So let's do this next problem, sulfur dioxide. So again, in these problems, I think it's probably best to go by the rule least electronegativity in the middle rule. If you recall, sulfur is below oxygen, so it will have a less of electronegativity. So sulfur, oxygen, oxygen. Just do the exact same thing as we did before, OK? We're going to just put the correct amount of electrons in relation to the Lewis structure or the Valens electron. So oxygen's going to have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Oxygen has 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Sulfur also has 6, OK? But in this case, hopefully you notice, sulfur is missing two electrons, OK? But oxygen needs two electrons, and oxygen needs two electrons, OK? So since sulfur normally could only take two electrons and we know this compound exists, we also know that sulfur must be expanding its valence. This is what we have to assume, OK? Is everybody OK with that justification? OK, so once you get by that, once you come to terms with that, then all it is is just doing the exact same thing as we did before, OK? Just like connecting bonds by sharing electrons, OK? So in this case, this oxygen needs to complete its octet, and this oxygen needs to complete its octet. The sulfur is going to go over its octet to expand its valence, OK? So when it does that, we're going to show the double bonds here, so like that, like that. So hopefully you think that's weird that sulfur is making those bonds with those electrons that are seen to be already in there. But again, why is it doing that? Because it's expanding its valence, OK? So it does something like that. Everybody OK with that? So double bond and double bond on each side of that sulfur. We've got to also put our lone pairs. So what would we expect the bond angle to be here? Would we expect it to be 180? No, why not? Because we have how many electron groups? Three, right? So what would we expect the bond angle to be? 120 might be a good expectation. In fact, it should be a tiny bit less than 120. Why? Because one of those electron groups is a lone pair, and that kind of squishes the bond angle down, OK? It's not an angle that I want you to remember, but it's something that you want to think about what should the angle be kind of around, OK? So let's draw what the molecular structure should look like, OK? So, well, first off, let's just make a table like we did before. So number of electron groups, how many? Guys, around the central sulfur, three. So if I have three, what's the electronic structure called, trigonal planar? Is the molecular structure trigonal planar? It's got to be bent, right? It can't be trigonal planar. Why? Because it would have to have how many atoms around the central sulfur? Three, right? So since it's only got two, it's got to be bent. So this is not what the molecule looks like, right? It actually looks kind of like something else, right? So it looks like the molecular structure looks like the sulfur does. So is everybody OK with doing something like this? This is a molecule with expanded valence. Any questions on something like this? So what I'd like you guys to do is go through that review sheet, look at the ones with expanded valence, attempt them on your own, OK? If you're having hard time with them, then either come to review session on Friday or we could go over one next Monday or something like that, OK?


Let me see, I can look at my cheat sheet on how many years, 29 at the Savoy Theater we were just talking about. And then prior to that, he was the co-owner. Prior to that, he was programming director for the Green Mountain Festival. And he's taught film history at Burlington College, Community College Informatica, I'm a college teacher, Lifeline Learning Institute, and so on. And he was our presenter for all the films of stage back pre-pandemic. And I remember that winter because we had to keep canceling because of storms. So anyway, so this is Rick, and he's going to be presenting our kickoff to this 23 Vermont Reeds, which is the Red Scare in the Green Mountains. And so this book, last night at the Telegraph Club, talks about two young women coming of age and falling in love. And it was 1954, and it was not a safe place. And so the paragraph in the back of the book just reads, Red Scare paranoia threatens everyone, including Chinese Americans like Lily, and she is the protagonist of the book. And so deportation loomed over her father, and so this couple risks much to both be their authentic selves. And, you know, there's a lot of other themes in the book. You know, I think about feminism, Lily had just this passion for science and rocket science and space exploration. Her aunt, of course, in those days you could get married or you could have a career. You couldn't have both, you know. So any woman that wanted to pursue any kind of whatever. Especially science.  So, you know, there's the feminist, there's the LGBTQ, there's certainly the McCarthyism that we're going to be talking about, xenophobia, and so forth and so on. So we're kicking off our Vermont Reeds last night at the Telegraph Club, 23 Reeds, with this program with Rick, and we're thrilled to have him. And I think I'll let you introduce what you're going to be talking about. Yeah, and I forgot to say, I'm Judy Byron, the adult program coordinator. So that's just for your information. Thank you, Rick. And just let me know when I need to dim the lights and I'll do that. You know, I'm not sure we really need the lights. Okay. Well, you know, there's quite a bit of ambient light from there. That I can't help. No, no, no. I mean, that's good. Let's see what this looks like with the lights off. Got it. And we can dim, which is this. That's great. We can see you. That's great. That's great. It's fine right now, but there is a reflection of the light. That's why. Oh, here? No, from that. This light reflects on the screen. I'm not sure if anybody says they're not like that. Yeah, that's better. That's good. That's even better. Yeah. Okay. And how is that? Do you want the screen down on that one? Okay. Hi, everybody.  This is a talk that's based on a book that I wrote and published. 2018 came out. And it's a kind of an overview of what happened in your mind. I got very interested in this topic. And discovered that except for little bits here and there, nobody had ever written anything complete about it. So I was in the grand tradition of people who write books or make paintings or write movies because they want to create the work that they wanted to read or say. Anyway, so I'm going to talk about how this book came to be and what is in it. And that will be our context for studying what happened in this state during this time. And I'm going to start with the title. I discovered over the years that people use the terms McCarthy era and Red Scare interchangeably. Over the years, I have come to really prefer Red Scare. The one thing is dramatic. It's got color. It's got that word scare that talks about exactly what happened rather than a McCarthy era being just one era of many, the Pleistocene or Mesozoic era or the World War I era. And if you look at a timeline of, let's say, 1946 to 1960, you'll find that the period where McCarthy dominated the headlines was actually the spring of 1950 to the fall of 1954. So you see with a TV, my pointer doesn't work. On the screen it does, but not on a surface anyway. A lot of people think that McCarthy started this anti-communist hysteria and it was a bandwagon that people jumped on. And actually the bandwagon was already in motion and he jumped on. And that's why my book begins in 1946 with the collapse of the wartime alliance between the U.S. and the USSR. And it goes to 1960, which is my final chapter in the book, which is kind of a gateway to a new era. But the other reason I like Red Scare is that it takes the focus off one person. And that person is Senator Joe McCarthy from Wisconsin, who nobody outside of Wisconsin had really heard of until he won his Senate election in 1948. So during the spring of 1950, he held up a piece of paper saying, I have in my hand the names of and the number kept changing, how many communists there were in the State Department. By that summer, the term McCarthyism had come into being. And most sources credit that the invention of the term McCarthyism with this wonderful man, his name was Herbert Block, better known as Herblock, the editorial cartoonist for the Washington Post. We can't really see everything, but this is a sample Herblock cartoon from 1950. He always portrayed McCarthy with a bucket of tar and a brush that was dripping with tar. And this refers to all the contradictory statements that he has made. And the heading is, stop ganging up on me. So when I was looking, starting my research on this book in 2017, I ran into a friend on the street who is a historian. And I said, I'm working on a book about the Red Scare. And his response was the first one or the second. And that's when I realized that there was such a thing as the first Red Scare that is used to describe the time between the end of World War I and 1925, say. In fact, Judy, I don't know if you have the new book by the historian Adam Hochschild. It's called American Midnight. And it's about this era where the Bolshevik takeover of the Russian government in 1917 caused an incredible wave of hysteria in America.  Socialist office holders were driven out of office. And his point is that American society is still paying the price for marginalizing these kind of left-wing opinions that were part of everyday discourse in the TNs. So as my historian friend said, as long as there have been communists, there have been anti-communists. So we go back. Here are two cartoons. One is from like the TNs. The other is like maybe 1905, and this other is the TNs. The legend on each of them is put them out and keep them out. In the first case, an animus anarchist bomb thrower at the gates of civilization. And the other is, you can't see it here. It says, Rens, the torch, Anarchy, the sword, Bolshevism. So this was very much a fear. Emma Goldman, the famous anarchist rabble-rouser, was deported back to Russia. And she didn't make any friends in Russia either. She wound up having to leave the Soviet Union to go to Paris. Eugene Victor Debs was the head of the US Socialist Party. And he won four million votes in the 1920 presidential election, campaigning from jail, where he had been put for arguing against the US entry into World War I. So any kind of labor activism, as long as there was labor activism, was tarred with this brush of anti-communism. It was a cartoon from the New York Evening Telegram that strikes and walkouts lead inevitably disorder, Bolshevism, chaos, and who knows what. So this next artifact is... I just saw it hanging in somebody's bathroom the other day. Maybe you've seen it before. Does this look familiar? So this is an ad from the Scott Tissier Company. And the copy is, if you don't have a clean bathroom, workers are going to complain among themselves. And you know what that leads to. So they have a point, you know, of course. Anyway, just like the communist threat was used to drive a wedge into the labor movement. So it was once World War II ended to drive a wedge into all kinds of other areas of American politics. So this is the speech in 1946 in Fulton, Missouri where Winston Churchill coined the term Iron Curtain. And many people say point to this date as the beginning of the Cold War. Being a movie person, I have given a talk about the Hollywood Blacklist. And the question I get often about the Blacklist is, well, where was McCarthy in all this? And I said this was 1947. McCarthy wasn't even around in the Senate. But this is when Hollywood writers were called in front of the House of American Activities Committee and under the charge that they were getting the Blacklist subversive messages into Hollywood movies. So the communist threat was also used to drive a wedge in the civil rights movement. Here's a famous billboard. You can see this is a photo. This is a billboard that was seen all over the South. The communist training school, the so-called communist training school, maybe some of you have heard of it. It