Okay, it's 1230. Stephen will usually start the class with a moment of silence so we'll start the class with a moment of silence. Okay students let me introduce you to my friend Stephen can sell a who is a lawyer in Houston working in Houston and he is I would say one of the preeminent libertarian theoreticians. Without any further ado, you've already his paper and he'll go over it a bit and have a nice dialogue with you. So, Stephen start. Okay, can everybody hear me okay. What's what is this course what's the name of the course. Law and economics. Okay law and economics okay so I can touch on both. I think what I'll do is I'll try to speak around 2530 minutes and then open up for questions if you guys have any questions while I'm speaking I don't mind if you interrupt me if there's something I said that needs clarification or if I'm not clear. So feel free to feel free to interrupt me during it otherwise you can wait until I'm done so I think what I'd like to do is kind of maybe explain how I got to my views and where the paper came from. I started practicing law and patent law around 1993 94. And I had been a libertarian for a long time and I had been thinking about the intellectual property issue because I was not satisfied with the, the arguments in favor of it by on Rand and others. So, but partly because these rights terminate at a certain time and it just didn't make sense to me like, if it's a natural right or real property right why would it terminate and then how do you know what the right length of time is all those issues so I I searched for a better argument thinking I'm a libertarian. And I'm a patent lawyer I know more about it than anyone else I'll figure this thing out and finally I came to the conclusion right around the time that I started practicing patent law that all of intellectual property law is totally unjustified. And so I ended up writing that paper in 1999 or so, which is over 26 years now. In the meantime, I've come across other arguments, other data, other ways of presenting it. And although I think that the original argument is still sound. So that's where we are. I think what I'd like to do is focus on two types of an ultra property but just because of the time constraint and those are the two most important and the two most damaging in my view it's patent and copyright. And then there's some other more recent types, like mass court protection for semiconductors and database rights in some countries and both hold designs and I would also include defamation law as a type of an ultra property because the arguments for it are the same, although in the law. It's not usually considered that way. So let me first talk about the term I do think the term intellectual property is a loaded term and it's a misnomer, but we're stuck with it for now when we want to talk about it because that's that's the way it's gone. Originally, the four main types of intellectual property which are patent law copyright law trademark law and trade secret law. They have separate types of law, they have different origins trade secret originated in the common law trade trade mark originated the common law although statutes have sort of replaced it pat and copyright purely originated the statutes and legislation. And they all have different domains. I'm going to give a quick history of pat and copyright. You had a rough version of a proto free market in Europe. Back in the 1500s 1600s, you know some some symbols of free trade some symbols of property rights. You know, and at the time of the king and the church in cahoots with each other could control what their scribes, what books they would hand print by hand, so they could control what thought could be put down on paper and disseminated into the masses so they, they had the practical ability to control thought. When the printing press came around in the 1500 or whatever it was Gutenberg printing press that threatened this easy control by the state and the church of what could be printed. So the first thing the government did was they in England they started the stationers company as a as a monopolistic guild which had the monopoly on printing so the government still control what could be printed. When, when the monopoly on that rent when the charter ran out about 100 years later. The question was what to do now. And so the statute of and was enacted in response to that 1709, which basically is the is the is the origin of our modern copyright law so they basically gave the copyright. Instead of giving it to the publishers, or to the printing guilds, they gave it to the authors, but as a practical matter the authors had to really turn around and assign their copyrights to the publishers to get it published. So it ended up, you know, the right still stayed with the publishers and that model lasted until about 15 years ago, when the internet and Amazon and self publishing started disrupting everything so you had all these gatekeepers. I mean we're all familiar with the RIA a the music industry. The publishing industry record labels, Hollywood book book publishing how there's this gatekeeper function all the publishers maintain control the authors you have to assign their rights, and then there's, you know they're subject to the whims of these gatekeepers, which acted sort of like a modern version of the old gatekeeper function of the stationers company and the church and the crown, which was censorship basically so just until recently we've had that model that was perpetuated. So copyright covers the right to copy and original work of creation like a book, a novel anything that's creative. Things that are functional right practical things like inventions, which are machines or processes ways of doing things. So what patent law covers, and just briefly trademark covers marks and signs that you use to indicate the source of goods, like Coca Cola, or Nike and trade secret covers. What rights you have when you try to keep information proprietary and secret and it is someone leaks it. Can you go to court to stop someone from leaking it further. That's what trade secret law covers. Even earlier than the statute of Anna 1709 which covers copyright you had the. You had the practice of Kings granting monopolies called letters patent because the word patent in Latin means or patente means open. So it was an open letter which means it's like the king writes on a piece of paper to someone who's a court crony. He says, here's a letter you can show to the world. I the king here by grant the bearer of this letter, the exclusive right to sell this product in this region. So he would grant monopolies which would protect them from competition so one guy would have the exclusive right to sell playing cards or sheepskin or something in a given region. First that means they can make a lot of money because no one can compete with them so they charge quasi monopolistic prices right. If you're protected from competition you can sell price you can sell products at a higher. A higher price than you could in the face of competition that was the whole purpose of it. And the king would do this to to get a kickback in the form of taxes or to induce these guys to collect taxes or to buy their loyalty. So this process got out of hand and Parliament got sick of it and Parliament enacted in 1623. A statute trying to limit the King's discretion to grant all these crazy mercantilist anti competitive protectionist monopoly privilege grants called letters patent and they passed the law called the statute of monopolies so it was intended to restrict the ability of the King to grant