It's great to be here at Stanford, my alma mater. Changed a lot since the days I was here, but anyway, thank you for having me here today. I'm going to go to the next slide. I'm going to talk about the work we've done at Peninsula Clean Energy. Next slide, please, about achieving 24-7 renewable energy. So just what we'll go over today. I'll give you an introduction and a background about Peninsula Clean Energy and what we're trying to do, and then talk about how we model the 24-7 work, but the results are and where we go from there. So what is Peninsula Clean Energy? We are a community choice aggregator, which means we are the generation provider for a certain portion of the state, and we represent San Mateo County. So each city and town voted in 2016 to become a part of Peninsula Clean Energy, to aggregate their electric load, and have us be the provider for that rather than PG&E. Our load is about 3,700 gigawatt hours annually. The population that we serve for the county, and also for the city of Los Santos, is about 810,000 people with 310,000 customer accounts. We are an investment-graded institution, we have an investment-grade rating for PG&E fish, and higher than PG&E's rating, I might add. And since we started delivering electricity to our customers in 2016, we have set our rates 5 percent below PG&E. So we've been delivering a cleaner and greener product, since we started for less money, and because of our discount, we saved our customers over $90 million over the last six years, which has stayed in their pockets, rather than going in PG&E's pockets. Next slide. So what is community choice aggregation? So this first graphic on the left, shows where the territories are of the investor-owned utilities in California, and the blue area is PG&E, and this shows where community choice energy programs have started up since then. Most of them are along the coast. We're right here, we're San Mateo County, and also the city of Los Panos in Merced County and we're hoping to expand further in Merced County, and there's 25 CCAs that are now serving. And the way it works is that we are the generation provider. So we provide, and our board, and our customers decide what our priority is, in terms of what our energy mix is going to be. We contract for that generation. We then put it on the grid, and then PG&E spoke with the investors. Here's, they send the bills to our customers, and we have a line item on the bill and a page on the bill. And then, so we as Peninsula Clean Energy developed a strategic plan back in 2020. And I should say we have, we are a public agency, we're called what's called a joint powers agency, and we are a not-for-profit. Each of the cities and the county that we represent, there's 21 cities, 20 in San Mateo County, City of Los Panos plus County of San Mateo, they each have a seat on our board. So we have 23 members on our board. They're all elected council members from each of those cities plus two counties supervised. So I essentially have 20 customers that I need to respond to. We developed a strategic plan back in 2020, and we have two organizational priorities. One of the top priorities is by 2025 to deliver a hundred percent renewable energy on an hourly basis. And this is a leading industry sector, no one else has done this for the first day to do it. I've been in this industry for a long time, and to me, this is where we need to go to get to a more sustainable future. And then we also will get to a hundred percent GHG free in those areas that use a lot of electricity, namely, or that we want to use a lot of electricity, which would be transportation and buildings, transition those away from fossil fuel use into using that clean electricity that we're providing. So why do we have this goal? So our mission as an organization is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by expanding access to sustainable and affordable energy solutions. And our vision is a sustainable world with clean energy for everyone. So our goal is to deliver that clean electricity to our customers and to do that on an hourly basis and to not rely on system power or the grid for any of that electricity. And we're trying to take the lead among load-serving entities in the state, in the country, and as it turns out in the world, to show that this can be done and to show that we can do this in a cost-effective way. January 10th, I know no one uses paper anymore, but this is what it looks like if you print it out. We just printed a second white paper. We published our first white paper in December, 2021, talking about our goal and why we were doing it. And now we can go to the next slide, next one. We just published this on January 10th, which is how we will achieve 24-7 renewable energy by 2025 at costs that are competitive through today. So if we can do this, which we are gonna show you that we can, then we're on our way to more sustainable energy future. And if we can make it the same cost or less expensive, then no one's gonna object to that. If people can save money and have a superior product, they pretty much will go along with that, whether they believe in human change or whatever, kind of cost them less money, they're gonna go. So let's go to the next slide. So the way energy is looked at from a regulatory standpoint and from a reporting standpoint right now, as we look at it on an annual basis. So for example, we have a 3,700 gigawatt hour load. Right now, our product in 2023 is 50% renewable, 50% the same amount is from large hydro. So we looked at the course of the year, we have 3,700 gigawatt hours, we're gonna buy 17, 50, 18, 50 gigawatt hours of large hydro to meet the clean heart. And we think it's renewable part to fill that 3,700. It's looking at it annually and not at an hourly basis. And that's how everyone does it right now. And that's the industry standard, it's the regulatory standard. So in 2021, when we reported our annual emissions based on our mix, our emissions were five pounds of CO2 equivalent for megawatt hour. But if you were to look at it on an hourly basis, hour by hour, what words that we were actually delivering to our customers, the equivalent hourly emissions were actually 222 pounds CO2 per megawatt hour. So there's a very big difference. And for the grid overall, this is on an annual basis, the California grid was 456 pounds CO2 per megawatt hour. So we were way ahead of the overall grid, but still that five that we reported, which is great, doesn't really reflect what the actual hourly emissions are. If you could go to the next slide, this shows the power content label that we send to every customer. If anyone here pays their electricity bill, you should have gotten this from your electricity provider that tells you what the power content of your power was. It's like the good housekeeping seal of approval that everyone gets. And so in 2021, we reported five for our main product, zero for our 100% of renewable products. And that compared to the California utility average of 456. Just wanted to show you what you might see and what every one of our customers sees. But if you look at the footprint, this is a heat map of what our emissions were in 2021. And this shows the days of the year along the bottom here and then hours of the day. So there's 8,760 pixels in this graph. You can see in the summertime, when the sun is out, we're getting a lot of solar. There's a lot of wind that's blowing. The summer, we're pretty green. We're pretty much, our emissions are pretty low. But in the winter time, when there's less solar generating, there's less wind, then that's where you see more of the emissions impact. So that's what our goal is to make this thing all green. And that's what we're gonna do. You probably know this already, but looking at how California looks at renewable energy and how it's defined here in our state, it's different in other states, but renewable includes solar, wind, geothermal, small hydro. So hydro of 30 megawatts or less is considered renewable in California. If it's larger than that, it's GHG free, but it's not renewable. Biogas, wave, biomass. And so large hydro and nuclear are considered carbon free, but they are not renewable. So our goal is to be 100% renewable just using these sources of power. And if we go to the next slide, the resources that we're looking at are solar, wind, onshore, and eventually offshore. Offshore wind makes back to be available possibly by the end of the decade. Geothermal, small hydro, and then ocean wave, tidal