Dome. My name is Emily Brewer and I will be your host for today's program. Under the Dome is Town Meeting TV's coverage of the Vermont legislative session and in this series we speak with legislators and advocates about the bills moving through the legislature this year and also what that might mean for you and your neighbors. So today we have two legislators from South Burlington with us today, Representative Martin Lalonde and Senator Thomas Chittenden. Thank you both for joining us today in the studio. Thank you. And so we'll start out, I'll start with you Tom. Both of you serve on a few different committees and panels but Thomas in particular you serve on two committees, a joint committee on oversight, the New England Board of Higher Ed, several more, another progress council and used to be a city counselor for the town of the city of South Burlington and my main question is here, how do you balance all of those jobs and still do your work well? So the last part I don't know if I do accomplish that, some would argue different ways. I'd say I've always had a lifetime of service. In high school I was in the key club, in college I was a resident assistant, after college I remember working on political campaigns like Howard Dean's presidency, I was a volunteer firefighter back in Williston. I've just always found time to give back to my community. I found city council to be an extension of that. That being the case I am no longer on the South Burlington City Council. I just finished up my term this past March. It was partly because I feel like I was spreading myself too thin. As for the committees you just listed, I'll say the not all of them are active. For example the Vermont State Infrastructure Bank Board has only met twice since I've been appointed to it. So it's a rather what I call Somulant Committee. So it doesn't have a large time commitment but we do have the state Senate does appoint to it. Vepsi I was just appointed to and I took that on knowing that the South Burlington City Council is wrapping up and I have a lot of experience with TIFFS which the Tax Increment Finance Districts which Vepsi oversees. So I saw some synergies and overlapping with that. But to answer your question I like to be busy. That's what I do. I also have a full-time job and three kids in public school. So I just I find that it's better to not have enough hours in the day and I always like to say if you want to get something done give it to somebody who's busy. As to whether or not I do all of these roles well that's arguable but I do see value in the intersection of many of these topics that intersect the jurisdictions of each of the topic areas. Great and same for you Martin you know you're on a lot of committees as well but in particular you're serving as the chair of the judiciary committee in the house. Can you share what that committee has been up to this session and also what it means to be the chair of the committee? Sure sure I'd love to do that but first I want to compliment the Somulant. I'm going to use that for describing some of the other committees that I'm on as well. The ones that don't meet very often. Yeah so this is my fifth term in the legislature and the first eight years I was on the judiciary committee. My third term I was a ranking member of the judiciary committee and last term I was an assistant majority leader as well as staying on the judiciary committee. So I was I feel I was ready to move into this new position new challenges being a chair of a committee. The biggest challenge is just agenda setting which is really where the the influence comes in for being a chair as well because you can largely set the agenda and which bills you're going to take up. Of course there are priority bills of the caucus and of the legislature that that I have to take up but otherwise there's a lot of leeway a lot of flexibility as far as what I'm able to take up so I'm blessed with an exceptional committee. It's really a good committee. We we had seven returning members on the committee although one of the members had to retire or resign because of too many other things going on this committee's members life work family sometimes it's really hard to do if you have really young kids. Any event but we filled that seat with another individual so we have four new legislators on the committee one who came over from corrections and institutions but they they just are just top-notch it makes the committee much easier to work work with. They're they take on work they take on responsibility they're super smart we have a fun time it's a really good atmosphere in the committee as well we're able to keep it light which is important often because we do deal with some pretty tough issues domestic violence sexual violence you know there's the intersection of the criminal justice system with the mental health system so we have some pretty heavy topics so it's it's good to have be able to keep it light with the individuals we have so I'm I'm I'm blessed to have the committee that I have and we I think have done some really good work this year as well. Well I will say that we when we took a trip to the state house last week we spoke with a a representative that's on the judiciary committee and she spoke very highly of you and your leadership so so it's it's it's felt throughout the committee so I before we move on to the next question I do want to give folks a chance I forgot to mention this in the intro we are accepting calls so if you have a question for either Martin or Tom please call in at<PHONE_NUMBER> we'll prioritize your questions but in the meantime we'll keep moving down my list. So this session there's there's been some big investments that the Democrats have put on the table for Vermont families such as investments in child care paid family and medical leave affordable housing and the list goes on and so starting with Tom can you speak about the impact that those investments would have on your constituents in South Burlington if passed both in services and resources they offer but also in the tax impact that they'll have. Certainly I might focus on child care since I spent some time on that in Senate finance and I have a pretty good idea of some of the struggles in Vermont. The pandemic really showed shown a light on how difficult and expensive it is to find care to cover to pay to to take care of children in the great state of Vermont what this bill that is moving forward will do is will increase the subsidies available to the to different income levels a larger income band which will do two things one will allow for or make it more affordable to get child care but also funnel more money into the child care system so as to be able to pay child care providers enough to attract them to want to serve in that profession because it's not just a matter of the cost of child care it's about the availability the wait lists are years in advance I remember how difficult it was for us to find a child care provider we we had a great experience with a small little provider but we had to ask permission when we wanted to have her second and third child just to make sure she had room for us so I think what we're doing on child care is going to be very important and in Senate finance we had businesses testify that this is a workforce development issue enabling people to enter re-enter the workforce to focus on jobs is what child care can do and so this is part of the solution that businesses are definitely advocating and supporting the senate proposed a financing mechanism that would translate to I believe 0.42 percent payroll tax paid for by 75 percent of that from the employer with 25 percent of it from the employee I believe the house has revised that and used an income tax so there's a slight increase in the income tax and then a full half a percentage point on and without the employer contributions I don't know all the details it just came out of their committee last week and so I'm looking forward to seeing how that compares with what we passed that will have an impact on on employees if you work in the state of Vermont and these pass you will see a a reduction if it is on to the employee even if it does an employer tax that does translate into their availability to offer benefits as well as raises and increases the other places that I could talk more on but I don't know how much time we have on each of these things is on housing because that too I always say all roads lead to housing to have more people to take care for our children to to serve in all the industries that we need to have more people in Vermont and also make housing more affordable we need more housing across the income spectrum both affordable housing and housing that is affordable and so I'm happy and excited about the home bill that is working its way through the house right now I think it's going to do a lot of great things to address that that root issue that is causing a lot of problems in multiple sectors within our economy yeah so I agree with everything Tom says that that's the easy way out but I'll expand a little bit so last last summer and fall leading up to the election even though I didn't have an opponent I did knock on doors and went out and talked to a lot of constituents which is actually one of the best parts of the jobs is getting to do that knocking on neighbors doors and talking to them and the two or three main issues there is there were a couple others but top five issue was certainly child care having more affordable more available child care and quality care housing was a second and and also paid family leave those those three really go together and as far as a lot of my constituents and what I think as well so the investments we're making there are I think really critical for for my district and and I had a lot of support for and with an understanding that it is going to cost obviously but I think majority of the people I've talked to really are in support of those particular issues so although on the housing issue there there's been certainly some controversy with that particular bill in south burlington there there are some concerns we've made sure that the committees that are taking those up have heard from our city council and from our city planner