Okay, in this section we're going to take a look at the laura theory or the ST part of the laura theory. Remember, Sentech control half of the laura theory because it's all related to the radio and the modulation side. So we don't have all those details as it's still protected IP. So we're only looking at the elements where ST can actually control and make an influence with the laura theory. So what we're going to look at in this section is the modulation method that laura is using. We're going to have a look at the physical layer that we send the information over. We're going to have a look at the end node classes. So the different classes that we have available within the laura protocol for types of end nodes. We'll have a quick look at the security side so that you can see what passwords and keys are needed. And we'll also take a look at how an end node will join a network or gets activated on a network. So if you look at the various communication technologies that are available today. We've got the high data rate technologies, so Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and all the cellular technologies. Bluetooth and Wi-Fi are the short range variants but high data rates. Cellular are longer distances, high data rates. Then in the short range area, we have low data rate. We've got Bluetooth, low energy, Zigbee, NFC. And then in the longer low data rate arena, we've got laura and sigfox. So we're focusing on this area of 1 to 5 kilometers, potentially up to 10 or 15 kilometers depending on the environment. Where we can send 5 kilobits per second, something like that. So this is the area where we're going to be involved in for the laura type applications. This particular frequency band, the sub gigahertz band at 868 megahertz in Europe is regulated. So it's a free to use band, so there's no licensing needed. But there are some restrictions on what we can do in this band. Biggest restriction is duty cycle. So we're using this free of charge band. We can't fill it up with all our laura nodes. So we're limited on how much time we can spend on what's called on the air. So that means if our device talks for 1 second on the air, we then have to be quiet for 99 seconds. So this is one of the biggest restrictions on the sub gigahertz band we're using, the 868 band. Also, if you're making devices that's going to cover multiple regions, so Europe or Americas, then you have to make sure that your device will abide by the American rules, which are slightly different. So in America, I think they are the same with us. It's the 1 second, 1% duty cycle. But their rules are slightly different. Also, if you're making products that's going to go out into Asia Pacific, then they really don't really group together. All the rules and regulations are based on country by country. And usually there's some mix between the European rules and the America rules. So these are the two main issues that you've got to abide by. So what is Laura? So Laura is a sub gigahertz low data rate radio communications designed to transmit over long distances. It's really aimed at IoT applications or machine to machine. So where you want to send information from one machine to a central processing machine of some sort. The technology is designed to be long distance. And the reason we can get the long distance is because of the Laura modulation method, which under optimal conditions can get minus 148 dBms. So this gives us the range that we're promising from the Laura protocol. So it's been designed to be long range. So we're saying from 2 km up to 15 km. Environmental conditions will be the biggest deciding factor on this range. If you're out in the countryside or at sea, 15 km is quite easy. Whereas when you're in urban areas or cities, the sub gigahertz noise floor can be quite high. So your range will be reduced significantly inside cities. Same goes for when you're doing it in buildings that have got lots of steel and lots of reinforced concrete as well. So that will limit your range of the device. We're stating there more than 10 years without changing a battery. Well, that's depending on what your application is doing and the type of battery you've installed in your application. So it's a bit of a generalized statement. There are a couple of deciding factors in there. Laura is a star network. So therefore the nodes or notes as they're called in Laura terms cannot talk to each other. Everything has to talk to a gateway. And depending on which type of gateways you're using, you can get a lot of throughput on these gateways. So you can get up to 4 million transactions per day per gateway. The length of your transaction will control the number of transactions you're going to get. So the time on air will decide that factor. But if you're on very short messages, you can get up to 4 million transactions per day on a gateway. Laura is also quite a robust communication. So it's been designed so that jamming is not that easy on Laura. So we'll show you that in the coming few slides. And it can coexist with other networks. So there are different networks available, like the Sigfox network, which is on the same frequency. Because the protocol for or modulation method is different, they should not interfere with each other because of the different frequency steps that they're using. Laura nodes can also be mobile. So they can join any gateway, wherever they are. So if they're moving around, then they can join any gateway, which is the closest to them. They can be nomadic. So they can sit on one gateway for a few weeks, then move and connect to a different gateway for a few weeks and so on. Or you can actually have them fixed. So you can actually link them to one particular gateway. So you've got the flexibility with the Laura protocol. Also, you've got ability to use it indoors and outdoors. Remember, indoors, if there's a lot of steel and concrete in the building, your range will be significantly restricted. Whereas outdoors, it will decide on the background noise floor of the sub gigahertz frequency band that you're working in. So some of the differentiators of Laura. We have true location available. This is an add-on software from Semtech. So it's not free of charge. You have to pay for this software. And you will need multiple gateways so that you can help decide where your actual node is located in real terms. Laura is bi-directional, so as well as being able for the node to send information to the gateways. The gateway can reply back to the node with information. So we can have a proper handshake of data between the two areas. Mobility, as I said earlier, you can be mobile within the Laura network. So you can get your information from wherever you are. And there's also security built in, which we'll discuss later on in this section. So the modulation method that the Laura protocol uses. So Laura is actually a spread spectrum technology. It was originally developed by Cycleo, who were then acquired by Semtech. And then Semtech have developed it further into what is now the Laura protocol and the Laura stack. It is a chirped frequency. So you'll see this on the next slide. Which means that each step that we have or each symbol or each chip is a changing frequency. So each element that makes up part of your message is what's called chirp. So it starts at one frequency and then will increase by a delta of 125 kilohertz. So this is where we said that it's very robust to jamming is because of this chirp frequency. It's not just one frequency you're jamming. You've got to jam a whole section of the sub gigahertz bandwidth so that this message would not get through. One of the other modulation factors we've got is the spreading factor. So spreading factor of seven is the shortest, which means you can see the chirps are fairly steep. But you can vary the spreading factor, depending on environmental issues, up to a value of 12, which means then each chirp takes a lot longer to do the sweep from wherever you're starting at to the plus 125 kilohertz. This will improve your sensitivity so you'll get a better sensitivity on the system. But it will also massively increase your time on air. As you can see there, one symbol on a spreading factor of 12 takes the equivalent of four symbols on a spreading factor of seven. So therefore your message will spend a lot more time transmitting and therefore more time on air, which means under the EU regulations then you have to be quiet for a lot longer on the air. So you've got to have a look at your environmental conditions and decide which is the best configuration that you're going to need. So it will make a big difference. So some of the other variables that we are looking at, so spreading factor we've just mentioned, the bandwidth that we're using, so you saw there we were using 125 kilohertz. There are settings to increase this to 250 or 500 kilohertz. This will means that your receiver sensitivity is improved, but your time on air will become longer as well. So again, as you're doing each of those chirps you saw from there, if you're chirping for 250 or 500, therefore your chirp will take a lot longer or each symbol, sorry, will take a lot longer. So it has the same effect as increasing the spreading factor as well. So again, the bandwidth is something that you will have to have a look at and decide which is the best that suits your environmental conditions. Time on air is the variable I keep mentioning a lot. The shorter the time on air, the more messages you can send when you're complying with the regulations. But you might decide that due to the sensitivity you might want to increase your time on air based on the environmental conditions you've got. Bit rate is the number of bits per second that we're transmitting, fairly easy one. Integrated into this protocol is forward error correction. And inside there you have a coding ratio for your error correction. So the coding ratio of 4 over 5 means that 20% of our payload is the error correction. You can increase that, but the downside of increasing your error correction means that more of your payload is for error correction than your data. Therefore, you go back to this time on air again. It means the longer you spend on the air, which means you're bound by the rules of the duty cycle, which means you have to be quiet for a lot longer. Range, we don't actually give in kilometers or meters. We always mention it in the RF world as DBMs, so we'll always mention that. Receiver sensitivity is always measured in DBMs. So the lower the sensitivity, the better the actual radio is. So the better the sensitivity, it means it's the largest negative number that you will see on the slides. Data rate, this is the Laura modulation method. So this is what type of data rate we're using. And inside the Laura software stack, we have something called adaptive data rate. So the adaptive data rate can vary some of the different elements we've just spoken about to maximize battery life, make the network function a lot better, and provide the best throughput of data for getting your information from your node to your gateway. So we have a feature for adaptive data rate. You'll see this in some of the examples as we go on this afternoon, where we make sure that adaptive rate rate is set to 1, so it's enabled in the software stack. So the physical layer, so we're a spread spectrum chirp cyclic shift modulation. That's a mouthful. So it is patented. So this is why we don't have all the information about what goes on inside