Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, YouTube team keep it clean. What's going on? The same Graven here with another video. And in this video, wow. So it's, we're getting there. We're getting there. Let's read what Jason Lockham Ford tweeted out a couple of hours ago. He said, I'm hearing multiple teams are interested in Raven's Pro Bowl offensive tackle Orlando Brown. He forgot to put the junior on there, but we'll give Jason Lockham Ford a pass because ever since the Chuck Clark and whole Earl Thomas ordeal, his reporting has been on point from what I've seen. Anyway, let's keep going. He said, who has permission to seek a trade? So yeah, that is officially, as long as this is on point, that is officially the beginning of the end. Because you can hear about multiple teams being interested in Orlando Brown Junior. Yeah, that's fine, but Ravens would have to be interested in moving one Orlando Brown Junior, but the kicker again, who has permission to seek a trade. So the Ravens have given Orlando Brown Junior permission. They've given him the okay. Go ahead and find somebody, find a trade partner. Find somebody who wants your services. Go on, it's okay. We just gotta replace you and that's that. And it's unfortunate because I liked Orlando Brown Junior, but at the same time, I knew he wasn't gonna be a Raven forever. And again, it was coming down to the big three, Lamar, Mark Andrews, Orlando Brown Junior. Now you know what Lamar has done. Now really what all three of them have done for the team, but Lamar is obviously the top guy. And then Mark Andrews, besides Big Game, but Mark Andrews, that's Lamar Jackson's guy. And then Orlando Brown Junior, he's protected both sides of Lamar Jackson throughout the past couple of years. And he's done it obviously at a pro bowl level. Go ahead and push that stock up in that value. But now we always figured that he would be the odd man out though. So again, this is just another piece of the puzzle. It is unfortunate because I would have rather than keep him than lose him. But Ravens, I think I forgot who said it, so my apology, but somebody said it best. They said this seems just like another Hayden Hurst situation. Seems like Hayden Hurst all over again. And it does because it's one of those players who is a starter, a quality starter, and has all the ability in the world to start at his position, but he's not starting at his position. Now it's a little bit different because, but it's kind of the same thing. One player gets hurt and another player steps into the position. Well, obviously with Hayden Hurst, he got hurt. Mark Andrews stepped in and he showed out and the rest was history. But Orlando Brown Junior, he was on the right side. Ronnie Stanley got hurt at the left side. Orlando Brown Junior stepped in, got to the Pro Bowl, and now he wants to stay there forever. Cause he knows, I know he did say he wanna fulfill his father's dream, continue the legacy, which I respect. And I appreciate it a lot, especially since his dad used to play for the Ravens. But you know he gotta be looking at that paycheck too. You know he gotta be looking at it. And he did say, oh, it's not about the money, but oh, trust me when it's time to get paid. When it's contract negotiation time. Oh yeah, it's gonna be about that money. Anyway, Jason Lockham Ford continue, he said based on the level of interest, good chance, a trade that makes sense for all parties comes together. Brown has a strong relationship with the Ravens who would want value for him. And that's pretty much the obvious. We all know that. We know what Orlando Brown Junior means to the Ravens. And it's more than just on a business level, it's on a personal level too. But you also know Eric Dacosta. All the personal stuff with Eric Dacosta. It's cool, it's nice, but he don't care. He don't care. Eric Dacosta is a very good person when it comes to business because he is willing to make that separation from personal and business. And we've seen that again, just to take a quick trip down memory lane. We all know Eric Wettel. We all remember Eric Wettel. Great teammate, Ravens spokesperson, especially on the defense. Oh yeah, hey, these ain't the same old Ravens. Stroking his beard. We know Eric Wettel and we appreciated Eric Wettel. But we could also see that decline in his play, that decline in his ability. Eric Dacosta saw it too. He said, Eric Wettel, thank you, but no thanks. Bye, you're out. Cut him. He was like, oh, okay, that was our starting free safety. Starting free safety, cut him, bye. Tony Jefferson, he ended up becoming the spokesperson for the defense. Ended up being that leader on defense. Was he a team captain? I'm not 100% sure, but Tony Jefferson, you can see a slight decline in his play. Then he got hurt. Chuck Clark stepped in, showed out. Eric Dacosta said, bye. Bye, Tony Jefferson. We know the fans, they love you. You know the teammates, they love you. And I love you too, but I also love my business. Goodbye, you're gone. See ya. So he's not afraid to make the moves. He's not. So with Orlando Brown Jr., it's the same thing. You don't wanna be here, you don't wanna play here. And it's almost like, now Orlando Brown Jr., he is gonna be getting his way. He is gonna be getting his way. No matter how you look at it, he's gonna be getting his way. Because he is going to be traded to a team and we assume that he's gonna play left tackle. Because hey, if he didn't wanna be traded to whatever team he got traded to, all he gotta do is fail the physical. That's it. And that trade would be Nola and Void. He will come right back to the Ravens. But he's gonna presumably go to a team and play left tackle, but this is what he wanted. He wanted to be traded. He didn't wanna be a right tackle no more. He wanted to be traded. So he gets what he wants. But it's Eric Dacosta's job now and the front office's job to capitalize on that. To really capitalize on that and really seize this opportunity to get some really good quality. And it doesn't even necessarily have to be draft picks when you think about it. This could be a player for player trade. It could be a player for a player and a draft pick trade. It may not just be, because I know one of the first things that a lot of us were thinking when it came to this whole Orlando Brown Jr. thing. Oh yeah, Ravens, they trade Orlando Brown Jr. And they get maybe a first round pick, a first and a second, a first and a third, a first and exchange, whatever. And that's why that's extremely possible. That's not the end all be all. Ravens could opt to trade Orlando Brown Jr. and get back a center. Get back an edge Russia. You get back a safety, a line back. There's just so many different routes that they could take. But they do have options. Teams need left tackles. They always do, especially with 99% of the quarterbacks being right handed, that left tackle, they protect the blind side. And like we've mentioned a lot on here, Orlando Brown Jr. his stock is through the roof right now. And this is still early in his career, but right now his stock is like higher than ever. It's higher than ever because of the last two seasons and the level that his play's been on, especially on the left side. On the right side, this season was a little bit of a yikes. But on the left side, he did his thing. He did his thing. So Orlando Brown Jr. is getting ready to be gone. But it's okay, man. That does create a void for the Ravens, another void because the center position that needs to be addressed. Right guard needs to be clarified. And now right tackle is going to need to be taken care of as well. So from the middle to the whole right side of the offensive line, Ravens got some things to figure out. But Ravens, when it comes to the offensive line, that's usually one of the areas where they do pretty good. They did draft the guy last year. I think, I want to say Ben Bredesen. So, hey, maybe in that second year with a regular off season, well, as regular as it's going to be, maybe he can step in to a role. Hey, never know, never know. Cause Ravens on the offensive line, Ravens, they'll have some immediate starters, no doubt. But they'll also have some late bloomers like Super Bowl champion, Ryan Jensen, ever heard of him? Yeah, Matt Scurra, Marsha Yanda. Like they have guys that may not come in right away and just absolutely kill it, but they got some guys that once they get going, oh yeah, that's it. Even Patrick McCurry. This is second year in NFL, second year. So, I know a lot of people like, oh, we need to move on, it's time we done. Get Patrick McCurry out, it's the second year. So these things, sometimes they take some time. But with Ravens and their Super Bowl window, they got to get that fixed right now.  Anyway, Team Keep It Clean, appreciate y'all. I love y'all so much. Thank you to the Patreon. We just got a new patron. Shout out to Mrs. Too Much. She just became a Team Keep It Clean patron about 30 minutes ago. So I appreciate it a lot, thank you for that. Shout out to all the rest of the patrons. I appreciate your extra support. Team Keep It Clean, thank you. I love y'all. And just like Orlando Brown Jr. is going to be, very, very, very soon. I'm out. Oh, Orlando, why couldn't this work?


