To listen to people talk, everybody, everybody, with very few exceptions. And that's true particularly since the fall of the Berlin Wall. Knows that socialism is a failure, private enterprise capitalism has been a success. On the other hand, if you look at what actually goes on, the situation is very different. In country after country, governments are large and getting larger. Indeed, I've sometimes presented this as a kind of a syllogism. Major proposition, socialism is a failure. Minor proposition, capitalism is a success. Conclusion, therefore we need more government. A conclusion that hardly follows from those premises and yet that seems to be what's going on. What is it? And that's what I really want to talk about today. About the deeper view of the relationship between opinion on the one hand and practice on the other. It's very hard for people today to recognize how much change there has been in the climate of opinion in western countries. When we were first getting started on the attempt to promote free markets, dated back, for example, to Hayek's Road to Serfdom published in 1944. That was much bewildered. Indeed, it was hard to find a publisher to publish the book. I think it was turned down by about a half a dozen publishers in the United States before it was finally published by the University of Chicago. And then only because of the intercession of people in the economics department with the press. It however became a bestseller, was widely popular. In 1947 Hayek started the Montpelerin Society. Those were the beginning of the attempt to change the climate of opinion. But how the people who were speaking that way, people like Hayek, like myself, were a very small beleaguered minority. The great bulk of opinion was that communism was a wave of the future. Collectivism, not necessarily communism, but collectivism was a wave of the future. How widespread that view, how isolated our view, the libertarian view was, is demonstrated by what happened to the books I myself have published. In 1962 I published Capitalism and Freedom. It was not reviewed by any single major publication in the United States. Not by the New York Times, not by the Herald Tribune. It was reviewed in The Economist in London, and that's all. Twenty years later, when we published Free to Choose, it was reviewed in every major newspaper. Over that period there was a drastic change in opinion, and that change in opinion has been reinforced by the fall of the Berlin Wall and is now almost universal. On the other hand, if you look at what's been going on in practice, it went the other way. To speak of my own country, in the United States in 1947, government was spending something like 25% of the national income. Today it is spending something over 35% of the national income. Moreover, there are many more regulations, restrictions on the behavior of both business on the one hand and personal individuals on the other. There is no doubt that governments have gotten larger and much more intrusive. If you look at a wide range of other countries, I checked up on 20 industrial countries. In 18 of them, government spending in 1995 as a fraction of national income was higher than it had been in 1975. How do we explain this divergence between the movement of opinion on the one hand and the movement of practice on the other? The best explanation traces back to a book that was written at the end of the last century by A.V. Dicey, Law and Public Opinion of the 19th Century, in which he pointed out that there was a very long lag between changes in opinion on the one hand and changes in practice on the other. More than a decade ago, my wife and I explored this phenomenon in an article entitled, The Tide and the Affairs of Men. Obviously, we took the title from Shakespeare. Here are Shakespeare's lines. There is a tide in the affairs of men which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune. Omitted, all the voyages of their life is bound in shallows and in miseries. Our article discussed the hypothesis, and I quote, that a major change in social and economic policy is preceded by a shift in the climate of intellectual opinion, itself generated at least in part by contemporaneous social, political, and economic circumstances. After a lag, sometimes of decades, an intellectual tide taken at its flood will spread to the public at large, and through the public, pressure on government will affect the course of economic, social, and political policy. As the tide and events reaches its flood, the intellectual tide starts to end. We illustrated this hypothesis with the two most recent completed tides, the tides that we labeled the Adam Smith tide and the Fabian side. Consider each of those. Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations in 1776. At the time, he wrote in his book that it was idle to believe that the principles he espoused, the principles of free trade, would ever be accepted by the powers it be. It took a long time. The repeal of the corn laws, that is, of the laws imposing a tariff on the import of grain, did not come until 1846, 70 years later. And then, when that came, it swept away most of the restrictions, unless a fair reigned in Britain through much of the 19th century. The interesting thing is that although less a fair seemed to be bringing everything that its proponents had promised, the standard of living of the ordinary people in Britain rose greatly. There was an industrial revolution. Britain became the leading industrial nation of the world. And yet, at the same time, the support for less a fair started to add. And you had the beginning of the next tide, the movement toward socialism, which we called the Fabian tide. How do you explain that? Well, there are a number of things that help to explain it. In the first place, as things got better, the evils that remained were more striking and prominent. You know, there are always problems in a society. You're never going to have perfection. That's for utopias for the next world, not for this one. And so, having solved many of the problems which existed before, the remaining ones stand out. In the second place, one of the main forces helping the conquest of less a fair ideas was widespread corruption. In the 18th century, Britain was known as a land of smugglers. There was widespread evasion of the law. There was widespread corruption of public officials. But under less a fair, when government had nothing to give, when there were no privileges it could grant, Britain developed an incorruptible, largely incorruptible, very honest and efficient civil service. And therefore it became more feasible to think that government could do things to do good. As you all know, the power to do good is also the power to do evil. In any event, in 1888 you had the establishment of the Fabian society by the webs, by Shaw, by a small group of British intellectuals. That was 1888. Its ideas, the Fabian ideas, gradually spread among the intellectual classes. And within 20, 25, 30 years, they were the standard climate of opinion on the intellectual level. But effects on policy did not follow for many years. The move toward a welfare state really only began just before World War I with the beginning of social security program. And it didn't come to a full flood until after World War II, 1945, about 60 years after the initial change in the direction of the tide of opinion. In the United States, much the same thing was true. In the 1988, Edward Bellamy published his utopian socialist fantasy looking backward. It sold a million copies, which is a tremendous sale in a country whose population was a great deal smaller than the population of the United States is now, if I remember rightly, under 100 million. And the ideas of socialism, the Fabian ideas, the Marxian ideas all started to have their impact on the intellectual classes within the United States. The first decades of the 20th century was the era, just before the World War I, was the era of Muckrakers, of Ida Tarbell, of Sinclair Lewis. But action was very limited. One action in the 1890s was trust-busting, but that had a different source. By the 1920s after World War I, socialism was a dominant view among the intellectual class in general. Norman Thomas was a presidential candidate of the Socialist Party in 1928, and his platform was widely accepted. However, policy did not change. Actual practice remained much the same, until the Great Depression. The Great Depression, which started in 1929 and really lasted throughout the 30s, had two effects. On the one hand, it converted the general public at large to the view of the intellectuals, whereas the public at large had regarded government as a necessary evil in the relatively laissez-faire in 19th and early 20th century. It took the depression, it regarded the impression, as proving that there was something wrong with free markets and converted the public at large to the view that government far from being a necessary evil was the answer to all real problems. The result was the New Deal and the great growth of government supported by public opinion. Within a few decades, every single economic plank of the Socialist 1928 platform had been enacted. So if you take the Socialist platform of 1928 and read it today, it sounds like a very moderate platform that could be supported by either the Republicans or the Democrats. But it took a long time again. Opinion was changing in the United States in the 1890s, 80s. It was not until the 1930s or 40s, 50 years or so, before it really started to take effect. And then, of course, the war produced another stimulus. But this, in turn, just as the triumph of laissez-faire had led to the Fabian time, the triumph of socialist ideas and particularly their spread in the most extreme form to Russia first and Germany later, led to what we've called the Hayek time. Beginning with Hayek's road to serfdom, there started a gradual intellectual movement which gained adherence through time and has now led to the point where the overwhelming sentiment in the nation at large is in favor of free markets. And yet, as we see, the government continues to grow. But it's not an unmixed situation. The inflation, just as it took the Great Depression to change public opinion, as opposed to intellectual opinion, the inflation of the 70s served very much the same function in the United States and around the world. And that was very much reinforced