the Laura physical layer. So this is all Semtex protected IP. But we've got different data rates available from 18 bits per second up to 37.5 kilobits per second. Now depending on what bandwidth you're using, your spreading factor and things like that will depend on how much data you get through and what type of sensitivity you're going to get out of your system. So what we're using normally, we use a bandwidth of 125 kilohertz, which means we get about 9.3 kilobits per second at a sensitivity of minus 118 dBm. So if we increase our spreading factor, we can get 130, minus 136 dBm, but we're down then at 300 bits per second. So our nominal data throughput is reduced. Our time and air will go up, but the sensitivity, which means the distance we can get our message potentially can go a lot further. So the specifications at the moment are all to do with limited duty cycle transmissions. So as I said, the regulations limit us to only 1% per subband. So every time a frame is transmitted on a particular subband, we then have to be quiet for the 99% of the time. But if you're using multiple subbands, you can then potentially send the same message one after the other on each of the subbands that make up the 600 kilohertz frequency range that we have available to us. And when you change subbands, the 1% duty cycle doesn't count until you've sent your message on that subband. So potentially you could send free messages very quickly on different subbands. So there are ways around if you use the different subbands that are available in the frequency range. So the classes that we have for the lower nodes. There are three classes available. Our software stack today is only supporting class A, but that will change at some point. Class A is designed for battery powered sensing type nodes. So it's the most energy efficient class. So it spends most of its time asleep or in low power modes. And it sends small amounts of data infrequently. So it's mainly designed for sensing of temperature, other information, movement or whatever. And then transmits the information over to the gateways into the servers. Class B is more for battery powered items again. So again energy efficient items. But this is more where you need the bidirectional parts. So this is where you need the return information to actually be controlling something at the battery sensing end of the application. So it's more like actuators where you want to switch, say, a radiator or a heater on or off. So you send the temperature information. The server then decides, right, we'll send the information back so that you can close the actual actuator or close the valve to reduce the heat in that area now. And then Class C, these are more for mains powered devices. So this device will transmit its information and then we'll sit there permanently listening. So it won't go to sleep. It'll be permanently sat there on the network listening for any responses that have to come in from the gateway. So here's more of a visualization of a Class A device. So we have our end device here. It sends its uplink packet to the gateway or the network. And then after a programmed wait time, so at this time it's asleep, it'll wake up again, open a receive window for about 200 milliseconds. Then it'll go back to sleep again. If it didn't hear anything in the first receive window, it'll repeat the receive window after its second program waits time for another 200 milliseconds. And then the device will go back to sleep again at that point. So if it doesn't receive its response back in those two windows, then it'll go back to sleep until it's time to transmit its next piece of information. Class B, so this is the one where you've got more chance of receiving information. So when you do need the bi-directional communications to happen. So your end device will transmit its information and then synchronized with a beacon coming from the gateway, it will open at regularly defined intervals a receive slot. So at this point then it will always be listening on the network for a fixed amount of time over the duration of a longer period of time. And the beacons will come from the network to resynchronize the end device so that it can always receive its data that it needs to do to switch off the valve in the heater or whatever it's been programmed to do. And then finally Class C, so this is where we transmit and then we are then permanently listening on the network so that we can always receive our information that we've got. So this is the true bi-directional communication where it already sits there and listens. Class B is the more power-sensitive bi-directional class that's available. So this is the topology of the Laura protocol. On the left hand side we've got all our devices. So there can be thousands of these devices transmitting information at their programmed intervals abiding by all the regulations in whatever territory you're in. Then we have the gateways. So the gateway is just a channel to get the information from the device onto the network. So the gateways can be connected to whatever. You can get to 3G, Ethernet, whatever type of network infrastructure you've got to get all the information back to your network server. The network server, there's only one in the system and this is what controls the whole of the Laura network. So there's only one of them there. And it will then receive from multiple gateways all the different messages coming in. It's basically a postman as well. So each message will have a destination application server address and that message will then get posted via the network server to the relevant application server which is what is going to do the analysis of all the data coming in. In our example here that we have in the workshop, our multi-tech gateway as we call it is a combined gateway network server and application server. So our module is doing all three items in one particular block. This is more for simplicity for us when we're doing these workshops. You can separate things out as you wish for your particular system that you want to install. Security. So all communication channels need some form of security. By default we have AES128 inside the system. So what we have that we send across the network, we have a device address and then we will have two particular session keys. So these session keys are what you get given when you're doing the join process and one comes from the network which is saying that yes, you're a valid device address. I will allow you onto my network. The second session key is the application session key and that is the application server that you want your device to talk to. So in your system you can have multiple devices talking to different application servers. So say you were managing lighting as an example. You might have street lighting nodes. They will want to talk to one application server in the local authority. You might have the lighting for building architectural lighting for buildings. This will be going to a different application server and you might have lighting that's illuminating street signs as an example and that might be going to a third application server. All of it is managed by one network server in the local authority but each department in the local authority for road signs, street lights and architectural might have their own application servers. So each of them is a key that can uniquely link a node to a server. So here's a more visualised view of it. So you'll have multiple gateways in your local authority. Each of the different end nodes will be talking to whichever gateway is closest. It might be talking to multiple gateways if they're all in range. And then all of these gateways then get connected back through network infrastructure to the single network server that's controlling the whole of the Lora network. And then that routes the various information from each of the nodes to whichever of the application servers it's required to do so. So the network key or network session key is between the end node and the network server to make sure you're a valid device allowed to be on this particular network. And then the application session key is the process that the application uses to communicate with the end node. So there's two ways of end nodes to join the system. We have over-the-air activation. So this means that you send out a message to the network server when you power up your node. It'll then communicate with the network server, the relevant application server that's there as well to decide are you allowed to talk to these two servers and then eventually you'll join the network. And the second method of joining a Lora network is by personalisation. So activation by personalisation. So therefore there's no over-the-air handshaking as soon as you power up your node it already has the network session key and application session key programmed in and therefore can instantly send messages straight onto the network so it can broadcast its message straight out. So personalisation means there's no joining process required unfortunately this means roaming is not possible with this particular method.  So it can't actually roam around whereas the over-the-air activation ones because you go through the joining process so when you send out your request to join you send out your unique ID to the network and you send out the address of the application server you want to talk to. These two pieces of information are encrypted using an application key and then the network server and application server will decrypt those messages route it to whichever application server it is. If the network server and the application server are both happy and you are a valid device that's allowed to join the network it will then take your device address and generate two session keys one from the network one from the application and then send them back out to the node so that you can then start sending your data across the network. Okay, any questions on the Laura protocol?


My name is Phil Bland and I'm a professor of planetary science at Curtin University. Here are five space facts. NASA intentionally crashed spacecraft into the moon before Apollo. We had no idea what the surface of the moon looked like, or whether it was soft or whether we could land on it. The only way you could find out was getting really close up. Images were sent back right up until the last moment of impact. We have eclipses. We're the only planet in the solar system where the diameter of the moon, as viewed from Earth, is the same as the Sun. So we're really, really looking. We have beautiful eclipses. There is a geyser of material coming out of a crater on asteroid Ceres. Ceres is the biggest asteroid in the asteroid belt. It's a thousand kilometers across. It formed four and a half billion years ago. It's still sending material out into the solar system. We are the first generation of humans in history to have a chance of discovering a biosphere around another planet. The latest generation of telescopes actually have the capacity to see if there's an atmosphere supporting life around another planet in the galaxy. Relativity and quantum mechanics are the two theories that describe exactly everything in the universe. Relativity describes the really, really big stuff. Quantum mechanics describes the smallest stuff. The brightest people on Earth have been trying to unite those theories for the last 100 years, and we're still not managed to do it. And that's one of the biggest questions in science.