My name is mega and I am a York University student. Hi everyone. I'm Denise Juarez. I'm at York's teaching English to speakers of other languages program. Currently I'm doing my certificate here, but I did do my undergrad as well in York University in gender and women's studies. My name is Brandon and my background is Canadian and Chinese. I only speak English, but I'm trying to learn Japanese, so I'm in the process of learning that. I'm doing linguistics like for my major and I'm part of the test program as well. I wanted to get some experience for teaching because I want to do the jet program after I get my bachelor's degree. So I would like to, and the jet program, if no one knows, it's like teaching English in Japan. So part of the reason why I just I came back to school is because of that because I actually graduated already with a game design certificate. During the whole pandemic, it was kind of difficult to reach out to someone who had the same interests as me. So I kind of missed going back to school. So I think going back to school really helped with that as well. But connections and mostly also much needed knowledge to be able to teach someone in the way that they deserve to be taught. Yeah. I'm hoping to learn how to become a better educator. I've always wanted to be a teacher and so I think that being in being placed in a different context really drives home the different methodologies that we use in the classroom and how important they are to truly understand. I've had the pleasure of working with three different mentor teachers. So I've gotten to see how their teaching styles kind of differ for each class that they were teaching. So a couple of our teachers were teaching for the college-teen-a-versity kind of classes, but one of them was also teaching about like speaking in particular. So each one of them had different teaching styles that I feel like I could also implement in my future classes. The students in my class, I was kind of surprised that they actually knew a lot more English than I thought, but that could also just be because of the CLB levels they were around five and six. And they're all pretty excited to move on, like change your lives around because most of them are from an Afghan background. So when they came to Canada or they wanted to come to Canada to have like a better life, maybe get some nice jobs and just kind of live a better life in some ways. I've learned how important it is to build connections with your students and how important it is to see them for who they are and their identities. Especially because the ESL classroom is so diverse, you meet students from so many different backgrounds. When you build those connections, again, it only benefits the students. It creates a warm welcoming environment in which they can really foster their learning. She knows what the students like. She's been with them for quite a few, I'd say quite a while now, and she's pretty knowledgeable about all of the Canadian requirements that one needs to kind of settle down and get used to living here. So she could share her experience with her previous students or with her students and kind of make them feel more comfortable around the set up and with her. To never stop learning. So again, my mentor teacher is on both sides. She's doing research and she's also teaching the classroom and every time I've been to practicum she's always emphasized how important it is to continue to be flexible as an educator so that we can look for different strategies and different methods to help the students learn better and to grasp the content. I asked them for their advice and many of them kind of advice that it's going to be a tough journey, but at the end of the day you have to remember that this is what you enjoy doing and you're helping people out. It's kind of like they define it as kind of like a vocation where you're not really in it for the money. You're more in it to help people become better at something they wish to improve on or to develop their skills. That they're all very individual and that they all, again, they're diverse. I have not met one student who is the same. They all come with different opinions and different values and from different places. And as a result it creates such a unique learning environment for them. And it creates a lot of interesting conversations even regards to the class content. Everybody's so respectful in the classroom. They're all very open to listening to new opinions, which is really cool. Oh, I loved getting to see them improve because as an immigrant myself, I don't remember English learning that much because I immigrated to Canada at such a young age. So to see other people learn English again is kind of a good perspective for me to keep in mind moving forward as a teacher. I feel like it's always a way to keep me grounded, kind of keep in mind, kind of like hurdles and struggles that people would have to go through to learn another language, right? The Ling program helps a lot with resettlement because a lot of the lessons that I've been part of that she's been teaching them is firstly, it's like the geography of Canada like some of the cultural things around it. It's like I think one of the previous lessons is just trying to figure out like where each province is and who's the leader of each province in the capital and then she also tested them on special, like who the people in power are in Canada, like our Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Minister, people like that. I was really nervous and excited for the placement. Actually, I was waiting to get placed immediately. But I was more nervous because the idea of meeting new people kind of scares me, but I think the new experience of getting to watch teachers teach and kind of seeing it as myself in the future, seeing it in the point of view of like maybe I get to experience that myself in the future made me less nervous about the experience overall. Maybe try to interact more with the groups, even though I did interact quite a bit. A lot of the time I'm mostly just watching and like seeing what they want to do. But I think maybe I could have taken a bit more opportunities to try to blend in with them a bit more just to get to know them better. But other than that, I think I think it's pretty good so far. To not be scared of practicum and to walk into it with an open mind. It almost feels more formal to be in a classroom setting. And I think that's probably what's most intimidating is that it almost feels like there's no flexibility when you walk in. But as I've experienced it, it's a there's a lot more wiggle room than you think there is. It's a good program. It's really good experience. I do like all the different experiences I've encountered and I think it'll help me a lot in the future. So thank you. I think just talking with your mentor teacher is the biggest thing. I think that's what helped me the most is one, having a meeting with her beforehand and then talking about her syllabus and her course outline. And the other thing is talking to the students. At first the students were a little bit apprehensive of me. But as I've been in the classroom and I've been asking them questions and giving them an idea of why I'm there and why I want to be there. You know, just talking to them, you get you get a better idea of the world and how it impacts them. I wish I took things slower. I feel like because I was so nervous and anxious throughout all of it, I couldn't fully grasp what was being taught to me at points. I don't think that this like my learning about being a teacher is going to stop after these two years. I think it's gonna have to keep growing to kind of adjust to how students themselves develop throughout the years, right? They're access to the technologies and stuff like that.


What's up internet? Everybody loves Noctua, but for us here in the Philippines, usually that comes with a buck. Solid pero mahal. Noctua dos issued its first CPU cooler in its Redux line, the LHU12S Redux. And will this affordable cooler finally allow us to remove the stigma from Noctua? Can we finally remove the pero mahal when we think about Noctua? We should know that Noctua sent us this item for review, but it had no say in what we had to say about the product. So the Redux line is Noctua's affordable line. It always comes in grain, and it's targeted more towards budget-oriented customers. So they did have to cut some things from the regular LHU12S, and some noticeable changes are... Number one, the Redux does not come with everyone's favorite NTH1, so it doesn't come with its own separate thermal paste tube. Instead, there's pre-applied thermal paste in a hexagonal pattern. The pattern actually looks quite nice aesthetically.  You're just going to plop that onto your CPU, and you know, it doesn't matter. But again, it still looks kind of cool and props to Noctua. Number two, say goodbye to extra fan clips, the Y-splitter adapter cable. Those things have all been cut from the LHU12S Redux. And perhaps most importantly, the Redux only has four heat pipes compared to the file of the LHU12S. And we'll get into that if that really affects the performance of the LHU12S Redux. And finally, the Redux does not have the soldered interface between the heat pipes and the cooling fins, which the regular LHU12S has.  Does the quality suffer with all of these cost-cuttings? So our usual test bench for testing CPU coolers, which we've been using for a while now, is an R33100. In an M80X case, the deep-cooled Mach-Q110. Again, our usual setup is we run it at the base speed of 3.6 GHz, 100% fan speed for 30 minutes, and then we get the temperatures. So baseline first on the stock cooler, 3.6 GHz, the temp hits 73 degrees. When we overclocked it to 4.2 GHz, the temperature reached 88 degrees. Then we put in the U12S Redux. Installation was quite simple. Again, Noctua is famed for having a relatively easy installation process and the Redux is no different. At 3.6 GHz, the max temp we reached was only 60 degrees. So that's a massive 13-degree difference from the stock cooler. Start trading the CPU more, we did the overclocking test, 4.2 GHz, and the temperature reached only 72 degrees, or a massive 16-degree difference from the stock cooler. Plus, we were able to do something with the U12S Redux which the stock cooler couldn't do. We pushed the overclock all the way up to 4.4 GHz. We've actually seen this extreme overclocking in some of the other CPU coolers that we've tested. For example, the Decool AS500 Plus. So it's a testament to the Redux that it can keep up with that kind of quality of cooler. At the extreme overclock of 4.4 GHz, the max temp we reached was 80 degrees. That's around a 20% performance gain from the base clock speed and 80 degrees is still quite respectable temperature-wise. You can basically run that all night and day without any problems. And it should be noted that the AMD stock cooler is no lightweight. It's quite good for a stock cooler. And so the wide