Hello, my name is Ginny Schuster, and this is an installment of Longmont Public Media's Candidate Interview Series. I'm here with Harrison Earl Challenger for Longmont City Council Ward 1. Hello and welcome, Harrison. Thank you, Ginny. Very nice to be here today. You'll have time for a summation at the end, but since our time is limited, I'm going to start right off with your first question. So, question number one, if you are elected, what is the biggest issue that you want to address? And is that issue actually within the control of City Council, or is it something that requires a ballot measure or state level action? I love that question. I love the limitation to what can City Council actually do. So, my biggest issue is affordability, and it specifically housing affordability in Longmont. There are things to that that City Council can do and should do that encourage us to build and develop more. So, things like changing our zoning rules so that we don't have projects that bounce from City Council to the Planning Commission and can forth continually over the course of a year without getting approved. Things like making it easier to build ADUs in the city. Those kind of things City Council can absolutely do. Some of it does require some other actions outside of the city, so I would really be in favor of building more condos, for example, but the construction defect law at the state level makes that very challenging. So, there is some of the advocacy that needs to happen at the state level to make that possible. That doesn't mean we should just give up from the City Council level. There are things we can do within our control. Some things to the ballot box as well. I would say things like raising taxes that we're seeing on this current ballot that really hurt affordability. And some of those kind of actions we really need to think very carefully about, but for the most part, there's a lot that City Council can do and should do to help make Longmont a more affordable city for people to live in. Can I ask you one other thing? What is ADU? ADU, so it's an auxiliary dwelling unit. So it's for a property that already has a primary house or dwelling, really, you're able to build a secondary unit on the property. And it's usually a lot smaller. Longmont's current rules require one of those two to be occupied by the owner so you can't rent both of them. And they put some pretty stringent zoning and permit fees on building the secondary unit. And so this is not trying to just completely densify every neighborhood in the community, but about where you have extra space to be able to put an extra unit in and actually open that up for additional housing would be really helpful. Okay, great. Let's move on to number two. There are several safety and crime reduction measures the public has asked for, such as vision zero restoration justice and increasing the police force. Which of these solutions do you think are effective and what else should the City Council do? So it's another good question. Very much in favor of vision zero. I think we're seeing way too much danger to pedestrians to bicyclists in the city. We've seen far too many collisions or near collisions. And so addressing that with better street design, better signage, better enforcement, I think is really important. I don't necessarily think we need to be growing our police force dramatically. I very much support the work the public safety department is doing. I love some of their programs like the co responder program where they're going with mental health clinicians, paramedics and a law enforcement officer to mental health calls. And I think that those are wonderful and we need to keep doing that. But I'm also not hearing when I talked to the public safety chief and the police chief that they think that they need additional staffing today. As the city grows, will we need to increase the budget and increase their staffing? Absolutely. And I think it's really critical that we are investing in our police department and we are increasing community policing. I just don't see a specific need today to be making that investment. Now, that may be in six months that there's an investment need and I'm wrong. And I'd love to be hearing that from the police department, from the people from the experts, because I'm not a public safety expert. But from what I'm understanding today, it isn't something that they need. Do you think that we could involve the community more so to help with crime prevention? Absolutely. So I think what's really important is having a police force that is trusted in the community that people are willing to call. That people will cooperate with and work with them. And so that means a community that is deeply involved in a partnership together. And that I think I really do think the police department has done a good job of that public safety chief is working on that. So I'm not trying to criticize or say that they're not today, but that is a core part of their job. And something I think we should prioritize them doing. And if that means City Council needs to give them some additional resources to do more of that, then I would support it. Super. Great. Great answer. Question three. What is your vision for the future of Longmont's transportation network of vehicles, streets, sidewalks and multi-use paths? Big question. A lot there. I think we really need to be looking at all of those aspects. So it's really important that we reimagine our bus network. We have having the free buses, the RTD buses and the connections that serve Boulder, Denver, Fort Collins are really important to us, but there are huge swaths of this community that are not connected to the bus network at all. And where I live in Ward 1, I would have to walk 15 minutes to get to a bus stop that runs every hour. Doesn't run on Sundays, doesn't run in the evenings. That doesn't work. And so I really support what the planning, the transportation planning group is trying to do right now with a microtransit system that would serve more of the city. I think that's absolutely the right direction for us to go. It's really important that we get RTD to actually support Longmont. And so that is rail. Mayor Peck's been very vocal about the rail connection, but it is a better bus rapid transit system on Highway 119 to Boulder on the diagonal. It is connectivity that actually hits evenings and weekends to Denver instead of only having commute hour buses that do that trip. Beyond transit, we do need roads that work for us. We absolutely, we're never going to be completely done with single passenger vehicles on the roads. I'm not trying to get rid of them, but having choices so that you don't have to get in your car for everything. You can get on a bus if you want to. You can walk if you want to. You can take a bike if you want to with better protected bike lanes and more greenways. I think all of that is really important and it makes Longmont a more livable place where you get to pick and choose what works for you. The city doesn't dictate, but we provide the options and we make it safe for you to choose between them. Nice. Very good. I like that. So let's move on to question number four. And that is the high cost of housing, which you talked about makes it difficult for service workers to afford to live in Longmont. Do you believe that they should be able to and how do you believe that would impact the lives of the current residents if they could? So I think it's an incredible crisis for the city right now that people can't afford to live and work in this community. And so that is that it is service workers as the question alluded to, but it's beyond that. Longmont needs to be able to have housing and just overall affordability so that our citizens, our residents can live here, can work here and can play here. This is an amazing community. We have great amenities. But if we're doing that such that we're pricing people out of the market, we're forcing folks to drive in that pushes up the costs for all the rest of us as well. It's just, it's kind of an, I think it's what you see in Boulder. And you see that the housing prices have gone up so much that therefore it's harder for small retailers to survive because they have to pay more. Their rent is going up all the rest of it. We're, we see that in Longmont. It's not like Boulder yet, but I'm concerned we go that same direction if we don't help balance this out. So that is, you know, I've talked about some changes on the housing side that I that I support. I do think it also is making sure that we're putting in affordable and attainable housing and things that make it more cost effective for people to live here and make it easier to live here, provide some community support. Keep our amenities like rec centers, our libraries accessible, affordable and make it so that people can live here want to live here. Well, we're also encouraging economic development on the corporate side. So you get more businesses and you get more of that development here that helps kind of helps everyone make more money so you can afford to live here as well. So do you have some solutions when you're thinking of housing? Solutions I think is tough. I really think it comes back to we have a supply and demand problem right now. And Longmont is a phenomenal place to be in so the demand is really high. We're not cutting demand doesn't work so how can we increase our supply which is it is going to be building. It is going to be things like building different types of housing so we have some single family duplex, triplex and departments and condos so that there's a wide range of options so that people can pick and choose what works best for them and their family. Very good. Okay, so the last question that we've got. I'm allowing seven minutes for there are going to be three questions. And these are pertaining to the three ballot questions. So you can split it up amongst each one because I'm going to mention that the different ballot items, and then would like your input whether you think the public should support each and why. So the first ballot question is 3C the new branch library and library funding. So, I would say broadly when we're looking at all three of these and I will address them individually. I really support the increase amenities and doing things that are great for the city. I'm very concerned my core issue is housing affordability and affordability in the city property taxes are already up dramatically and we're asking the community to step up even more for more support so I am. I'm reluctant to really push people to support that because I know what it does to the pocket books and to rent payments and everything else library. I am strongly in favor of the library. I love the services it provides and I really think that the library group does a phenomenal job today. Having a branch library expanding hours, the things that are in this initiative beyond just the physical building are really important and I think that the library serves the community probably more directly than a lot of long line services. So I actually do support this very strongly. I will be voting in favor of it. But I think it's a really hard time to go to