was called the Highlander Folk Center in Knoxville, Tennessee. It was a labor-organizing school that started by an incredible man named Miles Horton. And he and a few others started this school strictly as a labor-organizing school. And they realized that they were winning all these labor fights for segregated unions. And sometime around World War II, they started becoming a civil rights and labor-organizing place. And they noticed that in labor-organizing, often the thing that got everybody's spirits up on the picket lines were songs. So anybody who came to Highlander to do a workshop, what songs have you learned and they would in turn pass the line? This is where the song We Shall Overcome had its birth at the Highlander Center. It was one of the only places in Tennessee where blacks and whites could sit down together. And Rosa Parks did not come out of nowhere just saying, I've had enough. I'm going to not give up my seat on the bus. I'm going to go to the Highlander Folk School about six months before the Birmingham bus boycott. So anyway, that's just a kind of an overview of the part that anti-communism has played in the era that we're going to be talking about. So how did I get interested in all this? Fair question. My parents, and this is taken in the early 30s. They were both New York City school teachers and they were both children of... Sorry. We now interrupt this program. My parents were both children of Eastern European immigrants, children of the Depression, and you have to remember putting ourselves back in the mind of the Depression. It was obvious to a lot of people that the capitalist system did not work. Whatever it is, something's got to work better than this with looking at all the people who are unemployed. So there were a large variety of outlets for people to join on the left, whether it was the socialists or at that time the communists were split into the Trotskyites and the Stalinists and so on and on it goes. So my parents were what I would call at the time rank and file communist party members. That is, they were really interested in union organizing, especially in the Teachers Union in New York City. They were both active. And the Communist Party also attracted people who wanted to do something about racial inequality. It was the Communist Party who hired attorneys to go down south and defend people like the famous Scottsboro Boys. So my father had the unlucky experience of having one of his favorite students grew up to be an informer for the Senate Internal Security Committee. His name was Harvey Matusso. He became one of McCarthy's right-hand men. And the way it would work is that the House Un-American Activities Committee would announce they were taking a panel to, let's say, Cleveland to investigate communist infiltration into the labor unions there. They would send an advanced person to Cleveland and they would meet with the various industrialists or whatever and they would say, who's giving you problems here? Who are the troublemakers? And they would have the hearing, public hearing, and Harvey Matusso would get up on the stand and said, I saw this person, I saw that person at the Communist Party meeting. He just purged himself top to bottom and then had a change of heart and wrote this book. Of course, nobody, no respectable publisher would touch it. In 1954, so it was a left-wing publisher who got it out there. He recanted, but it was too late for all the people who he named. And I found out later that it was at a House Un-American Activities Committee investigation into communist subversion, infiltration in New York City public schools, both high school and college, that Harvey Matusso named my father. Earlier that morning, as it turned out, he had named Pete Seeger, Sonny Terry, Tom Paley, all the people, all the left-wing folk musicians who had been active. So my father was in good company. Anyway, he saw the writing on the wall that he was going to get fired from his teaching job. And so he went into private business, running an art supply store. My mother, they didn't get around to my mother until two years later. And by that time, things had calmed down just a bit.  And she was able to keep her job. She taught art until she retired. But I was finally old enough to kind of hear about all this when I was a teenager in the 60s. And they were very open with me, my parents were. And I came to realize that a lot of my family history, all the decisions that were being made as a family really had their roots in this terrible era from the late 40s through the 50s. So it was always in the back of my mind. I moved to Vermont in 1970. I had this stereotypical image that many people did of, oh, Vermont, totally Republican state, very conservative, full-time establishment, whatever. I didn't know I was moving at a time when the earth was changing. Phil Hoffa just finished his terms. Dean Davis, who's quite a liberal Republican in many ways. Patrick Lay, he was about to win his first Senate run. Bernie Sanders was about to make his run. So I got very interested in what had happened in Vermont. And in the late 80s, I ran into two people who, turns out, shared my interest. One was Richard Hathaway, who taught history first at Goddard College and then at the adult degree program in Montpelier. And Michael Sherman, who was just about to take over as head of the Vermont Historical Society in Montpelier. So I forget how this idea came about, but the three of us decided to put on a weekend conference, 1988, and Richard and Michael, being the historians, said, OK, we should have a panel on this. We should have a panel on that. And I, at the time I was, you know, they had really full-time, responsible jobs in the adult world. I was just running a movie theater. So I'll be the researcher. I'll, you know, go into the state law library where they have all the microfiche machines. Who's had experience with microfiche machines here? It's stiff neck, headache, you know, the whole thing. But, you know, the hours go by when you find yourself in June 1954 and say, oh, that was happening. That was happening. Oh, look what's playing at the Paramount Theater. I had a really kind of buckle down. Anyway, this conference was a really big success, but I was always aware that we had just scratched the surface. And I said, you know, one day I will get back to this. And that day came finally when my wife and I sold the Savoy Theater in 2010. And Michael Sherman at that time was no longer running the Historical Society, but he still is, to this day, the editor of the Vermont History Journal, the official publication of the Society. And he really encouraged me to keep doing some research. And so when the idea for this book happened, I already had all the material from this conference. It was videotaped, it was audio taped. Some of the audio tapes were actually transcribed. Thank you so much. And so I really had something to work with. So what I'm going to do is kind of tell you what our panels were at the conference, because these were the first chapters that I wrote. And then what we didn't cover at the conference that turned out to be equally as fascinating. So I was going through, speaking of the summer of 1954, going through the microfiche machines, and it came upon this headline, Vermont farmer cites fifth amendment when questioned on a red status. And so I had two immediate thoughts. Who is this Vermont farmer? Is he still alive? And if he's alive, will he come to our conference? So I had a big shock when I read the first paragraph and found out that this Vermont farmer was, in the years subsequent, got very well known for being something other than a Vermont farmer. It was William Hinton, the author of the classic book on the Chinese Revolution, Fan Shen. William Hinton, and there he is testifying, he was in his 30s. A graduate of Cornell, who had majored in agriculture, went to the rural rehabilitation agency after the war to work in China to kind of get things back on track in the war-torn areas of China. He had become a real fan of writers like Edgar Snow and others who had been to China. And Hinton was very taken with the idea of the Chinese Revolution that they were still on their long march when he got there in 1946. So he was already quite sympathetic to the aims of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai. In the meantime, I found out that William Hinton came from a really, truly amazing family. His mother founded the Putney School. Her name was Carmelita Hinton. This is a photo from the late 40s. And she had started the school in the early 30s, one of the pioneering progressive schools, one of the first co-ed private schools. And she was a disciple of the educator John Dewey. I felt that students should be taken away from rote learning and to actually learn by doing. It was a working farm. So students were expected to help gather the sap for a sugaring. They were expected to clean out the barn at 5 a.m. And it was quite an amazing place. That's William Hinton's sister Joan in the middle there. She had been an atomic scientist. As a graduate student at the University of Chicago, was recruited to go to Los Alamos, New Mexico, and participate in what was happening there. She was one of a few scientists who were present at the first atomic bomb tests in New Mexico, but then were totally horrified when the bomb was actually dropped on Japan in World War II. So she said, I'm done. This is not what I want to be doing. In the meantime, her brother was in China and said, there's plenty for you to do in China. Can you use somebody with your skills? And by the way, do you remember that roommate of mine at Cornell who you liked? His name was Sid Enxt. So Joan Hinton and Sid Enxt actually got married at Yanan, where Mao Zedong's headquarters were. So William and Joan Hinton were two of the few Americans to be in China in 1949 when the big changeover happened.  She's in China. Little did they know, she was 10 miles from the nearest town with no electricity, totally into communal life. But at the same time, her brother William decided for personal reasons it was time for him to come back to the United States. So he came back in 1953 and upon his arrival, he came through Canada at St. Albans. All the thousands of pages of notes that he had taken that became Fan Shen were confiscated. And soon he was called to testify in front of the committee. He thought they were really trying to get at his sister. But he ended up taking the fifth 75 times. And he just would not give them the time of day. So this is one episode that kind of ties in with the last night at the Telegraph Club. The incredible fear that went through the U.S. government with the change in leadership in China and the finger pointing at whose fault was this that the communists took over. We're going to return to that theme in a little while. This man is Alex Novikov. And this was another chapter. He was the only high-profile academic firing in the state of Vermont. In other states, especially at state universities, there was a lot of professors who lost their jobs. In Vermont, only one. And as it turned out, he was testifying also the same week that my father testified in Washington because he was a professor of Brooklyn College. And they were investigating communist subversion of the U.S. city colleges. But anyway, he had testified in front of the Senate. And Jenner is Edward Jenner from Indiana, who was equally as anti-communist as McCarthy and had the chairmanship of this Senate committee. So Novikov refused to answer questions. And there's a wonderful book by a woman who turned out to be who gave, William Hinton gave our keynote address at the conference. But this person, Ellen Shrecker, wound up giving the final speech at our conference. She wrote a book called No Ivory Tower, which is a history of how the Red Scare affected academia. And she said things followed a pattern, especially at state universities and colleges. Somebody was named in front of a committee. And then the trustees of that college or the politicians in the state would come to the universities and say, well, what are you going to do about it? And that's when they would appoint the committee to look into it, or they