that's running Flash Media Encoder. Hopefully this won't affect our recording. And I'm going to open up iTunes. Just did that. Now, I'm gonna try and click on iTunes store and follow those steps. This is launch iTunes in number one. Number two, in the left navigation column under iTunes store, click on podcast page. Okay, so I clicked podcasts under iTunes store, got it. And then in the left column, learn more at the bottom. There's a bottom called learn.  There's a box at the very, very bottom of the page on the left called learn more. And there's a button that says submit a podcast. There it is. That's how we do it. Okay, so it's opening that page. Podcast feed URL, step one, there we have it. I think, if I recall, this is very easy. Okay, now I need the podcast feed URL. Where do I get it? I go back to feed burner. So I'm gonna have to open up feed burner on this computer. Got it bookmarked here, feed burner. I'm probably gonna have to log on. Cause I don't think I've, oh no, I'm already logged on. Okay, so I wanna do the Bruce Wagner show audio. That's the feed I want. So that feed, there's a little gray RSS icon. Easiest ways to right click that, do copy link location. Okay, then I'm gonna alt tab back over to the iTunes application where it's asking for the podcast feed URL. I'm gonna right click and paste it in, did it. And the feed, by the way, it says HTTP colon slash slash feeds to dot feed burner dot com slash the Bruce Wagner show dash audio. The last part I picked the name, but the rest of it is theirs. But that's what it looks like. That's what a feed URL looks like. I hit continue. Now it wants my password for my iTunes account. I guess you have to have an Apple idea, an Apple account to do that. Which I guess you do if you have access to the iTunes store. If not, you may have to create an account. Because I don't know, you might even have to have a credit card to create an account. But anyway, they want you to have an account to create a podcast, but they don't charge you anything. Okay, now I got an error. We experienced a timeout connecting to this feed at this time, read timed out. Read timed out, okay. So, oh, I click continue again and it apparently read it to find the second time. So, the first time it timed out, I just hit continue again and it went past it. This is the real world, this is how things happen. All right, review podcast is step two. The contents of the RSS feed provided displayed below, blah, blah, blah. Artwork, it's got my picture, because remember I embedded that URL to the picture. Name, the Bruce Wagner show audio only, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah.  Author, Bruce Wagner. This short description, the long description. Society and culture category, subcategory. Okay, it looks like they're forcing me to pick a subcategory. And they chose society and culture as the primary category. So, it seems like maybe they've changed the way the categorizing is happening, but they're reading the main category, society and culture, okay, whatever. And it looks like they're forcing me to pick a subcategory, which is set to history, which is probably not good. So, there's only four choices. History, personal journals, philosophy, or places in travel, I guess personal journals would be the closest to accurate. Language, English is clean means it's no explicit adult content. All right, then I click submit. Bingo, thank you for submitting this podcast to the iTunes Store. Please note that the podcast that you have requested to add to the iTunes Store will not immediately appear in the store. It may be reviewed before being posted. Thank you for your submission and your interest in podcasting. We will direct any necessary correspondence to Bruce at BruceWagner.com and there's a button that says done and I'm done. Wow, that was easier than I remembered even. All right, so we've got two minutes left. I'm gonna see if I can do this again for the second one. I believe I've already got that thing created. It'll show the Edward Hale, that's the Spanish language version, audio only. It's already in Feedburner, it's there, and it's, yeah, it looks good. So I ought to be able to do this again. I'm just gonna, on the same bottom left area, submit a podcast, I have to go back over to my feeds and pick the other one, which is also the Edward Hale audio. And you may have to do this twice too. If you want to have, I'd recommend that you do, but you don't have to, but I recommend you have a video version and an audio version because a lot of people have video players now and they enjoy watching you on video for their iPods and iPhones and all the iPod, what do you call it, iTouch, is it called iTouch? The iTouch iPod and the iPhones are obviously, they are video iPods. A lot of people have video iPods, so why not do that, even though it takes up a bit more memory?  