Right guys, I lied. We're back. We're back to watch one more NHL related video and it is the 2018 NHL All-Star skills competition Hardest shot. So I saw a puck control. I saw accuracy. I saw Some skills, but we're not gonna watch that today We're just gonna watch this one thing the hardest shot because I I don't know how they're gonna measure it And that's really interesting to me. So let's see is Conor McDavid in it. That's what I want to know We're two chances each Hardest shot player who records the fastest shot two rounds. Oh, they must have like a must have a laser of some sort measuring the speed Two rounds two attempts per player order of shots for round two is determined by speed slowest to fastest.  He's on pace for 60 points this season I don't know that he's known around the league for his shot, but his teammates say it's pretty good I like the fact that they they do it in points, which is goals plus assists. I think that's really interesting Yeah, they do and we'll find out here Amazingly in 22 years of competition in this there's only been eight winners So that tells you how often one player dominates Yeah What do you say McGinnis He won the fastest shot eight times in a row Marcy McKinnis, Al McKinnis, Marcel McGinnis McKinnis or McGinnis McKinnis fastest shot the hardest shot The fastest shot sorry All-time record belongs to Zidino Chara at a hundred and eight point eight miles per hour and McKinnis McKinnis's fastest shot in any of The eight that he won was a hundred point four miles per hour Which they're saying is not very close to today's record. Okay? Well, I guess if the winner of this competition slaps it at over a hundred miles per hour We're in business Let's watch Isn't that crazy the fastest pitch in softball is a hundred and six miles per hour and the fastest shot in hockey is a hundred and eight Miles per hour. Is that like a human limit? You know what I mean? Is that is that a human limit as to how fast an object can actually come out of? you know either our hand or or From our foot or just creating movement with an object. Is that the human limit a hundred and ten miles per hour? Let's see Al McKinnis they're talking about The first shot for John Klingburg 66 It's interesting that this hardest shot is What a shot I'm actually really surprised I would have thought that they'd Sort of I wouldn't have thought it'd be a slap shot. I thought it would be like a you know Where they sort of bring this step back, but they've still got the puck on it and then they Bring it forward with as much force as possible, but let's see 98.8 Washington capitals He's looking up on that one Okay, I'm gonna maybe do better my next time a superman is going to be the third shooter and down on the bench in an ice level Joining us for this competition is like There is what's tougher playing goalie looking after all those boys. Oh, man. It's pretty close Find that goal-tending technology has kept a lot of shooters 95 They keep trying to take our gear away They never do that with the sticks. Oh, no, I know they keep making the sticks better, but they're taking more gear away. That's okay It's it's all good We're just talking about how the slap shot is a disappearing shot in the game The reasons for it too many looks like should be in the NFL. Yeah, I think the time it takes to get it off No, I think guys are walking more shots now. It's a new game and I Think every team seems like they're getting in lanes and stuff The quicker you can get at the net now it seems like there's a better option for you. You've seen that shot a few times Look at that muffin One of the things about these types of games is a lot of ribbon goes on, doesn't it? Shot his number I'm assuming that if that so I've seen in every Every one of these guys as they come through the stick Slightly touch it like grazes the ground and then hits the park I'm assuming the hardest shot the most perfect shot would be one where literally it just Was a millimeter away from the ground it doesn't it didn't graze the ground so I'm thinking I'm thinking if the if the stick hits the ground at all. It's gonna take away some of the force, but I don't know Maybe they want to hit the ground because they need to get it underneath the park slightly to get some some height on it I don't know.  Oh, please don't hit me Well, I think the new guy now is a line a and Winnipeg obviously He's a heck of a player, but you know for a long time It's been a bet you can just go the second this he has with this block. How we hold it back and use the whip of the stick It's just real hard shot to read So through this second round with just five shooters in this competition The fastest and Brent Burns gets up to ninety two four for his funny I'm thinking where have I heard that sound before and it's in the NHL PS4 game that literally is exactly the same sound as you as you hear very very lifelike Hmm quite like that sound actually You get his new shot in the game a lot of guys are using now that off speed shot Where they don't worry about rifle it into the net just picking a spot. I hate it to be honest But I think those are the hardest shots the same as the goalie or the ones that They look like they're coming in hard and then all I like this guy the best either change direction Don't go where the shooter wants to shoot it. So if you've been a teammate is one of the best at it Shouldn't make that to eliminate that exactly exactly. No, he's a good kid. He used it well He's a smart player and he's got rewarded for it. He tried as hard as this wasn't enough Sorry Damn that was close Was The only thing I noticed about that shot is it was slightly lower than most of the other ones It's been pretty seamless to be honest At this point my career when you get older that you Realize that you're your chances of winning they're diminishing before your eyes So I think you go to a team like Calgary that has expectations to win now One more shot at Obi has already captured his first ever hardest shot competition because his first shot in Come on, let's get a hundred Yes Yes What a way to finish The winner of the hardest competition like did you get your kids out to this gas for a little today today? Oh, they did not. They're always they're always pirates Who look into the first one that was a clean hit wasn't it? Thanks a lot for stopping by. Thanks for having you guys take care Clay All right, the great eight was the great 98 point eight until that final shot you broke a hundred You said that was your goal Alex.  So Happy to get the win. It's nice Ration so many of your 500 plus goals have come on those one-timers You've had a lot more practice than some of these guys 500 goals. This guy's a legend, isn't he? And I have no idea who he is.  Congratulations Alex. Yeah, thank you 13 straight 30 goal seasons many of the goals scored on a shot just like that 13 straight 30 goal seasons I'm thinking a guy like Conor McDavid is gonna be Like this guy in 10 more years an absolute legend. All right guys. That was a lot of fun. I hope you enjoyed I really do But that is Once and for all the end of the NHL related videos for today. So with that being said I'm not gonna keep you for any longer than I have to And I want to wish you a fantastic day, and I will see you on the next one Peace out everybody


Most Saturdays at this time we spent an exciting half-hour of adventure and action with America's public hero number one hop along Cassidy Well, even two fisted cowboys take summer vacations when they can and hoppy is no exception Hop along and topper will be back with us riding the CBS airtrails again nine weeks and tonight September 22nd Get this and get it straight crime is a suckers road knows who travel it wind up in the gut of the prison of the grave There's no other end But they never learn from the pen of Raymond Chandler outstanding author of crime fiction comes his most famous character in The Adventures of Philip Marlowe Now with Gerald Moore star to fill up Marlowe. We bring you tonight's exciting story life can be murder A sign in the half light above the entrance reads Bell's trifle in If you say it fast enough, you may be right It's authentic English script and it hangs over the door of an authentic English restaurant just south of the authentic sunset script owned and box headed by Bell Smith is Inside from the paneling to the prime rib from the Welsh rabbit to the dotboard at one end of the bar It's the Union Jack all the way and it figures Bell's authentic to a hundred percent pure Nebraska.  Yeah, well, I've tried to stay away from you, honey But I can't you're bigger than both of us You and your pull ever yeah me and what you said you want to drink honey. Yeah, but make it with your own light hand for a change Well, yeah, I'm tired of walking out of here on my knees just an ounce the water will float it Okay, honey, it's your poison in my stomach lining Hey looks like most of the regulars are here Don't you ever get tired looking at the same old faces stand it as long as they can No, Marlo. I kind of like it clubby this way You get a few people who just come in to see what a lady bar keeps like but most of them are just regular folks You know real people who like the food and drink how about oh Yeah, sure. Sometimes I forget I get all carried away working my job. Cheers, baby Oh You know sometimes you forget a lot of things I think like teaching school in where was it Nebraska?  