would call the professor up to the office and say, you know, it would be better if you resigned. It took a very brave college president to say, you know what, we aren't going to do anything about it. These people were hired to teach English or science or whatever. And so people like Harold Taylor, who was the president of Sarah Lawrence College, Robert Hutchins at the University of Chicago. But at UVM, the president, Robert Boardman, his name was, appointed a faculty conference, should Novikov keep his job? And they voted, yes, he should keep his job. And then the legislature said, if you don't do something about this, we are going to cut our funding for UVM next year. So the president said, well, I think we'll appoint a new committee. So then they got, they pulled in the trustees and, you know, these various people. And what they went up saying to Novikov, oh, Jenner. So this is McCarthy with his brush. Nixon and Jenner carry, carry on lads. That's what the caption is. So UVM put the question to Novikov, if you tell us what you didn't tell the committee, you can keep your job. And he said, no way. At the same time, the Einstein School of Medicine in New York was just starting. And they hired Novikov away from UVM and where he went on to achieve all kinds of academic honors. He eventually got an honorary degree and a full apology from UVM around 1985. And we discovered that his leading advocate on the Senate, in fact, in the faculty Senate, but at UVM, the person who actually recruited him for the job at UVM, his friend Arnold Shine. And Arnold Shine was so thrilled to get an invitation to come to our conference. He was still boiling that his friend Alex got treated so badly. So he gave a great panel and that was one of the highlights of our conference. So anybody recognize this person? This is a caricature by David Levine. And somewhere around here I have a wonder about him. Yes, it's underneath the shade. This is Henry Wallace. Watch your wire rig. Thank you, George. Dangerous technology. So Henry Wallace, who is Secretary of Agriculture under Roosevelt, then Roosevelt's Vice President from 40 to 44, and then Truman's Secretary of Commerce. And he's a very admired person in his time, but as he started disagreeing with Truman's foreign policy, he started going more and more and more to the left, especially at Truman's belligerent attitude towards the Soviet Union. So Wallace actually ran for president on the progressive part to take up 1948. And there is the news article with the first meeting of the group in Rutland. And shortly after this, the Wallace group was really, really attacked. This was a very bad time to come out publicly to say we shouldn't be enemies with the Soviet Union. They had just marched into Czechoslovakia and taken over that government. So it was a very, very unpopular state of being. This man is Luther McNair. He was the assistant dean of students at Linden State College, and he was a member of the Wallace for President Committee. He gave a speech in favor of Wallace at UVM, and this is how it was headlined the next day. I'm sorry for this copy. U.S. strength, not on the side of people who seek freedom, asserts Dean McNair at UVM. What he was saying was that the war is over and now we're supporting the French and Indochina. We're supporting the Dutch in Indonesia. We're supporting the right wing, Hunter that took over the Greek government. We see ourselves everywhere helping reactionary forces. So at this time, there were two papers in Burlington. There was the Free Press, and then there was the Burlington Daily News that ended their publication sometime in the 60s. And then the publisher was William Loeb, and people assume that Loeb is from New Hampshire, where he ran the union leader for so many years. But his first paper was actually the St. Albans messenger, and then he bought the Burlington Free Press. So for a whole week, he ran front page headlines, editorials. This man should not be allowed to have a position where he can influence impressionable minds. So he kept this drum beat up all week, and at the end of the week, McNair resigned. He was not fired, but his son told me later that he felt a lot of sympathy for the president of Johnson, didn't want her to get into any trouble. So the official line is, I have taken care of my ailing parents in Cambridge Mass, so it's a good time for me to leave my job. So I wondered, whatever happened to Luther McNair, what did he do once he got to... Well, I found out that he became the head executive at the Massachusetts branch of the American Civil Liberties Union. He did that for 30 years, and now there's an annual award for him. Anyway, another chapter in the Wallace for President involves a well-known artist at the time, Rockwell Kent. I don't know if that's a really good name, but there's just a great exhibit of his stuff at the Fleming Museum last year. Anyway, he lived outside Platsburg at the time, so he accepted an invitation to come to speak to the UVM students for Wallace. And he was not exactly a politic guy. He had very strong opinions. And somebody asked if the Wallace campaign would accept help from the Communist Party. And he said, well, why shouldn't they accept help from the communists when Harry Truman and Thomas E. Dewey are getting help from every gangster in the U.S.? So that was the headline in the free press the next day. He was, I guess, the modern version of being ridden out of town on a rail. So Richard Hathaway and Michael Sherman said, well, the most headline-worthy event during those years was the downfall of McCarthy himself, which was engineered in large part by our Republican Senator Ralph Flanders. So Flanders had been a very successful businessman in Springfield and had a tool and die factory there. And there he is in later years. And he had served on the Armed Forces, Armed Service Committee with McCarthy, took incredible personal dislike to the guy, and said, you know, he just did not like his bullying tactics and felt, this is from the conservative Republican point of view, that McCarthy was really damaging the Republican brand by making these accusations and turns out, Flanders wrote in his memoir years later that he felt that he had tacit approval from Eisenhower, who was not going to get his hands dirty. He says, but if you want to go after McCarthy, you know, you feel free to do it. So here's a famous, this is an Associated Press photo of Flanders announcing what he's going to do. Flanders on the right, McCarthy on the left. And who's that in the middle? Can you see, make it out from here. It's McCarthy's 25-year-old aide, Rory Cohn. And if anybody wants a more obvious connection between then and now, just think about this. 25-year-old Rory Cohn was McCarthy's protege. 50-year-old Rory Cohn was Donald Trump's mentor. Oh, wow. And when Donald Trump wanted to leave the insular world of Queens and become a real player in Manhattan real estate, his father said, ghosty Rory Cohn, can't do anything without Rory Cohn. And so I think it is for Rory Cohn that he learned, you know, attack early, attack often, never apologize, demean your enemies. And that was Rory Cohn's playbook. Anyway, two of our guests at the conference talking about this whole episode is Flanders. One was Robert Mitchell, who is the editor and publisher of the Rotlin Herald. And the other was Kendall Wild, who at the time was the editorial page editor of the Herald. You know, there's an office to aspire to. Right. I love it. Anyway, so they both came to our conference. Mitchell had been upset that the Springfield Gazette, which was so much a Springfield reporter, excuse me, so much a smaller paper than the Rotlin Herald, was getting scoops when Flanders would come back for the weekend. They'd always get an exclusive story from Flanders about what he was going to do. So Mitchell sent Wild, who was at that time just 25 years old, and said, I set up, you're going to go over to Flanders' house this Sunday morning. So the result was that Kendall Wild got the scoop that was on the front pages. At the same time, the Army McCarthy hearings were going on, and McCarthy was already in big PR trouble for his slimy tactics during this investigation. But here's the headline that was in the Rotlin Herald the day after Kendall Wild's meeting with Flanders. So Robert Mitchell said at this conference that he thinks that you may have written more editorials about McCarthy during that eight-year period than maybe any other subject. It's pretty amazing for a very Vermont-based paper. So there it is, Flanders sees threat for McCarthyism every day. There was something on the front page of the Rotlin Herald for months. Senator Flanders speaks out. Whatever Flanders did, it had it. Robert Mitchell's full approval on the editorial pages. And Mitchell wasn't the only one. There were other papers in Vermont who were kind of mainly on the traditional Republican side where we're taking Flanders side. So this just kept going on all summer long. This is another Herbal Cartoon. The movie High Noon had just come out. And if you remember the plot of High Noon, he was a sheriff. And he can't get anybody to help him fight the bad guys. And Flanders was having the same problem. Flanders was the sheriff he had. And people like Senator Nolan, don't look at me. High Noon in Washington is the name of that cartoon. So the only one who is in favor of McCarthy here was William Loeb, the brilliant free press. Wire the old gent. And his tack was poor Senator Flanders. He's losing it. He shouldn't be in the Senate anymore. He's just gone around the bend with senility. Send him a telegram saying he should spend his time better elsewhere. So finally McCarthy was censured. And his career was basically over. He died three years later. So Richard Hathaway was, his big topic was Vermont exceptionalism. It doesn't exist. And he said, we have to have a panel on the difference during this era in the experience of Vermont and the experience of New Hampshire. And we got one big difference was New Hampshire had an attorney general in Lewis Wyman who fancied himself, a local McCarthy. And he had persuaded the New Hampshire House to give him investigative powers and powers to say, you know, if you don't come across with questions, you know, you can be held contempt. And there's William Loeb.  So one person who came to our conference was a target of Loeb and Wyman. His name was Paul Sweezy. And he was mainly known as being one of the founding editors of the once-learned New Independent Socialist magazine. He was a part-time New Hampshire resident and had been active in the Wallace Fair President New Hampshire committee.  