later by the fall of the Berlin Wall. The inflation of the 70s produced great doubts about the effectiveness of government in pursuing its objectives. The objectives of government, as you all know, are always very good. The argument is with the means and with the consequences of those means, particularly the unintended consequences of those means. You know, I have to pardon me, but my throat gets very dry as I talk. And the inflation of the 70s was a major factor that led the public at large to get disaffected and led to the election of Fatcher in Britain and Reagan in the United States. And they started a process of gradual dismantling of the all-powerful welfare state. You had in the United States a reduction in tax rates in Britain the same thing. You had a lifting of price and wage controls in Britain. You had a lifting of foreign exchange controls. You had a privatization and privatization continues to spread. You had some reduction in regulations. In all cases in the 1980s, both in Britain and the United States, you can say that you were really having an impact of the tide of opinion on actual practice. But unfortunately, that was not very strong. And in my opinion, what has happened since the fall of the Berlin Wall has had a rather surprising effect. The fall of the Berlin Wall cemented the change in the climate of opinion. It really made it universal. But it also led to undue complacency on the part of the West. After all, they were doing it all wrong and look at what happened to them. We're doing it all right and look at what's happening to us. We don't really have to change. We can just keep on going as it is. As a result, the pace of movement toward greater liberalization in the sense in which you and I would use the term liberalization, slow down. While government did not grow as fast as it had before, it continued to grow in most of the countries or at most to stabilize. In the United States, it stabilized. Government spending today as a fraction of income is less than it was in 1983 when the Reagan Revolution started to have its impact. In Britain, it's about the same. But in many of the countries of Western Europe, spending today as a fraction of income is higher than it was then. If you look at the picture worldwide, you have to add another dimension which I've left out of it altogether. As our hypothesis stressed, these tides of opinion tend to be worldwide. They are not in a single nation. Just as the Adam Smith tide, the tide of belief and laissez-faire spread throughout the world, in its case very much promoted by the importance of the British Empire. Similarly, the Fabian tide, the Marxian tide, the tide toward collectivism, toward socialism was worldwide leading in its extreme to what happened in Russia and later in Germany. So also the current tide is worldwide. And here again, it's interesting to note that the most dramatic impact of it has been in the communist countries. In China, ever since Deng freed up agriculture in the 1970s, you have had a very strong movement toward greater and greater free markets, greater and greater private enterprise. The political structure is totalitarian. It has not changed, it is unacceptable. But there is no doubt that a conflict such as the emergence of Tiananmen Square will emerge again, because what is happening on the economic front is fundamentally incompatible with the political structure. If you take the former Soviet Union in countries like the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, where every Latvia, Lithuania, wherever you look in that part of the world, the tide of practice and not only of opinion has changed. They are far more, far closer to free markets than they were. They still have a way to go, of course. On the other hand, Russia itself is in chaos, but Russia will not remain in chaos. I have no doubt that we will see many changes in the future which will move in our direction. So if we look at the world as a whole, we can say that the contrast between the state of opinion on the one hand and practice on the other is part of a long-term cyclical process. And that is very important for our view, because note that in each of these cases, as the tide of opinion started and did have its effect on actual practice, opinion itself started to end. It was just remembered, when Lethey Fair was at his height in Britain, that you started to have a change in the tide of opinion toward socialism and collectivism. It was just as the effect of socialist opinion on practice was having its major impact when welfare states were worldwide that you started to have a change in opinion away from socialism. And so those of us who believe in freedom and free markets have to watch and try to avoid getting caught in the same situation. As in when our ideas become more and more embedded in practice, there will be a tendency for opinion to shift the other way. So I conclude by saying that there is great reason for hope for those of us who believe in freedom and individualism. The tide of opinion has been reaching near its height. It is having an impact on practice, but so far only a small impact. But the lag is not so different as in these other cases. In 1944 I started dating the beginning of the Hayek tide. It's now 50 some years later and just about the same lag as you saw in the other cases. Thank you. We haven't received any phone calls yet. Okay. Thank you very much, Dr. Friedman. I don't know if you can hear me. Can you hear me now, Dr. Friedman? Can you hear me now, Dr. Friedman? No, it's not. No, Dr. Friedman. Can you hear me now, Dr. Friedman? Can you hear me, Dr. Friedman? Can you hear me, Dr. Friedman? Just barely. Can you speak a little louder? Yes, I will. Thank you very much for such a wonderful speech, Dr. Friedman, and thanks for being with us. I have about a million questions here from the audience for you. I'll try to sum them up. The first one is, can the libertarian movement already be considered a tide? And what will be needed for it to happen to become a tide, if not? I believe it is a tide. As I say, you go around the world and ask anybody, are you in favor of free markets? Do you believe that capitalism is a success? Is socialism a failure? You'll get the same answer almost everywhere. Of course, you won't get that answer from the people in Beijing. You won't get that answer from many of the people in Washington. But if you ask people in general or in the business community, in the intellectual community, you know there are very few Marxists left in the world. They're all in American universities. There is a load of applause from the audience. Here is another question, Dr. Friedman. In Latin America, we're considering currency boards for full dollarization as the way to stop government from printing money and generate inflation. Manuel Noriega from Panama could not print dollars, and that was a great thing. In my country, Venezuela, the president have already printed money for corruption. So your opinion about dollarization for Latin America in general, and the second part of that question is whether a privatized monetary system based on a dynamic basket of commodities would be the way to go? Unfortunately, I wish it were. But unfortunately, I think the experience of history is that you're not likely to get a privatized system. The only privatized system you had was when there was a widespread acceptance of gold or silver as a monetary system, and even that was under government supervision. So I go back to the earlier things. I think it is very important for Latin American and other countries to end the situation in which the government can simply print money to pay for its debt. That does lead to inflation and disaster. There are only two solutions. One is to have a currency board. That requires eliminating the central bank. Let me go back more generally. There are only three possible kinds of international financial connections. A country can have a flexible exchange rate. The peso can be free to find its own value in the market against the dollar. Many countries do have a pegged exchange rate. The government has a central bank which tries to peg, to fix the value of its currency against the other currencies. Peg it to the U.S. dollar, peg it to the mark, peg it to the yen. And third, you're going to have a truly fixed exchange rate through a currency board arrangement or dollarization. The one thing we have found out and that we know for sure is that the intermediate peg exchange rates are a sure recipe for success. A country will do better to have either a fully flexible exchange rate or a currency board or dollarization. The real issue that arises is between currency board and dollarization. And there is very much of a tendency for people to talk as if dollarization were the final solution. For some countries it may be. Panama has done very well by being dollarized. On the other hand, Hong Kong has done very well by having a currency board via the U.S. Argentina has done pretty well by having a currency board via the U.S. And one thing you should keep in mind when you think of dollarization, dollarization means that you accept the Federal Reserve Board as your central bank. That's what it's equivalent of. Dollarization means that Venezuela, for example, would become essentially the equivalent of a thirteen district in the Federal Reserve System. At the moment, that looks like a very good arrangement because for the last eight or ten years the U.S. has had a very good monetary policy. Inflation has come down, prices have been stable, the economy has been stable. But if you look back at the whole record of monetary policy under the Federal Reserve, it's been a very poor record. It's mostly been destabilizing, not stabilizing. And you in Latin America have some experiences of this. Chile, for example, in the 1980s got into serious trouble because it pegged its currency to the U.S. dollar. The trouble wouldn't have been as bad if it had been dollarized, but it wouldn't have been very good. So do not take it for granted because the monetary policy will necessarily be good. I'm afraid that's too long an answer, but that's a subject I have a special interest in. Thank you very much. Just a follow-up to that question is whether if you have read the Creature of Jekyll Hyde and Wassyropinian and Griffin's recommendation. If I have read one? The book, The Creature from Jekyll Island, the book by Edward Griffin