Ginger Campbell is going to come out and do why neuroscience matters and unfortunately I haven't had a chance to write a limerick But I hope that's okay. I'll do one post script. So we'll do it. So please welcome ginger Campbell Okay Karen slides will be working eventually So I'm going to be talking about some some basic discoveries from neuroscience and my goal is To tell you some cool stuff, but also to make you get interested in learning more and most importantly I want to convince you that Neuroscience literacy is becoming an essential Scientist science literacy for the 21st century So first I want to just thank those of you in the skeptic community who have supported my show over the years I Had a promo on an early on in skepticali. So I know a lot of you've been listening for a long time So I just wanted to say thanks So why should you even care? well Neuroscience is about what makes us human and if you're not interested in that I guess you wouldn't be here and We're learning things that are really changing how we see ourselves I'm going to start just by actually telling you what neuroscience is Because it's actually a pretty broad I've never used this con before so okay So it might seem obvious, but it is the scientific study of nervous systems And that's opposite from say neurobiology, which is more down at the physics chemistry biology level This is a systems level field it according to Wikipedia has at least 15 branches and it's ranges from the molecular biological level all the way up to the level of behavior and cognition and It's very interdisciplinary it uses tools from many fields ranging from Molecular biology all the way up to computer science in fact I think the more I read I'm more I'm convinced that Neuroscience is leading the 21st century trend back toward interdisciplinary science You also hear the term cognitive science which really is about the ma setting the mind information processing It's associated with traditionally with the term computational theory of mind It includes because it's by definition interdisciplinary it includes psychology Linguistics philosophy and computer science, so you often will hear people refer to Neuroscience and cognitive science Because among the scientists themselves those are considered separate So back to why you should care like I said it's about what makes us human and We're learning things that are really changing how we see ourselves and others including other non-human animals, I'm sorry So as I said, I'm going to talk about a few key discoveries I've been doing the brain science podcast since 2006 So I've done over a hundred episodes, which of course I realize not a lot compared to those of you who podcast every week but I Feel like I'm only scratched the surface So I've picked a few people that Have done work that you probably haven't heard about That I hope will give you a feel for the depth and breadth of the field We are learning a lot about brain evolution. It's its own topic and one of the people whose work I'm going to talk about today is Seth Grant. He's in the UK and he's actually him and his colleagues have proven That the proteins that make up the synapse, which is the main connection between neurons That these proteins actually evolved before nervous system. So we're talking about things like And also the chemicals like dopamine, of course have been around forever Another thing is that you take C elegans, which is a very primitive nematode worm We share about 50% of our genes with that worm Personally, I think that genetic information should be enough to convince you of evolution, but apparently not for some people I'm going to talk a little bit more about C elegans in just a minute so here is a Slide that Seth Grant graciously shared with me. It sort of shows the idea that communication began when Single-cell organisms had proteins embedded in their cell membranes and they could interact with the world. That was the beginning Things like dopamine glutamate stuff like that that you hear about even today. So he calls this the proto synapse Then the way he describes it and he's an excellent teacher you you go from the proto synapse which is what's going on in the cell membrane to the actual synapse in a Invertebrate it's pretty primitive and then as you get to vertebrates like us it becomes more complex it turns out and this has been proven with proteinomics that The complex elements of the synapse evolved before we got big brains And this is a big deal because it goes against what we've sort of well Maybe not against but it challenges the assumption that it's all about how big your brain is it may be I think the evidence is leaning to The idea that the complex synapse was the key to being able to get brains and big brains So I originally talked with Seth Grant Back in 2008 I think and since then he's been doing a lot of exciting work And I talked to him last at the end of last year and we didn't update unfortunately He didn't have a chance to give me any slides, but I want to tell you about what he's discovered so Let me see if I can It's more about the synapse complexity Like I said vertebrate synapses are more complex than invertebrate synapses and so this as I said just Challenges the whole thing about big brains But the real question is well, how did this happen? I mean how did how do we get a complex synapse? It turns out it has to do with the duplication of the entire genome Which actually occurred twice in evolution, and I'm talking the entire genome of some ancient organism early on in vertebrate Evolution this is really I don't understand why I never heard of this before because it's kind of important to evolution Have you ever wondered well, you know, how could you get those? Mutations that you needed to make vertebrates without really killing the invertebrates and the key was that they Duplicated the entire genome and that as he put it gives you a whole bunch of extra Lego blocks to work with and so I'm going to use this example of something called the DLG gene To sort of explain how this works and it probably applies to a lot of other things too So the DLG gene is one that's been around since the early mammals about a hundred million years. So we In invertebrates, you would have had one copy of the gene Then it doubled and you had two and then it doubled again And so then you had four now this particular gene is of interest because it affects the proteins expression in the synapse and So the question is does it matter? So what Grant and his colleagues did was his training is in genetics and making Transgenic mice which is when they you know change the genes in the mice and see what happens And so what they did was they made these different strains of mice where one gene of this of these four DLG genes was mutated and then another strain with another one was and so on To see whether it made any difference. I mean it's a good theory, but first you got to prove. Well, it really actually matters So what they found was that the very oldest Gene the one that we inherited from invertebrates if you get rid if you mutate it The animal dies. It's not compatible with life The second oldest one if you mutate it you get severe learning disabilities You might say the the the two most the two newest ones seem to have opposing actions one of them If you mutate it the animal Learns more slowly, but it has what's called faster extinction Which it's like if you were going to work every week and after and they quit paying you How long it would it be before you decided to quit going to work? That's extinction, okay? So these animals have faster extinction, but they're slower learners you knock out the other gene of the pair and they Learn faster, but they're really slow about extinction actually. I think I know some people like that, but Anyway, they seem so that it seems like now that we have these extra genes to play around with we can have some that are sort of regulating by balancing each other Now there are people that have a mutation of one of these genes the one called DLG2 That's actually the reason why they picked this gene to play with because they already knew about people now I Skipped one thing because I can't really see my nose Growing old is bad for your reading One really neat thing that they did was that they developed this test that where they use this thing like an iPad and the mouse Touches it with its nose You know when it's doing the trials and that means they can give the exact same test to people with the iPad like device it's not officially an iPad, but it's got a touchscreen and So they've done this and they've shown that the people that they already knew had this deficit have this very similar learning Deficits, so that's that's pretty weird and kind of exciting now this is a mutation that's associated with schizophrenia and That's not really unusual if you think about the fact that people with schizophrenia tend to have cognitive deficits So it's really not surprising that a gene associated with schizophrenia would caught would be involved in in the synapse And again as I mentioned these genes have been around a long time, but this is evidence that they're still really important in in learning and Plus this whole line of work is sort of a proof of concept of a way of testing whether a certain gene affects behavior Now the implication first of all Vertibus have much more complex behavior than invertebrates But the point is it's not just because we got big brains we have more complex synapses and Probably those complex synapses are what makes our big brains possible now those of you who may not have any background in neuroscience might not realize it, but that's really Surprising I mean we've always thought that the synapse was the synapse was the synapse was the synapse turns out. It's not true Fortunately, it's mostly same enough that we can do studies, you know on for invertebrates But we have to now that we know this piece of information Any time we're extrapolating from invertebrate data now, we're gonna have to take this into account So the C elegans that I mentioned before it's Really popular with neuroscientists because for one thing it's transparent Another thing is that it's really small. So it's easy to work with in terms of lab space It reproduces really quickly and it has a very short life