these monopolies which interfere with the free market and restrict competition and make the average consumer worse off because they have less. They have less diversity of products they have higher prices they have to pay and so on. But in the statute of monopolies. The statute retained the ability of the government to grant these monopolies these letters patent for original inventions. Okay, so they eliminated most of these monopoly grants of privilege but they kept it for inventions. And so the modern practice of granting patents for inventions emerged there. And then in the United States in 1789 when the Constitution was enacted. There's a clause called the copyright clause in section one. I'm sorry paragraph article one section eight, which gives Congress the power to promote the progress of science and the useful arts by securing for limited times to inventors and authors. So that's the basis of right to their inventions and discoveries of their writings and discoveries. So that's the basis for copyright and patent law in modern American law is that copyright clause. And by the way just as a point of interest. Most people now when they read that they think that the word science corresponds to the patent grant and the useful arts response corresponds to copyright because they think copyright covers artistic creation. Or the way language was used at the time the word science was more general just meant knowledge. So that was what referred to writings, science is knowledge and useful arts meant the product of artisans, you know, like manufacturers and laborers and workmen who came up with machines as labor saving devices. So actually it's the opposite of what most people think on the first reading useful arts corresponds to inventions and science corresponds to copyright. And soon thereafter, the patent and copyright acts were enacted and they. So they basically are successors to these earlier statute of and in England, which was rooted in censorship and the statute of monopolies which is rooted in competition protectionism and mercantilism. So that's how we have these laws. Now in the 1800s there was a sort of resurgence of free market economic thinking. All the free market economists started criticizing patent and copyright law, saying, what the hell is the government doing granting protectionist monopoly privileges that distort the free market and restrict supply and raise prices and just, you know, all this stuff. So they started criticizing it, but by then there had been entrenched industries that had grown dependent upon these monopoly grants like the publishing industry for books and, and then various manufacturing industries which were getting patents to protect themselves from competition on their, on their products you know like the, you know, electrical devices and the airplane and plows and things like that. So they mounted a propaganda effort to keep their laws enforced to keep them from being abolished. And what they said was these are not monopoly privileges, their property rights. And everyone said well how can they be a property right if they expire after 20 years or whatever, because it doesn't seem like a natural property right. The response was well they're a special type of property right there a, they protect the products of the mind because you know inventors use their mind and their creativity to invent new machines, and artists use their creativity to invent. I mean to write novels and to write books. So, these are intellectual affairs so it's a special type of property it's intellectual property. That term stuck. So, it's an umbrella term, which was used as a propaganda to save the systems and it succeeded unfortunately. And nowadays everyone thinks proper intellectual property is legitimate because it's necessary and it's part of the capitalist remark order, and because America was so prosperous from 1800 to now. So the patent and copyright law from around the same time to now, you know they confuse correlation, causation with, they confuse correlation with causation and they assume that patent copyright law or the cause of America's success with there's no evidence for this whatsoever. It would be like arguing that the business cycle or having a war every 10 years is the cause of America's success or tariffs, you know just because we had them. We had these laws that we, we were prosperous despite these laws and we would have been more prosperous without them but that's a counterfactual it's hard to prove. So, that's where we are now. Now, what are the two main arguments given for patent and copyright law, because the arguments are similar, because the proponents of these regimes have lumped them together under the same rubric of, of intellectual property law so they. They don't have the same laws but they have similar justifications trotted out for both of them. So there's an economic justification and there's more propraterian or juristic or legal justification. So, and the economic justification is far more prevalent because today's world is mired in in econometric and utilitarian thinking that's how everyone thinks about things they don't really think in principles anymore. So there's a, there's a, there's a, there's a small subset of advocates of intellectual property, mostly libertarians who are confused like I ran and, and a galambos, Andrew galambos, J. Neil Shulman. Even Liza Spooner, by the way, Liza Spooner who was heroic and great on anarchy and the Constitution was completely statist and horrible on intellectual property. I give him a break because he was he was early and so he, he, I actually think that the entire mistaken argument for intellectual property is rooted in a fallacious interpretation of John Locke's homesteading argument, where he says that if you, if you own yourself because God gave you your body you own your labor, which I think is the mistake you don't own your labor labor is just an action and action is what you do with an owned resource like your body. To say you own your labor is double counting and it's confused. But anyway, he believed you own your labor and therefore when you mix your labor with an unknown resource. Because you own your labor and now it's inextricably bound up with this resource that was unknown before. You have to own the resource because you would lose ownership to your labor if you didn't so. And therefore, but I think what happened was this this step in Locke's argument is an unnecessary step you don't need to say you own your labor for Locke's homesteading argument to work, which even David Hume pointed out by the way one time. He cut that step out and it was still work but because he used that step everyone thinks of labor is an ownable thing they think you own your actions you own your labor which is just conceptual nonsense you don't own your actions or your labor actions and labor what you do with things that you own like your body, but in any case because he believed that that idea which we call the labor theory of property. He was morphed into the labor theory of value, right, which by Adam Smith, and, and then eventually by Marx. So in a sense, the under the underlying idea behind intellectual property is the labor theory of property and the labor theory of value, which is essentially proto Marxian or even Marxian. So, when people criticize people like me for opposing intellectual property they sometimes call us communists, because we believe in, they think that we believe in common ownership of ideas, we don't we just think that ownership is a property rights principle that applies to scarce resources in the world, which is something I emphasize in my original paper that you were assigned for today. And I'll get back to that in a second. But anyway, this is what the mistake was I believe so. The primary natural rights, or, or a proper terrain argument for intellectual property is that when you create something you're the owner. And of course if you have a useful idea, which is just a pattern of information right so if you write a novel it's a pattern of information, it's the way that letters are arranged on the page. If you, you know, draw a map or make a painting or make a movie. Or if you come up with a new invention, right you have a recipe or a formula for how to rearrange matter so that it's more useful right you can make an iPhone or you can make a plow or you can make binoculars or bifocal lenses or have electricity you know a generator all kinds of things like that. The idea is that if you own what you create, which they think is the essence of locks homesteading argument.  