and Wassyropinian and his recommendations. No, I haven't read it. Here's another question. Noam Chomsky says that the free market libertarian ideology is just used by big corporate business to justify the practice of state corporate capitalism in practice. Can you comment on that? Yes. I think there are problems, of course, of state corporate capitalism. I don't think there's anything sacred about business what we are interested in is a competitive economy, not a government business economy. And there certainly are questions of state corporate capitalism. ADM, for example, which has been able to get the government in the United States to subsidize the production of methanol from corn. It's a disgrace in a scandal. So don't misunderstand me. When I defend free markets and free enterprises, I'm not defending the governments as they now are. In the United States you must recognize it's 50% socialist. If I take total government spending in the United States, it's about 35% of national income. To conclude, in addition, the mandates that governments impose, the spending which is demanded by government but not paid for directly by government, such as requiring certain kinds of pollution requirements such as the age dependent to disabled, which require expenditures on structures to enable disabled people to get costs to the country of rules and regulations. If you add that in, the governments in the United States control about half the spending in the United States. So we're 50% socialist. And what we hope for is that the tide of opinion will lead to a reduction in the scale and intrusiveness of government. So the objection against government-supported capitalism is entirely justified. What we want is free market, private enterprise capitalism. Thank you very much. Here is another round of applause from the audience. Here is another question. Do you think a voucher system will lead to the tumbling down of the private schools of the private schools, the government schools, I guess, or do you think we should wait for the complete separation of school and state? I would like to see a complete separation of school and state. My ultimate objective in this area is certainly a system in which government doesn't enter at all. Parents should be responsible for their children's education and government shouldn't be involved. But, you know, I've always thought that it's not enough for those of us who are trying to affect the course of events to emphasize what the ideal utopian solution would be. We also have to deal with the problem of how we get from where we are to where we want to be. There is not a chance in the world in any country that I know of of a practical effective movement completely to eliminate government from the schooling in every country in the world government plays a very, very large part. How do we move away from that? And in my opinion a voucher program under which government continues to spend money on schools the money is attached to the child and not to the school. That's essentially what a voucher program is is the most effective way to move away from the president's system and to move forward in the direction of the ideal. Thank you very much. Another question is there are several questions and taxes one of them is what was your role in the early stages of the invention of the withholding tax and the second part of the question is whether you think the income tax should be replaced by a flat tax or a sales tax. I have for many years believed that you should have a flat tax rather than an income tax but again we're talking of ideals versus realities. On the subject of withholding. I had nothing to do with the invention of withholding. Withholding is a very old thing. It was widely adopted and used in Britain and Germany all throughout Europe before it was used in the United States. However during World War II I was working at the Treasury Department for two years and during that period I was involved in the development of the withholding system that we now have in the United States. At the time all we were thinking about was trying to finance the war and it would have been utterly impossible to raise the taxes that were imposed at that time without withholding. It's obviously a very I shouldn't say obviously it's not something that's desirable on the contrary it's very undesirable you could not possibly maintain the present level of government taxation without the taxes being hidden and they are hidden in two very different ways. They are hidden through withholding but they are also hidden by being imposed on business supposedly on business when really of course business can't pay taxes only people can pay taxes so that I think withholding is a very bad arrangement but I don't know any way you're going to get rid of it and I have to confess that I had a part in designing the present system. Thank you very much. What role of the state if any do you advocate? I believe that you need you do need a state and you need a government to have certain basic functions. The most important of those functions is to make the rules of the game. You know we all speak of the importance of private property but private property is not a self-evident notion. You have to have some way of deciding where your property ends and where mine begins.  If you fly ten thousand feet, twenty thousand feet forty thousand feet or again we have houses next door to one another. You turn your radio and television set on at a very high amplitude are you invading my private property or not? So how do you make those rules and the basic function of government is I think first as a rule making body second as providing a mechanism for adjudicating disputes about rules and third as providing a means of defending the country against foreign enemies and individuals against private individuals. Those I think are the three fundamental functions of government and I I would hope that you could do without them but I don't believe it. However, I am not sure as a practical matter that there is any real reason to argue. My son and I as you all probably know David my son has written a book on a non-government a complete Libertarian system with no government. He and I disagree on that but that doesn't mean that we disagree on any practical measures under consideration. We're so far from where he would like to be and where I would like to be that we can move a long way together before we have any problems. Thank you very much there's another round of applause Dr. Friedman do you think the states war and some of the drugs is the result of an addiction to control the economy and the individual or is just a lack of knowledge? It's hard to answer that one I believe it's obviously I believe it's a mistake and you see the problem with all of these things is it's in a way easier to start a government program of that kind than it is to end it. There is no particular reason why we should ever have started on this the so-called war on drugs. But once you get it started you establish vested interest we're spending tens of billions of dollars in the United States on the so-called war on drugs. Who are the major supporters of the war on drugs? The drug dealers on the one hand and the government people who are fighting them on the other. Those are the people who have a strong private interest in maintaining it and who are the people who have a strong private interest in eliminating it? Unfortunately they are mostly the drug addicts who have very little political power. It's a but even there I think opinion is shifting in the United States and there is more and more recognition that the so-called war on drugs is doing far more harm than it is good even in terms of its own objectives. Thank you very much. There's another big round of applause. There's another question. Do you think that the USA was a libertarian society in the first half of the 19th century? And if so if your answer is yes how do we get back to that point? I think the US it's not only the first half of the 19th century I would say that the US was about as close as you're going to get to a libertarian society up until about the First World War. There was the episode of the Civil War which interrupted that but even then throughout that whole period if you take the whole period of the 19th century indeed up until 1928 except for periods of war total government spending in the United States federal, state and local never exceeded about 10% of the national income and so that's a pretty good measure of a fairly libertarian society it was far from a complete libertarian society you had tariffs throughout the period you had other restrictions but it was about as close as you're going to get now that was partly a pure accident to begin with and really it's funny that the question should be about the first half of the 19th century because in the first half of the 19th century was when you manifested collectivist tendencies in the 1820s and 30s you had state after state which established a state bank, the Bank of Ohio the Bank of Indiana you had the government starting to build railroads you had the government engaging in industrial activity so you had a movement toward what you would today call socialist what happened was in 1837 there was a financial panic and almost all the government enterprises went broke and collapsed and that is what was in my opinion was a major factor that led to the triumph of quasi laissez-faire for the rest of the century now the question is how you get back there's only one way to get back and fundamentally the only way to get back is to cut down the amount of taxes government receives I don't see any other way of reducing the scope of government than to reduce its receipts and that's why I have always been in favor of any tax cut of any kind of any form however you can get it whenever you can get it thank you very much there's another big round of applause question Dr. Friedman when did you decide to identify yourself as a libertarian was there a special incident that triggered that decision no there was not I've always called myself a classical liberal or a libertarian sort of equally I really can't I can't pick out any particular point I've had those views for well over 50 years I don't know thank you very much there's another question should the USA open its borders to all immigrants what's your opinion on that unfortunately no and I say unfortunately you cannot