Hello, folks, welcome back to another 3D Hangouts. My name is Noah Aruez. I'm a designer here at Adafruit and join me every week. It's my brother Pedro. Good morning, everybody. I'm Pedro Rez, creative tech here at Adafruit, and every week we're here to share a 3D-printed projects feature electronics from Adafruit. That's right, the show we combine 3D printing and data electronics. Smash them together to make inspirational projects. We are hanging out in the Discord chat room. We wanna welcome everybody to the show. Hello, happy pre-thanksgiving. Thank you, everybody, for joining us today.  So we got a fun show for you folks today. We have two projects, back-to-back community makes, and we have some fun CAD stuff. We'll share CAD stuff and some 3D printing tips. All that and more on, you guessed it, 3D Hangouts. Yes, yes, yes. Because we're in Pedro's. All right, so let's go jump back into the chat room and welcome everybody to the show. We'll start off with some folks. We got Andy Calloway, Dew Wester, Vince. Hello, folks, thank you for joining us today. If you'd wanna comment and chat while we're doing the show, you can do so by hitting up the Discord chat room. The invite code to that is adafruit.it slash discord. It's also on discord.gg slash adafruit. We are also hanging out in the YouTube chat. Good morning, aimed jester. We're in the Facebook chat and Twitch bar scope. Everywhere, the internet is working really good today. We had the lawn maintenance folks come by, which was really good luck for us, so. I think they're done. They are, so we got this whole microphone here with Luscious Audio coming in. Supposedly, we got great internet tonight. Or tonight, today, whenever. Jim Hendricks hanging out as well. Hello, good morning and happy Thanksgiving to you. Thank you for the comments. Or us. Jump in, we got free stuff. So let's go to the free page. Adafruit's got some freebies going on, as they do throughout the weeks and days. So I'll start off with the first tier for orders that are $99 or more.  If you spend $149 or more, you get that Promo Proto Plus, a randomly selected Stem Acutee board. For orders that are $200 or more, you get the Stem Acutee board, the Promo Proto half-size, and free ground shipping for US Continental. And if you spend a whopping $299 with Adafruit, you're gonna get a free circuit playground, Blue Fruit, the Continental US shipping for UPS Ground, the Stem Acutee, and the Promo Proto.  Yeah, this gets added automatically to your cart, so you don't have to worry about any coats. So they're just throughout the time. With that in mind, we're gonna head over to the blog, and you'll see a featured blog post, let's zoom in. Adafruit's holiday shipping guidelines. I love that we do this every single year. We have this broken up into domestic orders and international orders with dates and times. It tells you what is your deadline. If you want to get your delivery by the 23rd of December, you're gonna have to act now. So here are some dates. I won't go through them all, but they are there in the blog as a featured blog post. So if you wanna get some gifts in before the specific date, there's a blog post for you that you take a look at. Cruisin' on over to the Jobs Board. Adafruit has a free Jobs Board for makers and employers of makers. Head on over there to find out all the latest gigs. We got some new ones from some fun places such as Micatronics, The Hack Club, Blues Wireless, Xander Creations, and Revelair Kitchens. These are all new and they're all probably pretty a fine job. So check them out.  Again, it's free to do so. So check it out. Circuit Python meetings happen every Monday with the exception of who was holidays, but today it happened at Monday 2 p.m. It gets posted up in an archive on YouTube's playlist and all sorts of podcasting services. It's a great opportunity to tune in to hear what's going on with the latest Circuit Python. Daily Newsletters, this one. Daily Newsletters, Adafruitdaily.com. You can get a nice taste of daily stories, projects and more. Head on over to Adafruitdaily.com. You can subscribe to all the various categories, our favorite being Python on microcontrollers newsletter. Shout out to everybody for subscribing to that one. If you want to get some exposure on your Python related project, you can hit up CP at Adafruitdaily.com or just drop it on your socials and just hashtag Circuit Python and we'll try to find it. All right, that is what we got this morning. Right, yeah, I think I did everything. We've got the holiday shipping deadlines and the jobs board. So back over to over here, we got a cyber turkey. What's going on there? Shipping alert, yeah, yeah, yeah, Adafruitdaily is closed tomorrow, woohoo! We will all be feasting, feasting. Yeah, so what do we got? All right, let's go ahead and do last week's project. Last week's project, let's head on over to the learn.adafruit.com. You'll see Pedro's latest project here. Come on, there we go.  All right, so this is it. All right, so with the holidays coming up, of course you want to have your desk and area nice and glowy, festive. So Lamar found this really cool lamp and she wanted it to be redone with Neopixel. So we have a 60 Neopixel ring, two 24s and a 16 Neopixel ring here. And it is creating this lovely little desk lamp. We're using Circuit Python to have all the animations going on here and all three printed, of course. We have the talk connected. So all of the rings fit right inside. And the cool thing about, the thing that I really like about this is that it's all modular. So you have all of the mullix connectors that are acting as the connections for all the rings. So they go from one ring to the next, so 60 to 24s and then up here to the little baby one up here. As you can see in this animation as it goes through each one. And all of these are, even the parts right here are snap fit. So these all come out and you can see the Neopixel rings inside here. Got these translucent filament to act as a diffuser. And of course they have the little hidden Mickey inside here and make a circle lamp without that. And inside we have a Raspberry Pi Pico driving everything, of course, with the mullix connectors as well. And this is one of the Pico cases that we've designed when it first came out. So you have expandability options. You can add, you can kind of see here on the side, you have the ability to add two more buttons. So you can have it cycle through modes or whatnot.  Also have the JST connector on there. So if you want to have your Raspberry Pi Pico go portable, you can check out the previous guide for hooking that up. So very minimal modifications. The only thing I had to edit was the lid. Just got rid of the grid that we had on there for the built-in Neopixel project there. And the USB goes right inside here. Just connect that. Micro USB. So micro USB. And then on the bottom here, this guy pops out. So you have that base. So all you're doing is modifying or just adding this as an add-on to your existing Pico case. And that just acts as a base. So it does not flop over. I like that it's modular. So you can swap out any of the parts if you want to print it in different colors or add different components. It's pretty good. I really like how all the rings are combined in one piece. So this is a one-piece thing. You don't have to attach the rings together. That's the power of printing something all in one piece. You have a nice big bed. You can do some pretty cool stellar designs. And I made the walls just thick enough so you're not wasting in infill. And the stability comes from adding the diffuser right on top, so it makes it nice and strong so it doesn't wiggle around. Yeah. And yeah, let's go ahead and jump into the learn guide for this. All right, here we go. Hit on over to learn.adv.com. Over if your page has all the parts that you'll need to build this one. Notably, the Raspberry Pi Tico out of stock, but we've sold so many of them, quite possibly thousands of them. They were in stock yesterday. Last week. Last week, so thanks for everybody picking them up. We don't get any margins on these. These just, we're giving them away because, but anyway, you want to pick up some stuff, right? We do have all of the rings in stock. I want to highlight the 60 Neopixel ring. When you add it to your car, make sure you add four. Four, please. Not one, because they come in quarters. One. So that would, that is what you will get if you order just one. No quarter, quarter is not included. And neither is the solder, solder is not included. Yeah, so you need four of these. So again, yeah, make sure that you select four or you just get one. I actually did this completely forgetting and I can receive the one. All the Neopixel rings are, you can use the drop down here and they're all listed here. So if you want any of the rings, the 12, 24, 16s are all here. But we have them here in the Learn Guide so you can pick them up. There's a button that has add all when they're all in stock. Oh yeah, yeah. And then the Pico Molox cables are becoming our favorite pairs of cables. We are ordering these. You're going to see it just now in the next project too, but we ordered so many of these. We're glad we were ordering these by the thousands. Not we in Pedro, but Adolf it as a whole because we think a lot of folks are going to be using these type of cables. So you get two that comes in pairs. So you get the socket and the plug. And they're just perfect for these smaller type of projects where you want to do Neopixels. It's got three wires. You can do data, ground and signal. Really, really good piece of wires. And the voltage, I was looking at it the other day but it was something like two amps can go through here which is good. Because if you're wondering like, well, Neopixels are hungry. Well, these cables are rated for like one amp or so. But anyway, back to the Learn Guide. We also have them in four pin and two pin. That's right. We do, we do, but we're highlighting the three pin because they're Neopixels. We also got some cables for you. These are some braided purple cables, micro USB C to USB micro B. So you can pick that up if you have yourself one of those USB C type connectors. But there you go. There's the overview page. Got some nice photos here of the new kitchen that's still in the progress. So close, so close. We're so close, we're so close folks. Let's head over to the circuit diagram. You can see here how all the data is flowing through the bottom into the following Neopixel rings. So that's how that's set up. Just three wired connections to the Pico. Really, really straightforward. These wiring diagrams, they're created with the fritzing software and Adafruit has the libraries. If you want to build your own wiring diagrams with these nice graphics and easy to use software, you can check out the GitHub's fritzing parts. All right. Installing a circuit Python on your Raspberry Pi Pico is pretty easy. We got a nice step-by-step tutorial on how you do so. You get into the bootloader mode and you drag and drop one of our UF2 files of circuit Python, latest version, and now you're ready to go. We got lots of demo code too for folks. Which speaking of, here is the demo code that we got. You can check it out. There's a total of 124 Neopixels. We're using some of the LED animations, the pulse, the rainbow, and rainbow sparkle. You can add more, take away, you can modify the brightness, modify the number of pixels, and all the little parameters like speed, sparkle, the length of the tail, that sort of stuff. Each animation is gonna have its own parameters. So definitely check out the LED animation library, learn guide if you want to modify them particular, and you can change the colors of course, right? And that's pretty much it there for the code. Really, really straightforward. So you're printing, we got some STLs and CAD source files. You can download, if you wanna modify the design, you can do so. You can download as a step file and import it into whatever CAD package, or you can just take the STL, excuse me, the STLs and modify them into something like Tinkercad. Any slice tips that you want? Everything was pretty domino, nothing that different for that, the supports just lay them flat. They should all be oriented already, so that's the only thing. You're probably gonna need a minimum bed volume of 200, or 300, what is this? Yes, yes, about 300. Okay, so just 300. Just bring it in your slicer and see if it fits, if it don't, you can split it up if you want, and then glue it. I did say the orientation, but you can clearly see in the little GIF there that you do want to have it be diagonal, that's how it was able to fit the entire part. That's a really good tip too, when you got a long, narrow thing, you can always rotate it 45 degrees and you can always get more volume across if it's thin like that. But it should be already oriented. Okay, cool. Jump it over to the assemble, we're gonna walk you through wiring up the four quarter-sized neopixels. You're gonna need a lot of solder. You can do... And a lot of patience too. The first one that I shot turned the camera. The bridging went perfect, I was happy. Then the other three were pretty much a nightmare to get to slide over, so definitely bring your patience in connecting the four pads, the three pads. Another thing that's interesting is this doesn't close because it wouldn't work that way, right? You can't close the neopix, you gotta have an opening here, so I'm just looking at how the wiring is going into the data in, and you have data out going out to the connector there. The diffuser has the separator that will keep those two parts. That's good, cool. Pushed away from each other. Right, because it could short, so that's good if you're designing something with them. Make sure you don't solder these two together because you need the out to be going into the microcontroller and the in going into the microcontroller and the out going to the rest of the neopixels. But you got lots of pads in here that you can play around with if you want to do something different. The other thing you wanna keep in mind is that you want the entire length of all the wires. They are bendable enough to where you can sort of fold them over so that they reach the next ring. Cool. Looks like when you're fitting them in, you can use the wiring to kind of make the torches a little bit tighter. So you can do that here when you're bending the wires.  