The mistake here is that they believe that under natural and lock in property theory that creation is a source of ownership. Now this is a common mistake and it's tied up with the mistake that locked made in the first place that labor is ownable. You don't own what you create. That was never a source of property rights. There is only, there's only really one source of property rights or to the main source of property rights is using a scarce resource that's unowned. And when you take that scarce resource out of the state of nature and start using it and claim it as your own, you've now taken it out of the state of ownership state of nature, and you've established an objective link between you and that thing so you have a better claim to it than anyone else. So if anyone else wants to take the thing from you. Now there are second or a latecomers Hans Hermann Hoppe explains in his book a theory of socialism and capitalism chapters one and two.  Yeah that's a material physical object in the real world. The type of things that can be conflicted over. And the second way to own it is if you get it from a previous owner by contract so if I homestead this, this plot of land or this apple tree or the apples from a tree. Or I catch some fish, you know, or I cut some lumber down. If I come to own things like that because I'm the homesteader the first the first user, because I'm the owner, I can consent to giving it to you that's what contract is. So there are two ways and only two ways to obtain ownership of resources, you acquire it when it's unowned, or you buy it from someone else who already owned it for the same reason. So creation never enters the thing. And the reason you can see the way you can see this is to imagine. Imagine that your, your neighbor has a big hunk of granted in his front yard, and at night you sneak over there and you carve a statue into it without his permission. Now, you created the statue, but do you own it. No, because you don't own the underlying material. Right, or if I'm a worker on for Henry Ford's assembly line and I'm helping make cars. I do create the car, but I'm creating it with someone else's raw materials and by contract I don't own the car. So creation is not a sufficient condition for ownership because if you create something doesn't mean you own it. Right, which by the way, Marx would say you do because he would say that the worker is being stolen of the surplus value of his labor by the capitalist employer making a profit at all. Right, so you can see how the IP mistake dovetails with the Marxian labor theory of value. And on the same by the same token. If I find some an apple on a tree, I don't tree in the middle of the woods and I pluck the apple now I own the apple, but I didn't, I didn't create it. So creation is not necessary for ownership. So creation has nothing to do with ownership. So here is in confusing juristic or legal terms, which is what ownership has to do with ownership is the legally recognized right to possess or control or resource right technically it's the right to exclude but it amounts to the right to use a resource. But economically, that's a different realm of analysis right one is prescriptive laws prescriptive has to do with shoulds and odds and norms rules that tell you what you should do or what you may not do, or what you must do. And economic analysis, which is descriptive economic analysis describes things. Now if you understand praxeology and me as his approach to things. He analyzes human action in terms of an individual human actor. And that is a person that's a legal person or a person who has a will, who is associated with a given body which is a scarce resource, and he has the ability to manipulate that body and use that body to manipulate other scarce resources in the world to achieve right. So that's what all action is all action is the human being looking at the future that's coming, being unsatisfied with what he imagines is coming, and using his knowledge about the world, that is the knowledge of the facts around the land what you what resources are available, what ends are possible, and what causal laws happen in the world, so that he can decide, he can choose resources and tools to help him get something changed about the future that's coming right So that's all action is all action is a human actor, employing or using a scarce resource guided by his knowledge of cause and effect laws of cause and effect to change the future that is to create a new universe right. So what that means is, when we describe what humans do. We characterize their actions, assuming that, like we all know that we know apodictically as, as Austrian economics, we know apodictically from the inside that we are actors we know that we have choice, we know that we have values, and we assume that other people are not are not some kind of phantasms or illusions or robots because they look like us and they seem to have the same biological basis. So even other human being running around doing things, when we want to understand their behavior and predict it, and maybe communicate with them to engage in intercourse and trade with them. We characterize their actions as actions as well, not as behavior, as, as, as deterministically causal, causally caused behavior, but we characterize as an action. What that means is we try to guess what their end is what their purpose or goal is, because we can see what means they chose to achieve something. Right. So we characterize other people's actions in the means in framework. And this is what economic analysis is, when we characterize what people do we're trying to explain what they did. So when I see someone transform an input factor or resource into a different factor. We call that production, right, because he is transforming an input resource into something more valuable to him or to his potential customers. And that's when he's more wealthy, because he can sell this thing for a higher value than he got it for that's what production and transformation are. So intellectual effort and creation in that sense is a part of the creation of wealth, but that's an economic category. Creation of wealth simply means you rearrange the things that you own, or that you have possession of into a better configuration that makes it more valuable, but it doesn't give rise to more property rights. So I take a piece of wood and metal, and I, I rearrange these factors and transform them into a spear, like, so I can go fishing with it. Now I've increased my wealth because I have a more useful tool, but I don't acquire any extra ownership because I