that had time to present various ideas of how to improve that bill but I think it's very important bill that we do get through and it looks like we will so well and I that leads right into my next question which kind of explores the topic of housing in south burlington a little further which so could you either of you or both talk a little bit more about the any of the affordable housing money do you foresee any of this landing in particular south burlington housing development projects and further do you think that act 250 needs to be reformed to address the housing crisis I'll let you go first great so the second part to your question I'd probably speak more to yes so act 250 has done great things for the state of vermont it was past 50 years ago in a different time in a different era when we had different priorities and different issues putting pressure on things I am not advocating to repeal act 250 act 250 is statewide zoning when there is no zoning and it does a lot of great things to make sure the people are heard and that we have good planning put in place that being the case nothing is written in stone nothing is infallible and act 250 could be tweaked it could be adjusted for the times could be modernized when we look at the housing crisis we're in today I'm a strong proponent for making tweaks to act 250 in tandem with the changes in the home bill that also address local control issues and local permitting the the government the state of vermont can't build all the houses it just doesn't work that way we that's not what we do we're overseeing policy what we can do is we can look at the regulatory frameworks at both the local level and the state level to enable and drive policy that we want to see happen and and behavior in the marketplace and that's where act 250 is absolutely part of the conversation I'm happy and glad for what came out of the senate regarding act 250 reform for anybody that was following the press closely I wanted to see more and I did advocate for that I was I'm still supportive of the home bill as presented but there was some additional act 250 changes that were proposed by the senate economic development committee that were taken out by the senate natural resources committee and I understand the house is gaining some is at least looking at it the rural caucus is supporting that same change I recommended can elaborate there is this again I don't know if you want to give me a clock or something I could just babble on for hours but there is this behavior modifier in act 250 that's been in place for a long time where if you have owned land I own four acres in South Burlington I am not planning to develop my wife does not want houses behind our house but if I wanted to I as an individual landowner could put up to nine additional units on my land within five years within five miles of that land without triggering act 250 so as soon as I want to put a tenth unit not that I want to put any units on my land I don't but if I want to put 10 units on my land all of a sudden my paperwork would go from this at the local level to this at the statewide level and the costs associated to that paperwork and the time and uncertainty is bewildering and it scares off for people from putting that tenth unit onto their properties and so what I think Martin Representative LaLonde would see in South Burlington attest to I know it's all around my neighborhood there are these nine unit developments on land that could easily support for gents clay protecting all the natural resources that could take 14 units or they could take 20 units but they're not doing that many units on those smaller parcels because they're avoiding the paperwork that is an arbitrary I've asked I asked all the people that have been around for a long time why 10 units why this nine units it's because the number sounded good 50 years ago and so as I would say what I argue for and still think would be a great small change that would address the crisis that we're in today is let's tweak that my amendment on the floor was to increase that to 25 units for three years and three years is important because of interim zoning that would protect any community that didn't feel prepared for it and I also propose not statewide but only in communities with planning and zoning but that was four minutes so maybe I should stop there I'll let Martin if there's anything you'd like to add well yeah I'd like to add that you know I I definitely respect the committee process and we have two committees in the house that are looking at this particular bill I think it's important to balance what act 250 has done for the state over the last decades and that is really keeping the state the green mountain state and keeping you know reducing development but we do recognize that that there is a need for more housing and and I am a support of if you if you're going to do housing it should be denser where in the appropriate spots but but that does have to be balanced against the other needs for a community that that you you know that you want to have in a community you want to have some open space you want to have wildlife corridors etc so there's a balance that goes on there and the big issue is how much the state should dictate that versus local zoning my inclination is that it should be more the local zoning but but I'm really going to let the committee do its its work to to figure that out I think south burlington definitely and tom probably knows the figures better than I do have definitely been doing our part regarding housing over the last 10 years I think we've built hundreds of units in in south burlington and that should be respected as well you know we're certainly doing our part to help with respect to housing and there's more that should be done I absolutely agree with that as for act 250 there was a bill that I supported last year that was passed it really was more in the governance of act 250 that was vetoed and not overridden that that seems to be a dead letter at this point and they're looking at different tweaks for for act 250 this year with the emphasis being on dense development in the appropriate locations and I agree with that concept definitely well the topic of housing at least in my mind does go hand in hand with education and in south burlington in particular schools well in all over chitin county schools are overflowing and it seems like some big investments are needed in order to accommodate the growing student population I'll let either of you speak to this first but what can the legislature do about that well well one thing is we should watch out what we're doing as far as housing if we're making it so that communities are going to have to build more housing there has to be respect for the the results of that can be more students going to our already overcrowded schools and so I've been working at least for the last eight years I've I've been working towards having the state support school construction they did this for a long time they would cover 30% of the cost of school construction that there's been a moratorium since the late 2000 aughts I can't remember exactly when but but we need assistance from the state to deal with our overcrowding crowded schools but also with schools across the state that are really in need of renovation and and maintenance backlogs need to be addressed so it seems like we're moving a little bit towards that there I think that the treasure that we have now is more open to the bonding for for assistance in school construction but we have probably two and a half to three billion dollars of needs in in school construction and I think that hasn't been receiving enough attention you know we can build houses and bring families here but if we don't have a place to put their kids you know it's going to be tough to continue to attract families to the state so I'd offer one thing and it's more of a systemic perspective and I'd love a counterpoint this is something that when I first got involved in city council politics back in 2014 I met with somebody that I still hold in very high regard and I need to reach out to him is Jim condos he was a south Berlin city councilor for many years and a state senator and then secretary of state and I just wanted to get his perspective on a lot of topics and then senate on education in the state I was also talking to his daughter the other day and she remembers him saying this very thing and I'd be curious how much this overlays with or valid is validated with your perspective but when act 60 was passed in the 90s because of the brigham decision uh scent pooling all of the education dollars and resources um that has changed the incentive structure for when it comes to funding our schools prior to the brigham decision when a community wanted a new high school they would work with their city and the city would enable zoning for commercial enterprises so that for example in south berlington they zone for the university mall for the tech park over there by the airport as well to have commercial enterprises to contribute to a tax base that would then help offset or subsidize the costs of the school relative to the residential owners or taxpayers property taxpayers so there was an incentive for growth commercial growth but when act 60 passed now all the money gets sent to the state and then it gets redistributed based on how many kids there are so that incentive to allow for more growth was dissipated and now people see only the negatives besides the municipal burden is actually still spread as as grand lists are grown but my reason why I bring that up now is I want people to start to see that the way that we can also grow the denominator for how much our tax burden is to pay for these schools is to look for ways to bring the right economic activity to the state of vermont I for example beta beta is doing some amazing things in south berlington it is putting three hundred million dollars into a new plant and now they're trying they're expanding up to saint albin's and also to caledonia county those are green tech jobs that are bringing more opportunity more investment more activity that will lighten the tax load for the rest of us going forward my concern that since the 90s for the last 20 30 years