But knowing that he was probably going to get into trouble, he already lined up his friend at the law school, Thomas Emerson, to defend him. He said, we're going to take this to the Supreme Court, which they did. It took five years for Sweezy's case to work its way to the Supreme Court where it was ruled that, you know, it was none of their business to know to... So they ruled in Sweezy's favor. He was facing five years in jail for not testifying. What happened was there was a very popular professor at UNH and Gwynn Daggett, who would invite outside speakers to his class. And one of them was Sweezy. And Wyman had made an offer to a student, you know, you want to earn some extra money, go and sit in on this class and take notes and tell me what Sweezy said. So that's what they did. Daggett was also threatened with the loss of his job. But unlike at UVM, he had a very sympathetic head of the college. So Daggett was able to keep his job. So there was a whole chapter in this book about that difference between Vermont and New Hampshire. So that was the conference. And those were the panels of the conference and they formed the basis of the book. But then I said, you know, I just kept staring at this cover. And I said, there's one headline in here that we just never, ever followed up on. And it was that one. And this was actually the first chapter that I wrote. I wrote it as a piece for Vermont History Journal. And at one time I was actually tempted to make the whole book this chapter because it turned out to be such a fascinating story with so many interesting players. So I'll see if I can describe it concisely. The center of the story is a couple. His name was Ville Hallemore Stéphane-San, originally from North Dakota, Icelandic heritage. And he had been starting in 1895 to about 1910, a very well-known Arctic explorer. He'd like done six different expeditions up there. And he was living in New York City when he was done with all that. He had an enormous Arctic library. And his secretary noticed that he was just complaining all the time about the summers in New York and how miserable he was. And she said, well, you know, every summer I rent this place up in Vermont. He would have come up and take a look around. So he and his wife, this fascinating character in her own right, Evelyn Baird Stephenson, they bought some property in Bethel. And over the years they had become very good friends with a Far East expert named Owen Lattimore. And Lattimore was very well known at the time. He had been Roosevelt's personal emissary to Chiang Kai-shek in China. And he was one of the people who after the war was arguing, says Chiang Kai-shek is completely corrupt. He doesn't have any of the support of the Chinese people. You can, we can talk to these revolutionaries in China. They're not like the Russians. We can, you know, we can deal with them. All those people who made that argument got themselves into trouble within a few years. And they were all weeded out of the State Department. Lattimore was not in the State Department. He was teaching Asian studies at Johns Hopkins. We'll get to that. They were very good friends. Lattimore spoke fluent Chinese. He spoke fluent Mongolian. He was very concerned about his friends in Tibet whose lives and livelihoods were being threatened by the Communist Chinese takeover. So he wanted to get as many of the Mongolians who the Chinese were clearly going to set up a puppet government in Mongolia. He wanted to get some of his Mongolian friends out of Asia. And he had the idea of starting a, what he called a center for Asiatic studies in Bethel or not. And Stephenson said, well, you know the land right next to me is up for sale. So why did you buy it? So Lattimore did buy it. There was the summer of 1949. They started construction on the school, the Mongolians. So you look at the White River Valley Herald in those days. And there are articles about the Mongolians and their finery on the main street in Bethel treating the little kids to ice cream columns. It was quite a novelty. But Lattimore, because of his attitudes on China, was already kind of in the sights of the FBI. So people were following, people were noticing the license plates. They were steaming open the letters that came from him for him in 1949.  And when he finally did, it was Lattimore. And Lattimore was completely flabbergasted because for one thing he didn't even work in the State Department. But he knew that he was going to be incurred really big legal bills. And he very reluctantly gave up his place in Vermont. Stephenson said, I will sell it for you. And Stephenson put an ad in the magazine that doesn't exist anymore, the Saturday Review of Literature. And only one person answered the ad, a former anthropology student who was a, had been a follower of Stephenson's life and career. And it turns out this man, his name was Mason Ordway Sousard, was an actual communist who had run for Governor of Alabama on the communist ticket in 1942. His wife had run for Attorney General on the communist ticket. So in the meantime, there was this kind of unhinged woman who lived in Vessel named Lucille Miller. And she was telling anybody who wanted to listen that there were communists all over the place in Vessel and in Randolph Center, including some people who had been in the Roosevelt administration who were friendly with Alger Hiss. So Lucille Miller became an informant for this very popular right wing columnist at the time, Westbrook Pegler, who was kind of the Rush Limbaugh of his day. And he's quoting the informant, Lucille Miller, he's saying, the secret of communist success here has been charm and money. They have given farm jobs and contract jobs and washing and ironing work to the people. So Lucille Miller kept saying to her contacts that the Boston Herald, which is a William Randolph first run paper, you should come up to Vessel and Randolph and see when it's happening. And finally a reporter came and discovered this bland sale. This is John Drysdale, who was the editor and publisher of the White River Valley Herald. And he was really scared that this story was going to explode because all you had to do was walk down to the Vessel Town clerk and see the land transfer. And you'd know that Lantemore took an incredible loss on the steal, but meanwhile McCarthy was claiming this is how the communists are raising money to go into their coffers. So John Drysdale, he said, I only got as a weekly paper with a miniscule circulation. He prevailed on his friend Robert Mitchell with the Herald and John Hooper at the Brattleboro Reformer to chip in and hire an investigative reporter from New York City who would come up and spend a month there. And this was a six-part series that was on the front page of the Herald and the Herald and the Brattleboro Reformer for six whole days. You know, one day they're getting the whole story straight to the land sale. So within a few weeks, the story had completely disappeared. But unfortunately, Lantemore never returned to Vermont. He had been suspended from his job at Johns Hopkins and his troubles were like only beginning. Stephenson was very bitter about what had happened with him in Vermont. He moved to Dartmouth to Hanover and donated his whole library to Dartmouth. So I was just about done with my book and I read it to my friend Andrew Newquist in Montpelier. And he said, gee, did I ever tell you at the time that my father ran against Charlie Plumlee and got red-vated and lost that election? And I had, you know, my first teller was, wow, what an interesting story. And then, oh my God, I'm going to have to write another chapter. And Andrew said, I've just donated all my father's papers to UM. So there it was in a box. You know, I could go through this campaign every day. If you've ever been to Northfield, Vermont, you know the name Plumlee. The Plumlee Armory at Norwich University. There's the Plumlee this and the Plumlee that. He had been president of Norwich. He then was in the State Legislature that in 1932 he was elected to Congress. And in 1946, he was about to start his eighth term and he started being seen, well, he started not being seen in the House. He was absent a lot of the time, falling asleep in the House, being seen publicly inebriated on several occasions. So a bunch of Republican businessman came to Young Professor Newquist at UVM and said, we need a fresh face to run against Plumlee. How much do you think you would need? And the answer is pretty laughable in today's terms. $500. So you have to remember, no Democrats were elected in those days. All the action was in the Republican primary. So there's the announcement both for Andrew Newquist and way down at the bottom, sober consideration of all legislation for those who like an in-joke. So the campaign was going really well but then all of a sudden the story kind of emerged and nobody knows how this happened but supposedly the 20-odd member delegation of the very Communist Party endorsed Newquist for governor, for a representative. I was never able to find out whether this actually happened. Evidently Professor Newquist didn't either. He said in his denials the first I've heard about it. So he lost the election. Plumlee won yet another term. And Plumlee's hobby horse towards the end of his congressional career was Communist-tainted textbooks. And students are being taught that the people who founded this country were slaveholders. Bad stuff. And even after he retired from the House, he got in the 1953 legislature in Vermont, he wanted to come and speak to a joint session of the House and Senate in Vermont. And they were lame. So it was a very interesting thing and an article by the author Darcy Camfield Fisher at the time was pointing to this as saying even conservative Vermonters know when a real line has been crossed. So the last two chapters we're going to talk about are two in a kindred spirits. This is, his name is Bernardo Shea. And newspapers in Vermont generally fell into three categories. Traditional Republican like the Rev. Harold. More conservative Republican like the Burlington Free Press. And right-wing Republican like the Burlington Daily News like the St. Albans Messenger. One Democratic paper in the entire state. Run by Bernardo Shea and his wife Sheila. Swampin' way up the last town you hit before the Canadian border. The O'Shea's had been both Navy officers during World War II and had been stationed in the South Pacific when they were doing atomic tests at the Bikini et al. And they both came back, committed pacifists, committed Quakers. They lived in Northampton last but saw this opportunity to buy this small town paper. This is 1950 they took it over. Published to inform the public honestly and intelligently. So the Swampin' Carrier and the White River Valley Herald were two of the only newspapers when I was doing my research where you could actually sit at a table and turn the pages of the real newspaper. This is up in the Swampin Historical Society. They had issues going back who knows how long. So I got a real chance to get familiar with this paper in many respects. Your typical Vermont small town newspaper. Here is the Little League Scores. Here is the bake sale that's happening for the library. Here's the new construction. This is the select board meeting. Except the editorial page. And that's when O'Shea, the O'Shea's really went to town. This is a sample. He was constantly reading papers from other places. In this silly hysteria he read in the Madison, Wisconsin paper that somebody took a clipboard and put on the Bill of Rights and took it around town to see who would sign it and nobody would. Often papers in those days have... Here's what other editors have to say. Well, his other editors were Norman Cousins from the Saturday Review. He was the only paper that came out against the firing of Alex Novikoff of UVM. Guest editorial by Dorothy Day, editor of the Catholic Worker and Peace Activist. Often A.J. Musty, who is a hero of O'Shea, would be quoted in the paper. Every once in a while, you know, it was the fifth anniversary of the bombing of Nagasaki. So there they reprinted from a magazine, from a Quaker magazine, a firsthand telling of what it was like to live under the bombing of Nagasaki. Every once in a while, O'Shea would have an editorial. The controversial Dr. Hansi. So in this editorial, O'Shea said, whatever contributes to understanding is good and we believe can see his rears of research have a definite contribution to make. Readed people, you might learn something. And another editorial I couldn't help noticing. I was driving around Swanton the other day and I saw a really unusual sight. I saw a truck that had a Confederate flag flying on it. Now what can this possibly mean? So 1952. So O'Shea was often a sacrificial lamb in electoral politics. Nobody was going to beat George Aiken in 1956, but he felt somebody should run for the Democrats. So he ran for the Senate. He ran for the House. He ran for governor. He remained a political activist until he died in the late 80s. But he found a great politician to support and that was William H. Meyer. And Meyer was a forester from a teeny, teeny town. I don't know if anybody has ever been to West Rupert near Bennington. But William Meyer became the first Democrat in 104 years to be elected to Congress. And he ran on a platform of abolishing nuclear weapons, admitting China to the U.S. And then once he got into Congress, really continuing his peace work. And it was kind of a fluke election because there was a very contentious Republican primary and that kind of the least popular guy won. And so there were reasons that Meyer got elected. But 58 also was not a presidential year. 60 was. And that's why Robert Stafford, who was then governor, said