current, we modeled that, but those technologies weren't selected. They're not really available yet. And then a lot of storage. So storage is a very important part of being able to meet the goal. So how did we go about this? So the first steps are to figure out what is our portfolio going to be made of? How do we diversify our portfolio? And the black line here is our load. This is just on an average annual basis, but the load is lower in the morning. It picks up in the later morning, pretty flat during the daytime, picks up in the evening when people come home and do whatever they're gonna do, and then it goes down in the evening. And then if you look at the supply resources that can meet that load, we have geothermal, which is the red here on the bottom. It's pretty much a base load resource. There's a little light blue line here of small hydro. Then the dark blue is wind, which is, you can see kind of the load profile or the generation profile of the wind. It's mostly picks up in the late night and then in the late afternoon. And then the solar which starts in the morning and then stops in the evening. And you can see that there are areas where we're not able to supply renewables basically in the evening and in the morning. And then there's times when we have excess generation. Question? Do you own any generating assets that produce wind, solar, anything that you contract everything? We contract for everything at this point. Next slide. So the next step is to use storage to shift the excess renewables to meet our load in those hours that were gray. So the hashed green lines here are where we are adding storage and using the excess renewables to charge that storage. And then the solid green is where we're discharging the storage to meet our needs. And then eventually the next slide shows how we would use demand side resources in the future to shift and shape the load as well. So this is our original load profile. If we can move some, since we have a lot of excess generation in the afternoon, we can add some more load in the afternoon, have people charge their cars or whatever in the afternoon, and then reduce their load in the evening. We could use another demand side resources to do that. For our 2025 modeling, the amount that demand side resources to contribute was negligible. So we didn't really model that in, but in the future, as we look at future years, that should have a greater impact. So the modeling approach that we had was to kind of come up with the scenario overall. We developed a model called the match model, which was a model that we derived from another model called the switch model. And then we had a PhD intern from UC Davis, sorry, it wasn't from Stanford, who worked on this model for two years and developed it for us. And then this was a deterministic model, meaning that you put one set of inputs in, you get one set of outputs out. So we ran lots of different runs of this model to see what the different portfolios were that would come out. We analyzed the results, then we would put it into another model called PowerSim, which is provided by a company called Ascend Analytics. And that's a stochastic model, which means we can, it looks at the different variables, whether changes in generation output due to whether changes in load. So it looks at lots of different aspects of it and analyzes the risk.  So that was kind of the approach that we used. And we based this on planning forecasts. So we have a, we forecast every day what our load is going to be, how much electricity our customers are going to use. And then we schedule power into the California independent system operator, the PISO, to serve that load with our generators. And then, but there's always differences. So we expect a load to be a certain amount on one day. It's going to be different. We expect generators to generate a certain amount of power every day. It's always going to be different. But that's what our initial work so far has been on planning forecasts. Eventually we would like to use real-time data to be able to more closely match exactly what we're doing. We don't have access to all of that data right now. We're dependent on PG&E for a lot of our load data. They don't necessarily give that to us in a timely manner. So we get that, but it's kind of after the fact. So we, at this point, are basing this on planning forecasts, which are going to be pretty close. That's some future work we're going to be doing. So we looked at a number of different scenarios. So we compared the annual renewable, and I talked at the very beginning about what it was the annual versus the hourly. So we looked at our current portfolio and how do we do our procurement right now on an annual basis. Getting to the computer is going to be useful. The music work here has got some pages that we put in. We also looked at adding more power purchase agreements, which is what a PPA stands for, to be 100% annually, as I said right now, we're 50% renewable, 50% clean. So what would it be to be 100% renewable in 2025? And then we looked at four different hourly scenarios. 90% hourly matching, 95%, 99%, and 100%, all of them being 100% renewable on an annual basis, but different levels of matching on an hourly basis. So those were all the different scenarios that we were looking at. And I'll go over those results. And then in terms of the market, we had two different market scenarios. In 2021, our pit was pretty good, fast and clean down. The market conditions looked good. And so we had done a lot of our modeling looking at that kind of condition. In 2022, things changed. Worldly frames started, energy crisis has been high. Natural gas prices went high, natural gas being the marginal fuel that prices are based on and certainly in California, there are other supply chain issues from COVID, commodity crisis, high inflation. So the market changed and the cost of power changed a lot. In 2022, we had been negotiating with certain contractors or developers for their projects. They were coming in and saying, hey, we need to change the prices and change. So we had two scenarios. The conservative case based on those more difficult economic conditions and then the oftenness. So most of our results that I'm going to talk about today are based on these are the results. So if we look at the conservative case, which are the blue bars, which is the more difficult economic conditions, and we look at the constant energy, because that's like what's the cost going to be to try to do hourly matching, giving you the results, and then we'll get into more on the specifics here. So if our current portfolio, if it's 100% of whatever base cost is, what we found was that going to hourly 99% matching was only 102% more. It was only 2% more expensive to do matching on 99% hourly basis as opposed to what we're doing right now, which is a fantastic result.  So that's very encouraging. Interestingly, when we look at 100% though, it was at 112%. So that going from that 99% to 100%, that last 1% appears to be 10% more expensive. And then if we look at the optimistic case, basically the market conditions in 2021, and if we look at our current portfolio at 97% compared to the conservative case, we find for the hourly matching at 99%, it's about the same cost. So if costs go down, and we're hoping that the Inflation Reduction Act that was passed last year, which brings back some certainty for having the investment tax credit, production tax credit for solar and wind and a lot of other incentives for renewable power, will hopefully bring more stability back to the market and bring costs back down. So in any event, it looks really positive for us to be able to do this. So we're planning to adopt the 99% hourly and that is our goal to reach that in 2025. How do you define cost? Our cost is overall cost of all of the resources to meet our load, dollars per megawatt hour, or the total cost. So our total cost for meeting our load is about 200 to 220 million annually depending on where market prices are. And if you divide that through by our load, you can come up with a dollar. Roughly, what's the percentile over the bad of the storage? Or let's pick the 99% scenario, right? What's the percentile over the storage on your either very mobile scenario roughly? What's the percentage of the cost of the storage? Yeah, the cost of storage. So we are a public agency, but we are in a competitive market, so we don't share the cost of storage. So that's why we're showing this in percentages as opposed to