now almost we're just not growing the grand list for commercial activities to to keep up with and also incentivize the investments in our schools that since 2007 there's been a moratorium on bonding it's part of the systemic issue it's not the only solution but it's just important for us to see that we want to grow the denominator with the numerator in order to keep the tax burden manageable right right yeah no I agree with that as well so I know you have other questions but I was hoping to also cover a couple of things that our judiciary committee has I would I would love that okay go right ahead yeah just please do because you know I think we've done some really good work this year tomorrow we'll be passing out for concurring with the senate the proposal of amendment to a bill called h89 which is a shield bill it's to provide protections for individuals who come to the state of vermont to get legally protected healthcare in vermont gender affirming care reproductive health care it also will protect providers of of those of those legally protected healthcare activities which is a very critical bill given what's going on around the country I mean states are are looking to hold people that are not in their state criminally or civilly liable for providing gender affirming care or reproductive health care and we want to protect our providers here even if they're reaching out to help somebody in a state that bans those procedures a companion senate bill is back in the senate with some amendments from the house which I think we'll be passing out very soon as well which protects a provider's license if they have any problem with their license in another state because they provided health care that we protect here in vermont that they won't have consequences in vermont same with insurance so that's been a really important bill another important bill that we've passed out that is in the senate and should be coming back probably with some changes is a suicide prevention firearms bill that would establish a three-day waiting period would implement a secure storage law and would improve our red flag law where somebody can get an extremist protection order to remove firearms from somebody who's a danger to themselves or others so those are two really big bills that we've worked on but we've worked on a number of initiatives related to domestic violence and being able to protect survivors in those situations allowing certain domestic violence disputes to go to community justice centers is one to address abuse of litigation where somebody who is an abuser uses our courts to continue to abuse a victim so we've addressed those issues as well so it's been quite a bit of things that we've been working on one last thing i'll mention is we've really been working it's and this is a biannium project of so it's not going to be done this session is is putting more resources and oversight and and codification of restorative justice practices where individuals can be kept out of the criminal justice system entirely and go through a different path if they've done something wrong so these are some of the important things that we've been working on in in judiciary committee so thank you martin and those all are very important things that need to be worked on and before we wrap up here tom is there anything that you'd like to add just in addition as what you're working on in your committee sure but i also want to just say i have long admired represent of la lawn he's served longer than i have his advocacy and energy on the very important topic of gun control and i'm very excited about the suicide prevention bill that is making its way through the senate now for the 72-hour waiting period as well as safe storage so great work thank you for all you've done and all you continue to do i look forward to supporting that bill i serve on senate transportation as well as senate finance one thing that i think a lot of the viewing public might be interested in it was we're starting to look at ways to have electric vehicles pay their fair share for our roadways so if you when every time you fill up at the gas pump you're paying a gas tax which pays to plow, pave, and paint our roads so that those roads still need to be plowed, paved, and painted but electric vehicles aren't paying the gas tax and so what you will see we are going to in the transportation bill i'll be seeking a federal money to actually flesh out how it would look to charge electric vehicles through a mileage-based user fee for vermonters that when they inspect their car it will check how many miles you had the last time and how many miles when you inspect this time and the difference there'd be a small adjustment somewhat comparable to how much you'd pay in the gas tax that would only apply to entirely electric vehicles so entirely plug-in vehicles they would pay it that way hybrid vehicles there'd be a proposed to look into how this would translate to an increased car registration fee so if you currently pay a hundred dollars a year it might be 175 and then also since that would only get vermonters but out-of-staters use our roads too when you look at how EV behavior is i don't know if you have any EV yet but a lot of out-of-staters are expected to be out of towners and out-of-staters are going to use those level three direct chargers the fast chargers as you see it like healthy living or so on so we're included in that study is to look to have a charge on the pump of the electric charge pump so that's what we're going to expect back in the next year or two nothing's going into effect right away this is to understand the contours of that it's something that we're looking at maybe beginning in 2025 when market saturation or adoption rate of EVs reaches a certain threshold but it's on the five to ten-year horizon that we want EVs to start contributing to pay for our roadways great thank you and before we finish up here one last question we'll start with martin how can your constituents get involved in the legislative process at this point as well as a follow-up to that how can they reach you and get in contact with you sure so being a citizen legislature when when i have constituents reach out to me about issues you know that certainly helps me focus on what issues i should look at but i often ask them to uh help out a little bit you know if they have ideas i asked them to scope out a little bit what the solution to the problems are and and you know very much like working with constituents uh to figure out how to address certain issues that we have before us so on a monthly basis i have a column in the other paper i always include my my email address which is emlalone at state.ledgeleg.vt.us and i have my phone number on there as well which is<PHONE_NUMBER> usually people contact me by phone and i'll probably once again start having a weekly coffee at the at the Panera which i've done but i've not really fully gotten back to that since the pandemic but we'll be doing that again soon. That's fantastic thank you and same question to you tom. Sure well we do legislative forums so i actually it should be at a shelter one right now but i prioritize this appreciate that i do hop around all the communities in my district and tonight for example south brilicton is having one from six to seven p.m so those are great to go to definitely email phone calls you can also come to the state house i if the constituents email me i do my darndest to respond back not necessarily the same day and sometimes when you ask me questions about less less topical issues it takes me some time to research so i try to catch up on the weekends but you can reach me at thomaschittenden.com and the ledge email it's always hard and i bumble it so i did thomaschittenden.com should be able to find me or thomaschittenden.com is a great way to contact me. Great well thank you both to martin and thomas for joining us in the studio today that wraps up our episode of under the dome with south brilicton partial a partial part of the south brilicton delegation so thank you all for tuning in and watching under the dome will be continuing throughout the end of the legislative session connecting you with your representatives in mott pilier you can find this program and others at our website www.ch17.tv or on our town meeting tv youtube channel thanks for watching and sharing under the dome from town many tv have a great day


The governor of the central bank of Nigeria, Godwin Amirfele, has said that the APS Bank acknowledges the pains Nigerians are facing at accessing the new Naira nodes and are working on closing the gaps observed in the circulation process. Amirfele stated these in an ongoing special briefing at the CBN office in Lagos. According to the CBN governor, the APS Bank will extend cash swap to microfinance banks and engage 30,000 super agents in the Header Lens as part of new measures to accelerate the circulation of new Naira nodes. He said that the CBN is discussing with banks to make alternative channels easily accessible. Fortunately again, this time we will not be looking at extension of deadlines because we are the central bank, the deposit money banks and other very important stakeholders we are looking at areas where there is pressure and we are doing everything possible to address those areas of pressure. Eventually the limits will be raised and eventually the limits will be removed and people will be able to conduct their exchanges or their business transactions in a way that has always been in the past.