any good Republican can beat Meyer. And that good Republican turned out to be Stafford himself. He announced he wasn't going to run for governor. He was going to run against Meyer in 60. And even though Meyer got more votes than he had in 1958, he was beat because it was a presidential year. And although it's funny to think about it now, Vermonters turned out in great numbers to elect Richard Nixon. So Meyer himself ran again for, he ran for Senate in 1976 and he ran for the House in 1978. And with each loss that he had, he got more and more dissolution with the Democratic Party. And especially as the issue of the Vietnam War came to the fore. And in 1970, he basically said, I've had it with the Democrats. And it's time for a third party in Vermont. And he announced that issued invitations to 15 people he knew to come to his house and form the Liberty Union. And one of the people at that meeting was Bernie Sanders. And if you get Bernie in a quiet moment, he will acknowledge that Bill Meyer was really one of his heroes in Vermont. And he really helped make Bernie's career possible. So that's where I kind of end the book with the 60 defeat of Meyer, but also tracing the rise of Bernie that really came out of Meyer's experience running as a Democrat in those years. And this transition from being such a stereotypically rock-ribbed Republican state to 25 years later, Howard Dean and one of the most progressive states in the union, the roots of that change are to be found in the 50s, and I think in the resistance to the McCarthy era. So anyway, happy to answer any questions. And then I'm also happy to show you some books. They're $15. I'm curious, there were many times you were talking about someone who was being interrogated and refused to answer. And was it where they refused to answer questions about other people, refused to answer questions about their political beliefs, or was there this broad range of things? Yes, yes, this is a very interesting topic. Because you could say, I refuse to answer it, I don't recognize your authority. First Amendment rights, freedom of speech. That would take you a contempt citation. You could say you don't have any authority, but I am taking the Fifth Amendment, my right to prevent self-crimination. That would probably get you fired. That would have to involve some criminal charge being potentially acquittal, right? Yes. But being a communist, per se, was not, or was it criminal? No, but that was a tricky thing, because if you were a communist official, you could, in 1950, they passed what was called the Smith Act, vague wording. If you were in an organization that was dedicated to the overthrow of the government, that was illegal. But here's where it gets tricky. The people who say, I will tell you what you want to know about me, but I won't name anybody else. That's also risking a contempt thing. As soon as you answer one of their questions, you have to answer all of them. And there were people in Hollywood who really wanted to take that stand, and they were going to get fired no matter what they did, unless they named other people, which was so ludicrous, because the committee already had those names. And it was a question of performative. You had to prove you were a good American by informing on your colleagues. Did anybody do that? Yes, people did. No matter what variation, somebody actually did it. In fact, there are musicians in the audience, but there were references to, you could take the augmented fifths or the diminished fifths. And I think telling a factor self, but not refusing to name other people, was a version of the fifths. John Houston, the movie director, he wanted to, what he wanted to do, his advice to the writers who were getting subpoenas, was refuse to answer any questions, and then go out onto the steps of the building and say, yes, I'm a communist, and I don't care who knows it, but I'm not going to tell them. And lawyers, where the writers said, no, no, no, no, no. Lawyers wanted to kind of thread a needle. The writers were, they didn't want to give the committee. In those days, the fifths was very much identified in the public mind with gangsters, people who really had something to hide. So they didn't really want to take the fifths, which is why they all, the Hollywood 10, all got contempt citations because they actually refused to answer any questions with no, didn't cite any grounds. So it's a fascinating history. And I could see that when my mother was called before the New York State Board of Education Investigating Committee, which had subpoena power, that there's a very fine line that she had to thread saying, she knew that even if she said, I'll tell you about me, but I won't name anybody else, they could still find reasons to fire her. But that particular case was working its way through the, to the New York State Supreme Court at the time. Yeah. Why did Dr. Navikov come under suspicion? Dr. Navikov at UVM, why did he come under suspicion? Yeah, he had been a member of the Communist Party when he was teaching at Poco College. So there was a notorious guy who was on the faculty at Brooklyn College who wanted to keep his job and just gave the names of everybody who he had been at meetings with, and all those people got called, including Navikov. And so his activity was at Brooklyn College in the 40s, forming a union among the professors, but it didn't catch up with him until he was called in 1953. Thank you. I was curious about that Center for Asian Studies in Bethel, Vermont. What was the name of it? I think that's where... Center for Asian Studies. Is there any remnants of that anymore? No. And here is the great irony that the FBI suspected that Lattimore was going to have something to do with setting up a figurehead, a communist figurehead government in Mongolia when, in reality, he was afraid of what was going to happen when the communists took over and was trying to save all these sacred texts that his religious friends had accumulated. So, how do you spell Lattimore? L-A-T-T-I-M-O-R-E. A very distinguished family. I said, Lattimore, that name is familiar, and then I realized his son, Richmond Lattimore, was the one who translated the Iliad and the Odyssey that I had originally. So, would anybody who was Russian were targets, or how about anybody who's Chinese would be targets? Well, you know, this is one of the themes of this book. And in the last night of the telegram club, if you were Chinese and you were working in atomic energy or science, you were very carefully dead. But you look at some of the news articles about Novikov at the time, and quite a few of them will say, the Russian-born Novikov, Russian-born, like, till he was five months old. Yes, so people, you know, people were definitely under suspicion. I mean, look what's happened after 9-11 and what's happening today. It doesn't take much for people who are fearful to, you know, do the blanket thing of these people already not worthy of being trusted. So, definitely a lot of that. A lot of people changing their names, especially if they were very identified as having a Jewish or Russian name. And then George. What year was it that Harvey... Matuzzo? Yeah, implicated your father. 53. So you were a couple of three years old? I was six. And did he ever apologize to him? Not that I know of. I think I would have heard about that. Well, he apologized in print, right? He apologized in print on mass. Apologized in print, a blanket apology. Yes, and he's a guy who... Look him up on Wikipedia. He reinvented himself like 10 more times after this. He became a big hippie. He went to England and became a kind of rock star. Crazy. And he actually died in Vermont. He died in a traffic accident.  Did you have another question? Yeah, so I'm curious. Was there a migration of people from Boston or New York or whatever when there was a sweat scare to get out of the city and move to Vermont? Like it became a haven for those people. Well, I had... I could have predicted this would happen as soon as the book was printed, I would find other chapters to write about. So I went to... Anybody ever been in Belmont or Mount Holly? It's near Ludlow? A cute little community there. And somebody came up to me and said, you know there was a kind of a left-wing enclave here in the 50s. Turns out that there was somebody whose family went generations back in Belmont named Randolph Smith. And he was the headmaster of a leading progressive private school in New York called Elizabeth Irwin. And he would summer at the family place in Belmont. And one after another, various faculty people and parents would come up to visit. This was before Okimo and Land got incredible in Ludlow. They'd say, is that really $200 for that house of ten acres down there? And so Randolph Smith's son Peter, who's my age and still living in Belmont, he said at one point they counted 25 families. Mainly during the summer, but some of them became year-on people who came up and bought land and one of them was Robert DeCormier, who ended up being the coral director of the group Counterpoint. I have a friend who went to Tsar Camp on a lake in Cabot. And she said she found out only years later that the counselors there had kind of picked that camp to be counselors at, because it was close to the Canadian border. In case they got a subpoena to appear in Washington, they could leave quickly. So I think the answer is yes.  In certain areas, yeah. George. Why the doctor in Overcroft who was at UVM, and he left there in 1953, why would it take UVM 35 years to recognize that they've made a mistake? Yeah, that's a very good question. I think some of it had to do with the public pressure because this was an episode that was forgotten and that there was a new generation who was kind of looking into this. And I saw a very interesting letter in the Burlington Free Press when I was looking at the coverage for this. If anybody has heard of a Ramon Poe at New James Hayford, a wonderful, very homey poet, sort of a minor league frost, but even the high minors. Anyway, Hayford had been very active in the Wallace campaign and he wrote a letter to the Free Press saying, I see that Professor Novikov has gotten a recognition and an apology and I think the Free Press also deserves him an apology. Deserves an apology to him. And I'm still waiting for an apology for the Free Press for how they treated the Wallace for President campaign and who went into detail about how they got slimed for their political opinions. As it turned out, Wallace only got like not even 1% of the vote in Vermont that year. It was like Lowe was bringing out the big cannons for this killer mosquito. Yeah. Did other papers print the articles that Flanders had printed in the paper that he was working for? In other words, did other papers make up his articles that he was writing? You mean Mitchell? Oh, I don't remember. I can't read my notes. Mitchell was Flanders' big defender on the roll. But other papers definitely picked up Wallace. So they were able to, even though the other papers were more on the other side of the aisle, so to speak, they would still print the articles that looked interesting. And was the St. Albans Messenger and the Swanton Courier in competition? They were sort of in competition. That's right, next door. Yeah, yeah. In fact, there was a funny exchange when something went wrong at the presses in St. Albans and they wound up using the Swanton Courier presses. Yeah. But there's no love lost between those two people, these two papers. Have you read the book by Glenn Frankel called By Noon Day? I sure have. That's a good one. That's a very good one. Yeah, Glenn Frankel is a reporter for the Washington Post, political reporter, but he was really interested in movies. And he wrote one whole book about the making of John Ford's The Searchers. Yep. And then another book about the making of High Noon and how High Noon was really effective by the Blacklust extent that, you know, everybody just watches it, oh, western and, you know, gunfights and sheriff. But it was a real, it was a parable about McCarthyism. Well, thanks everybody. And read the books if you, okay, take what's under here. Thank you all for coming. Yeah, thank you so much.