showing the actual dollar amounts and the costs are varying right now. But yeah. Next slide, please. So this is just kind of a summary of it. In the conservative case, the time coincident at a 99%, amount could be achieved with only a 2% cost increase, whereas as the 10% jumps to go up to 100%. So that's our goal as the 99%. So if we look at what we need to add to our portfolio to do this, this is kind of our next goal is to procure the electricity and the resources that we need to achieve this 99% matching. So in our current portfolio, we have about 1,230 megawatts of capacity that consists of some geothermal, small hydro, about 500 megawatts of solar, 320 megawatts of wind, 116 megawatts of storage, and then some short-term renewables contracts to get us to our 50% renewable, 50% clean. So what we need to add to get to the 99% hourly is to get to a total of 1891 megawatts. So there's going to be some over procurement there and we'll talk about that a little bit more, but in order to do that matching, we need to have more than what we need. And so it's going to require that we procure another 200 plus megawatts of storage, another about 250 megawatts of wind, about 250 more megawatts of solar, small hydro and not too much because there's not too much of that available and then about 100 megawatts more of geothermal. So that's our goal in our procurement. And right now we have a request for offer out there. We're expecting proposals from different developers that are due on Monday and we'll look through what we find and hopefully the prices will be good. We'll put them into our match model, run it and see which ones will help us get to our goal. Question? What is it all about? That's the spectrum. So we're going to pass it to the visual. What is the capacity factor of the solar project? We're really. Yeah. I don't know. Each project is different. I think the wind is usually between 30 to 35% capacity factor, the solar. I don't know what the capacity factor is. I think that's about 20% of something like that. Yeah. I mean, they produce more in the summer, less in the winter. And actually. I have a related question. Did you focus on purchasing energy, purchasing capacity or both? Both. What's the, how does that come across? How do you balance your capacity goal and your energy goal? And are they interrelated? Does it affect the way you make your choices? Yeah. Does everyone hear the question? How do we balance? Are we buying energy or capacity or both? And how do we balance those? So this, this focus is mostly on energy or what I'm presenting today as mostly energy, but we do have a capacity requirement in terms of reliability for the state. So the public utilities commission tells us how much we need to procure. I think we'd have to be 116% of what our load is. So there's a planning reserve margin, like 16% for us. So for our projects, we get a certain amount of capacity credit for solar projects, certain amounts for wind, more for geothermal and storage. That's related to what he's saying. Yeah. Yeah. And they vary the regulatory uncertainty and the regulatory changes are difficult to deal with because you think storage, for example, that it's all there. Like if you put in 100 megawatts of storage, you should get credit for 100 megawatts of capacity. But the way the public utilities commission is looking at it over time, they, because more and more storage is going to be added to the grid, they reduce the value of the capacity from those storage projects. Yeah. So it's like, well, we have to add more, even though we haven't, we have to keep adding more to meet the regulatory requirements. Sometimes those come in conflict with what our goal is. Yeah. Like the function that you get after the credit, but I was just wondering how much is the total of the supply of, how does that kind of like, are that 100 megawatts of storage, what happens if it's probably between like, how much is that effect to the total? Yeah. So we have to buy capacity. We have to go outside of just our own resources to fulfill the capacity requirements. Because like for solar, if you have a 100 megawatts solar project, I don't know what the percentages, maybe five or 10% of that qualifies for capacity. So we have to go elsewhere to purchase that. It's called resource adequacy. So we just go into the market and buy it as does everybody else. And cost of that has gone way, way up because there's so much demand for it. And the Public Utilities Commission keeps saying you need to buy more and more and more. And it isn't there. So it's one of the things we're trying to manage as are all those serving entities. Did I answer your question? Numbers around how much you have to do externally versus what you can distill on your own and curious to know more about like, how reliable you are outside. You know, I don't have in my head what percentage of the capacity need is provided from our own resources versus going out and buying just excess capacity from other resources. I don't know what that is on hand. Probably figure it out, but probably at least 50%. I would say probably from outside resources. So it's a separate product. Something that affects our budget because we have to spend so much money on it. Okay, so let's go to the next slide. So this is the supply stack for the 99% scenario. And in each season of the year, spring, summer, fall and winter, and it shows our load profile for each season which slightly changes. And actually our load is highest in the winter time. We're a winter peaking agency because in San Mateo County, it's like here, the weather is pretty nice. There isn't a lot of air conditioning load in the summer, at least not right now. Getting hotter, that might change. So this is how things stack up. And you can see in the summer or in the spring of the summer, we have a lot of excess solar. And so a lot of that is going to be used for charging the storage, but we'll also have some excess as well. But in the wintertime is really the challenge because the solar produces way less in the wintertime. And so the amount that we are able to charge the storage from the solar, the excess solar in the winter, doesn't quite meet our needs in the wintertime in the late night hours and the early morning hours. So one way to solve that is to procure a whole lot more solar so that there is more solar available in the winter for that. But then we'd be way, way excess in the summer in the spring. And that's kind of the challenge of getting to that 100%.  We see that, can you go back one? Yeah. To get to the hourly 100%, instead of having like 1,900 megawatts of resources, we need 2,600. So we have to buy, procure 700 megawatts more resources just to meet that last 1%, just to meet those last 1% of 8,760 hours. How many is that? 87 hours. So we're not going to do that. That's why it costs so much more. But to get to 99%, that's pretty good, you know? Around 99% it rounds up to 100. So that's really the interesting result that we found from this, at least for our load and for the resources that we have available. If we were able to get more geothermal or more what we call firm clean resources, like if it's geothermal, then that would help us meet the winter requirements. And then we could reduce the amount of solar that we need. So if we look at the emissions reductions, which is the overall goal of this, right? Is to get emissions reductions down. So we find that the carbon intensity reduces over time as we go from less hourly to more hourly. And what we find for the hourly 99% matching is that we will be able to get down to 26 pounds of CO2 per megawatt hour in that scenario. It's not zero because the geothermal does have some carbon emissions. We didn't have any geothermal, we could get that down to zero, but we need to have that geothermal. But overall, that's still pretty good. So we go from 195 of what we expect our hourly emissions to be 2025 from our current portfolio to 26 in the 1990s. And then if we look at the heat map for the next slide. So if we were to just do the annual 100% in 2025, this is what the heat map looks like. We're down to 155 pounds CO2 per megawatt hour compared to what we are right now. I think we're at 22. So it's an improvement, but there's still a lot of emissions. And instead, if we go to the 99% which was the next slide, we see that we're pretty much all green, which is our goal, except in the winter nighttime and morning hours. So we're hoping that someone might come up with a product that we can use for those