We start by suggesting to deal with the press and to your guests who are present that there's a great misunderstanding just apart. One of the things we're going to do today is show that that's not the case. Our rescue is managed for the wildlife. It's not for people. Although we have a few work-driven studies, cooperation in schools and universities, there are economic uses and environmental education to show you the good news as well. Your administration, Mr. President, we're marked with an emphasis on taking care of what we have. That is true, as you know, with the park system, where we have the creek program, the park improvement program, is equally true with the refugees. And in the past couple of years, we've been able to put more money into maintenance to take care of what we have that is greater than at any other time in history. Specifically, since you took office, as you look from 1980 to the present time, there's been a $49 million increase in what is maintenance and operating expenses for the refugees. I can show this a little more on a specific program that was started in 1984, naturally an acronym ARM, Accelerated Refuge Management Program, Maintenance Management Program. We have roads to take care of. We have structures to take care of. We have equipment to take care of. And after many years of neglect, they were in the sorry state. And in 1984, you can see the base money that had been for many years was added to, appreciably. In 1985, we had additional plans, with a goal ultimately of what we feel would be $66 million to take care of all of our refugees. And you're probably aware, Mr. President, that there have been criticism that we haven't acquired enough refugees. Well, let me say that one of the things you've done and gone to tell you is give happy superintendents in the parks happy superintendents and managers in the refugee system because they needed the money and needed the effort that you put behind it to help them maintain these public lands that we have. So it's in a positive way for wetlands. It's a tremendous program. We're grateful that last week, we will honor the 60th anniversary and declared duck stand at least. So the other people besides hundreds, we're buying stamps knowing that their dollar goes right to acquisition of wetlands. It's a terrific program and I know that the dollars are happy there. That is, activities to enhance populations and if you will save them from extinction. And you'll learn more about that in a minute. And finally, the refugees provide a secure habitat for the endangered species. On a last note, let me emphasize it's something that this refuge and others like it can verify is the wonderful partnership of the private sector. DuPont, Ducks Unlimited, Prudential Insurance Company, James Ray, are the ones who are working. Mr. President, welcome to Blackwater. The surroundings are pretty crevice, but that's a part of our outdoor recreation program here in the Environmental Education Center, where we are. And we'll learn more about the projects here. So we'll have to worry about that. The second director of attention here, Blackwater is one of the 420 refugees to be referred to. And it's a refuge of about 14,800 acres. It was established in 1932. And it's in the heart of the Chesapeake Bay region, as you can see. And it's an important part of the ecosystem of the Bay. And this area has habitat pretty close to the needs of special species of wildlife that are historically provided in this area. You see, the particular concern for the Fish and Wildlife Service, of which we're a part, is both the micro-water problem, and the disease, which is one of the species that stops in this area. We're talking about the Delmarva Foss Squirrel, which is found here. It was native speaking to the Delmarva Foss in the existence of the population of Delmarva Squirrels from Blackwater. And it had been successful in the middle of hopefully this fall. So to begin to re-establish them into the regions where they once were found in our In addition, all legal is a very important species in the Bay region. And they have been troubled over the years because of DVT and other problems with pesticide, as well as loss of habitat. That's due to the sympathy that other than Florida, it has the highest concentration of pesticide in the West Indigo Center. So this contract land over here is upland with timber, lavala pine, what's the plan? This is one example of the Fish and Wildlife Service commitment for the Reserve National Union. This burden produced by the Fish and Wildlife Research Center, which houses the largest bald eagle colony in the world. Nine weeks ago, this was the first bald eagle in history. This is an immature bald eagle. And it's at the young bald eagle and immature bald eagle in like five years before it gets back right there. Good. Good. Good. Good. Good. Good. Good. Good. Good. Good. Good. Good. Good. Good. Good. Good. Good. Good. Good. Good. Good. You're aware of that, last week you helped sell a rose jar.  Is that possible? That's impossible. Change to a firing weapons as well. To put the change from firing weapons has helped thank you very much for being able to have this. Thanks, House girts. That's it. I don't want it to die. The Selmard box world is a larger, and they prefer more open woodland. Those are very little underbrushes, and they'll spend more time on around them, like you're great at. Will this be a short vote, or is it about just making it to the environment, this kind of visit? Well, I'm not doing it from that standpoint. I don't believe that, but we kind of, I think, took the lead in California, and I have done it. In the nature that's, say, whatever the food might give you, I think that's been one of the best kept secrets about me and this administration. Since we did it. We're trying to say about and preferred before you what we're here for today the wildlife refuge and everything I'm not going to give you a different leave a lot to do with the environment gave his piece Don't let me go any further We'll have a report for you very shortly You can notice it a little more every year, it's getting worse and worse. You can notice in some parts of the bay and not in others? Oh yes, and you can see this thing going down the bay, by the way, all the time. In other words, we can see it moving towards south. Further south, you can see it in the morning, it's a little heavy. I can feel it, I can feel it. We've lost the bay four or five feet. We're fishing it now. I think it can help us clean more of the bay with a certain importance. You could do something about that. Where's your trying, Mr. President? Mr. President, here's Russell Dyes, he's one of our lifters, right Bob? Yes, yes, yes. Just hold here until he's okay. Please. Is there anything that is done to stop the sewage that's now being afforded? Welcome. Although it's already in process, so this is a project that is between the three of us today. I'm sure what I'm saying, we are very concerned about the bay, and I might say that we're concerned about and shop to help you with your status.


So I know that I'm a little bit late to the party on this particular story But I couldn't pass it up because it's just that good So we're gonna talk about Texas Republican lawmaker Brian Slayton He is one of the party's loudest crusaders against LGBTQ plus people especially drag Queens Because he claims that they pose a danger to children. In fact in March He announced new legislation banning all family friendly drag shows calling the performances quote erotic while saying The state has a duty to protect kids from being sexually exploited and the HB 4129 That's his bill is the most comprehensive bill to stop the sexualization of kids by these performances Now that bill was a blanket ban on all family friendly drag shows It didn't matter what the context was it didn't matter if the parents say that my kids can watch these drag shows drag Queen story Error he wanted to unilaterally dictate what was and wasn't appropriate for all families under the pretense of Protecting kids in Texas now That wasn't the first time that he spoke out against drag shows because back in last June He reacted to the drag your kids to Pride Day event in Dallas Where a bunch of right-wingers were up in arms over that show where drag performers walk down the catwalk and they danced And they played musical chairs and ate ice cream But there was a sign that said it's not gonna lick itself and that led to allegations Especially that this was a grooming event by drag Queens come to find out however that the venue paid for cauldron ice cream to cater The event whose catchphrase is you guessed it It's not gonna lick itself and even after right-wingers were told that this was the catchphrase of an ice cream parlor Well, they didn't acknowledge it and still claimed that this was a grooming event because why Let the truth get in the way of a good narrative But Slayton thought that that event was beyond the pale and in response to that drag show in particular He announced his intentions to pen a bill that he ended up doing by the way in March of this year that banned all drag shows saying Drag shows are no place for a child and he added the events of this past weekend were horrifying and show a disturbing trend in which Perverted adults are obsessed with sexualizing young children now in that same thread He even agreed that there should be a national ban on family-friendly drag shows and we're not even scratching the surface here He also wanted to give tax cuts specifically to heterosexual couples while excluding Same-sex couples if these heterosexual couples had kids They would get a particular tax break that homosexual couples even if they had kids Wouldn't be allowed access to which is weird on top of that He wants to punish women who get abortions with the death penalty So this is somebody who likes to purport to be family values and very very conservative. He's a trad con Now the background here is very important We need to learn about him because I think that there is a particular trend that we're seeing here the loudest most vociferous ostensibly family values Republicans who claim to care deeply about kids and protecting young people who are vulnerable always turn out to be The bad guys here and that's because my friends every single accusation is a confession I've said this once I'll say it again those who scream the loudest usually have some skeletons in their closet of their own and This guy is no different because this LGBTQ nation reports an internal complaint last month filed with the Texas Legislature's House General Investigating Committee alleges that slain contacted an unnamed aide after 10 p.m. On Friday March 31st to invite her to his condo in Austin Blaine allegedly drank alcohol with the 19 year old aide giving her a large rum and coke and refilling it twice in Texas providing alcohol to a minor is a misdemeanor punishable by a $4,000 maximum fine and up to