difference between the U12S Redux and the AMD stock cooler again pointed to the overall performance of the U12S Redux. But we're not done. For the heck wait, we changed cases. From the MATX MQ110, we decided to try it out in the fractal design Define R6 because, why not? We love playing around at Noctua and the R6 comes in wide so we thought let's see like just aesthetically, I bet that gray would pop in the all-white case. So we expected the temperatures to be cooler because larger cases and the R6 is quite a large case. Large cases usually perform better because all of that extra space allows more heat to dissipate. Not everything is crowded together. And that's what we saw. For the OC test, 4.2 GHz, we reached a maximum temperature of 70 degrees. At the extreme overclock of 4.4 GHz, all variables still being equal, we hit a max temp of 78 degrees. So that's roughly around a 2-degree difference between what we were seeing from the MQ110 into the larger R6 case. But we're still not done as Noctua also sent over the NAFK1 Redux kit which is basically the add-on fan for the CPU cooler. So we tested it in the R6 test setup and with the two fans set up at the normal speed of 3.6 GHz, we got a max temperature of 57 degrees, which is 5 degrees cooler than the single fan setup. At the overclocks of 4.2 and 4.4 GHz, we got a temperature difference of 2 degrees. So on the one fan set up, the 4.2 GHz hit a maximum again of 70 degrees with the two fan set up, it was 68 degrees. And with the two fan set up at 4.4 GHz, we hit a max temperature of 76 degrees. So there is a noticeable performance increase with the second fan and that is quite easy to install to the rear of the cooler as well. So this retails for around $50 and does this cooler justify removing solid pero mahal in the way that we think about Noctua? And yeah, I think it does. This guy is super solid and for $50, that's a great price for this kind of performance. It is the retox line but it still lives up to the Noctua name, the Noctua quality, the Noctua feel good na. Oh, ang galing talaga nito. I was really impressed with this thing. Hindi na siya solid pero mahal, solid na lang siya. But we have to add another pero, the thing is, yes, it's $50, pero available ba siya sa atin? So maybago na tayong pero, solid pero available ba siya? And it would be great if it comes out at MSRP here at $50. I do not know and it's coming to our shores. But if you can get it at the suggested retail price, then this is a very solid cooler and we'd actually like to carry it here at Hardware Sugar. I guess I need to pressure our supplier now. So para sa Noctua, any Q12S retox solid, pero sana available siya soon. Thanks for watching. And thank you to our top fans na affordo namin to kupuwa na ito. Andejok lang. Thank you to Leah Magnaya, Ian Meru, Richard Ongkinko, ITX Addict, John Ruben Otsha, Christian Espinoza, and Rafael James. Thank you for supporting the channel.


So my goals are basically to improve solar health and in order to do that I've been diversifying the crop rotation in the last four years for our cover crops back into the system. In the future I want to bring livestock back in. We're kind of just starting to do some of this stuff. Just starting to get some fences put back up trying to figure out how to do it. I don't know a lot about livestock yet. I was throwing up the livestock in the 80s so I'm kind of just jumping back into it. And I'm trying to find ways to incorporate pollinators back into the system. So as no-tillers over the years we've been doing it since 88. Over the years we were predominantly just corn and soybean. And then so areas like you're seeing here is what we were having a lot of problems with. And this is why a lot of guys growing us went away from no-tillers. They got sick and tired of fighting these wet spots. There's no carbon traffic, nothing ever grows them. And as I sit out here is it dawned on me, these areas are always a problem for the first of July. Because after the first of July we're always trying to figure out what kind of cover crop to go plant into it once it dries out to try to get something growing in it. So the problem then is early season moisture. And so that's kind of my goal is to bring more carbon into the system and try to utilize some of this early season moisture because it worked well I feel for us is that we incorporated oats into the rotation away from just the corn and soybean rotation brought in rye. And we've also done some other cover crops that are grazing firmly and I'll get into that here a little bit. But the rye and the oats are using the water at a time when we're getting a lot of it and the other crops aren't using much of it. There's corn and soybeans that use much moisture. Of course it's all probably after the first of July. So bringing in something that uses that water early to reduce these areas in size. And then we've done some piling in the areas that we could straighten out by doing the cover crop and the rotation. So in this picture here, the one that you'd be probably on if you were right, that is at B7 I went through. It was in about the middle of June. I spread some stuff, the spreader in the back of the tractor it was a sugar beet, rye grass, rabe seed. I think that's the only mix I had. And anyway, as you can see, half that waterway that's green that's all cover crop that's growing and that's salty waterlogged areas. The other half was to control where I didn't do anything. That was one of the ways that we'd like to turn this around of course this is before our rotation started working for us but now we're raising small grains. These areas are also being managed better. And the picture on the right is where the pattern on my spreader had ended and as you can see you've got cover crop growing on the left-hand side and it looks much better than it does on the right-hand side where you've got stuff kind of turning to salt. And this had been CRP for about 15 years. It only took about two years out of that CRP. This stuff went back to that salty wet ground that's not productive. So grass if you take it out and try and just do corn soy means it isn't going to do if I have it for a couple years we'll just go back to what it was. This is another spot where that rye grass is growing well. So if a person was to go out and graze the corn stalks to fall just imagine these lower producing areas and he had something like this that he had to go out through. So some of the things we've tried you know we've tried putting cover crops to plane on top of oats and there's always so much stubble that the seeds don't get very good seed soil contact or seed energy stands. So one thing we did here in 2016 is we spread it on the oats at about the 10th of July. So then that way we got the seeds down in the canopy and then around the combine over the top. That actually worked really well. We haven't done it since and the reason is that you know that year we had cattle be grazing cattle on it worked pretty good and I haven't had cattle since so I haven't done that grazing scheme since and I'll do it in the future but we've been doing some rye instead after smaller. Which in this picture here this was oats in 2016 sorry 2017 and then in the spring or in the fall of 2017 the right hand side was aircrafted on that was a 65 pound mix with grade seed turnips and rye the other side is the exact same rate exact same mix and that was primarily the drill and you can see the stance much better with the drill I don't know you know you're still getting a lot of benefit a lot of the stuff that was aircrafted on I wish I had done a little more exploring with it I'd like to maybe do some more some measurement this year in the future and see how much benefit you get out of running another implement versus having an aircraft do it but this really helped out with some of the lower lying areas we used up some of that moisture got a lot of really good soil covered we dabble with some odd grazing my friend Jim Fanning and I in the neighborhood we do double grazing together this is some structures that we use this was a rye cover crop that we grazed on this was two years ago and this like I said we're getting some fence put up and trying some new things and hoping in the future we can bring this in consistently in our rotation and if we don't have the cattle ourselves we can at least lease it out to somebody that wants to earn some cattle on it and I wanted to incorporate this picture but this is as I was going to plan a rye-vech mix in the combine them and separate the mechanically sell two separate crops well the hairy veg price fell out this particular year so we burned it down in the spring got a good kill and against my best judgment I chose to put conventional beans on here to kind of hit that conventional market and I thought the veg wasn't going to come back but it didn't I was real unhappy with the way this field ended up looking interestingly enough when we combine it half the field had the veg half in and it was within a half bush leave each other and yield but the interesting thing is when you walked out on this it was just absolutely buzzing and I mean it was unreal the pollinators throughout in this bean field of veg and John Lindgren had a poll stock that was doing a karenada study of all the fields and I had him stop in and take some insect counts and it was through the charts it was the second most diverse I think out of all the studies they come out here this is the second most diverse site and it was a mistake but it ended up not harrowing any not saying how to do this twice but it ended up hurting the thing this is just a picture of one of our co-fields and we're all and I forgot to mention in the grazing we picked some cattle and goats together and they got along well and worked really well so in the future we're trying to figure out how to maybe bring some pigs in and maybe do this on a bigger scale and the last picture this is that field I've shown you that I was drilling soybeans into the right cover crop this is actually in the right it looks like a thin stand that's just because it's drilled in seven and a half inch rows so it's always going to look a little thin and I guess for me as a guy that no-tills and drills that sell covers you can see really helps kind of control those early season weeds and so for me I really like the benefits you get from a right cover crop and that's it thanks everyone let's see if this is working I guess it is the thing that question I have in my mind after staying all the great speakers this morning and today was just why did they want me up here my name is Gene Staley my brother and I farm near Mitchell we have for 30 plus years our journey to better soil health started in the late 80s with the trip we took to the Dakota Lake Research Farm at Redfield the summer that we went up there we had a tremendous drought and so literally every field that we passed by on the way to the research farm was ravaged by drought when we got to the research farm it looked