the voters and ask for it and so I don't. I understand if voters are saying no I don't think it's saying no to a library I think it's saying no to increasing the taxes. Okay, and 3D that is arts and entertainment center. Yeah. I'm a huge fan of the arts. I grew up playing in band. I play the clarinet I played the piano. I love going to the Longwood Symphony Orchestra love going down to Denver for musicals. I will put my own money and donate to this cause to help bring an arts and entertainment center. The tax increase is very high. And so I really struggle with it again. I don't think it's the appropriate time for the city to be asking voters to approve it. I would I would encourage people to support arts in the community. I would encourage you to donate to the symphony. I would encourage you to donate to the actual building of this on the private side. I have a really hard time thinking that voters should support it. Okay. And then 3E recreation facilities. So I am running in Ward one, which is northeast Laudmont. So I would tell you I have a little bit of a bias against direct center on the other side of town to start with. But the way this measure has been set up is for a rec center in the southwest of Longmont and the land swap with the YMCA within Ward one. And so I really love the land swap that has been developed with the YMCA. There's there's some unanswered questions there. But the idea of paying $12 million to get a new rec center through the YMCA. So understands a little different admission and financing structure while also putting housing in both sites. I think is really important for the city. And I think that's a that's just a huge win for us. I absolutely and completely support that. And the tax obligation is a pretty limited time, very affordable for what we're getting investment. It's bundled with the other rec center. And again, I would really love to see that rec center, but the tax increase that they're asking for is on us to do that. I really wish the council had broken this into two measures so that I could without question enthusiastically support one of them and, you know, think we need to come back to the drawing board to come up with a different funding mechanism for increasing our rec site rec centers otherwise. So I again, I'm, this is what I will probably personally support because I feel so strongly about the YMCA. I'm not going to go out and advocate people support the overall measure because I know the cost for it. And I think this is, there is a core issue here of this is a growing city, and we, we are an amenity rich community, and it's wonderful that we have these amenities for the community. But we're not actually we're saying we need these things as we grow, we do, but we're not actually letting the growth pay for them themselves we're going back to all residents and saying well, we all need to step up and support this growing city not just the growth that's coming for itself and so I think there is the council needs to go back and this is something I would really be pushing to do should I be elected is rethink our overall funding and how can we use our tax revenue differently. So for some of these core services that we think are so important for long month, like a library like a rec center that we don't have to go to the voters to do a tax increase every time we want to make it a change to them. That feels like something we should be able to do within the normal budget process. I like your thinking. Here's my question to you. Yes, since we're running out of time on this, but it encompasses all. You're saying go back to the voters and talk to them, say if these don't pass. Yeah. How do you see getting people in the community more involved in what's happening with city council. Yeah. And having them more involved so that you hear them. I think it's a it's a really good question and it's, I don't think there's a simple answer. I do think the city council has done a pretty good job with surveys with trying to get the perspective. But I don't actually think you hear those voices reflected in the meetings and because the meetings all happen on Tuesday nights and run until 10 or 11pm. It's very difficult for people to participate. I mean, I am making the choice to run and do this and it's difficult for me to get to the meetings every single Tuesday in a work week and be able to be there and voice my opinion. So the council really needs to I'd like to look at varying meeting types. I'd like to look at more open forums. The coffee with council is a phenomenal thing that the council does. It's once a month council member should be out there regularly in front of people, all of the council members meeting with meeting with constituents and just having an open door. I would plan to have office hours just very simply. This is my published hour. Anyone can stop by and talk to me about any topic. If that time doesn't work for you, email me text me whatever it is. I really do want to hear from people. I can't promise that I'm going to act on 100% of what I hear but I promise I will listen and incorporate it into my own decision making process. That's super. Well, we've run out of time as far as the questions.  Well, Jenny, thank you very much for the questions. I appreciate it. And I think they're really important ones as we think about as we think about the future of law. So I've talked a little bit about housing affordability. There's two other parts of my campaign that I do want to talk about as well. And that is focusing on livability and sustainability. So on livability, we've touched on items like transportation on pedestrian safety, bicycling safety. I think it's really important that this community is one that people feel safe in whenever they're out about, however they're choosing to interact. And we have phenomenal parks, open spaces. I think it's critically important that we protect those. We maintain them, not just for those of us who live here today but the future generations coming. And so that means not trying to change and trying to actually grow our current portfolio. We have park areas that have not been developed, including in Ward 1 that are just sitting there today and it's beyond time that we actually make the investment to make them good park land. On sustainability, it is really important that we work towards a carbon zero future and follow a lot of what the council has been doing already. But it's equally important that we make sure that we're resilient and prepared for natural disasters. This is this month last month was the 10 year anniversary of the floods. And so we've heard all of this commemoration. We still don't have the infrastructure done from that. It's, I mean, the city's done an amazing job with it, but we need to do more. We look at the Marshall fire not very far away from us. And we need to be prepared for something similar in Longmont and be able to react and respond to it. I think those are critically important part of sustainability. And I also think it's really important that our finances are sustainable. You've heard me talk a lot about tax increases and kind of just the overall affordability crisis in this community. I think that's a part of sustainability as well and being able to make sure that our city government can be funded for the long term, knowing all these new investments we're going to have to make for a greener future. I've lived in this community for six years. I really love Longmont. This is a phenomenal place to live. I get to live here and work from home as a digital commuter. So things like next light, the investments the city has made are critically important in my quality of life. And I know it is to so many others here as well. I am out walking our trails every day with my dog Maximus, my wife, Elizabeth works in Longmont at Salute Family Health Centers. We are a part of this community. We love this community. I'm running because I do love this community and I want to be able to be a voice for everyone on City Council. I see all too often our City Council doesn't act with common sense. And so I'd like to be able to bring that common sense to Council, which is an uncommon idea, which really shouldn't be that uncommon. I'm not running as a Democrat. I'm not running as a Republican. I'm running as a Longmont resident and I pledge to stand up for everyone. And as I've said, have the office hours, have an open ear and really want to hear from people. I promise if I disagree with you, I'm going to disagree nicely and we're going to have a really good discussion about how we disagree. Really, Jenny, thank you for the interview today. Thank you everyone for watching and being able to learn a little bit more. If you'd like to learn more about me, my website's Harrison for Longmont.com. Feel free to reach out and I'd be happy to have a discussion. That's great. So thank you. So I want to thank you, Harrison, for all your input to these questions. I'm Ginny Schuster and I'd like to thank all of you for watching the Longmont Public Media's Candidate Interview Series. Thank you. My voters in War 3 will have me. I feel like I can come in, hit the ground running and pick up where we left off and really fill in those gaps that we weren't really, didn't have the capacity. Aside from COVID, we also what, and I really love this phrase. I heard it from our city manager, the Silver Tsunami. We had an overwhelming number of longtime directors and staff members who retired and who had been with the city for 30 plus years. And so it was recruiting new talent. And so that's something I want to move forward on. We've got the staff, now we're ready to get to work and just really fill in those gaps that our community is feeling that we have. And there's a lot of work to do. So I'm ready to move forward. Excellent. Well, thank you so much. Of course, of course. Speaking with me and the citizens of Longmont and Ward 3. Yes. This is Faith Halverson-Ramos with Susie Hidalgo-Fairing, running for re-election in Ward 3. And this was another episode of Longmont Public Media's Candidate Interview Series. Thank you. Thank you. Yeah, and you can read more about me on Susie4ward3.com.


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curious figure to me because Ayn Rand had every reason to despise the Soviet Union and was a very good counter voice to their machinations. But, but, well, and you know, I got introduced to her books. It was quite interesting. So I worked for the socialists when I was like 14 till I was 16 before I... We don't actually get to the butt, but this is interesting. This is how we got introduced to Ayn Rand through socialism, funnily enough. So he is another guy who started out in the I didn't know enough to presume that the way I wanted to arrange the world in a utopian fashion was credible. And I figured that out by the time I was about 17. I thought, well, what do you know? You don't have a job. I had little jobs. You know, you don't have a business. You don't have a family. You don't have any education.  Really? Right. So, okay. Anyways, the person who gave me Ayn Rand's books was this woman, Sandy Norley. She was the mother of one of Alberta's recent premieres, a socialist premier.