So I believe it's important to do both. All right, so I just copied the feed URL from Feedburner, not the original one, but from Feedburner. I clicked submit a podcast. I'm pasting it into this podcast feed URL. I'm hitting continue, accessing iTunes Store, ding, ding, ding. Okay, please include iTunes specific fields. Oh, that's why. Okay, it's basically saying that, please include iTunes as noted below. Oh, all right.  I forgot to go into smart cast. So I'm gonna hit cancel on this.  Remember how I copied all the fields from one to the other? Well, I forgot to do that for the audio one. So what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna click on the Feedburner feed for, I'll show the Edward Hale video. And then I'm going to click on the optimize tab and then the smart cast. Let's see, where is it? Smart cast, yeah, smart cast button. Just so they have that up on the screen. Yeah, okay, it's giving me all the data. Now, I'm gonna go over to, I'll show the Edward Hale audio. By putting all those fields into the smart cast thing, that's the iTunes specific data that it's looking for. So that's why those are not appearing in the feed yet. So now I'm clicking on the audio version of the feed, optimize tab, smart cast button, bringing that one up. You understand that I'm opening up the two side by side simply so I can flip over to one and compare them and make sure that they match. So I do the categories again, society and culture, technology, TV and film. All right, society and culture, and then no subcategory and then, I don't even know if it's using these second and third and fourth categories. It doesn't appear like it is, but whatever. Technology, TV, health, comedy, let me do that. Technology, got technology, TV, health, comedy. I just picked any that were appropriate, but seem to be the ones people might search on most. Okay, those are the categories. And then the podcast image, okay, this is the same image. Now this of course is an image of Ed, but I'm copying it from Ed's video version to his audio version. Preview the image, sure enough, it's a picture of him. No podcast subtitle, I'm leaving that blank. And then I'm gonna change the, let's see, or just copy the podcast summary and paste it in. And then the podcast keywords, copy that, paste it in, we'll see how fast we can do this in record time. And then his email address, ed at edwardgal.com. All right, content is explicit, no. Copy, write, message, copy, paste. And then podcast, author. I'm gonna just put edwardgal, save, bingo. Okay, so I put in those relevant fields into the smartcast, that should make iTunes happy. And then one more thing I'm gonna check is the title description burner that under optimized title description burner, aha, that's not there either. So let me go and grab it from, the title description burner is important because it changes the title of that feed that's coming in. And the title is what shows up in iTunes and the iTunes Store. So we want to go to the audio version, optimize, title feed description, title description burner that is. And I'm gonna paste it in exactly as it was but I'm gonna change the word video to audio only in parentheses. That's the only difference in the title. And then I just hit activate. I'll leave the description blank because that won't change the description. It'll only change the title. And then as soon as that saved, boom, that's saved. Okay, now I ought to be able to go back over to the iTunes application and do submit a podcast again. We're gonna start this again because I canceled the last one. Probably still on my clipboard paste, yep. And there's the feed, I hit continue. Boom, now it has populated everything with Ed's picture, the title, the description, everything's perfect. Subcategory still says history. I'm gonna change that to personal journals. Language is, ooh, language is English and is clean. Okay, I'm gonna go ahead and submit it that way but I see that I'm gonna have to go and change the language, that's the setting. But anyway, thank you for submitting this podcast, blah, blah, blah, blah, we'll be in touch. Okay, yeah, it's done. So he's submitted, it's perfect. Now, before I forget though, I do wanna go back over to this audio one and smart cast and I'm gonna change the language to Spanish because obviously his is in Spanish and I'll do that for both of his feeds to make sure that I've got the language right. I don't even remember where it asked me that, hmm. But not the chicken to that. Somewhere it's asking me about the language. Anyway, they both been submitted, isn't that cool? Now, one thing that's really important is you must have at least one episode uploaded to archive.org, get posted on the blog and showing up in your feed because if you don't have at least one episode for them to see or listen to, Apple will not approve your podcast. You have to have, and it can't be just a testing, one, two, three, it has to be a real episode. So you have to have an episode sort of as a sample up there before they'll approve your podcast but ours should be approved probably in a day or so, I'm guessing, so look for it. Anyway, thanks so much for joining me today and we'll be back same time tomorrow. Take care, have a good one.