a year in jail The report said that the aide was so drunk that she couldn't effectively consent to intercourse and could not indicate whether it was Welcome or unwelcome he and the aide had unprotected sex and he drove her home after midnight She got plan B at a drugstore to prevent pregnancy a medication that slain opposes after the meet-up slain allegedly showed the aide Fake emails which purported to no details of their late night meeting These emails were a sort of loyalty test the complaint said and slain allegedly told the aide not to discuss What happened with anyone so this man who accused all drag queens of being predators who preyed on children Is a predator himself? Do you think that he didn't realize what he was doing when he gave this teenager so much alcohol that she couldn't possibly consent? I mean this is Disgusting behavior. This is predatory He knows what he's doing This is a 45 year old man getting a 19 year old drunk a teenager drunk to where he can get her in a position to where She's vulnerable and he could take advantage advantage of her and yet he's saying that LGBTQ plus people drag queens in particular. Well, they are they're the ones who we should be worried about Yeah, this isn't an isolated incident by the way because there's also reports that he gave that same aide alcohol before and He also gave alcohol to another person who's under the age of 21 And on top of that the Texas Tribune reports that there were other complaints about his conduct by three capital employees and Four representatives, that's a lot of people who are saying this man very clearly is Inappropriate his conduct is bad He shouldn't be here now to add insult to injury the bipartisan committee that investigated him it contained three Republicans and two Democrats They also accused him of obstructing their investigation because he was trying to allegedly intimidate the witnesses. That's their words They said intimidation Now this man is very clearly a danger not just to young people, but his peers as well But thankfully the story has a happy ending because it all culminated in this the Texas House Unanimously voted to expel Brian Slayton on Tuesday one day after the Roy City Republican submitted his resignation After an internal investigation determined that he had sex with the 19-year-old aide after getting her drunk after a solemn Sometimes angry and tearful recounting of Slayton's graphic and offensive behavior the House voted 147 to 0 for expulsion making Slayton the first member of the Texas legislature to be removed from office since 1927 you love to see it now this story is surprising not necessarily because of these allegations I mean this is not the first trad con to be accused of grooming or sexual impropriety after you know going on this Crusade against queer people. What's surprising is that Republicans actually held one of their own Accountable that to me is honestly shocking and he was expelled Unanimously, but maybe he made it easier for them by resigning a day before But I do want to play a portion of Democratic representative and Johnson's speech This was what she said before they made the vote because I think that she really put it best It is important for us to make sure that the young adults who found themselves in his apartment at Brian Slayton making You never were and are not the problem he is our Report shows that Brian Slayton violated various provisions of our house rules and various Texas laws and Now we have seen Brian Slayton's resignation letter We can see where the machine will go next He's not gonna play the reformed man who's atoning for his sins He's all of a sudden remembered that he has that young family back at home He doesn't even acknowledge the teenage staffer exist Now that the report has been released and it has become public. She is of no benefit to him She goes from special to discard it In my legal work, I have spent years working on behalf of victims of sexual abuse and exploitation We fear that dark alley The idea of the perpetrator there with a gun or a knife, but it is this type of man that steals innocence It is this man Not worthy of the position of trust much less power This is the man that stains the institution so many of us honor and This is the man that has left us with no choice to take the vote that we have to take today Very well said.   They're so drunk That is what predatory behavior looks like that is what grooming looks like It's a form of deflection I guess where they are super loud about queer people when that's just them Hoping that we all don't look at them, right? That's them saying hey look over here over there not over here I mean those that scream the loudest about LGBTQ plus people they usually do have skeletons in their closets So there's really not much left to say about this story because I think that the details speak for itself But I'll end by restating the very important point that I've made multiple times already throughout this video But I'm gonna say it again because it's that crucial every accusation is a confession never forget that


Hey Sean. Whoa! That is small. It's teeny, right? Oh my gosh. That is crazy small. That looks pretty good. Oh yeah, it looks really good. That looks pretty good. Oh my gosh. Oh it's so smooth. That looks pretty good. That looks like real steady. Go for it. Watch out. Hey guys. Welcome to Road to Ride. I'm Lidrib. And today we are taking a look at the all new DJI Action 2. So this is everything that you get in the box. You get a couple accessories that we'll get to in a minute. You get a screen with no lens, oh and another box that this one has a lens. So this is the actual camera and this is actually all you need to record. And that's what stands out to me immediately is just how small this is and yet it packs a punch. This little guy is capable of 4K and up to 120 frames per second. And most impressively to me and specifically for our use on FPV drones, it has a field of view of 155 degrees, which I believe is wider than GoPro or any of the other competitors. So that's what's got me most excited about this camera. That looks pretty good. Oh yeah, it looks really good. The colors are beautiful. Oh my gosh. Oh it's so smooth. That looks pretty good. That looks like real steady. That looks good. Yeah that looked really good. Like if it looks as good as it looks on a computer, that's a pretty severe crop though for the rising steady. When you go from off to rock steady, you get a little bit of a crop. But when you go to horizon steady, oh yeah, that's significant. But wow, look how much you can tilt it. It's crazy well. Yeah that's crazy. Look how much you can tilt it. That's wild. Did it just flip when you got it all the way sideways? Yeah. So those are the two things I'm most excited about in this camera are that it is lightweight and has an ultra wide field of view. Those two things are very important when you're using an action camera on an FPV drone, which is what we do here on Rotoride. We strap expensive cameras onto drones, do all sorts of crazy acrobatics, and crash. This is all you need to actually record and something else that you'll notice when you're looking at it is there's no ports. There's no port to charge it. There's not even a slot for an SD card. So when you turn this on, you will find that it has a built in battery as well as built in storage. When set to 4K, you get just over 30 minutes of recording. If your intention is to use the camera just as this solo unit, you might have to find that you need to work around that 30 minute limit by dumping your footage in the field, formatting it, and starting fresh. But if you do need more storage or more battery life than is built into the camera itself, this is a module that attaches to the actual camera and it clicks on just like that. Okay.   And a front screen. That's what I probably wouldn't want to fly like that. Definitely not for freestyle. Maybe. Maybe on the Cinewup, you could do this. It's still smaller than a GoPro here at night. But it's just so tall. Yeah. So I like to put it sideways, can't you? I think, no, because then you're filming for TikTok. Okay. Now you have extra battery life, you have a USB port, and you have an SD card slot. And like I said, it's got a screen on it. So now you have a front facing screen. So what DJI was really going for here was the ability to strip everything down to be the smallest and the lightest possible form factor while still being an incredibly powerful camera. And if you do need more functionality like an actual SD card slot, it just kablamo. I just love that function. It's magnetic. So it just kind of pulls itself on. And then there's also clips on the side. So like it's pretty, it's pretty strong. But if you just squeeze the two clips, comes right off. This magnetic clip system is how all the accessories for this camera work. These are the other things that you get in the box. So you get like this mount that you can screw onto a tripod or I guess this is, so I can see it's own little stand you've got so you can wear it. First person drew, and then last in the box you've got, I don't know exactly what this mount is called. It's basically the action camera mount. It will slot into and screw onto most all the action camera accessories that you may already own. GoPro accessories. This works with GoPro accessories. It's a GoPro. It's a GoPro, but better. I think it's potentially better. There's a lot of things I'm excited about here. What about that warranty? Best Buy? Best Buy? That's what we really, really want is that Best Buy warranty. Is this going to be for sale at Best Buy? Because you got DJI Refresh, but I think it says right on the box good for three replacements. Like what happens after that? I've replaced my GoPro seven times at Best Buy. Bleep that out. Another accessory that DJI sent us to take a look at is a simple battery accessory. This is nearly identical to the screen accessory, except it doesn't have a screen. But you get everything else. You get the USB-C port, you get the SD card slot, and you get more battery life. So like I said, here at Road to Ride, we fly the finest in FPV drones and to capture our flights, we need an action camera so that we can get a beautiful high resolution video to share with all you guys. And these drones are very powerful, super fast.  