Okay. We're back. We're live. We're here. It's 1 o'clock. Well, it's the 1130 block, I guess you'd say. And I'm Jay Feidell. And I think Tech would talk about Asia in Review. Today we're going to talk about the Trump meeting, the President Trump meeting in Vietnam at the APEC conference, and that's taking place in November of 2017. Now, a special guest for this discussion is a diplomat, a kind of Hawaii special diplomat, okay? And he's the U.S. senior official of APEC Hawaii, a very important person. Russell Hanna, how are you? Thank you. Good morning, Jay. Thank you for inviting me to the show again. And I'm very grateful for coming here. Yeah, great to have you. You give us a dimension we need to have for sure. So I guess the principal point of our discussion this morning is there will be an APEC this year in November in Vietnam. An APEC runs around 21 countries, as I recall, and it has a sort of—has a circuit. And it goes from one to the other, not two in a row. And this year is Vietnam. How is Vietnam selected? Actually, they take terms, as you know, Jay, there's 21 countries, and they're just going to give everybody a fair share. So it's like—so they can showcase their country. We're hosting, as you know, last year it was in Peru, and Peru was hosting the APEC conference. So this year, they passed the torch on to Vietnam, and it's going to be located in Da Nang, Vietnam, which is in the U.S. air base was there. Yeah, actually there was a port too. And strategically, they've been using that port for ever since the Vietnam War, prior to that when the French was occupying Vietnam as a Commonwealth country. So as you know, history—if you look at the history, God, Vietnam in the first—when they first got civilized was in 1620, when they're the Jesuit, the first French men that visit Vietnam, it was a missionary, and he was a Jesuit. And he brought the Christianity, the Christian religion to Vietnam. And that kind of started the whole Vietnam movement with the French was going in there and kind of liberated Vietnam. And this goes on. They must have been there like close to—who knows, about 200 years ever since, maybe close to 250 years. Yeah, I got thrown out in there in the 50s. Actually, if you look at the history, J, when Vietnam was being independent, if you go back when 1941, prior to that, when Japan was going through the Sina War, and Japan took over Vietnam from 1941 to 1945, and what happened was, after the war, there was a famous general, Ho Chi Minh. We know him. And he's the one that liberated Vietnam to become independent and being a sovereign country. So as you know, after the war of World War II, Ho Chi Minh wanted to become—he thought it was a big chance now to be liberated and get away from France. And the French start coming back again, since it wasn't occupied under Japan during the World War II. And this was in like 1945 and 1946. And they were brutal. And they went up to the north side, up in north Vietnam. And they're kind of being—and the Russians were kind of aiding them as well, and given their military equipment, and they were kind of helping them out as well. Helping Ho Chi Minh. Ho Chi Minh. And if you look at it, then—and what happened was, then the United States was teaming up with France, because France was kind of leaving Indo—French-Indo-China, which was—they had a lot of influence with Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam, and Thailand. And they were an ally in the war, so they were closer to them because of that. Yes, exactly. And hopefully, when they found that Ho Chi Minh wanted to become independent sovereign nation, he fought the French, and they beat him. The NBN Fu, the famous battle that routed the French out of Vietnam. Exactly. And at the time, I guess the French wanted to leave the Indo—the French into the Niger area, because they wanted to go to Africa, they wanted to go to the Middle East with the foreign legions, and they were trying to—they wanted to get out of Asia. So what happens, the United States—they're asking United States to carry on. And Ho Chi Minh himself wanted to team up with the United States and become partners. But what happened was the United States went with the French. So Ho Chi Minh decided to go with the Chinese and with Mao Tung's tongue at the timing. And as you know, Ho Chi Minh was very educated. He was trained under the Russians as well, was educated in Russia, learning the Communist Party with Leningrad, and when Joseph Stalin was in power. So he was learning a lot about the Communist Party. So he became one of the leaders between Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. So after the war of 1940, when Ho Chi Minh took over and beat the French, and they became South, the East— Was that in, what, 49 or 50, something like that? Right. It was like—because the Vietnam War for the United States, when