span And so those are all things that scientists like because lab work is really expensive So see elegans much much cheaper than mice and I don't think anyone ever gets attached to them either So it turns out also that and we know their genome because the C elegans I can't remember if the C elegans are the Or the fruit fly was sequenced first, but it was one of the very first ones to be Havids genome sequence. So we know that we know a lot about it and 70% of the Genes that are associated with human illnesses have homologs in C elegans So it's it's considered a great what we call a model organism and as far as its nervous system It only has 302 neurons, which makes it a lot easier to study than 80 to 100 billion neurons of the human brain Plus you can cut it open It has similar neurotransmitters similar ion channels similar synapses within the caveat that I just mentioned and I Guess I should mention these slides are from guy called. Well at the University of Alabama It turns out that C elegans even has seizures, which is pretty bizarre to think of when you consider that C elegans doesn't even have a brain and he when guy was sending me his slides originally he sent me a video of a Worm having a seizure, but it's just sitting there wiggling. So I've never put it into my presentation Although I did once have somebody asked me to send them a link to it But you can use the C elegans to test whether genetic changes will affect susceptibility to Seizures you can use it to check test drugs, which is a really you know a Efficient way to test drugs because you can eliminate a lot of them before you get to the more expensive testing methods Now what guy does is? He's studying the dopamine neurons. It turns out that there's only eight dopamine neurons in a C elegans So dopamine neurons are affected in Parkinson's disease. For example, that's he gets that's where his funding is from So he he can you can see you can label them with fluorescent dye since they're transparent and then you can see what happens So this is an example of the difference between healthy dopamine neurons and ones that are degenerating and the last time I talked to guy he was hopeful that they would be able to that they would have be able to actually get a Simple substance all the way to the point of a drug that people could use for Parkinson's, but I'm not sure where that stands right now So I'm gonna back up just a second. I want to talk a little bit about The human brain because I just gave you those two examples of sort of obscure basic science kinds of things but the basic sciences is where Um Discoveries are made that then change things for example now that we know that the synapse is not the same Who knows where that's gonna lead so these are a few of the things that I think are key discoveries in neuroscience or Concepts one has been talked about much today, which is the idea that the brain makes the bump mind Brain plasticity is I think the most exciting discovery Then the role of the unconscious which you hear a lot about Including emotions. I'm only gonna talk on about morality very briefly because I think Patricia churchland has a whole talk on that And I unfortunately will only talk about consciousness very briefly even though obviously that could be its own talk So the brain makes the mind You can debate about how important the body is You can debate about how important the environment is There are people who think that we should consider for example Our iPhone in our pocket to be part of our mind because we're using you know, we're outsourcing stuff to it But aside from where you might fall on that philosophical argument There is no doubt that the brain is essential and there is no evidence that you can get by without it Robert Burton is someone that I have regard as a mentor and I liked this quote from his first book disembodied thought is not a physiological option and The other point that Burton makes that I think is important is that you also can't have a purely rational mind And I'll talk about why this is true in just a minute brain plasticity, which is More than just the discovery that we can make new neurons, but the discovery that we can make new neurons Actually overturned about a century of neuroscience dogma And what's really interesting about that is if you go back and look in this literature You can find people who did work that Provided evidence of neuro plasticity, you know 50 years ahead of time That you know got ignored because it didn't fit what everybody currently thought and just like Scott Lillenfiel said this morning scientists are just as prone to be stuck in a dogma as anybody else and Actually, most of brain plasticity isn't from new neurons because there's only a very few places in the brain where make new neurons It's really more about new synapses and the synapses Changing and right now. We don't really know the weight between those two which one's the most important The reason that I think brain plasticity is so exciting is because for one thing hope it gives hope to people for recovery from all kinds of injuries and diseases and For the rest of us who are hopefully healthy It means that there's not any excuse for not learning new things as we get older That's the reason why I just started a fellowship in palliative care medicine 30 years after graduating from medical school I decided I needed to practice what I preach So I'm skipping ahead to the unconscious We're learning a lot about the fact that the conscious does probably most of what our brain does is unconscious And not only is it unconscious it is not accessible to Introspection and this is really important because there are people who this doesn't fit You know sort of um, you know like the old Freudian idea of the unconscious where you could figure out by dream analysis or some Pseudo science what's in your unconscious? We're talking about stuff that we just don't have any way of getting access to and this includes the sources of our basic emotions Emotions something scientists used to like to try to ignore But thanks to Antonio de Masio. We now know that our emotions are important for normal decision-making people who don't have emotions Actually, they can't figure out what's important to them. So they can't make choices shock pangsip is a Scientist who just deserves more recognition than he's gotten so far He has shown that we share the basic emotional circuits for our for emotions with other mammals and the key thing about these circuits is That they are sub cortical. It's not at the amygdala. It's way below there. Okay? Again, these are not things we have access to You can decide how you're going to react to your emotions, but you don't get to choose what they are They they happen at a level you don't have access to if you know that That means you maybe can give yourself a little slack and other people a little slack So the unconscious is doing at least 95% of the work maybe more It doesn't just shape our conscious thought it makes our conscious thought possible And we know this because people who have damage to these circuits that we would consider unconscious have a very hard time You know doing doing thought in the way that you know, we could normally think of it So how should we react? My friend Robert Burton again says that our reaction should be humility Because we it's not like we're really not in control, but not in that. Oh now my brain made my me do it kind of way I'm not advocating that position But it is humbling to realize how much is going on in our unconscious and stuff. We take credit for you might say This quote is from Burton's more recent book a skeptics guide to the mind which I highly recommend One investigators possible correlation is another's absolute causation. I Like this quote because it captures a very important idea When you're talking about things that are going on in the unconscious or our unconscious processes These include the origins of things like the feeling of certainty You you know when you know the answer That's uncons, that's has an unconscious origin So you are our sensations of causality and agency the agency. These are unconscious So when we I know that I heard Michael Schirmer give a talk several years ago about the fact that you know People were different in their tendency to see patterns in noise. Well, think of this as another aspect of that So we have Varying tendencies to see causality around us So that's what this quote Captures and this is part of the problem with when scientific studies that have shown Correlation get out into the press and get morphed into the proof of causation Even though they haven't proved causation Some of its bad reverse Whatever that was that Scott said this morning, but the other thing is that people just vary in their idea of when something has become proven and This is just part of the way that we're wired So, I mean even among scientists there can be Obviously, there's the bias of if it's your theory, you're more likely to think it's been proven, but So what are the implications of this This is another quote from dr. Burton. He says hiring the mind as a consultant for understanding the mind is like Asking a con man to give himself a job reference Now not everybody agrees that this is a fundamental fundamental limit on our ability to understand the mind but At least we need to be aware that You know a lot of this stuff is going on outside of anything we can access So besides our unconscious our brains and then our minds are being be shaped by our genes our environment our experience and They all interact we know that the genes can Be turned on and off due to experience And I'm not I realize that I'm I'm not going to get into morality except to say that we know that we're not the only species that has a sense of fairness and The evidence is that morality has evolved I'm not gonna spend a lot of time on that with with this audience because I know that you're probably familiar with it When it comes to consciousness, we know Now that prop Consciousness is now the holy grail of neuroscience Which is really pretty ironic if you consider that a few decades ago. It was considered Scientifically out of bounds unstudiable, but not anymore So we're learning it's not maybe as unique as we thought and in terms of humans aren't the only Beings that are