one regret of the narcissist, the one thing they feel sad and disappointed over, the narcissist doesn't regret losing you, even if that thought crossed their mind, they would reject it because they can't accept that they have done anything wrong, they can't accept their failures, so they're not going to regret discarding you, because they're self-absorbed and they lack empathy, and after some time they begin to lack interest, they're dissatisfied because you were never enough for them, the one thing they regret is not finding something better, but that doesn't mean a better person, they're not looking for a better person, they often end up with someone who is a lot worse than they made you out to be, they regret not finding a better supply, a better victim, someone who is more susceptible to themabilisation, someone who is more willing to tolerate the abuse, but they never find the perfect victim, because over time you become aggressively worse due to the abuse and neglect, you lose yourself, you develop health problems, you become depressed, so you're no longer interesting to the narcissist, you're no longer fun or exciting, after they've drained you of your money and resources, and you no longer desire to have sex with them, because all they care about is what you can do for them, they don't care about who you are as a person, but if they can't find a better supply, they may hoover you, they may give you a fake apology, they may tell you that they regret losing you, they may tell you that they have changed, they may say that they've missed you, but it's just an act, they haven't changed, it's just love bombing, so don't fall for it, because they will only mistreat you and then discard you again and again until they've found a better victim, they will keep you hooked, they will use push and pull to make you dependent on them, but they always get bored after a while, they always lose interest and then they're off seeking something else, they're looking for someone to replace you, but when that goes wrong, they come back even if they do find a better victim, because after some time their victim gets sick and tired, or they run out of money, they can no longer supply the narcissist, so then the narcissist needs to replace them as well, and they really don't have that many choices, because they have to find people who are vulnerable, people who are willing to be their doormats, people who will let them walk all over them, and that's not easy for them to do, but they will never regret losing you, they will never feel sorry for what they did to you, because they've convinced themselves that they haven't done anything wrong, they always find a way to justify the abuse, they will never take accountability for their actions, so they will never regret hurting you, and they will never regret losing you, but they can be very convincing if they need to be, they will say anything to get you back, but they don't regret anything that they have done to you, they don't regret lying to you, they don't regret cheating on you, they don't regret stealing from you, they're not sorry for any of that, because if they were sorry, that would mean they have done something wrong, that would mean they have failed, and they cannot accept any failure or wrong doing, instead they will blame you, they will be disappointed in you, they will feel like you have betrayed them, and they will wish that they could find someone who does appreciate them, because they refuse to accept any fault, if something was wrong it's because you're not good enough, in their minds they did the best they could for you, but no matter what they tell themselves, they will always be miserable, because the one thing they will regret is not finding someone better, not finding a better victim or supply, that is the one thing that leaves them disappointed, because they can never find what they're looking for, they can never be satisfied with anything, they will be miserable until the day they die, but they will never admit that to you, they will pretend to be happy, they will act like they're in control, for watching, I hope this video resonated with you, please like, comment, share and subscribe, if you would like to donate, my PayPal link is in the video's description, coaching inquiries, you can you know me, I'm coached at magsify.co.uk, thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon.


