We move on to now lecture 12 in which we will continue to discuss the spreading in view of the contact angles, work of adhesion and a new phenomenon called debating. Continuing from where we left, we have for theta equal to 0 degrees for surface with exposed polar groups which will be hydrophilic and with theta equal to 110 degrees for the part of surface which is exposed to hydrocarbon tails, we will have cos theta equal to f 1 minus 0.34 into 1 minus f 1. We can go back to this equation last equation theta 1 is 0 and theta 2 is 110 degrees. So, when you plug plug in these values, we get cos theta prime simply written here as cos theta as f 1 minus 0.34 1 minus f 1. If we consider some certain solid acids like C 16 acid or C 16 alcohol, then experimentally it turns out that theta can be between 100 degrees and 50 degrees depending on how we cut the crystal. This we would like to understand a little bit now. If only hydrocarbon chains are exposed through the cleats cleft surface, then that will give you a theta prime of 110 degrees. Whereas, if you have only about 70 percent of surface exposed to carboxylic groups which is which will be the hydrophilic groups, the theta will come down drastically to about 50 degrees. So, this provides for another variation in measurements that one comes in practice. These would have been difficult to understand otherwise, where it not for the fact that we have now a theory for composite surfaces with different contact angles for microscopic regions. We next consider the spreading cohesions of liquids and solids. By definition, we write in terms of the free energies S S A as F S A S minus gamma L A plus F S L S. In your imagination, you would see that we have replaced the surface tension of the solid by the free energy F S A S. And we replaced the interfacial tension between solid and liquid gamma S L by F S L S. S A and L like usual represent the solid, air and liquid respectively. And if we consider a situation where a liquid placed on solid could maintain an equilibrium contact angle, we should be able to write the following equation.  Mentally, you can run the parallel equations in terms of the surface tensions understanding that for solids it is preferable to talk of the surface free energies. So, gamma S A is replaced by F S A S and gamma S L by F S L S.  So, F S L S gets cancelled, gamma L A can be taken common and we get S S A as now gamma L A into cos theta minus 1. Please remember that this is for non-spreading system in which the liquid is able to maintain a drop whose form and shape will attain the equilibrium contour. So, here is a way we can estimate the negative spreading cohesion provided we know the surface tension of the liquid and the contact angle. We do not need the properties otherwise directly dependent on the solid energies. Restriction is this is valid only for theta greater than 0 and it cannot predict positive spreading cohesions. At this point I would like you to think of the following question. Is it possible to see this relation in light of what you know as deducible from some other considerations? We have seen many equations by now. Here we have followed the usual approach to get S S A is equal to gamma L A cos theta minus 1, but is it possible to regard this as directly deducible from other considerations we have including the physical insight that we have for the spreading cohesion. It is interesting that most of these equations are quite simple and you understand them individually. You also understand their physical significance individually, but it is a good idea to connect different pieces of information contained in the various equations. I may prompt your thinking a bit by saying that think of the equation which otherwise has a similar right hand side except the minus sign is replaced by plus and the left hand side of course changes. What is that? Right. So, the work of addition is gamma L A cos theta plus 1. Now, the next suggestion is consider that equation together with the physical significance of spreading cohesion. Could we have obtained this S S A equal to gamma L A cos theta minus 1 from Young's relation without actually making the surface energy balance or the parallel of the balancing of surface and interfacial tensions. It is probably not obvious, but if you have initiated some ideas let me complete those. Remember the way we rationalize spreading cohesion at one point of time in terms of the works of addition and cohesion. The spreading cohesion was shown to be the difference between work of addition and work of cohesion of the liquid addition between liquid and solid work of cohesion of the liquid. So, if you plug in for the work of addition from Young's equation gamma L A cos theta plus 1 and for work of cohesion twice gamma L A you get this. The two expressions work for work of addition on a solid for a given liquid and the spreading cohesion have very similar equations except that in the expression for the spreading cohesion we have a minus sign and let me complete this mnemonic further so that you never forget this maybe after 30 years. Because this equation is applicable for negative spreading cohesions we have a minus sign here. You will know that in the Young's equation it has got to be the other sign. Many of these mnemonics are not necessary if you can just think in terms of the basic equations and are ready to work out their logical implications correctly and quickly. All right. So, we have now a little more insight into this expression for the spreading cohesion negative spreading cohesion of a liquid on a solid that is what I had here in the second point. But what if the spreading cohesion is positive? In that case we go back to this equation which is the basic fsis minus the sum of gamma L A and fsls. We directly make use of this equation because now we cannot be limited by that equilibrium kind of situation. When the positive spreading cohesion is positive the liquid spreads indefinitely on the solid until a thin or thick layer is obtained. As you will see later the last expression for spreading cohesion can also be used to calculate the spreading cohesion of liquid on solid from measurements on surface tension and contact angle separately. Or as we will see later in some methods we can measure gamma L A and gamma L A cos theta directly especially in a Wilhame plate method. So, whether we choose to measure the surface tension gamma L A and contact angle separately or surface tension separately and the product of surface tension and cos of contact angle. Whatever way we choose we should be able to use those extended measurements to evaluate the negative spreading cohesion. There is yet another alternative for determination of this negative spreading cohesion. The theory of which we will look into later and that method is based on a large drop of liquid called Caesile drop method. We could look at some numbers here. If we consider oil spreading on chromium then the spreading cohesion is positive. If we take the oil as 7-butyl tri-decane the spreading cohesion works out to be 25 dimes per centimeter. If we were to choose effect of chain branching instead of taking the straight alkane we had branching. The spreading is somewhat reduced spreading cohesion is now lower to about 17 dimes per centimeter. Still positive, but reduced compared to the straight chain compound. Then again the history of metal surface is important. Think of this situation. Chromium surface could be cleaned by ion bombardment and then immediately wetted by water. The metal surface now will be seen to be oleophobic. It will not be wetted by oil, oil heating and therefore the spreading cohesion S is less than 0 for oils for such a metal surface. We surely understand here that the impurities can play a large role in governing the weighting of high energy surfaces, especially metals. Since in practice we do deal with mechanical parts lubricated by oils, the design of oil, the design of parts both will have to have consideration for spreading of oils. Lubricating oils must spread readily over steel and they do so especially if they are somewhat oxidized to polar compounds. And the spreading cohesions or pressures you get on steel will then be pretty large perhaps only slightly lower than on water. How does one explain the experience that some oils don't spread on metals at all? It may mean that the metal surface is not clean. For clean surfaces the surface energies FSAS are very large. Several hundreds to several thousands of oaks per centimeter square and therefore the spreading cohesion is always positive. If a given oil doesn't spread on a metal surface it is a clear indication that metal has some adsorbed impurities. For example, adsorption of chlorinated hydrocarbons and phosphate esters can give you S less than 0 for oils on metals. Sometimes holotel liquids also cover the surface and if it happens to be even a monolayer adsorption in the region of measurement we might encounter negative spreading cohesions. For otherwise expectedly positive spreading systems. If one measures contact angle here then it will be for the liquid against the monolayer covered solid. If that's a situation one would have to correct for the spreading cohesion for clean surfaces. And there we will need the work of adhesion. The adhesion between the impurity adsorbed and the metal. Let's see how we can do this. That brings us to the consideration of addition of liquids to solids analogous to liquid-liquid interfaces. For liquid adsorbed on solid or adhering to solid the equivalent of Dupre's equation would be WSL equal to FSAS plus gamma LA minus FSLS where WSL is the work of addition of liquid to solid. FSAS the surface is the surface energy free energy per solid area. Gamma LA surface tension and FSLS is the surface energy per unit solid liquid interfacial area the usual terms. But the spreading cohesion is given by FSAS minus sum of gamma LA and FSLS or alternatively we can write that as FSAS minus FSLS minus gamma LA. And substituting for FSAS minus FSLS in the work of addition equation here FSAS minus FSLS we find SSA is equal to FSAS minus gamma LA plus FSLS giving you the same equation I refer to a few minutes back.  