So that's all I'm doing there. Just folding them to the backside of the PCB and then away from the walls. Cool. These little slots on the back there allow you to have some more cable-age, so that's good. The cables can poke through there and to save on material as well. Cool, yeah, that's true. Okay, what are we doing here? We got the... Oh, cool, yeah, you just... You can orient them so that the cabling is kind of closer proximity to the next NeoPixel. Correct. So, yeah, you wanna bring your organizing skills into this one. Oh, well, we're still kind of on the... Close to talking about the bridging. Vince was saying that he's had good luck with small pieces of bare, solid wire to help the solder flow. I did do that with one of the pads. And then you can kind of see it in the photo there. It worked for one of them and then it just did not wanna stay for the other ones. They're like some header pins or something. Yeah, just header pins. Yeah. Lay them on top. Get it up, push it and solder. And then... Use some tweezers. And then they move out of the way. Oh, that's such a pain. All the time. So you can try more. For helping hands. As you can see here, it'll work. I think the other thing I tried to, that ultimately was what I should have done with all of them is just have it where you have enough solder and you leave the iron tip in the middle, raise it up. It'll create like this little point.  Okay. Anybody else got tips? Drop them in the discord. But I used all the techniques on this six-string. Yeah, you got four solder, there are lots of solder joints to play around with different techniques. Cool, cool. So once you got them all hooked up and wired in, you can get a mount Pico, the USB port facing the little cutout. I did update this case so there are M2.5 screws that you can use to mount it. Otherwise, the USB cable can like pop it out. Okay, yeah. So that's ultimately what I ended up doing. The file that I include in the project file, it doesn't have the snap fit one. It is the screw on. Okay. And then the lid gets attached with some screws to the bottom of the base here, the version in the fixer ring, the 60, using the M2.5 screw. You could glue it, I guess, too, if you want. If you want a permanent. I think this is a little bit more secure. The glue? Yeah, because if it rocks back and forth, the glue can pop off. I thought you super glue. You could, maybe hot glue too. But this is a mechanical. And removable. Okay. Whoa. They're dropping their house down. That was the, anyway. What do we got here for the base? Yeah, the wires pass through the top of the opening on the lid there and it just snap fits onto the rest of the case. The circular base has fitted onto the bottom of the enclosure and that's right up to my chip. Yeah, it's got a tight fit so no need to screw it in or just press fits. Yeah, and tautness is making it nice and tight. Oh yeah, you got an extra power switch. We got these really chunky USB power switches if you want to pick one of those up. Makes it just easier to, you don't have to reach and unplug it from the wall. You can just have a power switch that's built in line with the USB cable. Bit of an extension cable too so you can throw it in any USB project. Very cool, that is the Norton guide in a nutshell. We kind of walked through it quickly but if you folks are looking to make a festive lamp with new pixel rings, check them out, we got all the rings in here. That's our way and I just retweeted somebody who just posted that they're making this suite. What is it? DNA, interactive art project. Bunch of rings. These are 16 Neopixel rings. Yeah, they're fun, very cool. So lots of uses to have this 16 Neopixel ring. This is one really good one that you can do. Vince was saying also that it'd be nice as a wall mounted display. It would be really nice on the wall for sure. We know some folks probably don't want to mess up their walls so making it stand upright on its own is cool too. I was going to say with the man folks, that's a good way to do it as well. Yeah, maybe do some cool, I don't know, stuff. Remember when you first, Pager's first iteration of it was all like straight up like that so it kind of looked like a snowman. Maybe you can make it into like a tree or some sort of stylized tree or something else. So lots of fun stuff with the rings. I saw a theming with the holidays there. Right, maybe nest them all together. So it's like do, do, do, do, do, they're all going in. Cool. Yeah, you can update the sketches inside of Fusion. Oh, we have whatever you want. We have a link to the inspiration, the original lamp, do you want to show that off? Oh yeah, yeah, yeah. Since we got a little bit of time and we'll jump into the noir. This is what it was inspired from. A touch of modern is the website and this is like a really, really tall kind of sculpture ring lamp. But you can see how they're all kind of stacked on top of each other. So by kind of moving them a little bit, I guess they give it that look. You want it a little bit more extreme where it almost looks like it's gravity defining because of the way it's angled like that. Yeah, and maybe be bold and make a bigger one with the strips.  They got a nice base going on there too but it's a really tall one. Yeah. It was on sale for 250. Yeah. Yeah, sale ended, I don't know what it cost when it's not on sale. Yeah, I like their animations. Oh, look at that, that looks really cool in the corner there. So if you want to put it in the corner. Yeah, yeah, it'd be cool. Thanks for the inspiration, touch of modern. We love DIY. Especially since you can't even buy it. Right. Just make your own. Oh, that's neat. That's really neat animations. We can do all that stuff with the Chase animation. You can do all that with your phone if you want to use a BLD board, you know, with the Hitsubitzy. So y'all can go crazy with it. Like, it makes a great addition to your bar. Don't you have a bar? Except where they trip over the cable right there. Yeah. Any hoodle. Thanks, touch of modern and that's where we got inspired from. It was really tomorrow. It was like, hey, this looks super cool. Yeah, this looks cool. Remake. Yeah, we're gonna remake it. Remake. Remake. All right. What's up, Andy Callaway? What is going on? Oh, the lamp. Oh, the lamp. Yeah. All right. Well, that is the last week's project. Shout out, Pedro, for putting that together. Let's go ahead and take a look at this week's project just in time for Hanukkah. We got an LED menorah. I'm gonna disconnect this. Show it off over here. So I wanted to create a little kit of some 3D printed parts to make a menorah. So we have the Cutie Pie, RP2040 is inside here. I'm gonna go ahead and plug it in. And this is a collab project with Liz Clark. She put the code together. And Lamar wanted it so that you can use a push button to advance the day. So every night of Hanukkah, you can just press this button and light up the neopixel. So on the first night of Hanukkah, you got one on the far right. And then the following days that night you just push the button and you'd light up all eight because there's eight days of Hanukkah. The one in the middle here is the Shamash. And the Shamash will stay lit on all the nights of Hanukkah. We got a little 16 millimeter button here. These are all neopixel button PCBs. I have one over here that I'll show in a minute, but I'm just lighting everything up. And it's using the LED animation library for circuit Python. So you can have this nice rainbow and you can adjust the speed of the rainbow or change up the different animations you want to flicker. You can do that as well. But it's really cool that you can use the button to advance the day of Hanukkah. So let me unplug this. You can see the QT Pi over here. It's got that USB-C connector. It's got a really tight fit. So let's see if I can open it. There we go. I'm also using Molex Pico blade connector. So you can see, you can hear for the push button and then the three wire, the LED for the neopixels. So that's how this is set up. Nice snap fits. I also added some rubber feet on the bottom there so it's not moving around. Do I have our prying tool? What's it called? Oh, nice. It's not over here. It's in the printing room. Probably use a razor blade. It's less. Kind of want to open to show you guys the, you know, can you go get it from the other room? Would you please? Because I really want to show folks. So it's got a really nice tight snap fit inside. The LED case is what I'm calling it. This is where all the wiring is hidden. And the way it's set up is it's pretty similar to Pedro's neopixel ring lamp. All nine of the neopixels have these Pico blade Molex connectors. If you're ever opening something, definitely pick up one of these tools. Spudger is what they're called. We actually carry these in the Adafruit shop. The snap fits are really tight on this one because I don't want it to be kind of falling apart when you're setting it up. So I'm just kind of opening it up here. So you've got the snap fits going on. And here we go. Here is my love of the wiring. So you can see here all the, all the neopixels have these three pin Molex connectors and they all just plug into each other. So it's really easy to swap these out. And it's all nice and empty in here. Plenty of room for the wiring. And then you've got your 3D printed bulbs. So these just press fit, they're hollow so that they have better diffusion. And then there's the neopixel buttons. They just kind of reside in there and they just kind of fit in there. And then there's a little bit of a ledge here in the LED holder that stops it from being pressed all the way down. So yeah, you can see here at the bottom, all of the holders have threads on them. So they actually screw into the top cover here. And that way it's modular. And you can print them in different colors if you want. So I'm just bringing this back in. You press this down in there, a little bulb. So you can use different translucent PLA or PETG or whatever you wanna try out and just get all those snaps in there. Just wanna make sure none of the wires are kinking. But yeah, this right here also has snap fitted pieces. So it's a pretty fun snap fit, you know, design. So let me go ahead and plug it in. And we'll jump into the learn guide. But if folks have any questions and stuff, we can take a look at maybe some CAD stuff a little bit later. But let me bring up the learn guide. So here overview page, got all the parts that we're using in the project. We have just about everything in stock. So the QT Pi RP2040, it's a nice cute little board, has the STEMMA ice cream seat connector on it. So you can attach different sensors to it without having to solder anything, which is really cool. These are the NeoPixel mini button PCBs. You can get a pack of 50 of them or pick up multiples of five. These are really nice. They have these pads on the back of the mirror. I have one here. So let me show you this. This is what the NeoPixel button PCBs look like. It's just a PCB with the capacitors on it. On the bottom here is where you have your pads. I can't quite focus because I have turned it off. So here are the pads in them. They're nicely labeled. You got to be kind of careful when you're soldering this. You don't want your wires to touch.  