Seneca's consolations. We read two of them, three of them survive completely, one of them is not included in this volume at all. And then in the collection of Seneca's letters, there are a couple of consolations. So it's a genre of writing, writing something that is meant to relieve somebody's suffering from some kind of painful emotion, typically grief or distress like over the loss of a loved one. And in this domain, Seneca is the absolutely unrivaled master. If you want to, all consolations written subsequent to Seneca imitate the consolations that he wrote, and that goes down to the present day, because of course they're still being written, and they're still being modeled exactly on Seneca. Now, Seneca however is not totally original, so this genre had already been established before Seneca, but these are the earliest surviving examples of the genre that we have. And in fact, the consolation to Marsha is Seneca's earliest work, we think, written under Caligula, during the reign of Caligula, around 40 AD, maybe a little earlier. And again, it's the earliest full-length example of the genre of consolation to survive. You'll notice that it has a kind of open letter format, so it's addressed to Marsha whose pains he is ostensibly trying to relieve, but it is clearly also intended for a more general audience. So other people suffering from distress or grief should be able to read these consolations and derive some relief from them. That seems to be Seneca's idea. But there are specific details about the person who's being addressed that give it this feeling of a very intimate and specific letter. So Marsha's been in mourning for a long time, over three years, over the death of her son, Metaleus. Before that, her father, an historian named Cordis, had committed suicide, so she was suffering from a lot of painful events. Her father being accused of treason and committing suicide, and then her son dying and all of this coming on very soon, very, very close in time, seems to have totally devastated and emotionally wrecked her. So she's an emotional wreck. She's been grieving for longer than the official grieving period. And Seneca writes his consolation in order to help her. Now, it's a stoic consolation, and I've read things. I was just reading some things online before class and then in some other introductions to this letter that says, oh, it's not very stoic. He's not very stoic in it. For example, he says it's okay to cry at funerals. What kind of stoic would say that? I think that it's actually deeply stoic and totally depends on stoic theory of emotions, and that things like crying when you're distressed because you hear about something bad that's happened doesn't make you not a stoic. It doesn't make you not a rational person. It doesn't even mean that you're not wise.  It's part of this pre-emotional state that using this stoic therapy you can, in theory, arrest before it becomes an out of control emotional state, which is what Marcia is suffering from. So in order to make my case out here, I'll remind you of the general contours of the stoic theory of emotion. We have this grid. Emotion is a cognitive matter. It depends on having a belief about a good or an evil thing either being present to me now or being a prospect in the near future. The one that we're specifically concerned with today is the idea that there is some evil thing that's present to me. For example, the loss of my son or the loss of my father, and that causes me distress. And we want to remove that distress. So again, this is the view from the standpoint of defining the emotions according to their generic kinds or their genus. We also, as I've shown you, can define these emotions according to the species of each emotion, so we can break each emotional category down into several different kinds. Last time, we were dealing with the emotion of anger, and in the stoic view, that is a species of desire, because anger is a desire to repay pain for pain or a desire for vengeance. Distress is, in general, the belief that something bad is present to me, which is not in fact bad if you have the correct, i.e., stoic value theory, and grief is the specific name of an emotion where I have that distress due to an untimely death. So I think that there's this bad thing present to me, which is that I'm suffering through the untimely death of my child or my father, and therefore I have this painful, distressing mindset, all of this just background. Now, because this is a cognitive theory of the emotions, we can represent the process that the mind goes through, the conclusion of which is experienced by the subject as suffering from an emotional state. And I'll represent the syllogism as being something like this. First premise, if some bad object is present to me, then it is appropriate to contract my psyche, i.e., feel distress. This strange notion of contracting my psyche has to do with their physical and psychological account of the psyche and how the psyche undergoes changes when the tone or tenor of it changes, and some of these cause the mind to sort of retract and grow smaller in and of itself, distress in general is an example of this. Others are characterized as the mind kind of expanding, for example in the emotion of delight or excessive pleasure. But we can just replace that talk of contracting or expanding my psyche with the idea of feeling or not feeling distress. And so the first premise is that if some bad object is present to me, it's appropriate for me to feel distress. Seems pretty reasonable. The second premise is that objects of a certain type, called a T, are bad. So for example, let's suppose that untimely deaths are a bad thing, like when a parent is made to experience the death of their child, or when at an early age a parent commits suicide, then you might think that's a bad thing. Third premise is that a certain object, called an O, being of type T, is present to me. So for example, my son's death is present to me. I'm aware of, I'm thinking about, I'm dwelling on my son's death. Now, if we combine all of those premises, we are forced to the conclusion that it is appropriate for me to feel distress. After all, if a bad object is present to me, it's appropriate to feel distress. Objects like untimely deaths are bad things, and such an object is present to me. Therefore it is appropriate for me to feel distress. Now, this is a kind of analysis we can give of what's happening in the mind when somebody suffers distress. And since this argument is valid, there's no point in just disagreeing with the fourth premise. There's no point in saying, well that's all true, but it just isn't appropriate to feel distress. Stop feeling distress. And I have to think of, by the way, there's good consolations and there's bad consolations, meaning there's good ways to console people and there's bad ways to console people. A bad way to console someone is saying, you're acting really stressed out and distressed, stop doing that. It bothers other people or we don't want to see that or that isn't fitting for a person like you. That would be to ignore all of the reasonable, seeming causes in the person's mind that they're suffering distress, just telling them not to feel it at all. So we have to accept that if those premises are true, that that conclusion is true. And we can't just reject the conclusion. So again, on a side note about bad consolations, there are really bad ways that you can try to console someone. Like for example, somebody's suffering from a bad disease, a terminal illness, or even just an illness that looks like it's threatening to them. And your friend, this is happening to a parent of your friend, and you say, oh don't worry, they'll get better, I just know that they're going to pull through. This is the most obvious way we try to console people. Or something bad happened to you, you failed a couple of classes, and now it looks like you're not going to be able to have that major. Oh don't worry, I'm sure it'll be fine in the end. Just keep trying the same thing, keep taking the same classes and so forth.  Because then what happens is, in the first case, the person dies. Or the disease gets worse. And so your consolation totally fell flat, the person now feels worse. You told me it was going to get better, it's getting worse. So you've got to be really careful when you're trying to console people.  But not everything that we can say in these situations, and not even the most obvious things, are going to be effective at doing that. So the Stoics really try to think this out. What would be the effective way to actually console someone? Yeah, question? In Seneca's consolation to Polobius, where he mentions... Yeah, so the one we didn't read? You mentioned bad consolations. He said that at a point, unless reason puts an end to our tears, fortune will not do so. Would that be considered a bad consolation? No, that's a great consolation. We need to use reason to eliminate these emotions. So unless you can reason through specific emotions, they will never subside? Right. Yeah, what's a bad consolation is to say, oh, that feeling will just go away. I know you're really distressed about that, but don't worry, it'll just take care of itself. That's another typical way we try to console someone. Not true. They might just keep dwelling on it and feeling bad about it. That's not a good thing to say to somebody. It gets us out of the awkwardness of the immediate situation. Just like saying, oh, I know that they're going to pull through. I know it's going to be okay. I know he's going to recover from alcoholism and so forth. Those are all bad ways to do it. They end up making people feel worse. So if we actually care about how they feel, we need to find some other way to console them. In a stoic view, it totally has to do with how we use reason. Because they think that what's causing the emotion is a failure of reason at some point. It's actually that they've got the wrong value system. Not that they have the wrong logic. If all of those premises are true, it is right to feel distress. So what we've got to do is show that one or more of those premises is not true. Alyssa, were you raising your hand? I was. I tried to show. He condemns anger fully. And with grief, it seems that he allows grief because of the use of reason. So an anger, one cannot be rational, but in grief, one can be rational. Well, I'm going to explain. It's a complicated reason why he seems to take certain strategies and address certain things and not others or certain things in certain order before addressing others. And it has to do with the strategy of dealing with somebody who's suffering from grief.  Everything must be put in trying to stop it from initially arising. Grief, however, is already going by the time the person apprehends the object, like that my child has died in a car accident or something. But there is no, you can't really, there's a way that you could, if they had enough preparation and enough education as a stoic, that you could have prevented them from thinking that's bad in the first place. You know, if they were a sage, they could be undergoing these disasters and there wouldn't be a problem. But generally, the person's already suffering from grief and so you've got to find a way to cope with grief. So I'm going to address it. It's a good question. I'm going to address it. So let's talk about which premises. Let's hold this discussion in the context of which premises it makes sense to contradict. Okay? Does it make sense to contradict the premise that the object is not present to the person?  He's probably still alive. Right?  