already own the wood and I already own the metal. There's a fundamental mistake with the natural law argument right the natural law argument assumes that creation is a source of property rights, and it's simply not. And this is because of a vast confusion in the entire literature ever since John Locke, and the confusing way he put the labor theory of property in his homesteading argument. Now, just a few minutes left before I'll stop. So let me just briefly address the main argument, which is the utilitarian argument the utilitarian argument comes from the more Chicago type, or cozy and type approach to economics, which basically says the free market is basically good. But it's not perfect. And there can be market failures. There can be market failures in certain cases where, for example, there's a holdout problem or a free rider problem, which is why the government needs the power to seize property to make a road sometimes right so they'll take someone's property, pay them compensation which they get from taxes from everyone else they make a road which makes everyone better off. And the guy's compensated so he's not any worse off and all the taxpayers are better off because their taxes solve this blockage in the free market so they try to identify market failures and have government intervention on occasion to fix them now of course this is riddled with with with corruption and error and it actually never verifiably works but that's the theory. And the theory with intellectual property is that you need to have the government grant these limited monopolies to creators of intellectual types of products, because otherwise they won't be able to recoup the cost of inventing or creating them in the first place. Because of the special nature of intellectually valuable goods and services, like a book a novel, or an invention. Once they're easy to copy right the main the primary value of this product is in its its design. And once you sell it on the free market, everyone can see the design and then they can very easily compete with you.  The competition comes slowly and you can make up kind of an extra profit for a few years until competition catches up with you and that allows you to recoup the cost of doing it, but these Chicago guys are afraid of competition that's too easy. So, they're okay with competition as long as it's difficult, but when it's an intellectual product, which is easy to knock off like if I sell a novel. It's very easy for someone to take that novel and copy it and sell copies so right away. I'm going to face immense competition and my prices will draw I won't be able to charge my that kind of art that's that temporary monopoly price. I'm instantly going to charge a bear a bear bottom price and I won't be able to make as much money as I otherwise would have. There's not enough incentive ahead of time for me to invest in writing the book in the first place. So we will have an under production of intellectual goods and under production of technical innovation that is inventions and an under production of artistic works. Therefore, the government needs to fix this market failure by granting these monopolies. Now, there are so many problems with this argument number one utilitarianism is morally and ethically bankrupt because, you know, even if you could take money from Bill Gates and give it to poor people and make them off, it's still theft so it's still wrong. And number two, as Austrians point out, value is interpersonally incomparable, and it's cardinal, not ordinal, which means you can't compare value between people. So you can never know that if you hurt one person by taking his property to give it to someone else, you can never know if you've increased the sum total of wealth and utility in the society anyway you can never know. And in fact, all reason and evidence shows that as far as we can tell it reduces overall utility because these systems are inherently corrupt and inefficient extremely costly. And they basically impede innovation, right, because if I invent something and I have a patent on it. I don't need to innovate for 17 years, because I have a monopoly. And my competitors can't innovate because they won't bother to innovate, because if they make a similar product, or an improvement on my product. Half the time it's covered by my patent, and so they won't be able to sell it so they don't bother to innovate. So patents clearly impede innovation is no doubt about it, they slow down innovation. And as for books, you know we live in the internet age where there's encryption and torrenting and piracy is widespread. Any of us I'm sure could download any song, any photograph, any movie that we want and any any any novel that we want for free there's tons of piracy sites. So basically copyright it's almost a dead letter anyway, except for the big institutional industries. So, in today's world, we actually don't really have copyright, except it's arbitrarily enforced selectively on occasion, capriciously against a few unleaky victims but basically, if you if you sell a novel. There's going to be pirated copies the very next day, or the same day even in same with same truth movies. So right now people that produce these goods are subject to massive instant copying. And yet, we don't see as a client in the output of these goods. In fact, I would say today as we stand here this year. And last year, probably if you look at the last 30 years, there's been an ever increasing output, the number of books published the number of movies made the number of songs and music made is ever increasing and shows no sign of abating, even though people can copy. So the art the empirical argument that without copyright law you wouldn't have people write novels is just ridiculous because they're writing them right now, even though they can be pirated. So, that's the basic case against. Let me mention one more thing before close, legally, in my view, and this is not how the law treats it but I thought about it for a long time and I've studied the Roman law, which is the civil law and continental and it's Roman laws modern instantiation and which is the law of your state Louisiana my home state. And the common law which is the law the other 49 states and of England and the Commonwealth countries, the two great legal systems of the world. I believe the proper way to characterize intellectual property law, especially patent and copyright is as a negative servitude, we would call that a negative servitude in Louisiana and we call it a negative easement in the other states. A negative servitude is when the owner of a real resource, typically attractive land but it could be something else a factory or something else it could be a personality. The property rights contractually grants a partial ownership right to someone else, and that partial ownership right is not a right to use it but it's a right to block my use of it it's a purely negative right. This is what restrictive covenants and homeowners associations are. So for example if you live in a neighborhood with 100 homes, they've all agreed to this homeowners association restrictive covenant agreement, which means they've contractually agreed that every one of their property right in their own home, and that property right is the right to prevent me from doing certain things with my house like I can't paint my home bright orange right, or I can't knock my home down and build a pig farm on it. So we grant these negative easements to people by contract and there's nothing wrong with it as long as this contractually consented to just, just like sexual