Hi everybody. My name is Jonathan Ross. I'm actually an instructor at the local community college, which is AB Tech here in Asheville. I teach digital media, which means I teach a lot of different things like animation, multimedia, video production, graphic design and some web development. I am also a freelance web developer, designer, front-end developer. It's really the proper term to use. And I'll be the first one to tell you that I don't know that much about PHP at all. I really am not a programmer. I'm a front-end developer. It's a big difference. And so what we're going to be talking about today is building themes in WordPress. So we kind of have to also talk about how WordPress works, like how... What are the different pieces of WordPress that you're working with when you develop themes? So everybody knows that you can go out and buy themes, right? You can buy these extremely fancy, beautiful themes. And if you start to look into them, they're really quite attractive when you look at the fact that they're fully responsive. You know, this one says it installs really easily. It's got a hundred plus theme options. Woo-hoo! That's a hundred opportunities for you to not know at all what you're doing, right? And then you have short codes.  And SEO-friendly, which is great, and PSDs, if you guys are Photoshop people. Awesome.  It's going to be fun, right? So I've used this one. This one's really kind of cool. It's called Infold. It's one of the really fancy ones out there. Somebody was talking about Divi as well today. And these things are beautiful. I really admit, I cannot do what the designers that created these things can do. I really can't. To make parallax and full-screen images and stuff, of course I can do it, but I do it by brute force, and I do it by lots of research, finding the right code, troubleshooting that code, trying it without putting it into WordPress first, and then putting it into WordPress. And then it works the way I expect it to work, which is wonderful, instead of me using this thing. And then of course what happens is you put in the slider just the way it is built into Infold, and what does your client do? They say, you know, would you, you think it'd be possible to add a little arrow at the bottom, or maybe, I saw this other slider on this other website. Can we use that slider instead? And I don't really like the way that the three boxes work. Can we put a picture up on top of them instead? You're like, no, I can't, because this is what I'm dealing with. And I know you guys can't see that code, but this is the actual Infold index page code that's there. And if you look at this thing, it's got filters for, oh, I don't even know what this stuff is. The aviabilder l, no sibling paginate, ah! And to go figure out where to change that in the code is really complicated. So me being somebody who feels as though you should develop all of your themes from scratch. And once again, I go back to me being an educator. And the reason I say that is because I have a real problem with people using themes, not because you cannot do amazingly beautiful websites with themes, but I'm an educator and I feel like you've got to learn how to do it yourself. And then you can go evaluate whether or not a theme is the right choice. But being able to do it yourself is kind of like my mission, and of course my mission in classes.  However, here's the problem for us, and that is there is a shift for us as designers. It used to be that you are a front-end designer, right? You're no longer a front-end designer. You're now a front-end developer, which means that you have to do a little bit of code. You don't have to be amazing. You don't have to be like your friend Laurel, is that? Laurel is the coder and then Nick is a designer. They were just talking about it. And if you were at the status-forward presentation that was before this, this presentation is a perfect follow-up to that particular one, because we're going to kind of look at some of the building blocks of WordPress. But nowadays we see this amalgamation of the two roles, of developer and designer, and they call it a front-end developer. And so the thing is you can get scared when you go, oh my gosh, I have to learn code. I'll be the first one to tell you. I know about three PHP tags. Echo or no, PHP info. That's about all I know. And Echo is some code. Other than that, I copy and paste code that I find online and I modify it as I need. And then I've kind of built a little library of things that I do over and over. And I go, wow, if that works once, I probably can make it work another time. So let's first look at what is the difference between a template versus a theme. If you look at WordPress, you really don't need that much to actually make a fully functioning content management system. This is all you need. These three files over here, index, screenshot, and style CSS. In fact, you only need two of those files. If you look at a theme, it's a collection of a whole bunch of files and we'll talk about what those files do in a minute. So your simplest template requires three files total. It requires two files, but the screenshot is just so that it comes up and you can see something visual that shows you what theme that you've chosen. That's really not too complicated. The first file you need is the style CSS file. Now, we typically, as designers, don't go in and put a whole bunch of comments in our CSS, but this is one thing that WordPress requires. At the top of your CSS file, this is your style.css file, you have some information that describes what this theme is, including what the name of the theme is, description, author, and actually the only thing you actually have to have is the name of the theme because it needs to know which theme is currently the one that's being used that's installed and it uses the name that's up there to be able to show you that in WordPress. You don't actually have to have the name match the folder, which is pretty good. Some other content management systems, if you had the name not match the folder name, then everything would break and it wouldn't install. But you have to have this information at the top of the CSS file in order to install that theme. So that's the first thing. The next thing that we need is a simple HTML template with a few little PHP tags here. Now you guys probably recognize this, right? Everybody here knows basic HTML, hopefully. Okay. So at the top of the page, we have the document, our head section, and then we have our body section, we have an article, we have our navigation. Now, all we have to do is add in a few little template tags for WordPress and we have a fully functioning content management system. The first one we have is WP head. And what that does is say, let's load all the stuff that WordPress says that we're required to load in the head section of our document. The next thing we have is loading our style sheet. Now, you don't actually have to load your style sheet, but it sure does look more attractive when you actually have some styles to your website, of course. So that's the next thing. The next thing after that would be this, a menu. And we're doing just the simplest tag there, WP menu, nav menu. And it says load a dynamically generated menu. That way it's not static, but it changes as we change things in WordPress. The next thing we have is what's called the loop. Is everybody familiar with the loop? Okay, we'll talk more about it. But understanding the loop is very, very important. And then the last thing is the WP footer. With this code right here, we can have a fully functioning content management system in WordPress. Does that seem too complicated? Not really. How many people have done WordPress websites without like blogs and all that kind of stuff? And without commenting, then this right here will do just fine. It doesn't have any comments. It doesn't have blog posts. Well, you can have blog posts, but it doesn't have to have them. Now it has very little other things added, but we'll look at some of those building blocks as we go forward. So once again, this is all we have. We have WP head at the top. We have our style sheet. We have a menu. We have the page content that's done through a loop. And we have the footer. And the footer, by the way, is required because sometimes JavaScript, especially when you use plugins, plugins will use both the header and the footer. And they'll inject some things at the top, like CSS at the top, and then they'll inject some JavaScript, jQuery or something like that at the bottom. For example, WordPress uses it when you log in and you have the admin menu when you guys see that big black menu at the top. If you don't have that WP footer, then that can't load. So it's very important that you have those on the two sides. So we have required code, style sheets, navigation, content, and then the required code at the bottom. That's pretty much it. Now that doesn't take you too far because you start to look at trying to make fancier projects where you have post pages, and you have a static page, and then you have a page for something else, and you want a page for just when you come to a particular type of post like the news post, and so we get into what's called the template hierarchy. And the template hierarchy is why we have all these different pages. That's why we have all these files in a theme because each of these themes uses or each of these files are used by the template hierarchy, the theme hierarchy to determine which page or file is loading when it's required. So the first thing is understanding that a lot of these things have all these multiple pages or multiple files and that each file sometimes has only a very small part. For example, the header.php will have just the stuff that goes into the head, and the footer will have only the stuff that goes into the footer. And typically those are going to be the same for pretty much every page of the entire website, right? So every page that uses those will be the same so if you want to change something in the header it changes for the entire website. This is a wonderful, you know, method of working. It reduces duplicate code and all sorts of stuff. There's a fancy term for it which is I shouldn't know. I want to say encapsulation that's not really the right term for those of you who are real programmers. Huh? Yeah, what's the right term for having code only one time? Don't repeat. Okay, that sounds good to me. Dry. So it's the dry method. Okay, so some of these other files in here like comments or archive 404. Let's see. These are going to be used at certain times depending upon the template hierarchy. Now, if you look at the documentation it says this is how you should include files especially the header, the sidebar, and the footer. I'm going to tell you that's not the right way to do it and the reason why is this amazing plug-in called what the file. If you are starting to get into WordPress theme development it's difficult to figure out which files being used at the right time until you've kind of learned the hierarchy and even after you've been doing it you add one other file and you're like, whoa, what's it doing now? It's kind of cool. This right here, this plug-in really does help