We are now at the point where the module has decided they cannot wait for the packer and must move down the trail They are on the move for about two minutes when they hear the mules and the packer coming down the trail behind them However upon seeing the firefighters in the trail the mules become startled and scatter into what is referred to as the rodeo Firefighters spent five to ten valuable minutes gathering up the mules to get them moving down the trail Set the turnaround point the crew that probably the crew members had left before us were probably about Fifty to a hundred yards ahead of us when we actually started going back down the trail So everybody was still fairly close, but everybody knew that we had a we had to be getting down the trail We were progressing down the trail About two minutes down from our turnaround point.  So we knew the mule the mule train was coming We tried getting off the trail because we knew that's where they were at as soon as the mules saw us standing on the trail Chaos broke out six mules scattered all our gear the trail was only You know five feet wide anyhow a long timber We basically help the wrangler get all those mules in front of us and he started moving back down the trail After they started moving down the trail at this point the fire was on us spots fires all around us you can feel the heat and We we were almost we were all together spread out maybe within 20 yards of each other we started moving down the trail a little bit more came across a couple packs that had been dropped And me myself and the module leader were we're in the back and the member of the module leader Picking up one of these packs throwing it in the river just thinking that Hey, this will save this pack might as well save a little bit of equipment if we can At this point we crossed the river Because the fire was on our right side and the least cool place at this time was on the opposite side of the river Module leader everybody crossed the river We all crossed the river Started running down to the Anderson Creek Junction because we knew that was our last place that we saw a Viable option for at that time. It was just briefly discussed. Hey, that's a place. We could come back to if we need to So everybody in their mind knew where we were going and we got to that Anderson Anderson Creek Junction The fire was basically right on top of us. There's a little bit of discussion. So we run up Anderson Creek Should we keep trying to run down the mule the the pack trail? And at this point the decision it was made to deploy our shelters at that deployment site threw down the cross-cut took off my PG bag and Literally, I said to myself.  I've been a fire every time every season you go through some type of training But you never realized I don't think you ever have to do it. So to actually pull that that shelter out for reels was a different experience and When I pulled that shelter out tried to flake it out I Remember almost laughing to myself because you hear over and over how the winds going to be blowing things are gonna be loud Things are gonna be crazy. You know when you do it out on a lawn in a spring summer day It's nice and easy to do but in that situation the wind was 50 60 miles per hour I mean enough just to be popping trees over all around you the heat the embers the smoke I mean it was with all those different environment factors it was a lot more difficult than any training I've ever prepared for and To hang on to the shelter That's absolutely true when you hear about when being being super strong And you need to hang on to your shelter because when you flake that out and you shake it if you're facing with the wind If you're hanging on to it, it's gonna be gone And so the fact that Those things in the training even though I didn't actually get those real case scenarios and training they're in your head So when you actually did do this you were prepared for it When we were deploying our shelters at that deployment site the unit the module leader Counted nine heads and he said we're missing one. We're missing one anybody know where Monica is and People looked around the last time we saw her was right at the rodeo We didn't see her crossing the river with us. We didn't we didn't see her running to the Anderson Creek Junction with us So actually we're deploying Everybody thought that she probably either went out with the mule train Running with them or maybe at the worst-case scenario got picked up by the Wrangler and thrown on a horse That was what we were hoping for After the initial pass of Grable or the fire pass down Grable We got out of our shelters and knew that we're gonna have another push from Anderson Creek That's when we decided to light a backing fire to try to give a break from the fuels But we also looked over at the Grable drainage and there was no way we could use that area as a retreat zone because for one It was still still very hot tons of snags burning The wind was still strong. You hear snags falling left and right Couldn't see much the smoke was very thick I mean just being out of their shelters for those five minutes that re we reorganized and regrouped Your eyes were watering your breathing already had changed and you knew you almost had to get you almost want to get back in The shelter just to get a break from the smoke It was a really good deployment site far as The part you know it was flat level as an old sandbar Is really good really good deployment site Two of the other two of us came back from the backing fire and at this time The fire that had gone down Grable had crossed the creek and was starting to come up Anderson why the Spotfire up above can Anderson Creek. We're actually starting to come together So we knew that we're gonna have an intense intense push through there so that's when everybody got in their fire shelters group together and Road this one out This push this push was a lot different than the first push this push Just in the shelter was very uncomfortable the heat.  