But this is how I have it set up. My in, my data in has a plug, mullix connector, and then the data out has the socket connector. And that's just the way I set it up. So you basically make six of these, and then you make one with a longer cable. And then the first one has like a mix of like a short cable and a long cable so that it can reach down into here. But all that's covered and documented in the Learn Guide, I just wanted to give you a look at these, these NeoPixel button PCBs. They don't really use them a lot. And I don't see a lot of folks using them either, but actually, funny story I just remembered, Liz Clark used these in her NeoPixel Christmas tree made out of wood. She used those. So how funny that we use them in the menorah. They're just really good for these style of like projects where you want to embed it, but still be able to kind of separate the pixel from, you know, you want to have your own spacing and whatnot. So it's a good type of NeoPixel if you want to do something custom like this. All right, back over to the Learn Guide. Let's see what else. The 16 millimeter button is pretty standard. If you want to use a different button, we have lots of different 16 millimeter size buttons. So if you want to do like an LED one, you can definitely do that. I just want to keep it simple. And then here are the cables. We've got our three pin Molex cables and our two pin Molex cables. You got the two pin one for the button and a USB-C cable. You're also gonna need some screws. I know everything is not fit, but I'm using screws so that you can attach the bottom cover to the stand and the stand to the base. So that's why I have screws. We have a nice M25 kit is what you want to use because that's what the holes are sized for. All right, heading over to the 3D printing page. Got some nice 3D printing going on here. Got a nice set. Look at all those parts. Kind of fun. If you're printing them out, just make sure you read the quantity in the beginning. So like you need nine flames, eight holders, two stand covers, that sort of thing. So just make sure you look at that when you're printing them out because some of them are multiples. You're gonna need a build volume. I started doing this video on most of my guides. It's like, I just tell folks, like, hey, you're gonna need to build volume at least 182 by 182. Yeah, I also have a diagonal there. So you get the most out of your bed volume. And tallness-wise, the tallest part is about 90 millimeters on the Z. When you're slicing the bulbs, I have two STLs. I got a solid version.  Do you like to play around with vase mode? It rarely works. Doesn't mess up your tolerances too? I can do that as well. And they also come out a little fragile. So some folks have different PLA and different, you know, whatever their slicer is, I've noticed that different slices will make the vase mode better than others. Right. So I hopped out to use the zero percent infill that works pretty good. And I can test too. I'll do one that's in vase mode and one that's in zero percent. Yeah, I mean. Which I'll show for next week, next week's time. So the hollow version is about a millimeter and a half thick, but I still have it solid. So if you wanna do, That's another thing too. You know something. With vase mode, I can't control how thick I want it to be. Right. With zero infill, you can. Yeah, these are just three perimeters. So it's all perimeter, no, you know, what would you call it, infill. So it's all perimeter. That's the style you get there. Really, really nice layer quality. Another tip is that I printed these one by one. Okay. Because that's just, the printer just. Sometimes it works better with one. They come out, not as good when you print them in multiple. So I had like four. And even four of them came out ugly. I was like, oh man, what's going on? And then you'll have the time where. Look at this, you see in there. It's super clean. They all fall off except one. Oh, that's so funny. And you know, you can play around with the brim if you want better adhesion to the bed. But I had some really good successes doing one at a time. Look at that tip there. My gosh, that's really good. This is a regular, clear, natural, clear PLA. I think it's from print and Z. They don't make that stuff anymore, but it's got a nice tight fit there. The 3D Soltech is the next best stuff. But yeah, these diffuse really nice. Like the color really shows through on these. And let me see if I can play around with the exposure. Yeah, that's kind of more of what it looks like in reals, in real person. Like they have this cool kind of, I don't know, light streak effect, would you call that? They look classy. Specular highlights. And that's what they look like over camera. They get fully blown out. But I guess if you wanted some of that, you print it with clear white. That way it has a more solid color. But right now, the way this translucent PLA has different shades of the color. But anyway, back on the learning guide. Another thing you want to do is when you're slicing the frames, you want to use a brim because it's pretty thin. So the frames in this design are this thing, these thing, and these thing here. So one, two, three frames. And they're pretty thin. Like they're about 1.5 millimeters thick or thin. So you're going to want to use a brim like I have here in the screenshot. And if folks are interested in 3D models of Adafruit boards, like the QT Pi RP2040, we've got 3D models for them here. And we've got links to the Hub repo if you want to get more of them. But yeah, I use this one to create a built-in holder for the QT Pi. It's got a nice set of features to make it grab on to the QT Pi's edges without touching any of the pins and without touching any of the components because there's components on the bottom. So I haven't been showing you that. Sorry.  Really, really like how all the pieces snap fit. And then you have the LED holders that just screw into the top. Not a lot of fine coming up with all the parts and laying it out in Fusion. So if you want the source file, that's also available. I have the step file in the Fusion 360 file. And it's all parametric too. They got user parameters. If you want to change up the lengths or the width if you have anything, you can update that. It'd be fun to see this one scaled up really big. See, people make some big stuff with their fancy new belt printers. You can imagine printing this on the belt printer, like super huge. All right, well, quick over the circuit diagram. We got nine new pixels. These aren't really the right style of new pixels, but at least it showcases how they're going from right to left, with the fifth one being the shamash. That's the candle in the center there. And then you've got your push button going into ground in one of the digital pins. So yeah, pretty straightforward wiring diagram. All these parts are available in fritzing. So if you want to get that, we got links there. At the power it, you just want to use five volt power supply and USB computers hub or like one of those phone charger things you plug it in the wall. All right, installing circuit Python on the QDPI is super duper easy. Definitely want to update the latest version of circuit Python. I'm running the beta 7.1 right now. Super easy to do that. We've got this step-by-step tutorial on getting into the boot loader mode just dragging and dropping that UF2 file. For the code, the code is up on GitHub. Again, shout out to Liz Clark for putting this one together. Kind of short notice as well. That's using the LED animation library. So you can see here how it's set up. If you want to change up the pixel count for different projects, you can do that. Change up the brightness right here. If it's not bright enough, you can always change that. You can swap out the animation if you want to do something other than rainbow. But there you go. And here's just a quick little screenshot of what the USB drive from your circuit Python board will look like. All right, the next page is, we'll really want you to just wiring all the components. You got a button here. I got some wire lengths so that you can make sure that the connections are all reaching to the components when you're assembling. Wiring up the QDPI, you got two connectors here, the three pin and the two pin cables. Yeah, the pads on the QDPI are casillated pads. You don't really need them here, but just thought I'd mentioned that. Wiring up the NeoPixels probably going to be the most time consuming one. You really want to follow through the wire lengths on this one. And I have a nice handy photo here that shows you like all nine NeoPixels and their lengths. So you can see how the first one, I probably need to flip that because it needs to start going from the right to the left. Oops, I will horizontally flip that. I was horizontally flipped. I just noticed it like, whoops. All right, and test the circuit, right? Just connect everything together and you can power it up. The next page, the last page is the assembly. So you want to set up the top cover with the LED holders in the right spots and then starting off with the first NeoPixels starting on the far right and then working your way from right to left. This one too, I need to flip. Then the diffusers, you want to install the diffusers right after putting the NeoPixels in because once you install the framing, the wiring tends to kind of want to jump out. So it's nice to have the diffusers on first. That's why I have it in that order. And then you can work on assembling the frame with the covers. So you want to attach the bottom cover of the LED holder to the stand with some hardware nuts and two screws. And then the bottom of the stand goes into the base's top cover. There's some holes there for the wiring to pass through. Then you're going to install the QT-Pi, snap fit it into the little bottom built-in holder there in the base cover. That snap fits into the frame. You want to connect the stuff once the QT-Pi is installed and then you want to thread, you want to needle thread the three-pin Molex cable to the top cover of the LED holder because that's where the LED is going to go through. And then you just start snap fitting, snap fit, snap fit. And then right before installing the top cover to the frame, you want to make sure that your neopixel order is correct. So in this photo, it's correct. Like I have it even labeled here where it goes one, two, three and going all the way down to nine here. Remember the fifth one is the Schmosh. It's not really nine days of Hanukkah. There's eight, but you got that one in the center there. So that's a nice photo of showing like before. But it's completely modular. If things are out of place, you just flip it around and it's super easy and it's symmetric. So you can literally just flip the thing around and you don't have to take out the neopixels. You just flip the top cover. If you want the USB port, you literally just take the button to flip it and it's like super modular. It's what's the name of the game here. All right, and then once you're happy with the order of the neopixel, you just snap fit them together. The last bits are just fitting these kind of side covers for the frame or the stand rather. A lot of pieces, but yeah, those just snap fit. You'd want to print two of them because they're symmetric. There you go, man, ready to light it up. And that is the new Pixel Menorah. Which next year, we'll add a speaker. We'll make it sing and dance. IOT, you can check to see what day it is. You'll have the removable Schmosh. You can actually like, that'd be cool, right? Yeah, that's a cool idea. This was just like the starters. Like we don't have any menorahs on the learning system. That was so crazy. It's like, how do we not have any Christmas trees? We have so many Christmas trees. It's like no menorahs. It's like when we go shopping through the stores. Oh gosh, yeah. It's like one end cap or one shelf. It's like, yo. And they're not even like, oh man, I was looking on Amazon and like, a lot of the LED menorahs don't even let you advance it. Like they just turn all on. Which is what we were gonna do too, but thankfully the marz like, Liz, let's be a little bit more faithful to the... A little bit more interactive. Yeah, so people can actually use it. So yeah, and I like that it's the cutie pie because it's USB-C, it's like a Python. It's a really, really nice board for these type of projects. And you can add the sensors if you want. Oh, it's over I squared C. You can do some timing stuff. You can make it IoT if you want. You can do so many fun things with it. I would personally like, where they would do like an animation, like maybe it's like dim, so you can see that they're all on, but these are like the brightest ones, you know? Right? Yeah. Pretty cool.  