hours that would help us. And then we look at the incremental cost of reducing these emissions. So it's like, what is the equivalent carbon price that we're paying to reduce the emissions? And again, when we look at the 99% hourly matching, it's about $22 per megawatt hour. And if one was to assume that the price of carbon is $50 per megawatt hour as has been proposed and think by the Biden administration where everyone has their own number, what this shows is that it is worth it to go ahead and do this, because the cost to reduce the emissions is less than the cost of that carbon. However, for the 100% it's more. So... It's a touchscreen. Oh, this, I was wondering why it says nothing on it. Sorry. I'm drawing it too. I don't wanna talk to anyone. For the 100%, it looks like it's not quite as cost effective for the emissions. And then if we go to the next item, which is looking at the risk premium. So I noted that we did the stochastic modeling and we ran like 50 different scenarios in the stochastic model to look at what is the risk that we have that the results are gonna be different and that the cost is gonna be different. And what we find is that the risk is actually lowest for the 99% hourly matching. And so it's saying that the risk premium is 6%. So instead of that 2% increase in cost, it could be another 6% increase. On the other hand, if we were to do the stay with what our current portfolio is, the risk is even higher because it's 11.8%. And so the why is that? Part of that is because we're contracting for all this renewable power. When you contract for renewables, it's a set price. Most of the cost is at the very beginning for the infrastructure, but the fuel is free. And then we're also over procuring. So we have kind of a hedge against if our forecasts are off that we have a lot of excess renewables. Although we do want to be able to dispel those. So that's my spirit, but yeah. So basically the risk is lower with because we're over procured. So we are over procured and I didn't put the slide in, but one of our assumptions is that because we are over procuring and we're gonna be over procuring by about 45%, more of what we need, we're purchasing. And our goal is to resell that back into the market or to other load serving entities. And our assumption is that we can resell 75% of that. 75% of the excess renewables, 75% of the excess capacity that we're gonna end up having and that will still get us to those results. But we find even if we aren't able to sell all of that, the impact on our costs is only about another 2% or so. That won't kill us, but it will be good to be able to resell those excess. And then also, yeah. Your contracts, is there a performance requirement for energy availability? And is it 100% or something reduced and is it factoring into your risk? Yeah. So in our contracts, like for solar, there is a performance guarantee that they have to generate a certain amount or that they guarantee there's gonna be a certain amount of production per year. It might be averaged over two years because there's always variation, the same with the wind. And if they don't do that, then there's a payment they need to make to us because then we'll have to go elsewhere to get that energy. Was there a second part? Just a question, you know, that there's forced outages and sun doesn't shine sometimes. So it may factor in to this risk premium, how many market real-time transactions do you need to be doing it? Yeah. You're accounting for that. So the stochastic analysis gets into that. Like what if it doesn't generate as it's supposed to? Whereas the match model says, now it's gonna do what it says it's gonna do. The Ascend Analytics PowerSim modeling looks at what's really gonna happen, what could happen and what's the worst case. So the other question is, how does this affect the overall grid, what we're doing? And what we, in California, they calculate what is the net peak. So there's the peak when there's the maximum electricity use in the state. And the net peak is looking at what's the maximum when you subtract out the renewables. And that's kind of what the focus on is in the state these days. And so the question is, are we helping or hurting that net peak? And what we find is that we are helping the net peak, that we're helping to reduce that net peak because of all the renewables that we're putting onto the grid that helps to bring that net peak down. So we're not exacerbating any problems as the state has in trying to meet the load. And then the next slide is on, so I talked at the very beginning that we're looking at this from a planning perspective, from a forecasted perspective. And when we look at, if we say, okay, we're gonna hit 99%, I won't touch that. If we look at what might happen in real-time operations, the expectation is that we'll be a little bit less, that the time coincident target will be off by about one to 3%. So even though we're on a planning perspective, we're planning to become time-coincident 99% of the time, what will likely happen is that we'll be time-coincident 96% to 98% of the time, which is still pretty good. But we'll find out more as we actually do it and as we actually have more data available to be more closely aligned on the time pool. In summary, what we find is on the conservative case, the 99% time-coincident will increase our costs by only 2% at most. And it could even decrease it by 1% to get more back to what they were in 2021. And then doing this results to the benefits society because we are reducing emissions overall and we're helping the grid to be more efficient. So all of those are good results. We talk about the risks. So I mentioned our expectation of reselling the excess renewables, the excess recs and resource adequacy. So we're hoping that we can resell 75% of that. I think we can. I don't think that's gonna be hard to do. But if more and more load serving entities like ours decide to do that, is that gonna change that? Or can we work together and work with each other so that someone else's load complements are so that we can sell our excess summer resources to them. Maybe they have excess winter resources they can sell to us and we can work together in synergy there.  We can't control that too much. Our ability to contract for resources can we find what we need? And are we going to be able to come to terms with our counterparties to meet the cost targets that we have regulatory uncertainty. There's always changes coming from the public utilities commission. In fact, a week ago, they came out with the new proposed order that we need to procure, that the state as a whole needs to procure an additional 4,000 megawatts of resources for reliability purposes. And it's like, now how does that match in with what we're doing? And what is the timing of that? And does that kind of conflict with what we're doing? Because we're gonna do what we need to do and we're gonna provide the reliability we need. But then when they put these other requirements on and sometimes they specify what type of resources those need to be, that might conflict with us. And then there's no official tracking system for tracking the renewable energy on an hourly basis. Right now there's a tracking system that tracks renewables on a monthly basis. In the West, it's called Regis. And so we receive the RECs. We receive a renewable energy credit for every megawatt out of renewables that is generated, that goes into our account. We calculate add all those up together at the end of the year to show what we've done. But those aren't being generated right now on an hourly basis. So the Regis system has contracted with a new provider that does have the capability to produce the hourly RECs. But those aren't being done right now. Hopefully those will be done by 2025. There was a bill passed in the California legislature this last year sponsored by Senator Josh Becker who's our local state senator. We worked very closely with him. We worked closely with him in the writing of this legislation. And that is going to require that every load serving entity start looking at what their hourly emissions are starting in 2026 or 2027. So we're starting to move the whole system in that direction, which is great. We'll be probably the first to be showing how that's done. But as we get to more, everyone thinking more about hourly tracking, hourly matching of their supply and their load, then there'll be hopefully the infrastructure there to properly account. So I think that's all I have for