you figure out that stuff and it requires, and here's what it does basically, this is from last year and you can see what the file in the top right and what it's showing me is that I'm on my custom page and it's showing me all the different template parts that are loaded into this. Then I can go to that one individual piece and all I have to do is click on sidebar.php and it will automatically open that particular file in the editor so that I can make the change I need. So what the file requires get template part instead of get header, get footer. So just one little tiny thing. Now these are some of the different types of files that you might see in the theme. Front page, home page, page about, page our mission, single, single news, archive and finally get down the index. Do you guys know about the template hierarchy? You guys heard about this? So this is one of the big fundamental things about how WordPress works because what happens is as soon as you go to load a WordPress page it says, what kind of page are you on? And if you're on the front page and it finds a file called frontpage.php then it will use that page to load the website. It will look at what the structure of that particular PHP file is. If that file does not exist then it will go to the next page that it would use, in this case index. Now if you were going to come in and you were using a series of posts and your posts were called news that could also be an ID, an ID would be five. Let's say that we had one called category and the slug right here was if we had category-news and I went to a page that was news posts then it would use that file. But if that didn't exist and it did have something called category-five because ID of the post was five, if this makes sense, then it would use that. But if it didn't have that and it had a page just called category then it would use that. And if it didn't have that then it would use one called archive and if it didn't have that then it would use index. Now you can see this gets a little complicated, right? But you don't really have to use all these. You can use maybe ten files, eight to ten files pretty much in any theme that I've ever built because they really don't have to use. You don't have to have fifty files to be able to have a very successful and complicated custom theme. So the new documentation, if you look at it, is actually a little bit more complicated. But what I love about this graphic and the reason I have the other one is that you can't really read this one from where you are at all. What I love about this graphic is that it does show you, there, it does show you a little bit more about all the different pages that would default to this page if those other pages didn't exist. So the information graphics side of it is a little bit more accurate. So once again, you can create a very successful content management based website using one file, index.php. All the other files that are here are all if you need to use them. They're not required. That's the beauty of this system. It only uses the file while it exists. And if it doesn't exist, then it uses whatever would be the other hierarchy or actually lower hierarchy file. So once again, this is the front page. That would be the home page of the website. Home would be the main posts page. Page would be any page that you've created like an actual page versus post, which we'll talk about in a second. Then what if you had a page called about or a page called our missions. And by the way, if you have two words that are a page name, then it just puts a dash in between it. So I just wanted to show that. Then we have single for a single post like you want to go to one news item. And then we have archive and we have this, the custom page name, because I wanted to have one place where I created just a custom template. Custom templates are extremely easy. You just create any file like any other file in the CMS and you just put this little tiny tag at the top and you give it a template name. Once you've done that, the WordPress will automatically detect it. And then when you go into a page editor, you'll see the properties over there that say would you like to choose a template. And that template name will show up only because you defined it at the top of the page. It's really very easy to do. And then you can use that particular template for any page and it will override anything else that it would have automatically chosen. So we're going to get into some of the common functions that you'll see as you start to develop WordPress themes. We are not going to get into many of them because there's just too many to cover, of course. But it's all about recognizing what they are and kind of what they do and we'll kind of give you a hint about that. So one of the most common that you're going to see is this. It's called blog info. Do you guys know what this is called? What that would be called in WordPress? Is it a function? Is it a hook? Yeah, so that's a good question too because if we know what to call it, then we know how to look for it, right? So it's really called a hook and we'll talk about that in a second. But even looking at this, this is just a simple head section of a website. We'll notice that we have blog info character set. And so how many of you do PHP? Basics of PHP. So the others of you need to learn a little PHP but it's not too difficult because if we look at this right here, this is a PHP function or a hook in WordPress and right here in the middle, you can put what's called an argument which says, well, I want a name but am I talking about the first name or the last name or the middle name? So I could say I want name first name and I'd put it in the middle there. So with this blog info, I can do blog info character set. I can do blog info name and that's the name of the website as it's been put in WordPress. And then I can do this, blog info style sheet URL and then another one is blog info template URL. And all these things are automatically generated by WordPress. You just have to know, hey, I need to find out what the URL of this theme is and so blog info is one of those that you'll find yourself going to all the time because it's so incredibly useful. Another thing that you'll have to do is use navigation and there are two main ways to do navigation, a nav menu and list pages. So the first one, the WP nav menu can be just like it is. Have you guys all used menus where you create a menu yourself in WordPress and you do it over on the left-hand side and you can add pages and re-sort them however you want, right? So that's what nav menu uses. In fact, you know that you can create multiple menus, right? And so right here you can just say I'd like to use the menu main nav versus footer nav or side nav or whatever else, what other menu you've created. Now you can even output that menu in a certain way like I can output the submenu with sorting it using the menu order or maybe I could sort it alphabetically or however I want to sort it. Of course, if you sort it differently than you see it when you create it that could be a little confusing. I probably not tell you to output your menu in a different order than the order that you've created it. But then you can also output the container class for CSS and I could say I want to use the subnav and I want to have a class around it so it says submenu so that I'm actually able to make it output the way I want it to. So the WP nav menu uses the menus that you've set up in the sidebar in WordPress. The other one that you have is WP list pages and this one is all about you creating pages and it doesn't matter if you've created a menu for them because it'll just go through and find all the pages that you've created and then output them the way that you want and you can output them with the sort using the menu order and the depth is one which basically says do all of them and then the list title or the title li here says nothing. I'm not going to go into what they are just going to say that what you're doing is you're taking this core function called list pages and then you're able to add options to it which are called arguments and that's really important when you're getting into WordPress because this is where all the magic happens it's you making decisions about what tag you want to use and then how you want to alter how it works by default. So the other one that you would use for navigation quite a lot is this the permalink and the permalink is really essential if you have like a post that you want to be able to link to where that post is and that permalink is what travels with every single piece of content that you create whether it's a post or a page they all have a permalink that goes directly to that page or to that post so that's another navigation element that's three tags total that you have to be able to use to be able to navigate to any page on your website that's not too complicated right? Now things get a little bit more interesting when you get into this file called the functions.php file because if you want to do anything fancier beyond like the simple template which has the navigation and the page content like you want to be able to have widgets or featured images which you guys have heard of I'm sure then you have to get into using this file it doesn't have to be complicated but it has to be there so the functions.php file helps you do things like enabling and creating widgets enabling and creating post thumbnails altering the default WordPress hooks functions like that blog info or get excerpt creating custom functions and more which we're not even going to talk about so the official term for what these things are called are called hooks hooks are that thing like blog info that's a hook that I guess that they gave it a fun title so you can kind of I guess even with CSS they're called hooks too the official title for when you have class equals header that's actually called a hook officially so hooks and WordPress come in two different types actions and filters so we have an action called get excerpt and then we're able to change the way that excerpt works by creating a function and the filters allow me to do things like change the length of that excerpt from 150 to 200 and modify how that particular hook works this is something that takes a little bit of getting used to in WordPress but it can be pretty cool the next thing we have are widgets and widgets are so that we can create our little sidebar items so here's got the widgets and this is how you might see them used here's a sidebar and a footer social and then these are the available widgets you guys know that when you do a lot of plugins they create widgets that you can use well you can't use them at all in your theme until you put this code into your functions php file and that says register sidebars why they call it sidebars here and they call it widgets somewhere else I don't really understand but just realize that sidebars are widgets now you have to have this that says let's create sidebars but it doesn't tell you how many sidebars you have and what those sidebars are called so in order to do that we would actually have to register the sidebars and give them names for example this one says I'm going to do sidebar