relations between people is fine as long as both parties consent, but if one of them doesn't consent. It's assault and battery right it's a crime. So consent is the key here. And the problem with intellectual property law is that when you when the government grants a copyright someone, or when they grant a patent someone. They're granting that person a negative servitude over other people's real resources that they already owned, but those people who own what's now called the burden to state did not consent to it. So it's a taking a property. So for example if I own a copyright, I can use that copyright to prevent you from using your printing press to print a book, which is exactly what is what a negative servitude is, but I never consented to that servitude. So my rights are in my property are being limited. They're being subjected to an involuntary negative servitude. This is ultimately the analytical problem with, with intellectual property law, it is a taking of property rights because it's a grant of a negative servitude over real owned resources that other people owned justly and legitimately, and they did not consent to be burdened by this negative servitude. So I will stop there and I'm open to any questions about anything related to any of this. I have a question. Yeah. So you mentioned previously that property is when we take scarce resources out and that that is the creation of that ownership relationship. And so I was I was curious as to if so we get rid of, you know, legally all legal protections or copyrights. People are going to start investing and like more security for like their, maybe their intellectual property on like digital assets or not. Like for example, people are, you know, creating cryptographic assets like Bitcoin and FDs, that's the big trendy craze right now, I guess, you know, in a way those are cryptographically unique items. Would that count as something that scares in your opinion. No, because I think economic scarcity has to do with the reason is information is not an independently existing thing. The reason is just how we interpret patterns, and a pattern has to be observed to be a pattern. So that means a pattern is always recorded on some, what we call a media or a carrier or a substrate. So a pattern is always the impanning of something and that something itself has to be a real thing. And that real thing is a scarce resource which is already owned. For example, Bitcoin is Bitcoin has features of ownership, but they were technological metaphors they're not really real ownership. Bitcoin is just information because Bitcoin is just how we understand and cat and categorize the way a database called the blockchain is arranged so we interpret those entries on there as as satoshis or bitcoins. But the but the spreadsheet is just a database, which is just information and is stored in identical form on 10,000 people's computers around the world everyone who runs a node or who's a minor right. And that's updated every 10 minutes. So, so the spreadsheet is just information, but the information is just the way that different people's hard drives are in patterned. If I'm running a note on this computer I'm talking to you on right now, I have a bunch of RAM cards in there, which are, which are transistors and circuits with your physical property that I own, and they're arranged in a certain way. Now I own that that resource. No one owns the way it's arranged the way something is arranged is just a feature of it. It'd be like if you own a red car. It doesn't mean you own red. It means you own business. If you did you could, that means you own everything in the world is red, right. So we have to be careful with identifying what's owned. So, to own Bitcoin would mean you would have to own other people's computers but you don't they own their computers. So, information cannot be owned. Like this is why the negative servitude analysis comes out. People describe intellectual property law as ownership of information or ideas or intellectual creations, but that's not actually true because law is always the implementation of a right property right laws always backed by force forces physical force physical force can only be applied to physical things in the world. Right. So the only recipient of a law can only be a physical thing that's why when you sue someone in court for copyright. You're not awarded a pattern of information you're awarded money. Right. The government comes in and takes money from you or there's an injunction issued against you using your printing press in a certain way. The application of law is always always always against physical things, which is why I ran recognized that all rights are individual rights, all human rights, all rights are human rights all human rights are individual rights and Rothbard recognized that all human rights are property rights. That's all, that's all rights can be because rights are enforced by force and force can only be used against physical things. Thank you. I would like to ask what you think of the Nissan.com case. It's where this businessman had the last name Nissan, and he used that website to set you know for his own business and then Nissan the car company comes along and says hey we have intellectual property for the phrase Nissan so you can't use this website and there's been this whole big dispute and lawsuits over it. Right. And I didn't touch on trademark to that's a trademark issue. I'll briefly explain the problem trademark. Now, the reason I didn't touch on it is its origins are a little bit different and it's not quite as harmful as patent and copyright although it's harmful. I think patent law is the most harmful by the way because it, it impedes the advance of technical knowledge which is what the human race requires to keep to keep surviving and prospering. We don't we don't find more resources in the in the ground really and we're not getting smarter. We're just getting more recipes more knowledge. Which that's why we're richer than the Romans were. It's because of the knowledge we have so anything that slows down the development of technical knowledge that it's how to make things how to, how to use calls and effect. That's what impoverishes the human race copyright is is second in its damage because it distorts culture it restricts free speech and it lasts a lot longer and it has criminal penalties and it threatens internet internet freedom which is really dangerous because we need the internet to fight the copyright. So I would rank patent and copyright is the two worst patent the worst copyright a close second trademark a close third or distant third trademark law. The problem with trademark law is that people say that it's there to prevent fraud. Well, that's a complete misunderstanding and it's false. We already have laws against fraud they're called fraud law, and we already have laws against contractual breach which is called contract law. So whenever someone commits an act of fraud or breach of contract. by misrepresentation, then the victim of that can sue the perpetrator under fraud law or contract law. So trademark law must add something and it does. What trademark law does is it, it says, if you use a mark to identify your company or your product, use that in commerce, and you're the first to use it in a certain region, then you have a property right in that mark. Meaning that if any competitor uses a mark that is confusingly similar now what that means is if it's if there's a likelihood of consumer confusion. Then you can stop them from using that mark. Now, there's so so many problems with this