we got involved with the 1955, and, you know, we're working with the South Vietnam, and the South Vietnam—so North was sending them some of the Chinese, Vietnamese, they call them Viet Cong. So we're fighting the Viet Cong in the South Vietnam, and that kind of—it's a little confusing, but, you know, in terms of history, but it's kind of a similar format, what happened with between the— Violence wasn't confusing. There were plenty of violence in those states. Exactly. Like, what we've seen within the North Korea and South Korea. Good thing that then happened, like, you know, they didn't bring the border. And I think it was a 17th parallel between North and South Korea, that they had a boundary. But they became it with the Peace Treaty. I think what happened was in 1973, after we got overthrown, we signed an agreement with the Paris Agreement in Paris, and they wanted to liberate Vietnam to become independent, a sovereign nation. And the U.S. Congress took up about this Case Church Amendment, this agreement that's saying that we're not going to—we're going to pull out of Vietnam and not have a war with them, as well with Cambodian Laos. So every time we're going to go into war with the Vietnam or Cambodian Laos, it has to go through the Congress for approval. So then, in 1975 came, that's when the war of Vietnam was over. And hopefully, U.S. pulled out, and we had so many immigration immigrants coming to the United States. I would say right now, we have about one point—close to two million immigrants that came because of the Vietnam War that's living as Vietnamese Americans that live in the United States. In Hawaii, we have roughly close to about 18,000 or 20,000 Vietnamese Americans living in Hawaii. So we have a big community here. And if you look at this present day, they have a Vietnamese Chamber of Commerce here that's bridging the gap with Vietnam and the United States. They're law-abiding citizens. They're well-educated. So, you know, and they're part of the ethnic chamber here, and we have an ethnic chamber in Hawaii with a Vietnamese Chamber, a Australian Chamber, as well as a Chinese Chamber. So talk about the economics in Vietnam, because APEC is primarily directed at—it's the Asia-Pacific Economic Council, no? APEC? Yeah. APEC is—we have APEC summit coming in November, and it involves 21 countries. And Vietnam is a member of the— They've been successful. Yeah. Their economy is good. It's still a communist country, but it's a moderate communist country, and it's a certain amount of capital investment going on. Yeah. If you look at the growth within the past 30 years that Vietnam's been having, they've been growing like close to 6% to 8% early, and we project that according to economists that specialize in Vietnam, the data shows that they're going to be growing another 6% to 8% 10 years from now. That's pretty good. So they're having a robustity of their economy. A lot—you know, they're having more growth in China. And if you look at their commodities and manufacturing, a lot of the labor in China are getting too expensive. So they're all moving into Vietnam for like apparel or clothing or textile. It's outsourcing to Vietnam. Exactly. Our clothes, our rubber manufacturing, a lot of stuff we're kind of going to Vietnam. Like before, it was Indonesia or India. Like if you look at your clothes and our trademark, country of origin, a lot of them are stitched in manufactured, steam-trips kind of work is done in Vietnam. And you look at our perils, like our clothing, our shirts that we wear, that what we buy at the department stores and stuff that none of them are made in Vietnam. So you see that a lot of manufacturing are done in Vietnam now for tangible goods that we consume here. What about Hawaii's economic connection with Vietnam? I can tell you, I had a client once who owned some property in Hawaii. He was actually from another Pacific area, and he came to Hawaii and invested in it. One day he told me, he said, you know, Hawaii's nice, but Vietnam is where you can make some money. Took all his investment into Vietnam, made a lot of money in Vietnam. How about that? Yeah, I think that—and you know what came out of it, Jay, was because in 2013 we signed a Vietnam comprehensive agreement when Barack Obama was the president, and he, a manufacturer, visited there in 2016 to kind of follow up on that comprehensive agreement. Ever since that, if you look at the 20 years that, you know, in the protocol and diplomacy that we had with the State Department, in 1995 we officially opened a U.S. Embassy in Hanoi and was able to send an ambassador there. And vice versa, Vietnam was able to open an embassy in Washington. Prior to that, it was like a consulate with San Francisco, Vietnam had a consulate in San Francisco. Yeah, that was a cold shoulder. We were giving them the cold shoulder for a long time, so