We are substituting for FSAS minus FSLS as SSA plus gamma LA. So, that gamma LA adds up with this and we get WSL equal to SSAS plus 2 gamma LA that is what I had referred to while asking you to relate Young's equation to the spreading cohesion for an equilibrium situation non-spreading liquid on solid. Let us see how this equation compares in the face of external data. We might estimate the work of addition for a liquid like water on paraffin wax and then compare the work of addition with the measurement on liquid paraffin against water. Since the chemistries are similar we should get a near proximity of these numbers as is seen here. For water on paraffin wax solid paraffin wax there is a non-spreading tendency minus 98 irks per centimeter square comes out for spreading cohesion. If you plug it in here twice 72 for water gives you 46 irks per centimeter square as the work of addition for water placed on paraffin wax solid and you compare it with water on liquid paraffin that value is 43 irks per centimeter square. So, that kind of confirms that these independent measurements point out to a general acceptability of our analysis so far. Do not worry about the arrowheads here WSL equal to gamma LA cos theta plus 1 may also be used for obtaining the work of addition and the quantities all refer to the measured S and theta. If they were adsorption of a monolayer the work of addition will refer to the work of addition of liquid to the monolayer covered solid surface. One may have to do the correction the correction is done in this fashion whatever is the measured work of addition for the monolayer covered surface that is this WSL measured to that you add the change in free energy of the surface due to adsorption of vapor. So, this is measured we need to find out the change in energy due to adsorption of vapor that can be done using Gibbs's equation which reads as follows p the vapor pressure multiplied by the partial derivative of surface tension with respect to the vapor pressure at constant temperature this will give you this will be given to you by minus k T n where n is the number of adsorbed molecules per centimeter square k is the Boltzmann constant 1.38 10 to power minus 16 works per Kelvin. So, from here we can estimate the correction this is Gibbs's equation previous one. Think of a solid surface if it is having a high surface free energy then they may be adsorption here this adsorption could be just the monolayer. So, let us say we indicate the monolayer may be this way. So, if we are looking at the measured work of addition if we place a drop of liquid on top of this let us say of water this could have been metal this liquid is water and this is adsorb impurities with hydrocarbon chains facing air. So, if that is the case water will see only a monolayer which is hydrophobic over here. So, water will not be able to spread on this high energy surface although the expected high energy the surface would have called for spreading of water. This would be the situation like one I described you take chromium metal subject it to ion beam bombardment and then immediate contact with water that would have made the chromium surface water wettable and oleophobic ok. But if you have not done this special treatment screw plus cleaning by followed by immediate contact with water the high enough surface energy of metal would have demanded some molecules floating in air. If there is nothing else as hydrocarbon even components of air would get adsorbed. So, surface energies are too high to remain in that higher energy state without adsorption. So, given just enough time this monolayer would appear once this appears then water drop will not be able to spread on it ok. However, if you are given such a surface which is pre coated with the monolayer measured work will be this WSL which is for monolayer covered surface. This is what is measured and this will be lower because this is now not for the solid the virgin solid, but for a reduced energy state when the monolayer has managed to diminish the surface energy of solid to an extent. So, this will be necessarily smaller than the actual work of addition between the same liquid and solid it could be water and fresh chromium surface. If it is monolayer covered then we will get a smaller work. It is easier to separate this water when it has to be separated from the adsorbed impurity compared to its separation from the clean metal surface. And it would be then addition of the change in free energy that correspond to the adsorption of monolayer. If we add this free energy change which the surface has managed to achieve by adsorption of impurities even in the form monolayer. This is the deficit between expected work and the measured work. So, the actual work WSL should have been what is measured plus the change in energy that has come up. And you know that the free energy is related to surface tension. So, the gives us gives us equation which gives you P dou gamma by dou P at constant temperature equal to minus k T n can be used to estimate this delta F s. Surely it will call for measurement of a new entity that is the number of adsorb molecules on surface n on the right hand side. So, this measured quantity will be an additional measurement that will be required in making this correction corresponding to the decrease in free energy of the native solid surface. This is the way we go about in estimating the work of addition between a given liquid and a clean solid surface. One thought which may cross your mind at this stage is there is a considerable role for extreme precision and necessity of taking precautions for rigorous measurements in interfacial phenomena. If you are not careful, it is very easy to have spurious conclusions even from experiments. Normally, it is the experiments we trust more as a rule, but we got to be careful in getting reliable external data here. This brings us to another interesting phenomenon called de-weighting. By now you all know that clean glass surface will be weightable by pure water, but consider this experiment.  Long chain, quaternary, ammonium ions will be an example. For very low concentrations of surfactant, these quats will find now the same glass surface is no longer weighted by the aqueous solution, a very dilute aqueous solution of the cationic surfactant. What would happen if we were to attempt to weight this glass surface after adding some more surfactant to the water? As we increase the concentration of surfactant in water, we find that surprisingly the solid surface becomes weighted again by this solution. Originally for pure water, clean glass was weightable. In between for certain small range of concentrations of the cationic surfactant, the surface became unweightable. When we increase the concentration of surfactant further, it becomes weighted again. So, we have certain zone here, a region of concentration in which we may say that the glass surface exhibits a de-weighting phenomenon. What is expectedly weightable is no longer weighted by the dilute solution. It is interesting enough conceptually that this thing happens, but it will be even more interesting if we can rationalize this phenomenon in terms of our equations. So, let us attempt to do this. We would also eventually try to glean out of it some physical insight. Let us see how we could explain this. We may start with the work of addition between the solid and liquid. WSL is gamma LA cos theta plus 1 Young's equation. This should be valid in the region where the glass is de-weighted by the solution. So, the small concentrations region is where this equation will apply. So, what we could do is rearrange Young's equation to have cos theta as WSL by gamma LA minus 1. And now, argue in view of what would happen to the quantities on the right hand side with pure water. The work of addition WSL is high for clean glass. Contact angle is therefore, 0. Note that it is not going to be the equilibrium contact angle. It is a spreading system. Water would wet the glass, positive spreading. So, this equation actually does not apply. The contact angle is not an equilibrium contact angle. But what happens if you add this tiny quantity of cationic surfactant? It reduces the work of addition nearly to the new value of surface tension. You have to be careful here. When you add a small quantity of surfactant to water, the high surface tension of water will get reduced from 72 dimes per centimeter to mid-20s about 25 dimes per centimeter less than that. So, first thing is gamma LA is lower for the surfactant solution considerably lower compared to pure water. But what we are saying is, as a result of this small quantity of surfactant, even WSL is lowered quite a lot. If it comes down to the level of gamma LA, then we have this ratio comparable to 1, which means cos theta will be a quantity close to 1 minus 1 very close to 0. And that is the result of contact angle nearly 90 degrees. Cos of 90 degrees is close to 0. So, we understand here that the addition of surfactant can actually make the anticipated hydrophilic looking glass surface modified in such a way that it is no longer weighted by the aqueous solution. We should be able to explain what happens if we continue to add surfactant to the aqueous solution. If we add further amount of surfactant, it would decrease the surface tension somewhat further, but not alter the already lowered work of addition, which means this has been lowered to some value comparable to surfactant solution surface tension at low values. However, if we continue adding the surfactant, this is now not going to change much. This will continue to diminish. And if it does so, then we have cos theta going up again or theta decreasing. The rise in value of cos theta corresponds to corresponding fall in the contact angle. And when the contact angle again comes close to 0, our solid this glass plate with modified surface is becoming weightable again by the higher surfactant concentration solution. So, that explains why d weighting can happen followed by return to weightability. We may look into this phenomenon a little further. When a surface active agent is present in small amount, the work of addition, which is the sum of the surface free energy of solid per area and the surface tension of liquid less the interfacial energy for the liquid solid interface, that becomes nearly equal to the surface tension of the liquid. Because of a much greater reduction in FSS compared to the reduction in FSLS. And therefore, making these quantities comparable at their new values and therefore, canceling them out. Once the surface and interfacial energies of solid per area are cancelled out of this equation, the chains of the surfactant would not be able to distinguish much between air and liquid. Or we may state it in the form of our equation WSL as FSAS plus gamma LA minus FSLS. The bigger arrow next to FSAS indicates that the free energy of the solid is diminished considerably coming down from the large value that it has. Whereas FSLS, which is already modded, which is already modest between the solid and liquid would also be lowered, but not that much. So, that can allow for WSL becoming comparable to gamma LA. That was the first step in the explanation on why the contact angle can become nearly 90 degrees in view of Young's equation. But we may want to go further and derive a physical insight in terms of what may happen. The thought experiment could be as follows. We have a monolayer covered interface shown here, the solid with the adsorb monolayer. At low concentrations, the surfactant is an effective way of lowering the high energy of solid by virtue of its amphiphilic nature. Even when the concentration is low in the aqua solution, these are not acceptable in the bulk of water. So, either the chains have to hang out in air or they have to occupy some other surface where the total system free energy will diminish by a greater amount. Considering that energy for the surface of liquid is high, but the surface energy of solid is comparatively much larger. This intermediate position is still a situation which is preferred by the surfactant. Even though these tails have to disrupt water structure, the energy decrease achieved for the solid surface is far greater than whatever is the unfavorable nature of conditions pertaining to retaining these tails in water. So, this is what is preferable. Monolayer does get formed on the high energy solid surface. What does the water see or the surfactant solution see? It sees a monolayer of hydrophobic compound, the tails. Clearly, while the system responded this way in the greater objective of reducing the free energy, it finds itself unfavorable for spreading of the solution on this hydrophobic surface, which means now this has become de-weighted. What is supposed to improve the ability of the aqua solution in terms of weighting of solids has worked against that objective, which means in practice when you are attempting to weight a solid, there is a limit to how low the surfactant concentration you can get down to. This might be a practical consideration in formulation of detergent powders or liquids. You cannot diminish the more expensive surfactant by the fillers to an indefinite level. You cannot even use water as a means of dilution leveraging profits. Having said that, it is a sad reflection that one comes across profit margins as high as 2100 percent in the surfactant industry, but perhaps you will trade off with the quality of the product. How does the reweighting occur? This is the explanation. If the concentration of surfactant is high, then system can respond by having additional surfactant molecules reorienting themselves to form a hydrophilic effective surface again. The second layer of surfactant now is oriented such that the tails are hidden, hydrophobic tails are hidden from water and locked up with the tails which were otherwise facing water. This is a very good situation. Once this happens, the surface has become weighted by water again. That is how beyond that narrow zone of low concentrations, the hydrophobic hydrophilic surface is retrieved and the glass with its invisible bilayer of surfactants is weightable again by the same concentration, higher concentration of surfactant solution. This is how we could visualize the deweighting followed by reweighting phenomenon. At higher concentrations, polymolecular adsorption may occur with the tails of new surfactant molecules, preferring the tails of the previously adsorbed surfactant molecules rather than water, thereby presenting the hydrophilic head groups at the outer surface of the double layer of surfactant. This will give you FSLS with a very low value. Water facing the newly rendered hydrophilic bilayer covered glass surface will have very low free energy. There is one more factor which comes into play here. With increase in surfactant concentration, the surface tension would decrease further and that means any tendency of a drop-up aqueous solution of surfactant to cohere to itself will get reduced. 