simultaneously have a welfare state immigration I am in favor of free immigration but not if you have a welfare state the United States had free immigration at the end of the 19th throughout the 19th century and up until World War I really but that was possible because the United States was not a welfare state when my parents came to the United States at the end of the 19th century they didn't get any welfare when they got here they were able to exist by the charity of relatives who had come here earlier they were able to make their way in a free market and therefore people only came here people came to the United States in order to use their resources and their capacities and were productive and helped themselves and helped the rest of the people who were here but if you have a welfare state in which immigrants as of now are eligible to receive relief to receive benefits and so on you have people immigrating not in order to use their resources in a productive way but as it were to be parasites on the rest of the society and unfortunately there are an unlimited number of supply of people who want to live on somebody else's expense and so the result of that is that unfortunately you cannot have completely free immigration in my opinion in a welfare state thank you very much here is another question what is your opinion on natural monopolies do you think it is better for them to be public or private? I think it is better for them to be private and I think it is better for them to be private because there are very few natural monopolies that last indefinitely almost always there are alternatives other things will develop the market especially if a natural monopoly tries to exploit its monopoly power it establishes an enormous incentive for people to find ways to compete with it to destroy its monopoly character if it is in the hands of the public I shouldn't say the public you don't mean public you mean in the hands of the government after all the private enterprise is a public enterprise too but the question is should the monopoly be governmental or private if it is governmental then the government will relate to it that competition is suppressed and will prevent the monopoly from being destroyed if it is private the government may also get involved and undoubtedly will regulate it but that will probably increase the opportunities for other people to compete so you are more likely to get rid of monopolies but let me make a factual point it is very difficult to find any real natural monopolies almost all actual monopolies are monopolies because of special privileges and grants that they get from the government ok thank you very much Dr. Friedman here is another question what is the most important thing to do in our countries and I refer to Latin American countries where the government has the fact control of so many businesses through monopoly ownership in order to defeat their influence and power well I think the most effective way to do that is through pressing for free trade international competition is the most effective way to destroy local monopoly power obviously as you all know in every one of your countries you want to try directly to reduce the role of government as best you can generally speaking trade is a more effective solvent than most other mechanisms thank you very much here is another question you said once somebody in the audience said you have said that the opinion can lead to either the reduction or expansion of the state but what would you say what would you say to this proposition the state takes on a life of its own and wants to grow and live therefore it is much more likely that opinion can lead to the growth of the state than to shrinking it well I think there is a great deal of merit to that position indeed if you take a broad view of history if you look at a broad range of history over time and over space most people most of the time have lived under tyrannical governments the natural course of events quote as it were is toward big government not toward libertarianism the real miracle is when you are able to get a libertarian as opposed to a state run society so I think there is a great deal of merit to that proposition we are very fortunate to be living in that rare part of time and some of us not all of us in countries which have been largely relatively free countries thank you freedom is not the natural state of affairs tyranny is the natural state of affairs thank you Dr. Friedman here is another question what do you think of the World Trade Organization and its role for free trade of the world the World Trade Organization the World Trade Organization WTO oh the WTO yeah I understand I am not enough of an expert on that to be able to make a intelligent comment I would like to have just I have always been in favor of unilateral free trade whenever you can get it the same thing goes with these trees like NAFTA in community and so on they are a half way house it would be far better if each country separately went into free trade but again you have to be recognized the problem of getting from here to there and such regional agreements are most of the time a way to go and similarly the WTO is probably an effective device for promoting more trade although in an ideal world it should not exist thank you very much here is another question which person had the greatest influence on your economic philosophy and why? it is very hard to answer that question I I am sure that my economic philosophy was very much influenced by some of my teachers in undergraduate and in graduate school Arthur Burns Homer Jones Frank Knight Jacob Weiner and then later by Fritz Hayek thank you here is another question what is the most free country at the moment? that depends on whether you mean economically free or politically free no doubt that even up to the present it is the most free but it is a very interesting case because although economic freedom does promote a tendency toward political freedom toward human freedom those are not the same thing in fact you have economic freedom you have human or civil freedom and you have political freedom Hong Kong until the transfer to China was the benevolent in the world of the combination of economic freedom and civil freedom with zero political freedom Hong Kong was essentially a case of benevolent dictatorship with Britain the dictator and it was pure accident that as it happened the person who was set out to sort of run Hong Kong in the late 40s early 50s promoted free markets in Hong Kong at the same time that Britain at home was promoting socialism so I would say that in terms of the economy probably Hong Kong and in economic terms is a free but it is not a politically free country and losing its civil freedom as China is playing more and more of a role now if we go beyond Hong Kong I would say that probably the U.S. well I obviously have a bias but I think the U.S. with all its defects and all its problems is probably overall a freeest country both politically, civilly and in economic terms but that may show my own ignorance certainly New Zealand is a country that deserves to be considered. It's moved very far in the direction of free markets it has in the last 15 20 years Britain has many elements of effective free markets what you have is you have nowhere in the world a major country that has gone as far toward freedom as you and I would like but you have some that are better than others thank you very much Dr. Friedman can we ask you one or two more questions yes sure here's one question do you oppose a unilateral reduction of tariffs and if not how can you oppose the open immigration until the welfare state is eliminated I am in favor of a unilateral reduction of tariffs but the movement of goods is a substitute for the movement of people I as long as you have a literal welfare state I do not believe you can have a unilateral open immigration I would like to see a world in which you could have open immigration but stop kidding yourself on the other hand the welfare state does not prevent unilateral free trade I believe that they are in different categories thank you here's a follow up basically follow up to that question that instead of a green card can the USA issue a blue card which the blue card does not give welfare if you could do that that would be fine but I don't believe you can do that I believe it is not it's not only that it's not politically feasible I don't think it's desirable to have two classes of citizens in a society we want a free society we want a society in which every individual is treated as an end in themselves we don't want a society in which some people are in there under blue conditions others are in there under red conditions others are in there under black conditions we want a free society so I don't believe such I haven't really ever thought of that system I very rarely get a new question but I must admit that's a new question for me and I haven't really thought about it a great deal but my initial reaction is that it's a very undesirable proposal Dr. Friedman we want to end the question here and this this link with you we're so thrilled that you could be with us and talk to us directly as if you were here and the audience is ecstatic so thank you very much thank you very very very much well thank you for having me I'm delighted to have participated good bye good bye