I think they should all be on, but maybe just dimmer than the ones for whatever days it's passed. Yeah, that would be cool, yeah.  Yeah, so plenty of opportunities to modify and make it your own. Just what we really like to see. So hopefully we'll see some folks have a good time with it. And really like the modularity of it, because this is so easy and like for shipping-wise, like all the pieces, yeah, you don't have to ship it like that. It'll, you know, UPS is gonna drop-kick this. That's funny, yeah.  You can remake the diffusers, make them like more flame-y like, if you're into sculpting and stuff, or make your own diffuser somehow. Make them like a ninja flex, like nice and like soft. Resin cast it, so you can make some really, really fun stuff. Make stars or something. Should've made them little industry logos. So it's just in time for tomorrow? The first, no, it's actually like Declan's birthday. November 29th is the first night to Hanukkah. Wow. So I really wanted to get it right before Hanukkah. You got plenty of time then. I think so. I think so. Very, very cool. What is this? Smash? Yeah, shah, mash. Did I say it wrong? Sorry. Whoops. My Hebrew isn't my first language. Oh, that's cool. The way it's shining up the silvery PLA. Oh. It's got like a cool glow on it. I think it's the same one, though. Yeah, it's the same one. Yeah, we're using Rapunzel Silver from Filamenta, but you can use whatever from Amazon, too. Yeah, the every one. Every one has some sparkly silver. That looks pretty similar. Yeah, for like, I don't know. I think I post the Amazon links to that. If you want to pick up some of the filament for this. The transparent stuff that we use. I'll ask Lamar if I can get the shah mash. I think it's shah mash. I think that's what I heard Lou say. It's shah mash. I think I think this should probably be blue, then. We don't have any blue buttons. We have yellow buttons. But like, the order's coming later today, so I would switch it out. Yeah. All right, cool. Let's go ahead and jump into this week's community games. Every week, we 3D print some from the community, and this week, which one are we doing? The dragon? All right, let's look at the video. Yeah, the last week's is so freaking cool. Let's look at this super cool video.  This is by Nick Gaibir. Yes, posts lots of really cool, flexible things. Definitely check out the CULT3 profile on this. This was a paid. Paid download. But a very well worth it. Oh my god. Yeah, I will have to pay for this. One print and one piece. Was it $2? $2? I mean, look at this. $2? I'm finding as many as you want. It's a thicker, sister. Yeah, you get the arms moved, the little whiskers, press fit in the place. And I'm putting it next to a Christmas tree because it looks like wreath or something. It's kind of antlers. Look at the zantlers. It's like a Christmas dragon. Yeah. Look at the detail on this guy. Oh, nice.  Nothing special in terms of the settings. No support material. The tricks for printing. Now you just print it. It's oriented to print as is. You can see on the bottom here. It's all assembled. And you can see the hinges, how they work. They're nicely disguised with all the scales. Yeah, the scales are phenomenal. Look at the back of the tail. There's so much detail there. It really, really shows just how much detail your prints can have. And the whiskers, as you said, they are printed independently. Press in place. And then, yeah, look at the hinges. So good. So good. So here is the site. It's on Colts 3D. It's about $4. And you can print it in all sorts of, like, that's a pretty small print bed size, right? Yeah. The design is curled up. So it's as small as it can be without it hitting it. This is a great idea to print in whatever color, whatever size. You can scale it up, scale it down. And we just saw somebody with a built printer printed out a massive one.  I don't know if you listen to how long it is, because it's taken up by storm. Look, everybody's burning one. But daddy is asking how long of a print is the dragon. If you're asking how the length wise.  Where's the other thing? No, I don't know. It's 150. We have a flexible measuring tape in the other room. So it's like 300 and 70. I'd say this is probably 14 inches. It's like 370 millimeters, 13 inches. But of course, you can scale this up or trick it down. But it's pretty big enough to make a little scarf. Look at all that big one. Yeah, like the guy who printed the big one on this belt printer. Yeah, again, I'm just so impressed with the way that the scaling and the detail is on it. The arms moving, the antlers. Very festive. Had time. I would have painted the antlers and the eyes. Check it out. How much is it? Yeah, $396. It's an excellent price for such a beautifully designed model. Yeah, very, very cool. We love dragons here. We bold always take the opportunity to tie a lapse of dragon, especially something that is this beautiful. Best dragon we've printed by far. What's that? Best dragon we've printed by far. Oh my god, yeah. Look at this. Look at that. The sign here is. The yarn in the overhead. I'm not. Sorry. That's marising. Right. Move his head all with the antlers. Yes. Everything's fine. All right, well, that's one of the. We got one more. Oh, another literally right there. 3D also really cool one by 3D world. 3DD printing world? Yes. I think it's John. His name is John. John. Yes, we've printed John's stuff before. Famous now for all of his collapsible swords. He is the master of collapsible swords. For sure, especially with these master swords. So freaking cool. He has one where it's dual extruded. So you can have one with the colors already on there. So massive that is zoom out of the camera. That's crazy. But this is a very well designed, retractable, collapsible blade, whatever you want to call it. Look at this thing. It's so cool. It's hidden inside the handle folks. And it's removable as well. So here's the massive handle. Perfect. I can get this in the shot. Comes out very nice and smooth. You can print this as individual blades or he has the model where you can print it all in one. Definitely recommend doing each individually. That comes out the best, I think. That's the tip here, you should. I'm standing back folks. Get it in the shot as far as possible. Ouch. And very creative in terms of the way that the blade can easily come in and out of the overhead. You can see that the pummel screws it in and out. So there's a thread in here. And you can see all of the blades. And they're just slightly tapered. That's the way they work. They're slightly tapered so they catch each other. It's almost not even noticeable. But yeah, printing them separately and playing around with the different thicknesses of the layer. Yeah, so he has them. So you can print it in vase mode, but I just did 0% infill that came out the strongest with three walls that I used. They are up on fangs.com for you to download. Shout out. Now we've generally paid for this. Yeah, we totally paid for this. This is a new site. Just now kind of noticing fangs. So check them out. I think it's kind of cool. I don't have an account or anything yet. I don't plan to upload to there. But I don't know, maybe we'll change your mind. But very cool, you can kind of spin. Yeah, and we were already posting in like three different places. But yeah, check out John's profiles all over the place. He's got some really stellar designs. Very, very nice stuff. Best collapsible sword yet. Yeah. And definitely check out the dual extruded one, or I was just gonna paint this one. Here it is. There's a little photo of it. And yeah, I know. I see the master sword in both purple and blue. The purple is just what I had more of in the spool. So, didn't purple? Oh, wow, he has a three color one too. Yeah, very cool. You do have to be specific with your designs when you're making something in three colors. Very cool. He's got a really great Instagram. I don't see it linked here though. Yeah, yeah, he like builds printers. Does it all? Yeah, he has his own custom rep-wrap IDEX printer. Very, very cool, John. Thank you so much for sharing. Excellent. Great design. I bet you're gonna make a lot of kids' birthdays or Christmases or whatever have you giving day very happy because this is such an awesome gift. Yeah, my kid is counting down the days until when we're done with the show. Yeah, because every time we print something, he wants to play with it. It's like, you can't touch it until we're done with the show and once we're done taking photos. So, I'm sure this will be destroyed by the end of the day. Maybe. Yeah. George Gimbal on the YouTube is asking, is there a 16 millimeter button that has a NeoPixel? No, not yet. We do have a push button with a NeoPixel in it, but it's like 30 millimeters. This is a big one. It's like this tall too. Oh my God, yeah. It comes with its own cable harness and everything, so you're gonna have to fashion your own. I have a tutorial on how to add one to one of the 30 millimeter arcade buttons. Don't wanna do that. Yeah, all right. The way you wanna add the LED to the buttons. Keep trying to add it. Get this out of way from the microphone. Yeah, I know it's gotta be loud. I carefree with this mic. Like, so far it's been, period has been well. No, I'm trying to be for people's ears. Oh. Okay. The courteous of that. Right. All right, so I think that's it for the show. Yeah, folks, thank you so much for joining us tonight. We hope to see you on asking. Wait, we wanna see you on the show and tell. So, we invite you to come on. Everybody's welcome. It starts around 7.30, but if you wanna join in, just a couple minutes early, PT, Mr. Ladyata will post up a link to the StreamYard at that time. In the Discord chat room. So, make sure you are in the Discord chat room if you wanna share some of your projects. We hope to see you there. We'll be there tonight, I think, if everything goes okay. Yeah. This is this week hosted by Lamar and Phil. Yeah, they're back at it. And that's show and tell. And then, oh, Ask an Engineer is also right after, at 8 p.m. Eastern time. Yes. We've got the new products, new keyboard stuff. First stuff coming out, yes. I gotta get ready for some more keyboards. Yeah. So, definitely keep that. Infood.com slash new page open. I just closed mine, dang it. Sorry. We have to order stuff just like the rest of you. Yeah. Oh, it looks like we have a new air gun soldering. Oh, my. New workstation. What? With four nozzles. Oh, the ESPS three boxes in stock. Yeah, but hey, make sure you tune in.  Maybe, maybe another one, maybe more. But we've got some more sales and things going on. So just, you know, pay attention to the socials and stuff.  So, jump on that. GIF, do not miss out. Okay, I think that's it. I think he's off. Everybody's off. We're gonna be off next week. We're off next week. My birthday is right on Wednesday. Page is right on Wednesday. Yeah, yeah, so happy birthday, Pedro. Everybody gets your birthdays in. Your birthdays. Well, then it'll be next week. If you wanna follow along, I'll post all the stuff that we're doing. It's just apocot. We'll be around there. If anybody else is around, come say hi. We have run into a couple of you, if you, at the parks in the past. Right, even, yeah, anyway. Just coming out of the bathroom. Hey, it's Adafruit. Oh, hey, let me wash my hands. Yeah, yeah. One time we had, it's time for stories. The scavenger hunt. Yeah, the scavenger hunt. So we had the scavenger hunt. It was so warm. It was so fun. The kiddo really had so much fun. Had a hidden little Raspberry Pi, dual extruded logos around. Well, we wanna wish everybody a festive, festivus for the rest of us. Thank you everybody for tuning in. Good luck with all your maker endeavors. We hope everybody's enjoying the time off. And thinking about some projects, getting creative and... There's a lot of cool ones cooking up. Yeah, see you guys in two weeks and later tonight. Thanks, folks. Remember to make a great day. Great day, bye, everybody.