2 gamma LA is now much lesser. So, we have again conditions favorable to spreading and S becomes positive again. We may sum up this as follows. The work of addition of solid and liquid is nearly equal to FSAS plus gamma LA and decreases lower than gamma LA and therefore, according to our equation cos theta increases again and theta decreases leading to weighting again. So, the external phenomena can be neatly understood in terms of our equations. Perhaps, we can stop here for today.


Hi guys, my name is Daniel Rosell and I wanted to make a quick video. I'm putting out some just basic kind of tutorial style videos at the moment in order to show people how to do certain things, vital things that might enable some people to stay home where otherwise they might have gone out. Obviously, things in Israel at the moment I would just show you the latest news are getting quite serious. 2,175 deaths confirmed and at 5pm now they are bringing in the latest restrictions in the lockdown. Israel like Ireland and its tea shop, Veradkar also do not like using the word lockdown so it's just kind of slang terminology but certainly the measures to kind of increase the strictness of trying to keep people in their home are increasing here all the time. I'm going to make a separate video just about developments in Israel. I'm in Jerusalem but it's pretty much the same across the country but yeah at 5pm they're saying 100 meters from your house is, that's the radius unless you need to go to pick up groceries or you need to go to pick up stuff from the pharmacy. So I am going to make a separate video that's what I was going to do here for Shufasala but I see unfortunately you need a national IT number and I wanted to create a demo account just to not have to show my own credentials but the system is unfortunately too smart it doesn't pick up a bogus table that's a hoot. I think there is a derivative generator you can use but let's keep that all for a separate video so in this video I just wanted to basically read over sort of this blog poster put out a few days ago. So as I said there are two things on Thursday that the government announced were considered essential activities they're still considered essential one is getting medications the second one is going to pick up your groceries. There is other activities in the official government regulation that don't apply to most people namely visiting the Knesset, donating blood there's a few more but the main and going to work for it's not clear whether that's who's considered an essential worker but most people at the moment are working from home. One avoidable excursion, two avoidable excursions, one is super marketing you can use Shufasala, you can use Ramilevi if they deliver in your area and another one is prescription medication. So this is a new system from from Superfarm that I wrote this medium post about on Thursday because most people don't know it exists basically it's new. So let me just show you quickly I'm not going to do this actually live on the website I'm going to go through my post because it's going to be quicker than having to edit out my national ID number and all my personal details so I'll just do a combination of showing aspects on it live on the site and going through my medium post and if you want to follow me on medium I have to give myself a little plug here Daniel Rosal medium and the blog post the post I'm demonstrating here is how to use Superfarm to order prescription medications online in Israel so this is the first step is go to the Superfarm website the second step is to if you don't have an account click on click on this Hirshma up the top and you'll have a contact form there sorry registration form and just put in your name sir name I'm right I'm making these little tutorials going to do freelancing as well for the benefit of people with very very little Hebrew my Hebrew is not fluent or perfect it's certainly good enough that I can navigate these systems and order stuff online but you know I'm making these four because I know a lot of people right now need to get medications need to get groceries and even this level of Hebrew is an impediment and therefore people are going out which obviously defeats the whole idea of staying home and social distancing so this is it shame for a T first name she was for her surname email address etc. if you like the form confirm this one is is requires you know you approve the TNC's like every single sign of form nowadays they also try to get you into their mailing list if you are confused about what any of the stuff means of course I don't typically use Firefox I'm just using it for this but you can run it through Google Translate and I did not even read this this is again not obligatory to try to sign you up for their newsletter so just this one and register that's step one step two is bait mark a hat this means pharmacy in Hebrew and have I really clicked on it I'm not sure about that one sec there we go okay I did wash my hands before making this video that was a little very very hard to stop touching your face and scratching your eyes and stuff like that and the URL structure here shop dot super farm dot co.l forward slash pharmacy bit mark a hat now this currently supports these coupot coupot holi now Israel has I believe it's five let me just see who's not here because as I said this is a relatively new a relatively new thing the Super Farm have put out there I think there are five coupot holi but you know it doesn't it does not really matter these are the three that are working with it claleat Maccabi I have the list here claleat leomite ah okay so there's only four and leomite is I believe leomite is a smallest it's pulling this information in from the nefs beneficite leomite is the smallest of them so they're not on this list so the other ones besides leomite are here I have Maccabi I think it's excellent they have a little video this is in Hebrew explaining the super farm curious as I said I think I saw January this video probably give a clue it was published on the 26th of January 2020 so that's two months ago tomorrow so I think this is very new yeah so basically click then you click on your health fund and now let me take it with let me go back to my blog and take it from here so click on this then you will get to this integration process so how this works is it basically connects your super farm account with the digital prescriptions you have on file from your combat doctors so they have to be digital prescriptions this will not work if you have if your doctor has written you something on paper and it's not being generated and logs in the in your EMR year I think it's called your electronic medical record so if it's not done in a computerized fashion you will not be able to use it for the system so when you click on Maccabi this is the system it puts a little pop-up window you enter here your national ID number you enter here your date of birth and then you need to confirm with Maccabi you need to authorize a super far to pull in the digital prescriptions like many online systems it works through a simple email slash telephone based one time password OTP system I always go for email because I try to keep my phone off during the day when I'm working the government are probably going to knock down my door because they're the tracking people now but I always go for email just as a general preference so you receive your one-time passwords as they said your OTP the email comes straight away you pop in that code here in the same pop-up window and then the magic happens so the magic is this the system will automatically import your prescription medications so as you can see I have asthma which is partially while I'm taking this whole stay home thing so seriously we're supposed to be an at-risk group I also have GERD tends to go hand-in-hand GERD is you know reflux stomach acids heartburn is more commonly called so these are I have these scripts for my my family doctor for Monty Lucas which is singular and I'm Epidex and it takes about five seconds and everything loads so what you'll see here is what you mean prescribed by your doctor in other words if I've only got two boxes of singular on my digital prescription that's what I'll be able to order through the system I won't be able to order five if my doctor hasn't prescribed five so basically it's very very straightforward they're all automatically ticked so you just untick what you don't need and adjust the quantity up to the up to the maximum gives you all the details here prescription number the name of the prescribing physician and how long the prescriptions valid for I've just blurred everything out here for privacy and it's really the best way to describe it is it's like wording from Amazon you have a little cart here shows up your mountain shackles and let me just cut to the chase here so the final stage is you will be as I said this the whole reason I made this tutorial and why I'm making this video is to show people how to get stuff delivered to their house the system does have an option here you soup but my car cut because I'm so you can you can collect from the pharmacy for free and if you take this box here on the right one beginning with alaf you soup you just need to put in your city and select which branch is closest to you and you be able to track it online but I'm trying to show you how to order to your house and click on this button here shillouach ba'alut asrimba teisha shkalim 29 shackles and 90 agro road is what this currently costs if you order up to 6 p.m. next day delivery is completely free sorry next day sorry it's next day delivery if you order after that you're pushed into the next day and then it's the next business day after that and as it says here shillouach leyoma asrimba ba'alut and if you order more than 249 shackles worth of prescription medication or in general so you can mix up your prescription meds and you could buy non-prescription medications you can get all your prescriptions and also buy you know sunglasses or whatever else you get in superfarm and once the bad is above this