Right? That would be a bad thing to do. In fact, that's just a non-starter. So we cannot deal with the third premise. We're going to have to look at the other two. Okay, what about the second premise? Objects of type T are bad. Untimely deaths are bad. It may be difficult to deny this premise. Technically, Stoics do deny that premise because death, like life and like health and disease and so forth, is not a good or bad thing, but is indifferent. In this case, death is a disperfered indifferent. So they aren't actually bad. But by the time somebody is suffering grief, it's probably not going to work to say, look, I know your son died, but it's not actually a bad thing. Yes, he died painfully in a horrible car accident, but that's not really a bad thing because Stoic philosophers have shown us that death is nothing and that suffering massive amounts of pain right before your died, nobody cares. The sage can be happy while being tortured on the rat. That is not going to be an effective consolation. That's going to shut the person down from being able to even be receptive to an effective consolation. So this is why we will not immediately attack the issue. We won't have the consolation immediately focus on just rehearsing our hardcore Stoic doctrine about what's good and bad and let's start working right away to get their value system totally overthrown so that they won't be feeling this pain. So if that isn't going to be the most effective way to go, then what we need to do is actually dwell on this first premise. Focus the consolation on this premise that if a bad object is present to me, then it is appropriate to feel distress, that I should feel distress about it. And what we want to do is try to undermine the person's belief that distress is the right kind of reaction to be having to that bad. Not deny that the thing is bad, again, or not deny that it didn't happen. But to deny that they should feel distress as a result of it happening. Still the difficult thing to show, but it is possible to show that and to argue on that premise. And so this is what we find Seneca doing in the consolation to Marsha. The first several arguments he makes focuses on the idea that this bad object is present to you, but you should not feel distress as a result of it. And so his strategies for arguing that, for example, involve presenting these paradigms of look at how Octavia responded to a certain death and look at how Livia responded. And Octavia is miserable and she dwelt in her suffering for years and years and it just made everything worse and made everybody around her miserable. Or Livia, who really put a limit to the amount of grief that she was suffering, didn't eliminate it completely but had the appropriate amount and served as a model to help her other family members cope with this crisis and then other people took inspiration from how strong she was in dealing with it and which one do you want to be like, right? Now, and he does the same thing in section three with the example of Julia Agusta. Now in several sections, two, six, and eleven, as far as I can tell, Seneca does not dispute and actually uses language that appears to concede that the death is a misfortune and that the death is a bad thing. His only argument is that one should not compound that bad thing with further unnecessary suffering in the form of distress. So I marked a couple of those passages. Let's see if I can find the one in the six. So this is quoting from section six. I am not trying to bring you ease and I do not seek to minimize the disaster you suffered. Let sorrow which runs its course, etc. So that's an admission. I am not trying to minimize that this appeared to be a bad thing. I am merely trying to disconnect the emotional reaction you are having from it. And in section eleven, there is another place where a similar point is made that I won't dispute in section three towards the end of section three, what lunacy, what evil it is to punish oneself for misfortune and to increase one's own sorrow. Even in expressing grief, there is such a thing as moderation. He doesn't actually believe that because he doesn't think he should have any grief at all. But he's saying, look, yes, supposing it's a misfortune, I won't contradict that point, but what I've got to stop you doing is dwelling on it even further in suffering this emotional state. And so in section seven to nine, he actually addresses the claim that it's natural to grief and that it's expected by society to grief. You see, because there's also expectations that are at play here that one ought to be grieving, that I ought to look like I'm really sad about the loss of my son or the loss of my husband or the loss of my father. And I ought to be wearing black and I shouldn't look like I'm having any fun or having a good time. That's what society expects. And furthermore, it's natural to feel that way. Everybody seems to feel distressed when this kind of thing happens. So the first thing he does is says, no, it's not natural. And he makes certain arguments that are a lot like the original cradle arguments about how animals behave, how infants behave and so forth to show that it is not a natural condition to grieve or to grieve for an extended period of time. And then he argues that all of the conventions that are built on top of that about how long you should grieve are also false, that it's not a good thing to appear to be grieving. In fact, you should set yourself up as being in the opposite state. And it's only after, that takes us about halfway through the work where as I see it, he's dealing with that initial premise. Then once that consolation is made to sink in, then he goes to the jugular and attacks the second premise, that objects of this kind are bad, that untimely death is bad. So in sections 12 to 15, he says, is it really that bad? Yes, you lost your father, but let's dwell on those who are even worse off. And this is a very good piece of consolation. In fact, this is the most important and most effective form of consolation. You're feeling bad about something that happened to you. Start dwelling on those that have it even worse, right? You're feeling bad that you broke your arm. Dwell on people who were born without arms, right? Or people who got their arms cut off in war or through torture or that are paralyzed for the rest of their life and can't move any of their limbs. You're feeling bad because all of your limbs are paralyzed? Think about all those people who died prematurely or who were in that condition and still tortured for a long time and so forth. We can always come up with cases that are much worse than anything we're suffering. You're feeling really bad about failing this class? I have a friend who just failed out of the whole university, right? You're feeling bad that you lost your son? I just read about a woman who went insane and killed, smothered all of her children because of postpartum depression, right? She's dealing not only with the grief of losing these children but the guilt that she's the one that did it and so forth. You can always come up with someone worse, right? You're feeling bad because you don't have very much money. Think about people living in abject poverty. Think about people plunged into poverty because there's a civil war going on in their country and so forth. You start thinking about people who are actually worse off than you and even better than that, you start thinking about how can I help those people and direct my thoughts and attention of how can I help people that are even worse off than me and your own problems just disappear, just start going away and you don't think they're that bad. You start to think, I've actually got it pretty good compared to where I could have been. Okay, so at that point we really are contradicting the idea that this is something bad although in those initial stages it's saying that it's relatively not bad. Yes, it still might be kind of bad but that impression that it's bad vanishes when compared with the always available worst forms of suffering that exist simultaneously and in the past and will be going on in the future and so on. In 17-18 he offers a thought experiment to show why one should not consider an untimely death to be bad. Then in 19 he directly argues that death is not harmful and here he appears to make use of Epicurean techniques about how death can harm neither the living nor the dead can't harm the living because they aren't dead yet and they can't harm the dead because they don't exist anymore and so on and he uses those general techniques that essentially you should think of as being nothing but then a really crazy thing happens in the later sections of this and this point was brought to my attention by a student who wrote a paper for an earlier version of this class asking whether Seneca is really consistent with himself because he sometimes goes so over the top in his rhetoric about condemning death and not caring about death that he actually starts talking about death being a good thing sometimes and how it's actually great and death's the best thing and this whole life should be about practicing your death and getting ready for it and everything and she pointed out that by going to this extreme it seems that Seneca actually contradicts orthodox, stoic doctrine that death isn't indifferent and in fact the official doctrine is that it's a preferred, dispreferred indifferent Seneca at least makes it out to be a preferred indifferent he says we should all want death, we should all be so happy and so overjoyed that we get to die life would be so miserable if we couldn't but then he actually goes on to saying that it's good or that it seems to be good for the person who's died which to some extent contradicts the kind of Epicurean rhetoric about how it's nothing and can't affect them whatsoever in section 21 he specifically contradicts the idea that an untimely death is bad he says nothing is untimely because everything is determined by fate and everything happens exactly when it should and when it must and there's no alternative to when any of it happens but in 22-25 is when he really goes off the rails and does a rather non-stoic thing and arguing that death is good because it freezes from the bounds of the body and that sort of thing first of all that isn't consistent with stoic physics because nothing freezes from bodies although our bodies, the soul is a body or is rather a condition that bodies are in but he uses platonic arguments familiar from dialogues like the Fido to argue that death is liberation that we get rid of this horrible body, this horrible corpse that we're sort of carrying around with us and now we're free to experience heaven which he describes as a kind of astral projection where we get to survey all of nature and all of the stars because we were unhindered by this heavy earthly existence and so forth now one might ask as Ashley had done earlier in that paper what are the consequences of him taking a non- or anti-stoic position about death being bad there's also the issue of what are the implications of him adopting a metaphysical view totally inconsistent with stoicism but if we keep in mind that this is a piece of practical philosophy and that at least on the surface of it is aimed at relieving a particular person's distress a person who we have no reason to think is an educated stoic or is convinced of stoic physics and stoic logic and so forth then perhaps this makes sense we should use whatever means are available in order to eliminate this kind of distress and this suffering so if there are effective platonic arguments that we can give about how oh don't worry your son or your father is now enjoying a better place and is free from all the suffering in this world and so forth then perhaps that is justified in this context and perhaps the argument that death is actually good is not meant to show the death really is a good thing or even a preferred indifferent but when somebody is dwelling on an obsessed with the badness of death and so the stick is sort of really bent in one direction very far then we have to bend the stick all the way in the other direction in order to straighten it and so we have to give them a bunch of reasons to think maybe it's actually good and then that will return them to a neutral state of being indifferent about it thinking maybe it's good maybe it's bad nobody knows or maybe these stoics have a point about this and so I shouldn't be getting so upset about that and then in the very end he seems to want to restore his stoic bonafides and so he uses stoic cosmology and the theory of conflagration to show that death is inevitable natural universal the entire after all the entire universe dies remember the entire universe is a living thing but it undergoes this cyclical conflagration and then sort of rebirth and so on and so that is a bit more of kind of orthodox stoicism but if one were to sit down and really try to work out the metaphysics of what he's saying in these consolations and it does the stoic theory of conflagration work for example with the platonic theory of immortality of the soul you would rapidly find that there are lots of contradictions there that probably can't be sustained but that's okay because the point of this isn't to give a theoretical metaphysical treatise it's to relieve an individual person's suffering so to summarize we attacked first the first premise that one opts to feel distress in response to having a bad object present and then once we'd got an initial consolation going about that then we argue that the thing isn't actually so bad wiping out both of those premises destroys the conclusion even though it's a valid argument it's not sound because the premises aren't true therefore it's not appropriate to feel distress and we will have short circuited this process in the mind which keeps leading one back to the conclusion that I'm in distress and we are left only with the undeniable fact that yes your son died but we don't have the corresponding emotional state along with it okay so why don't I pause there questions or comments about the strategy yeah well you said grievance what what is what is grievance why is being in distress not natural well generally