had a weird dream last night gross I don't want to hear about it it was weird I dreamt I was a muffler on a car okay that was it and I woke up exhausted hey welcome back to our stupid directions of Corbin you can follow us on instagram and twitter for more juicy content thank you so much for supporting us on patreon follow us on twitter and subscribe to like button today we get it exhausted today we got a video from Good Morning America well this is actually a segment they just released a two weeks ago it said globally popular sport cricket gaining traction in the United States it sure is I'm guessing it's about obviously the uh night riders night riders coming here when is the league starting soon soon this month I keep seeing stuff about it yeah in fact I'd love to go to game we can all have a game maybe we can all have a meet-up at one of the cricket games LA night riders that'd be a great way to uh those are the drafted players Sabru Khan's message for cricket fans in the US you better be there ready for some cricket coming soon to the city of stars July uh okay yeah the games will be happening uh in July they start in July if anybody is involved please reach out to us yes please we'll host absolutely hey you know what if you need some players we we can play you know what they should do what I want to be the first to uh offer this like the NFL has cheerleaders we'll we'll we'll wear bikinis and cheer we'll set up our full our full set up and just react to the entire game in G strings and bikini tops just let us know here we go it's Stephanopoulos what happened to that guy that used to lock women in a room that was the today show ah good morning George and the u.s will be the epicenter of that's a new york accent good morning George we'll make its debut we went to mlc's first ever combined to check out what could be the next big thing in american sports and he's subduing his new york accent i feel like but guess what second well there's 1.3 billion people in india so 2.5 billion fans worldwide and england and half of those are in india like india and Pakistan cricket is more than a sport it's a religion correct comments it's hard to swing yet and cracking the largest sports market in the world united states mlc or major league cricket is hoping to score big when it comes to make its debut this summer honestly it's one of the most exciting times being in the u.s as a cricketer Unmukh John became a national hero night writers we captain india's under 19 team to woke up glory why come to america to play cricket why the mlc everyone knows in the world that there's something big happening in america and they all want to be a part of it it's the big american dream yeah it's mass shooting another headliner former england international liam punkin when the chance came to be involved in cricket here yeah it was it was crazy and i jumped out the chance what is it like being in the united states and having to explain your sport when i used to say cricket he used to think i used to sit on my horse and whack the ball around that's polo i think it's really exciting when people show interest especially from coming across to america someone who's never ever seen cricket i've really heard of cricket will go the world cup winner is also part of much closer than florida homegrown talent here in the states and one of the ones to watch is 19-year-old abiram bovisetti i mean guys like we have plunketer here he actually looks like a household what's his face and for them to come to the united states and like i'm done for us with that oh yeah he does a little bit what's his name yeah the actor i'm not forgetting his name me too i didn't have a lot of like indian-american athletes to look up to even on my soccer scene i was the only brown kid but obviously having something like major league is like such a huge opportunity to spread the game and just like change our stereotypes you're the only brown kid and guys after playing with my cousins during summers in india growing up it really feels surreal we're talking about cricket in the us today the official moc schedule will be out later this week and the tournament begins in july 13 there we go we even got a bat and some gear here if you guys are ready for some batting that's like uh 800 dollars worth of equipment right i got a sweater we're going to military island play a little cricket thanks asha well hey there gma fans ross i am not a gma fan shut up that that spot being gma reached several million people very quickly yeah that's awesome um i we obviously know about it i follow the night writer says i know you do i do on instagram yep and so we are very excited we are planning well if if and when the games are announced obviously which i think is next week and whatever the ones are in los angeles yep uh we'd like to go to at least one and keep track of the other games too yeah uh so if like whenever we know which one we're going to i know we have stupid babies in la this would be a great way to actually meet up with uh stupid babies in la it's a really smart time to start the season as well for whoever in major league cricket was looking at it and said when should we start it because you're competing with nfl nba hockey and major league baseball whose seasons all kind of overlap each other throughout the year yeah this is the best time because in the middle of the summer football hasn't even started preseason nba is wrapping up and done and hockey has wrapped up and done baseball is in the middle of the season no one cares in the middle there are the two most quiet times in professional sports this is the most quiet the other time is going to be when you hit uh right after the super bowl yeah because then spring training's barely starting the nba season's still in the midway point it'll be a great time to start cricket it'll be really interesting because it'll be hot here in la uh that's that's that's also the hottest that in august or like the hottest times of year but i'll make them night games you could get what i don't know it is in celcius 100 plus degree games yeah that would be 41 42 and i don't know how that's going to affect because obviously i know we need cricket how the field is it's going to be dry that australians and indians are used to the heat i don't think there's going to be that big of a problem for those kinds of games do you know where the hottest place in the world is death valley death valley right here three hours we can drive to it lay out and die from the sun yeah you could lie out here and die from the sun that's the truth well not in may not in may and june no it is cool as cucumber may gray and june gloom it is in full force right now full force uh but this is exciting obviously so if you are in la and you are planning to go please let us know if you're a night rider if you're shabu khan and i know you're gonna be here for at least a few games if there's a night rider or someone who's with the team but a particularly a night rider and you happen to be a stupid baby baby please let us know we'll we'll buy your jersey we will go all out mm-hmm i know you need us to do that yeah i mean and shabu khan i know you're gonna be there so you're gonna be in la opening day come on the goddamn channel you're gonna be there opening day we'll be there too let's just meet up in the press box circle jerk you me shower con here we go


Hello, my name is Mia Tagnar and I'm a librarian at Indian River State College. Today, I'm going to teach you how to search and watch videos in the Films on Demand Database. To access any of IRSE's online databases, start at www.irse.edu. Then click on the Quick Links tab in the top right-hand corner. Then click on the Libraries link directly above that. This will bring you to the Libraries homepage. Once you reach the Libraries homepage, click on Databases by Subject in the right-hand column. This will bring you to a login screen. Students have access to online databases through IRSE from any computer or mobile phone on or off campus, but you must first log in with your student ID number as your bar or ID and the month and the day of your birthday as your PIN password. For example, if your birthday is May 29th, your password will be 0529. You can also always contact any library staff member if you encounter problems with your login. Once you're logged into the databases, click on Digital Videos and then Films on Demand. This will take you to the Films on Demand main page. You can search for videos by typing your search term at the top of the page in the search box, or you can browse videos by most popular, date added, and a variety of other categories on the main page. Let's practice searching for a specific video first. At the top of the screen, let's type our search term into the box. Since we'd like to find a version of Edgar Allan Poe's The Cask of Almentaleado, I'll start my search by typing in the title of that work. In this case, the database has auto-corrected to The Cask of Almentaleado and Edgar Allan Poe's The Cask of Almentaleado, even before I'm done typing. Let's click on that second option because it provides us with more information about the specific work by including the author's name, and it also appears to be the exact title of the work that your instructor has requested that you view. In this case, clicking on the auto-corrected search brings us directly to the video that we'd like to watch. The sections of the video can be seen to the right-hand side of the screen, so you can move between specific portions of the work. You will also see a transcript tab, which will let you see the full script of the video and any sound effects that are included. In this transcript tab, if you'd like to click on a section of the story, it will bring you to the specific point in the video. Right below the video, it will also give you some additional options. You'll see a description or summary of the video, as well as related tags that might bring you to other videos that are interesting to you. If you scroll down, you'll also see a collection of videos that you might also like and might also be relevant for your searches. Now that you've watched the video for The Cask of Almentaleado, let's go over broad search tips in order to find more information about Edgar Allan Poe. Scroll up to the top of the page and type your search term in the box. Remember, use keywords, the author's name, or specific titles instead of complete sentences for a more successful search. Hit the search button, and you'll see that we can find additional dramatizations of Poe's short works, biographic information, and much more. If you'd like to narrow your results, all you have to do is click on the filter options at the top left-hand side of the screen. This will allow you to narrow by copyright dates or when the video was produced, languages, and subjects, as well as some other categories like producer. For example, if you only like videos about Edgar Allan Poe and his works that were published within the last five years, you can click on that limiter under copyright dates. Then hit apply, and it'll bring you to your new search. Now that you have a narrow search of videos, you can click on the title, and it will bring you to that full video transcript and additional information. This concludes our short lesson on searching the films on demand database. Please don't hesitate to contact any of the IRC librarians for help with searching, viewing, or accessing our resources.