main, sidebar extra and this is really cool this one says I'm going to do a module and I'm going to do two of them so we do module one and two because it creates it twice kind of cool now you can also do more where you register a sidebar and you give it a name and you actually change the output of that sidebar as well like whether or not it might have a class before it or a title a lot of times when you use widgets they use h3s as titles is that correct and this you can change to an h4 if you prefer h4 so kind of cool once you've got those created then to use them in your template all you have to do is say if the function exists use a dynamic sidebar or if you really want to one on I output an individual sidebar or an individual widget and anything that I've put into that widget in WordPress will then be output through my theme once I've done that so once again I have to create the widget in my functions file then I can use it in my template file make sense so if you don't want to go through and do all the code yourself I did find this awesome website it's called generatewp and this is one of the best resources you can find what this allows you to do is generate a whole bunch of different things like sidebars I'm not really sure what happened to the sidebar there it is, sidebar generator so I can go to the sidebar generator I can choose what I want to name my sidebars how I want to output this stuff and then I can update the code and it will give me the code to just copy and paste I don't have to go into the functions file and start typing things away it's a lot easier when you use a tool like this because it can get a little complicated but it's not so complicated when you use a tool like this to output the code for you the next thing we have to use are post thumbnails everybody loves using featured images right featured images are one of the foundational awesome things about WordPress and so in order to enable featured images like the one that we have over here on the right hand side we have to have the support for those added into WordPress so in the functions file we add theme support post thumbnails once we do that the featured image box magically appears and we can start to use it it's awesome but we can also do more in there for example we can set custom post thumbnail sizes or we can even create new custom post thumbnails so we can create a banner image that is a particular size I want it to be 1280 by 600 images and you see that little true there's not true or false the true says I want it to crop it automatically so for example if somebody gave me an image that was 1200 pixels by 1000 pixels wide or tall it would just cut off 200 pixels from the top and 200 pixels from the bottom so that it was 600 pixels in the middle which is great and there's a plugin which you should know about I should have mentioned it but right down here it's called post thumbnail editor that will actually allow you to go in and after WordPress automatically generates all those post thumbnails you can then go in and re crop it if you want which is super super cool so to use the featured images not too difficult we have the post thumbnail now we can modify that we can say if it has the post thumbnail use it if it doesn't, don't output anything and then we can also get a particular size that we've created in our theme as well which is awesome this way you can have a background image that's large a featured image that's small you can have maybe on the home page you have a banner image which is using the exact same featured image but just a different size of it so WordPress will create 10 different sizes for you for every image if you ask it to which is incredible you just want to make sure that you create the sizes before you input your images because if you haven't created the sizes before you upload your images it doesn't know to create the different sizes you can generate them after the fact here's another bit of code this one says if it has a post thumbnail show it if not show a placeholder image because you wouldn't want to have a design that's dependent upon a nice image and then not upload one you want something that's a fallback so that if that image doesn't exist you at least have something there that looks nice and then here's a short way of doing that as well now that's a lot of code because you can find that code online 100 different places you just have to know to look for it plus you'll have it in this presentation after the next thing you have is the loop now some of you said you know the loop which means some of you don't know the loop but the loop is one of the foundation things about WordPress you guys know that it's primarily or at least it was primarily a blogging tool right and so blogs are meant you create a blog and then you create another blog so all of a sudden you have three or four or five or a hundred blogs and you have to be able to find all of them so you have to do what's called a loop which says I want to find all of the posts that are blogs or all of the posts that are news and I want to show all of them and for each one I'd like to show the featured image and the title and an excerpt of the text you have a link to the permalink of that particular blog post and so WordPress looks at the database and it says oh this is easy I found all the stuff that matches this criteria of news items and let me output them all for you so I use posts for everything this one is for recent news this one are for the people that work at this particular business these are the people that work there so your basic loop without anything else is this if have posts while have posts get the post and then you echo the content of that post and then you say end while and that is while you have the post and end if because you had a beginning if statement you'll find this code everywhere online that you look for how to do the loop you probably won't find it this simplified you'll find it with all the fancy bells and whistles in there once you have run a loop then what you have to do is say I need to stop that data because I'd like to run something else now and so you need to reset the loop or reset the query or reset the post data something the one that most people use I think is reset post data so here's two ways that you might look at the post get post and WP query because we need to now sort our posts so we get the types of posts that we want because we just can't just do a general if have post get the post because I want to know if I'll have news items or people that I'm looking for so we have get post and WP query to do this so the first one get posts says I want to look for post for page 2 the category name will be news and what it does is it just finds the news items that I want and only does two posts for page and then it allows me to do my loop with just that information what's called a filter now this one has a for each loop in here not going to talk about the difference between for each and the next one which is while because they're essentially the same thing I just wanted to show an example of what you'd see this one is using WP query and it says let's do a WP query using category name news post page it's exactly the same thing the only difference is that I'm using a WP query here and the other one I'm using get posts which are two different hooks which one do you use honestly it doesn't really matter however the one that you see most people talking about is WP query because it seems to be the most popular as well as the most powerful of the different types of ways to filter posts now you can also generate all these things automatically once again using that generate WP if you want to be able to use posts or pages or types or taxonomies or authors or I want to find all the posts that are written by a particular author then you can use this to write the code for you you don't have that complicated query yourself it's actually pretty easy when you use this now we can't get into posts too far without talking about custom posts and taxonomies because this is one of the other things that makes WordPress so cool and until they put all these features in here you know it was still just a blogging tool now we have this powerful information organizing database that it can do and so Nick was talking about this earlier today right about you use custom posts and everything right Laurel uses them you design it but Laurel uses custom posts in pretty much all websites that they create because that's what that's the way clients think they think about their content they think about their menu and they say we have a menu and we have appetizers and then we have main dishes then we have desserts and so they can match the way that the organization of the website and WordPress is organized to match the hierarchy of information that that client has so for example with this one they have locations people, knowledge base and portfolio that they need to have in here so I can create a post type in my functions that says I want to register a post type called people and I want to call all of them persons and I want to have a singular one called person so now when I go back to use it I can say I want to find a post type called people and just output all those people that way I can customize my loop to just use that custom post type and the only difference is adding post type equals people instead of what was it post category or category name equals something. You guessed it generate WP allows you to create these custom post types now it can get a little complicated when you look at the code so I even suggest using a plugin for this a custom post type UI is really really quite good I've used it a number of different times and it simplifies this process here's what it might look like being used. This is a client of mine and they have projects and here you can see all of their different projects so that they can see the information the way I need them to see it. For example they can see what the title of the project is the featured image of the project what date they added it the type of project who the architect was where the location is. That way it's very easy for them to look at it and understand what that information is instead of me using WordPress just out of the box or using some sort of a commercial theme that I have to brute force make work the way I want it to. This way I customize the information for their needs which makes it a lot easier for them to be able to edit the website and a lot easier for me to be able to get it designed the way I want it to be. So one of the ways that I do this is custom fields and it's with custom post types and custom fields that I think the biggest magic happens. Custom fields is actually the bottom of every page and post that you go to you might not have even noticed it was there but you can create custom and I'm sorry these are a little bit light here but you can create a custom field like custom image sample jpeg ipsumurl ipsum.com and the associated presentation ID I was looking at using a HTML5 presentation tool and so it generated that custom field for me. Now the problem with custom fields is that it's just text and sometimes you need to be able to show the client no I need to fill in this text