They can turn on a dime, power loops, and all sorts of flips and tricks. It's amazing. But to get the most acrobatic performance, weight does matter. And what we see from the other guys is while the cameras keep getting better and better image quality, they're also getting bigger and bigger and heavier and heavier. And it is breath of fresh air to see DJI making a camera that goes in the exact opposite direction. This just looks like it's supposed to be there. That is so slick. Anyone that's been flying FPV drones for a while will think of the GoPro Session, which was our favorite camera because it had a very similar form factor. It fit on the drones perfectly. But GoPro decided that the world didn't need a teeny lightweight camera without a screen. So again, it's really cool to see that segment being filled. You know, with these accessories, though, I don't know how usable it's going to be on one of our drones. So I mean, if you clipped on this extra battery so you can have longer battery life and more storage space, I don't think that's a good fit. You're almost always going to be flying it so low, which means you're just going to have to work around the fact that you're not going to be able to swap the battery out and you only have 30 minutes of record time. So maybe have multiple cameras or just have a laptop in the field so that you can dump footage and keep flying. It just comes down to a matter of deciding is the benefit of having the smaller form factor and the lighter weight for flight performance worth trading off the convenience of the GoPros where you can swap the batteries and swap the SD cards really quickly. Another drone that we might use this on would be like a more cinematic oriented drone. This is one of our Cinewops. This has like the action camera mount that I was referring to. And when you're flying a drone like this, you're probably less likely to crash. I mean, we're flying our five inch drones. We're trying to do freestyle tricks, so we're really pushing the limit here. But on one of these, we're flying probably slower and closer proximity. Like I said, on a drone, I'm going to crash more often. Probably wouldn't want to use this mount. I'd want to use a 3D printed mount that completely wraps around the camera and gives it some more protection against crashes and holds it really securely. But for Cinewop flying where you're not crashing as much, that's probably fine. And then you get the angle adjustability. So what I want to do is take this camera out and try it on both of these drones. Let's see how it does on a Cinewop, trying to get some slower, really beautiful shots flying through a more enclosed area. And let's see what happens when we put it on our freestyle drones. How does it capture more fast, rapid movements? We're going to show you the different field of views and when you might want to have something a little narrower, if it's more cinematic or more wide. And if it's more action-oriented, we'll try it with and without the built-in stabilization to see, you know, how does that work for the slower versus the faster flying. We're going to put this camera through its paces and find out if this is the new best action camera for FPV drones. What you haven't seen this face in a while, have you? You're playing. It's a lot of money you're flying around. As far as I know, there's no way to do real study on this. So whatever we can get out of rock study is really as good as it can be possible with this camera. So I'm a little nervous about that. It might be amazing though, man. Judging from looking at the back of the screen, super stable. There was times where you saw in the goggles, like I was making really a lot of adjustments and you didn't see any of that going through here. Even with the... You were keeping it pretty smooth. But even with the hole where I was going down and then I came up, you didn't see any like variation of like crazy, like dirt or anything. And that's my first time flying that quad, that radio, in those goggles. If rock study was going to work now, it's a time for it to work. What you thinking, Drew? I'm just shooting gaps. I like talking to people when they fly up. Oh, there's a pole. I wonder if that... Let's see if the rock's steady horizon. Oh, yeah, dude. Because you did a quick side to side? Yeah, to avoid the wire. That's why we put him on there, you know, get the horizon locked. He makes a couple of mistakes here and there. We get to see him. Oh, hey, we got bowling alley here. No way. Oh, yeah. I'm going viral over here. That was a lot of flying. Nine minutes. Nine minutes? Do you think it's that much lighter? That's why? Yes, I think it's that much lighter. No, I know it's lighter. This is only 56 grams. And for a Euro 9, weighs 158 grams. Damn. So this is grams lighter. Oh, it's 9 volts? 9.10. Oh, I did destroy this battery. We should go to the trampoline park to try out the high frame rate, because this can go up to 120 frames per second. I want to do a backflip. Can you do a backflip? Maybe I can. We're going to get an ultra slow motion jump. Come out to the Bando. Because we got a freestyle. It's pretty sweet. Now we're going to risk the camera a little bit more and do our favorite thing. Put it up on a five inch quad. See how long it lasts. Let's try that to crash. It's the only one I got. We're talking 100 grams less. So much less weight. I've gotten so used to carrying a big honking camera up here. Yeah, I mean it's also more aerodynamic if you think about it. That was a session style. We're back to the session. This is the fourth factor that everybody's been waiting for to come out. And I think it's even probably weighs less than the session. I don't know exactly what the best way to mount this is going to be. But this is what I've come up with something that squeezes it. I'm going to do my pack without rock study on because rock study does crop a little bit. So I want to try and get just the widest possible thing. I want to see everything. So I think this is going to look sweet with that really wide view. A little shaky. I'm afraid to just full commit because I really don't want to crash this thing. And you guys want a trippy. I'll trippy. Oh boy, here he goes. And it's going to be a 60% trippy spin. See, there we go. Oh, that lined up perfect. That lined up perfect. And then we'll just backflip out the window. It wasn't bad. So you want rock study on for yours? I want rock study on.  I'm rock study. It did stop recording. It's still alive though. We got your whole flight. Oh, dude, rock study is a way to go because yeah, it crops it a little bit. But it makes everything so crisp. Oh my God. I feel like it warps it even more. This looks so good. DJI action to new most ultimate camera for FPV. What do you think? One thing I like is durability. Yeah. You think it's pretty durable? I think it's pretty durable. One thing I don't like is that you can't have the external piece. You can only do 30 minutes of charging. Yeah, it is kind of difficult to like exporting it kind of in the field. It's a couple of moving pieces. There's got a lot of moving extra pieces with it like a GoPro. Everything's there. Bow, bow, bow. You can put as much footage as you want. You want to put 128 gig SD card. You can film for days where this is just a standard. This is what you get if you want to use it in the smallest form factor. It's just tough because for our specific use case, we always want the smallest form factor. So as of filming this video today on this firmware, we had to plug the camera into a computer to get the files off of it. I'm hopeful that a future firmware update would allow you to just plug in one of those modules and move the files from the camera to the SD card and the module in the field so you don't have to take your computer out there and it can be a little bit faster of our project. And I like that. I think that that's awesome. We always worry about dumping footage though. You don't want to lose this or lose that.  I love the way the video looks. I think it looks beautiful. The one thing I'm concerned about is the lens on the front and how it's not replaceable. I'm just worried about Cricut said it was really good in durability. I think time will tell whether it can handle the durability that I need, the type of flying that I do. A lot of crashing happens when I fly. Best buy. Time will tell whether this thing can handle the durability test. I agree. I just love the image coming out of this thing. I think the color looks awesome. I think it's sharp. And I just love how wide the field of view is. It looks so good for FPV. One drawback I might see for some pilots is that you can't use RealSteadyGo, which is a really great post stabilization software. With the built-in software that stabilizes, you can't really tune and tweak it how you want. Like we can. The software on RealSteady, you can go in and pinpoint.  However, those stabilizations built in here are really good. It's really good. I think that it's probably going to be fine for like 90% of the time, but for those rare instances where you'd really like to use RealSteady, it would be nice if you could use RealSteadyGo on that. So it's not a deal breaker. I am going to be using it a lot. I'm going to see what it's like to actually live with it. If I continue to enjoy it as much as I did, giving this first impression. You got to get it. I think that's it. I think all I need to do is just make a really big case for it, and I'll be good to go. 100 grams lighter. That's a big selling point right there. What do you think? Is this the ultimate FPV camera? Leave a comment down below. What do you think? If you fly yourself, are you going to be switching to this? I don't know. I think it's got a pretty good chance of being popular. I think so, too. If you enjoyed this video, hit the like button. Let us know you had a good time. If you're new here, hit the subscribe button. We're posting videos every Monday. We're always having fun with FPV drones. And if you want to make sure you don't miss a single one, don't forget the bell. Don't forget the bell. I'm LaDrib. I'm LesFlyerC. I'm Cricket. And we'll see you next time on Rotorize.