I mean it You mean you hear how you could try to prepare for this stuff, but to actually be in it It's it's all there. It's just like holy cow. This is really happening and It was it was definitely an experience We got out for the last time it was 1730 so we're exact in there about right at an hour um Pulled the shelter out Kind of walked around looked at things everybody else is still in their shelter kind of started. Hey guys. Are you okay? Come on out. Let's and so these people started popping out knowing it's okay to come out and the scene when you came out it it was it's kind of mind-boggling because Our gear that was left by our shelters That had no fuel around them You know nothing no no direct flame impingement Where melt was melted tool handles the plasky tool handles had burnt.  I made it through this. I go over to a buddy and ask him how he's doing and it's a different Different level. I mean he's not talking. You know you could tell he's upset and it's just like hey You know he's like all I could think about is my kids and so so when you're there and I was happy to be in that situation I kind of got brought down a little bit because You realize that people will have different different priorities in life After we got out and heard Monica's voice on the radio knew that she was okay. We actually did a little grid Out to try to find where she was at and she's only 120 yards up river from us So we got her and brought her to the our deployment site and you know we we We sat against the rock wall that was kind of protecting us for about an hour 45 minutes an hour first deciding if everybody was Um comfortable enough to walk out of here if we wanted to stay We felt it was the best decision to get out of there that evening because we were just about out of water Um all our food and everything that we're supposed to have was on the mule train Which was at the trailhead so we had no food water was pretty much gone So we wanted to get out of there, but the biggest concern was the snags I mean it was just a huge snagpats walking out and At that point We just um we wanted to get out so the safest way was just to almost do Do a lookout system I mean we'd have one person one person at a time Go 50 yard section 100 yard section stop and we just have lookouts and have one person go at a time and We just kind of kept leapfrogging As we went out until we cleared the snags And that worked well. I mean because After being through an event like that the worst-case scenario would be Getting taken down by a snag on your way out. That would have been horrible. So we were very cautious people were physical condition was Everybody was I mean the smoke inhalation that you were exposed to was enormous I mean the lungs just breathing you felt like you're short of breath The headache the headache that I had I've never had a headache that bad and other crew members said they've never felt that That painful of a headache either So everybody was just a little fatigued Mentally fatigued physically fatigued And so we just did everything we could to get out safely together as a crew And get to the jack jack creek trailhead The way I look at a fire shelter now is that it's a lifesaving tool before I looked at it as it's something that I'm required to carry. I'm not going to ever use it. I don't plan on using it It's something that's just in my pack and After that said that day in that situation Then when I went back to fight fire the new shelter I put in my pack I've never inspected a fire shelter so much fire is looking at it Making sure oh geez okay, and you had a different mindset on how this piece of equipment is going to affect your life and and If you didn't have that shelter in that situation that day I wouldn't be here talking to you right now. I mean if we stayed in that that exact same situation I wouldn't be here talking to you. Um So in that regards I'm a fan of it. I mean it saved my life and something I'm always going to Remember and make sure I have a good one make sure it's properly inspected make sure If anything ever happens to it rip or tear Replace it because if you have any type of defect in it it could change the outcome of the situation you're put in The Unuit fire use module received several commendations from the review team Primarily for keeping their wits about them through the course of this event Others included identifying a potential deployment zone during their hike up the canyon Having a high amount of concern for the packers and later their missing crew member Commendations were also given for the method in which they deployed their shelters Placing ripped shelters in the middle of the rest to help deflect the heat away from the weaker shelters And arranging everyone so their