like an oasis and that was our introduction to no-till the next year we bought a 750 giant year no-till drill and we've been no-tilling ever since in the 90s we started experimenting with cover crops and we've been utilizing them on our operation ever since in different varieties so we knew that our soil was being improved through our no-till cover crop regime but we did a study this summer on our farm that really submitted in our minds the type of progress we were making using our system and my son who is a sustainability major at USD in cooperation with Anthony Bly did deep soil probes on some of our ground that has been farmed for 100 years 30 of it being no-till and then right across fence in the same soil type was made in prairie that's been in my family for generations anyway so the results there is a handout that's available on the way out but the results showed us that we had made tremendous improvements in our soils in terms of organic matter and carbon and we generally when we take on new ground that has not had a no-till cover crop regime we are generally looking at an organic matter of around 2.5% and so if you can see the screen there we ended up with a course native prairie which is the best ecosystem there is at 6.5% organic matter and our land that had been in crop for 100 years 30 of it being no-till was at 4.5% and then we went and they did an organic carbon study and once again we had native grass at 3.5% and our long-term no-till regime at close to 2.5% total nitrogen pHs and this kind of goes on but the full study is available on the desk so the challenge that we see in soil health I think lies in educating non-farming ag landowners our landlords I am not educated in soil science and so a lot of the times we're competing against people that don't do cover crops a lot of them take their residue off and I see the challenge going ahead not so much lying with the farmer because you see the strides in no-till cover crop that are made out of Dakota it's really educating landowners that hey this is not a short-term this is not a short-term thing you've got to cooperate together it costs money to putting cover crops and everybody mutually benefits if we work together to try to promote better soil health and on the ground we own and rent with that I'm going to turn it over to my brother Craig I'm Craig Staley before I start I want to make a little announcement on February 14th the Venture Oriental Venture Soil Health event sponsored through the NRCS the local conservation district South Dakota Extension and South Dakota No-Till Association so we'd like to invite all of you there it starts at 9.30 and the Highland Conference Center we have a good list of speakers and a farmer panel so hopefully anybody in the area can make it now like my brother said we started No-Till a long time ago after going up to Duane's research farm and I think one of the things that a lot of early No-Tillers like we do we're pretty good about knowing that we had to change the diversity when we switch to No-Till but the test part of the situation was a little bit I think of just the mindset of growing up in South Dakota I remember as a kid you know it just seemed like every summer the crop would drop out so the idea of trying to raise a cover crop and use some soil should just seem kind of boring so it took a long time to really be able to start using intensity to the right degree and I remember starting a work on Jason Miller and we were trying to figure out a way to put different cover crops in behind our wheat stubble and we started out trying to grow different kinds of clover and things like that we just couldn't get the right intent, the right growth in the fall and we weren't getting enough water usage so we ended up pretty much using the same kind of mix a lot of people do I mean right now behind my wheat I'm putting in like the pictures I got up here is old wheat, radish sunflower Ethiopian cabbage and blacks mixture and I guess one thing I have learned that the oats having some oats or barley and they're not live it does a pretty good job of suppressing the winter wheat I mean if you just put a broad leaf mix in of wheat or wheat if you have oats in the mixture it does a real good job as you can see it kind of shades out some of that wheat and it seemed to have an effect of helping some of the most broad leaf crops get started to end up with a better stand and so we're trying to get that planted you know I mean one of the key especially in my area is trying to get as much growth as possible so as soon as we get that combat this year I planted it on July 28th or so and you want to get as much growth as possible trying to get increased intensity of water use and the other slide I have here is a picture of this year I'm sure you've read a lot about people trying to split real corn so what I did was I'm on 22 inches so I would plant two rows of corn and then I'd leave a 44 inch blank and then I'd plant two rows with the idea of broadcasting cover crop mixture and coming back and that's your probably doing another year of corn right down the area that I've done that 44 inch gap and so about B6 I went in there and broadcast and treated urea and then I had also in there a cover crop mix some red clover curnsome clover some annual rye grass and some radish and I got a pretty good stand because it rained the next day but actually this year the corn even those wide row 44 inch rows the corn bruised so fast that had a tendency to it did shade an odd level but I still got pretty good growth so I think that would be something true and the other what we've been doing for the last four or five years is buy on annual rye grass about the 10th to 15th September and there are standing corn stocks that plant soybeans in the next year and we've had pretty good luck I just kind of watched the weather and just ready to go and have the airplane ready to go and when it looks like we're going to get some rain it's called when they depends on the seat about the bushel of rye and they get a lot of acres covered and then I will drill some too I mean the one advantage of the airplane is you get on so much sooner and you're not doing all the I mean when you drill those corn stocks you have some leaf logs from wind so I've done about four or five years so that's worked really good and you can see I have a picture there you can see it with them that's about two weeks after they applied it you get a pretty good stand and I usually like to let it grow until there's some boot stage in the spring trying to get as much growth as possible and then so I try to let I probably let it grow farther than a lot of people might too because I've just tried to build as much carbon as I can and try to cycle nutrients and use some of that extra moisture and the soybeans really come through really good and the other benefit is when you get that much residue after you combine combine the soybeans and it looks almost more like weeds though but it does soybean residue so you have so much residue left on the ground and then one of the other things that we like to do is you know we have a lot of we're in the Prairie Palo region and we have a lot of wetlands especially in the farm land that we own and probably the only farm you know let's say in 100 acre fields we're farming about 80 of it and all the other wetlands we usually plant to CRP and have a lot of different types of CRP with pollinators and stuff you just see so many people that fight with wetlands and instead of having a permanent cover on them they're out there burning and hacking away it's just defeating the purpose of trying to use some of some excess water so we plant to CRP and as you can see I mean we have some areas a few fields that we've had haven't done a very good job of cycling or having intense enough water use and you can see the salt you know the saline areas on the down slopes so we've done those as you can see the yield map on how bad it hurts your yield so we've been putting a lot of those into wheat grass and alfalfa and even just it only takes about two years where that ground was pure white for that to fill in so instead of fighting those areas and losing money on them as well we plant them for some vegetation so I mean we would just keep trying to use more cover crops in our operation and increase our water holding capacity and turn it over to the next speaker, thank you I heard Steve Otter at Farm Down by Salem I guess we got started on this journey I didn't exactly know what the goal was I guess in the early 80s but far from it with my mom and dad we only had to cut costs back then so we went to no-till and narrow rows to get the quicker canopy save some chemical costs there we started out on 19 inch rows on corn and soybeans and that did that for about 10 years and no-tilling just made a lot of mistakes I just wish I knew now what I know now back then but learning more about the soil that's why I think the soil part of this is pretty panel to what we need to know when we start no-tilling even reduced tillage is always good too but to work your way to no-till we got through the working end of the 90s and then I went to 22 inch rows just for more common equipment we got livestock in there cow-calf operation and going through the 90s things just didn't seem right either lost my dad along the way in 2009 here so did some more thinking and labor resources getting kind of minimal as you can see my wife and I got three daughters they're younger I'm quite fully engaged in the farming aspect yet maybe down the line so that's when I started looking more using my no-till and something to complement livestock more is to use the cover crops and implement a small grain in a rotation I just kind of plateaued on our corn and soybean yields I just thought we needed to shape it up a little bit and start reading more about understanding the dynamics of soil and that's where I started implementing that way we just doing a lot of reading and all the research being done implement the cover crops decided to use that for a winter feed source instead making bales or silage or all hay all the time feed the livestock and let this livestock spread the manure around save myself some more labor for means that locking them up in a yard and having to haul it all back out said there was just a lot of not understanding the full picture probably of along the way of mistakes learning how to set equipment being patient in the spring before you plant with no-till but soil will really tell you when to plant so I think some of these other slides here from the soil health school had my farm this last September good crowd we just set it up in my all of my farm there we cleaned up the shed to host the classroom part of it and then had some demonstrations inside here worked out and then we got out in some field exercises you can see that some of the cover crop I had that was about six weeks long at the time did some soil bits learned a lot about my soil that way it's one thing if you want to host