Does that mean anything? Oh, it does to the folks back there can't he see the keys counties. It's right there on the South Platte River That's just south of the North Platte River. Yeah, well, that's a nice Marlo, that's one thing I'll never forget teaching school back there in Ogallala I declare if hadn't done that I wouldn't be doing this now You see these reach cattle folks They come through from Cheyenne and what do they got but a 13 year old shaver and where are they going with the shaver? But England and what do they need but a tutor and who do they draw but me right out of 10th grade social studies at No, I got a feeling you've heard this song before Yeah, just a few thousand times well, but don't worry. I like it matter of fact Oh, call me bail honey. What can I do for you? The young lady said you kept the dart bar the oh For the dart boy. Yeah, sure I do It is all right throwing darts. I'm waiting for someone and I always perfectly all right honey Just make yourself at home There you are. Thank you I I'm so glad you did in fact if you want to build a house. I'd like that too Well, thank you For the dogs. Hey Bill that red hair the green eyes You and your don't say it just for me another palaver and water if you don't beat all I declare She made it Marlo.  Yeah, well I'm very happy for I had no idea your head was neither did my head as long as it's you Sorry why we haven't had a bull's-eye all week that rates a drink and dinner on the house Bell for two of course a bell girl Right now tonight. I'm again With Marlo here naturally. That's my girl I Nice smile went along with the gag We toasted a throwing arm my head and belt solid sense of judgment and putting the dartboard at head level at one end of the bar By the time we moved to a table for two. I knew her name was Marnie Carr Before dinner was over. I had a pretty good idea that everything about her was All right with me Hey Marnie, you got that look again The dark one happens every time you look through the door Yes, I See, I'm not exactly a Someone bought me here said he'd be back Think you'll object to a little party is that it Not really I Guess I hope he doesn't come back So tell me can I play 20 questions? I'd rather you didn't Okay, no, I really feel pretty silly it Well, it's so easy being with you like I've known you a long time and I Practically picked you up.  Yeah, well Bell picked us both up I wouldn't worry about it. I Don't think you even heard me It's very important to me that you know, I've never picked anyone up sure I believe You know what? I mean It's like I'm doing something wrong and I should feel guilty about it, but I don't I'm not making any sense at all.  You said you felt easy with me. That's enough isn't it? Yes, that's enough Well, I guess Really think I should go now. Oh Bell never forgive you for not finishing the trifle. There's how special to you know Maybe I'll come back sometime. I'll eat a double order.  Oh I don't know. It'll be all right money very all right Can I take you home? Yes, you can good girl We'll stop by the bar and slip Bell the grip and then we'll be on our way. Yes, I do want to thank You ought to change it a little bell just for listener interest. Hi Matthew. Oh, hello Phil. What brings you up, Miss Carr lieutenant Matthews. How do you do? Great dinner Bell dinner Bell lost my head Yeah, I'm a regular. Yeah, it was a very nice dinner Bell. Thank you My pleasure honey, you come again. She will night off Matthews. Yeah, so far. Hey, you two have a drink with me I think the young lady's anxious to go home. Oh, I'm afraid I'm taking Phil out of his way lieutenant But Bedford drive isn't too far. Maybe he could wait a minute. Wait a minute. I'll make my own arrangements I know some lovely folks on Bedford the Dickinson 600 block. Do you know him? No? No, I don't I'm north of there at 2470. Oh, yeah, well, we'll see you night Bell Matthews. Good night. It's nice to meet you both Turn right at this corner the last house on the road Say, uh, money we do this again. Oh I don't know Are you usually at bells in case I get the urge to throw darts again? Yeah, well, I also have a home and I'll get a dartboard. Let's keep it at Bell's Maybe later sometime. Oh, wait a minute. This is the house.  Oh now look. I think I I mean it. I Well, maybe I'll see you at Bell's again. Don't call us. We'll call you was that it Thanks, I liked it great work Marla so crazy about you. She's running the other way I Wasn't ideal the way the evening ended not the way I'd planned it But then how could you plan an evening like that? Girl meets dark girl throws dark girl meets boy. It didn't make much sense, but it didn't have to It was a nice evening short, but nice Monika was a nice girl and I decided to leave it at that nice girl It was straight up 11 o'clock when I got home. I thought about the red hair and the green eyes for several pleasant minutes And then I went to bed to sleep For chance to dream.  Where was it? She lived where did she live? Look, it's not even eight o'clock in the morning. You're asking easy. Yes, it was 24 70 bed for driving If you're hurry, maybe you can get there in time for breakfast In just a moment. We will return to the second act to Philip Marlowe, but first So you think this old world of ours is fresh out of miracles Maybe you sort of long for the days of the Arabian nights or folks of fable who possessed those magic wands Lamps rings talismans that all produced wonders Well, if you do you'll find CBS's mr. Aladdin a refreshing gent to meet He gets the name mr. Aladdin from the fact that his exciting adventures have the atmosphere of miracles about them Listen for him later this evening on most of the same CBS stations And now with our star Gerald Moore the second act of Philip Marlowe and tonight's story life can be murdered All the way to Beverly Hills I tried hard to see the face of the guy in the doorway the night before Paul Monty had called him but it was no use You can't remember a face you never saw And the car in the driveway when I took her home as Chevy coupe gray two-door 49 of 50 There are millions of It had been blue and bright with stars the night before Morning was hazy overcast So was I Matthews met me at the door Come on in Phil. Sure Tell me How long you know no last night you sure I'm sure Any idea what happened? Oh, yeah. Yeah Someone was looting the place back door was Jimmy's and some stuff missing this day must have interrupted it got herself killed Where is she what the cops? Yes, the cops in here. I Hey That's not Marnie. Did I say it was? Oh No, I thought that Never mind, you know who this is. Yeah, and hotness according to identification in a purse No, it's from New York Taxi driver brought her here about 11 last night from the airport and the coroner says she must have been shot shortly after that You bring your girlfriend Straight here from bells. Yeah, that's new for you. All right That would put her here by 10 30 easy So so the taxi driver says a redheaded gal answered the door and let the Harkness woman in that doesn't prove a thing Oh, no, no, it doesn't I'd like to talk to her though Phil. You know where she lives She lives here doesn't she uh-uh House belongs to mr. Mrs. Allville Edwards. They're out of town. They had called to Chicago. Yes that he was a death in the family And the neighbors don't know anything about this miss miss car was it? Yeah money car Yeah, well, I got a call into Chicago for the Edward's is they ought to clear it up Hi, I'm only yeah, what do you got search? Well, this address book phone numbers from the phone desk in the hall Nobody named car listed. Oh, yeah, okay This note might be something from the big bedroom upstairs another heart. Oh, let's see It's signed money Phil it is let me have a look yeah Dear mrs. Edwards. Thanks for the lovely remembrance. You're very thoughtful I'll tell miss Harkness to make yourself at home. Yeah, whatever that means. I'll keep looking around Do that morning. Oh Well as soon as the Chicago call comes through we'll get our hooks into something look Matthews you might have a look around Oh, help yourself. You got any ideas? Yeah I don't think money had anything to do with it, and I don't know where she lives. Okay. Okay Phil only leave the note with me Yeah, I looked around and try to figure things that didn't figure Money didn't live here, but she knew the Edwards that is she knew mrs. Edwards, and she addressed her as mrs. Edwards and signed herself Marnie made maybe Paul could have been anybody and I wanted to find Marnie before I took up the matter of Paul with Matthews Upstairs by the phone in the master bedroom. I found something sergeant mooney. It overlooked Another address book smaller with phone numbers. I flipped through it There was nothing under C for car, but under M for money. There was a crest view number, but no address I decided to take the book with me Yeah, yeah just leaving oh look Hey what about that car girl? Yeah She may be the sweetest kid in town and she may be a killer you'll never know thanks for the tip and I Didn't call you to get in my way if I find her I'll tell you fair enough. Yeah. Yeah fair enough. Just don't get lost finding her It's kind of a break head start at least I Had a phone number for money that Matthews didn't have and I wasn't for her against him. He knew that I Just couldn't think murder and money in the same thought Until I could I'd string with her if I could find her The morning haze was lifting somewhat as I stopped at a gas station on the strip and used the payphone Would you say this wise? Oh Is Marnie there please No, I look would you be kind enough to give me a home phone I'm sorry, sir. We're not allowed to give out phone. Oh, but I'm an old matter who you are. I can't give you her number Okay, thanks. I Just talked to you a few minutes ago on the phone about money I told you then I tell you now we are not permitted to give out numbers How did you find us? Oh, mr. Felix is in the book and money's not look really this is important I'm doing this for her. I've given mr. Felix my word and I've never broken it. Yeah. Well, I don't doubt it Oh money's friend here. You know the special one. She keeps talking about her all the time. Isn't it strange? I can't remember her name. Hey. Yes. Yes, Peg. Sure. That's the one. Can I talk to her? Well, I oh All right 36 desk, please 36, please. Thank you. I hope this never gets back to mr. Felix I can't imagine what he'd think. Oh, I can't either, but don't worry. My lips are sealed. You blast for me 36 Over here Peggy. It's about money What about money? Well, I don't have a home phone or her address. She wouldn't give it to you, huh? Well, no, she she wouldn't you look all right to me. What's wrong with you? Nothing I'm a nice clean-cut fella. Yeah Looks like yeah What do you want with money? Well, I just want to see her Good enough reason Best in the world. She don't feel too well today. She called me first thing this morning Your fault. Oh No, no, I don't think so. No. Tell me. What did she say when she called? She didn't feel too well. Ah Well now look Peg does money go out to Mrs. Edwards often just when she's called to do her hair Good enough reason. You're all the best in the world. Do I get that phone number?  