heads were pointing away from the heat source Module members talked to each other to calm and support one another as well as to keep everyone in their shelters until it was safe to leave In addition, they were able to continue safety awareness throughout their trek down the canyon throughout continuous hazardous snags We asked latin johnson to reflect on the things he'll take away from his experience on the little venus fire You know By no means I think every decision that we made that day at little venus was was perfect But we're making the best of decisions with the information we had And things changed so quick, you know, I think there's a lot of things that planned your decision making in terms of experience similar situations At little venus one of the individuals was with us had been through a 30 mile staff ride That actually came back to him during the deployment was able to Think about some of the things he had learned during that If you look back on the folks that are with us not only You know the folks of my crew, but the folks that were detailed in, you know, we all had a lot of experience Everybody when that fire was bearing down upon us knew what they had to do Knew we had to stay committed to the fire shelters Um new during that real hasty time we're able to get up That we need to reorganize do some burning those types of things You know, there's a lot of different lessons learned that can be drawn from this Some of the the more important to me are communications Trying to make sure that they're adequate before you go into an area Also, you know trying to clarify in terms of what a fire is doing when you can't see it Always being prepared for how fast the fire environment can change You know, you come around a corner pop out on the hillside And then you realize that you have a crown fire bearing down upon you And how are you going to react to that, you know from here on out? I'll probably look at every single situation in terms of what's the worst case Thing that can happen right now and be prepared for that We hope the story of the Little Venus fire shelter deployments has helped you to appreciate the value of the fire shelters that you carry And the importance of the inspection and care of this lifesaving piece of equipment We ask that you carry this into the next phase of your annual fire shelter training and into this year's fire season The transition into the new generation fire shelters for federal agencies should be complete by the end of 2008 For non-federal agencies transition will be complete at the end of 2009 If you're carrying an old fire shelter be sure that you are extra vigilant in the inspection and care of this vital piece of equipment We would like to thank the members of the Unuit fire use module for sharing their experience with us to ensure that this will not become a lesson not learned We would also like to thank you for your participation in this training and wish you a very safe and productive fire season


First disclaimer, I am not a molecular biologist, and I'm not a computational biologist, and I don't have a lab like these distinguished laboratory investigators. I'm privileged and humbled to be sitting with them, giving a talk on molecular biology. But my interest started several years ago when I joined the staff at M. Genderson, when I had the opportunity and the privilege to see young patients with two rare kidney cancer tumors, Translocation Carcinoma and Renal Medallori Carcinoma. These are individuals who are afflicted with these devastating tumors at a young age, and unfortunately no effective therapy is instilled today, has been established. This slide shows you the 2004 World Health Organization classification of epithelial renal tumors. I think you all recognize on top is clear cell, but as Chris Wood showed in his talk, 24%, somewhere around a quarter of the patients with RCC have non-clear cell histologies, which are diverse group of patients, and sadly to say they have been neglected in research over the past several years, the focus has been on VHL and HIF in clear cell. I think unclassified RCC is in this list here, not because it's a biologic, distinct biologic entity, but because it is the frustration of pathologists after immunohistochemical stains and different consultants looking at the tumor, they cannot come up with a diagnosis of what subtype of RCC it is. And we all recognize oncocytoma as a good model to study because of its relationship, close relationship to chromophobes. So just to briefly review for you the psychogenetics and the genomics of several of these non-clear cell histologies, there are two genetic defects in pepillary type 1 RCCs that lead to hyper-activation of the mutate of the MET pathway, and that's either through a single nucleotide mutation in the exon that harbors the gene MET, which is on chromosome 7, or there is increased DNA copy number through either trisomy 7 or tetramus tetramus tetrasomy 7, leading to hyper-activation of the MET pathway. However, people think that this may not be enough if it is through the increased copy number, and then this is where leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 present on chromosome 12 is cooperating with CMAT 2 both being overexpressed and hyper-metallate the pathway. Now the story with papillary type 2 is different. I don't think it's as well understood as