With your look around the Air Force, I'm Staff Sergeant Benjamin Cooper. A B-52H Stratofortress made history off the coast of California with the first successful release of a hypersonic weapon. It's called the AGM-183A Air Launch Rapid Response Weapon, or ARRW. After separating from the aircraft, the weapon's boosters fired, reaching hypersonic speeds five times faster than the speed of sound. Lieutenant Colonel Michael Youngquist, 419th Flight Test Squadron Commander says his highly skilled team is doing everything they can to get the game-changing weapon to warfighters as soon as possible. ARRW is designed to hold high-value, time-sensitive targets at risk from a distance. It should also expand precision strike capabilities with rapid response against heavily defended land targets. Ilson Air Force Base, Alaska, is now home to a full fleet of F-35A fighter aircraft. The 354th Fighter Wing celebrated the arrival of their final jet, marking the end of a two-year bed-down process that brings two operational fighter squadrons online. With 54 permanently assigned F-35s, Alaska becomes a state with the highest concentration of the fifth-generation combat-coded aircraft. Colonel David Birkeland, 354th Commander, says the bed-down was accomplished at record speed, even with challenges like the pandemic and Arctic temperatures. The Air Force says the arrival of the final jet highlights Alaska's strategic location. Fighter jets from Ilson are able to reach anywhere in the Northern Hemisphere in one sortie. Former Secretary of the Air Force Barbara Barrett attended the unveiling of her official portrait at the Pentagon earlier this month. Current Secretary of the Air Force Frank Kendall spoke on Barrett's challenges and achievements while leading the Department of the Air Force from 2019 to 2021. He noted that Barrett was key in establishing and equipping the Space Force in 2019. He credited her with enabling modernization and focusing on enduring capabilities. That's your look around the Air Force.


Good morning everyone, Basel Chapman here on this Tuesday the 28th of June, 10am stock market update here at TFNN. We're looking at the DAB 327, a $31,763. What I was saying to my subscribers over the weekend in my market overview for my opening call subscribers, this could be a takeoff phase where there's no time to get in. If you aren't in, it's really hard to jump in big days like this. However, yesterday's action, making a new recovery high in the down, the S&P, etc. That was very good action. And that says that an extension to date to the upside extends its leg to the point where almost all the technical should start to really improve a lot. And it gives you a cushion and maybe we're looking at the same action as yesterday where we kind of make the high of the day earlier in the morning and then we have to work very hard to build some support for maybe a new level. So the DAO is at $336, the S&P right now. So the DAO is at 1.07% and the S&P is up 0.95%, up $36 at $39.36, also making an extension to the upside. DAO's in leg B, this is actually only still in single leg A to the upside. Still give it a gray A because the MACD is good, but the stochastic's way down to 43%. And the nine hasn't crossed above the 14 period moving average to QQQ. Same thing, good action today, up 0.58% up $169. At $294, now start to leg a little bit and this is going to be very important because this could be a peak A, but it tells you that the technicals are good to $294 right now. It really needs to hold the $289 area over the next two days looking at the IWM. Let's see what that's doing. Very nice move to the upside, up 0.96%, up $175 at $177. This is a leg B and so far the technicals here are actually a little bit better than the others. You're looking at gold. Gold at this particular point is down, three is down again, the dollar is probably not moving all that much. Oh, it is. It's up 39 ticks at 104.36%. The TLT, that's bonds down, just unchanged again. Oh, bonds. We're looking at the crude oil up at $10. I'll be back for the Tiger Technicians Hour. There's a ton to talk about because we made in the, here we go. Look at this. Quickly take in the 10 minute drive, a rectangle with a kick in, and I'll be back to talk about that as soon as we get back. puzzle chapter.


Now do you guys want to play Destiny 2 early? Well here's your chance. If you want to win one of my weekly beta code giveaways for Destiny 2, simply drop a like on this video and leave a comment. Winners will be picked and announced on a Sunday. So the more you comment and like my videos, the more of a chance you've got of winning one of these beta codes. Good luck. What is going on guys? Today I bring you another Destiny video and today we have top five trials of Osiris clutch freak out reactions. Now headphone users be warned, you may just want to turn down that volume just a little bit as people in this video as always. Be screaming like bitches. But if you do enjoy the video leaving a like is much much appreciated on my behalf. And remember to beam with a chance of winning my weekly Destiny 2 beta code giveaway. Simply drop a comment down below. But I hope you enjoyed the video and I will see you on that next one. Hey what's happening? Nice! Jason come get me right now. Hurry!  Oh no Ezra's in the corner. Oh sorry. Did you use your super? Oh oh my gosh. Jason. Jason.  Oh my god! Yeah! Yeah!  Oh my gosh. Oh no it's so scary.   Time's on you. Worldstar hip hop! Worldstar hip hop.  You did your Nova drink because you popped a while ago. Shit I didn't get any oats from anybody. I mean I killed two. I don't know. I know but I wasn't near you.  Are you going left? Yeah because they're going left.  Skippy got two of them tagged inside right. Two of them tagged. Axion didn't do anything. Watch our right caught. Easy don't push up in there. Easy caught. Oh he baited it.  He's one shot. I baited that. He's really weak. Oh I traded. I traded. Nice.  Let's go! Let's go! Get that red! Oh he's dying man. Come with me. Come with me. Don't go. Don't go there. That's our Axion with him. One on Paladins. Nice one.