Yeah. Well, I'll remember. Thanks, Peggy and If you don't find her come back I'll give you mine Peg was something of a profit Among other things Well, there was no answer to my knock at one six three seven north Vermont apartment B in no answer to the phone call I placed in the lobby So I quit walking softly by apartment a knocked there and the doorway was suddenly filled with a solid block of granite Yes, I'm a landlady But if she don't answer the door it makes sense to me she ain't in well Have you seen her this morning ain't seen us and she went to work yesterday morning ain't seen him either her husband husband young man Even if I knew I wouldn't tell you and I was getting proud of my head It could dodge anything from flying darts the door slams near the eyebrow But that was about all I was proud of at the moment. I wasn't exactly closing in on money The landlady snort didn't give me much of a line on Paul if that's who she was exhaling about And there was the matter of Anne Harkness who flew into Los Angeles the night before Just in time to be murdered Well, I drove to a nearby drive-in and mulled over a sandwich Coffee was grim, too. I Was starting in on the routine that begins with if I were money, where would I go when I got a flash of an idea? Ten minutes later. I was banging on another door Oh Marlowe come in arrange for swinging doors first thing tomorrow. I'm sorry Bell, but I got an idea I told you lately. We're not open for lunch. I said I'm sorry. Didn't I it's just Yes, I'm kind of my feet today All right You ought to see what that butcher sent me in the name of prime rib and Charlotte Paul said she'd floundered like a beach Twail all night bad tooth.  I guess that's where I found it Well, I'm the Goshen come in get enough people with put on a floor show Make yourself at home lieutenant. I got work to do if you know that you also know I'm getting nowhere. Yeah, maybe Hey listen, huh? You've been telling me Matthew's tailing you. Yeah, that's what I said Just the boy's been going the same place as you have a little bit later all the way around and along about the second stop The description began to fit you and I look tell me how did your phone call of Chicago come up? Oh We found out where your money car fits in. Oh, yeah That Harkness Dame was a friend from New York who came to call in the Edwitz's and they tried to intercept her when they Got the call about that family death in Chicago. Only they couldn't reach her Now your money told Mrs. Edward she'd stick around the house and wait for the Harkness Dame Is that all? Well, they described some of the stuff that might be missing we checked and it is it is yeah Tell me how do you figure money by now? How can I figure a fill? She's missing Yeah, yeah She is missing isn't she Phil? I said if I found her I'd tell you you remember. Oh, yes, I remember Phil. I just want to make sure you do I Had a reason for not telling Matthews about the note Belle gave me it was signed money All right, but it wasn't the same handwriting. I'd seen in the note. She left for Mrs. Edwards It said Phil meet me at 8 30 tonight in the park above the bluffs at Santa Monica That was all Except 8 30 was like six hours away and it's just dark here at 8 30 And a fella can get killed keeping that kind of an appointment She'll ever wait six hours for something to happen. Oh, it's no fun Neither is the thought that maybe something final has happened to a pretty nice person. I Was almost sure now that Paul was my boy But almost wasn't close enough and I had to find Marnie if she could be found Now I got to the park above the Santa Monica bluffs about 15 minutes early Left my car a block or so away And all the way to the park I watched for a gray Chevy coupe 49 or 50 When you look for them they're hard to see And then I saw it Parking half a block down a guy got out and headed into the park. I let him go got to his car about the time he reached the bluffs I don't know what I thought I'd find but not my wildest dreams that I expect what I found Three minutes later. I was foot the floor boarding it up the coast highway toward Malibu the Seaway Motel 21245 Malibu Road That's the way the parking ticket I lifted from under the windshield wiper on the Chevy red and that was good enough for me I hit two wrong doors before I found the one I wanted and I had a spring the lock money Place rough doesn't he here.  Who Who doesn't love their own kid brother? Paul is your kid brother. Yeah, all mine Write it down somewhere Phil Big sisters don't make good mothers. Take it easy honey. You're okay. Sure. I'm fine First I catch Paul stealing from the Edwards Then I stand there like a zombie and watch him shoot down a woman. He's never seen I'm sorry.  I'd never heard of you But Paul had and wait a minute wait a minute. That's probably him now. Be careful.  We gotta get out of here. Hey. Hey, what is this you? Just a kid I called Matthews and wandered up everything checked everything balanced Paul cried like the baby. He was and blabbed his head off when he came to Monty just cried Funny how many people dispose of anything from mayhem to murder with the phrase He's just a kid I bet someone said that about Capone Dillinger and pretty boy Floyd I'll take money She's What a kid the adventures of Philip Marlowe bringing you Raymond Chandler's most famous character star Gerald Moore are produced and directed by Norman McDonald and written for radio by Kathleen height Featured in the cast were Virginia Greg and Joan Banks with Paul Dubov Jim Nussar June Whittley Shirley Mitchell and Marjorie Bennett Detective Lieutenant Matthews was played by Larry Dubkin Gerald Moore may soon be seen in the Santana production Sirocco The special music is composed by Pierre Garagank and conducted by Wilbur hatch Be sure to listen again next week at the same time when Philip Marlowe says This time a pair of cross-telephone wires put the good neighbor policy into effect To the murderous accompaniment of an off-key xylophone one good neighbor almost kills another good neighbor fellow named Marlowe Lena Romai glamorous song stylist visits Guy Lombardo time tomorrow night on CBS Lena Romai sings Chiu Chiu and I get ideas and that should give folks ideas to not to miss Lovely Lena Romai on Guy Lombardo time tomorrow night Say also on tap over most of these same CBS stations another 30 minutes of Mario Lanza Words and music featuring magnificent Mario sings just as well hot as he does long hair. Remember Mario Lanza tomorrow night on CBS Now stay tuned for gangbusters, which follows immediately on most of these same CBS stations This is Roy Rowan speaking This is CBS here Horace height every Sunday night on the Columbia Broadcasting system


And so I would set the recorder, I would ignore it, I'd check the score, if they won, yay! They didn't win, I'd erase it. And when I watched the game, I was calm, I didn't get upset, and no matter what happened, I literally win! The other team just 50 points ahead, no problem! I don't know when we're going to do it, I don't know how we're going to do it, I just know what's going to happen. Why should I get upset? It's a much better way to watch the game. When they're making a big comeback, you're going, yeah, there we go. Imagine too, if you applied that to all your relationships, where you knew they're all destined for holiness. And so they could get drunk, they could scream at you, they could pass out, they could go to the emergency room in the hospital with glass cutting their face. And you're just like, yeah, destined for holiness. And that's really the convincing job that the Holy Spirit does with us. When you work with a tool like A Course in Miracles, and there's many, many great tools, of course it's just one of the many great tools on the planet, but when you pick your path, or your path reveals itself to you, and you go for it, then you start to gain a real confidence with miracles. That's why it's not called Course in Revelation, because that's great. Old blazing light in the whole world disappears, maybe not quite yet. Oh, Course in Miracles, oh yeah, miracles, I like that. They prepare the way for these huge, mystical experiences that are coming. And actually that's exactly, I love that metaphor, it's the first time I've heard that TBR metaphor, but that's experientially how it feels for me. Over the script is written. Can you just expand on that, because that to me brings me more comfort than anything else in that blue book, that