conscious. There's debate about this. That's where I come down the big one the existence of a non-material soul appears to be very unlikely given the evidence from neuroscience and Personally speaking, that's what turned me into an atheist is you know I got into studying neuroscience actually from a philosophical from the silk philosophical end and Before I knew it. I was an atheist so I'm kind of on the School of you bring the science to people and let them conclude what it means to them in their lives and the discovery Institute Knows this they're already attacking neuroscience as Materialistic neuroscience trying to undermine it because they understand its implications so implications for skeptics as much as we admire the Enlightenment ideal of the rational mind we need to rethink this you really can't have a pure rational mr. Spock mind Because emotions are also in our brains and we need them and there's a lot of other stuff going on These discoveries explain why you can't just convince change somebody's mind so to speak by giving them a better argument Because where they are on that spectrum of causation and certainty and all those various things Is gonna influence how they respond? So as I said because of this I think we need neuroscience literacy So that we can make better decisions about things like when should kids be allowed to drive and drink and You know we can avoid scams like something that's gonna make you use more of your brain when they tell you you only use 10% Which is totally false. I hope you already all already know that we need we need to reform education but I think that the most important thing is the promotion of Tolerance and understanding if people have a better understanding of how their minds work and the minds of other people work a Lot of this stuff that we tend to think is people control like whether you believe in God or not you do not Control I'm convinced So I was just wanted to shout out to my other Tam speakers, but I don't think they're slow showing this slide These are people that are been on my podcast So if you would like to hear more from them after you hear them talk, I hope you'll track down their their episodes Especially Carol Tabris's episode about cognitive dissonance. Sorry, Ginger Campbell. Thank you so much for switching Ginger Campbell


Statement from the member from Carlton. Madam Speaker, two weeks ago I toured the Ottawa-Carlton plowing match hosted by Dave and Bonnie Ostrom on their farm in Ashton along with Bill Tupper and Rich McDonald and many more from the Ottawa-Carlton plowman's association. Plowing matches have been a part of Carlton's agricultural history for well over a century. They're a great opportunity for farmers to put on display their plowing skills and teach the importance of soil conservation. It was a pleasure to once again attend the VIP plowing match and although I didn't win, I know that hopefully in future years my furrows will be straight enough to win first prize at the Ottawa-Carlton plowing match. And just in a couple of weeks, Madam Speaker, Campfield will be hosting the International Plowing Match and Rural Expo. It is the biggest plowing match of its kind in North America and it's a wonderful celebration of agriculture and rural living. Madam Speaker, I'm proud to be part of a government that supports our agricultural industry, especially when the pandemic first hit us. In fact, back in March, the Richmond Agricultural Society received a grant of $55,500 from the Ontario Trillium Foundation to ensure that they are able to pay the utilities, rent, salaries, insurance and more as well as renovate and remodel their fairground office. I encourage all MPPs to attend the International Plowing Match in support of Ontario's agricultural sector this month. I'll be cheering for all contestants, especially those from Carlton. I know you'll do us all proud. Thank you very much. Spadina Fort York. Thank you very much, Madam Speaker. It's the first day back to school and this morning I was standing in front of Jean Lump Public School and Bishop McDonnell Catholic School in City Place. Welcoming students and parents and it was so nice to see the smiles on the children's faces. And I want to thank principals Judith Cramer and Jamie D. Guerallamo and all of the staff at those schools and all the schools across Spadina Fort York for all of the work you've done over the summer to get our schools ready for our students. Parents, I encourage you to get involved in your school council. I was the co-chair of Doosan Street Public School when my kids were there and together we organized fun fairs and arts and music and tech activities for the kids. We helped with sports teams and we advocated for the funding that our schools need. I was speaking with a teacher this morning and he says he's really looking forward to the extra curriculars but they need some funding. They need funding for sports uniforms, for equipment, for transportation and for supply teachers to take over when the teachers go out to coach a team. The CCPA shows that when you take inflation into account that school funding in Ontario has fallen an average of $800 per student per year during this government's first term in office. In order for students to have the kind of school year they need, we need the government to restore that funding that's been lost and we need to make them to make a fair deal with education workers. I urge the provincial government to work with the teachers and work with the parents to ensure that our students have a great and full school year. Thank you. Natalie, a member from Burlington. Thank you Speaker. This Saturday, September 10th is World Suicide Prevention Day. Bringing much needed attention to an issue that claims the lives of more than 4,000 Canadians each year. The intention of World Suicide Prevention Day is to de-stigmatize conversations about mental health. Today in Canada, 10 people will end their lives. Up to 200 others will attempt suicide. For each death by suicide, it is estimated that 100 people are deeply affected by their loss. Today in Canada, 10 deaths by suicide will leave up to 1,000 people in a state of bereavement. In 2017, I was one of those people twice. If you or someone you know is in crisis, call 911 or visit an emergency department. For non-emergencies, call 211 to connect with local services. You can also visit ontario.ca slash mental health to learn about the free virtual call and walk-in resources that are available to all Ontarians. For Indigenous people across Canada, the hope for wellness line is a mental health counseling and crisis intervention service. We must educate all Canadians on risk factors and warning signs of suicide. Just as we have done with physical illnesses like cancer and heart disease, there is no health without mental health. I rise today to speak about the proposed Ojibwe National Urban Park in my riding of Windsor West. The people of my community want to protect local endangered species in natural heritage areas, aid flood mitigation efforts, create publicly accessible green space and encourage ecotourism in Windsor Essex. Tomorrow, Motion 1 will be up for debate, which, if passed, would begin the process of negotiation leading to the transfer of ownership of the Ojibwe Prairie Provincial Nature Reserve to Parks Canada, a necessary process in the creation of Ojibwe National Urban Park, something my community wants to happen. Windsor Port Authority has signed an MOU to transfer lands to Parks Canada, and the City of Windsor is in the process of transferring municipally owned land as well. The land for the proposed Urban Park is home to hundreds of endangered species that rely on migration through surrounding local parks for survival. It serves not only as a home and larger ecosystem to these species, but also provides mitigation of flooding due to climate change and natural heritage areas that our community and visitors can enjoy. Ojibwe National Urban Park has broad support at all levels of government, including a bill by my Federal colleague Brian Massey, which passed second reading in the House of Commons and is supported by MPs across party lines. There's significant support from local, Indigenous and environmental groups, including Caldwell First Nation, Walpole Island First Nation, and Wildlands League. I ask that all members of this House support, Motion 1, respect the wishes of the people in my community, truly work towards reconciliation by honouring the wishes of Caldwell First Nation and protect green spaces in Windsor Essex. Thank you. Member Statements, the Member for Sault Ste. Marie. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. Thank you. The Agua Canyon Tour Train is a world-class attraction in my riding of Sault Ste. Marie. This one-day, 228-mile scenic rail adventure begins in the beautiful Papermill District of the Sioux. Made possible in part through a $5 million investment through the Northern Ontario Heritage Fund, a charming new train station was designed and built to mimic the surrounding sandstone buildings of the historic St. Mary's Paper Company, which was previously the Sault Ste. Marie Pulp and Paper Company. Adding to this great tourist destination, the station hosts an outfitter store, a craft brewery, and a restaurant. But back to the Agua Canyon Tour Train, Mr. Speaker. The train leaves the station bright and early and heads north for a 4-hour, 114-mile excursion showcasing the rugged beauty that is exclusive to the eastern shores of Lake Superior. The Northern Ontario wilderness begins to unfold with mixed forests of the Canadian Shield popping with autumn colours and the beauty of many northern lakes and rivers. These are the same rugged landscapes and majestic views that inspired the Group of Seven to create some of Canada's most notable artwork. You enter the Agua Canyon Tour Train, begins to descend into the canyon at mile 102. The rail line hugs the top of the canyon wall and you descend 500 feet over the next 10 miles to the floor of the Agua Canyon. Upon arrival at the park, riders have the opportunity to have a picnic or climb some steps to watch the panoramic views on the Lookout Trail. Randomly be able to go through all these different trails through Black Beaver Falls, Brighter Veil Falls. It is an incredible, incredible excursion