Welcome to remote sensing and GIS for rural development NPTEL course. This is week 5 lecture 3. In this week, we have been looking at NPTEL courses which focus on using raster data for rural development. The definition of rural development has been given earlier, however in this case we will be looking at just the data types. Week 4 we have looked at vector and week 5 we are looking at raster. We have defined the raster in the previous lectures in week 5 and showcase some examples of where this data can come handy. One important thing in week 4 and week 5 is we need to understand the data before we use it. So, in that note while we discuss the raster data, let us discuss what issues can come up in remote sensing data plus vector data for GIS while using it for rural development. Initially vector data we will discuss. In vector data as we mentioned it can either be a point or polyline or line or a polygon. So mostly these are observation data collected from ground or some data entry on tables and then converted to geospatial data. So as the name sounds observation data and user enter data etc for example sensors is done through surveys and then converted to GIS. So what happens here is there is lot of data collection issues. I will just label some of them there are detailed issues discussed in your classes which are available in NPTEL I have given you the links you could definitely look into what are the other classes that can happen. So most importantly we will have data collection issues as bias errors. Bias is what the data collector or the data itself will have an affinity or a bias towards one side. So let us say I am collecting the incidence of COVID if too much COVID cases are reported let us say in a tourist country like Thailand or Singapore then people will be very less coming in right tourism industry will collapse. So there might be some errors while data collection happens and these we call it as bias error. So the error is while entering the data sometimes not the whole picture is captured only some part of the data is collected and that is bias errors. There is also representation errors wherein the data is collected non-representated locations. We will go through this when we do a case study example but for now understand that both the data types will have errors we will focus on the raster data with some examples. But it is also necessary to understand the vector data issues. As I said there is representation errors for example this is your land and it has five parts right. If you correct in the center maybe it is representative of all the five parts five lands five channels whatever it is. But if you correct only here the data how is this data representative of the whole hand. So this is called representative errors or the data is non-representative. In a direct rural development problem I can tell that if a district is consuming lot of groundwater you should be measuring the groundwater in a farm well which is being used. You cannot take water from a location which is not being used let us say school. So that the whole village has a lot of farmland and then there is a school. If you go to the school and take the groundwater level it would be better compared to the farm because in the farm they extract the water right. So these errors are called representative errors. Then date and time lot of errors do not have a date and time or they are outdated. So these are issues that should be properly managed before converting to vectors. You find these errors a lot there is multiple literature on data errors for each aspect I am speaking about rainfall, groundwater, surface water, agricultural pesticide availability and then data on storage structures etc. The final part is instrumentation errors. The instrument that you hold to measure all so has errors. Let us say you are calculating the crop yield in a field. How do you calculate crop yield? You harvest, you put it in a sack and then you weigh the sack 1 ton per hectare, 2 tons per hectare etc. So now if your balance the weighing machine itself has errors then it is wrong correct. And this lot of people have experienced personally. In a gym you will see a different weight, at home you will see a different weight on the railway station where you can put a coin and I used to do that in Chennai. You have a coin machine you put and you get a weight. So all these are different weights. How is that possible? If the weight is more or less equal, for example final grams change, that means okay maybe you drank too much water, you had lunch or big lunch biryani or something and so you can compensate for the excess. But if the difference is like 4-5 kilos from morning to afternoon or within 2 days that cannot be explained. So how is that explained? By deeming them as instrumentation errors. That is why you see very very accurate weighing scales in a jewelry shop and in hospitals where for the babies and all they have a very sophisticated weighing scale. All these data are taken and converted to vector, these are observation data. So we will go through again on this slide, when we discuss the case studies for vectors, I will pinpoint how the errors can creep in and it is our duty to represent correct data while doing neural development work. Now we come to raster. Raster is very very complicated in terms of errors, however some of these errors are taken care of. Let us say for example bias errors. This error is not there because it is unbiased data. For example, the satellite can take images, it need not take a different image for China and India, it is the same image, whereas when you ask people to collect data, let us say you want to study the Ganges River which gives water to almost 1 billion of the population across countries, Tibet, China, Nepal and India and also Bangladesh. What happens here is you will have to look at it in a different angle because you cannot collect data in India and apply it to China. China has to give the data for the Ganges water how it is moving on Nepal. So this is where bias comes, they will give different data quality and based on their benefits etc. Whereas if you take a satellite image, it is the same. So now you could see how some errors are removed just by using satellite data. So there is no bias errors, there is no data time issues because while the image is captured automatically the data has a time and date stamp. You will see this when we download data because every data that we download at the end of the name will have the data name, the version of the data and the date and time of that image which has been populated. Instrumentation errors could be there, for example a satellite is launched in 2022, it starts to collect data 2023 and there is a lifetime, maybe 5 years, 10 years. Then after that that satellite is let go into space, it is not correcting data anymore. These are instrumentation errors but you have time whereas if you go to, for example as I said a hospital to collect hospital record data for children, height, weight etc. There is no replacement of the balance, it is just there, only if it breaks totally every place. There is no every 5 years you throw it and then bring it when you want it. Whereas this one, satellites have a lifetime but still there could be some errors. These are mechanical errors, we call drift errors. Any moving part will have some drift after sometime. It has to be calibrated again and if you do not calibrate the data you will get very, very varying information which is not correct. So by using raster data already a lot of issues have been taken care of. Now we will look at raster data issues, other issues which are very important and we should know. One is quality of the image, aerial photographs, satellite image etc. Seasonal considerations have to be given. So if you are using drones and unmanned aerial vehicles or small planes to take data, you have to make sure that you take it in a correct time and season. For example you have here one and two, one is a leaf off season and a leaf on season. You can clearly see that the leaf off season has issues in terms of the elevations, the elevations can change rapidly. So these elevation changes can be addressed if we take correct seasonal measurements. These are two same location, same area but time is different. In one you could see lot of leaves and then in number the second one you do not see leaves because it has fallen down. So you will have to make sure the date and time you select is correct. These are the reflection issues. What you could see here is a farm pond which I took from the plane. You could see that anyone who is going on a plane has put a window seat and you can just take an image from your phone. It is as good as an aerial image. You are not going to use it for data analysis because commercial plane taking from a window is different and data plane that goes exactly and takes perpendicularly is different. So I am just showing this for quality perspective. You could see that the first one there is some fog, some on the screen. On the screen there is some fog or condensation happening and that can affect the image. As much as you clean it, you still will get the fog. So those who take a flight can see that in the window pane you keep on cleaning but still the fog will come up. So it is like a car out. So you can see in the car like you always have to keep the ventilation heating on. So these errors are bad. The data is not usable because for example you want to see what is in the center part and the center part is totally fogged. So this data is unusable for that region. There are filters that can be used in remote sensing data. However, these are mathematical filters. These are not exact filters because it will just remove. But what is underlying it we do not know. The second one here is reflection from the body itself. So here most of you would not guess it in the first sense.  And this water part of it is reflecting because there is a wind blowing and the wind creates ripples. So if you go to a beach on a beach you could see that when the wind comes the front part of the water is white in color. But the water is blue or white in the center. So if you take water it is blue in the center and then when it comes and then forms a ripples it forms up and creates a white color for visually I would say. So visually these errors can happen. However you should be careful by just looking at how do you differentiate it. We can differentiate by saying there is a boundary. So this boundary is constant. Can you see? And so this is what you need for a water body. You are mapping the water body. Government of India's very important missions of Dadi Shakti and mapping water bodies will use these kind of techniques where they say okay there is a boundary and then there is a water body. For some part of it's water this should also be water. It's not concrete because it is not built you can take another image. The best is to take another image. Then we have other types of errors which are the top is reflection error. Again this is pure reflection. The previous one was there was a wind and then ripples happened the reflection was white. Here you could see it looks like a glass pane glass window but it's not. It is actually watered blocks. So you see the canal area and then water is being applied to the fields and only the fields which are full of water is reflecting sunlight. So the sun is on the top and so it is reflecting the light and it looks blurry. So here if you want to take this image you could have taken early in the morning or late in the afternoon when the sun is not perpendicularly up and shining on the land. And there are filters for it again as I said filters help only for a particular wavelength and it becomes expensive. But this image is still very valuable because you could see like what percentage of land is water. So in rural development one important aspect is availability of water for all. So you could see that these lands have water whereas this land these lands do not have water or maybe the crop they are using is different so they