number one. consumer confusion is not fraud. It's a different standard and likelihood of consumer confusion doesn't even prove that there is consumer confusion just means there's a likelihood. And if the consumers are defrauded or confused, they're the victims, not the owner of the mark, but trademark law gives the right to sue to the person using the mark. In my view trademark law should could be completely abolished even the common law and the and the statutes based around it. And we should just have trademark, sorry, fraud and contract law. So in the case of this guy using the word Nissan. Look, if he's using the word Nissan in a way and let's say it's a famous mark it's called a famous mark. Everyone knows what Nissan is they associated with the car company because they built up their brand. They have a reputational value and I don't deny that. By the way, this is why I consider defamation to be a type of IP because the argument for defamation law, which Professor block also poses along with me is the same as the argument for trademark law basically is that you have a reputational value. So either you have a property right in it. That's why defamation law I think is a type of IP and is also unjust.  So if this guy is using Nissan, if he's using it in a shady way to make people think he's Nissan to like draw traffic or something like that. And if he's selling cars and claiming the Nissan but they're not really Nissan. Well, I think at a certain point there could be a case that he's defrauding his customers that they would sue him and he would go out of business. And because of this prospect he would never get a lot of financial backing because who's going to back a guy who's probably going to be sued into oblivion. I mean so this never happens. This is really not a real problem, you know, when McDonald's became a popular fast food chain. Burger King emerged, but they didn't want to call themselves McDonald's they can call themselves Burger King and then Wendy's came around right. When the Ford Motor Company was popular, you know, General Motors didn't call themselves Ford, they came up with their own name, you know, Tesla didn't didn't try to pretend like they were Ford, and it's not because of trademark laws because they want to do their own thing and they want to distinguish themselves and say we're better. So it's not even really a real problem in society, but I think it's totally unjust and that's an example of how trademark law is inherently unjust and also it can be abused and will be abused because the power to enforce these trademark patent and copyright laws and even trade secret laws is always in the hands of large corporations with deep coffers and they're partly large because they have an intellectual property which allows them to get larger than than they otherwise would I mean, maybe Microsoft and Apple and these other companies wouldn't be such huge conglomerates without the without the assistance of IP law. So when lefties attack us for favoring large corporations, you know they ought to join us in opposing intellectual property law because that's one of the reasons why they're so big in the first place. But they can use that to bully people right into submission, which is totally unjust. I mean there's a famous battle for years there was this Chick-fil-A, you know has a slogan eat more chicken, right, kind of misspelled because it's like a cow did it. There's more for more something like that the chicken misspelled with a K. There's some some guy up in New Hampshire somewhere in the main or somewhere in the northeast, who was who was promoting the eating kale so he was selling eat more kale shirts. It wasn't even misspelled just eat more kale. For years he was hounded and sued by Chick-fil-A for violating the trademark. He finally won but he was you know his life was up in that he spent untold amounts of money. Why should you have to go through that it's just it's just censorship and it's it's it's anti competitive. A quick question. When it comes to kind of the economics of intellectual property or kind of the utilitarian case again it's like property and you have some concerns and critiques about it and focus more on a principle side. But one of the things that we kind of hear in some of our econ classes is this idea of property rights, helping the economy and helping the market and the more you can have strict property rights the better you could be. And one of the ideas behind intellectual property is having property rights in ideas. And even if you don't believe that ideas are something that are valid property rights. If you can have the same structure of property rights in ideas, you can facilitate kind of the production of more ideas and better ideas and kind of have a similar kind of benefit that we would see property rights with land and other raw materials in intellectual how would you respond to something like that. Well, I would say that, because of the way the Constitution is written it says to promote the progress of science and useful arts Congress can do these things. So I believe it's actually unconstitutional to have copyright and patent law. If they don't promote the progress that is that they don't actually create more works and make us all better off. And there's, so I think the burden of proof is on them to prove it and they've had 200 plus years to do it and they've never done it. They didn't do studies in the beginning they just did it because it was a, it was inertia from the English system. And in the 18 in the late 1800s in the mid 1900s around 1950s studies started to be done by Fritz Maklop who's an Austrian economist who actually got his PhD under he was commissioned by Congress to do this mammoth study in the 1950s about the effects of patent copyright law and he did a deep dive on empirical and he concluded that you just simply can't prove that these things do benefit us at all so there's no evidence for it. Since then, every every economist or legal scholar who looks at it in any kind of empirical way, they either conclude we just can't tell, or they conclude that it looks like it actually harms. It distorts culture. It restricts, restricts output, it censors free speech, and it reduces innovation. So the evidence seems to be against it. And if anyone's interested I would just look I would recommend you look at look good on my website c4saf.org. That means against intellectual property and on there I have a have a study about empirical, the empirical argument against it collects a collective bunch of studies and also if you read, take a look at the book it's online against monopoly.org it's called against intellectual monopoly by economists and they exhaustively go through all this stuff and there simply is no evidence. I just did a debate in New York at the so for where I debated Richard Epstein who's a law and economics Chicago type guy and you know I tried it out a dozen studies, showing that his empirical case fails, and he he didn't have any rebuttal at all except well. I don't know, hypothetically, if, if, if, you know, but he, he has no studies because the study there's there's simply no evidence on that on that side. So definitely have two more minutes so we have time for one more question. Can we take advantage of one of the leading theoreticians of Libertarian theory. Thanks for coming to us. Could you comment maybe on the homesteading of animals and how one can produce animals and it would seem to me that the way things are now, the government has a stranglehold over their production and maybe claims and intellectual property