today. You know, if things change and the market conditions allow it, we'll try to go to a hundred percent. But right now our 99% target is what we're going to do and we're excited about moving forward on it. I think that's good. And I'm happy to answer more questions that people might have. So we will go to the first round of questions to the students. If any of you have a questions because I know some of you need to leave early or at the class, you need to on time not to leave early actually whether or not you can. Any questions from students? You said you contract the generation and capacity. Do you also contract the storage or do you have storage capacity? We can't do that as well. So in the past, the storage that we've contracted for so far has been co-located with solar, so that solar plus storage with the new inflation reduction F that now allows standalone storage receive the investment tax credit. So we can now contract for that as well. The price for that will go down. We will only, you know, we'll charge that standalone storage only during those hours where we have excess renewable so that it's renewable energy going into that storage. Story five. Who's the rest and what is this technology that we're contracting for? Right now the only storage that we have contracted for is lithium ion batteries. And that's pretty much the prevalent technology out there. And most of what we have is four hour storage. We do have one contract that we're doing with a number of other CCAs for long duration storage, eight hour storage, but it's also lithium ion. We're hoping to have other technologies to be able to contract for in the future because it would be good to diversify that like low batteries, we're interested in those. There's gravity storage is just pretty interesting technology. There's some compressed air energy storage. It's actually a project we're looking at. Press there. There's pumped hydro that's in short supply for companies like us to get them. Thinking like you guys like come to life cycle so lithium batteries like carbon emissions feel like that's the lifestyle that the lithium batteries really love. I feel like that's just like, I see there's a difference, but I really do see a difference. I think if I hear you correctly, you're asking, do we consider the life cycle environmental impacts of the different technologies? Absolutely. So lithium battery. Lithium battery. Yeah, yeah. We don't like that. Which is why we're interested in finding other technologies that have less environmental impact. And actually we've been working with Senator Beth or others legislature to have California enact some legislation about recycling, looking at recycling of batteries and also solar panels, too, that that whole life cycle impact be considered when all that's going out there. Very good. Then we go to the guests here for them. Yeah, so what does PGAD like and not like about your model? And then set savings. Does that PGAD say they could replicate that or are those unique to what you're able to do here? Yeah, okay. So does PGAD like or not like what we're doing? We actually haven't done a battle. So I think that some of the people within PGAD might be interested in it. Corporation as a whole, maybe. I wasn't so excited about CCAs in general, but we're here to stay. And then the 5% discount of our rates, that's a policy that we set as an organization and that our board has set that we be less expensive than any so that that's not a reason for someone to opt out. So the way the CCAs work, everyone in a jurisdiction that was, that voted to be a part of us is automatically our customer. They have the option to opt out and you need customer for generation services if they so choose. We want to make it so that why would you do that? Why would you want an inferior product? A more for us. So. So the modeling exercise increase the liability to this. For example, I'm thinking about early summer or late summer with generation opportunities at the peak. We are really hot summer days combined with like really high wind error. Most type of situation when it is not even there. But the explicitly model the liability. That's right. But in the exercise that you've done. Yeah. The way it is to get out of the liability this is that. Thank you, questions. Did we model in the liability? Yeah. I think that's part of the stochastic modeling that we do that what if a generator is out? Like what if it's cloudy days for multiple days and there's no wind or what's the impact? So that's what we look at in that stochastic modeling. The probability that's happening is probably pretty low because we contract for different resources in different locations so that if it's cloudy in Northern California and we have solar up here, but it's sunny and local. We're still getting the sun from there. The wind resources are in different places. We're contracting to some California, some in the Alcomod and then the Tahatchki. We're also looking at some out-of-state wind. And also we do get some out-of-state wind in the Northwest right now. Then we'll be looking at onshore wind which has a more constant generation so far. So we try to diversify our portfolio to make sure that we're not subject to that a weather event isn't going to affect the whole portfolio. We have more than 10 questions from online participants. Let me suggest this way. Why not let one of them? One or two, yeah. We would like you to answer this one. And the rest of them, if it's your option, you can feel free to, we will send this to you and then you can, yeah, we are overdue. So not a good question. It's a really good question. Good, yeah, that's the same stuff. Okay, let's just. So there's a lot of questions there about storage and the technologies. So I think we talked about that a little bit. We are interested in different storage technologies. How much cost increase are consumers willing to bear? That's actually an interesting question because right now we do have a 100% renewable product. Why not you repeat the question? Then you can answer it, how's that? Okay, this one here, Brian Kaiser. How much cost increase are consumers willing to bear in order to have 100% renewable portfolio? So right now, we do offer a product that is an off-depth product that is 100% renewable and we charge one cent per kilowatt hour more for that product, but slightly more than PG&E's product. We have maybe 2% of our customers who have opted up them. So I think it's interesting, the market research, when you do market research and you ask someone, would you be willing to pay more for 100% renewable and you'll say, yes. So then when it actually comes up to signing up for it and writing the check, maybe not. So 30 or 40% will say yes, but when it comes right down to it, only about two or 3% will do it. So what we're doing when we roll out 100% renewable to everyone, it's not gonna be more expensive. It's not gonna be our premium product. We're gonna have a marketing challenge here to figure out how to communicate that we're transitioning to 100% renewable for everyone at a lower price, but then we'll get through that because the research shows and the empirical data shows that people really don't want to pay more or they won't pay more for excess or for 100% renewable, they'd like it. So we're gonna give it to them or we're gonna give it to them at a lower cost. So there's a number of questions here about energy storage technology. We're looking for other resources. What portion comes from long-term contracts? So we do have a policy within our organization that 50% of our contracts will be long-term contracts which are 15 years or more, then a certain percent will be less than that, will be like medium-term contracts and certain percent will be shorter-term contracts. We also have a goal that at least 50% of our contracts will be for new resources that we're making those resources come online because of what we're doing that we're not only contracting for existing projects but for new projects, these still in the ground. So it's all part of the portfolio diversification to make sure that we aren't kind of stuck and that as prices go up and down that we're not ending up contracting for everything at the high price and then if prices go way down then we have a lot of spam and tax that we're pricing ourselves out of the market. So yeah. With that. Thank you, Jen. Thank you. Thank you all for your great attention and for your great questions. It's so fun to be here at Stanford. I love it. Thank you.