type 1 on CMAT pathway, but I think there is emerging evidence to strongly indicate that there is activation of NR2F in patients with papillary type 2. I think this is also the most plausible mechanism for this is mutation of the fumarate hydratase gene that leads to accumulation of fumarate, which is critical in the CREP cycle that leads to covalently modifying KEEP 1, and KEEP 1 is a negative regulator of NR2F. When NR2F2 is upregulated as a result of KEEP 1, then there is increased signaling of survival pathways in tumors. The story with chromophobes and oncocytoma is similar as you have mitochondrial DNA mutations and that leads to increased levels of genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation, and then cycling the one gene is just proximal of the breakpoint of 11Q13, which is translocated in 50% of the oncocytomas. I will be discussing the two tumors I mentioned, translocation and renal medullary, and show you some of our work here. Translocation RCC is a common tumor in children and in adolescents. However, in adults, it is estimated that only 1.5% of tumors have translocation Xp11.2. We looked at the TCGA set data, 460 tumors, only seven had the Xp11.2 translocation. As I said, this is a disease that afflicts young individuals, predominantly females, and these mostly present with advanced disease at diagnosis, and there have been five partners identified that are the hallmark of the TFE3 gene translocation to these partners, and they are here PRCC, SFPQ, and the ASPSCR, and nono gene, and the CLTC. So the hallmark of this is identification of the translocation of TFE3 gene and fusion with one of these partners leading to the product that we can identify histologically in this panel there, the HNE, where you see both clear cell features and pepular features in the same tumor, and TFE3 antibody is now used to diagnose these, and then you can confirm that with fish. So a few years ago, as I said, I saw this young 20-year-old nursing student, female, with metastatic disease and primary in place, and that's when we began our journey, and we partnered with a French group. They have a very good juvenile RCC network where we were able to collect tissues from these patients. So we had 16 primary frozen samples from nephrectomy specimens, and five were pediatrics, 11 were adults, and we had also other 13 additional paraffin-embedded samples, and we established three novel cell lines, and I'll discuss one of them, and then we did SNP arrays and line 1 methylation, which is a surrogate of global DNA methylation on these. So the results of the SNP arrays in these 16 cases are presented here. 31% had SNP arrays consistent with clear cell, with 3p loss, 3 cases had plus 7 consistent with papillary, five cases had novel cariotypes, and three cases had normal cariotypes. In the five cases that had 3p loss, four had also 9p loss. But the most important finding we found in this study is we identified 17q in seven patients, or 44%. And this was also importance of this is was patients who had 17q gain had a poor prognosis. When we looked at age, separating the samples results by age, under 18 and 18 and older, because our observation was children and young adolescents, so with terrestrial tissue, with TFE3 had a good prognosis, usually no metastasis, they lived longer, or if they had metastasis they had indolent disease. Unlike older patients, those that I have seen who had a poor prognosis. So when we look at separating them by age, under 18 had fewer genetic aberrations compared to patients who were older than 18. The blue bars represent the gains and the red bars represent losses of chromosome, and then the numbers of chromosomes are listed there. Again, this shows what I was talking about, it was statistically significant difference, even though we had a small sample of only 16 patients. And this is again the same data showing that patients who had 17q gain had a worse prognosis than those who didn't. And again, 17q gain was associated with a much larger number of genetic aberrations. So this is a cell line that we established from a tumor of the 20-year-old female patient I told you about, and what this spectral karyotype shows, six different translocations, some are interchromosomes and some are intracromosomes, three of these six translocations involved chromosome 17. And then the same cell line, we studied it and we asked the question, why do these patients with 17q, as this patient had, gain, had a worse prognosis? And we did RNA-Seq on two specimens where we had good RNA. We did also two specimens without the 17q. So we analyzed the RNA-Seq in those four cases, two without the 17q gain, and we did gene expression profiling, and this is the ingenuity pathway analysis showing that for when we saw 17q gains, often this was associated with 17p loss. In four of those seven cases, there was an isochromosome, so balanced loss and gain on some on chromosome 17. So however, the gene expression profile here showed that TP53 was down-regulated in those two cases with 17q, and we see the genetic, the gene expression profile different between these two tumor types. And this is the RNA-Seq showing a novel in the same tumor from that same patient, the cell line I showed you, showing the, we identified a novel translocation, the Luke 7L3, which is present on chromosome 17 and TFE3. So that's a new finding