reduction of animals, particularly animals that are scarce. What do you mean intellectual property has a government have a stranglehold over the production of animals. Well, if, if I want to produce a grizzly bear, I'm going to be violating federal law, but if the government wants to produce more grizzly bears, they do so with without any competition. Well, I don't think that's clearly an IP issue, although it's, it kind of illustrates the general principle of the nature of government harm. So, if you just take the state of nature, I think you can, we can own animals if we assume from moral theory moral philosophy and political philosophy if we assume animals don't have rights. They are scarce resources and they can be owned, but because they're animals meaning they're animated they move. They're owned in a different fashion than other things just like lots of resources have special characteristics and we own them according to their nature right so ranchers brand their horses and their other cows because they roam. There are ways of owning things that have unique natures. So I think there's nothing wrong with homesteading animals. And if you own a cow and it has a calf you own the calf because it comes from the body that you own so in the law that's called the fruits in the civil law in Louisiana The calf is a fruit of the cow. Now, basically, every unjust government law could be viewed through the IP lens of a negative servitude so you could say that when you throw people in prison for selling cocaine or for refusing to fight in a war, or for not paying Well, you can either call it a form of slavery, but it's also like a type of negative servitude because the government is asserting a veto over your body they're saying like, we have the right to veto your use of your body to adjust cocaine. Right. So, a lot of government laws that are unjust can be viewed as a type of negative servitude and again the problem is they're involuntarily, they're not consented to their involuntarily negative servitudes. I'm sorry, if we keep going will be violating contractual rights. Okay, it was supposed to end at 120 and it's 121. So how about a quick round of applause for our speaker. Thank you guys. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you so much. I'll see you people on Friday. And remember your homework assignment you have to come up with a question or a comment. Take care and thanks again, Stephen. Thank you. Thank you so much. Thanks guys. Thank you, professor. Thank you.


So if you want to know which medical school costs you $68,000 a year to attend, stay tuned. All right guys, welcome back to the channel. My name is Lakshman, internal medicine physician and resident in training and this channel is all dedicated to help you succeed on your medical journey with less stress. So if you're new here, consider hitting that like and subscribe button. And so if you're considering going into medical school, this will probably be a good video to understand kind of the spectrum of how expensive medical school can get. And if you're already somebody who's paid the tuition fees, oh no. Now before I share the number for these specific institutions, I thought it may be important to kind of comparatively share the numbers for my institution that I went to medical school with. So I went to medical school in Texas, which is notoriously known to having a great medical school education, but for a much better price. That doesn't mean that price is cheap, but it is relatively. So I made a full video that you guys can check out down below in my medical loans, but my tuition every year was roughly around 19 to $20,000. Now this didn't include other things like rent and utilities and groceries and things of those sort. And I break all of that down in the video down below, but that does go a long way to some of the schools I'll talk about in this video, which all start at 60,000 or above per year. And before we get into the numbers, if you guys are interested in having access to the full spreadsheet that I use for the creation of this video, I'll go ahead and link it down below. So let's go ahead and start with number 10 at Northwestern University with a total tuition cost per year of $64,000 and 262. And then when you add in other fees like things like rent and room and board, you end up coming to a total cost of about $94,000. Now I'm sure there's many of you guys that are considering going down this medical path and you're hearing this number and just absolutely freaking out that promise you, it's not so bad. But for the purposes of this video, we are going to talk about some of the worst of the worst in terms of overall price. And number nine, we're going to talk about Columbia University with the overall cost of $64,000 and 868. And when you add in all the extra fees roughly comes out to about $96,000 and 766. And number eight, we have Boston University with an overall cost pretty similar at $64,000 and 884. And overall cost a little bit cheaper at $89,000 and 992. Now in number seven, we have Brown University with an overall cost of $64,974 for a year of tuition and an overall cost of $95,000 and 10 bucks. It's like they couldn't just say here, keep your $10, keep the change, but whatever. Now in number six, we are talking about Harvard where at $64,000 and 984 with an overall cost of the highest we've seen thus far at $97,546. So it's nearly $100,000 per year and keep in mind medical school is four years not accounting for all the interest that you cure over that time plus you're in training.  By number five, we're talking about Tufts University at $65,052 with an overall cost depending on if you're living on campus or off campus roughly around $95,000. And in case you thought that a school could not possibly get over a hundred K for a total yearly cost, that's where you would be wrong because at number four, we're talking about USC or University of Southern California at a tuition cost of $66,150 and an overall cost of just $100,261 for one year of medical school. And finally to wrap it to the last three, we have Case Western University at $67,440 for a year of tuition and an overall cost of $94,665. Now number two, we have Dartmouth College with a yearly tuition of $67,552 and an overall cost of about $90,000. Finally, we're getting into number one. If you went to this medical school or you're considering it, I hope they offer scholarships. We're talking about Wash U here in St. Louis at $68,480 for a year of tuition and an overall cost of $89,450. So it's definitely a lot of thousands of dollars for a year of tuition and as you guys can extrapolate over time over four years, this can easily add up to $400,000. An overall cost of just basic living as well as your tuition doesn't count for things like interest. And as comparison, as you guys can see in the video down below, my overall med school loan after interest, after expenses and after all of tuition was right around $192,000. Now there's a few lessons to take away before we close off this video. One, the cost of a medical school doesn't necessarily reflect on the quality and understand that the cost also may reflect on many different things that go into the actual institution. So for example, as you guys could see, a lot of the schools that we talked about are things on the East Coast as well as the West Coast and very expensive cities, things like LA and Boston that do have a higher kind of cost of living relatively to the rest of the country. And so you compare that to the city where I went to medical school here in Dallas, Texas, you can see that the