I need to fill in the first name the last name the location their email address their phone number what title you want to call them what their main image is going to be what their qualifications are all sorts of information so I'm actually going to skip forward just a little bit because Nick and Laura were talking about this earlier which is called advanced custom fields best plugin in the world it is absolutely amazing what it does because it allows you to create an extremely powerful way to create custom fields for your clients on a page so here's the way it might look here's where you go into edit one of those projects I was talking about earlier they have the project title the project type locations project description and it keeps on going down the page and they fill in all the little blocks of information and it even has the featured image now in order to use those what you want to do is get the post metadata that's what it's called this get post meta is one of those other WordPress hooks and then I'm adding the argument where I say I want it to get the message well this is kind of funky code I don't like that code so I've often created a or use a simple function to be able to simplify that so that all I have to do is say get the custom field message it's just a lot easier than get the ID and all that kind of stuff but it's a simple code to put in there now if you are using the ACF the advanced custom fields it makes it even easier because it says get field message and that's it it's extremely simple to use custom fields but it's an incredibly powerful and to me with custom post types and custom fields you can pretty much create just about any database structure for any client you would ever need it's amazing what it can do another building block are short codes anybody use short codes what do you think of them they're awesome but are they also a pain have you ever given them to a client and what does the client do the client goes because it looks like code to them so even though short codes exist I kind of avoid them there are short codes are already kind of built into WordPress for like some of the typical things like embedding a YouTube video or a blip TV video or Ustream a lot of them are embed type things but you can create your own there are two basic types there's enclosing and self-closing enclosing means you have a tag at the beginning and you have a tag at the end self-closing means that you have one tag and then you just have the argument inside and then you close it with the bracket at the end now in order to use a short code or create your own short codes it's actually pretty simple in your functions file here you say I want to create a bold text short code and I'm going to return strong strong content and strong then when I want to use it all I have to do is put the little B in brackets in WordPress pretty cool can scare clients like you wouldn't believe and I promise you if you rely upon short code then you will probably find that they will mess up the site like menus menus are really really hard to do for a short code type thing I would actually put it in an editor that would be embedded into the page that the client couldn't even see because if they saw all these like code-ish type things they'd get confused and they want to see just content and that's why custom fields does that it shows them just content no other programming stuff so if you want to generate short codes with generatewp it's there as well so doing it yourself does this sound like it's going to be impossible? no it really isn't we haven't gone over all the different tags but who cares you'll learn those tags as you get to them what you have to have is a plan of attack and a method of working that allows you to minimize confusion so you got to know some HTML and CSS you have to know just a little bit of PHP just a little bit just to be able to recognize what's going on and you have to learn how WordPress works which we've talked about today what are posts what is the loop what are short codes if you don't know what those building blocks are you don't know how to put them in there how to put them into your theme go through the codecs of WordPress and you want to find all those little functions that you think you might want you can search online of course but copy in only one tag at a time just one at a time even into a blank page just to see what it outputs try not to go out and find all the other resources out there and just copy and mess a code you can go to something like this a cheat sheet which shows you all the individual little pieces without much other information or you can go find all the snippets that are out there the problem is with snippets is that you'll often feel like this you'll be trying to find a snippet to do a particular thing and you'll find a snippet that does that one particular thing and twelve other things and it might not be what you want and that's why when you're testing things out go and copy in one at a time that's it then get yourself some sort of editor I don't know if you guys know brackets but it's really quite good I'm just using it nowadays because it's a really powerful one but it also has a great little feature which is if I can get out of this thing it has the ability for me to add snippets oh of course this thing is there we go for example this is a great feature right here snippets manager and if you're using Dreamweaver or Sublime all of them have this kind of feature if you want to look for it but if I want to be able to add a certain piece of code I can actually add it just like that because it understands it then you can create snippets of code that you know what they are for example wp- what is this template directory or wp- loop and I can create these little pieces of code these snippets of code that I understand and then you can just use your library of code to inject the little template tags that you need instead of relying upon going to snippets online and trying to find every single time you do it the new code that you need how many people have done it that way come on we've all done it where you go straight to the web instead of using code that you've done before and you understand by building a little library of snippets and having them at your fingertips at any moment I promise you you will speed up your development time and you'll be able to add in new features as you go forward by developing fancier features now if you need more on WordPress about how to create themes and you want to walk through I have a whole series on YouTube there's 14 files or 14 videos and then I also have here which are the link to the files that are online as well and I'm going to share this presentation with you right here at the end so you can watch the videos and you have access to all the files with all the code in there that you could ever want that walks you through everything including child themes on the description which I didn't get to today because I went oh I don't think we're going to get to that I think this is probably enough so this is the link to the PDF that this presentation has and if you have any questions now is the time to ask any questions yeah well what I love about this thing again brackets is that this particular database actually creates it for me right here so all these little yellow tags are ones that I've created myself and if you want to know the truth I don't always practice what I preach because I have my snippets somewhere I usually use themes I've created before and I beg and borrow and steal from themes and I've created they were talking about Twitter Bootstrap earlier today I'm a foundation person I just like it so I've created like a starter theme in foundation that I install first and then I modify from there but I certainly after starting to play with this I'm like I really need to make these snippets so that I can speed up my development without having to always go back to that theme and it's just a matter of trying things out finding the things that work for you and if you looked at some of my first themes there's like three files in the entire theme I mean some of the websites that we create for smaller clients are really simple websites but they're simple and elegant not simple and and basic but it doesn't take that much code in WordPress to create a fully functioning and very effective website so that's something I want you to leave with for sure is that you don't have to have the complexity of frameworks to be able to have a very effective website oh yeah yeah please sure thing it is O 4 D N V M C and that's tiny url forward slash once again that's O numeral 4 D N V M C and those are all lowercase and so when you go to that basically it just loads up a box PDF and then you can go and grab all the different code that I've talked about today alright go out and make themes go out and make your own custom themes I promise you I promise you it's very rewarding when you get it done and you will find that you will never go back to commercial themes afterwards because you have so much more flexibility in what you can create when it comes to creating something for your clients that fits their mental model of their content that there's no turning back well if you use something like foundation there's it's easy foundation does it for you now this is CSS is not responsive or let's say that responsiveness is about design not about content and what we're really talking about is structure and content today not really about design frameworks like foundation and twitter bootstrap help you make responsive designs which are absolutely wonderful I can't tell you enough good things about foundation since I started using it I developed my own framework I'm like why did I do that after I learned foundation really well I'm like man this is so much easier and it's great it makes beautiful websites or it can help you make beautiful websites yes sir honestly there aren't that many and that's the thing if you stick to the basics you won't have too many problems I have websites that are 6-7 years old and they haven't had a single problem where they have problems are with plugins frameworks and plugins do not gel well together when they update from WordPress 3-4 and the plugins 2 years old that's when all bets are off and that's when websites need to be redesigned but since I started doing my own custom ones and using functions for post types instead of plugins and stuff I don't think I've ever had one ever crash so the only thing that ever has been a problem has been links to a CDN so any other questions if not I think we are at the end so thank you remember that all of these will be on our site afterwards so if you ever do see a slide that you'd like to read it you can go later and pull that up so


We can learn so much by just looking at some of these prairie soils. There's literally hundreds of thousands of organisms in this little chunk of soil creating a relationship with the plants to exchange nutrients from the plants, the nutrients in the soil. There's a lot of root systems that have been working in here for thousands of years, but look how this soil just crumbles apart like coffee grounds or chocolate cake. This is what I want to emulate in our crop ground.