it's done and all, it's just how you look at it. You don't have to figure out what to do, where to go, anything you just go and depend on the right teacher to listen to, and so just expand on that, that's all. Yes, for some of you who aren't aware that there's a line in the workbook of the Course in Miracles where Jesus says the script is written. It's a sentence, the script is written, period. And people have all kinds of reactions to that idea because it seems to have a sense of destiny. And most of us can all agree, I think, on a spiritual journey that we have a destiny to wake up to heaven or wake up to know our true reality. That's like a larger destiny that God created us perfect and innocent and try as we may in time and space to avoid it. We really can't, it's actually inevitable that we're going to wake up. So in one sense that's good, that's a good kind of destiny feeling. Now the script is written starts to take that destiny idea and starts to apply it even to form because I was just giving a talk in Atlanta and I was, and I think John has heard that one too, where we've heard that God created us with free will. We tend to take that as God created us with choice, gave us choice. And actually free will is, we have free will in heaven and our free will is God's will which is for perfect happiness. So really that's what free will is, it's not really choice, it's perfect happiness that we were created with free will because we were created in a state of perfect happiness and that's the only way we can know ourselves truly is in that state of perfect happiness. The other stuff of this world is just temporary kind of working things out. Now we don't have free will in this world and we can say that the only reverberation or the only reflection of free will that's left in the sleeping dreaming world of fragmentation and separation is choice. So the Course says that even as a workbook heaven is a choice that I must make. We need to learn how to choose the Holy Spirit, how to choose the correction of the atonement and even though heaven is not really a choice it has to take the form of a choice in this world. The choice that we have is really like John was saying is the choice on how we look upon the world or the ego or the Holy Spirit. It's a choice of purpose. It's like a choice of fear and guilt and shame and pain or a choice of love and peace and harmony. It's almost like the lens that we look through is really the choice that we need to learn how to make because while we keep thinking we can make choices in form and we do have lots to make on a practical basis every day we really need to learn to tune in to guidance and answer that prayer, you know, have that prayer be Holy Spirit decide for God for me. I want to join with the Holy Spirit in decisions and not try to make autonomous ego decisions which always end in frustration. So when we say the script is written the most, when I asked Jesus about the script is written I said what? Tell me about this, the script is written. He said well the first thing he said was the emphasis is on the last word written saying the script is the past. So when you're looking at the script of your life you're looking at the past.  You're identified with the doer and not the being that you are and you need to learn to see the falsity of the story and accept the divinity of your eternal reality which is the gateway through the present moment. So that I would say the script is written as a metaphor as if there really is a script. Now when you go deeper into the Course, you go deeper into the Holy Instance you actually start to have some mystical experiences to show you that time isn't really linear at all. So even the script is written as just a metaphor for the mind that that leaves in linear time. Saying don't get too worked up about the stories in the script because it's written and you're really getting all bent out of shape over the past and you're still trying to live as if the past is present and it's over and gone. But we're going to have to convince you that it's over and gone because you still believe that it's still going on and you don't see that everything's already been answered. The Holy Spirit answered the problem of separation, the tiny man idea the instant that it seemed to arise. So nothing's a big deal to the Holy Spirit. It's corrected. It's already solved. You don't have to try to solve a deep mystery or try to figure out this unfathomable idea of separation. You just have to accept the correction. But practically speaking that means we have to tune into guidance. While we still believe in linear time, guidance is still meaningful. Do I go here? Do I go there? Do I do this? Do I do that? Those decisions, as long as you still have this attachment to the past then those are very, very practical decisions that can't be glossed over. So on the one hand we don't want to use the script is written as some kind of blanket affirmation.  Something like that, especially if you've got some emotions coming up where you have a sense of loss or a sense of grief or a sense of sadness, whatever. That has to be dealt with. That has to be handled. And it's handled through the same process of forgiveness that we're learning. But you're talking about an Olderman sense that you really can't change the world. Jesus says you have no control over the world you made. And to me that goes right back to the Serenity Prayer where anyone who's gone through the 12 steps knows that you have to surrender the belief that your life is manageable. You have to open up to the higher power. You've got to do your inventories which is really bring out the darkness we were talking about earlier and you have to make contact with the higher power and let the higher power tell you how beautiful and innocent you are and you always have been. And then the last of the 12 steps is continuing contact with the higher power, continued guidance until you reach what I call the 13th step which is really what Jesus did. He accepted the Atonement. He reached a point where he said, okay, this is over and done now. And he found the Divine Innocence, the I Am Presence. And he was a way shower for all of us. He was just leading the way and saying, follow me, I found the way, I found the escape from guilt and now I want you all to join me in this happiness and love and peace and joy. That was really the message.


Hi, I'm a 64-year-old patient of Dr. Nahas. I've been seeing him for a couple of years. I started having issues with my heart which resulted in a lot of problems with my legs. My legs were always swollen, the veins were bad, and he explained to me some procedure that he did that's going to help relieve. I know because of my heart and because of my age, it's not going to give me the same legs I had when I was ten years old, but it has helped. It has shown improvement on the leg that he worked on. As far as strengthening, I can endure a little bit more walking than I was doing before, and I feel more comfortable about it.


I still remember my first day as a freshman in aerospace engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology. It was orientation day and as I was going up the stairway I saw the words aerospace engineering is not for women written on the walls. There were upper class men, all male, hanging around waiting to get a reaction from me. I was the mid-70s in India and there were not many women in the field. I just took out a handkerchief, erased the letter W and the letter O from the word women and went on my way to attend the orientation meeting. Nobody bothered me anymore after that. Throughout my career I have encountered a great deal of resistance, gotten a lot of no's, I just haven't taken no for an answer. The big question that interests me is how and why structures fail and how that failure is linked to the deformation of the material even at that domestic scale. This led me to different disciplines uncharted territories but had I stayed in my lane and taken the path of list resistance I probably would not have been able to make the contribution that I have made so far. It is only through my interactions with different disciplines that I have been able to get a more holistic understanding of why materials fail, how damage initiates and how they can be detected and diagnosed. Venturing into these uncharted territories has helped my team design and develop novel multifunctional nano-engineered materials with unprecedented properties such as self-sensing, self-healing as well as increased resistance to damage and they provide early warning signals to impending damage in the form of changes in electrical conductivity, changes in thermal signature or even color. Only by looking at these materials and then observing its impact in a real application such as an aircraft wing or a satellite structure can we really optimize their properties for specific applications. This leads to truly smart integrated adaptive structures and systems with improved properties that can also monitor, assess and control damage and degradation in service life. So interdisciplinary connectivity is vital to my work and I have tried to pass this idea on to my students. There is no preset boundary in research. Now they are trying to solve challenging problems by looking outside their field of expertise. They are learning new things, they are pushing boundaries and they are challenging convention. Just as I had refused to accept who belongs to aerospace engineering all those years ago, they are refusing to accept the prevailing perception of what research in aerospace engineering is. They are redefining the field, they are pulling in new influences and they are refusing to take no for an answer.