from this work, and you see down at the bottom of the slide, the two proteins, diffusion product of the TFE3 and the Luke 7L3. We validated this novel translocation by Sanger sequencing, and then when we did gene expression profiling, comparing translocation with clear cell RCC and papillary RCC, as you see here in this heat map, there is clear separation of the gene profile. The red are normal kidney, and the blue is the clear cell, the clear cell cases, and in yellow are the translocation, the XP11, and in turquoise are the papillaries. So clear separation of transcrits from these different tumors. When we did DNA methylation by DREAM, this was done in collaboration with Jean-Pierre Haissa. There was clear separation also between the DNA, the methylation between pediatric cases shown in green and adult cases shown in red, whether you look at the genes in the CPG Island or outside the CPG Island. So in conclusion for the project on translocation, we identified about half of the patients, of the cases of XP11, to have a genetic profile similar to that of clear cell and papillary. 17 Q-gain is the most frequent genetic aberration in XP11 translocation and is associated with poor outcome, perhaps due to haploinsufficiency of P53, although we did not detect any somatic P53 mutation in these samples, the same way we did not detect any VHL mutation in these samples. Tumors from patients who are older than 18 display more genetic abnormalities and lower line 1 methylation than tumors from younger patients under 18. We identified three novel partners. I showed you one already, the Luke 7. And the gene expression profile is different between these three different tumors and methylation studies also can discriminate between adult and pediatric. What about in the next minute and a half, some of the budding work on renal medullary carcinoma. This is a devastating tumor, as I said, that afflicts young adults with sickle cell trait. Majority in the US will be African-American. Transient responses to TCC regimens and in my experience, the target therapies do not really work well in this disease. For the last 12 years, I've had the opportunity to see many of these patients treat them along with my colleagues. And we treated 26 patients at MD Anderson. We were able to collect 15 tissues from nephrectomy specimens and we established three xenograft and three cell lines. These are six cases. We did exome sequencing on 11 of these 15 specimens. The bottom row is the normal kidney part from those nephrectomy specimens from these patients. The top five are different tumors. What we wanted to show here is that the gene that's responsible for the sickle cell trait, which is the HBBB gene, is mutated. And the mutation results in a change from glutamic acid to valine on chromosome 11 due to a simple nucleotide change from GAG to GTG in the six codon. And then when we looked at the mutations by genes, this is, we had one case where we had almost a thousand genes that were mutated. I mean, obviously this is, we're still trying to grapple with this information, but many of these, this is a busy table, but we decided to look at genes that were mutated in at least three different samples, three different cases. And so it's shown from the bottom up, three all the way up to six. The first column is the gene that's mutated and you could recognize some of these that have some contribution in RCC. I think Ian spoke about, I think, ML4 in chromatin, and then there is the TSC1, but I read it honestly. I do not know what the function of most of the genes are. We're still studying this, but the top row is a case, is a case with six mutations. We did RPPA, reverse phase protein assay in these tumors, and we compare, this is five cases where we compared the tumor versus normal part of the kidney in those five cases, and we were able to show there is segregation between tumor from RMC and normal tissue. And then when we looked, we saw that fibronectin and some others were, especially fibronectin, significantly different than in RMC tissue than normal tissue. We are validating this in Western blots. Future studies, we're going to be doing microarrays to try to, because the RPPA platform allows you only to investigate query 160 or so antibodies, but here we will be looking at 40, 50,000 genes to see, and we will be trying to do in vitro studies and in vivo studies in xenografts models. Thank you. Here is the acknowledgement list. This work is the labor of several people who worked with me. I would like to specifically mention Gabriel Malouf from the French, who is now on staff at Hôpital Petrier, chef of the clinic there. We continue our collaboration on translocation. We have now 16 new fresh cases we received. We're going to be studying these to validate these findings we had in our cohort. Chris Wood has been tremendous help for us. He operates on most of these patients, and we generated some of these xenografts in his lab, and the methylation studies were done in collaboration with Jean-Pierre Asa, who is at Temple University. The RMC project is led by a former fellow who just joined our department as an assistant professor, JJ Gao. He is leading this effort, and I couldn't do all of this analysis without the bioinformaticians shopping soon, and we, Yao, who did a tremendous job trying to analyze these cases for us. Thank you for your attention.