But that only gives us detail by date of when things happened and we need more detail than that That's what we use the job sheets for the job sheets will give us detail by job So it's gonna break up this number by job for both work and process and finished goods depending on if the job is open Or closed completed or not completed and for each individual job. We'll then see how much of the Direct labor goes to it how much of the work in process and how much overhead is applied to each individual job So we'll get the detail of each individual job that we are working on and We'll also be able to sum up the jobs all the jobs that are not yet completed That should add up to what is on the trial balance under work and process or the balance sheet and all the jobs That have been completed but have not yet been shipped haven't gone out to the customers yet Should be if we sum up all those jobs the number that's on the balance sheet for finished Inventory that is not yet gone out has not been transferred yet to cost of good soul The content of any individual job cost sheet is usually going to tell us who the customer is We're gonna have the very important information of the job number That's how we're gonna track the jobs typically and we're gonna have any customer information on the job cost sheet And then it will break up the costs of the job and those costs will typically include Direct materials direct labor and overhead per job will sum those up that those will give us the total cost for the job The job cost sheet could look somewhat like an invoice. We might see in like a construction company or some type of service business It's not the same thing the job cost sheet is tracking the cost But we could use that cost information of course then to fill out and make an Invoice with it We might be very transparent in our invoice and say hey look this is how much it cost us and we have a markup That's gonna be typical for a construction type of company or possibly many customized projects where we actually say hey Here's how much the materials cost here's how much the overhead is here's how much labor cost And here's how much our markup is this is basically our profit margin and that could be one way to create the invoice So just it's important to keep those two things separate The job sheets are not the same as an invoice But the invoice may look similar because we may base our invoice in part on the items on the job sheet


We'll get started with Grand Rounds. So today for our first presentation, we're hearing from Dr. Harry. And Dr. Harry is, as you all know, works a lot with ultrasounds. Then lately, he's also been coming to the DA for about the past. We've gone on two years in July. We've gone on two years, yeah. And that's, for us as residents, been really nice to have a chance to work with Dr. Harry, especially the interns work with him. And I know that I think that's a huge advantage to us. We all really like working with Dr. Harry and really respect him. And today, we're going to be hearing about some of his work at a juvenile detention center. And then following Dr. Harry, we'll have a second presentation. I'll introduce the speaker at that point. So thanks very much. You know, we're very fortunate to belong to a very high-impact, time-intensive profession. You think about ophthalmology. You think of the time spent per patient, what we can achieve as far as helping patients see better. And I thought about this a lot lately. As I reflected on my career, I'm sort of in a transition year this year, I'm going from comprehensive practice into more just strictly ultrasound. And my last surgery day was a couple of weeks ago. And I sort of thought as I did my last case, my last surgery patient reflected back to 40 years ago when I was first training. And in these days, we had intracapsar surgery. So we'd bring the patient to the operating room. We'd give him retral bulbar, give him lid blocks. We'd make a big incision, 140-degree incision. Then we'd go with a cryoprobe, liquid nitrogen. We'd freeze the tip of the probe to the lens, kind of rotate it out. And before that, we would put alpha chymotrypsin in to soften the zonules up. And what a paradigm shift. We used to not like zonules. Now we love zonules. We treat them with tender-loving care. But in those days, those pesky zonules get rid of them so they could get the lens out.  I think my first case took an hour and a half. And finally, the next day after surgery, the patient looks like that. Afakik, I couldn't really see much because they didn't have a lens in the eye. After about three months, we'd put them in Afakik spectacles. So that was how I trained in surgery. And my last case two weeks ago was 20 minutes. You know, the next day, 20-20 vision on the eye chart. If I could get a time machine and transport a professor that I trained under at UCLA and have him sit there and look at that patient, he'd had no idea what we did. He'd say, this is magic. Like there's no stitches in the eye. The patient's saying, 20-20 on the eye chart. Well, how did you do this? What miracle had occurred? Well, along the way, there was a lot of things that had to occur to have that miracle happen. This was Kohler, back in the 1800s, who first got the idea about using cocaine anesthesia from a classmate named Sigmund Freud. And that revolutionized eye surgery rapidly. One of those things that just have a high impact. The world was ready for that. When he announced this, within about a year, it was widespread throughout the world. And that became the standard of care to numb the eye with cocaine drops instead of having to hold the patient down and have lightning fast surgery and almost couch the lens to get rid of it. So major innovation. Helmholtz ophthalmoscope, be able to see inside the eye, see pathology, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, all these things that we see now so easily couldn't be seen before that time. And of course, the innovators, the modern ones, we have Ridley with the intraocular lens. We have Kelman with Faco, which is standard of care now. Yet, they had to go through a lot to bring these things along. There was a lot of resistance, a lot of derision of them. When they first announced this, had to fight the establishment, but finally prevailed. And what we have now with our modern surgery and machimer with vitrectomy, I remember days at UCLA with diabetic retinoclinic. I used to dread that day because diabetics with hemorrhage, anything complication with hemorrhage inside the eye, we had nothing to do. Ridley, we couldn't get the blood out. There's no way to do it. So we'd say go to bed for a couple of months, keep your head down, don't move, try to get the blood to settle down. That was our approach to hemorrhage inside the eye. And that was just an easy 20 minute procedure with modern vitrectomy techniques that residents can do. So these innovations, these things that have occurred are so amazing in my career that I reflected back on that first case and last case of surgery. A lot of this translates too to underserved areas of the world. A lot of our modern technology parts of what we can take with us and do amazing things in countries that don't have access to care. We have Randy's vision to be able to see this and to create a department here of international outreach and community outreach. We have a boundless energy of Alan and Jeff who lead us in how to go and help people and do things that make such a difference. So we're very privileged to be able to be part of this and see this as part of the residency training program here to have residents have this experience to be able to be part of this and have that planted inside of them. Again, thinking back to my earlier days, this in fact was our residency program at UCLA at Jules Stein back in 1976. Randy was supposed to be there. He was, I guess, out that day, probably doing at a meeting or something, but anyway, this guy here, I did have hair then, more hair and less gray than I have now, but that was our program at UCLA, but it kind of planted the seed for me. They had an outreach program, both the mobile eye clinic that we used to go on and see local populations. And also as part of senior residence, we would go down to Tegucigopa Honduras, the big charity hospital called San Felipe in Tegucigopa and spend three or four months there as a senior residence and work at this big eye hospital. And it was quite an experience. I remember as I arrived in Tegucigopa that same night, the resident I replaced for the next rotation took me on a tour. He went to the hospital and we went in the ward and saw the eye patients. There were 20 beds of eye patients and I was taking notes that she was going through each patient, but there were 20 beds with their 40 patients because they had two patients per bed, one head at one end, one head at the other. That was our eye patient ward. And that was, I finally said, well, that's a lot of patients. I was writing out these notes. She says, that's the male ward. Let's go to the female ward. 20 more beds in the female ward with 40 more patients. So 80 eye patients in these beds. The next morning was eye clinic. I got there early. They were lined up down the block to get into the clinic. I spoke a little bit of Spanish, not much. And just these Roger patients just coming and coming and triaging and trying to decide who got surgery, who didn't, what to do with them. And the price of admission for surgery was a pair of glasses from a hardware store. Plus 10 lenses. They had to go buy a pair of plus 10 lenses for $4 or $5 and a bottle of eye drops. That was how they got into eye surgery. They didn't have that. They couldn't have the surgery, so that was required. And to many patients, that was probably a month's wages or more for them to have that. So anyway, under the International Eye Foundation, their auspices, we went down and did that as senior residents. And that experience of seeing these patients, and seeing what can be done even with those earlier techniques, the difference you could make with blind patients, kind of planted that seed in me that has persisted throughout my career. I've had the opportunity many times to go with different groups. I've gone with Orbis. I've gone with See International, LDS Charities, and been able to go to different parts of the world and do teaching, training, working with patients. So that kind of foundation has been laid as part of my residency training. And that's the neat thing about Moran Eye Center. That's a very strong emphasis as part of the program. And being able to have residents have that experience. And it's not just internationally. It's actually even more locally. We have that experience to be able to go here to the reservations. And there's a picture of Jeff here pulled from the internet. That's a very good likeness of Jeff, a very nice picture. And I saw Jeff in the hall yesterday and just asked about programs in general. My sense is that many ophthalmology programs probably do have outreach kinds of efforts. And Jeff, would you just maybe spend a second and just say what you told me about your paper that you've done on that? Yeah, yeah. So he did a survey of all ophthalmology residents. He's asking specifically about international involvement. And depending on whether they allowed it or not, whether they allowed two weeks or four weeks, whether they financially supported it and a number of other things, he came up with sort of a ranking with residency programs based kind of international outreach efforts or commitment. And Moran was actually not surprisingly the clear outlier. I mean the clear outlier on what for us is the good end. It's rare in academic programs to have an actual outreach division, I don't know if Michael Yake can comment on that or not. It's incredibly rare for that. Oftentimes, a residency may have a free clinic that a resident can go to or sometimes don't require it. But that typically is the end of the involvement. However, there's a massive move over the past 10 years. At least 50% of residency programs are now trying to offer some sort of international ophthalmology opportunity for a number of reasons. But one is, residents just want to do it, it's an interest and they're coming in asking, how can I do it, where can I go? And so it's definitely changing. Okay. Any rough idea? I want to point out too that part of our service we have Jeff Petty literally carrying patients from the doctor. Well, that's right.  