it's all very positive what happened and good for us that we ameliorated what was a cold shoulder after the war. But so, you know, that the Scheidler College of Business has a regular—it has a facility in Ho Chi Minh City. It teaches businessmen and women in Vietnam how to do business. It is responsible for a number of the education of a number of CEOs who are effectively running the country. So we have a good business relationship with Vietnam. They like us. We like them. It's a mutual engagement. And so, you know, it's interesting, what happens is you have a war and then in the aftermath of the war you get closer, closer than you might have been otherwise. We had to spend some lives, like 50,000 lives in that war, but at the moment, you know, we have a, as you said, a robust relationship with Vietnam. Yeah, exactly. Jay, if you look at the history, the Romans will call it Pax Romana, which means peace after war. And what happens is that we go there and we kind of get into war. We kind of mess up their country. So we want to rebuild the country after we're bringing peace and prosperity. And Romans used to do that when they used to conquer their Eastern and Western Europe. And they used to build the Great Wall, or the Road of Haters' Road, you know. So in those kind of aspects, you know, it's not a good way of saying Pax Romana, but I think historically, you know, that's the approach that civilized nations take, you know, developed countries that have been empowered. And it's an advantage that we have. We might as well take advantage of that advantage. It's an opportunity to build a long-term relationship with them. You know, on all of this, Obama went there for APEC, right? Or he went, yeah, he went to Vietnam. What did he do there? Actually, he went there just to follow up on when he was— It was not for APEC. It was just for diplomatic media, I guess. Yeah, there was a diplomatic relation. And I think he wanted a few presidents that actually visit there to break the ice after the— Yeah. Good for him. I haven't been in a diplomatic channel for a while, because ever since 1995, when we signed that agreement for the Comprehensive Agreement in 2003, we didn't have a—we had a 20-years of relationship now. Yeah, that's fabulous. Yeah. So, you know, here we are sort of on the cusp of what could be a long-term connection with a strategically important place, economically and geopolitically, in Asia. And it's coming up in November, and the word is that Trump is going to go. And right after this break, I want to talk about that and the implications, why he's going to go, what he could achieve, and the likelihood of success of some sort in connection with that trip. That's Russell Hanra. He's a U.S. senior official for APEC in Hawaii. We're talking about the Trump meeting in Vietnam. We've set the stage. We'll be right back after this break, and we'll drill down. We'll be right back. Aloha. My name is Stephen Philip Katz. I'm a licensed marriage and family therapist, and I'm the host of Shrink Rap Hawaii, where I talk to other shrinks. Did you ever want to get your head shrunk? Well, this is the best place to come to pick one. I've been doing this. We must have 60 shows with a whole bunch of shrinks that you can look at. I'm here on Tuesdays at three o'clock every other Tuesday. I hope you are too. Aloha. Okay, we're back. Well, I'm Jay Fidale here on Think Tech, and we're doing Asia in Review talking about the Trump meeting, which is coming up later this year in Vietnam, the APEC meeting in Vietnam. And our special guest is Russell Hanra. He's the U.S. senior official for APEC in Hawaii. And are you going to go, Russell? Are you going to go there for that meeting? Yes? Yeah, hopefully, if they send me the right credentials. And a matter of fact, I've sent my resume to Donald Trump and Trump administration as well. So I know that he's still going to fulfill a lot of his cabinet position, opponent position with the State Department. And we just got our United States Trade Representative, Robert Lighthizer. And I'm sure he's looking for a lot of good staff to work under him as well. So we'll see how his appointments go. Yeah. I hope they go, because he hasn't appointed a lot of people. And we need to have a strong, experienced Acomai State Department and officials like your own self out there building relationships with all these countries or maintaining them. And he has a way of making statements that don't help sometimes, as we know from his Twitter tweets. But let's talk about, you know, what he could achieve. Let's say he did the right thing to go. First of all, it's a good idea to go, don't you think? The American president should go to APEC in Vietnam. You know, we want to have a certain relationship with them. We should have a presence there, don't you think? Yeah. I think so. He already made an official