I'm here from Secretary Chaitreya and you've got 10 minutes to make your presentation and I will be disciplined, so work with me. How do you operate this? Well, both my co-chamens and colleagues in the panel, friends, I'm the principal housing secretary for government of Maharashtra and I'm very happy that this conference has been organized in the city of Mumbai. On behalf of my state government, I extend you a warm welcome. I see some of my colleagues are also here, so I'm sure they must have spoken to you in the morning. The point on the housing policy for the government of Maharashtra is something which I thought I would be making a presentation in about 10 minutes. This is a new policy which we have laid before the legislature on 23rd of July 2007 and it's going to come up for debate in the month of November when we have the winter session and they're going to tear the housing policy to pieces. So I thought let me have some rehearsal here today before I prepare for the supplementary questions over there. The focus of the housing policy is not as revolutionary as Mr. Nasir Munji was hoping and mentioning it should be because the bureaucrat and the government has to function within certain constraints thrown up by democracy and coalition government and also the opinion makers, the NGOs and the press. So within that constraint we are trying to formulate and present a policy. The focus of this policy is going to be how do you provide affordable housing? It's not that houses are not available. Houses are available even in this city today and in other cities of my state but they are not affordable particularly to the low income, to the middle income and to the economically weaker sections of the society. Now this policy is based on a national policy which says that the focus has to be on these sections of the society. The higher income groups are capable of taking care of the market situation. Yes, there is a need for a lot of reforms and liberalization and I think this would hold good for all the developing countries because they would be having similar kinds of problem. He mentioned the urban land sealing act, the rent act and I'm sure all countries, all societies would have certain legacies thrown up by World War II or migration to textile factories and you've got to set right all those situations. So you've got to go in for a scenario in which there will be a lot of reforms and liberalization. Why is this situation as it is as was described that the gap between what is required in housing and the availability seems to be growing day by day. It's because the supply is limited because not only of the laws, legislation but also because the players in this area are extremely limited. There are a few groups that perhaps may be situation in other cities also who virtually control the supply and demand situation in my state as well as in my city that we are discussing today. We've got to break this scenario. We've got to throw up a lot of players. We've got to encourage competition and yes, we have to go in for liberalization and also simplification of procedures and processes. Then we also have to deregulate and the government has to, in our opinion, agree that the sole provider role of the government has not been successful. And therefore from the role of a provider, this policy says that governments will have to move towards the role of a facilitator with the role of an enabler and basically encourage competition, encourage people to come forward in this sector. So how do you begin this kind of a task? The task has to, in our opinion, begin with the constitution of a task force, begin the process of dialogue. Ask all stakeholders in this housing sector as to what is it that they would have suggestions. So this process began in my state in August 2006 and we had representatives from various organizations and state groups participate. Why is there a need for housing sector policy is I think well known but I would just give some figures for my state and for my country that while when we became independent in 1947 we used to say India resides in villages but it's not true now. In my state, for example, 42% population is already in the urban areas and the prediction is that in about another 10 to 15 years it may touch 50% of the population coming to the urban areas. So if this is going to be the pace as to which migration is taking place and it's taking place in a much more rapid manner in the state that we are all assembled today called the state of Maharashtra. This is a federal country and we have the states over here. So while the national average is 27% coming to urban areas, this state is recording 42% about a decade ago. And what happens in this kind of a situation is that the affordable housing is not available. So you have huge squatters, colonies, slums, you may call it by various names and Dharavi is I think the best example of this kind of a situation and I'm not going to dwell at length because two of my colleagues are going to present in detail what they would have. And in this situation the city has a population, 54% of the population is adding in slums. And you have another 20 to 25% of the population living in buildings which are old, which are dilapidated and which are being declared dangerous for human habitation. Now you have to set the objectives and in that objectives we have said that apart not only affordable housing but we'll plan for making cities without slums. But that doesn't mean the bulldozer will be there as you were saying. We have moved a far long way from that and our policy is we are going to provide in situ rehabilitation to the slum dwellers wherever they are residing except when the land is required for a vital public project like an airport or a road or maybe a railway line. And in order to do that we are going to encourage the deregulation and we are going to encourage rental housing. Rental housing was a feature of this city when the textile industry was growing and rental housing was easily available. But today the situation is that people are not confident to give the premises on rent because they are not sure, the landlord is not sure whether he'll get back the premises when he needs it. And there are certain restrictions of how much rent can be charged and how much rent can be enhanced. We have also said that the urban renewal is a major problem that we have to look into and the infrastructure has to match with the requirement of housing and unfortunately what is happening is that while housing stocks are created, infrastructure is left to the government or to the municipal local authority. That has to change and you have to ensure that part of the housing project benefits which people are likely to get in terms of the contractors, builders and developers, part of it will go to a dedicated fund of infrastructure. The strategy will be, as I said, the government plays the role of a provider so we have various schemes to incentivize housing. We say that if you come for housing to the lower income groups or social housing you'll be entitled for a higher floor space index. The taxes will be lower on that. So these kind of incentives are being planned and also we are thinking in terms of, there are certain innovative measures which we have devised. I would not take much of your time because my chairman is also indicating that I have to wind up in another two minutes. But there are two instruments. One is using land as a resource. How do you use land as a resource? Because this is a problem. Everyone says that affordable housing has to be provided but how do you do it? The resources are not available with developing countries. There the real estate boom has now provided an opportunity of how the land can itself be used as a resource. And there is also a concept of TDR, transfer of development rights whereby it can flow from one direction to another. During the discussion maybe I'll point it out in greater details. Policy reforms we have already discussed. I think what I would do is I will just go to the last point which I thought I'll mention over here that Dharavi we are going to discuss but in addition to that you'll have to have a policy of encouraging special townships because the city will have carrying capacity will have a limit of how much it can absorb the arrival of the new population nor can you say that you're not going to allow the new population arrival into the city. But you have to now develop satellite townships. You have to have a special township policy and provide very good means of communication from the new townships coming to the. The foreign direct investment has been opened up by the government of India into housing sector. 100% foreign direct investment is now permitted. This provides another opportunity of trying to assure in the revolution which Mr. Nassir Mujee was mentioning by allowing lot of modern technology and international players to come into this sector. And the last is I would mention is that the cluster approach or the integrated township approach is something which is necessary instead of going in for a piecemeal development which really creates more problems than solving it you've got to have an integrated and a cluster approach. I think I mentioned your time. Thank you. Mr. Secretary you are.