a soil health school put your hand up you learn about your own farm too we did this is where we did a compaction study and one of the things that surprised me is I took a loaded combine loaded grain cart and two wagons full of grain and drove across this here and we had to look kind of close to even see where the compaction was in the soil when we got done a lot of my soils were going from probably about two percent organic matter to four probably ten years or a little less even that's really impressed me just that things can actually change and change for the better that way that's just understanding your soils a little more and how to work with them one other area this fall it even surprised me I guys are talking about combine ruts and tearing up the fields I didn't cut much for if any tracks I would say maybe some that are three or four inches and some real low ground I went through in combine I don't plan on even touching them they'll level themselves out over time so that soil structure just really carried the combine even in real wet conditions so I just kind of shocked myself even what was happening there said here's a part of the school too that we do part of a grazing study or grazing demonstration how to manage the use of them cover crops too some turnips and radishes that were in the mix part of learning what the crops to plant your cover crop mix I change it every year and look at timeliness of planting for how much cool season or warm season grass to use I always incorporate turnips and radishes I think they're really a bit soil break up the soil for them using those about a seven or eight weight mix is about all I use there's but I'm still learning long ways to go part of the other soil part I didn't understand earlier on I said I didn't know exactly what the goal was I didn't realize how much of our soil erosion was taking place with wind and rain or water runoff and this is what I really like is caption this winter moisture and hold it over till spring and now I've understood that the soil can hold that better with my changing soil I can capture that water and use it all over the next year with my favorite winter friends in this picture I'm in one of the soil soil pets here and if you kind of look over either one of my shoulders there darker part of the soil probably gained about five or six inches of organic matter into the clay that's turned over about the last I'm assuming 30 or 40 years probably but the amount of seeing wormholes even going down through the clay and there's a little bit of rocks mixed in with that and just to see the activity in that how much we're actually improving in and on top soil there that was kind of eye opening to me there how much you can actually do actually change your soil this is a root pet we dug straight into standing corn so we could see the roots how far they were traveling down see all the roots that would travel down about three four feet following the worm burrows that's about all I have I just said it's all about getting educated and understanding what you will where you want to go I improve your soils and probably just understand your soils and the weather conditions we need diversity keep following mother nature probably one point I didn't touch on is about 25 years ago I got got 150 heifers in a March rainstorm said enough of that so I start getting in the middle of May and kind of came up with that when this mother nature told the deer to have their young this May and June so I said that should be a good time to try to do that so it's worked out yes we're planting corn but the cows sure take care of themselves they're busy too they just don't take much attendance to them and their calves so I've increased my selling pounds because I'm selling more live calves so thanks thank you guys very good awesome so we got mics on the floor anybody got any questions everybody jump up at once now over here we got a two part question first part is going to a complete no-till system what has been your main way to work nutrients such as phosphorus down on the ground I mean I know nitrogen that's an easy source it moves down to the ground on its own pretty easy but phosphorus doesn't move much on its own so what have you done in a no-till system then the other part of it is what have you seen in adjusting planting dates by going no-till when you don't get the soil out this fast in spring and say you do have a really wet spring and you stay no-till so you don't dry it out at all for the phosphorus actually that's where a cow come in to me I might leave my hair a little bit to spring a little bit and the hoof action will kind of work that down a little bit otherwise I do some infero with my planter planting dates that's probably the biggest thing you had to learn to be patient and let it warm up I've been following the last few years and the cover crops probably changed that as much as anything soiled my cover crops and bear soiled meat and ground and corn stocks and they all warm up about the same now we're putting top of fertilizer in the rows where we and the other thing you got to remember when you can broadcast phosphorus you got enough living roots there being no-tillers enough living roots on the top that it'll utilize that phosphorus even if it isn't very deep down in the soil so it's different to the tilt system you don't necessarily have to have it the roots will be enough on top to use it as far as planting sometimes it just depends on the year and what you're following you just have to have maybe a little more patience and it's not really you're not harvesting anything in May or June it's what you get at the end of the year so sometimes the no-till starts to go slower then you get hot dry periods and that catches up at the end of the harvest so you don't have to have patience to wait till the field conditions are right yeah I guess my answer too is that when you're no-tilling you're promoting micro rice they'll punch a growth and they're going to take care of the phosphorus for you I have a friend of mine that's a big no-till skeptic and I got into a very good about this year in the last year and I told him just that he would believe me and I said well I take tissue samples every year that would show that and you know for like warming up in the spring and fighting the wet spots or whatever I mean it's like I agree these guys the cover crops are huge crop rotation is huge but then like the proper cover crop selection of what you want to do like for me in the past I tried putting some corn on oats and we got a stripper header so it's a little bit different than if you're straight cutting stuff but it was such a thick mat of oats I think it probably hurt me and I delayed planting a little bit and I cover crop with a heavy broad leaf mix that year before I wouldn't have struggled like that trying to get my partner so you don't got to be kind of that's what I learned is you got to be real careful what you can take for what you want to do and figure out what the sequence need to put something I got one over here oh just the use of rye as a cover crop or maybe rye blend it say you're going to go in there and drill soy beans the next year determination can be called and I've seen the roller crimpers does the land roller do the same thing any advice I guess I haven't used a roller I know one person that does but there's cuts it more so it makes more of a clean cut I guess a little better cuts it off breaks it a little better so I'm just laying it down yeah you have to have some kind of crimping action if you're going to roll it and you have to be careful about the timing too I'm not rolling mine I'm just terminating with chemical so the main thing is either you want to terminate it like a week out or plant it green you just got to be careful not to terminate it like two or three days before you plant it because it doesn't even have issues I asked a couple people the same question I wondered the same thing and the answer I always got is you've been a problem I want to go with something with that Chevron shaped deal on roller crimpers I mean you just have better luck with that I guess I just don't have enough ride in my mix or anything that I worry about it I really don't burn anything down in the spring too much anyway so it's a problem I guess for me I asked Ray Archuleta the same thing when he appeared in the summer and we needed to buy a roller crimper and he said no I knew it with my car he did his old car with his car since you guys have been doing cover crops have any of you been able to decrease the amount of inputs on either fertilizer or herbicide insecticide for me just bringing in that third crop kind of breaks up the pest cycle and we we used to just put insecticide in the beans no matter what and even go out and scout it and now we started doing IAPM we'll cut the CSP program partially but I think maybe at most two, three hundred acres of beans a year now maybe spray one field maybe sometimes I don't spray we used to spray all of it that's probably the big one for me you know the rye really does a good job of keeping the weed flushes down for sure you can definitely tell the field that has the rye on it the post-emergent spray and there's just a lot less there to have to worry about yeah I've cut my air rates on fertilizer down what you call a pheromone but I'm definitely cutting rates and I'll cut them again this year some more probably down to about I figured last year six to seven tenths of a pomegranate nitrogen for bushel put 30, 40 poms D&K on I averaged 215 corn last year yeah it's changing weeds back for them also just doesn't seem like it's as much challenge there's diversity with that other rotation you don't have the herbicide resistance either insecticide I don't treat my beans and when I plant this year I'm going to plant untreated pomegranate yeah I would say at the end I'm averaging about 0.7 0.8 on the corn the one thing you got to be careful of is like you have brassicas in the mix they use quite a bit of solfer so you want to make sure you have put solfer AMS on my corn I guess when it comes to traded corn I don't do triple stack or smart stack anymore I'll just either straight round up some conventional or sometimes VT2 the only ways I do that is in case there's a certain variety I like sometimes you can't get it you've got to go up to VT2 or whatever when you use rye as a cover crop do you ever see it show up in the oats and wheat in the past yeah and the way I got around that is now I switched and I do the oats on corn stubble and that way you'll have it and if you drill it it all gets in the ground and then you get a better germ so you don't get those stragglers that come in the future yeah you're soybean corn crop after the beans now you've had two years of cleanup and that's kind of how I got rid of that but yeah that's a problem the millers don't like it and I recertified seed and they really don't like it so we've been able to do that and you know one thing too is when you go out and scout your