and I encourage everyone to come out and enjoy the fall colours on the tour train. All aboard, Mr. Speaker. Thank you, Speaker. As members of this House may know, colleagues, myself and the colleagues who embarked on what we call the Social Assistance Diet for the next two weeks. I want to say from the top speaker of my remarks this morning to this House, it is not about us. It is an expression of frustration for me personally and my colleagues from watching our neighbours suffer for four years. There hasn't been a day in this place, I'm told, when someone hasn't stood up and talked about how people are suffering in our communities before our very eyes. And when I heard the Premier say this week that a 5% increase is fantastic and unprecedented and inadequate, I ask anyone of us to follow what we're doing, to join us in what we're doing and ask if $57 extra a month is actually going to help someone living in legislative poverty. I'm going to ask us also to consider, as we do this two week journey together, that there are countries in this world that actually say there's a minimum level of income and those countries that have basic incomes in their communities have healthier communities. They spend less on health care and correctional and police services. People have a dignified opportunity to live and be their fullest selves. That's what we're asking for in this place. We're asking for an awareness that compassion is not only an ethical consideration, it's an economic consideration, it's a respect consideration and I will not go into this House for one more day without making at least an attempt to walk a mile in someone else's shoes and I welcome the Premier and the Minister responsible to do it with us. Member Stevens, Member for Glen Gary Prescott Russell. Thank you Speaker. Thank you to offer me the opportunity to speak in this House. I hope that everyone took advantage of the long weekend for Labor Day and for all students. I wish you well on this beginning of the school year. We've seen signs for municipal candidates and I'd like to congratulate those candidates. I know that it's important to have people that represent citizens and the municipal council is closest to the people. I'd like to wish them great election and good luck to all candidates on the 24th of October. On another note, we've lost a few colleagues that were involved in the municipal sector recently. I'd like to offer my condolences to the family of Marc Clément. They passed away Thursday the 1st of September at 56 years old. Marc was director of public works for Prescott Russell during the last 27 years. He had over 30 years of experience in the municipal council. He was not only a colleague but a friend. My condolences also to the family of Raymond Fredette of the municipality of Alfred Plantagenet. They passed away on the 31st of August. He served the municipality of Alfred Plantagenet. He served a number of years as a municipal councillor. And to conclude, I'd like to also thank all of the people that worked and that still work for our citizens. I see member statements. Next we have the member for Ottawa South. Thank you very much, Speaker. More than a week ago, Bill 7 rocketed through this legislature without any attempt at consultation or public input. And at the same time, I listened to the Premier and he was about $1,800 a day. Not being right, not being fair. Exactly to the Premier, you know, saying that you think something's not right and not fair when you have the power to change things. Well, it doesn't amount to very much. And the threat of the huge hospital bill that coerced Deanna Henry of Ottawa to go to a place where she didn't want to go. A place where she didn't feel safe is just not right. So for the Premier, what he needs to do is make his words match his actions or his actions match his words. So motion number 14 is on the order paper and it calls on the government essentially to not to ensure that no patient waiting for transfer would be charged more than the co-pay in Ontario's long term care homes. The Premier has the power to do this. It's the fair and reasonable thing to do. It's the right thing to do. I call on this government to do this. Speaker, displaying empathy, telling people you feel for them, but not taking the action necessary to mitigate their pain, their suffering. That's just not right. Thank you, Speaker. Member statements. The Member for Peterborough Corridor. Thank you, Speaker. I want to talk about something that's close to my heart and the hearts of many in my community. September is Guide Dog Awareness Month. Mr. Speaker, a guide dog is not just an animal. They're also the eyes for someone who has a visual impairment. They enable safe movement throughout our communities from crossing the streets to buying groceries or even walking the kids to school. I want to recognize a constituent of mine who I also consider a friend. Jason King works tirelessly as a member of the Council for People with Disabilities to educate others. He runs the program called Time in My Shoots. Jason and his guide dog, Zani, yes, that's from the Blue Jays, visited my office last year and put my staff through the TIMS program. We briefly experienced what it was like to navigate our world without eyesight, hearing or speech. To paraphrase Jason, it's an eye-opener to see the world from the perspective of a blind man and his guide dog. Guide Dog Awareness Month is more than just a reminder. It's a call to action for all of us to learn more, listen with compassion, and to build a more accessible and inclusive Ontario for generations to come. I encourage everyone to reach out to the Council for People with Disabilities and experience Time in My Shoots so we can build on the good work of the Canadian National Institute for the Blind and our great Minister of Seniors in Accessibility, Raymond Cho. Well said, sir. Member Statements. Member for Brampton North. Thank you. Thank you, Speaker. Thanks, guys. After navigating two long years of COVID restrictions on festivals and events, the World of Jays Festival celebrates its sixth annual festival with a triumphant return to downtown Brampton on September 10th and 11th. The two-day music festival will play host to more than 100 musicians, 17 ensembles, and eight venues featuring some of Canada's finest jazz musicians as well as local Brampton musicians, students, and emerging artists. The festival hosts restaurant and community performances, a late-night jam session, a family fun zone, food vendors, and wraps up on September 11th with two sessions hosting non-stop free music from 1 to 8 p.m. at Gage Park. The festival overcame the obstacles of COVID-19 and was able to pivot to both live and virtual performances over the last two years without cancelling. The World of Jays Festival is hosted by B-Jazz, a not-for-profit organization in the city of Brampton curating performances, education, philanthropy of jazz music and its musicians. Annually, B-Jazz curates over 100 performances compensating nearly 300 musicians with over 70% of those residing in Brampton. They've created a scene and an ecosystem for music and musicians that has simply never existed before in Brampton, and their visibility in our community has allowed their stylistic, chromic-gramming vision to expand beyond the jazz genre, hence the World of Jays title. The World of Jays received a ReConnect Ontario grant in 2022, and thank the Minister of Tourism, Culture, and Sport for this honour. Please visit www.worldofjays.ca for the schedule September 10th and 11th. I know the Minister of Women's Economic and Social Development will be there. I'll be there as well. Come on down to Brampton. Let's have a good time. Thank you. Thank you. That concludes our Member Statements for this morning.


So initially it looks double over x is t square by t in 1 plus t to the power 2. Are you getting this? So t and t will get there which means 1 plus 1 by t square dt is equal to dk. So it is 2 dk by k square per person. So the answer will be 2 times 1 by root 2 tan inverse k by root 2 k. So the answer is root 2 tan inverse k itself is t minus 1 by t and t itself is root tan x. So root tan x minus 1 by root tan x. You can present an answer in this form also tan inverse tan x minus 1 by root. Next question is integrate xx plus sign to the power 6x since childhood is done. How many pairs of disjoint sets you can make from it? How many pairs of disjoint sets can you make from that set? And that's all it also. Which term? So 1 by minus 3 sin square x plus square x. Let's discuss this. So I will get sin square x cos square x. This term again this will become minus 3 sin square cos square. So far so good. Which is nothing but dx by 1 minus 3 sin square x cos square x. t to the power 4x. 1 plus tan square x. C square square which is 1 plus tan square square. When you substitute tan x as t, then sin square x dx will be observed as 1 plus t square by 1 plus t to the power 2 whole square minus 3 t square. Correct? We become 1 plus t square dt by t to the power 4 minus t square plus 1. Correct? What do you do next? Correct? So you will get 1 plus 1 by t square square minus 1. Then what do you do is 1 by t. So basically 1 plus 1 by t square dt will become dk. So the entire t square plus 1 by x cortex. Yes 1 by tan x can be done as cortex. That means 2. How many pairs of disjoint sets can you make from A? So how many x and y are mutually solute. What is joint? Disjoint. Meaning. What is joint? Okay. Sir, correct. Any choices? Either to go 10 would be the number of pairs you can make. Except for one such case. They are all same. When both all sets. When every other you answer because none intersection null is also null. Yeah. Okay. But I want a pair of two factors. You will say 1 into 36, 2 into 18, 18 into 2, 36 into 1. So if I ask you how many we need this and they got this. Option of the element is not here. It can be. You can have case position and give you two cases. So I subtracted that one case. This case from if I want two factors. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 minus 1 by 2 plus 1. Because originally they are these 5 ways only. This is just a repetition of this. This is just a repetition of this. This is just a repetition of this. In the same way 3 to the power n is this. Subtract the one. That one.