instead of costing 29 really 30 shackles it'll actually be free and that's basically it then you finish your order you put in your you put in your sorry this is where this is how you do the collection as I said please go in the crisis has passed we can all do this and save a bit of time use your city or branch and then this screen is for delivery this is what it looks like it's pretty standard stuff tiur is a description I'll be going through some of these words in in my forthcoming video to show how people how to use green invoice Israel's best invoicing and accounting software in my opinion because a lot of people are going to be moving on to that so just give it a description put in your city or streets miss barbite the house number come out the floor and you're at the which apartment number you have you will guess then this kind of questionnaire screen which is basically meant to simulate what would happen if you were to actually go into superfarm or any other pharmacy you know the usual stuff that I am so far I'm reaching out to the photo hello my Hebrew is getting worse the longer I'm staying home actually at the moment so excuse my terrible pronunciation but the first question you know if it's your first time taking this medication and second question if you know how to use the medication so these are all the stuff I ordered the PPI from my stomach acid my husband Haley I've been taking these drugs for years and you know I just can and can I know how to use a no problem and then you need to just click you can also there is a there is a delegation option here this is just ticking in order to give you can let somebody else if you're going for it you still put a bit my cat visit you can give somebody else the option to pick up your prescription tick and this box and then put in the name of the person in Hebrew you have to type this in Hebrew who is picking up your prescription and put in Ms. Part of the to put in their national identity number in the second field here and then click on I'm sure it has no and that is basically it you put in your credit card information and the order is placed now I did this on Thursday at approximately 10 p.m. it didn't come on Friday so it's after the I was after the 6 p.m. cutoff but it did come on Sunday late morning and the delivery people here are at the moment very understanding of the situation the guy left it outside the door did not even knock on the door I have a little don't have it here but I have a little tip coffee mug that I printed out a label saying tip and I just put that outside the door so the delivery guys get a tick which is kind of standard practice in Israel I don't I never know if you paid leverage you need to tip the guy as well I heard you usually do so I tend to and that was it totally contactless brought in the prescriptions and then I followed my procedure for bringing stuff into the house which people might find a bit ridiculous I throw away the exterior container the Super Form Bag and the stuff inside the actual you know capsules for the drugs I just put those in my little medicine bag here and they should not have been exposed to you know potentially the coronavirus or germs whatever now it just the final thing to say about the system is if you want to follow the order you can click under your name and click on has my not chilly my orders just up the very top of the screen and the Super Form site after you have logged in here the drop down when you're logged in it'll say your name and you can just click on has my not chilly which means my orders you can click on this to update your details it not good to log out if you're on a shared computer or whatever clicking on has my not chilly brings you to the screen and this was your order this is actually not the order I think I did a little demo order or something that he then cancels and mine was a bit more than this but and I also went for a delivery I didn't go for the ISUF express better than a cat I went for she do a little bite but you can see the details one order in place day to the order the type of the order where I pick it up when you place the order this is this was the first one it's fun has my not you can cancel at libid tool has my not it's important if you want to cancel the order so as I said I didn't want I think as a demo then cancel this then place my real order as far as I know I did not get billed for the it's it's I imagine it's your build upon dispatch like how Amazon and many e-commerce systems work and your mind and that's basically everything you need to know so let me just reiterate the conclusions of this blog post that I wrote super farm Israel's largest chain of pharmacies let's you order prescription medications online as I said I'm making this video writing this blog post in order to raise awareness of this among the English-speaking community because I don't think most people there's every three or four times a day at the moment on secret Jerusalem which as I said and I would also like to just give a quick mention for this blog post because the Facebook community standards is I did I have no idea why you can't post in groups it's it seems to be totally arbitrary they don't give you a reason there's no appeal mechanism and the blog post I also wrote last week saying Facebook community standards needs to be stopped I have this thing this you got the support message saying you're temporarily restricted from joining and posting on groups you do not manage and the weird thing is right so I've been locked out this was the first one on the 22nd of 22nd of March but I've been I've been banned since like I don't know the 15th of March and it's horrible because right now at this moment in time we're trying to tell people about the coronavirus and someone asked how to order stuff online I want to say I wrote this blog post here you go I can't even do that at the moment so it's very very frustrating situation on the crazy part is right so I'm locked out from these groups and even while I'm locked out the thing just keeps extending so you saw here 22nd right I was locked out and then I got another message saying you're restricted until the 25th and then another one until the 27th so I'm literally the ban is increasing it's all completely robot based algorithm based it's even increasing while in ban freezing the features that it's further banning me from so it makes absolutely no sense and if you click on this appeal box it is just a complete waste of time there's nothing as I say it's a sham appeals process Facebook does not I do this scam I don't want to sidetrack from this video here because Facebook relies upon its users for monetization and when you try to help people I always try to be very polite in these Facebook groups and tell people out where I can and to just be arbitrarily kicked out of them like this is kind of a bit of a slap in the face I'm not not very impressed with Facebook at the moment and oh yeah let me just go back to my side I said I can't but sorry my point was people are asking about three times a day in the groups how do you order can you order prescription meds online the answer is yes if you have Maccabi you can order them online with super far delivery costs 229 and a s 3 over 249 and a s news ready shackles its next day on all orders placed before 6 in the evening you can also pick up for free and the point of this video in summary if you are in isolation slash quarantine and have Maccabi may oh head it slash claleat there is no need to leave your house in order to receive description medications so hope this means of help if you have any specific further questions about how the system works I would be happy to try to answer them I can be reached through my personal website danielrosil.co.l which really has nothing on the homepage I do have a I do have a blog here and some links to my various online initiatives but this contact form is is working so if you want to reach me just fill out your name your email message and just confirm you're not a boss and you can even reach me through PGP for those geeky enough to be using pretty good privacy encrypted email thank you for watching and I hope to make some more videos soon


This is where we just left now. I'm not sure we may do this as a two-parter two videos, but That's the first video Cases is two-parter to see guys know that's the house. We just left that we just did like a just a short interior Inside shot This was an old school What's this 1890? That they converted into a Mill Seed and I guess From the gentleman that owns it from his brother. I guess he upstairs Still got all the hoppers and stuff all the equipment in it, but We'll do a walk around we've had permission so in places anything We do have permission to walk around this place and take some photos. Wow, that is really cool in there I don't know if this camera's picking it up, but Wow This place is for sale Wish we had money to buy baby.  Don't a poo Crack I'm not worried about these neighbors any other time. I'd be a little concerned, but we do have permission Quick walk around for you we haven't done anything we can't find anything So like I said in the other video at that house in there Thanks to the person that told me that and I looked it up on the internet and there are some pictures of it on the on a flicker account, so that was cool appreciate everybody and I don't know if they want me to say their names, but There was two that we was notified about and I'll just put it this way. I don't drink Pepsi. I like coach Who likes Pepsi, but the reason why I'm saying that is I don't want to say their name because I don't know if they're want their name mentioned but Check it out that a toadstool Huge but anyway, we we did go and look at them two houses One I stopped the neighbor was out and one where the the car was still sitting there and the neighbor was out and I asked him about it and he said the guy that owned it just lived in town and he was a real weird kind of guy And there was no way they had the doors nailed slam shut the other one had a real close neighbor We couldn't get a hold of nobody there But it said no trespassing. It was all boarded up so we couldn't get in there. I Probably could have done an outside video, but I I really rather do inside videos if at all possible for you guys but we're kind of Kind of limited now on what we can do and what we can get so Pretty cool place to get inside here for you. I would do it, but it's locked up But it is for sale What's in there, but pretty cool, there's an old lock That door right there picture that or two parts of pictures. I don't know cameras picking anything up Hey, we're trying YouTube. Please bear with us. I know we've been doing some just personal videos, but We like to share them with you As well or little adventures and whatnot.   Sorry. We couldn't get inside here. You too. I'm sorry. Well, he went so far in it In the house across the street But we'll we'll you know, I've got some leads on some other things We want to do a couple revisits people have been wanting our viewers and subscribers Thank you guys for watching and thanks for subscribing anytime you subscribe to us We will subscribe back, but as I was saying We're gonna do a couple revisits of some places, you know, we get time It's winding down in a year. So, you know, there's some things we do here and there But since you know, we've done a couple hunt trips and some fishing It's going to come down to where we're we're going to be able to do some more revisions for you Maybe we'll find some more stuff. We've been all over Ohio. Hell, we're we're just we're about what eight miles from Indiana Yeah, we're about eight miles from Richmond. We're just East of Richmond. So but so Well, Poo, how's your day going it's going great. It's a little windy here in Oklahoma But I'm tracking anyway It don't happen everywhere Sorry, but All right, we're gonna enjoy this day. We don't have many left September 21st Saturday Afternoon, we're gonna go look around. What do you think? Yeah, take a drive Let's drive. Let's cruise.  Yes, we did the Great Miami River. Yes We're not Miami, but any you we're still in Ohio, but we've been to the Miami River. We're in, Oklahoma never left freaking Ohio