Welcome, this is a video for Wing Chun for beginners. If you want to learn the terminology and the glossary of Wing Chun, then watch this video. I'm going to show you 26 different techniques that we use in Wing Chun. And there are hundreds of them, but I'm only going to focus on these 26 that we use on the wooden dummy. I'm going to show you the proper techniques and positions of your hand positions, double hand positions and also kicking positions that you need to know if you want to learn Wing Chun. If you want to get some of the best Wing Chun training on YouTube right now, make sure you subscribe to this channel, it's David Wong Chi Life Mastery. And make sure you click the like button and comment below if you have any questions. We need your help to support this channel, to keep it going, to produce awesome content for you. So make sure you go to our Patreon page, click the link in the description to become one of our patrons. First one is Bai Zhong, which means just placing the dummy. Or in the dummy form, you're just a beginning position. So we have both hands up around your nose level.  One hand is between the other hand, which will usually start with your left hand in front. So from the side, you can see that my elbow is bent, my elbows are low, and also my elbows are low on my right arm as well. So that's Bai Zhong. Next one is Tan Sao. So Tan Sao literally means laying flat hand.  Your fingers are slightly bent and your elbow is low. And you have about a fist distance between your elbow and your body. With your left hand is the same, Tan Sao like this. On the dummy, you see it used like this up here on the dummy or like this on the dummy. Park Sao. Park Sao means slapping hand. So in the form, in Wing Chun, we have this, or we have it out here, or we have it here. So Park Sao. In the wooden dummy form, we have Park Sao, where we slap the inside of the dummy so we can go both. Park Sao. Or we have a Park Sao on the outside of the dummy. Or on the left side, it would be Park Sao on the left side of the dummy. So that's called slapping hand. Bong Sao, also known as the wing arm, is like this. Your wrist is at your centerline. Your fingers are pointing forward. Your hand is flipped over backwards. Your elbow is higher than your wrist. That's Bong Sao. On the dummy, you see it used like this. Often with the Wu Sao. Or with one hand, Bong Sao, like this. Or it can be a low Bong Sao, like this. With your left hand, same thing. Bong Sao high like this. Or it can be a low Bong Sao. Next one is called Lap Sao, which means pulling hand or seizing hand. So in the wooden dummy form, you can see it when we do, from Bong Sao, turn into a Lap Sao. So I'm seizing and grabbing the dummy. So it comes from a Bong Sao into a Lap Sao. So seizing and grabbing the dummy arm. Okay, so it's basically this motion. I am grabbing the dummy arm. So the Lap Sao flows together with the Fox Sao. And we can see that in the form as well. Do the Lap Sao and the Fox Sao.  So it's the grabbing and then the chop. The grab and the chop. The side is the grab, the chop. Grab, chop, grab, chop. So that's the Lap Sao and then that's the Fox Sao. In the regular form, we do Fox Sao all the way out here. And in the Tum Q form, we do like a double Fox Sao like this. Basically it's like a chop. The next one is called Cow Sao. It's also called Hoon Sao. So it's a circular motion with your hand. Very small motion. And in the Bougie form, we do a little bit of this. So Cow Sao movements. On the dummy form, we do it here. We do the Cow Sao up here or Cow Sao here. Like that, so I am going around and then controlling this arm on the inside. Okay, so it's a circular motion with one hand. With this hand like this. And on the dummy, it's often combined with other techniques. For example, it's usually a Cow Sao with the right and the low palm. Or a Cow Sao with the left and a high palm. Cow Sao with the right and the low left palm. Or a Cow Sao with the left with the high. Jing Zheng. Zat Sao or yanking hand. So in the form, we have the Zat Sao, which is the short movement downwards. In the dummy form, we have a Zat Sao where we have a small movement downwards with the hand. And usually it's combined with another strike. So this Zat Sao here, it's a short sinking and yanking movement. It's combined with a strike at the same time. So it can be either a Zat Sao and a low punch. Or sometimes it's Zat Sao in a high palm. Like that. Zat Sao is a quick gripping or quick yanking motion downwards. There's a form called Biu Ji, which means thrusting fingers. You can also call it thrusting hand. So in the dummy form, there's this one part where we do these small movements with the Biu Sao. So it's kind of like a snake movement with your hand. You can do it with both hands. So this is the Biu Sao in the wooden dummy form. Tog Sao, or lifting hand, is simply just lifting the hand. And some people say this is not actually a Wing Chun technique. It's just something to reset the arms when you're in the middle of the Wing Chun dummy and the arms get out of position. Either way, it's in the form. So we have a double Tog Sao or a single Tog Sao. I use with a hand. Now what you can do is actually it doesn't, your fingers, your hands don't have to be this way. It can be a lifting up this way or lifting up. So anything that lifts up somebody's arms or lifts up somebody's limbs is called a Tog Sao. Next one is a Hai Gan Sao. So we have the Lo Gan Sao and the Hai Gan Sao. Hai Gan Sao is also called a Zaam Sao, which means the chop with a knife. So in the form, we see the Hai Gan Sao like this. We are chopping into the dummy. So the Lo Gan Sao is when we are doing a chop on the outside of the dummy with your arm. So the Hai Gan Sao is on the outside and then Lo Gan Sao is also on the outside. So the Hai Gan Sao is on the outside and Lo Gan Sao is on the outside as well. So the Lo Gan Sao, just so you can see, is like this. So usually from center line, we can go down here up to here. So there's a silhouette of your body. Your arm should protect against any attacks from this side using this as a shield. So don't go too far. All you need to do is just go this far. Gan Sao, Gan Sao means to press down. So it's literally pressing down like this. And then with the dummy, we have the Gan Sao like this near the end. And this is to stop lower attacks so if somebody is doing a kick, you can do a Gan Sao or somebody does a low attack. You can do Gan Sao to press down or you can just simply use this to press something down. Zik Kun just means straight punch and in the wind dummy form, we see that here when we do a Zat Sao and a Zik Kun or a Zat Sao and a Zik Kun here. So it's just a straight punch towards the solar plexus of the person. So it's combined with the Zat Sao and a straight punch here. Next we'll talk about the three types of palms. It's the Jing Zheng, which means the straight palm. There's the Zhang Zheng, which is the diagonal palm and then the Dai Zheng, which means the low palm. So in the form, you see this happening. We have the Kao Sao and then the low palm. We also have the Kao Sao and the straight palm here. And then somewhere in the middle of the form, we see this opening up and then attacking with the Zhang Zheng here as well. Now let's go into their double-handed techniques. So the very popular one is the Bong Sao Bu Sao.  The other side will look like this. So on the Bu Dandami, it will be like this. You have your Wu Sao here and your Bong Sao here. So that's the Bong Sao and Wu Sao. And typically you have your wrist in the middle of your centerline. So even though you're facing this way, your centerline is now here, so it's here. And then this here is on your centerline. Quan Sao is like this. So it is actually a Tan Sao and a low Bong Sao at the same time. So on the Dandami, we have a high Tan Sao and a low Bong Sao. That's your Quan Sao. So make sure that your body is 45 degrees and then your body is squared towards that, this line.  So you don't actually want to put them this way. They're actually 45 degrees.    What it is, is you are having a Tan Sao and a low Bong Sao. Next is the Double Gan Sao. So you have a high Gan Sao and a low Gan Sao. High Gan Sao, low Gan Sao. So on the Dandami form like this, you have the high Gan Sao here and low Gan Sao here. On this side will be high Gan Sao here, low Gan Sao here. So you're doing a chop like that. We already showed the double top Sao, so it's just a double lifting of the arms at the same time. So it can be just like that. Next up to this is the Bow Pie Sao. So it's like the fireball. So you're going to do it with diagonal stance or you can do it with straight stance. Now when you're doing the Bow Pie Sao, you don't want it to fully extend out. They actually only go out about this much. So on the side, they only go out about this much. So another double hand to move is the Double Lap Sao. So this is a single lap Sao. Double lap Sao is underneath, so you're grabbing both at the same time. On the Dandami form, you can see it moves like this. So on the outside, it's going to be like that. The side is going to be like this. And then the form is combined with a foot sweep. So you pull this way and you sweep this way to cause a cross movement. Next, we're going to talk about the four types of kicks in the Dandami form. So the first one is called Cai Geu, which means just stomping foot. It's usually a downward movement because Cai means to stomp downwards. The other one is called Chang Geu. Chang Geu means to support. So it's like a beam of support to support something. So it's usually a little bit higher because you're supporting or you are lifting up a person with it. The other one is the Che Chang Geu or the diagonal supporting foot. So the last one is the Foot Sweep, which is simply a foot sweep like this. So on the wooden Dandami, we have the Cai Geu, which is downward stomping of the knee. Like this. Cai Geu. Chang Geu, which is a supporting kick. We have the diagonal Chang Geu, which is like this on the wooden Dandami. And then we have the supporting kick, which is sweeping. We call it a sweep kick, it sweeps in slightly. And we have a double grab of the Dandami arm here. Hey, thanks for watching Wing Chun Glossary and Terminology for Wing Chun techniques we use in the wooden Dandami form. Hope you enjoyed this video. If you have questions, make sure you put them in the comment section. Make sure you subscribe to this channel to get all the latest and newest lessons from the David Wong channel. Hit the like button, hit the notification bell, and make sure you share this with friends. And don't forget, we don't make any money from advertising on this channel. So make sure that you help us on our Patreon page. Click the link in the description to support us and donate to keep this channel running. So I'm David Wong, use the chi and prosper.