Alan carries the heavy. And Randy, you missed this picture, but I had to show it to you that go back in your time machine here. Oops. There we go. Oops. Right here. No, you weren't in there. Somehow you were gone that day. That was our residency picture at Jules Steinback in 1976. Remember that? They had absent members and you weren't there. You were probably at a meeting or something. Probably planning the future. Anyway, so. Well, thanks, Jeff, for that. And I think that's, you know, a lot of residency programs are certainly aware of that and the impact you can have on residents. Again, local community. The Moran also is involved with the Fort Street Clinic. I think a lot of you have done that. The Malahe Clinic, kind of the working poor. These kinds of efforts to reach out locally and to help people have the Operation Site Day where we have free surgery several times a year and many people involved in that. So a lot of opportunities to serve. And I know even in general practice, I know sometimes young ophthalmologists say first art practice is kind of hard to take off on these trips. You know, you got to kind of build a practice. You have a young family to take the time. But the neat thing about our specialty is you can do things just on a daily basis in your office. I mean patients with that insurance, you know, that you can help. The Academy of Ophthalmology has the I Care America program. You sign up for that and you commit to a certain number of patients per year that you'll see that can't pay. Health Access, Assault Lake County Medical Society has a program similar to that where you agree to see certain patients per year. So just many opportunities for us to do that. And that's the neat thing about our specialty. We can do that almost on a daily basis and be able to have this opportunity to help and to be part of that. Well, this leads up to what I'm talking about today. This is Assault Lake County Youth Attention Center. This is about 9th West and 34th South. It's down by the right across in the gel. This is for young people kind of 12 to 18 years old if they're committed a crime and they're picked up. This is where they're taken immediately. So if you're reading the paper about somebody that was involved in a crime, they're often not named because of laws about juveniles, but they're taken to this facility and they're placed there. And this is kind of a triage holding facility that I've been involved with for a number of years. It's actually through a church assignment that we were actually called on there initially to help these kids with kind of spiritual principles and life skill things. But while being there, I realized how many of these kids can't see very well. As I taught classes, I would see them squinting and they couldn't read the words on the board. So I kind of got the idea to maybe do some visual screening while I was down there and just kind of set a program to do that. Just a bit about the detention center. This provides again short term lockdown for kids. So they're picked up for a crime they're taken there night or day anytime of the day. And they're placed into a holding facility. And they have eight different units. They have six boys units and two girls units. And each unit has a number of rooms inside with secure doors. And it's a triple lockdown facility. As you go in the front, you go through the three lockdown facility and there's a control tower to kind of direct all that traffic. But these kids is a typical room that the kids are in very stripped down, very basic. And they have to watch these kids. There's sometimes suicide attempts and other self harm things. They have to kind of really keep a close eye on them. The statewide admission guidelines are what are the reason the kids are sent there. A juvenile judge has the ability to sentence a kid to go there or to stay there for a certain length of time. And these are offenses these kids commit. So it's a much more than just shoplifting or smoking a joint. These are major crimes. And these kids are just amazing sometimes to look at these kids. They seem so innocent, so young, one on one, but yet there's some pretty terrible crimes that are committed. And so often just poor choices, kids that are impulsive and very bad home situations and the reasons for this, but still there's some pretty serious stuff going on out there. And these kids are sent here for these reasons. They are entitled to hearings. When they're first placed there, they have within 40 hours, they have to have a hearing. There's kind of a room with a closed circuit television that juvenile court judge can actually see the kids without having to come to court when they first get there to determine how severe the crime was, what the deposition is gonna be, if they're gonna stay there for a while, they're gonna go to another program, go to long-term lockdown, different things. This is Judge Valdez, one of the famous juvenile court justices that just retired a year or so ago. And he has quite a history. He himself as a child grew up in kind of a poor area in the city and sold newspapers, ran around, got close to gang activity, but he turned it around. He had a mentor that sort of singled him out and started working with him, taught him how to play tennis, taught him how to work in school. He actually got a tennis scholarship to the U and went to law school to U on a tennis scholarship. So, and he's became a juvenile court judge. So he can relate to these kids and empathize with them and counsel them and advise them about things to do to help them improve their lives. Some kids aren't placed in this facility for different reasons. If they're runaways or truancy issues, things like that, they're placed in other facilities. They have foster care. They have group homes. They have proctor homes and other things that these kids could be put in that don't require a lockdown. There was a story in the paper recently about an eight-year-old boy that was dropped off at a hospital just by the mother because she couldn't handle him. So she just kind of dumped him there in the front door of the hospital. They didn't know what to do with him. They liked to place him in, I think, a proctor home, but there are facilities that kids can go to that don't require being locked down in this facility. They can also be confined to home confinement and they monitored there, again, feeling that the level of danger to themselves and to society. Well, while I was there, I just sort of out of curiosity wondered about the number of kids here versus outside detention that had refractive errors. Again, I've seen these kids. We began this program of screening kids. We have an auto-refractor, a handheld auto-refractor that we go around and check their eyes with and we have different powers of glasses. I used to try to order glasses and get into the kids, but these kids were so transient that they'd come and go so fast. The time I got the glasses made and went back, they were gone somewhere and I couldn't track them down. So I just go to zinni.com. I'm their best customer and I order many glasses a month, different powers, different strengths. I just take those with me. I have a little box of the glasses. I pull them around and right there on the spot, we can fit glasses on these kids. So that's worked the best. Some kids that we can't fit, we do try to get glasses for other sources, but it is a problem with their transiency. So worldwide, refractive error is actually the largest cause of visual impairment in the world. We always think of cataracts, glaucoma, the more dramatic things, but actually simple refractive errors really are a major cause of disability and many countries can't really afford glasses. Estimating almost a billion people don't have access to corrective lens as something as simple as a pair of readers to be able to read after you're Presbyopic. Visual disorders are the fourth most common disability of children and the leading cause of handicapping conditions in childhood. So it's a really big problem among kids. Again, we think of third world thing of developing countries, but right here in Salt Lake City, we have kids that don't have access to glasses that could really be helped by them. As I looked different studies, the numbers around 20% or so in different countries, more developed countries, you get more remote areas, you get higher instances, India as high as 50%, Asia probably that is higher, higher. United States studies showed around 15% by the end of grade school that need glasses for myopia. So the study that we did, we looked at over two years, about 1,600 kids that were screened, and we gave glasses to 569 of these kids and referred 22 of them for problems such as amblyopia or other problems that couldn't be corrected by glasses. One of our texts from the Moran that helps me out, we have about six of them rotate on every week and go with me and help screen these kids. So we simply checked their vision on an eye chart. We have charts in each unit and have them read the eye chart. And just based on that, we sort of do an initial triage screening that they can't see better than 2040 will then auto-refract them and then determine the refractive error from that. If they're 24 year better than we usually don't unless there's some major problem that they can't see. And I compare this to a junior high school population. I got some numbers from the PTA that does a lot of the screening for kids in junior highs. I tried to get a kind of a comparable population and determined from that that almost 400 refractive errors had enough to require glasses for us or about 22% of these kids. So if you compare the numbers in the DDT population, 34% need glasses or refractive errors enough to merit getting glasses compared to the junior high school population, about half, just almost half that. So a very significant P value and odd ratio, obviously very different in these two populations. So my texts again that go around with me, you probably work with some of these, Marcella and Riley and Marissa and Elizabeth that are helping me out. So very faithful in doing that. And every week they just take turns coming and make the rounds with me and see these kids and give glasses to them. Types of refractive error. We saw a lot of variation. Anisotropy, astigmatism, again, these require special glasses. We have to special order. So that's always kind of a challenge but we do the best we can. But these are glasses that we give. We can give to kids right on the spot. And amazingly I've had kids as high as minus nine, minus eight that never had glasses or contacts. Imagine a 16 year old, just how does that happen? Well often it's dads in prison, moms under rugs, brothers in a gang, they're foster cares, homeless, bounced around, they just don't get, they just fall through the cracks in the social net. So right here in Salt Lake City, we got this kind of a problem. We got minus nine, how blind can that be? That's worse than sometimes a dense cataract. So anyway it shows around us everywhere there's a chance to help and to serve, to use our skills and knowledge to be able to help people. And again the auto refractive, we just use this Nikon unit that works quite well to be able to determine refractive errors. Also just as a side interest, I kind of wondered the correlation