So could you please say your full name? Raymond James Yellowney. And where were you born? I was born in a bush actually in north of Ovisca. It was a homestead, a family homestead. Okay and when you were young what did your parents do? My dad was a tropper and that's what it says in my birth certificate and my mom was a homemaker for the first part. Okay and you as a child what were your interests or what did you do to pass the time? Thinking about that it was before I went to school I lived in a bush like that. My activities were traditional activities you know hunting with my dad or canoeing or going on a little drop line with my grandmother. All those things kids did then I did and then when I started school we moved to the community of Ovisca and there's the normal going to school while we had to walk across the lake to get to the school so in the winter anyway in the summer it's going all the way around the bay but the activities were basically for me being the oldest I had a lot of responsibility even though I was like eight nine years old my younger brothers were too young they didn't have to do anything. Did you uh I was going to school after after school I'd run my little drop line in your home you know being the provider the oldest boy my dad was working full-time so my activities were not the same as other kids in my age they they didn't have to do these chores um so I usually I'm doing things to sell help support the family. Okay and um like in a lot of families I imagine being the eldest you also had to eventually maybe help with the other kids help raise the siblings Yeah it was my role I guess my dad taught me so my my role was then to to teach my brother the others were sisters and so towards like in my teams and it was I was more involved in going to school you know finishing high school so my role ended there it was up to my dad then to teach the other ones who were not really willing to learn so I guess it stopped with me and my younger brother who I was training and who I helped you know do stuff that I did. Okay and uh what about school when you started going to school what um I guess what were your strengths or what were your interests? Going to school um it was at a time when the residential schools were in operation and but I didn't uh we didn't have to attend the residential school we were Métis at the time or non-treaty and so we we were like day school students but we still had to follow same rules so it was uh actually pretty difficult because I didn't know a word of English when I started school so all that you have to learn and we weren't allowed to speak Cree anyway uh the school yard so we we sort of from there um during the during the school years my sort of my whole life was uh you know going to school not really with a career in mind um I guess towards my high school years I still didn't know what I wanted to do there was no career planning uh the only people white people I saw were the forest warden and the priest and by then I definitely didn't want to be a priest yeah so it became uh my first goal was to be a forest ranger and uh but as I finished grade 12 and I realized my math mark wasn't high enough and I hated math so I gave that idea up and went into something else okay and which was which was recreation I wanted something that I can come back home and work uh and there was no one doing recreation so I uh I went to lethbridge after I finished grade 12 here in the city I went to lethbridge and took uh outdoor recreation and conservation education sort of two possibilities there for jobs right one is recreation being a recreation consultant or a recreation director the other one is getting involved in the environment which sort of later in years became part of what I did with uh with the work that I did with the band and with the laricina okay so what would you consider to be your first official job well in the first job that I had you know after I finished uh that college training I was hired by the government and and I guess that it was uh I was my job was to work with all the isolated communities including Wabiska where where I was from and there were seven of them all together and it was to try to promote recreation programming and try to get them in inquisiting them to develop recreation the recreation committee's recreation boards and recreation was always last on the list when you know you have housing needs you have employment you have social problems and by the time they got to me it was 10 or 11 at night everybody wants to go home so there was never an opportunity so the only way was to do that during the day you know go meet with people and try to gather interest and it was difficult to do that and definitely not successful because even today there's no recreation committees there's just each community has their own person who does into the hockey there's no minor baseball but at least there's some hockey being played and facilities are built all those things are so recreation was something I sort of did for seven years and I backed out and went into something else a different career altogether and um this was in Edmonton where you worked or I was on Wabiska okay so it was in Wabiska and then I my first job was in Slave Lake and Slave Lake was a special area in those days it was the early times with the oil and gas there Slave Lake was a boom town and the government had put some money into to create a special area where there's all kinds of programming including recreation and I was one of the recreation people and we covered like it was a group of us a team and after that the special area ended the funding ended and everybody went their own way but I stayed on as a government representative for recreation and that to me was not productive because I I was not trained at the university like they were and my my goals were not there my interests were no longer there so I went into something else okay which was well I was at a crossroads for a while I tried trapping for the first time and one winter and I did pretty good I was learning from my dad and also from other elders and that really was a good feeling you know working all day running there was no skittles or anything you just had to run so I used to run pretty 15 maybe 15 miles you know all together there and back and you leave at eight in the morning and you're back at four just was getting dark so it's a good feeling you know you get to you didn't shape I I lost 20 pounds in two weeks and okay you know just from that and very satisfying and following that I I really needed to make some money so I went in the rigs for a while worked one winter in the rigs and that was my first experience in in oil and being always asking questions of the people I was working with were not interested in teaching me so I was more there to just to make money not really they wouldn't teach me anymore than that I was a rough neck what they call the person who does the work so after one winter that was it what were your thoughts your first impressions of working in the oil fields I really I was really amazed at the amount of drug and alcohol abuse happening you know there's lots of incidents and in those days there was no such thing as safety people hung over or stone would be out there working alongside me and I didn't do that that didn't do drugs or anything so I didn't fit in but it was I was there for the money and it was good money then and and then following that I went into we had an old friend I had an organization out of Toronto called Frontiers Foundation because volunteer organization they they well recruit people from third world countries mostly students university students and brought them over for the summer to work on projects in Aboriginal communities and most of them were housing which was I guess the biggest need our people had in in Canada and so I looked after Alberta and Northwest Territories and that really did that for seven years more or less lining up projects and and finding money from governments to to pay for the cost of the volunteers and it was very rewarding you know when you get you're dealing with people from at any given time maybe 30 different nationalities a lot of African people Germany Germans English Chinese India Pakistan from all over and they mixed with our people and sort of my role was to sort of become like a cultural advisor because these people knew nothing about our people so I had to do like a cultural awareness before we start what to watch for what not to say and and and that became very I guess rewarding because you're you have so many people relying on you and at a given time I think I had both maybe 60 or 70 volunteers from different place in different projects and to visit them and make sure they have no issues I was like I sometimes leave midnight to go to a place you know six hours away because there was an incident and no matter how cold it was I'd be on the road colder and this sometimes heading to Northwest Territories and on by truck was very stressful because 40 below out there the heater can't keep up with the cold and so it was fun though you know your truck to fail too yeah I guess it could have I just didn't pay much attention in those days you know you're young and invincible you can do so you became kind of almost like an ambassador to a lot of people the coordinator yeah and at that time I guess that's when I started worrying about our people trying to help our people because instead of housing there were other needs so I changed the program here in Alberta a little bit where we went into recreation community development there are some that did designing houses because we had all kinds of skills we had architects from Germany we had plumbers and electricians that were volunteering so you know we put them to work using their expertise youth work was a lot was welcomed in the communities because before that there was nothing so these people would stay there longer than two months sometimes and and then they become very I guess useful to the communities because they were helping them address their their issues so that was I did that for another seven years and what were when you said you that's when you really first started to realize the issues with with Aboriginal people what were what became your priorities are the things you saw as needing to be priorities for for your people it was to help them it was always from that point on because my mom was always after I think 1960 where she she had health issues so she had to she got to speak things language really well you know from as a kid she was in the hospital right till in the 60s and when she was in her 30s she would be a spokesman for the community because nobody else was educated you know they had residential schools but they ended at grade nine so very few people went beyond that and and so the leaders were all uneducated and so she became like a spokesperson community development person she she was a government people were scared of her but you know there was no reason because she was she was only speaking for her community that's what she was it wasn't the personal thing for her but trying to make things better for the community right so she she I guess was kind of a role model for you she'd be one of your mentors always be you know thinking about that quite a bit she died five years ago but I was wondering where this drive came from because ever since that first job with recreation where I started working with my people I always always trying to find something trying to find a better way of life or help them get to a better way of life after the frontier's job I worked with