Drake has been doing his quarantine in a pretty lavish way by the looks of it, but I wouldn't expect anything less from him. In his music video for Toosie's Slide that just dropped, he treated us to an up-close look of his mega mansion. From the swimming pools both inside and outside the marble floors and walls, high ceilings, and more, Drake's Toronto mansion is fit for a king. In this video, we're going to take a look at his bridal path estate, give you all the details and much more. Aubrey Drake Graham, who we all know as Drake, is a rapper, singer, songwriter, producer, actor, businessman, and more who hails from Toronto, just like me. Before Drake signed to Young Money back in 2009, he was known as Jimmy on the TV show Degrassi. He then left to pursue his music career, which was clearly a wise decision.  It seems like all of his albums over the years topped the chart single, Platinum, and when he releases a new single, you can't leave your house without hearing it. Clearly, he's among the world's best-selling music artists with over 170 million records sold. Drake holds multiple Billboard chart records, such as the most charted songs of any artist in the history of the Billboard Hot 100, and more. He also has four Grammys under his belt, and countless other awards, including AMAs, Billboard Awards, and Junos. Not to mention, he also managed to turn his brand OVO, October's very own, into his own record label, a clothing line, and more. Considering all of Drake's crazy success, the man is worth an estimated $150 million currently, and rake number 5 on Forbes list of the richest rappers last year. He's also the youngest one on that list by 10 years. Hey guys, it's Karen. Today we're doing another house tour here on Famous Entertainment. We already did a Drake house tour on the channel a while back, but I felt like it was time for a refresh. We're gonna be taking a look at Drake's real estate, including his main mansion in Toronto he showed off in his new vid, and much more. If you like these videos, make sure you're subscribed, and ring that bell to be notified when we post. You can always be up to date. We've also done house tours in the likes of Tyler Perry and Post Malone, and we'll link to some at the end. Follow me on Instagram, because I love connecting with you guys. I've also been reading all your comments, and I'm gonna be responding to some at the end. I need you to let me know who to do next, in the comments down below, and whose home you'd like to see. Now let's get into this video. Both the video for Toosie Slides starts out showing the quiet streets of downtown Toronto. It quickly moves into a tour of Drake's bridal path mansion. Clearly, this is where Drake is holed up during this global pandemic, and he even rocked a mask so people know he's following the quarantine rules. We'll kick things off by looking at his main mansion. In the first minute of the music video, we can see the giant hallways and entryway that's literally marble from top to bottom. Not to mention, there are high ceilings and unique chandeliers. Drake's mega mansion is located in the bridal path neighbourhood of Toronto, which is known to be super fancy, even being called the billionaire's row of Canada. Not to mention, this city doesn't offer many other places with such big plots of land. Apparently, Drake bought the land back in 2016 for $6.7 million, and he got it constructed from the ground up, which took years. The man wanted ultimate privacy, so he even went the extra mile to get super high fences, which needed the city's approval. Logto reported, the rapper had to submit a request to the city earlier this summer to be exempt from the bylaw that states no residential fence can exceed two metres in height. A representative for Drake said the request was made over safety concerns of people trying to break in, and the North York Community Council agreed to allow fences of up to 4.4 metres on the property. Drake's mansion spans over 35,000 square feet of living space and sits on more than two acres of land. He hired architect Ferris Raffauli to help create his dream home, who's the same man behind Drake's members only club, at the Air Canada Centre Share Club. The 20-foot trees that Drake had planted around his entire property so it would fit in with the neighbourhood cost over $1 million alone. After all the work that was put into building this place, it now has an estimated value of 100 mil. On the main floor, there's a two-level hallway, double height walls, a party area, and much more. One living area that's shown in the video has a huge fireplace, a piano room on the side, and then leads to the massive kitchen and dining room. Gidgen is super modern with a large marble island in the centre, and the long dining room table has couch-style seating on one side, which I love. Drake's master suite has its own wing of the house, which alone is twice the size of your average apartment. Aside from his huge bedroom, he has a spa bathroom with a steam shower, hot tub, kitchenette, two dressing rooms, and two covered terraces. His mansion has four guest rooms as well, which are located in the guest wing of the house, of course. Other features inside Drake's custom mansion include an awards room, a basketball memorabilia room, a home gym, a movie theatre, a snack room, a music lounge, and an elevator in case you're too tired to use the stairs. Even the bathrooms are impressive in Drake's Palace. One of the high-tech toilets can play relaxing music while you're using it. Not to mention being the basketball ambassador and fan that he is, Drake has an NBA regulation-sized basketball court inside his home. It's a custom OVO court, obviously. The new music video we also get to see Drake's Olympic-sized indoor swimming pool, which is gorgeous. He has special lighting to set the mood, mirrored walls, seating around the pool, and more. An indoor pool is good for most of the year in Canada, so I get why he needed that. But for those few months of warm weather we actually have, outside the home, Drake has another massive outdoor pool. His multi-million dollar estate also offers a 10-car garage and spacious driveway to hold his luxury car collection, which we'll look out soon. If Drake's Toronto Palace isn't enough, don't forget he owns a compound in Los Angeles, located in the celeb-loved exclusive neighborhood of Hidden Hills. Drake owns a few neighboring properties there. The main home, which Drake has also previously called the Yolo estate, was purchased back in 2012 for almost 8 million, and sits on almost 3 acres of land. Inside the mansion spans 12,500 square feet and has six beds and 10 baths. He spent years reconstructing this home to be his masterpiece. There are a ton of epic features inside the home like a gorgeous library, games room, massive wine cellar, fitness center, spa and massage room, and 25-seat movie theater. There is also a revolving bookshelf, just like the movies, which leads to Drake's master bedroom.  Sounds like quite the space to entertain. In recent years, Drake also purchased two neighboring properties to this estate, turning it to one big compound all for himself. In 2016, it was reported he paid just under 3 million for a 1950s ranch-style house across the street, and another in 2018. The most recent purchase was somewhat of a fixer-upper, but Drake still paid about 4.5 million for the place, which spans 2,500 square feet. All these properties, combined, allowed Drake to take up about 6.7 acres in the San Fernando Valley. Before we wrap this video up, let's take a look at that epic car collection Drake keeps at his Toronto home. He's definitely proud of all his luxury cars, and the list is long so I can see why. First of all, Drake owns a super rare Bugatti, the Veyron Saint Noir, and only 12 were ever produced. Some reported he sold this one, but either way, it would have cost him upwards of 2 million. Of course, he has a few Bentley's, one of which is a Bentley. Of course, he has a few Bentley's, one of which, his Bentley Continental GTC, was infamous for being in his started-from-the-bottom music vid. He also has a Bentley Mulsanne. Tony Bed of Driving Emotions Toronto posted Drake's rare Mercedes-Maybach G650 on Instagram, and had a bunch of poppy balloons on it just for him. There were only 99 of these models ever made, so it's no surprise it cost Drake over a million dollars. He also has another kind of Mercedes-Maybach, which is the S600 Pullman, and I'm gonna assume he uses this one with a chauffeur. Another car Drake likes to use with a driver is a classic in any celebrity car collection, a Rolls-Royce Phantom worth 800K. He also has some other super expensive wheels, including a Lamborghini Aventador Roadster, Lamborghini Gallardo, a La Ferrari Ferrari, a McLaren, a Brabus 850 Bit Turbo Coupe, and more. You know Drake has a crazy car collection after hearing all of that, considering it's actually worth millions. Which is your fave? I think the Mercedes-Maybach G650 is mine. So now we've seen more of Drake's Toronto mega-mansionate looks to me like more of a palace than a house. Even when he premiered his new vid for Toosie Slides, some fans seem more focused on the fact that he's showing up the inside of his house than the song. But it's enough to make anyone feel poor, that's for sure. Now that we have some actual footage of what the inside of Drake's place looks like, what did you guys think? Two over the top or perfect? Okay guys, now read out some comments from previous videos. On our land generous house tour, Cheryl Maybury wrote, I love that pool, but not the house. Life in a fishbowl, all that glass. I love drapes adds a lot of warmth to a home. And Melinda Wang commented on her aria on a grande house tour from a while back saying, This is actually her real house. You're not lying, OMG, cause I saw this kind of kitchen from her Instagram. She did a video where her puppy was standing on her kitchen too. Good job on this video, I thought this was a lie. Thanks Melinda, I'm glad you liked it. Alright guys, that's all I got on Drake's Toronto mansion. I think we have a pretty good idea of his current quarantine situation and how the man is living and it's fancy as hell. Not to mention he has a compound in LA too. What did you guys think? Let me know in the comments as well as what other celebrity houses you'd like to see. Follow me on Instagram if you want to chat more and I'll see you all next time. Bye.


Responsive regulation responds to the context of unlawful behaviour by drawing on different levels of the regulatory pyramid. Looking at passive smoking and his peace-building-compared fieldwork on sexual crimes in the Democratic Republic of Congo, one of the founders of the regulatory pyramid, Professor John Braithwaite, explains how responsive regulation works in practice. Responsive regulation means being responsive to the environment within which regulation occurs, including being responsive to the community within which responsive regulation is embedded, but perhaps most importantly at all it means being responsive to the actors who are being regulated. How responsibly a business, for example, is behaving in response to the things that an environmental regulator is asking them to do. The responsive regulatory pyramid has been the most common way that responsive regulation has been applied by Australian environmental regulatory agencies, Occupational Health and Safety, various kinds of financial consumer affairs regulators in this country in the way. Each regulator designs its regulatory pyramid in a different way, but generally they'll have less interventionist strategies at the base of the pyramid and the idea is you start with them, with self-regulation, with education and persuasion, try to solve problems not only cheaply but voluntarily so that the regulated actors, the business decides to take responsibility for its environmental stewardship, for example. But then when that fails, as it often does, you escalate to more deterrent and tougher and tougher regulatory interventions until you get to the peak of the pyramid where you might have a very tough sanction, like corporate capital punishment, like withdrawing the license of a company to do business. So the idea is that you have that pressure from tough stuff at the top of the pyramid driving most of the regulatory action down to the base of the pyramid and if you lock the top of the pyramid off, you lose that capacity. So the paradox of the pyramid is through being able to escalate up to tough stuff, you can have a more volunteeristic regulation in practice. If you think of the passive smoking case that started here in this very garden here in Canberra where the decision was made by the consumer movement to launch a case against the Tobacco Institute of Australia, now it had been trying at the base of its collaborative regulatory pyramid as a non-government organisation to persuade the tobacco industry to stop putting out this message that passive smoking was harmless. The tobacco industry was running advertisements in the women's weekly saying, do you mind if I smoke?  And this was false. It made complaints to the Advertising Standards Council, to the Trade Practices Commission, the ACCC, failed in those complaints, failed to persuade the industry to engage in self-regulation and the Trade Practices Commission actually ordered a remedial advertisement that said, oh, what you're saying about passive smoking is not quite right. But it was a misleading advertisement as well. So the consumer movement was the people power organisation representing consumers making a further complaint, took the regulator to court and won the case that said even the remedial advertisement was misleading. It was the first court, the Federal Court in Australia, Justice Mauling, it was the first case to decide that from throughout the world that passive smoking was dangerous to human health. But then the real work was not done in the courts. The work was done by the public health movement, the consumer movement globally, approaching corporate risk managers and saying, hey, if you allow passive smoking inside your chain of restaurants, in your discos, in your shopping malls, you will make yourself liable to a lawsuit that will be citing the Mauling judgement in the Federal Court of Australia. And that's how change occurred from that pressure. But in the United States, the people power story is very interesting because people in the US said, oh, no one's going to take any notice of an Australian court decision that happened in Canberra. Well, they did and in particular they said, well, look, Americans going to the baseball, can you imagine sitting in an open sporting grounds and they're going to be persuade risk managers, grid iron matches and so on to for Americans to give up their freedom to smoke? Well, actually, within a year or two, there was 100% compliance at baseball grounds in the US, at football grounds in the US and it wasn't enforced by the police. It was enforced by people power, by ordinary people as it were raising their eyebrows when someone would start lighting up a smoke as soon as that court decision had globalised in its impact. The idea of responsive regulation is relevant to the regulation of war as well. And so I've just come back from the Democratic Republic of Congo where I was working on a mass rape case in Lavungi in eastern Congo where 387 people are confirmed as having been raped. Many of them are children, majority of them gang raped on multiple occasions across a three-day period. So a really terrible crime. And then what happened was that there was escalation up to the criminal enforcement option, a mobilisation of pressure from international criminal law so that there were those who gave the orders for the mass rape, including one Colonel Checker, were indicted and there was an attempt to arrest them.  And some of those women were raped again. So here's a case where just being willing to escalate as far as criminal enforcement and an attempt to arrest is not enough. It needs, in that case, there's a need to pursue that armed group and say, if you surrender, we will pursue you in the bush and we will defeat you militarily if necessary. That is needed to prevent the re-victimisation of those initial rape victims.