field in the spring if there is any rye coming up before you plant your oats we just do a pre-plant burn down and I know that was still around I showed him and I didn't listen I didn't spray my field he had absolutely no rye to come up because he did that pre-plant burn down and I had a mess so I learned my lesson yeah we usually when we have rye we usually want to wait like three or four years or when it's back a week just be safe I don't know if you have to I haven't felt comfortable not quite yet usually there's not very much volunteer so there's just a few plants and I just don't the cover crop thinks I don't have a lot of rye in there so rotation doesn't doesn't present a problem I guess so you guys mentioned that your nitrogen rates are six tenths to eight tenths are you looking to go further reducing those rates do you use other sources of fertilizer or organic fertilizer in your compost other than just the livestock out in the field what's some of your other strategies when it comes to nutrient cycling are you giving credit to your cover crops I know I do I treat a colony of manure what's your opinion on different strategies with the fertility in general I guess I try to keep going applying it when the plant needs it I'll side dress and I do wide drops from my corn and give credit to the cover crops some of the soil test and it seems like the nutrients are there I'm trying to use the philosophy to make my soil work like they talked about earlier today is to challenge it and I think it will perform get the biology going in it it will release those nutrients that are there I guess I definitely think the cover crops cycle the nutrients and maybe give you some more and release later in the season it's just hard to say still in the exact science there's still a debate on how much lower you can go you don't want to give up a lot of yield either on the end for sure is using for soil tests are you doing the heating test and have you seen a lot of difference in what you applied according to that I'm just using the basic soil test I guess and my ground oil gets tested about every three years that I rotate that that field gets tested that'll test every field every year I'm just a grid sample on everything like every third year I'm just still trying to use use like the 0.8 or so on on corn the heating test is fine I'm just not sure if I have complete faith in it yet I just started doing the heating test this last year my first year I wanted to start as a baseline so I know kind of where I'm at and from here on as we start cover cropping hopefully bring in a livestock and at least have something to compare against you know in the future but you know, recommendation wise I think it's roughly all the same what it would have been had we used this the regular standard test so far anyway but as the biology increases things will probably do that'll change I think we've got time for one more question I guess it's easy to see the benefits of the cover cropping and the no telling as long as you all have been doing it where somebody was to make the switch this spring you're obviously going to see probably some decline in yield right away how long would you expect it to take before everything starts to turn around and you start to see the your investment start to pay for itself but every year is different I don't think I've ever seen any real decrease in yield because of cover crops and just sometimes like especially in our area yeah, have Tennessee have wet springs we're playing corn into that cover crop behind Wheatstone sometimes we don't see a huge yield bump for the first year but then maybe the next year just because of diversity the soybeans you'll see a three to five bushel bump there so I mean just really never know I mean you're going to get a benefit it just might not be the backing it might be two years down the road if I was to give any advice if I start out with a small grain you know if you try to go tilling after you have it been rotating and you've been tilling you try and plant the soybeans it's going to be wet and with corn it's going to be all the same and the nice thing about small grain is you start out with a small grain you've got a nice base and you can throw a cover crop in it right after that and you just gain two years in one and then that next year when you try and put a corn or a soybean then it's easier to get that much further ahead because you've got you know that much wet mass in the ground and it's going to help the gallery and a little bit better water management too kind of what I was going to say is start with a small grain get that get the rotation going, diversity get some cover crop in there I ain't saying I saw probably three to four or five bushel yield increased when I started getting some of this figured out but Staley said that it takes four or five, six years or so if I say I'd say when I started no-tilling and trying to figure some of that out we probably start over ten years to get it figured out and learn how to manage it better, learn to manage the soil better, be patient it's like I said it's a long-term investment that you're trying to change stuff we've been doing for probably doing wrong for 50 or 60 years by breaking the soil down by telling it and like I said just no-tilling you just got to commit to it too but you're thinking cap on to just understand you're going to manage it totally ever the big thing with small grain a lot of people that I talk to think that they can't be going in small grain those guys there's a lot of markets out there that you don't even know you got to get on the phone come to these things, talk to the guys have the booth set up and you'll be surprised to start getting phone numbers I had one friend four or five years ago he called me up and he wanted to raise a small grain I suggested to go he said you can't sell oats I got to raise wheat and anyways he called me this last year going out they farm about 50 out of 80 years they went to a three-way rotation he somehow through making all this phone calls got hooked up with a guy who got into the baby food market it was a real niche deal and he's getting a really good premium for it and so my suggestion is there's millers out there and there's all sorts of other things you don't even know about but you got to be out there looking okay, awesome well, let's get these guys around to applause for this case


Hey there friends. Thanks for checking in. I have said several times that people leave the best comments I learned a lot from this channel people ask questions all that is welcome And I continue and encourage people to do that the dialogue is amazing And I learned a ton from the viewers of this channel but what inspired this video is the Random commenter that shows up out of nowhere just to leave a hateful comment and this week's YouTube comment of the week comes from a guy named Sky Raider 8. He took exception to My last video when I shot a bowling ball with the 350 legend and Now I don't know what brought him to the video. I don't know why he clicked on the video Maybe he's a fan of the 350 legend, but he decided that I did that wrong and the reason I did that wrong is Because it was unsafe. He left a comment that said did anyone ever discuss gun safety with you never shoot into water That includes round objects. I'm not certain how round objects and water are one of the same But let's move on you are very unsafe and causing problem for safe shooters So I guess by me shooting the bowling ball, which is very interesting by the way I've shot several bowling balls and I I've learned that the the inner core of the bowling balls are vastly Different and the rounds either penetrate or they don't and that's what we found with my last video with the 350 legend But he finishes by saying shame on you now When I've watched and when I've shot into water, okay, usually a downward motion I've never seen a bullet skip back up, you know when you're shooting down into the water It typically has enough energy to make its way into the water It's not something that I would advise but does happen on occasion people do it They may be trying to shoot at something or just trying to have a good time. I Kind of either way with that one, but when when shooting a ball, I'm not sure what's so unsafe about that Okay, the ball was set into a very large tall wide and dense Berm that was just filled with all this dirt and dirt Typically when you shoot into dirt a lot of times you can just reach your hand in there and pull up a Stack of bullets because it usually goes about a foot maybe a foot and a half into the berm to begin with But when you shoot a ball, it may ricochet a little bit But that's why the ball was set into a berm way up there way taller than I am way wide There is no a dangerous way that this bullet from the 350 legend could have caused any problems So as I shot it it did exactly what I thought it would do make contact with the ball I'm not worried about ricocheting often and hitting me a hundred yards away or somebody who was nearby Which there was nobody I'm not worried about it skimming off of the ball and hitting into the burn because That's what the berm is there for so that's a hateful comment And he follows up by saying shame on you one thing I've noticed is that a lot of the people they want to condemn The person who makes the video and they have to finish off with something like shame on you You ought to be ashamed of yourself. You don't know anything You know you need to quit making videos.    Thanks for watching and you guys be safe