You are my... Simba! Simba!  If you're new to our channel, go and smash the like button, subscribe, and ring that little bell to be a part of the notification squad. Also, please follow us on Instagram and Twitter! JUSI CONTINUES IN THE NEXT VIDEO! Also, please and thank you to everyone who subscribes to us on Patreon! Link in the description below.  We love you from the bottom of our channel. Hahahaha. Today we'll be reacting to a very requested video for a long time. Uh, Simba! Which is why we did the opening we did, because we don't read the synopsis, we have no idea what this is about, and when you say Simba, what do you think of the lion king? The lion king. So we're expecting this to be the India version of the lion king. Or at least the prequel. Probably exactly that. Yeah. Here we go. It's a twist again. Nice. We're done. We're a current kind of guy in other films. Here we go. Simba is an orphan from... Shikha. Yeah. From where our beloved Shinkha was not... Philosophies of Singham. Simba believes that they corrupt officers' lives of an ideal life, which inspires him to become one. While Simba enjoys all the perks of being an immoral and unethical police officer, a twist! And the tail transforms him and forces him to choose the righteous path. So it looks like it's a con... At one point I thought, okay, this is a quirky comedy, and then we're talking about making sure that rapists get punished. Yeah. So... Yeah. I don't... It definitely had two tones to it, and then obviously the music was fantastic. Oh yeah, I love that. But it was all very upbeat. Right. Yeah. And I'm wondering, do some films like this, is it common thread for a lot of the films that come out of India, like this kind of a genre, to have multiple layers? Like you have some moments where it's flat out comedy funny, and then it can on a dime switch and become deeply profoundly serious. Yeah. That's what this looks like. It does. It definitely looks like a bunch of different films. Right. It did. Yeah. It kind of looks like, what's that, Reno 911? That's exactly what I thought. It was like a combination of Reno 911 and Liam Neeson going to get a stroll back, you know? Yeah. It's like, yeah. It's quite strange, but I mean it all looked really good in terms of like the shots. Oh yeah. Some of the stunt work in that looks fantastic. Some of them look really good. It has 65 million views. Yep. Well, we had a lot of requests for it. Yep. Thank you. So, might that be one of the ones we review? Yeah. Who knows? Let us know down in the comments what else we should be reviewing. And as always, thank you from all of us.


And now I present to you James B. Madonna and the referent Dr. William J. Eisenman. His... His debt? His debt? Well, I know he's going to cut something. He wants to cut something. Of course. Okay? Which would help people. He wants to cut it. I'm not sure what it is right now, but I can assure you, it obviously involves the middle class and the poor. And not the rich of us. That's correct. Don't call Donald Trump the undisputed Republican front-runner anymore. As Republicans head to Colorado for tonight's third debate, which occurred already, by the way, Ben Carson is ahead nationwide.  Donald Trump is much more truthful than Ben Carson. The October 21-25 survey found 26% of Republican primary voters were backing the retired neurosurgeon.  While the Trump had the support of 22%. The new survey is the first major poll to show Carson overtaking the real estate mogul. Could be his soft-spokenness that's winning over people. We know what it is. Rather than content. Oh, race. No. It's race. Religion. That's all it is. Religion. Yeah, but religion is not proven.   First of all. I'm totally convinced. His supporters are evangelicals and Baptists, et cetera. He is a seventh-day adventurer. That automatically makes these people stark-raving mad. It should. Because it's all different. You know what I'm saying? They ain't coming from the Bible. See, that's the point. Any one of them. They're all different. They're all cults. Yeah. Created by some man or some woman some time ago. Yeah, like Brigham Young with the Mormons, right? Yeah. Claiming that Jesus visited him. And the angel Moroni. Boney Moroni. Boney Moroni came down. Dude, does the mashed potato. No. Does the alligator. Remember that? Boney Moroni. Hey, it's perception. Why do they automatically believe Brigham Young's story? Well, they don't. Some people do. That's why we're all not...  Mormons. Mormons? If we all believed this story, we'd all be Mormons. I mean, anybody... Mormons. This proves that anyone can start a cult. And have. That's why, again, Seth MacFarlane on Family Guy made fun of all these organized religion and all these cults. Yes. Yes. When Peter Griffith started the Church of the Fonz. There you go. Yes. That's where everybody goes in and begins with A. Well, how about Festivus? Or anything like that. Festivus. For the rest of us. Franco Stanzer of Seinfeld. Festivus. The Illuminum Paul. We read last week or something, the something church of Satan something. There was another. There's a new church, a satanic church, which is an offshoot of the original one. Well, all I know is they wanted some equal time against the Christians. But they made up their own... They made up their own rules of the church, of the cults. And it's usually the opposite of what the Bible says. You know what I mean? The black mass. And the white mass, et cetera. And they all have their own made up rules. Yes. Which is a hallmark of organized religion made up rules. Carson had taken the lead in Iowa polls last week and Trump continues to have big leads in New Hampshire and South Carolina. Boney, Maroney. No one else is close. Third in national poll is Senator Mark Hill Rubio had 8%. Oh, the guy that looks like a... The guy that doesn't show up for work. He looks like a ventriloquist dummy. Okay. Mark Rubio. He doesn't like his job. So he doesn't show up to take votes. Bernie Sanders is still doing his job as senator and running. You know, I mean, here's a young kid named Bernie Sanders that can't walk and chew gum at the same time. And he wants to be the big guy in the nation. Hmm. You see? Next. Our former Florida governor, Jeb Bush, and former business executive, Carly Fiorina. The old horse face. With 7%. The 10 leading Republican contenders will debate for two hours starting at 8 p.m. That was the CNBC debate, which just occurred. Who were the moderators for the Republican debate? Second one. That was the one we just had. That was the third one. I believe. CNBC. CNBC also continued to... That's the one they had all the troubles with. They didn't like those three moderators, the woman and the two guys. Now, after that one... They didn't want those questions. After that, has there been another... There will be one on Tuesday. And another one that was moderating it. Next week, next... Wait a second. This one will be on the Fox Business Channel. Oh. Which I'm not sure right here in Optimum Land. Which channel it is. Yeah, we're in Optimum Land. Yeah, the company, the Internet provider and cable provider. Trump had questions about the polls Tuesday. Some of these polls coming out, I don't quite get it. He told MSNBC's Morning Joe. He said he was surprised in Iowa. And the other polls, as you know, in other states are extraordinarily actually... I would have thought we were doing much better. I think we actually are doing much better. Hey, when a major network has Hillary Clinton light years ahead of Bernie Sanders in the polls, there is a lot to be suspicious of. He also insists that he's not thinking of getting out. I'm in it to the end. I'm in it to the end. He could be buoyed by the finding of the nationwide poll that seven out of ten Republican primary voters said it is far too early for them to make a definite decision on a candidate. Bernie's got to start getting tough, man. Go right for the jugular vein. No more Mr. Perfect general. Well, you don't have to go to the jugular vein with Hillary. But these networks are claiming that Hillary is light years ahead of Bernie Sanders. This is not good.  And what is the problem with black Americans? Don't they know Bernie Sanders marched with the civil rights leaders? Bernie is not as influential as a Democrat that is at the top. The same thing with unions. Unions benefit much more with Bernie Sanders than they will ever do with Hillary Clinton. The American people, as Gary Knowles says often, they don't get it. If you vote for the third party, they will win. But they don't vote for them because they don't think they're going to win. And there is the problem. That's why Nader only got 250 or 80,000 votes. Nader was the most honest and truthful of the whole bunch. You mean when Nader ran with the Green Party? Yes, yes. That's the problem.  Do you remember what Bernie Sanders says when he first became mayor of Burlington, Vermont? He won by like 10 votes, something like that. 10 votes? He barely, by the skin of his nose, defeated.  He says he got a lot of flak from the established politics in Vermont. You know, the old two-party system hands out for the big donations. What would you expect? The official gave him a hard time when he ran for Burlington's mayor. And just like with Jesse Ventura, he just barely won. Because the people are that gullible and naive. It's like when your team wins. You feel as though you participated in their winning panel. You did nothing. Hey, when the New York Mets beat the Chicago Cubs to win the National League pennant for 2015, automatically, the New York fans got very boisterous, loud and obnoxious and arrogant like they usually do. They were going with the winner.  And then lo and behold, the Kansas City Royals swept them. Well, as I understand it, swept them. During the season, they lost seven games to the Royals. Yeah.  So they were lucky to even... Get one game. Well, they were lucky to win the National League pennant. Yeah, well, they didn't face the Royals yet. But they didn't face the Royals yet. For the World Series, yeah. And I mean, well, the same thing with when the Red Sox started the season. They got all these sluggers, all these new players and all the sports experts says, oh, it's going to be the Red Sox this year. Yeah, baby. Everybody was all psyched up and they fizzled out. You know, it's like, well, with politics, people just don't get it that business as usual, a two-party system, people are not the way to go. They're not really for you fighting for the little guy. Look, 100%, they're not really... There's a big problem in America with people, the adaptive supporters.  Okay? They are always down on themselves. They don't, in any way, shape or form see themselves as a billionaire. The billionaire is always better than them. Whether it's conscious or subconscious, it's there. When I was a kid, when I was a kid and I worked for the old boy, Rogers, you know, and I had a stupa uniform on, polyester uniform. I was, well, I think I was over 18. I was working for them and all the people that came in for lunch, all the females, the customers that came in, you know, good-looking ones that were all dressed up like they work in an office, nobody would give me the time of day because I worked at Roy Roy. I was a fast food restaurant employee. So I was not worthy of their acknowledging me. You know what I mean? People put you in a pigeonhole. They put you in a class, in a classification.   