an organization that worked in the courts and that's where I saw lots of problems with our people and so I became interested in helping them change their life around okay and so that became my goal but it's all because of what my mom I learned from my mom that's where I got the drive from and what were some of those problems that you started seeing alcohol alcohol and drugs and dysfunctional families all associated with residential school experiences are people that were what were brought up in a residential school they didn't have the skills they know their parents had skills that they got from their parents well if you're spending nine years of your life in a residential school there's no opportunity for the parents to pass on those skills so those are the ones that were suffering and then their children as well it just never stops so you go to court and you see these guys they're not criminals yet they were the brand of a criminal and it became more important for me then to work with them try to get them to change their life around working with other agencies and it wasn't my role I was told by the people I worked for my goal was to bring stats so that the funding would continue right but I wanted to do more and from there I developed different programs okay one was an elders counseling group that did instead of being sentenced by the court the judge sent the kids to this group of elders and we started that in 1990 that became one of the greatest achievements I guess because those elders they stuck to the the idea of working with the community till they started passing away one after the other there's still one left of the original group and she's in the home now I'm working with her with their the children of those people but after that we also formed organized or developed a young offender camp in the community in Wabiska and I was instrumental in doing that and after I left the organization Native Counseling Services I worked with a band again and negotiated the camp with the provincial government and we ran I think it was an eight bed facility and I went to the to the UIOC which is the the place where they keep offenders youth young offender center and I want to view the kids and I picked the ones that are related to our community so there's about five or six different communities where our people were coming from and that's where I go I go no matter what the record was these weren't really dangerous kids is mostly involved with petty theft mischief but they over a period of time they built up the record so they get sent to a facility and there's other ones I brought back to the community and it was successful and I I did that for two years and then let somebody else run it after that and how did you eventually get back into the oil business I guess with laricina well after I left most of my main job for seven years but in between there I got into something else and this this time I was involved in like a healing center in another community I was I was asked to take over the program it was from the Aboriginal Healing Foundation again there was a fund in there so I ran that for a year and then I quit and I went back to Wabaskan worked at a job working with industry but in a smaller scale and then the banned position came up to be a consultation manager that's big stone creation so I expressed my interest and they hired me without an interview basically so I left from one job to the other and I guess in the in the four years I was with the band I was really interested in in in the oil business all the oil companies had to come through my door in order to start to work they had to come through me and my staff and so one of the main ones that I initially worked with was Shell they had a big the large property there that they purchased and they were doing the initial work so they worked with our community and I made sure that our people understood what they were doing and I got everybody involved these you know we looked at economic development we worked with trappers who were impacted by the work and and then yeah that Laracena came along maybe two years later they started in 2006 and they came there with VP now Derek Keller and a couple other people and consultant and we had our first meeting and right away from from the way Derek Keller was you know talking and how he wanted to work with the community I was really impressed and shortly after that like a year later a year or so later I decided I wanted to leave the band and for personal reasons and Derek called me and asked if I'd be interested in working and you know he'd rather have me there working with industry but if I was going to leave he'd rather he wanted to hire me and he's he still didn't know what he wanted to do with me so he still had to go meet with Glenn and and I think when he came back in the new year this was like in late fall in a new year he called me and and filled me in on what he had in mind which is to be a community engagement being community engagement and work with the community and make sure they understood what the company was doing and that's how I got involved with Laracena and I was there for eight years okay and before the interview we you had mentioned kind of what what you thought of the oil sands industry before you ever got into it and what you realized they were afterwards can you talk a bit about that difference or or your thoughts well I was more more or less not really paying much attention because all I saw when I was working in the rigs is the convention oil where you're drilling for oil and dirty work and you know the rest of it like the completion parties you see the the pump jacks I wasn't really involved in anything beyond that pipelines I wasn't involved with I was aware of them but sort of I I knew that that when I started working with the band in 2004 I knew that there was a whole bunch of oil activity in our area a lot of because of the the traffic in the wintertime and and become aware of the Alberta's consultation policy the guidelines and stuff that were that were that were being used and how First Nations were were sort of gathering force against those provincial guidelines and the policy and that was around 2008-2009 so when I was working with Laracena all this was happening when I left the band the band was not really that involved with with 3D8 who was sort of spearheading all this this issue with going fighting the against the policies the guidelines consultation guidelines and I and my feeling was well I think if you want to change you should be involved to work with the government and try to come up with something that fits what the First Nations wanted but I didn't see that happening so with when I started working with Laracena it was I had to deal with that issue and and like I said before what I was dealing with was working with Derek Keller who was very very supportive and would not proceed with the project until the community was well aware and I think that's where my role was and did you ever have a I mean I assume at some parts it must have been tough to get the full support of a community yes it was the band was going through a lot of changes with their consultation office I I started I continued advising them you know they always knew what was coming because I was a sort of Laracena would never keep anything quiet and they supported the idea of me you know there's something coming up or if I hear something that another company is doing I will relay that to the band and always keeping in mind that you know our goal is to make sure that there is no that that we make we make sure that the community is aware of everything is happening we know some of them we're not going to be supportive of what we do we can never get everybody to support it but I guess the main thing is it doesn't matter about project being delayed what matters most was the community understands what's happening and that our role our way of extracting the resource was different than what they read in Fort McMurray about Fort McMurray where the mining is supposed to drilling and Laracena was all drilling yeah okay and and reusing the water and all these tailing pods all the negative stuff that was coming from Fort McMurray in the news all the time was a lot of these people don't understand some of them all they hear is what's on TV so they think that's what we were doing as well and it was my role and I spoke to them in their language in my first language and so that I'd have assessments in my office and they come and see the maps of what we're doing any trapper that wanted to they were after compensation of course but they first of all made sure they understood what was happening and we explained that to them in Crete so all that was was different than than what anybody else was doing and I guess that's the success that Laracena had there is that they had an office in the community and the only company that did that out of maybe 15 20 companies some had office in slave lake or at the basket but Laracena was the first and only one to have an office in the community okay and how I guess with with your jobs in the band stuff that's obvious that Aboriginal people were quite present but maybe when you were rough-necking and at Laracena later on how present or absent were Indigenous people at work and has that changed or with the with the rigs I worked with an Aboriginal crew and the bosses were all non-Aboriginal but like the guys that did the actual work were all pretty well as brothers you know the oldest brother had the most experience he was the what do they call them a foreman yeah some different word is a foreman but his brother other brother was a motorman who was a second in charge and then the driller the driller was the direct man was another brother and the guys I worked with the guys on the floor they did the dirty work okay so that's what I did and they again like I said they wouldn't explain to me why we were doing this and when I asked they'll say well because I told you to why I was doing this I was getting nowhere I think if they had been more willing to share what they knew I would have been involved in that business a lot sooner right and what about at Laracena how was the how present or absent were aboriginals there actually when we first started there wasn't there are many but Laracena's policy is to hire local contractors so although like for the main part of the work like the exploration they had the crews that did the work and they'd come in but any kind of work like with the construction they used Laracena used local contractors and that was the main thing that Laracena was very proud of is because we did not bring in equipment from slave lake or unless there was nothing there and that's that's what I think set us apart from other people because we didn't we worked with what was there right and if it wasn't there then we we sort of expanded there's a circle there's nothing in that circle we went beyond the circle which is the next level like slave lake Athabasca sometimes Edmonton but a lot of them were there already already in the area and but for construction road construction there was about four or five main contractors that did that they've been doing that for years it's all aboriginal owned some of them First Nations owned so it was it fit in quite well but the other thing that we did was because power engineering was one of the main trades that was used in in oil sands for for us anyway power engineering we started encouraging power engineering and other jobs like electrical and whatever else working in camps as well we started promoting that in the community so