between visual acuity on the eye chart and refractive error. Does a minus one always mean 2040? Does it mean 2050? What actually does it mean? And there actually there's quite a spread. I just kind of get a little graph of this just to show there's a lot of variants. The 2040 can be minus one, minus 125, even up to 2050. So there's a lot of up and down. So one person's minus one could be 2040 and other person's could be minus 150. So it's funny how the visual system is not just the eyes and the refractive error, it's other perception issues that make your vision worse or better than it really is. It's pretty obvious this isn't rocket science but when kids don't see very well they don't do very well in school. I think that's part of the problem in this population that there are a lot of challenges for them of course. They have a lot going against them with their home situations, but school performance, I always ask about that as I give glasses. I say, okay, now we're gonna give glasses to you. What are you gonna do? What are you gonna pay back for the glasses? And they say, well, try to do better. I say, well, do better in what? I always stress school. I say, what grade are you in? What grade in school? Well, I think eighth grade I'm not sure because a lot of them don't go to school. You know, they haven't gone for a while. The DT does try to provide that. They actually have a school during the day. They have school teachers from the district that come in and arrive school. But a lot of these kids are transient again. They're there for a short time and they go somewhere else. So school is really tough for these kids. But if they can do better, I stress that, that your one key to the future is to do better in school and try to focus on school. And these glasses will help you do that. And they really, they understand that. They can see better. They appreciate that. And I challenge them to use those glasses to try to do better and make better choices. So hopefully it sticks. And it's hard to get follow up. We don't have the resources to really follow these kids. I'm guessing about maybe 80% do keep their glasses and do use them and take care of them. But about 20% probably don't. They just kind of a transient thing with them and they don't take care of them. So again, Helen Keller, I started with a quote from her and I like this quote, although the world is full of suffering, it's also full of the overcoming of it. And again, we have this unique privilege of being ophthalmologists. It's incredible, especially. That's what the impact we can have just from a simple pair of glasses to advanced surgery, vitrectomy or cataract surgery, being able to help. All of us probably have friends that want to help. They say, can I go and campaign with you? Can I do this? But we say, oh, I'm sorry, we can't. You really need special skills to do this. The things that we do really can't translate to the general lay population. They want to help. They just don't see a way to do that. But we have that unique gift. So I'm just very appreciative of that. Again, this part of my career, I'm sort of phasing out that part of it, being able to look back and see the changes that have occurred, the progress, the innovations of pioneers that have laid the ground for us. So anyway, it's just a humbling, very appreciative sense that I have of what I've been able to do. So anyway, thank you for that privilege. I've asked a few residents to at least send a thing out about any residents that have had experience in an outreach program to share just a brief experience or how it impacted them. Anybody have a chance to think about that? And Julia, personally for you for the future, has that done anything for you? Has that impacted you? Great, thank you. Anybody else? Yeah. It's interesting as you talk about this problem with not wearing glasses. The other side that I personally couldn't relate is the stigma sometimes associated with glasses. So before I lasked, a lot of you remember me, Roger, when I had to put on these glasses, I was quite excited. And in high school, I always had a reputation to go door key, they made me look door key. So I go around without glasses and I know I was legally blind. The sense related to people is that you were so stuck up in high school because you wouldn't walk by and wave. I didn't wave, I didn't know who the heck I was saying. Right. So it is interesting that we may provide them, but I can think of a fair number I know who wouldn't wear them just because they don't look good. We gotta think about that. If they're not using them, then they're still essentially legally blind at what they're doing and where they are. And then the other one is that there's some interesting new work that just come along about the incredible increase of my organization, which is considered part of people so involved in not being outside and outdoors and so involved in video gaming and smartphones and the rest and some evidence that we're about ready to see a tsunami change both of my own people, particularly pathological ones. So both of you were just training, I think you're gonna see all of them when we did. And even to the point now where they're starting to recommend the kids at least should go outside for one hour and try to get them outside for one hour a day because that seems to correlate, but there's a big body of information on this. Just sitting on the video game all the time and the societies that have done that where there are some groups now where they're, myopia rate by the age of 50 is getting up to 80%. Asian populations especially in them. Yeah. And that's what it correlates with. Now atropine I know at one point, actually you did a paper on that years ago, I think you did with one of the local doctors here about atropine, does that anything come with that? So the latest is a study that came out of Singapore and actually the first serious long-term longitudinal study looking at myopia prevention with atropine is a paper that we published with an ophthalmologist up out of Ogden that came out of here, oh my gosh, 25 years ago. And the latest is that you can avoid a lot of the side effects by going down to a dose of 201% atropine and yet still have some prevention of the axially elongation. And there's debate about whether or not that should be a routine that if you're showing a myopia of progression or coming on an early age and the kid should be routinely put on that and that's a big battle inside the field. But I wouldn't, the data looks pretty good. I wouldn't be surprised if we're gonna start actually that's if they're showing that myopia of progression is coming on early and that there's gonna be a product out that is gonna be a very low dose atropine once a day for those people. So it's pretty good study, but it's a Singapore just I don't know, it did find a comment in the current but it just was a recent one in which they showed you could get a lot of the effect with not many of the side effects of that very low dose. Right. You think the Asian populations with such a high incidence might, that might be a major thing that they consider doing too. But they have societies there in which people were largely looking at distance where a lot of people were illiterate, not messed up reading in which none of them are nearsighted and then their kids who all have smartphones and the rest is some of the rural areas in China and 90% of the breeds of myopia. Right, right. So clearly the correlation is very strong. Genetic predisposition obviously varies from place to place but the feeling is is that this idea that you don't go outside and you video game all the time is just really starting to become a pretty important player in after threats of the world and we're just beginning to see a type of huge change into this problem where it's gonna become predominant. So many people are in a very immediate position. Exactly, yep. You can get that by being through lighters or other low-priced devices, the lighters they're aware of. So the low dose, you can get real low concentration. There was a counterpoint recently and they're talking about getting an editorial I know in AGO about this, about where we are. But they're still controversial, they're not, but I think the evidence is strong enough. I think it'll become, I predict within five to 10 years this will be standard practice here. Quite, yep. So about your comment that it's hard to get follow-up after this intervention. I wonder and have wondered for quite a long time if as a result of the intervention that you and that Dr. Olson has also discussed here, if one could get follow-up and it may be hard but I don't think it's impossible if we would then see a decrease in future criminal activity because of these interventions. We're actually doing kind of a sub-study now in the same population. We're looking first of all at racial tendencies towards refractive errors and also crime, violent crime versus less violent if there's a correlation to that with degree of refractive error and then follow-up with that maybe to see if it makes an impact. So that's a very good point. That'd be a long-term study and require some effort but I think that's doable. So I agree, that will make a difference hopefully. I know I was called in one time, I was like Sunday night, they called me from the DTA and said, I got, did you come down? I said, okay, there's a kid transfer from California. He was like 12 years old, just totally out of control, just combative, fighting, just couldn't handle him. I had to put him in an isolation cell. So I came down and they got the sense he couldn't see very well as part of the problem.  I gave him a pair and like, it was like valing at this calming down, like he immediately could, you know, he was, he calmed down, he could go back in the general population because he was combative, because he couldn't see, he was afraid of being attacked from the side, he couldn't see what was coming at him. So, you know, that's an example of just, you know, what I can do to somebody that's kind of out of control, just to be able to see better when they can't focus, they can't see, they're afraid, they're scared, don't know what's coming. So, any more questions or comments? Okay, thank you.


For most Jerusalemites, Strauss Street, named in honor of Nathan Strauss who co-owned the popular Macy's department store in New York City, is known as the short street leading from Ahoviafo and into the Orthodox neighborhood of Mea Sherim. One can find a macabre clinic along its stretch, a few bakeries, and seemingly not much else. But the next time you're heading northbound on Strauss, keep your eye on the left side of the road, looking in the direction of David Square and the Shook. And you might just spot what looks like a minaret among the nearby apartments. That's indeed what it is. Tucked behind that used-a-droot building and behind a car park is a disused mosque that was constructed in the 19th century. The mosque is the Nebe Okasha Mosque, although it is also known simply as the Okasha Mosque. Today it stands surrounded by residential buildings and is located just next to a children's playground. During the 1800s the hill on which the mosque stands was used as a meeting place by students of the famous Talmudist, the Vilna Gaon. Kabbalists from all sectors of Judaism would gather to study the mysteries of the Kabbalah and congregate for Friday night prayers. According to Islamic tradition, the hill is the site of the Tomb of the Martyrs. In the 12th century CE, Nebe Okasha bin Masin, one of the disciples of the Prophet Muhammad, was buried there. The mosque is named in his honor. Muslims also believe that soldiers who fought alongside Saladin are buried at the site. The mosque was unfortunately attacked during the 1929 Palestine riots and formally abandoned in 1948. Today it is used as a storage facility by the Jerusalem municipality.