because it isn't rational and it's a form of suffering it's not natural for us to suffer our natural condition should be to enjoy life that's that's what's natural okay if distress was natural why do we have psychiatrists why do we care if people are going around being distressed all the time right it's natural they're just doing what's natural with them now that doesn't make any sense somebody suffering distress they're suffering illness right and it can become so severe that it's kind of mental illness that now we tend to treat even with psychotropic drugs and psychopharmacology so convinced are we that this is actually an illness and an unnatural and a bad thing and that we need to restore the mind to a more healthy condition so I don't know why somebody would think that it's that it's natural you might think it's natural because a lot of people are in distress but the fact that a lot of people are in a certain condition doesn't show that it's natural a lot of people are in a condition obsessed with having a bigger car than their neighbor but that doesn't mean having a bigger car than your neighbor is a natural condition slavery was a widespread phenomenon universal at some point in antiquity it didn't mean it was a natural thing it didn't mean it was a good thing in fact it was an evil bad thing that took centuries to destroy and so forth but what if we just said hey everybody's doing it so it must be natural can you give me an argument why it's not natural so that's one thing but the arguments that he actually goes through is to look at other animals animals experience death of their relatives death of their children death of their parents death of other animals of their kind and he even describes some of them sort of grieving for a little bit of time like a cat grieving over its what one of its literally didn't make it or something grieving over a definite and limited period of time and then they move on and it's not like oh god these cats and these birds are so insensitive and jeez don't they care about all this death that's everywhere around them jeez they're just acting crazy why don't they act more natural and suffer like humans do and dwell on this stuff and dress up in black and cry at funerals and so forth oh if we look at what animals do animals do not have unlimited periods of distress that actually become harmful to them so he says and here is where he admits yes we feel an inevitable tang it is natural to feel something when you find out that somebody dies just as it is natural to blink when somebody tries to punch you in the face or it's natural to have an erection if you see an attractive body or something yes that's natural but the question is what is in accordance with nature after those involuntary things happen doing everything you can do to seduce them and get them into bed is that a natural thing or an unnatural thing in this view that's unnatural that stems from an actual unnatural unreasonable irrational thing to do he also claims that certain people there's a huge differentiation between the amount of distress that people feel so if feeling distress was natural then every time somebody experiences the same object of distress like an untimely death they would suffer for the same amount of time the natural period of time but some people go on and on for months and even years or they never get over it whereas other people get over it rather quickly but if it was natural we wouldn't find that we would find that everybody suffers for a natural determinant period and there would be a natural pattern that would be reoccurring here but actually we find a sort of random pattern he also argues that if it was natural it wouldn't naturally dissipate it wouldn't dissipate of its own accord it would sort of be present and that would be the condition whenever the object was reflected on but in fact people whose children died 20 years ago when they think about the fact that my child died 20 years ago does not have the same impact on them then as it did when it initially happened but if it was a natural thing to feel that why would that have been dissipated simply with time and he makes several other arguments along those lines starting in section 7 where we notice this kind of again the dialogue aspect comes in some unnamed interlocutor it's not Marcia herself but somebody says it is natural to mourn for our loved ones and then he responds to that or at the beginning of 9 why then do we show such persistence in mourning for one we love if it doesn't come about as nature is bidding and so he answers those times so those are all reasons to think it's not natural but what are those arguments in the service of those arguments are in the service of rejecting the first premise that it is not appropriate to feel distress and response to it notice that none of those arguments address the question of whether it's the thing is bad or not and so there's actually a more general reason why it's not natural that I alluded to and that's that in their view it has this kind of logical structure but these premises are false and it's never natural to ascent to a false proposition and so be led to a false conclusion that's exactly the opposite of nature because nature is equivalent to reason and rationality and so on


How are you so shredded? How do you jump higher during corn? Does this make any sense? That counts, that counts. This you gotta pay, and above all, you jump into the concrete. This is closed? The what? Build a foundation now, so when you fall, you just learn. Instead of falling and you're done, you learn. And that's what this is all about. That's what I'm here for. I just gotta go out the door, do it, do it, do it, do it, do it, do it, do it, do it, do it, do it, do it. I'm in my brand new apartment on the beach. I manifested this. And I know you don't care, but I will teach you how to dunk, but this is my dream come true. If you're subscribed to this channel, it's for me and you to grow together. Now listen, I know you don't care. I know you just wanna jump, but hear me out. This channel's about me. So you're gonna see some branch out videos. You're gonna see me rapping.  So there is a correlation. Point is, enjoy everything. We're gonna jump higher. We're gonna dunk hard. But we also have to be ourselves.  This is a great life. We barely know why we exist. So my goal is to help you guys do the things you love to do. Be your true authentic self and just enjoy at a fricking high level with so much energy cause that's my fricking forte. All right, let's go dunk. I'm gonna get copyrighted. I'm learning how to sing. I actually did do my singing lessons today. Oh my God. I've been doing them every single day. Quarantine loophole. There's one hoop open. It's in a parking lot. I've been there once if you've seen my Instagram already, but it's been a while since I drove. So I just need to jump today. I just need to jump. I'm doing a daily podcast. I'm trying to find exclusive ways to make content. Trying to provide more than ever. Live in my dream as a podcast producer. Woohoo! I'm feeling really good, honestly, about life in general, but just got a ton of energy cause I'm healing up from this fricking quarantine, not being able to jump. It's good for my hips. I'm really focused on my hamstring. It's fueling me more than ever because, hold on, there's cyclists. All right, so it's a beautiful day. I live in Hollywood, Florida now. I'm gonna make a whole video on how I made my dream come true thus far. But real quick, quarantine's got me more fueled than ever cause I got no gauge. I got no measurement of how I'm jumping. So I'm like, I gotta make progress somehow. So I'm going hard on my hamstring, getting really focused. I can't come out of this stagnant. I don't wanna come out of this quarantine jumping the same. I wanna be coming out of this jumping higher than I was before quarantine. So to do that, I gotta go extra hard, extra diligent and it's just more focused than ever. I'm feeling really good and welcome to my fricking energy channel. Meaning like channel as in YouTube channel but also like energy stream line to you. Woohoo! You gotta pay and jump into the concrete. This is closed? The hoop? Really? Okay, great. I'll get out of here. Thanks a lot. I can go. Croha, say hi to my vlog. Hold on. Vlog time, baby. Let's go. So I'm gonna tell you as they tell the camera, I was very respectful to the cop. He's letting me go cause I'm by myself keeping it clean, keeping it quarantine. Let's go. Fricking low, it's nine five. Oh, okay. It's time to kill this. Yeah. All right, I'm gonna talk to Croha, hold on.  That's it. Hands off triple. Who is this guy? Hey, this is to all Crohas fans right now. He's me but in the Ukraine. So that's like upper level. So I have almost as much hype. I have a high level of hype. Probably the most in the States. But I can't really compare to him but he's where I'm working towards. Trying to get gorilla mode. I hurt to finish. I'm still getting warm. Pushing my mental. Good, still warming up. Two hands off the dribble. It's all about that mental. And by reducing the rim height and not even having to worry about the rim height at all, knowing I can do it, I know it's just a mental block. I got the bounce. That felt good. Still don't feel like I'm running full speed yet. So I'm gonna throw some lobs, keep working up gradual cause I want to go hard but my body's not ready to go full speed. So I'm gonna keep pushing it slowly. Being able to do what I know I can do, even though it's a baby rim, gotta put in those reps. I haven't maxed jumped in so long. It feels weird to push my body so hard. It's very out of rhythm. Regrets cause last time I was here, I did worse than that. And I haven't even really been practicing. I'm not really in a good routine of dunking. So to make a little bit of progress, I'm super happy with it. I'm only doing this because all I have access to you need to push yourself. You need to go on high rims. You need to always reach for something higher. Even if you could hit the rim here you gotta push for here always. Cause then you're not gonna tell your body you want to jump higher. Taking a quick shade break. For me and the camera, the camera's getting burned out. I don't want it to overheat. Feeling really good so far. Good max jumps. Feeling like I made a little bit of progress. Gonna work on my technique, try to get that elbow. I don't really know. Just gonna have some fun. I don't know when I can dunk again so I really want to get that max jump. Get my vertical up and I'll worry about technique. The main technique I want to focus on is my dribble dunks, my two hand dunks. Those are getting better. So I want to make sure I make progress there. I don't want to get lost and just high jumping. So that's it, let's get it. Eliminate speed. Always eliminate a variable on whatever you're trying to do. You're trying to make it effortless and you got to get really strong in those last two steps to do that. Don't use your speed. If you could go that strength with those last two steps. I was sliding on that thing. Oh, he's going up the tree. He's up the tree. I barely jumped. Get that easy. Your boy's saying it in shame. 113 inches minus 70, do the math. Quick math, it's 43. Go so you can see I'm frigging at the rim. There's no secret to jumping higher. If you're watching all these people now, you might have jumped on their bandwagon. They're making progress now. They've been training for years. You follow me, follow my videos, the insights I give into my training, how to get your body to respond properly. That's the secret. That's the magic to have long-term progress and have unlimited potential. Because if you try to find this guy's program, listen to this guy, you got to start building the resources and that's what I'm all about. I want to teach you how to learn about yourself. So you know how to strengthen your legs. You know how to gain speed. You know how to give your body what it needs to respond properly and then you're set. How many people are still making progress and stop? There's a lot more people like that that made the long-term progress.  There's only a few of them that are making gains at that level. If you see the beginners, what is it about the beginners that go from good to great? And it's about the healthy habits. It's about the full body. It's about the mental awareness to make sure you're not working against yourself to giving your body exactly what it needs. Because if not, you're gonna be able to build a weak foundation.  You feel like you failed completely, but build the foundation now. So when you fall, you just learn.  I'm here to help you build that foundation. Thanks for watching. That's my workout. I'm gonna stay in tune. I don't even know what I'm gonna do next to quarantine stuff, but stay tuned. I'm gonna keep working out and let me know what you wanna see so I can help you the best I can. Let's go.