The benefit of bimodal hearing is having a cochlear implant on one side and a hearing aid on the other that work together to give information to the brain so that you can have better spatial hearing. I think medel cochlear implants are best for bimodal hearing because you have a hearing aid on one ear that uses natural hearing and you have a medel cochlear implant on the other ear that mimics natural hearing. Putting that information together allows the brain to fuse that information for complete integration and to use that in spatial hearing. Why is that important? Well, it means that you can understand where speech is coming from better, you can understand speech and noise better, and you can do all of this with less listening effort. And I should mention that because medel cochlear implants are designed to mimic natural hearing, you can use any hearing aid. It doesn't have to be a special hearing aid. Any hearing aid can be used to fuse together information with a medel cochlear implant for spatial hearing.


Hello everybody, Ian here. I got a package. Today is one I've been waiting on for a while. Just a couple months. I'm super excited about this. This is my birthday present to myself. It is from SuntUp. SuntUp? Is that how you pronounce it? SuntUp editions. It is my first one from them. I missed, unfortunately, I missed their version of Misery. I just didn't know that it existed until I started seeing them popping up on Instagram with people unboxing them. And I was very, very upset. I'm not a part of any groups like the Stephen King Collector's Group on Facebook, any of that stuff. So sometimes I'm late to the party. I always know the newest news about the movies and TV shows and adaptations and all that stuff. But when it comes to collectibles, if it's not Cemetery Dance, I usually don't know about it. So if you guys ever have heads up as far as Joe Hill or Stephen King is concerned for limited editions, please let me know. This thing is already better packaged than the Cemetery Dance editions. But we're going to, oh my god, oh my god. Okay, so this is just a piece of packing. This is a, we're going to look at all this stuff close up. I just want to unbox this the way it is. This is a bookmark. I'm stoked for the bookmark because you guys know I love bookmarks. But this is what we've gotten. Oh my gosh, it's even, look at that. Look at the inside. The packaging is amazing. Guys, blessed shall you be when you go in. Yeah, and this is Horns by Joe Hill. The Sunt Up Limited Edition. Man, I'm so excited for this. All right, we're going to do like we normally do with these things or as we just recently started doing with Sleeping Beauties. And I think I did Nosferatu also. Nosferatu wasn't unboxing, but it was like a reboot, a redo of my unboxing of that one. But we are going to go over to the cabinet now and I'm going to show this joker off. I'll take the plastic off then. But yeah, I'll see you over there. Okay guys, here we are. I'm going to go ahead and we are going to be very, very careful here. I'm just going to run the tip of this through here. Make sure I don't cut anything I'm not supposed to. And then we're going to, this is much smaller than I thought it would be. And that's perfectly fine. The bigger ones are actually harder to read if you ever decide to read them. If you collect these books, as long as they have the slip case, you can keep them in the plastic. But if they're not in the slip case, then you need to take the plastic off as soon as possible. It will actually damage the book. It can become fused with the book. Trying to get this in frame. Look at that joker. Give you a moment to look at it. Alright, now we are going to put this back here. I'm going to let you guys see the cover. Look at that beauty, man. Look at that beauty. See, that's what the... And then we got... Oh, nope, come on. There you go. Look at the back of that for a minute. And then we are going to layer down. And I'm going to remove... This is the Artist Gift Edition. Look at that gold foil stamp. Then we are going to remove this part. I'm going to let you guys look at that. There you go. Then I'm going to take this. I'm going to put the book down here. I'm going to put the dust jacket over here so nothing happens to it while we are looking at the book. I don't want it to fall onto the floor or anything. Alright, here we go. Now, let you guys see the spine without the dust jacket. And there is nothing on the back. It's just red cloth binding. Here we go. Open it up. There we go. Okay, then we are going to go through... I'm going to find all the pictures. Wow, look at that. See that? Very nice. See if we can get this in some more. There we go. Alright, next one. Oh, wow. What's her name? Merle. Merle, I think is her name. That is pretty. Next one. Oh, cool. So this is in church. That's a egg. That's Merle. I'm pretty sure I got these names right. Let me move my hand so we can get the focus back. That's egg and Merle at the... Isn't that the diner? The bar or whatever? I'm going to try not to spoil this for anybody who hasn't read the book. Yeah. Alright, next up. We have quite a bit before the next picture. I remember there's a whole chunk of this book where very little happens. This is amazing. This is the house. Actually, it's going to... I mean, spoilers, obviously. Maybe where the old rundown house ends up finding out he can control snakes. Yeah. And then there's another one right after this. Oh, yeah. The tree house. Man, this artwork is fantastic. I'm going to have to look to see who did the... Let's check right now. Magdalena Caxon. This edition of horns is limited to a thousand copies signed by Joe Hill and Magdalena Caxon. That's the signature page. Sorry, I forgot to show you all. I'm sure I would have heard about it had I not shown it at all. Oh, that's pretty. Look at that. Look at that. That's amazing. Okay. So, next. Going to the next picture. Is that one or is that not? That's not one. Okay. So, I think there's one right here. Oh, yeah. This is Merrill waiting out in the rain for egg. The pit. It's the name of the diner or the bar. I think it's just a diner because I think they're young people in this. I don't think they're actually drinking age. It might be. I can't remember. And then there's the... That's a plot point. That is gorgeous. This edition is gorgeous. In fact, I might say it's better than most of the cemetery dance ones I've gotten. I don't know, man.  