consumers and market demand for agricultural products. It is the consumers that create demand for agricultural products and then demand for agricultural products by all the individuals in the market creates market demand for agricultural products. When we say market demand it is the sum of individual demand and as you are very much familiar that just like the individual demand curve factors all those factors that shift the individual demand curve it also shifts the market demand curve. But at the same time market demand also changes when there is entry and exits of consumers in a particular market and it might be possible there is change in market demand because of change in factors over time. But the issue that we face whenever we make discussion about the market demand it is not possible for us to describe a true association between quantity demand and price with reference to market demand because there are many factors that changes in market when we study market demand. But even although we are not very much sure about the exact market demand it is useful to estimate the relationship between quantity demand and price for policy making to carry out forecasting and analysis. Theoretically whenever we study the consumer demand we study causation from price to quantity demand. It is the price that causes change in quantity demand but when we make discussion with reference to market in fact there is two way causation not only prices affects quantity demand quantity demand is also affected by price especially with reference to agricultural commodities. We can see this causation is running from both sides it is not only price that affects quantity demand it is quantity demand that also affects the price and when we say quantity demand affects price then in fact we are studying inverse demand function under ordinary demand function we study association between quantity demand as a function of price. But under the inverse demand function we analyze association where price is a function of quantity demand. In this diagram basically we are reporting here demand for beef and wealth economies under two time periods. In 1973 demand for beef is relatively high as compared to demand for beef in 2023. So over these two time period from 1973 to 2023 in developed economies there is a decrease in demand for beef this decrease in demand for beef may be because of awareness about red meat about the negative consequences of the red meat on the health of the people on the health of the consumers. And similarly if we observe demand for fruits enveloping countries we can see a significant increase in demand for fruits enveloping economies from 1973 to 2023. So the movement from the movement of demand from 1973 black color demand curve to orange color demand curve that will that indicate demand for fruits in 2023 indicates increase in demand again this increase in demand is because of awareness about the positive impacts of the food on the health of the individuals. So depending upon markets it might be possible in a particular market there is increase in demand for the commodity but in an other market it might be possible there is decrease in demand for that particular commodity over a period of time. And in this change in demand socio economic factors play an important role that is all.


Hi, I'm Matthew Kose from commitmentconnection.com and today I have another question from a woman in our community who asks What are the signs and actions of a manipulator and how can I prevent being with one?  That's kind of what the Most of the women are coming here for and the the programs that are the top selling programs in the women's dating industry that sell millions and millions and millions of dollars a year in you know, sometimes tens of millions of dollars a year in Program sales to women are these programs teaching women how to trick men into falling in love with them and committing to them forever and so a lot of the tactics have gotten really really sneaky Because it's that's what a lot of people are demanding, you know, and and it's the same on the men's side the men's side has just as many sneaky manipulative You know things and it's it's really difficult to kind of determine Whether a guy is being a manipulator or not You know, we're all kind of on this planet together and we're trying to figure out you know, how to get our own needs met and We all want to have Amazing relationships and we see people and we're like, oh, I want that person, you know And so in a way a lot of us almost all of us are kind of really And so to some degree a manipulator But if you're you're looking for kind of signs of a sneaky You know bad Type a dude that's trying to manipulate you in a bad way There's a couple things that you want to do first is to listen to your intuition, you know Your intuition will tell you when there are things that don't seem right About a guy or a situation and my suggestion is that you listen to those things another thing that you might want to do is to You know talk to friends or family who are in Healthy relationships and remember healthy is kind of the keyword there About kind of situations and men that you're with and and just see what they have to say about it You know, sometimes they're wrong. So, you know, don't take everything that they say You know You know take You know, just use it to evaluate the situation and don't place all of You know your weight or value on what it is that they say and the last one is to really be authentic and real and Don't put up with anything less, you know manipulative people that are trying to be manipulative There will be Existencies and the way that they act and the things that they say and so those are things that you'll Want to look for but you know again, you know, like what I was saying before is is we're all kind of Influencers or manipulators to some extent because we're trying to get something. We're trying to create something and and so we try to influence situations in order to get what we want and what you want to avoid is guys that are have some type of malicious or negative intent behind their attempts at influencing you and so those are some of the things that you'll want to look for and You know to prevent you from from Accidentally falling into the hands of them Otherwise you have to like learn about all these manipulation tactics and stuff which takes a lot of time and I don't I'm not sure how Worthy it would be for you to do something like that But you know pay attention to your intuition and look for inconsistencies Ask friends about it and just be authentic and real and don't put up with behavior that isn't authentic and real So that's it for this video if you want more information about how to attract a quality man into a committed Lasting relationship. Make sure that you subscribe to my YouTube channel. I'm Matthew coast and I'll speak with you again soon


Welcome everyone to the final session of day one. I'm Paige Pope. I'm CNI's communications coordinator. It's great to have you all with us today, and I'm here to introduce our final session. So this is our lightning round session, which will feature back-to-back presentations. So I just wanted to review a few housekeeping items. So first, if you could please hold your applause or try to hold your applause to the very end of the session, as these are supposed to be back-to-back. Finally, this will be recorded, as will all of our sessions here today and tomorrow, and posted on YouTube, Vimeo, and our website in the weeks following the meeting. And lastly, we will not have time for Q&A at the end of this, however, immediately following right out the door as we will have our wonderful reception where I invite you to come up to our speakers and engage them there and also tomorrow. So without further ado, we'll go ahead and get started. Good afternoon. I'm Don Waters, now with CNI. And for the 20 years I was at the Mellon Foundation, I worked with my colleagues in what was then the scholarly communications program, and of course with quite a few of you, to support the development of digital information infrastructure. This infrastructure was not an end in itself, but a means to advance the socially important processes in humanity's disciplines of building our collective knowledge of the world and each other. To help remind us of that larger objective, I would often paraphrase the famous slogan from the 1992 Clinton campaign.  The scholarship that now interests me in my role as CNI senior scholar is not just knowledge building in the humanities, but also that required across disciplines to address societal grand challenges. The grand challenges that face us as a society today include climate change and a range of other often closely related issues such as food security, forced migration, and pandemics, each of which in turn exposes and amplifies still other problems, such as inequality and racism. Among these various societal grand challenges, I've decided to focus my inquiries on climate change research. My reasons for this focus include the problems urgency and scope, which are clearly motivating the scholars that I've interviewed so far and which should therefore motivate those of us concerned with the information infrastructure they need to address the challenge. So let me say a few words about urgency and scope before I conclude with a few comments on infrastructure requirements. One sign of urgency is the ominous new phrases that we have learned from climate science and have moved in to our everyday language such as polar vortex and atmospheric rivers. Another is the regularity of dismaying reports, the last landed two weeks ago from experts on the UN sponsored intergovernmental panel on climate change. The chair of this panel warned, as many other experts have before him, that we are walking when we should be sprinting to slash greenhouse emissions and contain global warming. A key factor making solutions so elusive is the scope or wickedness of the climate change challenge. Some friends have joked that residing in New England, I must be using wicked in the Bostonian sense, meaning very such as it's wicked cold or she's wicked smart. Instead the term has a technical meaning formulated in the 1970s in the context of complexity studies. Those who coined the term wrote that the problem is that a problem is wicked when it is vicious like a circle or tricky like a leprechaun. Wicked problems are difficult to define. They lack clear measures of success and they are rarely solved. At best they are resolved over and over again. No resolving climate change is often compared to a moonshot because of the need for focused attention. The comparison is otherwise not an apt one. The goals of a moonshot are unambiguous with clear measures of success. Either NASA lands on the moon or it doesn't. Not so with climate change because the components of possible solutions are lodged in complex physical, biochemical, political, legal, economic, psychological, cultural and other systems that each follow their own dynamic but are also open and interdependent and therefore subject to influence from each other which in turn can wickedly, like a leprechaun, change the nature and definition of the problem.  