So, now let's move to pragmatic examples of carbon capture and sequestration solutions and we'll start with you Matt. Thank you for having made the trip out of the US to be with us today. So you have founded and you are the CEO of Air Capture, a nice name by the way for a carbon capture solution. Can you tell us what the solution is about? Yeah, I'm happy to. Thank you first very much for having us here today. So Air Capture is a company that develops direct air capture technology. And what we do is we build machines that have a fan and the fan pulls air through the machine and the CO2 carbon dioxide from the air is collected on the surface of substrates that are inside the fan and about 15 minutes we collect all the CO2 and then we inject heat in the form of typically waste steam or low temperature steam that releases the CO2 in the contactor surface, which we then collect and try to do something useful with, but we're selling the CO2 into various different markets and converting it into different products such as fuels, beverage, carbonation, agriculture, interesting. And Matt, so at what stage are you in development of the solution and how fast can you bring it to industrial scale? That's a great question. So at present what we are doing is we're commercializing the technology. So we've built several commercial machines based on a large scale development platform and we're working on selling the CO2 into a variety of different markets. What I like to say is that the world's economy runs on carbon. Carbon is in all the products that we use, so many of the products that run the global economy. So we're primarily working in beverage, carbonation, we're producing dry ice for the cold chain, CO2 is used very predominantly in agricultural purposes. We have projects converting CO2 into chemicals and fertilizers, plastics, even battery materials for the energy transition and fuels and energy products. Wonderful. So thank you, we'll come back to you in a moment. That's also a question for you. The air capture solution is a deep engineering solution, so certainly it's capital intensive to develop long cycles and how do you match these long cycles with the financing available on the market? Is it easy and how do you see affordability moving forward? In other words, how costly is it for companies to remove carbon? How do you see your solution addressing this in a cost affordable way? That's a great question. I mean, I think it comes down to initially the question between avoidance and permanence. One pathway is to avoid carbon emissions, but that could also be counted as taking postcombustion emissions and sequestering them, but permanent removal is different. So what we're focused on is permanent removal of CO2 from the atmosphere by capturing the CO2 and then trying to do something useful with it. When you come to the question of scale and timeframe, this I think really focuses us very much on our thesis, which is solve for scale. If we take a look at the latest IPCC's AR6 report and we look at the required timeframes that are necessary in order to avoid two degrees of warming, and we take a look at how much capacity addition of negative carbon infrastructure technology is required to have a reasonable confidence interval of avoiding the worst existential threats of climate change, it is quite significant. We're talking about needing to scale this technology to the point where we're at about 1.5 to 1.8 gigatons of new capacity year over year by 2045, and that's only to have about a 90% confidence interval of avoiding two degrees of warming. And I'll say here now that 1.5 degrees, avoiding 1.5 degrees is totally impossible. We will not achieve that goal. So our focus is how can we develop and scale technology as quickly as possible and get that technology to work and get on the learning curve. So we're focused on kind of two pathways. One is direct CO2 capture disequestration, we're working with injection sites like Carbfix is doing. And we're developing projects in the US here in the UAE and in Oman, where we're capturing CO2 from there and injecting it. But these are long tail projects that are high capital intensity and require specifically offtake agreements for the carbon credits. And the tenor of those offtake agreements has to match what it would require to finance those projects. That's a big problem. Right now in the market, especially within the VCM space, those offtakes are not necessarily bankable. And we have to find a way to convert those carbon credit offtakes or bilateral agreements into scalable project financing. And to move into that project financing as quickly as possible to get on a learning curve as quickly as possible. So I think the other side of the coin is where I see this technology having huge impact is an industrial decarbonization. Corporates can choose to inset this technology within their value chain and use the carbon dioxide directly within their products or to convert it into other products. And this, in many cases, has a larger impact than even in permanent removal or storage because the carbon intensity of the incumbent CO2 supply is oftentimes two, three, or four times the amount that's consumed. So one of the things that I think is challenging is as we move forward to the VCM and we think about how do we create new standards, new practices, and carbon principles, it makes a lot of sense on the nature-based side. But as we develop new engineering and hard tech solutions and as we figure out how to deploy these solutions and get them financeable, we have to be careful not to box ourselves in too much. So issues around the question of permanence is a major issue because there are certainly examples where this technology can be used to offset existing emissions and it will have a bigger impact than taking that same molecule of CO2 and putting it into the ground. It may have a three to one or a five to one impact, but that still wouldn't meet the permanence requirement. And then the question of additionality is very important because it is not necessarily, it should not necessarily be the case that a project requires, the project economics requires there to be a carbon market offtake in order to finance this infrastructure. It does two things. One is it makes the projects much harder to finance and less bankable. And two is it slows down the scale of adoption and the scale of adoption is I think the most critical part of getting the costs down, particularly as it relates to CDR technologies. Wright's law says if we double capacity, every doubling of capacity, we get about a 15 to 20% reduction in costs. So you can pick a random number right now in terms of how much it might cost to pull CO2 out of the air, call it $600 or $500 a ton. And you could say after about 60 plants that one builds, you could be well down the cost curve of well under $100 a ton, which we think is well within target of the technology we're developing. The question becomes how do you deploy that technology as rapidly as possible, get on that cost curve, but do it in a way that's financeable and bankable so that we can get to scale quickly? Definitely corporate adoption for their own industrial usage. And we see that both these solutions could be dual track, right? Both on reduction, avoidance and removal. It's either way to channel more funding and this is absolutely needed to accelerate pace and wide adoption. So this is very insightful. Thank you.


As Health Minister, I'm passionate about ensuring everyone has access to the vital services they need. That's why I'm proud to highlight the progress we've made in improving access to GPs, the backbone of our primary care system. One major frustration was the 8am bottleneck where patients struggled to connect with their GPs. We heard your frustrations and we worked hand in hand with practices to fix it. And I'm proud to say that 95% of practices have changed how you can book appointments so you won't be told to call back at another time. And it's not just phone calls, we've introduced flexible appointment options like video calls and booking in advance so patients can choose what works best for them. We've also extended surgery hours, we've opened up digital options and invested in more staff and training. These changes have put patients first, ensuring people get to see a GP when it matters. By using these services effectively, we can all help free up GP time for those who need it most. We've made strides but we're not stopping there. We're constantly learning and collaborating to ensure everyone in Wales has the GP access that they deserve.


This is stock number 10246A. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used heavy-duty truck headquarters. Today we are checking out this 2003 Ford F350 regular cab, long box, duly. This truck has the 6 liter V8 power stroke diesel and has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop. It has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off and this truck's 100% ready to go. We shoot all of our videos in HD so if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or smartphone device turn them on right now because it's like you're right here looking at the truck with me. And definitely your best way to check out the vehicle quality and condition-wise before seeing it in person. It comes with polished aluminum rims, Hercules Tira-Trap LT 235 85R 16 tires with about I know 70% of the tribe left, 80%. Oxford white is the color. It comes with fog lights, clearance lamps, passenger side fenders in nice shape, passenger side rim, nice condition. As you go down this side of the truck you can see just how clean the body is. No major cracks and duly tub. Now this thing sounds like a jet engine. Rev it for me but this thing sounds amazing. Probably the best sounding diesel truck I've ever driven. Cab's in nice shape. A couple little dents and dings here and there. The box is in really nice shape. Lower lockers are in nice shape. Didn't see any corrosion. Has polished aluminum rims in the back. And we got General Ameritrac tires on the back here. They're in really nice shape. That one's brand new. Has the camper package with the anti-sway bars. X4 off-road suspension package. Has towing package, receiver hitch, 7-pin wiring, tail gates in really nice shape. And it does come with a drop-in bed liner. As you go down this side of the truck, just as clean as the other side. Once again no major cracks in that duly tub. Couple little dings and stuff once again. But same thing back here. Outside tires about 60% inside tires are new. And down the rest of this side, pretty nice and clean. Has some aftermarket telescopic tow mirrors. They fold in, pull out. XLT package gives you the gray cloth interior. Seats are in really nice shape. No rips or tears. Has a heavy-duty rubber floors in here. And you do get auto headlamps, power windows, and power locks. Some nice Laverne step bars. You can see that this truck only has 70,919 miles. Comes with a full tank of fuel. Steering wheel is in nice shape. Cruise controls on there. Has a CD anti-player. Climate controls down here. Aftermarket brake controller and the 4x4 shifter on the floor. Pass under seats in really nice condition as well. You do get latch tether anchors back here. And the 40-20-40 split bench seating. No rips or tears in the headliner. And the dash is in nice shape as well. We'll take a quick look under the hood. Take a look at those Laverne step bars. They're in really nice shape. I personally like you. Thank you for checking out the video today. Hopefully from this HD video you will have been able to tell. The quality and condition of the truck. Under the hood you got the 6-liter V8 power stroke motor. Engine bay is very clean. Runs very smooth. Once again the best sounding diesel I've ever heard. Like I said this truck has been fully safety inspected as a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. And this truck is 100% ready to go. To see more pictures of this truck or one of our other 450 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, Wranglers, half tons, three quarter tons, one tons. You know what we got it.  All at SummitAuto.com. If you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash Summit Auto. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on this video and all the videos that you see there. In fact in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on your left. A link to more heavy-duty truck videos like this one on your right. If you have not been to our website on the bottom link to this vehicle on our website click those. Check us out. And we really look forward to helping you with this 2003 Ford F350 regular cab long box dual rear wheel. Thanks again.