All right, welcome everybody Congratulations on being the first in-person get ops con whoo. That's you All of you were very brave to make it through LA traffic and What not to get here believe it or not This is actually the biggest co-located event at kubecon And I know that's very strange considering like there's not that many people in the stream compared to kubecon normally But this is actually the largest Event that's happening So I'm Dan Garfield I'm the co-founder and chief open source officer of Codefresh and a co-chair of the get-ups working group Scott And I'm Scott Rigby. I am a developer experience at WeaveWorks. I'm a I'm a maintainer of the Flux project and the Helm project and Also the open get-ups project with Dan and with a number of other people in this room and And online that's right so Open get-ups and the get-ups working group is an official project within the CNCF whose mission is essentially to create a Set of principles and guidelines and best practices around get-ups And it was started. Oh, actually we have an announcement We do have an announcement, you know, are we yeah? No, they're saying they're saying okay good good It's like being in 3d is so weird right now Yeah, so the big announcement which is just helpful for folks to build on top of is The get-ups principles and glossary have a full release which was our milestone to do that before kubecon So yay, that's good It's not super different from what you've seen before Maybe we should just go through the slides and show them real quick. Yeah We can let's do those first then so yeah first of all first of all These all deal with the desired state and how you handle it and the first principle is that the desired state must be declarative So no procedural Implementation yeah, and there's just a really one there's a one sentence thing so we should we should actually just say yeah Sure, a system managed by get-ups must have its desired state expressed declaratively The second is Let's see version and immutable so desired state is stored in a way that enforces immutability Versioning and retains a complete version history, you know reasonable Pulled automatically Software agents automatically pull desired state declarations from the source So the most important thing is that you've actually got agents that have access to your your version desired state Continuously reconciled so software agents are continuously observing the actual system state and they're attempting to apply the desired state And that's it and the there is a glossary that goes along with these So the principles themselves were okay, so this is an effort So so I didn't mean to downplay that because this is an effort over the past six plus months with people from many different organizations Companies other, you know non corporate organizations to try to really understand How we can simply word these in a memorable way for folks While also having some rigorous precision under the hood too, so we've at we've moved most of that precision to the glossary and the goal of Dan was saying that the open get-ups project, you know, it's it's a it's a it's now a CNCF project, but the goal of it is To be the home for the lasting stuff So all working groups and CNCF are short-lived. They're supposed to be short-lived get off work The get-ups working group is we'll continue at least until it's no longer needed It guides, you know, it helps to organize events like this right now. It helps to guide The open get-ups project, but the project it's supposed to hold any lasting Programs documents and code that are get-ups related Including things like if there were events going on the get-ups working group should be helpful Or excuse me the open get-ups project and open get-ups dev the website should be announcing that to folks Yeah, we have put a lot of work into these these principles and While we were able to just talk to them in about 30 seconds, which is how long it takes to just read through it There's actually a lot of deep wisdom in these ideas and these principles with over 60 different interested parties involved tons of co-authors over 60 different companies involved What we what we looked at with get-ups is really taking the best practices and best knowledge of years and years of DevOps experience and putting them into something that is very workable very practical and Very impactful for organizations and what we've seen is that as people start to adopt these principles They tend to deploy software faster more reliably. They have fewer aggressions And this has been this has been what we've seen and so now that we've had these principles in place And they're easy for people to follow I think a lot of people are actually surprised to find out that they're maybe not doing as much get-ups as they thought We had this experience just a few weeks ago where Kosas Capillones One of my colleagues was giving a talk on get-ups and he referenced these principles and before the talk He asked people to raise their hands. How many of you during get-ups today? And it was like 60 70% of the audience was doing get-ups. It was really good Then he explained what get-ups was and then he asked again and it turned out it was more like 5% of the people were like Oh, I'm using git. I thought that was the whole thing and it turns out there's more to it than that So to explore those topics we have a pretty amazing lineup today We've got Christian Hernandez who's gonna be kicking off after us given a keynote coming from Red Hat We've got some other talks Yeah, we're we're gonna just announce people as as they as we go before they before they pop up I know chick-fil-a is is gonna be speaking no word yet if they're gonna be Serving lunch or I don't know if the venue allows that but I'm you know knock on wood. Maybe we'll see yeah I wanted to be And we should recognize the sponsors as well and organizers of the event Get-ups The get-ups working group was founded in a partnership with Amazon Azure code fresh github red hat and of course we've works which The whole purpose of this is to be vendor neutral within you know, we've works has flux popular Implementation of get-ups and and code fresh has been working quite diligently on Argo So there is representation of other open-source projects as well as other vendors And many of those are sponsors today. Yeah, um, oh should we call the diamond sponsors and all of that as well Yeah, so there's all the sponsors AWS AWS we've works Red hat red hat. There's also then code fresh is sponsoring it also There's one more and somebody standing in front of the sign. I was trying to see it I'm like a little bit to the right. I'm like it was Thanks. Oh hashy corp. I'm so sorry I knew we're thinking about that was not a secret dish. We love Yeah, so that's really cool and thank you There are some announced. Oh, how are we doing for time by the way? We have two minutes. Okay, great. So thank you So there are some announcements that are important at the beginning of anything like this to say that There are so we announced the 1.0 version We have some events coming up and also if other people in the audience want to announce get-ups related events After these that's totally cool. Please do So there's I know there's the get-ups one-stop shop that's coming up really soon So I'm mentioning that first that's October 20th. Go to get up stays calm for that Then there is Argo con Argo cons coming up in December. That's a virtual event and it's free to register So it's just if you just Google Argo con, you'll find it right away. Yeah, and there's there's also, you know, of course There's this event the that there's Koopcon in a 2021 not only for get-ups con this co-located event, but there's also There's also other get-ups related talks throughout the conference. That's not that's not only today There are booths. There is the flex booth. There's the there's a booth for Argo. Yeah, there's a flex booth There's an Argo booth, of course code fresh red hat. We'd work. They all have booths the company So go go check those out and see what they're doing and should be pretty exciting. Yeah We'll have people on the ground luck. Yeah, because we are in 3d. So there are actual folks to talk to you So please take advantage of the fact that you're here for the folks in person and for anyone listening to this Out there somewhere. There's also virtual participation in the booths, too So now we do have a very tight schedule and because this is a hybrid event There are some virtual talks and the way that this works is when the time is up for an in-person speaker It doesn't matter if they're still speaking the virtual talk will just start playing So that means we better get off the stage. So without further ado, let's introduce Christian Thanks


Let's look a bit at the Osmo-com test suits, how they work and what do we do there, not at the code, we wouldn't have time for that. But okay, who is taking the notes about the start and beginning of the, okay, both of you. So we have failed, so we have failed over even. Somehow the two French speaking people, okay, yeah, the test suits, we started to develop them last year and also this year lots of work in them. We used Eclipse Titan of course and we only use the command like compiler and make files. So there's no Eclipse other than that it's released under the Eclipse foundation. We run those tests containerized in Docker. I'll explain why and also why it's still annoying and we execute that from our Jenkins continuous integration. So bit of terminology, ATS is the abstract test suit, MTC is the main test component, PTC is the parallel test component and IUT is the implementation under test. So they have many more acronyms but I'm going to use ATS and IUT here. So ATS means the test suit and IUT is the implementation under test. These are the two important parts. So the test suit philosophy is a bit that we want to normally test one network element which is our implementation under test, let's say the PTS or the BSC and we want to test the external behavior of that. So mostly, I mean sometimes we violate that because we use the VTY or the control interface to also check some internal state but primarily we want to test the externally visible behavior on the external interfaces that's GSub, ABIS, AMNCC, PCU interface and so on. So we emulate the entire environment around this program from Titan and from TTC in three and we don't reuse any of the OsmoCom C code in there intentionally to avoid the problem of testing one implementation against itself and both doing it wrong. And we test as if we can against the independent implementations that have been published by Ericsson of the respective protocol. So there we get already some interop testing because if Ericsson thinks the message has to be structured some way and we also think that way then we have more confidence than if it's just us who think that way. So what do we test? What do we want to test? Successful cases of course of particular transactions or procedures. We want to test erroneous cases like no answer timeouts or negative acknowledgment cases which many of them are difficult to reproduce in a real setup. I mean we have Osmo GSM tester of course to do end to end testing or even if you sit down with phones