It is not an easy task to bring all hands on deck to resolve. The NSF and NIH are certainly right to encourage the scientists applying for their grants, especially in closely related fields, to aim for transdisciplinarity which they regard as the pinnacle among the types of collaboration because it yields new conceptions and approaches that transcend those of the original disciplines. With enormous resources at the disposal of NSF and NIH, it is tempting for the public to stop there and rely on the STEM fields as our potential savior. STEM research is certainly crucial for addressing wicked human problems like climate change. The atmospheric and oceanic models that predict the rate at which the planet's temperature will rise are fundamental to our conceptions of the problem. However, the scientists in the climate change centers and institutes I have begun to explore clearly recognize that the effects of their research depend on their ability to extend the range of their interdisciplinary collaboration, to embrace the practical experiences of members of the public, including those with local and indigenous knowledge. They also welcome the contributions of researchers in political, economic, sociological and psychological studies, as well as those of specialists in the humanities. Or what one of my colleagues has aptly called the imaginary disciplines. Contributions from philosophy, religious and literary studies, history and anthropology and the arts help us generally to imagine alternative ways of being in relation to justice and the good life, our gods, our futures, our fictions, our past, other cultures and our creativity. Despite such imaginaries in climate change research, it will be difficult to accommodate to much less to mitigate the grim realities that face the planet. In the university centers and institutes devoted to the grand challenges of climate change where there is this rich and interesting array of interdisciplinary collaborations, I'm also finding an intense interest in and recognition of the need for substantial campus information infrastructure. The express needs cluster across the disciplines in the areas you might expect, tools to facilitate collaboration, to master the massive and growing journal literature, to incorporate local and indigenous knowledge systems, to manage databases and harmonize them across fields and research interests and to engage in data and text mining, modeling and simulations, mapping and other visualizations. The institutions that you represent have been reorganizing staff expertise and investing in resources and services in these areas for more than a decade. One of the effects of the growing faculty interest in grand challenges and especially climate change research appears to be increasing demand for these services. In addition, because of the interdisciplinarity, it also appears to be concentrating the demand into a shared need for common infrastructure across disciplines. Are all of you seeing this kind of rising and concentrated demand on your campuses? If so, what strategies are you planning or considering to scale your services and related infrastructure to meet this demand? Please let me hear from you and catch me at the reception, join me at the table for breakfast, grab me at a break or write me at this address. Thank you. Hi, I'm Doralyn Rossman. I'm Dean of the Library at Montana State University. And today I'm going to talk to you about a new initiative or spearheading at Montana State to create a research alliance. You heard some of the speakers from Ithaca SNR talking about what people want in higher ed right now. And so I don't think what we're doing is cutting edge, but I think we've learned a lot of lessons to the point where we are and so I hope that those might be helpful to you to hear in these early stages and hopefully the future CNI can tell you how it went. So this is a slide that's adapted from the University of Central Florida and it outlines the various pieces of a research cycle. So the pieces of the research cycle we see here are the various parts of what happens with research on a university campus. And what we recognize at our campus and we recognize this a while ago is a lot of those services are word of mouth. I happen to know who you should talk to over here to get this. And the research life cycle has many pieces to it and word of mouth is probably not the best way to be getting people to where they need to be. And so we have been meeting as a group across the campus from the library, IT, from the Center for Faculty Excellence, from our research vice president's office, meeting in these groups and to try to figure out how we can make ourselves better known. And we've been meeting for a couple of years and the constant problem that kind of came up is we would come together once every two months and then go back to our spaces. And so we decided we needed to have a mutually housed space so we could be in the same spaces, start talking to each other on a daily basis, make it so researchers don't have to know where to go. They just know that they have to go to one place and we'll get you to the right person. So we have this research life cycle and we basically started coming together to plan a space and so the space is going to be on the third floor of the library and it's going to include these partners. And that QR code doesn't work because this is a survey we conducted. I'll talk about that in a minute. But basically our primary partners are the Center for Faculty Excellence, the Office of Research Development, which is the pre-grants awards office for the Vice President of Research, Research Cyber Infrastructure, which is part of our IT unit. And the library, a subset of library, are the major partners in this initial alliance. And together we're going to be co-housed in this space and that means that we're going to have on a daily basis all the people who represent these areas in the same space. And one of the things that was a challenge for that is what does that space even look like? And so when I stepped into this current role in August, I've been in MSU for 20 years but I was disappointed Dean in August. Initially the library was going to have a couple of tables and then the other partners were going to have offices. I was like, no, that's not what we're going to do. We are not going to be equal partners from day one if we're sitting at tables and everybody else has offices. So fortunately the Vice President for Research had just changed over at the same time and I made that case to her and she agreed. So the library is going to have an office. Center for Faculty Excellence will have two offices that they're smaller than the library office and then two for the Office of Research Development. We're also going to have a person from the undergraduate scholars program so it's going to have a student component to it. And part of what we've been doing is just developing a plan. And part of that plan is we're not going to be co-tenants. We're going to be roommates, we're going to be a family, we're going to be a community. So what does it look like to be in a space together when you haven't had to share space before in that way? So some of what you've been walking through are some planning. So we've been meeting regularly and the plans have been taking shape with architects to sort of redesign the space, looking at what are the funding logistics. So we've got myself as Dean, Vice President for Research, the Head of Center for Faculty Excellence and then our second level reports are also meeting regularly. What's great about that is there's a lot of like daily minutia that needs to be worked out plus some of the bigger picture. And so we are meeting together regularly. And some of the things we've tried to establish early on are conducting the survey I mentioned and then developing a memorandum of understanding. What does it look like to be in that space? Who calls the plumber if there's a leak in that space? I mean down to that level, a communication plan. How do we get the word out? What is this space? How do we talk about ourselves? Assessment, how do we know what success looks like in this space? And then how do we message this internally to the library? We've had some of our employees say we're losing space. We are not losing space. We're gaining an opportunity. So part of this is we are bringing in collaborators. We're going to be bringing in faculty as a result of this. And we are right in the middle of it. It's the first time I will say the library has gained an office in a really long time. So the office that we have right now, it's a group study room. We're building nine group study rooms on a different floor to replace the five that are going over to this other project. So it's a win there and that's a constant messaging challenge for us in the library to talk about that. So the initial survey we did, we asked about services that we provide and what people want. So we asked about services, training, research leadership development, information seeking and management skills, technology and systems and support and research visibility to find out what our community wanted. Not surprising, they want help finding funding. They want help finding collaborators and interdisciplinary opportunities. They want application development help. That wasn't a surprise. They want more help with their budget post award. So these are the kinds of things that we actually are already providing, but they're the ones that we can put in the forefront. So we are opening up this summer. So the project we've got so far is right in the cusp of launching and my hope is, like I said, that I can come back here and tell you about how that went. But I think one of the most important messages that I feel I've been able to get across is the libraries of major partner in this from day one and I think for us to truly be seen as a major partner if you're going to invite people in, you need to actually advocate that from the beginning. So thank you very much and I'll pass it on to the next presenter. My name is Nick Lindsey, good afternoon. I'm the director for journals and open access at the MIT Press. This is my first CNI. It's a real pleasure to be here and thank you so much for inviting me. So I'm going to talk briefly about a new program that we launched in 2021 called Direct to Open or D2O. So D2O is designed to open all front-list monographs and edited collections from the MIT Press in a given year. Roughly around 90 books that are broken up into two collections for libraries to support. One is a humanities and social sciences collection. The other is a STEM collection, though the vast majority of libraries have actually decided to support both. It works on a pledge model with MIT Press setting financial targets and libraries pledging based on a tier system that takes into account both the institution type and its size. About one-third of libraries that have supported the program have agreed to support it or have done so for a three-year term while the rest are doing it on a year-to-year basis. As an incentive to participate, libraries that pledged to support the collection received term access to the full backfile of books on the MIT Press Direct platform, which is hosted by Silverchair. This amounts to approximately 2,500 books. If the Press reaches its financial goal in a given year, it will open up all monographs and edited collections if we fall short and we end up with, say, only 90% of the revenue that we were supposed to get in a given year. It will open up 90% of the books and the other 10% will remain closed. As we all know, the market for monographs really isn't what it used to be and the D2O model really allows us to figure out a way to create both a sustainable and financially responsible method for publishing our monographs while at the same time