Hey everyone, welcome back to Tutor Terrific. In this video, I'm going to do a calculator tutorial and that calculator is the Texas Instruments TI-84 Plus, the original version which ran on AAA batteries. The basic design for the interface of this calculator is equation operating system and so you're going to work with expressions, you're going to plug those expressions in and then you're going to press enter to evaluate them. Now that contrasts with the algebraic operating system which you do one algebraic operation at a time and then see how the result is affected by that operation. Sometimes it feels like you're doing certain things in reverse. For example, plugging in the input to a trig function like sine and then pressing sine to evaluate it. The sine of that input, there's other things with squaring numbers and such where it feels the same way and algebraic systems but the equation operating system is good for more advanced calculations where you want to see the whole thing before you evaluate it so you can check it for errors and then go over editing and inserting things in a little later. So turning the calculator on, of course the on button in the bottom corner like all Texas Instruments systems and that cursor shows up. If you want to turn the calculator off you can simply just leave it idle and after a few minutes it will automatically shut off or you can press the second button. You know the second button is pressed when that arrow is in the cursor and if you press the second button what you'll activate is the action of any of the blue text above each button. So if I press the on button right now it will activate the off and it will turn the calculator off.  Let's go over some basic operations. Make sure that our order of operations is working correctly. For example, simple algebraic operations input. Here they are over here. Divide, multiply, minus plus. Let's do 7 times 5 minus 3. So if it does this in the correct order by multiplying before subtracting you should get 32 and if it does it in the wrong order or it does the subtraction first you would expect to get 14. So let's press enter like this and we get 32 like we expect. Now if you'd like you can do more calculations on this same window since it's so large without having to erase anything. So let's try another one. 9 plus 5 divided by 6. Press enter and you can see that calculation on the same screen. Now if you want to get rid of all these operations you can of course press clear and all of that goes away in the windows blank again. If you'd like to recall for example an old entry you can do that as well by first pressing the second button and then pressing entry. It'll retrieve your last entry you had and you can evaluate it again but you can go back farther into the memory recesses of this calculator by pressing second entry a second time you'll go back to the previous calculation before that and before that and before that and you can do that as much as you'd like until you get to the beginning of the calculator's memory. Now you can of course clear your memory but I'm not going to get into that in this video. So that's your basic operations but there's many more we can do that are basic like squaring something for example six squared that's a very popular one so it's up here in the front and we can of course evaluate that the same way by pressing enter we can do a square root as well we would press the square root button first and then let's do 64 for example you can leave the parentheses open but it's good practice to close it in case you have more complicated calculations and there you go you can press that and you get eight so there's some basic operations for you now I've shown you the second button but I also want to show you the alpha button the alpha button is very useful as you can see this will activate all of the green text now most of these are just letters of the alphabet now how this is actually useful is for storing values maybe this could come in handy later on for you let's just say 44.8 is the number you need well you can actually store that as a letter so you don't have to type those four buttons you just press a particular letter the store a value you press the store button down here okay which gives you that arrow then you need to click the letter you want to store it as and so you would press alpha you can see when alpha is pressed you have an A in the middle of the cursor that lets you know you're an alpha let's say I want to store that as a letter A okay so I click that now you see after you do alpha one time or the second button one time it will revert back to normal button pressing and you don't see any of those special symbols anymore in the cursor so if I press enter now it just gives me back the number but it is stored as A as well so if I call A in an expression it will be equal to 44.8 so check this out let's say I just wanted to type the letter A and then press enter it gives me its value 44.8 let's say I wanted to use A in an expression 1 plus alpha A minus 6 okay you should expect to get 39.8 if you do this boom right there so it's using A as 44.8 and that is perfectly fine now A will be stored as 44.8 until you reset it to be something else so just keep that in mind and you have many many letters 26 of them to pick from to store lots of different things so just understand that and it's really nice okay so those are some basic features now what if you have a really complicated calculation and you made a mistake you're like oh no I don't want to type the whole thing again some people just press clear and just clear the whole thing out and start over you do not have to do that so let's say I'm like doing some really complicated thing with finances and I've got lots of things I'm adding together multiple products for example like this okay and I make a mistake oh darn it I wanted to put 0.9 versus 0.8 because it's going to calculate it wrong well don't just press clear hold on let me show you and go backwards with these with the pad buttons you can go up down left or right you can go to your mistake let's say you wanted that to be 0.9 instead of 0.8 you put the cursor right on that 8 and press 9 and now it's at 9 so you didn't have to redo the whole thing you didn't have to retype it in you could just go there and press 0.9 what if it wasn't 0.9 but it was 0.95 oh no what do you do well there's something you can do and that's the insert button above the delete button which will go over in a second you can see INS if I press second delete now you see the cursor is not a bit black box but a little line so what that's going to do in a little underscore actually that's going to do is put something in front of what's blinking so if I type 5 it inserts that character in its place allowing you to evaluate it now and you can do that insert as many times as you want so I press second delete and I type a bunch of numbers you see it's putting all of those numbers in after the first one now let's say oh shoot I have something I don't want I need to get rid of it before I calculate it let's say you want a 0.2 instead of 0.25 well you can just press DEL and it will delete that character one of the basic operation I'd like to show you guys is how you can use your previous answer it's really really helpful so let's calculation again 7 times 5 minus 3 equals 32 I can use that previous answer of 32 in multiple different ways if I just press an operation so just divide what's going to do is it's going to load my previous answer and say what would you like to divide it by so that previous answer is always stored as A and S well divided by 4 and I should get 8 which I do but there's more to it than that I can plug a previous answer in anywhere in another expression so for example 7 times 5 minus now let's say I want to take that answer I know it's easy to type an 8 but just for the sake of the exercise let's get the previous answer loaded now what I do is I press second and down here by the way there's two minus signs here this is the minus and this is the negative button down here in parentheses you can see A and S is above that so if I press second minus sign now I've loaded my previous answer to my last calculation and by the way this is only the very last calculation you've done so now it's 27 7 times 5 minus 8 is 27 so that's a useful tool for doing complicated calculations you want to do parts at a time you can load the previous answer into your next expression ok now what I want to show you guys it's really important it's called the mode window that's kind of your settings window for your calculator there's a couple that are really important for example look out everything is notated in sort of row format so each setting is row of this mode window normal scientific and engineering is the type of calculations you're doing and how they're viewed the next one down is kind of important it's the number of decimal places that are going to default on the calculator or numbers that might have an infinite repeating decimal or non-repeating irrational decimal you can decide how many decimal places after the decimal you would want to default to you can go up to 9 to the floating point which will just truncate it where it needs to be if it's a finite decimal or not so that's one important setting another really really important setting is the third one down radian versus degree now these are two different units for angles and if you want to be in radian mode all the angles you plug into any of the trig functions sine, cosine, tangent, etc will be treated as in radians versus if you clicked over here you press the right arrow to highlight degree and press enter now it switches the setting to degree mode so now the angles you plug in will be treated as in degrees there's no symbol written you just have to know what mode you're in so by the way I didn't state this but everything that is selected right now as the setting is highlighted in black so if I move off the degree you can see that the degree is now selected versus radian mode if I press enter again on radian it will switch back to that to get out of the mode sorry, mode window and then it will teach you a new button called quit if you press second mode it will quit whatever you're doing and take you back to that main page now since we're talking about trig functions let's do a few of those to make sure you understand where they are in the calculator and how to get them remember right now we're in radian mode and this will give me an opportunity to show you where pi is as we know pre-calendar algebra 2, the unit circle fractions of pi over useful angles in radians so all the trig functions that you can see right here are a sine, cosine, and tangent they have their own buttons so let's just type one in, we're going to type the trig function first unlike algebraic operating systems calculators and then we're going to plug in let's say pi over 2 well where's pi? pi is above the carrot button which I'll get into a little later you can see it there in blue right above it next to the H so I need to press second carrot and then I have my pi and then I can type divided by 2 to get the over 2 and we should get 1 for this if we're in radian mode correct now let's say I was accidentally in degree mode when I did that so I'll switch over to degree mode quit to get out of that window and I will recall the previous entry now I'm in degree mode I get a very different answer and this is an infinite decimal going as far as possible because I'm in floating point mode and notice that I'm looking at pi over 2 degrees 1.57 degrees that's what the sign of that is so you've got to make sure you're in the correct mode now if I did the sign of 90 which is equal to pi over 2 radians it's reading it in degrees so I should get 1 so that's what I'd expect so things are the same for cosine and tangent now how do you get the reciprocal trig functions secant, cosecant and cotangent well there's no special button for them so what you have to do in this calculator is literally press well you have one or two ways to do it I'm going to do it the fraction way cosecant will be the reciprocal of sine or in other words 1 over sine so if I plug in 90 because I'm in degree mode this will be the cosecant of 90 which is equal to 1 over sine of 90 which would also be 1 same is true for secant you would do 1 over cosine and cotangent you would compute 1 over tangent so there's another way to do it