Live from Barcelona, Spain, it's theCUBE. Covering Cisco Live 2020. Brought to you by Cisco and its ecosystem partners. Welcome back. This is theCUBE's coverage of Cisco Live 2020 here in Barcelona doing about three and a half days of wall-to-wall coverage here. I'm Stu Miniman. My co-host for this segment is Dave Vellante. John Furrier is also here scouring the floor and really happy to welcome to the program two first-time guests, I believe. So, Costas Brunderis is the product manager and product marketing for cloud computing with Cisco and sitting to his left is Matt Ferguson who's director of product development also with the Cisco Cloud Group. Dave and I are from Boston. Matt is also from the Boston area and Costas is coming over from London. So, thanks so much for joining us. Thanks for coming out. All right, so obviously cloud computing is something we've been talking about many years. We've really found fascinating. The relationship Cisco's had with its customers as well as through the partner ecosystem had many good discussions about some of the announcements this week. Maybe start a little bit. Cisco's software journey and positioning in this cloud space right now. Yeah, so it's a really interesting dynamic when we start transitioning to multi-cloud and we actually deal with cloud and compute coming together. And we've had, whether you're looking at the infrastructure ops organization or whether you're looking at the apps operations or whether you're looking at your dev environment, your security operations. Each organization has to deal with their angle at which they view multi-cloud or they view how they actually operate within the cloud computing context. And so, whether you're on the infrastructure side, you're looking at compute, you're looking at storage, you're looking at resources. If you're an app operator, you're looking at performance, you're looking at visibility, assurance. If you are in the security operations, you're looking at maybe governance, you're looking at policy. And then when you're a developer, you're really sort of thinking about CICD, you're talking about agility. And there's very few organizations like Cisco that actually is looking at from a product perspective all those various angles of multi-cloud. Yeah, Matt, definitely a lot of pieces, cost us, maybe up level it for us a little bit. There's so many pieces, we've talked for so long, you don't talk to any company there that doesn't have a cloud strategy. Doesn't mean that it's not going to change over time and it means every company's got its own positioning. But talk about the relationship Cisco has with its customer and really the advisory position that you want to have with them. It's actually a very relevant question to what Matt is talking about because we talk a lot about multi-cloud as a trend and hybrid clouds and this kind of relationship between the traditional view of looking at compute in data centers and then expanding to different clouds. Public cloud providers have now amazing platform capabilities. And if you think about it, it goes back to what Matt said about ITOps and the development kind of efforts. Why is this happening really? There's a study that we did with an analyst and there was an amazing, a shocking stat around how within the next three years, organizations will have to support 50% more applications than they do now. And we have been trying to test this stat at events, at customer meetings, et cetera. That is a lot of change for organizations. So if you think about why are they using, why do they need to basically go and expand to those clouds is because they want to service, ITOps teams want to serve with capabilities, they're developers faster, right? And this is where you have, within the ITOps kind of theme organization, you have the security kind of frame, the compute frame, the networking, where Cisco has a traditional footprint. How do you blend all this? How do you bring all this together in a linear way to support individual, unique application modernization efforts? I think that's what we're hearing from customers in terms of the feedback and this is what influences our strategy to convert the different business units and engineering efforts, right? Correct. So I wonder if we could poke at that a little bit. A couple years ago, I have to admit I was kind of a multi-cloud skeptic. I always said that I thought it was more of a symptom than actually a strategy, a symptom of shadow IT and different workloads and so forth. But now I'm kind of vying in because I think IT in particular has been brought in to clean up the crime scene, I often say. So I think it is becoming a strategy. So if you could help us understand what you're hearing from customers in terms of their strategy toward multi-cloud and how Cisco was mapping into that. Yeah, so when we talk to customers, it comes back to the angle at which they're approaching the problem.  Because the people want to move faster. Organizations want to get their product out to market sooner. And so what really is, we're having conversations now about how do I get the visibility? How do I get the policies and the governance so that I can actually understand either how much I'm spending in the cloud or whether I'm getting the actual performance that I'm looking for, that I need the connectivity so I get the bandwidth. And so these are the kinds of conversations that we have with customers is going, I realize that this is going on. Now I actually have to now put some governance and controls around that. Is there products? Is there solutions? Is there, you know, they're looking to Cisco to help them through this journey because it is a journey. Because as much as we talk about cloud and companies that were born in the cloud, cloud native, there is a tremendous number of IT organizations that are just starting that journey that are just entering into this phase where they have to solve these problems. Yeah, I agree. And they're starting the journey with a deliberate strategy as opposed to, okay, we got this thing. But if you think about the competitive landscape, it's kind of interesting. And I want to try to understand where Cisco fits. Because again, you initially had companies that didn't own a public cloud sort of pushing multi-cloud and you'd say, oh, well, okay, so they have to do that. But now you sort of, you see Anthos come out with Google, you see Microsoft leaning in. We think eventually AWS is going to lean in. And then you say, hmm, I'm kind of interested in working with someone who's cloud agnostic. Not trying to force, now Cisco, a few years ago, you didn't really think about Cisco as a player. Now Cisco's right in the middle. I have said often that Cisco's in a great position, John Furrier as well, to connect businesses and from a source of networking strength, making a strong argument that we have the most cost effective, most secure, highest performance network to connect clouds. And that seems to be a pretty fundamental strength of yours and does that essentially summarize your strategy and how does that map into the actions that you're taking in terms of products and services that you're bringing to market? I would say that I can take that. Yeah, for sure. I know it's a chewy question. Big topic. I can talk for hours, I can talk for hours. So I was thinking about a shadow IT you mentioned just before and I'm like, okay, the world has turned around completely because we seem to talk about shadow IT as something bad happening and now suddenly we completely forgot about it and we're like, let free up the developers. Let them do whatever they want and basically that is what I think is happening out there in the market. So all the solutions you mentioned and the go to market approaches and the architectures that the public cloud providers at least are offering out there, certainly the big three, have differences, have their strengths and I think those strengths are closer to the developer environment basically. You know, if you're looking into something like AIML, there's one provider that you go with. If you're looking for a mobile development framework, you're going to go somewhere else. If you're looking for a DR, you're going to go somewhere else. Maybe not a big cloud, but your service provider that you've been dealing with all these times and you know that they have their accreditation that you're looking for. So, where does Cisco come in? You know, we're not a public cloud provider. We offer products as a service from our data centers and our partner's data centers, but at the way that the industry sees a cloud provider, a public cloud like AWS, Azure, Google, Oracle, IBM, et cetera, we're not, we don't do that. Our mission is to enable organizations with software, hardware products, SaaS products to be able to facilitate their connectivity, security, visibility, observability and in doing business and in leveraging the best benefits from those clouds. So, we kind of move to a point where we flip around the question and the first question is, who is your cloud provider? What, how many, tell us the clouds you work with and we can give you the modular pieces you can put, we can put together for you so that you can make the best out of your cloud. And being able to do that across clouds in an environment that is consistent with policies that are consistent, that represent the edicts of your organization, no matter where your data lives. That's sort of the vision. And the way this is translated into product, into Cisco's product, you naturally think about Cisco as the connectivity provider, networking. That's really sort of our, you know, go to and what we're also, when we have a significant computing portfolio as well. So, connectivity is not only the connectivity of the actual wire between geographies, point A to point B in the natural routing and switching world. There's connectivity between applications and between compute. And so, this week, you know, the announcements were significant in that space. When you talk about the compute and the cloud coming together on a single platform that gives you not only the ability to look at your applications from an experienced