there was local contractors that were getting into that and I think in the seven years we had about four people that went for their power engineering fourth class and one of them went into and became third class but we were by then there's you know was slowing down and shutting down so that person did his third finishes third class but you know you know not doing that work because there's no work right now so we were into the schools encouraging people to go into the oil industry that's what we promoted through the college as well we tried to encourage them to bring in trades that would employ our people in the new oil field right and but as we know yeah the the mining mining and oil sector is always very cyclical right yeah yeah always some good times and some bad times right um have you seen a change since um since I guess Larry's seen an industry within your community has really integrated and have have you seen a difference with um you mentioned at the beginning a lot of like drug abuse alcohol abuse have you seen and all your work at the band has that gotten better or um um no um and I think if there was work and more opportunities local level there would be less alcohol abuse and as everywhere else uh in the news you hear of increase in crime and you know family violence uh as a result of the slowdown it's the same there but ours involves a lot of alcohol alcohol abuse a lot of drug abuse a lot of drugs coming in and I guess in a way if Larry's seen was still around the next thing we would have been doing is looking at how can we help if our our jobs were increasing this activity because of the extra money in a community how can we help the social service agencies uh to um battle the these problems and unfortunately we're just starting to get into that when you know the bottom fell out and there was no more no more work right but the thing that everybody talks about is that there there's been there's a big loss in the community since Laracena shut down the office because they come to us for everything information about other companies I always had maps of what other activities happening around Laracena projects and people would be there every day wanting to know more and we started community awareness uh there I also did community awareness programs with uh the cultural awareness actually uh for the company so I was performing two roles one working with the community informing them what was happening and how they can be involved and and then again educating the company about our culture and that was very well received uh throughout your your career I'm sure you had a few but do you have any example of um one of your most difficult or challenging projects um I would say there's I guess there's challenges in every in every one uh the one that I with the company um we the company decided to build a pipeline from our project to Fort McMurray area so our job was to consult with all the impacted people trappers and across the river you're heading into other territory of First Nations and uh I guess the difficulty that I had was trying to uh work with people the way Laracena worked with Vickstone and you already had a different process there there is no there was no bending from that uh it money talks you pay so much for consultation I think it was like something like uh 30 or 40 thousand dollars to become a member and then Laracena was only there for a certain time so you know they wouldn't budge from that and I had to let the the company deal with it because I was in no position to be negotiating money and it wasn't my role my role is to show them to tell them what was happening make sure the impacted land users were aware of what was happening and and all that uh I guess it was difficult in my part because there were so many issues that I couldn't address um mainly it was money that these people wanted and I and I couldn't uh I wouldn't even go there because that's not my role my role is to make people understand what was happening and and I think uh for the Wabiska part everything that I did I involved the the consultation office and the trappers who were impacted the most by the project thank you different segment here this this are more opinion questions uh first one is do you believe there's a disconnect between the natural resource industries and um Aboriginal people and then I'll ask the same thing for all of Canada as well yeah um there is a disconnect and we I think we addressed that as much as we could when I was with Laracena and the company they they were aware of what the issues are in the community through through my work and also they were able to uh um address whatever issues the community had the chief and council if they wanted a meeting well Derek and Glenn would be there and and uh the part that I didn't really appreciate a little I wasn't invited they wanted the head people and I think Laracena wanted me there but you know the leadership said we want to meet with the the decision makers so that was uh they became I think most First Nations became more interested in in in the economic part the money uh wanting partnerships you know but they wanted money and I that wasn't that wasn't my role that the disconnect is that a lot of them were a lot of companies were not signing agreements but they were sort of funneling money into the community um as far as the other there's a disconnect um mainly because um in my opinion there's a lot of anti oil and gas uh anti pipeline and even now to this day I'm still uh promoting um working with oil companies even pipelines you know there's all all kinds of opportunities for communities to get into to work with pipeline companies uh work out agreements and I didn't see that happening and I I noticed uh going to the listen to the news and watching what happened at Standing Standing Rock and in uh North Dakota the uh there was an opportunity to negotiate but and I think maybe some oil companies like that they they allow ignorance and arrogance to to lead the way there was no compromise there was no working with the First Nations especially in in estates in in here it's changing here in Canada because every community now has their own every First Nation has their own traditional area and the governments have been very supportive of helping them protect or at least so that they're ensuring that there's meaningful uh consultation and trying to work out some kind of uh an agreement with with the First Nations and in uh with Standing Rock they just let it let it go too long you know um there's the oil company they were funded by three Canadian banks and everybody knows that they were pushing for his oil through Indian lands and there was a block blockade there so first question I had when they started why not negotiate go around now the plan is to go around you know like spending what three months uh wasting time all the actors coming in there all the you know servicemen that came there to to support before that happened they they should have been settled and that's what we were saying friends of mine are still in the business they they talk about the pipelines they know that we're facing problems at BC uh how the uh the bands are against and all the environmental groups are supporting them and and I think I still think that they couldn't negotiate it some kind of arrangement uh if I'm going to be fighting for the environment you know my my traditional area where I hunt and I gather and I drop or where the animals are the habitats and stuff I'd want to be involved in what's happening so I'd want the government to pay for my involvement somehow maybe train people or start businesses where they monitor the pipeline or little things like that would go a long way and some of the companies that I talked to were we're going into that but there's still going to be people that'll be against this this pipeline that's my phone and I see that and my role is different now so but I'm still always going to be a supporter of what Lersina did you know they they uh they started they changed consultation uh and uh for the company that that that's what sold me with that company is they weren't they weren't there they you know they what they didn't know they wanted to learn and that's the key and that's what has to be done with our first nations is they're not always going to be against but they just want to be a part and I think that would address a lot of the social problems maybe get bands more more into business like you know you talked about Jim Boucher up in Fort McMurray he's got a good uh good business sense and he's really done a lot for for the band and uh I think he's a leader in the in in that area with the working with industry and he he worked with industry he doesn't uh block or you know he he knows what's best and he also knows I don't know how much can be done but there's a lot of land on reserve that's being destroyed by the oil company and then I and in in our community the the impact is different and and that's what Lersina promoted is that the impact could be minimal but we what we promoted was well show us how we can share the land we're not taking it over and Lersina did a lot to work with the troppers you know we we built one guy at a cabin and we built roads for people we helped them with access roads and different activities like that that we helped with uh if they needed a road graded to their tropeline cabin or if we had equipment there we we plowed the road in through and uh that has to be done and there's still you know the impact is small there can still trap in that area but they they respect they respect that yeah so it's all about involving them in a business sense and and it's about communication and yeah transparency too yeah and uh what I said about arrogance and ignorance that might be the same I think in some cases with our first with our oil companies in that come to our area they uh they don't like I said they don't have an office in the community so they they just go by you know they try their meetings with the band and a lot of times they don't they're not in good terms with the band and I noticed that I still work with the band in those same same buildings so I see them coming and going some of them I remember from when I was with Lersina and they're coming there and they're not getting very far and you know I think that has to change Lersina started something I think should be continued by all the companies they should show more presence in that community be a part of the community um last question here and then I'll finish with a few closing questions how do you see the future of Canada's resources and when I say resources I talk about its its environment the environment and its relationship with its people and industry are we on the right track or not I think um mostly Canada has the right idea the Alberta government is you know started off in the wrong foot and but they're now sort of backtracking and uh I I know that the prime minister is getting a lot of lack from some of the anti some of my friends are anti pipeline anti oil sands and I just don't think we'll ever be able to go back to the horse and wagon so how are they gonna you know they are they gonna continue uh it's kind of to continue buying oil from the states and Saudi Arabia you know what we have so much oil that we can you know bring up in in our in our in the north northern Alberta they what they want is for the oil to stay in there and they don't consider what what that has what impact that has on our economy and the number of people that are that are you know went to school to get into oil and gas are no longer able to work and I think there's