I probably am, but... Yeah, then down here you have the... Not braille, but... Yeah, braille. Morse code. Morse code. Morse... Not Morse. Morse code. I wonder if it has that in the back of the book like the original version. We'll have to check in just a second. All right, then we got... Oh, yeah. Hell, yes. Yeah, there we go. Man, that is nice. That is really, really nice. That's my favorite so far. The devil's neck is at an odd angle, but yeah. Man, that is so nice. Okay, we got another one. Looks like we got one more, yeah. And then the cover art. Hell, yes. Okay, let's see if they got the... Do they have the Morse code? I wonder. Notes confession. Got you. Anyways, so yeah. And then you got the back of it back here. It's very, very, very sexy. Let's see if there's anything that we missed up in the front matter. Uh, to Lenora Love Always. This is the first printing of the Artist Gift Edition printed in China. What possessed me how I wrote horns? That's cool. I didn't pay too much attention to what this one... Yeah. To what all the features this one had. Yeah. I'm very happy with it. Suntup Press. You definitely have a winner here. And I'm looking forward to going through it at my own pace. That is an absolutely gorgeous edition. This, of course, is not actual wood. It's just a slip case. Just like the ones you get with Cemetery Danes. I'm gonna go ahead and put everything back together. Man, this is so, so nice. I'm impressed. I'm very impressed. I didn't think anybody would come along and kind of take Cemetery Danes' place because I've never been a fan of PS Publishing. Dark Region's Press is okay. But for the bang for my buck, I go with Cemetery Danes always. I'm looking forward to Brian Freeman's, Freeman's New Press. I can't get this thing back in here. I don't want to force it. There we go. I'm looking forward to Brian Freeman's New Press. He's doing revival later on this year. In December, I think. So I'm looking forward to that. Anywho, so that's the Suntup edition of Joe Hill's Horns. Thank you for watching. Thank you for hanging out with me while we went through it. Very happy with this edition. But until next time, I have been E. You have been U. This has been another special edition unboxing. I'll talk to you guys later. Bye-bye!


So, Clay wants to let us know there's a feature of the iPhone emergency calling that can be useful for privacy protection as well. When you click the side button, the power button, five or more times the phone will give a countdown and then call emergency services. Whether the call is made or is canceled, this disables Face ID, Touch ID, and unlock with Apple Watch until the device is unlocked with a passcode. So this is a quick and easy way to protect your device from accidental unlock through the biometrics that we use for convenience. Another way to trigger this on iPhone and iPad is holding the appropriate button combination to shut the device down. Yeah, I like this one that because it it it allows you you can in your pocket do this. And I remember when Face ID or touch made, no, not Face ID when Touch ID first became a thing. There were people coming in through customs who were concerned about, you know, being searched and and and if their device was, you know, you can be compelled to unlock the device with a by physical means, but not with something you know. And so by putting it into this mode, you would then have to type in your passcode and you're good to go. So yeah, I remember a lot of people saying they were doing that as opposed to, you know, wiping their phones before they came back through customs. So I've never wiped my phone before I come back through customs. I'm more worried about, you know, I don't know, I don't know what I'm worried about probably getting home. I'm worried about losing all my pictures. Exactly. Yeah. Yeah, exactly.  And the one way that I found quite by accident is I was trying to take a screenshot, which on my phone is the power button on the right and the volume up button on the left. Right. If you hold those down too long, that also activates the SOS screen. And I freaked out the first time it happened to me.  Well, and that's what you can do in your pocket, because your phone will vibrate when it moves to the SOS screen. And then if you let it go, it won't call 911, right? So that's that's the key. You can do this completely, you know, without looking at your screen, which is potentially handy. I don't know.


In this video we're going to look at similar and congruent shapes. Similar and congruent shapes are seen throughout design and make it much easier. In this image only two shapes have been drawn and then by changing the size and orientation of these shapes we have a detailed design. So what is the difference between similar and congruent? Pause the video and have a think. Similar snakes, they are identical but just a different size. Think, snakes have scales so similar are scaled up or down versions of one another. They can also be rotated or reflected. Similar shapes however must be the exact same size. They can only be rotated, reflected or moved. Think congruent cars. These cars are all identical but just a different point on a junction. So congruent shapes are also similar but similar shapes aren't congruent. Which of these shapes are congruent and which are similar? Pause the video and work it out. Did you get it right? In another video we'll look at how to use similar shapes to make calculations easier. For now you just need to remember that congruent shapes are the exact same size but can be rotated, reflected or moved. Congruent cars, whereas similar shapes can also be different sizes. The sides are just increased or decreased by the exact same ratio. Similar snakes.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session, we will discuss quadratic equations. Now the general form of quadratic equation in X is AX square plus BX plus C is equal to 0, where A is not equal to 0 and A, B, C are the constants. That is if A is equal to 0, then this equation does not remain a quadratic equation. So this equation is called the general form of the quadratic equation in X. Now here X is a variable and in this equation, that is in the quadratic equation, the highest power of the variable is 2. And now let us discuss the solution of the quadratic equation. Now the general form of the quadratic equation is AX square plus BX plus C is equal to 0, where A is not equal to 0 and we can write it as AX square plus BX is equal to minus C, which further implies now dividing throughout by A, it will be X square plus B by A into X is equal to minus C over A. Now we will complete the square on the left hand side. For this, we will add and subtract the square of half the coefficient of X on the left hand side, which implies X square plus B by A into X plus B square by 4A square minus B square by 4A square is equal to minus C over A. Now this implies X square plus, now this term can be written as 2 into X into B by 2A plus B by 2A whole square, that is this term. And now moving on this term on the right hand side, this is equal to minus C over A plus B square over 4A square. Now on this side, the square is completed, that is this is equal to X plus B by 2A whole square, which is equal to, now on this side taking the LC, that is 4A square, it will become B square minus 4AC. On the right hand side, we are getting B square minus 4AC whole upon 4A square. Now taking the square root, this implies B over 2A is equal to plus minus square root of B square minus 4AC whole