So in the previous video we were talking about the difference between measured numbers and exact numbers and one of the things that I mentioned is that measured numbers are not perfectly precise and I want to sort of go over that in slightly more detail using an example of a scale or something that's going to measure how much you weigh, again pretend in some fantasy world that I actually weigh somewhere in the neighborhood of 128 pounds. So let's say that this is, we're talking about a scale called Scale A and let's pretend that this is Scale A and Scale A says that you weigh, that I weigh 128 pounds. So probably I don't weigh exactly 128 pounds, I might weigh 128.2, I might weigh 127.9 But this scale is only good down to the ones place as far as its ability to measure my weight. What this scale is basically saying is I know that you weigh more than 127 and I know that you weigh less than 129. So I'm going to call it 128 but where you are with respect to 128 I'm not exactly sure. You could have a different scale, you could have a more precise scale called Scale B, so here we're going to have Scale B and in this case maybe it says that I weigh 128.2 pounds. Even Scale B is not perfectly precise, Scale B is basically saying look I know that you weigh more than 128.1 and I know that you weigh less than 128.3. So I'm going to call it 128.2 but where exactly you are with respect to 128.2 I'm not exactly sure, that's as good as I know. I know down to the tenths place, so this is the tenths place, excuse me, and then pretend you have a much more precise scale, Scale C and it knows how much I weigh down to many many digits past the decimal point. Even this scale is not perfectly precise, it just knows down to one two three four five six seven seven digits past the decimal place how much I weigh but it is conceivable that there are other digits after that last two and that's why I'm putting those question marks there. There are other there are possibly other digits that contribute to my exact weight that even Scale C isn't capable of figuring out so again whenever you make a measurement um a lot of times the the well almost all of the time the measurement is not perfectly precise this is true even if I have zeros at the end. Scale A pretend I have uh I'm weighing someone else and that person weighs 135 pounds, Scale A only measures down to the ones place so Scale A is saying I know you weigh more than 134 less than 136. In Scale B you might think that it's uh measuring with the same precision as Scale A but it isn't it has a point zero at the end and in math class what they tell you is 135 and 135.0 are the same thing. What I'm going to tell you is that that's not necessarily true when you're making a measurement. All you really know with 135.0 is that you weigh more than 134.9 and you weigh less than 135.1 and so the scale is calling it 135.0 but there may be other numbers other digits hidden after the zero that your scale just is not good enough to detect and it just so happened that it got lucky that it landed on the zero so it looks like it's exactly the same as 135 but Scale B is measuring more precisely but it's still not measuring perfectly precisely and then Scale C um again it is saying it's saying I know how much you weigh down to the second uh digit past the decimal place but after that I don't know so it could be that even with Scale C that you weigh 135.00 uh three pounds something like that but the scale was not good enough to figure out the third digit past the decimal place so you have to realize that even when you see numbers uh with uh 0.0 or 0.00 um and their measured numbers those those measurements are still not perfectly precise. All right um there is a way of describing how precise a measured number is it is one this is one way of describing I should say and this uh this way that we're going to talk about in a fair amount of detail is called significant digits I want to mention that there are other ways students typically hate the significant digit section and I kind of hate it too um there are other ways that are used at least in beginning chemistry courses a lot of times the the course makes you feel as though significant digits is used constantly and and all the time and that that's not really true but unfortunately I have to teach you something and this is kind of the standard thing that gets taught so settle in um get some popcorn uh I don't know maybe in some beer so here we go uh significant digits are a way of describing how precise a measurement is so the way that you do it and this isn't going to make complete sense until we get to the end is you take all of the digits in your number and you break them into two groups you break them into group into digits that are called significant and the other group is the digits that are not significant and then what you do is you count the number of digits that are in the significant group and the idea is that if you have a lot of uh if your measurement has a lot of digits that are significant that it means that your measurement was very precise compared to another measurement that has less or fewer significant digits and that's basically the punchline I I imagine that this doesn't make much sense um at the moment but uh with some examples it probably will let's see so this is how to count how many significant digits you have in your number so you look at each digit in a measured number this is a measured number it's 309 meters that 309 is the number meters is the unit we had to use some kind of ruler to measure 309 meters so we have to look at each digit we have to look at the three the zero the nine and the idea is a digit here here come the rules the digit is significant if it's not a zero in other words if it's one two three four etc up to nine so we can already look at 309 is the three significant um you should all be screaming yes because it's not a zero is the nine significant you should all be screaming yes because it is also not a zero then the question is is the zero significant if you're saying no um at least at the moment what I will tell you is that we don't know I didn't say I said if it's not a zero it's definitely significant if it is a zero that here's where the problem is sometimes it might be sometimes it might not be we have to wait for more rules so this is a question mark so right now 309 meters has at least two significant digits maybe three because we don't know if the zero is considered significant yet um here's another rule a digit is significant if it's a zero and it's in between digits that are already significant now we can answer the question about whether this zero is significant is it significant uh you should all be screaming yes because it's a zero and it's sandwiched in between a three and a nine which are already considered significant so that a zero in 309 meters is significant so we now know that 309 meters has not maybe definitely three significant digits so there's two of the rules if you're not a if you're a digit that's not a zero you're significant if you're a digit that is a zero and you're in between digits that are already significant you're all right you're all also significant here's another rule about the zeros um if a zero comes at the end of a number and I'll explain what I mean by end in a minute and the number contains a decimal what I mean by that is somebody actually bothered to write the decimal point into the number then the zero at the end is considered significant so here the number 300 I'm going to write it up here 300 it has a zero at the end there it is um you have to ask yourself the second question did somebody actually bother to write a decimal point um somewhere in that number the answer is no there's a decimal point implied to be somewhere but it's not written and so this is basically code for saying this zero right here not significant um and so if we go through this number um basically the three is significant and these two zeros are not so if I write the number 300 without writing a decimal uh decimal point then this number has one significant digit and what that is telling you that is basically a code that tells people that if I measured something and it came out 300 without a decimal point that my measurement was kind of crappy suppose that I measured something and I said it was 300 meters maybe from my uh from where I'm sitting to my car is 300 meters but I didn't write the decimal point what that is telling people is that the ruler was so crappy that was used to make that measurement that all it really knows is that my uh my car is more than 200 meters away but less than 400 meters away in other words what it's saying is I only know down to the hundreds place um that's only how that's how good my measurement is I don't know the tens place and I don't know the ones place now if you look at the second number it looks almost identical except it says 300 with a decimal point at the end so here I would say that the zero comes at the end or maybe a better way of saying that is it's the zero is the last digit and did somebody bother to write a decimal point um excuse me you bet your ass they did I'm sitting right there at the end and so because of that this uh this last zero is significant or it's considered significant and so the three is significant the last zero is significant and according to the previous rule if there's a zero in between digits that are already considered significant then it's significant as well so if I write 300 with a decimal point at the end my measurement has three significant digits which means that it is more precise than if I just write 300 without the decimal point what the decimal point is telling people is that I know my measurement was good enough um uh to be uh precise down to the ones place or what it's saying is my measurement was so good that it knows that the distance to my car is more than 299 meters and less than 301 meters so a lot of times um students are looking for a little bit extra meaning in these rules the way that I would think about these rules is they are like a code for people who have been taught the rules if I have if I write 300 without a decimal point that is a code to people who have been taught the rules that my measurement is only good to the hundreds place if I write 300 with a decimal point that is also a code it's a tip off to people in the know that my measurement knows the hundreds place it knows the tens place and it also knows the ones place this is just like a little clue to people um again a couple more examples 300.00 now again in math class when they're uh talking about very abstract things uh a lot of times your math teacher will tell you that 300 and 300.00 are the same thing when you're making a measurement that's not necessarily true 300.00 is the three significant yes um here's a zero that is the last digit there it is did somebody bother to write a decimal point somewhere in this number yes there it is because there's a zero that is the last digit and there's a decimal point written this last zero is also significant and by the second rule by this rule um the other zeros that are in between they are also considered significant because the three is considered significant and the last zero is considered significant so if I write 300.00 as part of my measurement that measurement has five significant digits what that means is it's much more precise than just writing 300 with no decimal point 300.00 says that I know that whatever it is that I'm measuring is more than 299.99 and it's less than 300.01 so the the idea here is that five significant digits for 300.00 compared to one significant digit for just plain old 300 with no decimal point you can see just by counting the significant digits which one is more precise which one is a more precise measurement the one with more significant digits same thing here 309.5900 this zero is the last digit and somebody bothered to write a decimal point so 309.5900 has one two three four five six seven significant digits so those are some of the rules for uh determining whether a digit in a measurement is significant all right so on the previous slide we were talking about rules uh for figuring out when a digit was significant here are some rules for figuring out when a digit is not significant so not um this is only going to deal with zeros because uh if you're not if you're a digit that's not a zero you're definitely going to be significant um here's the first rule if you