You are not going to receive the respect that people that have a college degree work in an office. Why do you think garbage men would rather be seen as sanitation engineers? They make more money than a lot of people in the office. The people you just mentioned. But they're looked down upon. Elaine from Seinfeld didn't want to date someone because it was a garbage man. Meanwhile, he's in a union. He's making money, hand over fists with the benefits and the pension, the great health care and the coverage, much better than any of the jabronis that Elaine dated from the office. But the stigma, he is a sanitation person. He's not... He's low, he's beneath. Same thing with a Dunkin' Donuts employee, you're beneath. Elvis Presley sang about it years and years ago. Hey, poor boy, poor boy But I am lonesome And I am blue But I could never Be a poor boy As long as I got a Dolly like you. That's a nice song. At least the Dolly in that song took him on even though he was a poor boy. Saw something beyond his subordinate occupation. Status. So you know damn well that a homeless person with college degrees that end up homeless, you know they're even worth less and they're more invisible as a human being than the fast food worker. But this is how humanity is. They judge you. They stick you in a little pigeon hole. And as long as you stay there, you're still there. But once you get out of that, what's the old saying? That they love you again, right? No, they don't like you anymore when you're going downhill. When you're going down, be kind to the people and you meet them on the way up. Because you're going to meet them on the way down. You meet the same people on the way down. Now, that's why I say you know when I used to be involved with online dating I would say love is not about the man's income or what kind of car he drives. Love is not a sales job with a quota as long as you produce people love you. Once you stop producing, people stop loving you. You know what I mean? It is not a sales job with a quota. It should not determine you as a human being. It should not help me out here. It should not judge you as judge your worth as a human being. In capitalism, we measure people by their wealth. Monetary possession. Income, monetary possession. Simple as that. Correct. You drive a junky car and people make fun of you. You drive a great car then people accept you. Your job, this, that, and the other thing. It's really very unfair. The rise and durability of Trump and Carson have befuddled the political elites and have become a defining dynamic as they engage at the Coors Event Center at the University of Colorado in Boulder. That was already. We had that debate. Carson plans to take a deliberately gentle approach to his flamboyant foe. Think about it. Parents, children, employees, they don't want a boss or a president to take a handle and throw insults at people. Why not? Because of Carson's popularity, some Republicans say taking him down will require precision and care. I don't think that you need to attack him. You just need to examine him.  Would you ask a brain surgeon to fix the country? Latino advocacy groups joined by Hollywood celebrities and others are calling on NBC to disinvite the Trump from his number 7 appearance on Saturday Night Live. Tonight, by the way, tonight it will be on Saturday Night Live. So Saturday Night Live decided to go with Trump? Yes, they did. And there will be one skit where he has a huge head of hair. Oh, like an exaggerated. Really exaggerated. Somebody the other day I heard him say they referred to his having a fox on top of his head. Oh, yeah, that was stand up comedy and Trump did not smile or laugh. Yeah, he was sitting in the audience man, he didn't say. That was Seth Macfarlane. No, no, it was somebody else. It was like he was roasting him. And Obama was sitting right there. And Obama was cracking up about the fox on his head. We are appalled that you would enable Trump's hateful speech for nothing more than a ratings ploy. The national Hispanic leadership agenda said in a letter to SNL executive producer Lorne Michaels another factor in the growing outcry may be that it is exceptionally rare for an active presidential candidate to host the show. Presidential and vice presidential candidate cameos have long been woven into the fabric of SNL, but the last time a candidate hosted amid an active campaign was Democratic longshot Al Sharpton in December 2003. Trump has his facts wrong when he claims he pressured Ford Motor Company into scrapping plans to build a plant in Mexico. Ford's chief executive said on Tuesday facts are stubborn things and at Ford we are proud of the facts. Mark Field said unfortunately we suspect the facts are getting lost in the politics. Trump tweeted on Sunday that because of his constant criticism Ford had decided to cancel plans to build a plant in Mexico. Field said Ford's decision to move heavy truck production from Mexico to Ohio was made in 2011. Hundreds of students, parents and other concerned residents of the Sioux City, Iowa protested Trump's appearance at a local high school saying the GOP presidential candidates rhetoric about immigrants violates the school's anti-bullying policies. Organizer Ishmael Valendiz said Trump's characterization of Mexican immigrants as rapists and criminals should have led school officials to bar him from speaking at the Westide High School. You're talking about Republicans you shouldn't be too shocked with any of them. Valendiz said that as many as 500 protesters gathered outside the school ahead of Trump's appearance on Tuesday evening Sioux City Schools officials said the event is not school sponsored. Do you think maybe the media is not targeting and focusing on Ben Carson's many lies because he's black? Well, they aren't targeting on some of the lies right now CNN is and the trouble is he is dismissing them and he is blaming the media for witch hunting him. Like they all cried during the last debate MSNBC debate CNBC CNBC debate they're picking on the Republicans they're targeting us but the point is his statements on archaeology and history and religion are all unfounded and nonsense. That is correct and some of them are lies and his background and his credentials like with the West Point and that doesn't even go to his issue his defense of his religious ideas is coming from the Bible because they don't. Religious ideas are just an opinion it's just a perception it's not proven. Well, they keep saying it coming from the Bible. But if you lie about your background now that's proven. Well, he's even saying that those people don't know what they're talking about. Not if you could prove it. Out of ten people one person said that maybe, maybe, you know he says what he says was true or whatever. The other nine say it wasn't. Maybe? You just, you research it and you prove it. What do you mean maybe? Well, he's just agreeing with the guy. Oh boy. He's not making a big deal out of it. How are we doing out of time? The end bit. Done. Oh yeah. We are done. Oh yeah. Time sure flies when you're having a great show. Very invigorating indeed. Thank you for joining us for this week's progressive discussions. This of course is the end of the last video segment now that we have to present our shows in parts and I will try my best to end every video segment with William Hamilton Morrow the Third's promo. I will see if I could be done. If it could be done, great. So we'll see you next time. I'd say I'm going to give it a dozen bells for a very smooth well done show. All right. See you next time. Ronnie? He's on a cruise ship. I think they only use those bells in hotel lobbies. I don't think they use it on a cruise ship. Don't they use some kind of bells? No, like a Siemens bell, like a ship bell. Siemens? Not that kind of Siemens. They have a different bell on a ship. You know, like on farms, they use the triangle, you know Come and get it. Or they use the cow bell which I could get a cow bell, but it kind of has like a country bumpkin sound. I don't really like it. Cool. Do you like the, do you notice the jingle bells are different than the hotel bell or is the hotel bell It's a different sound, right? Yeah, of course. All right, we'll see you. This has been a Megalive 21 production. Hi, this is William H. Morrow. The best way to join our organization is to get your free annual subscription to newsletter censored with your gift to support this work. The newsletter of hard-hitting truth and news fighting censorship and since 1977. There is nothing out there like the newsletter censored in the mainstream media or the press. This newsletter is the very best way to join and be a part of our organization. We're living the end times so you need newsletter censored. Go to www.newslettercensored.com Hey, listen. For the real hard-hitting truth you need newsletter censored. And now, back to the show by Mike.


What's up everyone, Takedown here. Welcome back to another tech video. Today I'm going to be showing you guys how to open up your PlayStation 4 controller to replace the battery, but also it's going to show you guys how to open up your PlayStation 4 controller to do anything, whether it's to fix the analog sticks or anything else, but in this video I'm specifically going to show you guys how to replace the battery, which is super easy to do. Now this is another requested video to open up the PlayStation 4 controller unlike Xbox and other controllers where there is a special tool needed. This one here is only four regular screws and all you need is a Phillips headed screwdriver, which I do have right here. And you might also need a flathead screwdriver or a pry tool and I'll show you why in a second. So the first thing to do, these four screws you're just going to remove unlike other controllers, there's nothing under the label here so you just want to remove those four screws. Now once you have those four screws removed you're going to start on one side first, you're going to make sure it unclicks, then you're going to do the other side. So one side at a time. So I'm going to start on this side here and what you're going to want to do, you see this seam here. You're going to grab the end here and you're going to separate it just like that. Once the screw is out that part is really easy. There is another clip back here that you have to get. So you're going to want to separate it just like that.  Once you hear the click you'll see it like this. It's separated here.  It's the same thing on the seam on the front. You're just going to separate it just like that.  Just like that you heard it pop and the other side is out as well.  You will require a little bit of force but you will have it separated just like this. Now I accidentally already unplugged the cable here for the light bar and here is the battery right here. You're going to move that to the side and all you're going to do for the battery here is literally just lift it up out of the spots. You're going to unplug it here just like that.  You're just going to reverse all the steps with your replacement battery here.  You're going to push this down like that. Now you're going to make sure that you connect the ribbon cable back just like that is plugged back in.  I'm going to clip it like that. You're going to work your way all around the console. There the controller pushing it all back together just like that.   Now if you did need to go into the analog sticks all you'd have to do is you would replace or you would remove the battery and the motherboard and the analog sticks will come out. So you turn that over and then you'll have access to these as well. But that is how you take apart your PlayStation 4 controller and that is how you replace the battery. I hope this has helped you guys and I'll see you guys in the next video. Please take care. Peace.