I want to share with you something very quickly before I show you something very fun. I was very young when I was, one of my friends said, I'm going to show you a big brother moment. And he took me to a strip club. And I went there, not knowing, I thought I was going to gaming arcade. I went there and what happened was, apparently he was friends with one of the strippers. She jumped off stage and she said, you are Raghava, oh I have this amazing daughter, you should meet her and you should teach her cartooning. I don't know about you guys, but I had a bit of a moral dilemma. And for me, I didn't know strippers can be caring, moms. That's when my little bubble burst. So I call my talk, pop it, because I think we need to pop our bubbles and keep reinventing them. So I want to talk to you a little bit about my journey as an artist very quickly, so I can contextualize what I'm doing here. I began my career as a cartoonist and I started painting after that because I wanted to go beyond the line into painting. So I decided to reinvent myself several times and I started painting. I never knew how to paint because it's very, very complicated. And the brushes always misbehave. So I decided to use my hands and feet and make these large paintings. And I also wanted my paintings to dance because I love dancing. But for me, the only way I could make my paintings dance is if I painted on people and made them dance. Who said that a painter should paint on a canvas? Who said that a canvas should be flat? So for me, I started painting on people and performing. For me, perhaps the best performance was my wedding with Netra. I can't say that was my art installation because it was ours. And for us, everything we do is art. I believe that the way I live my life is art. I have to keep reinventing myself and popping the bubbles. For me, my learning is about unlearning. Of course, the biggest unlearning happens when you have children. I have these two little cute children who have been snuck into ink. And I always think about what kind of bubble am I going to put them in? Do I want them to be an artist like me? Do I want them not to be and become an investment banker? I mean, banker. What do I want them to do? Oops, not bad. Talking about children, my children love technology. I was gifted an iPad for a speaking engagement and I was so excited. I went home and it's been hijacked by my son. And he loves technology.  And so I'm about to introduce to you my favorite art project. It's an iPad app. It looks like a children's book, but it's an interactive art toy. It's a toy because I love to play. And I'm going to show you why I think it's a play. One of the fun things about this is it's interactive. You can turn on the view. You can rub the belly. You can play with the toilet paper. Can we have a volume up on this? You can make him do a poopy. You can again rub his tummy. You can flush. You can make the creature walk. And I don't use words because I want this. You can record your own version of it by personalizing it. My version I'm not showing you. It's a little crazy. But you can play with the hands. And you can take the pen and draw on the wall. You can turn on the shower and see the fish eat. You can fold the chair. You can do all these fun things. But what I'm about to show you is the most important feature.  If you oppose to the idea, simply shake. And you have a lesbian couple. Oops. And she's whooping. And if you don't like that, shake again. And you have a heterosexual couple. Thank you. The idea is that you don't need irrespective of the sexuality of the parents, the relationship between parent and child is the same.  And there's one bubble here with the fishy. Touch that, and the fish turns into a butterfly and flies away. Who said a fish can't fly? Anyway, I'm going to show you another page. Can we have the music on this? The sexuality of the parents change every time you shake it. It's love, not eat things like that. I don't know about you guys. You have to think twice before introducing your children to me. Anyway, so you see, the sexuality keeps changing. And you know, children lose themselves in technology. And that's sometimes a bit of a problem. So I keep talking to my son, and he's just obsessed with the iPad. So I had this idea. I thought, how can you bring them back into the real world?  I'm going to go back to the front page. Oh, here you go. What it's doing essentially is it's connecting to the IP address of this hall, detecting where we are, geolocating this. And it says we are in Mumbai, and it's smoky. And the iPads are smoking up. If it was snowing outside, it snows inside. If it's raining outside, it rains inside. It connects the child back with the environment that we place the child in. And this is, I believe, only a small seed in a revolution I want to create, a revolution where you tell children there are many lives, many realities, many bubbles. You know, the next app is a little naughty. I want to do one where you teach India's independence. Every time you shake it, you get Pakistan's perspective. Shake it again, Bangladesh's perspective. The idea is, imagine we had taught history like that. And the ultimate goal is to make this open source and make everyone plug in their propaganda, their biases. Because I can't promise my child a life without an education, without bias. But I can promise him multiple perspectives that I can introduce him to. Thank you very much.


Congress hereby declares, one, its firm intention to provide all necessary support for members of the armed forces of the United States fighting in Vietnam, two, its support of efforts being made by the President of the United States. The President was not in the Clark Second Resolution, and other men of good will throughout the world to prevent an expansion of the war in Vietnam and to bring that conflict to an end through a negotiated settlement which will preserve the honor of the United States, protect the vital interests of the country, and allow the people of South Vietnam to determine the affairs of that nation in their own way, and free its support of the Geneva Courts of 54, and urge is the convening of that conference or any other meeting of nations similarly involved and interested as soon as possible for the purpose of formulating plans for bringing the conflict to an honorable conclusion in the court with the principles of those accords. You have said every one of those things. Yeah. Is that it? That's it.  Is there a way that, rather than declare war, we just substitute this? That's right. The other argument goes too far. It infringes upon the executive. It has a lot of loopholes in it, and we're up facing a accomplished fact, and we have to go through with it. We cannot withdraw. We will not withdraw. We'll continue our efforts, and this is it. What we want to do now out there, I talk to you, I think about this once before, and then I'll be through. I'm given serious thought. I've got to meet with them sometime, or six months, as about up, and we are trying to get Key to come on and have an election as quickly as we can after the Constitution comes in. Lodge will be moving out. He can't stay. We've got to move him somewhere else. We are thinking seriously of making Westmoreland, who has the leadership qualities and the respect of everybody with whom he's ever dealt, and particularly our eight people, and particularly our state people and the military people, giving him overall command. He just wears uniform, and he'll be our number one man in Vietnam until they have their presidential election and get a man elected. He'll replace Lodge, in effect, and replace Westmoreland, in effect. But we'll have under him the man that we expect to develop for the younger man, Abrams, who will be Chief of Staff of the Army here, if he stayed here. But we won't send him out there to try to see if we came to put a new touch on our pacification and get a new approach to try to get this country's South Vietnam back on its feet. We're going to make a desperate effort to move Sullivan out of Laos in there to take Porter's job, Porter's tired, and probably move Bob Comer out to do work on the other side of the war, the pacification schools and hospitals. And then we're going to make one desperate pitch, if we can, to get to Elworth Bunker, to go there as Ambassador-at-Large, to work, to really be the midwife, like he did with the Dominican Republic, to try to get the civilian election held, to try to get to see it inspired, to try to get the generals to have a civilian viewpoint and understand that that's more important to have a good election than it is to win a big battle and to try to guide him like he did. He's in perfect health now. He feels good. He's younger than I am, but he does have 72 years old. What I looked last night, I was talking to Mac Mundy. He said, well, Secretary Stimson came down here, Secretary, the greatest Secretary of War at 73 and stayed five years. And this fella ought to have stayed over five months in this transition period. We've got Westmoreland there, so if something happened to the older man, he got a little senile or something. We wouldn't be caught at the same time. We think he has enough stature and enough respect of the whole world, and certainly Westmoreland would respect him enough that he would, in effect, be the political man and the diplomatic man. And we'd just use Westmoreland's stars to keep Key in line. And we had done that and done it pretty effectively since Honolulu. We made him go with the Constituent Assembly, and then Westmoreland's worked his heart out, and we've got him going now with the presidential election. He's agreed to move it up four, five months. And I want to get your reaction to that. It sounds like it has a possibility. I'd sort of like to think it through, Mr. President. I don't know that he'll do it. The weakness is, I don't know whether Westmoreland will take Honolulu a little more responsibility. It's kind of supervised the other. We think we need to do that because of his position. I don't know that Bunker would want to work under somebody, you see, as an older man, but he is not familiar with all these things and the pitfall out there. But he has an approach that nobody in the government has. He's been a good soldier, too. That's right. He does it. That's right. He just goes where the ball is. And he'll go there. He'll go through the line. He goes. He doesn't seem to pick up any barnacles or hurt anybody still in there. He doesn't get in in fights, most of the State Department people have got problems. But he doesn't seem to get in. Thank you, though. We're saying nothing about it. I'm thinking over this weekend I'm going to send for him and see if I can talk him into it. But I've got to do something, and I've got to find something for Lodge. I don't know where I'll put him. Okay, Mr. President, I'll do that. Thanks.