living up to our mission to disseminate knowledge as widely as we can. So the numbers for D2O so far have been pretty solid. We feel like the library community has really been very supportive of this experimentation. We have, these numbers are as of the end of March. We're up to 319 participating libraries and 11 consortia. And we managed to actually reach our goal in 2022 and make the complete list of monographs that we published that year open. We've already announced that all the eligible books from our spring list from 2023 will be made open and we'll make an announcement about the fall books sometime this summer, probably in July. As with any experiment though, there have really been some significant challenges and a whole lot of tweaking to make it work. The first three items on the slide were probably the biggest ones we faced but really not the only ones by any means. The first two issues there in internal workflows and then the timing of our OA decisions are really connected. So we needed to adapt our internal workflows to allow for some uncertainty about whether or not a book was actually going to be made open access. It's not a great situation to have production not know whether the front matter of a print book should or should not have a Creative Commons license in it, for example. We've not been able to set the deadline for pledges far enough in advance to be able to safely say that a book will be will or will not be OA well before it needs to be sent to the printer. This is made as you might imagine for some anxious moments at MIT Press and some very, very, very last minute corrections. Our hope is that eventually we're going to get to the point where we'll have enough of those three year pledges circulating in the system which will allow us to say with some confidence that we will be able to make a book OA several months if not years in advance. Another major issue has been international participation. So we've been very heartened with the response from libraries in the U.S. and especially Canada, go Canada, which have been incredibly supportive. But parts of Europe have been really good as well, though there's certainly some more work for us to do there. The rest of the world has been a struggle though, primarily due to a lack of resources. Despite our best efforts, we've been unable for example to get any participation from any institutions from China and frankly participation across all of Asia has been quite low. So to try and jump start this, we've recently introduced international rates for parts of the world, certain parts of the world and we hope this ends up getting many more libraries in the door. On the plus side, usage increases for the books we've made open has really been substantial. So comparing the years 2018 to 2021 when all the books were closed with 2022, which was our first D2O year, we saw a very dramatic jump in usage. Our open access humanities and social science titles were viewed on an average of almost 5,000 times versus an average of almost 1,000 times for the total access titles. Our open access STEM titles were viewed just under 4,000 times versus an average of almost 1,200 times for the total access titles. So we're seeing really significant increases in usage across all the books that are part of the D2O collection. We do hope in the future to actually conduct some citation analysis on these to be able to determine whether or not these OA books are getting more citations, but it's just too early in the program to be able to tell. So in addition to the library community, D2O has really been embraced by authors of the press, have seen both pleasantly surprised and uniformly happy to have their books be a part of the program. Authors are, of course, given the opportunity to be able to opt out for whatever reason they like or no reason at all. But we have very, very few people take us up on this, which has been great. So combined with the very strong support of the library community, we feel like we're definitely on the right track with Direct to Open at MIT Press. So thank you very much. And I hope you have plenty of questions at the reception. I'll definitely be there. Thank you. Hello. I am Charla Lair, Senior Strategist of Open Access and Scholarly Communication from Lareses. This is also my first C&I, and I'm thrilled to be here talking to you today. Diamond Open Access refers to a scholarly publication model in which publishers do not charge fees to either authors or readers. OA Diamond Publishing has been around for decades. It is not new nor insignificant. The recent OA Diamond Journals study performed by Coalition S in Science Europe reveals that there are many OA Diamond Journals estimated up to 29,000 in the world. OA Diamond Journals publish around 9% of the total number of scholarly articles similar to ABC-based OA Journals which publish around 11%. The OA Diamond sector is diverse in terms of global regions and disciplines. OA Diamond Journals serve mainly a national authorship but disseminate their output to a largely international audience. OA Diamond Journals are then much more multilingual than ABC-based ones. However, they are largely dependent on volunteer labor and relatively small, often published by small university-based publishers with a large majority of journals published by those with five or fewer journals and often even just a single one. The fact that few OA Diamond Journals belong to large publishers means that there is less bargaining power for funding, fewer resources for marketing and thus lower visibility of the OA Diamond sector as a whole. Overall, the survey indicated that funding beyond in kind contributions must be considered vital to ensure strong and healthy OA Diamond Journals. In 2020, Lyrisis launched the Open Access Community Investment Program, a community-driven framework that enables multiple stakeholders to evaluate and collectively fund Diamond Open Access Journals. OA-CIP provides a hub for Diamond OA content published by university presses, library publishers and non-profit independent publishers such as societies or scholar-led initiatives. The OA-CIP criteria form completed by each participating journal provides potential funders with useful information about the publications and publishers. This enables investors to make principled spending decisions and strategically fund programs that align with their missions. Investments in OA-CIP support costs of labor, infrastructure, contingency and innovation of each participating journal and do so through five-year commitments allowing the journals to focus on publishing rather than continually trying to find money to keep the lights on. Investors can fund individual journals or fund the entire OA-CIP portfolio and can pay the five-year commitments upfront or annually. This flexibility enables an array of communities to share the cost of funding these journals at rates lower than the average APC. OA-CIP has come far in a very short period. Since OA-CIP has launched 65 institutions from four countries have committed nearly $800,000 to support 11 journals sustainably for five years. We are in the middle of the third funding campaign so these numbers will hopefully grow considerably in the next few months. But it's not just about the money. We're trying to answer some of the big questions being asked about open access publishing not by theorizing but actual practice. Like can societies sustainably transition their paywall journals to diamond open access? What does sustainable mean? Can a journal thrive after leaving Elsevier or Springer Nature and partnering with a library publisher? Will US libraries fund a diamond OA journal published in France or the UK? What about India? And many more questions that I don't have time to pose here. The program has been gaining international attention. It is a huge honor that the steering committee of the Budapest Open Access Initiative in their recent 20th anniversary recommendation specifically cited OA-CIP as a program for the global library and funding agency communities to support and because of its early success, albeit very small scale, many in the ecosystem see its potential to scale and serve a much larger volume of OA diamond journals. Because of this, OA-CIP is being included in international conversations for building a global federated funding infrastructure to sustain not just existing OA diamond journals but also to support those seeking to transition from a paywall model to an open one. As you can see, in the first two rounds, OA-CIP has fully funded journals from university presses, library publishers, and scholar-led initiatives. In the third and current round, we are trying to fully fund six journals. Several of them are published by societies but we also have a scholar-led publisher, library publisher, and university press represented. I'm so grateful for all of the institutions that have already committed funds this round although we have raised more funds thus far than in previous years. We still have quite a way to go to fully fund these six journals. I ask that if your organization is looking to invest in non-APC open journal initiatives to please consider participating in this program. So what's next? We are currently working with one of the OA-CIP participating journals editorial boards to create a template annual report for OA-CIP journals to complete each year that will communicate to investors how the journals spend the funds raised and what levels of impact they are measuring. Soon we will start the process of selecting next year's journals. So if you have a journal that might be suitable for this program, please contact me. We are by no means the only ones doing a project like this. Open Library of Humanities has been sustainably facilitating collaborative funding of Diamond OA journals for eight years. They are funding programs similar to OA-CIP that have recently emerged like TIB's Koala Project in Germany, JISC's open access community framework in the United Kingdom, as well as DMOS and Craft OA, two epic grant projects funded by the European Union to build an EU-wide infrastructure to support Diamond Open Access Publishing. All of this simultaneous invention merely reveals the kind of transparent, collaborative, and principle aligned infrastructure that our global community really needs to sustain open access publishing. We are actively engaging and even collaborating with all of these programs I mentioned to realize our shared vision of a distributed global funding network so that these journals can access an international funding community. But first and foremost, we need to successfully fund our current campaign. I'm not just asking you for money. I'm asking for everyone to consider a different way of funding scholarship. Nothing is going to change if we don't change. Dr. Martini, founder of Open Library of Humanities, recently wrote the following about Diamond Open Access. I believe we are at a crossroads. We will either now succumb to APCs and the research publication ecosystem will become even more stratified than it has been to date. Or we could embrace a revolution. Most Diamond OA journals represent such a revolution in microcosm. Somebody decided that the existing system wasn't good enough and did something to change it in founding their journal. If we could redirect resources to such systems away from the profiteers while supporting their infrastructure, we would do a lot more good for the world than we ever did by propping up shareholders. OACIP is part of this revolution. And if you want to learn more and be a part of this, please contact me. Thank you. Hi, I'm David Millman from NYU. Good to see you all. I would like to give you a quick update on a project we're doing with a couple of other university