cost of living is going to be able to save you several and tens of thousands of dollars over your four years of medical school just in rent alone. But just because my medical school cost was less than half of some of these institutions by no means doesn't mean that it's 50% of the quality of the education. Keep in mind that you can go to a great medical school and save yourself tens of thousands of dollars simply by going to an area with a lower cost of living. And you can also combine that with kind of an area that's known for having lower tuition. The state of Texas is a great example where most of the medical schools don't get over $20,000 per year. Again, compare that to an annual tuition fee of almost $70,000 for some of these higher institutions. I would argue that that difference at almost $40,000 per year simply in tuition alone doesn't necessarily make you a better doctor by going to one of these institutions versus another one. And by no means does it mean that your future salary will be $40,000 more per year than a colleague who went to a different med school. And so the main takeaway that I want you guys to have on this video is that yes, medical school is really expensive. The range is also furiously different depending on where you are and where you're considering of living. But if you can find an institution in a lower cost of living area with still a great reputation for medical training, you'll save yourself not tens of thousands, but possibly hundreds of thousands of dollars in overall savings and med school debt and ideally all that stress that comes with it. And so when you include things like financial aid, which are really hard to include for the purposes of this video, you may have an institution that completely drops out of the top 10 in the most expensive med schools because they do such a great job of funding for their students. And so just don't always look at the final price tag of a medical school to express this quality. Look at how much financial aid they give you and also the differences of education. If the difference isn't that very much, I would more often not pick the cheaper one. But like I mentioned at the start of this video, if you guys are interested in a full breakdown of all of the numbers that we broke down in this video for you, as well as some of the schools that we didn't get to talk about, go ahead and just check out that Google link down below. It's absolutely free. And if you guys have more questions about your medical school journey, go ahead and also drop them in the comment section down below. Now, if you're on your premium journey and you're wanting more advice and you're wanting to know what I would do if I was in your shoes, then go ahead and check out their premium journey, which is a book that I wrote to basically express all the strategies that I used, as well as a wish that I used to increase my chances of getting into med school. If you click down below, you'll find a link where that book will just be 99 cents on Amazon Kindle and ideally help increase your chances of getting into med school. If you did enjoy this video, then I really do appreciate it. Hit that like button. It does take a lot of time to make this video, to do the research and put it all together. So simple like would definitely help. If you haven't done so already, consider hitting that subscribe button to get two videos just like this every single week. And if you enjoyed this video, then you'll probably also enjoy this video of all the hardest medical schools to get into, as well as this video to learn exactly how much doctors make hair in the United States. But with that being said, guys, thank you so much for watching this video. Hopefully, I was a little helped to you on your journey. Thanks for always being a part of mine. I'll see you guys in the next one. Peace.


Blended learning has become a very important part of education in recent years. So even education ministers have adopted a council recommendation on blended learning in 2021. Blended learning can be a blend of learning sites or a blend of different digital and non-digital tools. Because of all that and the big importance of blended learning, our working group schools has explored how we all can support blended learning, especially being the policymakers. There are basically three primary different ways of mediating experience. Now, what's necessary in all three? Because alone, the learner is left to kind of process these experiences herself. What is needed is a dialogue, is a dialogue towards meaning making. What makes learning inclusive is when the learning situation is so organized, is so arranged, that all learners can actively participate at their own level, out of their own interests, and are given the support that they need to be able to do so. And obviously blended learning offers many opportunities for literally blending these different modes of experience, so that learning has this rich tapestry of experience to draw on. Policymakers as such and especially ministries need to make possible for schools and teachers to have enough time in the curricula to carry out blended learning. So, flexibility of curricula is of great importance and it must not be prescribed too much. The teachers also need our support regarding the devices, but also the training for the use of all these digital devices and digital tools. And what is very important that they have a place where they can share their experiences. Schools and teachers do wonderful things and we the policy makers need to make it possible for them to have access to different national or European platforms to share all these experiences. We see in Croatia that schools do magnificent cooperation with local communities. And for example, our schools do a great job with the police. So we have the police officer coming into the school teaching the first graders, the traffic culture, and they take them actually into the streets so that the first graders can experience what the traffic is like. And this is how we believe that schools should be open to local communities and that we all together should make it possible for our students to have the best possible education. School leaders can support blended learning for inclusion by allowing sufficient autonomy for all teachers so that creativity could flourish. The teacher should be seen as professionals who know what is best for their pupils and how the learning process could be made more meaningful for them. Of course, legal framework needs to support it. For example, in Estonia, the national curriculum is based on competencies, skills and learning outcomes. And this allows the teacher to actually blend learning, because this means that the teachers have almost full autonomy for deciding how the learning process is actually designed as long as the learning outcomes are fully achieved. This autonomy allows them to create networks and partnerships with, for example, the employers or non-governmental organisations and bring them into the classroom or take the lessons outside of the classroom, for example, to laboratories, museums, parks, forests, wherever they want to as long as the learning outcomes are achieved. Another thing that a school leader can do is to facilitate cooperation between the school and the private sector. In Estonia, there is a culture of public-private partnerships between schools and private enterprises and it is deeply rooted in our society. But all in all, I think that it is important to create an environment of trust and culture of cooperation for blended learning to actually happen.