journey map. So, you can actually know where the problems might occur in the application domain. You can actually then go that next level down into the infrastructure level. And you can say, okay, maybe I'm running out of some sort of resource, whether it's compute resource, whether it's memory, whether it's on your private cloud that you have enabled on-prem or whether it's in the public cloud that you have that application residing. And then, quite candidly, you have the actual hardware itself. So, InterSight, it has an ability to control that entire stack. So, you can have that visibility all the way down to the hardware layer. I'm glad you brought up some of the applications. Wonder if we can, you know, stay there for a moment. Talk about some of the changing patterns for customers. A lot of talk in the industry about cloud native, often it gets conflated with, you know, microservices, containerization and lots of the individual pieces there. But, you know, one of our favorite things that have been talked about this week is the software that really sits at the application layer and how that connects down through some of the infrastructure pieces. So, help us understand what you're hearing from customers and how you're helping them through this transition to customers, as you were saying. Absolutely, there's going to be lots of new applications, more applications, and they still have the old stuff that they need to continue to manage. Because we know in IT, nothing ever goes away. That's definitely true. I was thinking, you know, there's a vacuum at the moment and there's things that Cisco is doing from a technology leadership perspective to fill that gap between the application, what you see when it comes to monitoring, making sure your services are observable and how does that fit within the infrastructure stack? You know, everything upwards, the network layer, basically. And that is changing dramatically. Some of the things that Matt touched upon with regards to, you know, being able to connect the networking, the security, and the infrastructure, the computer infrastructure that the developers, basically, are deploying on top. So, there's a lot of things on containerization. There's a lot of, in fact, it's, you know, one part of the, of the self-intercept of the stack that you mentioned, and one of the big announcements. You know, there's a lot of discussion in the industry around, okay, how does that abstract further the conversation on networking, for example? Because now, what we're seeing is that you have huge monolith enterprise applications that are being carved down into microservices.  Is it related to containers? Different kind of things, right? But containers are naturally the infrastructure de facto currency for developers to deploy because of many, many benefits.  Things like service mesh, network service mesh. How is the network evolving to be able to create this immutable infrastructure for developers to deploy applications? So there's so many things happening at the same time where Cisco has actually a lot of, taking a lot of the front seat, leading that conversation. This is where it gets really interesting. There you go. And sort of hard to squint through because you mentioned Kubernetes as the de facto standard, but it's a de facto standard that's open, right? That sort of everybody's playing with. But historically, this industry has been defined by, you know, a leader who comes out with a de facto standard. Kubernetes is not a company, right? It's an open standard. And so, but there's so many other components than containers. And so, history would suggest that there's going to be another de facto standard or multiple standards that emerge. And your point earlier is you got to have the full stack. You can't just do networking. You can't just do sort of compute. So you guys are attacking that whole pie. So how do you think this thing will evolve? I mean, you guys obviously intend to put out as wide a net as possible. Capture not only your existing install base, but attract others. And you're going aggressively at it as are others. How do you see it shaking out? Do you see, you know, four or five pockets? Do you see, you know, one leader emerging? I mean, customers would love all you guys to get together and come up with standards. That's not going to happen. So it's jump ball right now. Well, yeah, and you think about, you know, to your point regarding Kubernetes is not a company, right? It is a community driven. I mean, it was open source by a large company, but it's community driven now. And that's the pace at which open source is sort of evolving. There is so much coming at IT organizations from a new paradigm, a new software, something that's, you know, the new, the shiny object that sort of, everybody sort of has to jump onto and sort of say that is the way we're going to function. So IT organizations have to struggle with this influx of just every coming at them at every angle. And I think what's starting to happen is the management and the, you know, that stack. Who controls that? Or who is helping IT organizations to manage it for them? So really what we're trying to say is there's elements that you have to put together that have to function. And Kubernetes is just one example. Docker, the operating system that is associated with it, that runs all that stuff. Then you have the application that goes ridesides on top of it. So now what we have to have is things like what we just announced this week, HXAP, the application platform for HX. So you have the compute cluster, but then you have the stack on top of it that's managed by an organization that's looking at the security, that's looking at the actual making opinions about what should go in the stack and managing that for you. So you don't have to deal with that because you can just focus on the application development. Yeah, I mean, Cisco's in a strong position, Stu. There's no question about it. To me, it comes down to execution. If you guys execute and deliver on the products and services that you say, you announced, for instance, this week and previously, and you continue on a roadmap, you're going to get a fair share of this marketplace. I think there's no question. Yeah, so last topic, before we let you go, is love your viewpoint on customers. What's separating kind of the leaders from the followers in this space? There's so much data out there. You know, I'm a big fan of the state of DevOps report. Yes, yes. It helps separate, you know, some, not here's the technology or the piece, but the organizational and, you know, dynamics that you should do. So it sounds like Matt, you like that report also. Love this. What do you hear from customers? How do you help guide them towards becoming leaders in the cloud space? Yeah, the state of DevOps report was fascinating. I mean, they've been doing that for what, a number of years now. Yeah, exactly. And really what it's sort of highlighting is two main factors that I think that are in this revolution or this paradigm shift or journey we're going through, there's the technology side for sure. And so that's getting more complex. You have microservices, you have application explosion, you have a lot of things that are occurring just in technology that you're trying to keep up. But then it's really about the human aspect, the human element, the people about it. And that's really, I think, what separates, you know, the elites that are really sort of, you know, just charging forward in the head because they've been able to sort of break down the silos. Because really what you're talking about in cloud native DevOps is how you take the journey of that experience of the service from end to end, from the development all the way to production. And how do you actually sort of not have organizations that look at their domain, their data set, their operations, and then have to translate that or have to sort of, you know, have another conversation with another organization that doesn't look at that, that has no experience of that. So that is what we're talking about, that end to end view. And as I just said, in addition to all the things we've been talking about, I think security's a linchpin here. And you guys are executing on security, you've got a big portfolio, and you've seen a lot of M&A and a lot of companies now trying to get in, and it's going to be interesting to see how that plays out. But that's going to be a key because organizations are going to start there from a strategy standpoint and then build out. Yeah, absolutely. If you follow the DevOps methodology, its security gets baked in along the way so that you're not having to then halt it on after or do anything. Kostas, give you the final word. I was just as a follow-up with regards to what Matt was saying. There's so many, what's happening out there is this democracy around standards which is driven by communities. And we love that. In fact, Cisco is involved in many open source community projects.  There's so many use cases. There's so much depth in terms of what customers want to do with on top of Kubernetes. Take AIML, for example, something that we have. We have some offering services around. There's a customer that wants to do AIML. They're containers stuck, their infrastructure will be so much different to someone else that's doing something, just hosting. And there's always going to be a SaaS provider that is niche, servicing some oil and gas company, which means that the company of that industry will go and follow that, instead of just going to a public cloud provider that is more agnostic. Does that make sense? Yeah. Yeah, there's relationships that exist that aren't just going to get blown away, that add value today, and they're not going to just throw them out. Exactly. Well, thank you so much for helping us understand the updates, where your customers are driving. Super exciting space. Look forward to keeping an eye on it. Thank you. Thank you so much. There's still lots more coming here from Cisco Live 2020 in Barcelona. People are standing, watching all the developer events, lots of going on on the floor, and we still have more. So thank you for watching theCUBE.