though if you prefer exponents and that would be to use the negative 1 power so if I wanted the cosecant of 90 I could do the following I could write sine of 90 inside a set of parentheses and then I could do this which may be good for you the negative 1 button so this is like the negative 1 power which would be cosecant of 90 so you could do it that way as well but you'll notice and I might have already noticed that above the sine cosine and tangent there are sine negative 1 cosine negative 1 and tangent negative 1 buttons those are not reciprocal trig functions guys those are the inverse trig functions so we're in degree mode we would expect the inverse sine of 1 90 degrees so I'm going to press second sine and I'm going to plug in 1 because that's my value at 90 degrees and I should get 90 out perfect so now you know that those second buttons are for the reciprocal trig functions now if you wanted to do an inverse cosecant you would have to do 1 over inverse sine but those don't come out much so I don't anticipate you needing those so just so you know those are the trig and inverse trig functions and how they are used let's go over now some other types of functions power functions or log functions so to get any power note that there's a special shortcut not only for the squared and the negative 1 powers but also for the third power it's commonly used so let's say I wanted to find 9 to the third power well there's a special tool for that you go to that math menu and as you can see in this first one we have the third choice as 3 that's the cubic power and so we get 729 for that notice also right underneath that in the math window there is a special button for the cube root and for the xth root the cube root of course we know what that does if I press 4 right now and then type in 27 I would expect to get 3 when I plug that in perfect well if you wanted a higher order root well you would click math and then you click the 5 but before you click the 5 and you go to this menu you need to click what power you type in what power you want to use what degree of your root rather so let's say I wanted to find the 5th root of 32 so I type 5 and then you go back to the math menu click number 5 now what it's going to do is it's going to see that as the 5th root it's taking that 5 to be the value of x notice that there's no parenthesis here I've never understood that but it's not like one's really needed but I always do it just to be extra safe you get a 2 for that what if you wanted a higher power not a higher fractional power a radical but a higher power well I've shown you this before but it's the care button so what I do let's say I wanted 5 to the 5th power I would press 5 and then I would press the care button and then I would press 5 again so this will evaluate 5 to the 5th power 3125 so you can get any power that way now what about log functions there's a couple log logarithm function buttons here on the side and I want you to know that this calculator cannot find the log to any base it defaults to log base 10 that's the LOG button and log base E which is the of course natural log button so if I type log I type in 100 it's going to evaluate the power that you need to raise 10 to to turn it into 100 which would of course be 2 so this is log base 10 the common log of course we could do a natural log as well and just so you know there is a button for E and that button is second divide you see that E up there press second and then the division button and if I evaluate the ln of E I should get a 1 perfect so what if you did need to find the log of a different base than 10 or E well you can do it using this work around formula called the change of base formula so let's say you want to calculate log base 3 of 27 which we know is 3 so you can't use base 3 so you'll have to change it to base 10 what you do is you will click or you can change it to the base ln but we'll do base 10 just for simplicity you would type the log of the argument you're trying to find which is 27 and you'll divide that by the log base 10 of the old base this will evaluate the log base 3 of 27 so that's the work around and it also works for ln this is the exact same way you can use the change of base formula for the log of a certain base to any log of any other base ln of 3 and you would get 3 as well so that's the work around for finding the log of a different base on this calculator now I want to move on to the last topic of this video which will be graphing features so this is a graphing calculator you want to know that it can graph well that's totally true and that's why it has a mostly square screen to plug in a formula you want to graph if you're going to click this y equals button here that gives you all these different options for graphing you can graph up to many many many graphs at the same time if you scroll down it keeps going all the way to 10 you can have 10 different graphs at one time and 3 different plots which we'll get into in another video with statistics so let's say you wanted to graph a nice curve let's do x cubed minus 4x how do you get that x that's a variable it's this button here now I've shown you where the cube is math 3 I like it because it's nice and simple don't have to use a carrot for the cube button minus 4x squared so minus 4x again squared plus 1 ok so it's there I see it on a graph a Cartesian coordinate plane I click this graph button on the opposite side of the calculator now what this shows me is a 10 by 10 well really 20 by 20 grid 10 tick marks on each side of the origin of the x-axis same on the y-axis however you can see that they're not evenly spaced the y-axis is a little bit squished to get the same number of tick marks so they're not evenly spaced in both axes they're not on the same scale but it's close enough and you can see the tick marks as the dots let's say you wanted to zoom in or change the window I'm going to show you to change the window first so you can see maybe a different set of tick marks so right now what this window shows is that the minimum x tick mark the leftmost tick mark is negative 10 the rightmost tick mark x-axis is positive 10 and the change in tick mark is 1 I can change all of that let's say I wanted to just go from negative 5 to 5 I would have to delete the 0 by the way and on the y-axis I want to go from negative 7 to 7 now I know this will be even farther out of scale but just to give you an idea you will click graph so you can see now that it's only going from negative 5 to 5 on the x-axis and negative 7 to positive 7 on the y-axis let's say you wanted to undo those changes quickly well here's what you could do the zoom button allows you to zoom in and out or zoom to any particular setting default and that would be for us to get back to where things were zoom 6 as soon as you click that it will graph it at that new zoom if you click on window you'll see that it has reset my window let's say I wanted to change how the x-tip mark increments not by 1's but by 2's so I shouldn't see half as many tick marks and that's exactly what I do each tick mark represents 2 units on the x-axis instead of 1 I can also do that on the y similarly by changing y-sc let's change it to 4 so we should see very few tick marks on the y-axis so each tick mark is now 4 apart from any other one around it and again pressing zoom 6 reset all of those settings back to the original now I can analyze my graphs many ways with the calculate feature which is second trace but I also want to show you trace real quick if you click trace you can follow along on your curve and look at the x and y value at very particular spots now it's very pixelated so most of these spots have no meaning maybe you can get a general idea but the value is changing as you go from left to right but let's say you want to calculate particular spots particular locations such as calculating the minimums and maximums of the graph well this time you'll click second trace and you get this window of things you can calculate number one thing I want to show you is how to calculate a minimum and a maximum so you go down to 3 you click 3 and now you're looking at your graph and it's asking you left bound or right bound so what that means is since we're calculating a minimum right now go back just to double check it's a minimum we're calculating we want to get on the left side of that visually understood minimum which is right here anywhere on the left of it press enter and then it says right bound so you want to move your cursor so that you're on the right side of that minimum you can see these two arrows it's going to calculate the minimum value between those two spots and it says guess that's not really a guess it's actually calculating it press enter again and then the minimum y value is there and where it occurs is the x value the same can be done for a maximum if you press second trace and then you click 4 now we're looking for a maximum we know where it is it's right there on the y axis so we want to get on the left side of it then right bound, get to the right side of it press enter and then press enter again and it finds that particular maximum y value of 1 and then where it occurs now this particular let me show you 1.4 it looks like it's right at 0 1.45 is negative 6 that's exponent meaning scientific notations specifically negative 6 so this is basically 0 it should be exactly 0 but the way the algorithm is generally calculated you can get that a little off that's just a small error so another important thing if you press clear this will all go away all this analysis would be good to calculate maybe your x intercepts those would be important so you press second calculate 2 we'll give you the option to calculate the zeros again you want to get on the left side over here move your cursor so that you're next to it not beyond any other 0 to the left press enter and you want to move to the right side of that 0 just right of it press enter again and then press enter a third time and it calculates the very spot where that 0 occurs so this 0 would be 3.9 3.5 etc so those are two important things you can analyze there are many more but we'll get into that detail in another video you can also check my TI83 plus graphing features video which goes over all of this on that calculator basically the same configuration now let's say you wanted to graph a trig function like side of x for example and I will increase the amplitude so it shows up better on the normal window 3 sin of x now by the way graphing trig functions it's better to be in radian mode so you can go to that mode window anytime and make sure radian is selected it wasn't due to my other video parts so we need to select that then we'll go back to y equals so I'm going to graph 3 sin x now when you graph this in the normal window with the graph button hopefully you can tell but the tick marks on the x axis aren't really lining up very well or the y axis for that matter with the function itself y axis you can tell that it goes all the way up to 3 and down to negative 3 that's the amplitude of the function but the tick marks on the x axis really don't line up at all because they're just whole numbers if you know and if you've worked with a sine graph or any of the trig function graphs what you need to pay attention to are multiples of half of pi and those aren't showing up here really well but there's a special zoom feature for that and it's called zoom trig it's the 7th option if you click 7 look at the tick marks on the x axis and the y axis much different they're much more spread out and on the x axis every tick mark is pi over 2 separated from every other tick mark 0 in the middle, pi over 2, pi 3 pi over 2 and 2 pi so you see a whole period on each side of the y axis for the sine graph in addition the y axis tick marks go from negative 4 to 4 so it's more useful for spreading out the trig function so it sort of fills the frame as we say and that's just a special feature of these calculators that let you graph trig functions much more easily alright guys, that's all I wanted to show you to give you sort of a quick introduction over view to this calculator it's a fantastic calculator, again to turn it off you press second and then on so I hope you enjoyed this video guys give it a thumbs up, give it a comment let me know what else you want to see on this calculator in the next tutorial video thank you guys so much for watching this video this is Falconator, signing out