libraries, the Preservation Operations Portico in Clarks to help university presses better preserve the kinds of new forms of publishing that they're engaged in. And by new forms, I'm thinking of things that are not traditional monographs. They're born digital. They might be using special kinds of files or different kinds of materials, databases, models included. This work applies to other kinds of digital projects too. And we can talk about at the reception why we chose to start with university presses, but it applies more broadly. So just quickly, the history is that we had a project a few years ago with a lot of the same partners where we studied the kinds of output from these university presses. And we came up with a set of guidelines, and there's a link there, that were recommendations for things that one could do to better ensure long-term preservability of the material. The next phase, the phase that we're in right now, we're working with a lot of the same players and we've expanded a little bit and I'll tell you how in a sec, with the same players to this time work a little bit further upstream. And so we are now embedding our preservation team during the editorial and production process that those presses are going through so that we're part of the process way earlier while they're making decisions about how they want to publish that book. We're also working with the software platforms and most of these university presses have developed their own. And so for instance, Fulcrum, Manifold, Pub, Pub, Ravenspace originated in those university presses and to some degrees are still there but other degrees have slightly different business models and have evolved over time. But so we're talking with the presses and we're also talking with these software developers at the same time with the same kind of approach. So the approach is we're interviewing them, we're talking, we're gathering data, we're documenting what they're doing and we're giving them advice based on our reflection of what they're doing and how it compares to the 68 guidelines. So let me just take a sec and run you through one, this is one of the data collection processes and there are others but let me just give you a quick sample of this one. So this is a matrix of the 68 guidelines or those boxes and this is our experience with one publisher, this was Pub, Pub. And the little icons mean so just quickly, the green one means we notice for this guideline it's relevant to this particular publisher or platform and we should tell them about it because they don't know. The yellow one means this guideline is relevant to them and they do know and they're doing something about it. The blue one means after our interview with them in the conversation we realize there may be a gap that we should be talking, having a conversation with them about. The purple one means that after the conversation we had with them they changed their practice and now they're a little more preservable based on the intervention and the red X means for whatever reason they were not able to go that way. And there are other data that we're gathering to and we're trying to try a few different dimensions to see what we're gonna be able to learn from this. But here's what we're learning so far, so patterns and observations to date. Really important is being able to determine what the author's intent was and I mean that may sound obvious but it turns out not to be and it's really important part of a publisher's conversation between an editor and an author. This turns out to be really key. It helps them focus on what's the most important thing and prioritize among all of the different options and things that you can do with digital projects and keeps them out of the weeds and focused. One thing about this that we don't really understand very well is how do we keep our eye on that author intent over time so presumably these publications will migrate to new platforms over time because the old platform is gonna get old and it has to go somewhere. At that point of migration, how are we gonna remember what the original author intent was? And so this may be a role for these platforms to take on. We're having that conversation now. Another thing we're seeing, especially with some of the platforms that are not as closely connected with their original press is that different users of those platforms have a wide range of interests in preservation. By that I mean some of them have a low interest in preservation and some of those platforms are used for things other than scholarly publishing, so that makes sense, but we weren't looking, we were surprised to see that. And then what kind of best practices can we offer? And we're starting to get some of that from the data that we're seeing. So for instance, can we help people with protocols for acquiring third-party material that they may be citing? So things like YouTube citations or other kinds of material that aren't theirs, we could also help them with some legal terms of use best practices so that they could have more control over some of that material and certainly over the longer period. And the problem with these best practices is that they change over time too. So how are we gonna sustain that? And it's not super clear exactly what we're gonna do or what we're gonna recommend for that. And then we should do something about the guidelines themselves. I mean, there are 68 independent guidelines and they're great, but it's a little overwhelming and they have some structure but they could use a little more structure so we're interested in revising them if not reformulating a couple of them, then at least making them a little more easy to swallow. And then last thing is we're noticing for those publishers and platforms that have spent a fair bit of attention to accessibility, they seem to be a little, having a less difficult time understanding the points we're making about preservability too because it turns out those practices are coincidentally, I guess, related to each other and so similar kinds of things are in play. So that's what's going on. Those are the findings so far. We're about halfway through and we're looking to continue the conversation and we'll see you at the reception. Thanks. Hi everyone. I'm Dylan Riediger. I manage Ithaca SNR's program area on the research enterprise and it's the only thing standing between all of us at a reception. I'm going to try to be brief even by the standards of a lightning round presentation but I did want to take a few moments this evening to go into a little more detail about a project that my colleague Iwana mentioned in passing earlier this afternoon and that is a new project that Ithaca SNR will be launching this fall on the subject of generative AI and how universities can productively engage with it across much of their mission. I initially had planned to call this slide stating the obvious. I think it will be clear to many people in this room that the sudden effusion of generative AI into the public sphere and it's the transformation of AI from a kind of specialized tool into a general purpose tool has the potential to pretty radically reshape how universities do a lot of their business and the landscape of learning, teaching and research. It's also a landscape that is evolving very rapidly. It's hard to keep up with even for those of us who are following it closely and it looks likely to change pretty consistently at least for the foreseeable future. We've been talking with a lot of universities and I'm sure only a handful of those who are having these conversations about what an institutional response to this challenge might be and how to productively engage with AI and that's what Ithaca SNR is beginning to work on this fall with a cohort of universities. The project in its bare bone details looks something like this. We're looking to put together a cohort of approximately 15 universities who are committed to the idea that AI can be generative for their students, for faculty and for researchers on their campuses and we are going to bring these people together into a community of practice or a community of learners to spend approximately two years looking at this subject from several angles. Obviously AI is going to have profound implications for pretty much every aspect of a university's mission and operation. Our project is going to focus primarily on three particular areas, how, when and if students should be encouraged to engage with generative AI, how faculty in their capacities as instructors and teachers might incorporate these tools into their pedagogy and into their preparation as teachers and finally how researchers across disciplines might engage with these as part of their research workflows and methodologies. These are, there are other ways you could kind of slice this up. These are the ways that best align with SNR's mission and that I think are central to a lot of the implications of this for higher education. We'll be asking each team that participates to put together a multi-unit team. This is a project that is very much focused on the institution as a whole so while libraries will likely be important players, we anticipate representation from a variety of other units. The project will involve three major components that will unfold in roughly sequential order. The first of these is iterative assessment of the landscape with an emphasis on trying to understand new tools and their capacities and the policy environment within which universities might consider how to engage with these tools because the landscape here is moving so rapidly. SNR, which will be holding up a lot of the burden of doing this research, will be doing this in two major waves but continuously throughout the cycle so that people who are participating have access to up-to-date information. We'll also be working with campuses to conduct interviews with instructors and researchers across their communities and across disciplines to try to understand faculty and instructor and researcher needs and their practices in this area and how they're evolving over the coming year or so. In addition to this SNR we'll be conducting interviews on our own to make sure that we're catching a good representative sample of disciplines that might not be represented within the cohort. We'll bring all this together in the final phase of the project which is really focused on first, creating a university-level understanding or policy or guideline about what the university as an institution imagines the role of generative AI to be. We'll then work with institutions during the second year of the project to focus on building campus coalitions and consensus about how to implement that high-level vision for AI down to the unit level of departments, of writing centers, of libraries, and so forth, other stakeholders around the institution. The goal here is really ultimately to get a sense of that interplay between an institutional-level perspective on how these tools might be used productively and then to refract it through the unit level because obviously disciplines and different institutional actors within a university are going to have their own unique needs, perspectives, challenges, and opportunities in this space. I will leave things there and buy us all a minute of extra time for the reception but I'm happy to answer questions about this at the reception or elsewhere, so thanks for your time. Okay, so I'm actually the last thing standing between you and the reception. I just wanted to say thank you again, thank you to all of our presenters. I'm sure there will be plenty of questions at the reception. That concludes our official day one and I hope to see you tomorrow and please head through the doors to the reception. Have a good evening, everyone.