don't have to water it for this particular period. But what the sharing is important and you could see that along the channel the plots along the borders get water whereas the ones away from the canal area does not get water. So this is one of the benefits of raster images, satellite images. However as I said there are issues with these kind of reflections. This is a drone image and if the drone is tilting and the angle is there then you can see shadows and elongated image. So this is taken at an angle but most importantly in the first image the sun was on the top, the second image the sun was on the side. So you see an image with reflection, I'm sorry, with shadows. So this shadow part, reflection is this one, this one is shadow. So shadow part what you could see is the trees are here but the shadows are elongated. You could see many, many of these trees have elongated shadows and that is because of the angle of the sun and the time of the image. So these can actually be reduced by using correct time images and most importantly flying the drones and UAVs in a particular angle, not a time. So make sure it is stable and horizontally flying perpendicularly to the land. If it is like this or like this then issues will happen in the image. And this is purely because you cannot control the wind. See the plane is moving as per a particular wind speed but suddenly the wind speed can come up and once the wind speed comes up, it will tilt. The plane tilts or it goes like this and this can actually affect the camera power but nowadays there are a lot of sensors to say that okay you don't have the motion but it is our important aspect to make sure that the data has all these errors removed. Then we have contrast and brightness issues. The first one you have a lot of contrast between, it's a black and white image. This is just a photograph that you can use but the same principle applies to drones and UAVs also for captured investor data. You could see that the contrast issue is there wherein you have black and white and the white overtaking the black. So higher contrast ratios are given. So there's some corrections you can retrieve the information. The bottom one has a playing field. It also has a contrast issue and a brightness issue on the borders. You can see that these parts, the image is not as good whereas in the central region it is good. So it is very important to make sure that you have taken an image, with good contrast and brightness. This is the condensation part where you see foggy and misty conditions in one image whereas the other image is clear. Both are the same location, same college, my university. But what has happened is in one it is clear whereas the other it is foggy. And with the foggy you cannot take exact locations and measurements of the objects. So planning all these is very important for your future aspects of data collection. Make sure that you have these data checked. Don't see that, why is this color like this? And if it is wrong and you cannot clean it, don't use it. So with this I will get into the raster dose. We have covered the basics, most important part of the raster errors and issues. Most of the raster errors and issues in satellites are taken care of by giving a correction. But it is our duty to read through the manual and apply the correction. They will not apply the correction in some satellites. For example, Grace, Grace has leakage error issues. This is an algorithm based error which has gravity leakages from the borders of land because sea also has gravity. So these can be taken care of by applying an algorithm and a multiplying the raster. However, Grace team will not give you the full corrected version. They will give you the version to be corrected. Then the raw data, you will have to multiply it to get the corrected version. And this is important because some people do not want to use this correction. They want their own correction terms and they can use it. For that the raw data is important and that is given. So multiple satellites are there and every satellite has errors because it is a mechanical machine with some moving parts. And it is an algorithm that gives you the data digitalization. So you can actually get more input from the metadata of the satellite, which we will cover. And these metadata are always attached to the satellite's download page. You will have to download and read them before you use the data. Because a lot of times the data might be sounding good. However, the errors might be too much. Let me show you a small example that if your error bar is 5 meters in a data set, but you are only measuring 3 meters. Your object is only 3 meters. Let's say you have a land and on each side you have 30 meters. But the error is 50 meters. Let's say 50 meters is the error. However, the smallest size you want to measure is 30 meters. So how can you measure this with a scale which has 50 meters error? So this is what you need to apply. The error bar is the difference between the errors. Min and the max is 50 meters. So maybe you're doing this. This is the measurement. It says 20. But how do you write it? 20 plus or minus 50. Is this a good way of using the data? No. Why? Because your measurement is much smaller than the error. So always look at the error before you download the data. If it is not, you cannot use it. Another example I would give is a scale. If a scale you're using to measure this pen. So the scale is 15 centimeters. But I want to measure this nib. This nib, the front part, is only millimeters thick or millimeters height. So can you use a centimeter scale to measure this? You cannot. Can you use a meter scale to measure this? You cannot. You need millimeter graduations in your scale. So that is what you'll be careful in writing and measuring. So you will need a data set that actually caters to your objective and problem. Moving on, what we'll discuss is we will look at the raster tools. Where do you find the raster tools? I'm going to open the QGIS and then show you. And then this is how the layout looks like. But we will show you in a minute. And the next class we will discuss on one or two of these raster tools that you will be using. Not all will be used in the basic scale. And also for rural development, not all are used in priority. Only two or three are very, very important. We will go through them. The most important case is, again, these tools have been extensively explained in a GIS course for a remote sensing course. I'm taking only one week off the entire course to explain these raster tools. It is our duty if you want to have more information, please learn from that in detail. We will be using the learned message to apply to rural development. Rural development is the core. But how do you use it and neglect these errors we will look at? So moving on, we will look into the QGIS interface. Let me share the QGIS part, whereas we have here. And in this QGIS template, once you open it, you open a blank window. And you have this toolbars and panels, et cetera. In the toolbars, you will be clicking the tools where you had vector initially, in which five you'll have the rasters. So each toolbar has its own help session. So these are very important to look at the tools and then read them. Because these tools get updated now and then. For example, let me open one tool. We will go through this tool later. But I'm just going to show you how it looks like in the interface. So you will have the input data here. So once you input the data, which is in the layers, that will come here as raster bands. And then you have, do you want to create on the fly raster instead of writing layer to a disk? What does this mean is it's a temporary storage. All the tools will have a temporary storage where it will get deleted after some time. Because you'll be doing these calculations again and again using the tools. You don't want to keep storing on your folders and then you don't know which one to use. So the best is to create on the fly. And then once you like it, then you can right click on it and save it. We will show you an example of how it's done. And then you have the output layer where you want to store the file location, those kind of things. You can add and delete based on it. Then you have your GeoTIF, what type of raster do you want to store? In the class, I have only said about GeoTIF, JPEG, raster, LRAS image, all those things are raster. But just look at how many different types of rasters are there. This is getting updated now and then. As I said, while the supplies are getting more powerful, sometimes they prefer a particular type of raster extension. And that they choose based on their needs. There is a NASA planetary data system, USGS data system, et cetera. The most common ones are GeoTIF, raster, HDF4D data set, NASA planetary data set, and it does image, et cetera, et cetera. So you can pick and choose which output format you want. GeoTIF is the default. Sometimes if you don't know, just keep it to the default. It is always easy to interchange. But if you keep it in the default, it is good for use. And then if you want to use an extent for the layer, x, y, z, the boundaries, you can use it. But again, default is fine. Resolution, what type of resolutions you want to get. And the coordinate system. The coordinate system is given here in this map. If you want to change it to a different coordinate system, you can apply that on here. See, this coordinate system is different from this coordinate system. And you want to add the result to the project, which is this your project, or you want it differently.  It is something like programming. You write a code. But understand here that you will not be writing the full code and running, because that's why you have the GeoI, the graphical user interface. You will only be using code syntax. And all tools, as I said, have a help window. You could click the help window like this. I'm going to click. It will open a window page, which will open right now. And that is being stored. Whatever website you're using, it will open up. So let me share that window, which has just opened. And here you go. So you have the raster calculator. What did I switch there? I went to raster calculator, clicked help. And this manual in QGIS opens up. So this warrants that we need to look into this. But you can see here that the raster calculator is being explained, the figure and how it is. So as I said, two data have been put in. The output layer, they wanted to be right on a disk. So they have clicked output folder and then put it in. GeoDiff is being used. The layer extent has been used. Columns, resolutions, Alaska example has been taken. And more importantly, operations. So if you look at these operations, what is the operation saying that land cover one has been taken and only the ones lesser than 50 is multiplied by one plus land cover one greater than equal to 50 is multiplied by two. So those cells which have land cover less than 50 are multiplied by one. And land cover above 50, above and equal to 50 are multiplied by two. So now you have an updated or upscaled raster. And that raster is stored here. The names is hidden, but you can store it in a different name. And then it writes it to the layer. So all these are there. These are examples of the expression. We will go through this in there. But more importantly, this is how you learn by yourself by using the help window. So the objective of this exercise is to show that each tool has a help window. And you'll be using the help window to maneuver between your work. Because that is very important to have in terms of using a tool. So with this, I would like to conclude today's session. And we have looked into multiple formats of data, raster and vector. And in particular, we have looked into a toolbox and where to find help to read and understand the tool. Why this is important is for you to learn is the tools get updated frequently. And you should not be left back because you didn't know how to use the help box. With this, I conclude today's session. I will see you in the next session. Thank you.