Well, hi there, I'm Sandy Allnock. Welcome to my YouTube channel. It is almost fall and since I did some pumpkins in my previous video, both an intermediate slash advanced painting as well as announcing a brand new beginner class where you'll learn how to paint these four little pumpkins. I want to make my alcohol marker friends happy too. So I have a pumpkin house to share with all of you today. And I'm going to give more of an overview of how you can approach a pumpkin house like this to create your own drawing or if you would like to get a sketch of mine that you can simply color in and follow a real time video with more instructions than head over to my Patreon page. All right, let's get started. So my pumpkin house began with a quick pencil sketch. If you're going to draw your own pumpkin house, then you could start with pencil and just make sure you erase any excess pencil that's on the paper. Because if you're using any light colors, then the graphite will drag through the pencil. I mean, it'll just pick that up and move it, which means your yellow windows might go gray. But if you're using all dark colors, you don't have to erase any pencil lines. In general, that's not going to disturb your alcohol marker particularly much. But if you're worried about graphite, you could always just use a light alcohol marker to do the drawing itself. So I began by just figuring out where I wanted windows inside my pumpkin. And you also need to figure out if there's any extra windows. I was going to have all rounded windows with round tops on them. And I was going to put shutters on mine, but you can do yours any way you like. I also put one peekaboo window up at the top, like a little house shape. And I just put the moss on the top. So then you don't have to figure out the perspective for what that little house would be. And I was feeling lazy, so I thought I'll just hide it behind the rest of that, which was kind of a nice cheater way out of it. And then it came to doing the coloring part. Now, when you're talking about a pumpkin, remember, there are gajillion types of pumpkins. In my previous video, I did a pumpkin that was the Lady Gadiah pumpkin, which had different kind of stripes on it. So you can do a striped pumpkin. You can do a white pumpkin. You can do, there's actually all kinds of colors of them. If you just Google the types of pumpkins that are out there and you will find an amazing number to choose from. And if you're doing something whimsical anyway, that might be a really fun approach to just try a completely different style of pumpkin. You could also, if you didn't want to draw it the way that I'm doing, you want to make it even more whimsical, just grab a pencil and a fountain pen. Or if you're going to use alcohol markers, then grab a marker like a Sharpie that you can color in their image with alcohol markers. Or if you're watching this and you're going to do it in watercolor, then you could do it any way you want. Fountain pen would work great for that. And then just do some splashy watercolor. But I'm using alcohol markers because I wanted to do a scene. And in the scene, this is a scene that's taken somewhat a little creative license from the enchanted classes that I host over on my website. And I have one that's like a year round kind of enchanted scenes. There's lots of rainbows, types of scenes in it, not rainbows, but like happy colors, lots of flowers, that sort of thing.  They're all slimline version things. So a lot of people who make cards would use those for that. But if you just want some ideas and ways to draw those different kinds of scene elements, you can check out those classes. I did put them in my brand new plugin that I mentioned in my recent video that was all about the dogs, the watercolor dog classes. Because now that I have a fancy swanky plugin, I can tell you that if you order both of the enchanted classes, the regular one and the winter one, then you get an extra 5% off lucky you. So if you're interested in taking those and you want to take two at once, then you get an extra discount. So they're also on a sale as well. So you get the sale and the discount on top of it. So that's pretty special for your scene. You need to decide whether or not it's going to be daytime or nighttime. If you're going to do a scene at all, you could just do it with a white background and that would be perfectly fine. For mine, I decided it would be nighttime and I started making my scene dark as you can see, but it wasn't dark enough. So I had to keep going in and adding more darks. And in the enchanted classes, we talk a lot about how to do that using a lot of different kinds of colors together using complementary colors to create darks that don't exist in alcohol markers.  Either Copic doesn't have them. Nobody has anything like what I want because I don't like using full on black. This is full on black that I'm using back here because I did decide it was worth it for that. But if I were to just make a whole background, I generally don't like the look of just solid black marker, which is something that doesn't look realistic. And I know this is not a realistic drawing, but, you know, I kind of like to at least have that illusion in my head. So yeah, I like to mix colors so that trees ended up being a green and being covered with a brown that was the perfect color to turn them into something nice and neutral so that now the house is really glowing. So depending on whether you want your house to be a nighttime one that's going to have a glow from moonlight on it, or whether you're going to make it daytime, it's going to totally change the light on the pumpkin, whether or not you need more color added to it and whether or not the grasses are going to go dark. My grasses have to go really dark if I'm going to make it a nighttime scene. Now, another thing you can consider if you are inventing your own pumpkin house, then you might want to look at the shapes of pumpkins, too, because there are different colors, but there are some pumpkins like the Cinderella pumpkin is more like it has more of a concave top to it rather than a rounded top like this one does. And that allows you to do other things with your design of your house because you can have more of peaks on the part that goes up. And then maybe you can have a swimming pool in the part that's concave. That would be kind of fun. Give your residents of your pumpkin house something fun to do in in that kind of a shape. And you could also have like a whole neighborhood full of pumpkin houses, just all different kinds of pumpkins, different shapes, and they can all be little neighbors. And you can create a neighborhood, which would be a lot of fun as well.  I'm always so jealous that kids just dive in and they don't feel like they have to do it right. They're just doing it and that makes it right automatically. Like there is no need to try to figure out what the right way to draw anything is. And I don't have that anymore.  And what if I didn't do it right and we all panic? Kids don't have that. They don't have that at all. Now, you can look at other architectural features to include in your house as well. As I said, mine all have rounded tops, but you can have rectangular tops. You can do double doors. You can do a little like how about a little porch? You can make a little porch coming off of your pumpkin. You could put a fence around it. So there's a little delineation of the property. There's a ton of things that you could do with something like this. And I encourage you to think through what you'd like to do. And if you want to use my sketch, then head over to Patreon and check it out over there. You can become a patron for just a dollar a month. If you want to support my work, you don't have to give a lot. But if you have a lot to give and you're really grateful and use my tutorials all the time, I would be most grateful for your support. All right. Thank you very much. You guys have a really great week ahead. I will see you again in a couple of days with another video. Bye-bye now.


Background, patients who are hospitalized with acute coronary syndrome, ACS, or heart failure, HF, are frequently readmitted. This is the first randomized controlled trial of a mobile health intervention that combines telemonitoring and education for inpatients with ACS or HF to prevent readmission. Objective, the aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of a smartphone app-based. This article was authored by Praveen Indaratna, Uzil Bisvas, James McFay, and others.


And greetings from Owings Mills Gymnasium on the campus of Stevenson University. Stevenson women, they're looking to avoid a third straight loss. Their task perhaps a bit tougher as they face the number 24, Lions of Albright. Let's take a look at the Mac Commonwealth standings. You see the Mustangs sitting at five and six, right now fifth place in the conference, and while Albright battling Messiah right at the top, they're nine and one a half game back of the Falcons. Albright, the only loss being that 82-73 set back at Messiah on January 18th. Since then, they've won three straight. For Stevenson, they had been rolling. They had rolled off seven straight victories, but they have lost back to bad games. What have these two teams done statistically? Coming into this game, Mustangs averaging just 62.3 points per game. The offense has been the trouble all season long. They're allowing however just 60.4 points per game. Their defense has been up the task. The Lions scoring 79.6 points per game, allowing just 57.8. They have been great in every facet of the game. Yeah, I remember it. Yeah, so that's like a we've been running that that like play for in bounds. We always run it and it just so happened that I noticed like the girl was slightly in front of me when we lined up for the jump ball. So I was just saying that like I'm taking off and hopefully we get the tip to Morgan cleanly so that she can get it to me. So yeah, I definitely remember that. Momentum very clearly on the side of the Lions at the moment. Where's the offense going to come from for the Mustangs to lose you inside the Huggins? She goes up with it scores. Johnson pushes forward, stops, pops, goes down, smooth. Kelly. Denia Campbell is going to try three up, three down. When we get on a run, kind of hard to stop with the set. We can tell you to play good defense in that kind of the energy for offense. So I know going into the second quarter we just like keep our foot on that girl the entire time. That's back, tries the three and connects. Brandy Hall, four and three. Mustangs match their largest lead of the game at 31-24 with this offensive first and now a steal from Hannah Chris. She's got a pass to basket. She misses it, but there to clean it up is Denia Campbell. Campbell's got seven, Hall's got eight. Mustangs have a 33-24 lead. Chris pokes it away again. And Terella is a really good player. We just had a chip on our shoulder. We wanted that going really bad and we knew we needed that running really bad too. Won't fall, there to finish however is Brandy Hall. Herman tries a jump shot from the free throw line and nails it. One, three for Hall. Oh, that's a biggie. I was we oh goodness gracious. I remember that so okay. So we, Coach Jackie called timeout, but we tend to advance it. So then Kelly had to take the ball out and then she tried, I like was slightly open toward like like streaking, like she's trying to throw along with her rose arms or like super long. So she kept it. It was like 53-53 for like a minute and then I was able to streak towards the basket. So then I missed that wide open layup and from like two out of the three of my game winners, like I missed the basket right before it and it just made me more mad that I missed it because they were most of them, like both of them, they were like point blank like shots that I'm able to do all the time. So after I noticed that it didn't even hit the backward and just went right over the rim. I was like, Kelly picked it and then I was able to like tip it to keep it in bounds and just like watch this by the ball. And I was like, I can get to this. So then I just like undercut the girl and grabbed it.  Like I was trying to pump fake anyway, but I didn't expect her to like jump out of the way. So I was like, okay. And so I dribbled it and then I had to like fade forward a little bit because he was like on my back, we could have or could, you know, maybe, maybe not about. It's off the jumper. Not over yet that Brandy Hall put Stevenson on top 55-53 with under a second to go. And then Liv freaking fouled Tyrell. Gaffney looking for Tyrell gets it to her. Tyrell, did she get it off? Yes. It doesn't matter. No good. Foul called. Oh my gosh. And they called it and she jumped. I was like, no way. There is no way that she was like, that's shooting foul. And I was trying. That's all it is. The foul on the floor. Can't foul this time. This would be free throws. Gaffney to inbound. Lobson and Tyrell. Tyrell launches off the top of the backboard and the Mustangs have taken down the number 24 team in the country. They win the night 55-53. Brandy Hall the hero. Because they were like 24 in the country at the time. That was like a huge deal and like a huge confidence booster for us.