it's very hard to make the phone send a negative acknowledgment in some case you cannot do that so but we need to test those cases and that's what's really nice to do in the TTC in three test suits. We want to test some load and resource exhaustion situations, spec compliance and focus on the functionality that's relevant to that particular implementation under test and not about other bits of the system. Well, why Titan and so on we know that now. So for what components do we have test suits already basically almost everything now? What is missing here? Yeah, but we have other tests for that. We tested that's actually Osmo BTS is being tested this way both with real phones and with emulated layer one that's part no Osmo PCU is missing. Yeah, it's not a part of CNI. It's out of spec, out of scope. Anyway, yeah, so Osmo PCU is missing. I started a test suit. It has I think two test cases and it's not automatically executed yet. So that's yeah and a BSC net is not tested. That's correct. But yeah, that's, well Osmox is part of Osmo BSC net and so it, yes. Okay, so the diagrams are you know I don't do diagrams. This is just a dotty graphs, they're a bit confusing maybe but still it's a graphical representation. So if we test the BTS, how does this work? So we have our abstract test suit, that's our BTS test dot TTCN. And we have our IOT that's Osmo BTS tier X in this example. So in the abstract test suit, we do not implement OML. We only implement RSL so far because OML is another layer of complexity and it's annoying and we wanted to get some tests going. So what we do actually is we violate our philosophy by running another program from Osmo Kong which is Osmo BSC but we only use it to terminate the OML to bring up the BTS. So basically we tell it the RFCAN to broadcast on the time slot configuration and so on. And the RSL we establish basically here directly into our test suit. So the test suit behaves like a BSC towards the BTS at least on the RSL side. And for the air interface simulation we have basically the Osmo BTS tier X sends bursts over UDP to fake tier X which sends bursts to tier X, which sends bursts to L1 CTL, this is actually a copy and paste error, L1 CTL to the test suit. So we see the APIS side here and we see the UM side here and we can test between those two. And we also have a PCU socket connection. So we also test, we behave like the PCU here towards the BTS and we attach to the control interface of the BTS. So we basically anything that we can attach to, we attach to and then we test if our expectations are met. So let's say and also sorry I forgot the VTY here also we control the BSC via VTY. So we can for example in the BSC change the time slot from TCHF to TCHH or the PDCH or something like that. And if we do that and we restart the BTS we expect that on the PCU socket we get an PCU info indication that tells us oh there is now an additional PDCH time slot there. So by attaching to all these interfaces we can do these kind of tests. Correct yes. I left that out for simplicity reasons, it's completely intentional. Um, what we, I mean this is of course with simulated physical layer, simulated hardware but we can actually, we can not only but I've done this myself and it ran out of the box. You can do this with a real Osmo-com BB phone and a real BTS. So I used the sysmo BTS on my desk and I put a C123 next to it and I ran the exact same test suite and it works. I mean of course the receive levels are different than the simulated ones. Yeah that's for measurement reports there's some adjustments that need to be made because of course the real radio interface has more fluctuation and no deterministic loss but apart from that it's really we can do the same with real hardware and it's in the process of doing that also with all the hardware we support. So on the BSC tests it's a bit like the same. So here for whatever reason Dottie decided to, Dottie decided to here's the IoT on the left side and here's on the right side I don't know. Anyway so here this is the BSC that we want to test and here's our test suite that tests it again for OML. We don't want to test this, we want to test it but we don't have the time to implement OML completely. So we run something which we call Osmo BTS OML dummy which has recently been added to Osmo BTS which is basically only implementing the OML part of a BTS but not the RSL part. So we can take this out of the equation and Osmo BSC will be happy because some BTS has spoken OML to it and then it will talk RSL to the test suite. So we have ABIS here, we have the control interface, we have the VTY interface and we put Osmo STP in between because this is the only way how we can exchange A interface messages between those two. And again we can, let's say we can claim a Ratch Burst was detected on the BTS and then we expect that the channel is being allocated over RSL and then we can exchange more data and we can send so many Ratch requests that all the channels are exhausted and all kinds of things and that's the kind of tests we do there. But I don't have here on the, it's mentioned here but not on the graph that's actually missing. We also attach to the MGCP side. So the test suite also emulates the media gateway towards the BSC. So again all the protocols that the BSC speaks is tested. For MSC it's again the same story, it's probably getting a bit boring. So we have Osmo MSC and we have connections for GSub too. So the HLR is emulated, we have MNCC, so the external code control is emulated. We have SMPP, so SMS is emulated, we have control interface and VTY interface and we again use the STP for sending STCP between those two. So same story and again MGCP is stated up here but not down there. So also the media gateway control is emulated and then we can simulate that there's no response from the media gateway to some command and we can check if the MSC is properly resolving the transaction and properly cleaning everything up. For the media gateway itself it's just a little bit of the same. We have the media gateway that we want to test and we basically have in the Titan code we have an RTP source in sync and we have MGCP call agent code. So we can basically create connections on an MGCP endpoint here and then we feed RTP data into it and we get RTP data out of it and we can test if we receive all the frames or if there was some latency that we didn't expect or whatever else. For the HLR it's rather simple because the HLR only has, I think it has a control interface that we're not testing yet but it's VTY and GSub basically that we talk to Osmo HLR here. For the Osmo SIP connector it's basically SIP and MNCC, so we emulate the SIP side and we emulate the MNCC side and we use again VTY to control it. Not so many tests yet but at least some. SGSN tests while we simulate the GP interface basically the PCU side and we simulate the GP side which is the GGSN that we simulate and then we claim that there is let's say PDP context activation to the SGSN and then we expect that it will do a PDP context activation towards the GGSN and again we can do timeouts and negative acknowledgments and so on. For the GGSN again same story so we have the GTP side, we emulate the SGSN, we emulate the internet all of it of course on the IP side and we can test whether it does what it's expected to do. Now we take all these components and we dockerize them where we run one process per container so we don't do like an init or whatever inside the docker and we package either the implementation under desks such as Osmo BSC so we have an Osmo BSC container then we also package the abstract test suite so we have a TTC and 3 BSC tests container and then some other utilities that we need let's say Osmo STP or the TRXcon or Osmo BTSOML maybe also package that as containers and the main reason is that we have a setup that can be replicated on any machine without having to change all the IP addresses, port numbers, global titles whatever all the configuration so basically we have a script that is included in the test suite jenki.sh script which will first do a docker network create to create a network with certain IP addresses and then we start the individual containers with fixed IP addresses and we have a set of config files where all these IP addresses and ports are hard coded so with a single command you can basically start the entire test suite and get all the results in the end. Which gets us to the Jenkins integration so we have the four steps that you need to follow if you want to run it but that's basically what Jenkins does. It gets docker playground.git which contains the docker files for all the individual elements it will build those containers and there's some git magic in the docker files that makes sure that the docker cache is invalidated whenever a git commit has been made then we rebuild the well this is the implementation test the abstract test suite where we have the same so if there was a change in the abstract test suite the cache layers of docker images will be invalidated you run that script which then creates the network and starts all the components and collects the test results and one part that I didn't mention about titan it has the concept of output plugins so there's a junit xml output plugin for example so you can get your test results in junit xml which is something that Jenkins again can import you get the log files we also create pcap captures for each test case and if you look at the if we quickly look at the jenkins osmo.com org quickly yeah just slow so there's a ttc and increase the font size a bit there's a ttc and three tab that you can click on which shows you all the ttc and three tests now we can click on let's say the bsc test and we can look at last successful artifacts where you will get basically the the log file of osmo bsc in the config file that was used during the test execution but you that's the most important but the bsc tester part you see basically you get the for each individual test case named by the test case you get the pcap file what was written and the log file so if we look at for example this this log output oh yeah i should have clicked on view to see it in here that's basically the titan log file that it generates sec it's extremely verbose everything that you can imagine that's why you have this log formatting and log filter tools to post process it if you look at it and we have the pcap file that we can open in wireshark to see what messages were exchanged in the test and we get that's actually the really nice part in the test results analyzer we get these nice matrix where we see basically which test cases have passed or failed and if there's any change in a test case execution and so on so this is run once per night and as you can see it's right stable at the moment there's no changes in this we have a couple of them that have been failing forever and you get also here the the the graph basically so we have uh 67 past tests five failed ones and so on that's basically for the bts and the same exists for all the individual elements and you can you can check that and you can look at the results so for for analyzing the issue it's actually you don't even need to rerun the test you can just look at the pcap file at the log files and so on