a way to to sure worry about the carbon worry about global warming but you don't stop industry just just to address that issue you can always technology is always improving you know oil sand oil spills pipeline breaks are addressed immediately so that area has to I think that's where the focus has to be with industries to make sure that each spill they learn something from that and I think they do but industry oil companies I mean communities and environmental groups don't care about that they they they they preach to our first nations about what can happen if there's a spill you know what how much harm it can do to their water to the environment in general and like I said before our first nations should be involved in monitoring you know our first nations should be taught how to be how to be a first on call for oil spills how to be involved directly and I I really think that's the answer there you can never prevent spills or accidents but as long as our people are involved right from the start and that's what we try to do with Laracena I get a call if there was something serious happening three in the morning sometimes and I'd call my contact so the process starts right there but this is towards the end of Laracena community this was what we were doing and if they were doing something even for another company if they're near our camps to make sure we know about it for safety reasons if they're coming to our gate let us know where you're going we don't care why but so we know where you're at so our safety people can know if you get into an accident and that happened then they didn't tell us and you know nothing major but somebody some people were left out in the cold overnight because they didn't tell us where they were going he just went right through and so there's things like that I think that's one thing that Laracena brought is their safety is the main concern but also involved in the community and everything that they did a few last closing questions the first one is what are you proudest of in life or professionally I think the last eight years of my work in career with Laracena that I think has to be the highlight I wish I started that first I probably would have still been in the business but in those days there was no such thing as consultation in the in the 70s when I started work but now with the way Laracena operated it really fit my goals and and when I told that when I asked the leadership asked me why I left I said I thought I could do more for this community working with an oil company and that's what kept me going because the company really wanted that as well they wanted to make sure that our community benefit benefited from that and Glenn has said that a number of times we're there for a short time the committee lives there lives there forever and they'll still be there when we're gone like we don't want to create an impact that's going to be negative like they want to leave something behind that's positive and I really think they did and last question what are the sorry if you were to if you were to talk to someone much younger like a like a child or a student what would be the most important life lesson or a piece of advice you'd give them looking forward um well there'd be a number number of them one of them is to make sure they understand you know an aboriginal person especially what what our traditional lands are about you know what are what are people did on that land and how much of it can we learn from from this history how much of that can we learn from as we go forward and and how can we um I guess maybe not live in two worlds but you're you're trying to get a career trying to decide what career you want to go into you know from high school I'd still say go in the oil and gas it's here for the long term but also make sure you understand what are what our people were here for that our people were when they were um we hear a lot of elders say our role was to be keepers of the land keepers of the animals the creator gave us these animals to to eat and to for shelter uh clothing it's up to us to to manage that and I really believe that because you know the way it is now people are don't really see that um they see um like the environment they don't go they don't go in a bush anymore our role as teachers now I have elders working with me is uh not that I'm working in justice it's just sort of a little different uh in a way it my role is the same though more like an agent of change you know I want to uh make sure these people understand what it was like to live in a bush how do how do you track an animal how do you prepare a snare you know how do you start a fire safely in the bush how do you uh how do you survive in the bush all these things are being taught by our elders now and so what I'm doing working with people that are getting into trouble with the law uh part of their sentence might be while you're going to go with the trapper you know in a bush for you know two or three trips or a week long camp or or maybe it's go help this elder fish you know he's getting older so you will be helping him and in the winter it's a lot of work so out of it you get the experience and you bring home fish for your family and then the judge and the prosecutor are sort of looking at these as well we're not doing much good in the with our justice system you know every year there's more Aboriginal people in going to court and into jail there's a big population Aboriginal people in jails the the judge says and I and I'm there most of the court days at the start of the session he'll say there's something wrong here you know 80 of the cases before me you guys it's all alcohol related you know there's 10 10 cases of impaired driving he said when are you going to change and these guys are they keep coming back they keep going to jail now because it's your second or third offense so my role then is while it may be with this new job it might be this person's third offense but it's not doing him any good to will spend 30 days in Fort Saskatchewan how about if he did something more productive here in the community go and count go into counseling you know we're going with his family with his wife to counseling doing something in a bush and the elders say it's healing it's a very important very important to him as part of healing to go back to doing some of these things no trapping will never be in the industry anymore but it's a it's a way it's a treaty right our people did that from as far back as anybody can remember and it it's got a healing quality here you're doing something in the land and and that's what these elders are preaching everywhere I read in Northwest Territories in Fort Good Hope for example they have the same thing they take people that are involved in drugs and alcohol they're taking them out in the bush teaching them all these life skills so in the Yukon they had a canoe trip that was 8 weeks to 10 days long from one community to Dawson city I think and they take a traditional canoe a big canoe and they lived off the land and all these things are happening and that's what we're shooting towards in our community as well and and I really am we're starting to get a lot of support the police supported the prosecutor is very interested in in doing something and and a judge and and our people are at a point where they they really need help and and relying on big stone creation to to to provide the answers and that is what we're trying to do I think yeah I think the bush works a neat idea yeah I think it's is there anything else you'd like to add I think we missed I think professional organizations that I've been involved with again it was always involving Aboriginal people in there was a time where I was on a board for children services provincial we were a regional board and that was very rewarding because you know we had we worked with social workers and people that worked with Aboriginal people and we were through the board we were able to help help the region I guess because they did everything with foster care and and you know dealing with people that are on social assistance and stuff like that word involved the family and then also right now I'm with a board called six medicine lodge it's a treatment for youth and it's at just outside Calgary in the first nation and I've been on been with them for five years now and very rewarding because everything they do is what I'm doing over here in Wabiska although I don't only work with youth but I've sent two youth to that facility from from there that were getting into trouble and so far they're doing good and I'll continue doing that and I'll continue being a part of you know organizations like that because I think I have well they think I have some to offer for my life experiences and they seem quite rewarding as well oh yeah yeah when you see the the reports and you know the I attended one graduation and I couldn't believe the difference with with the girls I went to a girls graduation after four months they came there rough you know dressed rough and all gang style drugs and alcohol and and then four months later you see them in gowns and you know where they're making presentations in front of a group of people family that's the most rewarding part you know seeing that great feeling well thank you very much well I hope I did something said something that you can use it was great


So let's try to add and simplify a rational expression. So if we're not so lucky as to have two rational expressions with the same denominator, we can find a common denominator by multiplying the denominators together. And so the common denominator will be, and it's useful to remember that factored form is best, and so that unless we have a good reason for multiplying things out, we'll leave them in factored form. So our first rational expression has the factor a plus nine, but it's missing the factor a plus one. So we'll multiply numerator and denominator by a plus one. Now while factored form is best, we are going to have to do something with the numerator, so we'll multiply it out to get. However, the denominator isn't going to change, so we'll leave it in factored form. Now our second rational expression has the factor a plus one, but it's missing the factor a plus nine. So we'll multiply numerator and denominator by the missing factor. We'll expand the numerator, and we'll keep the denominator in factored form, although we'll reverse the order of the factors so that they're the same as in the other rational expression. So now our two rational expressions have the same denominator, so we can add the numerators together. And let's go ahead and enter it. So remember, computers are essentially honest. They don't really care what you meant. They don't really care what you intended. They don't read anything into what you've said. They go by exactly what you write. And so here's the important thing. This is what we actually want to write as our answer, which means that we have to tell it to the computer in a way that it understands what we wanted. So if we type this, well, first of all, it objects. It says there's a syntax error, and it suggests we might want to check our variables. And we realize that the problem is in variable A, and we typed an answer in variable X. So let's fix that. And while we've changed the variable so that it now accepts the syntax, this isn't what we wanted to write. And to fix that, we'll have to make sure that the numerator and denominator are enclosed in parentheses. And as long as what the computer understands is what we wanted to write, we should be OK. Let's submit and get the full credit for the problem.