upon, now this further implies X is equal to minus B over 2A plus minus square root of B square minus 4AC whole upon 2A, which further implies equal to minus B plus minus square root of B square minus 4AC whole upon 2A. We were supposed to find out the solution of this equation, that means we have to find out the value of at this we have to find out the roots of an equation, that is this equation, now the roots are the values of the variable satisfying a given equation. Now we have got the values, that is we have got the roots of the given quadratic equation. So the roots of the given quadratic equation B square minus 4AC whole upon 2A minus B minus square root of B square minus 4AC, the given quadratic equation AX square plus BX plus C is equal to 0. And now let us discuss reducible to quadratic equations. The type 1, the equation of the type A into X raised to power 2N plus B into X raised to power N plus C is equal to 0, quadratic equation. Now to reduce the given equation to a quadratic equation N is equal to Z in the given equation and then we get AZ square plus BZ plus C is equal to 0. So the given equation is reduced to a quadratic equation in Z. Now let us discuss this type with the help of an example. Here we have to solve X raised to power 2 by 3 minus 4 is equal to 0. Now for this illusion it is equal to Z, that is this equation can be written as X raised to power 1 by 3 whole raised to power 2 minus 4 is equal to 0. And now 1 by 3 is equal to Z here so it will be Z square minus 4 is equal to 0. Now it is a pure quadratic equation in Z equal to 4 which implies that is equal to plus minus 2. Now X raised to power 1 by 3 is equal to Z implies power 1 by 3 is equal to, now taking that is equal to plus 2. Now Q being both side is equal to minus 2 we get X is equal to minus 8. AZ plus V by ENC are the constants reduced that is this type of equation is reduced to a quadratic equation. Let us discuss this type with the help of an example. Now here 2 plus 1, 2 into X plus 3 the whole minus 3 is equal to 0. Solution is 3 whole upon 2 X plus 1 is equal to Z. By taking the reciprocal on both sides 1 whole upon X plus 1 by Z. So putting these values that is putting these values to 0 which implies 2 minus 3 is equal to 0 which implies plus 2 is equal to 0. Now the given equation is reduced in the form of quadratic equation in Z. And now we will solve this quadratic equation by splitting the middle term. So this implies Z square minus 2 Z minus Z is equal to 0 which further implies Z into Z minus 2 the whole is equal to 0. Which further implies Z minus 1 the whole into Z minus 2 the whole is equal to 0 which gives Z is equal to 1 Z is equal to the value of for Z is equal to 1 the whole upon 2 X plus 1 is equal to 1. Which implies X plus 3 is equal to 2 X plus 1 which further gives whole upon 2 X plus 1 is equal to 2 which implies X plus 1 by 3. Solution of the given equation that is the equation of the form X plus A the whole into X plus B the whole C the whole into X plus D the whole plus K is equal to 0. That is when the quantities is equal to the other two. Now by quantities we solve these type of equations that is the equation in this form in which the sum of any of the two quantities is equal to the sum of the other two quantities. Now let us discuss this type with the help of an example to solve X plus 5 the whole 1 the whole into X minus 1 the whole into equal to 0. The sum of the two quantities is equal to the sum of the other two quantities. That is 5 plus 1 is equal to 6 and minus 1 plus 3 is equal to 2 that means the sum of these two quantities is not equal to the sum of these two quantities. Now consider and minus 1 equal to 5 minus 1 which is equal to 4 and 1 plus 3 is also equal to minus 1 is equal to 1 plus 3 that means the sum quantities is equal to the sum of the other two quantities. Now for the solution we will multiply X plus 5 the whole 1 the whole here we will multiply X plus the whole and X plus 3 the whole. Why to test X plus 5 the whole in this 1 the whole into X plus 1 the whole their multiplication will give X minus 5 the whole into X plus 3 the whole equal to 0. Now here and this implies Y minus 5 the whole into Y plus 3 the whole plus 16 is equal to 0 which further implies on solving this Y squared minus 2 Y plus 1 is equal to 0. So we have reduced the given equation in the form of quadratic equation this is Y minus 1 whole square so this implies Y minus 1 whole square is equal to 0 which further implies Y is equal to 1 and 1. X is equal to 1 minus 1 is equal to 0 by using the formula for finding out the roots minus b that is minus 4 plus minus square root of b square that is 16 minus 4 is equal to plus 4 that is 2. So this is equal to minus 4 plus minus root 20 and we will get X is equal to minus 2 plus minus root 5 at the solution for the given equation. And now let us discuss the nature or the vector often have already discussed that for the quadratic equation AX square plus BX plus C is equal to 0 where A is not equal to 0 these are the roots of this quadratic equation. Now here denoted by the value of D decides the nature or the vector of the roots. Now these are the various possibilities that is D is greater than 0 and if D is greater than 0 then this that is if D is greater than 0 and D is a perfect square that is roots are rational and if D is not a perfect square D is equal to 0. And if D is equal to 0 then the roots of the given equation where in that case the roots are imaginary. Now let us discuss the sum and product b by root solution that is the quadratic equation AX square plus BX plus C is equal to 0 where A is not equal to 0 and ABC are constants is equal to that is by the formula. Minus B plus square root of B square minus 4 AC will be equal to A is equal to minus B minus square root of B square minus 4 AC will be equal to A. Then the sum of the roots is equal to B plus Q which is equal to B plus square root of B square minus 4 AC minus B minus square root of B square minus 4 AC. These terms are cancelled with each other and this is equal to minus 2B over 2A which is equal to minus B over A. And now product that is B into Q is equal to minus B plus square root of B square minus 4 the whole minus square root of B square minus 4 AC whole upon 2A the whole. Which is further equal to in the numerator it can be written as minus B whole square which is B square minus 4 AC whole square which is equal to minus 4 AC the whole. Whole upon 4 AC over 4A square which is equal to the same equation it is clear that C is the absolute term and B is the coefficient of X and A is the coefficient of X square. The sum of the roots is equal to minus B equal to minus the coefficient the given quadratic equation and we are letting the product of the roots is equal to C over A that means coefficient of X square in the given quadratic equation. So in this session we have got about quadratic equation the equation is equal to quadratic equation then nature or corrector of the roots session.