have a zero that's part of the beginning of a decimal number then the the zero is not significant so as an example if I make a measurement and I say that I measured something and it's 0.0 uh three nine three meters long um these zeros that come at the beginning or the front not significant um this three definitely is this nine definitely is and this other three definitely is so if I make a measurement and it's 0.0393 meters long something that I measured um this measurement only has three significant digits um however just a slight variation on this if I write and I measure something and the measurement comes out to be 10.00393 meters then these zeros no longer come at the beginning they don't come at the front of the number anymore because the one is coming at the front and so now this measurement 10.0393 has one two three four five six significant digits so I want you to realize that the uh the slight difference now every once in a while a student sort of and and this I understand the confusion here they sit there and they say well look those zeros come at the front um and it sure seems like they ought to be significant or at least the one after the decimal place seems like it ought to be significant so right 0.0393 meters certainly this guy um the second zero here why isn't it significant I need it there because if it wasn't there all the three the nine and the three would slip over to the left and I would get the wrong answer so right isn't it significant it's not considered significant um the reason it's not considered significant is that all I have to do is change the units and I can make those zeros disappear so instead of saying 0.0393 meters what if I converted this uh number to centimeters if I did that because there are 100 centimeters in a meter um and I rewrote the measurement just I didn't change anything all I changed was the units I didn't change the measurement at all um and if I change the units to centimeters my measurement would be 3.93 centimeters all of a sudden you realize that those zeros are no longer there um because they're no longer there these zeros are have like a little bit of a fancy name they're called placeholders they're holding the place of the three the nine and the three just because of the unit that we're using basically you can think of it as we're not quite using the most appropriate unit it would be better if we switched units to centimeters and when we do those front zeros disappear and because they're just placeholders they are considered to be not contributing to describing the precision of the number and those zeros are considered to be not significant so when I say 3.93 uh these are the only three digits there and I have three significant digits so this is a long-winded way of saying that the front zeros in a number in a measured number are uh if they come at the very front they're considered not significant over here with 10.0393 meters there is no way that I can switch the units and get rid of my zeros I can't go to centimeters or I could go to centimeters but then that would be uh 1003.93 centimeters zeros are still there I'm stuck with them can't get rid of them I can go in the other direction I'm still stuck with the zeros because those zeros are in the middle now I can switch the units all I want but they're never going to go away and I need them to uh to basically tell me the complete precision of my measurements so in that case they're significant but if you can just switch the units and make the zeros go away and that will only happen if they come in the front then your uh your front zeros are considered not significant and last but not least the last rule for uh zeros not being significant basically if the zero is the last digit and you did not bother to write a decimal and the example that I gave in the previous slide was 300 without a decimal um here it is basically 500 without a decimal that is say that number has only one one significant digit sometimes people call significant digits significant figures so they're kind of used interchangeably so if you see that that's what they mean and again 500 no decimal point uh one significant digit and what it is telling you it is a big tip off that the ruler that you used was only good to the hundreds place if you measured something that was 500 meters long and you wrote no decimal point you're basically saying my ruler was so crappy that it could only tell that my distance was more than 400 meters and less than 600 so I'm going to call it 500 but I don't really know that for sure it could be 525 for all I know so uh what's the purpose of significant digits it is a way it is not the only way of describing how precise a measurement is in fact as I mentioned earlier um there are other ways that are actually more commonly used in the lab but they are a little bit uh more math intensive and there there's a little bit more theory behind them so for whatever reason um this one is the one that gets taught to beginning chemistry students over and over again and it causes a certain amount of pain let's see so it's a way of describing how precise a measurement is imagine that you have two different devices two rulers to measure the length of your computer screen so here's my computer screen I've got one ruler and I'm measuring the diagonal and ruler number one says that uh the diagonal on my computer screen is 34 centimeters ruler number two says it's 33.8 I know that you can just look at this and tell intuitively which one is more precise it's this one but if you want to do it in the sense of um counting significant digits ruler the measurement that came from ruler number one has only two significant digits and the measurement that came from ruler number two has three significant digits excuse me and so ruler number two gives a more precise measurement there's one more uh rule about significant digits or counting uh significant digits in a measured number that I want to talk about before we move on to a little bit more detailed information about significant digits and here's the setup for explaining the rule I told you earlier that if I write the number 300 if I say I took a measurement and something was 300 meters long and I actually bothered to put the decimal point in I said that that number with the decimal point has three significant digits and the reason was that the rule was if your last digit is a zero and it is and somebody bothered to write the decimal point then the last digit that zero is significant and the three is significant because it's not a zero and then this middle zero is also significant because it's in between digits uh that are already considered significant so that measurement has three significant digits um so what this is telling you is whatever ruler you used it is good to the excuse me to the ones place that's how that's how well it measures um what I want to ask now uh to to introduce the rule is what happens when you actually have a measured number that doesn't uh measure let's say to the ones place maybe it's only good enough to measure to the tens place in other words uh and I happen to get a measurement that ends with two zeros so the three is definitely significant um but this only the second zero only the one that I highlighted in red here um is significant as well because this ruler is a little bit worse than the the one I was mentioning up above this ruler over here that gave us uh that also measured 300 meters um it's only good to the tens place so that's as as good as it can measure it can measure to the tens of meters and it just so happens that when we measured some distance um the the tens place ended up being a zero but this zero actually we want to tell people that it is significant it's uh it's part of the precision of the ruler this one the third or the third digit or the second zero third digit is not significant so in this case this number we we want to tell people that it only has two significant digits the hundreds place and the tens place and the ones place isn't uh is not significant so um how do we actually do that uh one way would actually be to just color um the digits that are significant and that that would be a reasonable tip off the way that it's typically done um unfortunately because coloring is a little bit problematic um is people use scientific notation and if you wanted to write this number and tell people that it only has two significant digits you would write it like this you would write three point zero and if you'll notice the coefficient can i spell coefficient maybe um the coefficient has two digits and we wrote three point zero times ten to the two meters this is scientific notation way of saying 300 meters but for people who have been taught this rule what it is also saying is that um whatever the measurement is it's known to two significant digits so when a number is written the punch line here is that when a number is written in scientific notation the the number of digits that are written in the coefficient equals the number of significant digits so uh if i write three times ten to the two meters this is a way of saying 300 meters but it's also a way of saying only the first digit is significant because i only have one digit here if i write three point zero times ten to the two meters that is a way of also saying 300 meters but what it's saying is whatever measurement was used to to make the second measurement it has two significant digits it knows the hundreds place and it knows the tens place i i suppose i could do this as well i could write three point zero zero times ten to the two meters that is another way of saying 300 meters as well but what this one uh does is it there are three digits written in the coefficient so what it's telling you is all three digits in 300 meters are significant so one significant digit two significant digits three significant digits let's go back so again just to emphasize if you see a number written in scientific notation and you want to count the number of significant digits what you do is you look at the coefficient and you count the number of of digits shown there the number of digits in the coefficient will equal the number of significant digits in that measurement


Hello and welcome to the session. Let us understand the following question which says the total revenue in rupees received from the sale of X units of a product is given by Rx is equal to 13x square plus 26x plus 15. Find the marginal revenue when X is equal to 7. Now let us proceed on to the solution. Given to us that Rx is equal to 13x square plus 26x plus 15 where Rx is the total revenue. Now differentiating it with respect to X we get d by dx of Rx is equal to 26x plus 26 and we have to find the marginal revenue when X is equal to 7. Now therefore d by dx of Rx at X is equal to 7 is equal to 26 multiplied by 7 plus 26 which is equal to 182 plus 26 which is equal to 208. Hence the required marginal revenue rupees 208 and this is the required answer. I hope you understood this question. Bye and have a nice day.