Number one adventurer K-7 from United States Secret Agent who operated in 22 countries on land on sea and in the air brings you a story of today. We take you to Secret Agent K-7's headquarters. This is K-7 speaking. Send in Special Agent M for assignment. Special Agent M reporting for duty. Agent M, for the first time in many months we have been called upon to help solve a drug case. The drugs are being smuggled into this country in large quantities. The authorities here believe that more than drug peddling is behind the activities of the ring responsible. They have seized a number of peddlers but they have not found the source of supply nor identified the man or men behind the ring. There is little information. Here are the records. Investigate and keep me informed. Agent M studied the records. The facts stood out. All of the peddlers arrested had been picked up in one section of the city, a poorer neighborhood bordering on the slums. That evening with Yvonne he walked slowly through its dark, deserted streets. Every city has at least one section that looks like this in New York, Paris and London. And these streets differ only in the nationality of the people. Yes Yvonne, these houses were once great mansions. It's hard to tell behind which of the shuttered windows drugged the being sold. I never could understand how people could start using narcotics then. How do thousands become enslaved? By smoking drug cigarettes Yvonne. That's only a step from that point on. Now I'm going to begin this case by attempting to discover where those cigarettes are sold. Now we'll begin with the first step and work backwards until we face the man or men behind the ring. Now we're coming to a corner. This street looks as if it ran back to... M, what's the matter? Do you know that man of pastas? No Yvonne. Did you smell the smoke from his cigarettes? I didn't notice. Yvonne, that man was smoking a drug cigarette. I'd recognize that particular odor anywhere. I want you to find a cab and go back to your hotel. I'll get in touch with you later. What are you going to do? I'm going after him. I'm going to try and make him believe I'm a drug user. Perhaps he'll tell me his source of supply. Be careful there. Have you a match, monsieur? Here is one. Oh, thank you. Why can I buy one of the cigarettes you have? Why do you want to know? I've got to know. I haven't had one today. I've just come to this city. Where can I buy them? How do I know you are not from the police? Do I look like the police? I tell you, I've got to have one. I've just come to this city. I don't know where to go. You've got to help me. You look all right. Go into any one of these small stores. Most of them handle them. What do I ask for? Put your money on the counter. Say that you smoke a special beforehand. They'll know what you mean. If they have them, they'll give them to you. Tie that story across the street. Thank you, monsieur. Thank you. M purchased two of the special cigarettes in the store that had been pointed out to him. He then returned to his rooms. There, with Ivan's help, he tested the cigarettes in the small temporary laboratory he set up. There's no doubt about it, Ivan. Each of these cigarettes contained drugs. Now, I don't wonder their use is widespread. I had no trouble buying them. Can't the store selling and be closed? Yes. And I am going to close them. Getting their addresses is going to be your job. What do you mean? Tomorrow, I want you to dress in old clothes and return to the neighborhood we were in tonight. Oh, you want me to check every store? Exactly. Try to buy these cigarettes. Now, you know how to ask for them. Keep a record of the addresses of all places where you succeed in making a purchase. Now, while you're doing that, I'm going to have a look at the Custom House Records. This terrible business has got to be stamped out. We've made a beginning. The next day, Ivan went from one small store to another. She found that more than half of them handled the special cigarettes. She'd been working nearly three hours when two men stepped up on either side of her. All right, you. Don't try to run. Oh, make go of my arm. Quiet. What do you want? That list of addresses you've been making. I thought so. You've got the address of every store you've been to, haven't you? Walk over to that car at the curb and don't attempt to attract any attention. Where are you taking me? You'll know the answer soon enough. Get in. Keep her covered by us. A few minutes later, Ivan faced a short stocky man who sat behind a great desk. He studied the list of addresses he'd made through thick-lensed glasses. Oh, you have been thorough, mademoiselle. Why did you make this list? I wanted cigarettes to take with me. I'm going away. I didn't dare to try and buy them all in one store. You have not answered why you made the list. I thought it might be useful someday when I return. You're lying, mademoiselle. You work with the police. That's not true. I've told you I wanted the list. You've taken it. What more do you want? The truth?  Hmm. So you refuse to answer.  I wouldn't advise you to attempt them, Baldung. So? You also know my name. Perhaps you can explain that too. Well, I heard one of your men address you. My men never speak to me. Only one or two of them have ever heard of me. I ask you again. Where did you learn it? I refuse to answer. No matter. It is your bad luck, not mine. Do you know what happens to those who interfere in my business? They are found sometimes in the bay. Not this time, Baldung. It might interest you to know that the police have you trapped. You can't even leave this building without being arrested. Mademoiselle, you have courage, but you lie very badly. The police have never heard of me here. I'm a harmless importer of teas and spices. This firm which I purchased has been here many years. I have never even been suspected by the police. I'm very sorry for you, Mademoiselle. I have never ordered a woman killed before. You wouldn't dare. You possess too much information. Only two of my men know my name and have seen me. Others see me once. Then I make sure they never have a chance to speak. It must be the same with you. Who is it? What do you want? Open the door. Wait. What do you want? I told you I did not want to be disturbed. There is a man here who refuses to go away. He insists on seeing you at once. Tell him you will have to wait. I refuse to wait, Baldung. Don't try to close your office door. I have a gun. What do you want? Why have you come in here like this? I have just come from the Customs House, Baldung. I want to ask you some questions. Suppose we step inside. Both you and this man with you. Is that you, him? Ivan, what are you doing here? This man, Kletz, followed me on the street. He forced me into a car and brought me to Baldung. Baldung directs the drug ring. I'm sure of it. Thanks, Ivan. Make sure that neither of them have a gun. You'll never prove that I have anything to do with drugs. I wouldn't be too sure. Kletz had a gun. Baldung is unarmed. See if it's unloaded. It's fully loaded. Well, then keep it, Ivan.  I have nothing to tell you. According to the Custom records, you have imported nearly 20 times as much tea and spices as this company handled before you bought it last year. How do you explain that? My business is good. You lie, Baldung. This company was banked up when you took it over. You've never made any attempt to sell the product you handled. Those facts are what brought me here. They dovetail very nicely with the fact that you seized my assistant on the street and brought her here. It is all very interesting, but you have no proof. Now, suppose we look around, Baldung. Open the door behind you, Ivan. I thought so. Bails of tea. I'd like to open one of those bails.  Then I'll take the right. Keep them covered, Ivan. Oh, here's the knife they used. I'm going to rip open the bails. And look. One pound tins of contraband. There must be at least 50 of them. Let's see what's in them. White powder. And look out! Get me a doctor.  I'll tell you everything you want to know.  That's nothing but a flesh wound. The prison doctor can take care of you, Baldung. I place you under arrest for smuggling. The activities of drug rings have been linked directly with the international situation. Drugs corrupt users morally and physically. Victims become easy prey for spies and those who would undermine a country. Listen for my next story. This is K7 Speaking.


The book covers functions quite well so there's not a lot I can add to it. You really, really need to read the material and, most important, use the code lens feature to step through the functions one step at a time. This will aid your understanding immensely. Here's a quick recap and some small amount of additional information. You can think of a function as a black box where you drop in some input value or values into the input hopper and receive some output value. The definition of the black box itself is done via the DEF keyword, DEF. The variable names A and B are called parameters. Think of them as placeholders. In terms of our diagram, they are labels for the input hoppers to our black box. And the return statement sends the value that follows it out the output hopper. When you call the function, you provide actual values, called arguments, that fill in the parameter placeholders. And the returned value becomes the result of the function call. A lot of people use the words parameter and argument interchangeably. Don't do that. Here's how you can remember which one is which. The arguments are actual values that fill in the placeholder parameters. Argument and actual both begin with A, placeholder and parameter both begin with the letter P. The book uses code lens to go through the programs one step at a time. THANI has a similar feature used for debugging programs. To use this feature most effectively, go to the view menu and choose variables. And a window will open up to show you your variables as you go through your program. Then choose debug current script from the run menu. This brings up a toolbar with three icons. Step over, step into, and step out. To see absolutely everything that Python is doing, we're going to use step into in this video. Highlighted in yellow is what Python is currently looking at. It's starting with line 5, the definition of the function. It says, oh, I've got a function here, and when I step into it, it says, great. Here's a function called average, and that weird number following the word at happens to be the memory address where the function resides, and we may safely ignore that. Python then moves to line 9, and it has to evaluate this statement. The first thing it has to evaluate is the right-hand side. It starts out by figuring what the arguments to average work out to. So as I step in, it shows that 3 works out to 3, and 6 is 6. Now it's ready to call the function. When the function call is made, THANI opens up a new window to show that function and its variables. So here's the function, and down here are what are called the local variables. And you'll notice that it's already filled in the parameters A and B with the arguments 3 and 6. Python needs to evaluate this assignment statement, so as we step in, we find that we use the right-hand side first, and now it needs to add A and B. It evaluates A, which is currently 3, and B, which is currently 6, so that works out to 9. 2 works out to 2, and now we can do the division 9 divided by 2, which is 4.5, and that is what variable result will refer to, and as you can see, that has now been added to our variable list. Now we're at the return statement, and THANI has to, or rather, Python, has to evaluate result. Result is 4.5, and that's what gets returned to the caller. So the whole right-hand side of line 9 has worked out to the value 4.5, and that becomes the value that our new variable AVG refers to. The last statement in the program prints the average, and rather than go through that step by step, we'll do a step over, which will do that statement all at once, which prints out 4.5, and the program finishes. That's how you use the debugger in THANI to go through a program one statement at a time to see exactly what Python is really doing.