statement. That he was going? Through the State Department, through his White House spokesperson, or said that he is going to attend, because eventually, at the time, there's going to be East Asia Summit as well in Ho Chi Minh City. In that part in Vietnam. So usually when the APEC conference happens, there's another East Asia Summit with the ASEAN countries. So it kind of, so they don't waste their time. The leaders can get together and discuss a lot of, have a dialogue about the issues that they're involved with and when they're strategically they can reposition themselves. So I think in our case, you know, Donald, President Donald Trump knows that the relationship with Vietnam, and as you know, our generation, we're the post-war generation of Vietnam who are running the country right now, so in that generation, we want to bring peace to Vietnam and close the chapter because we were involved in a war that shouldn't have been there. A bad time for everyone. Exactly. But you know, the funny thing is that you go through the history and I really appreciate you doing that, of Vietnam and how Vietnam fits with the rest of Southeast Asia, how it fits with the United States, its history, with Europe, with France. A lot of people don't know, they forget, the other generation and even the generation running things may not know exactly what happened and how those 50,000 American troops died and how sore it is and how we have to, we have to, oh, po-no-po-no, you know, fix it up. And maybe this is an opportunity to do that. What doesn't ring true for me is that he's an isolationist. He's breaking the, you know, the ties with people all over the world, making statements that are alienating people. He's not very good at diplomatic relations or diplomatic conduct. So although you've got to give him credit for deciding to go, you wonder how he'll be able to handle it. I mean, if you were Donald Trump, how would you handle it in November? Actually, for Donald Trump, or the president, he already met the prime minister from Vietnam, Nguyen Phuc. He just, they met about two weeks ago in Washington. He came by and just to show that good gesture that they want to keep working together in terms of maybe... Here's a picture of that meeting, yeah. And I think the relationship, and I know that presidents did say that it's, you know, it's very important. It's vital that we have a good relationship with Vietnam and we have a good Vietnamese American community in the United States, as well in Hawaii, who want to strengthen the relationship. And as you know, Vietnam is changing right now from communist regime to socialist democratic reform. So we know that Vietnam is going to play that major role. And they're shying away from China. And so they want to work with the United States. They prefer the United States to China? Yes. Why is that from their point of view? I think they learned throughout history what went through. And they know that being more democracy, being more open and working within the international community, it's going to benefit them as well. And even with tourism, ever since the 2013 comprehensive agreement that we signed with Vietnam, tourism increased. We have more direct flight with Vietnam Airlines. Roughly we have about 80,000 visitors coming early from Vietnam. And out of that, I would say 19,000 are students who are studying, going to school in the United States. So we're glooming a lot of these young leaders that's coming out from Vietnam. That's great. Yeah, I think that's a good thing. They're connected with us by virtue of the fact that there are almost two million Vietnamese in the country, most of whom are valuable players in the country. They go to school, they learn, they participate in the economy and all that. But the question I put to you is, what can Trump achieve to make a special trip here, to make this trip special? I think Trump's got to show not only showing that he's interested in Vietnam, he's got to show that his interest in Asia-Pacific region and bringing peace to the region and prosperity there and what United States can play as a major role. I know that we're pushing in terms of trade and commerce that we're focusing more on the bilateral trade agreement with Vietnam. As you know, the United States was a member with TPP, Trans-Pacific Partnership. And Vietnam is a member of TPP. So it's a problem, isn't it? But they realize that they want to work with the United States. Anyway, on a bilateral basis. On a bilateral basis, and see if—and as you know, right now, TPP, they had a meeting in Vietnam with the trade ministers, and they discussed that on the sidelines with the trade ministers, saying that Japan, Australia and New Zealand is going to proceed with the TPP. And hopefully, they're going to persuade all the other 11 members who are signatory members. And hopefully, they can wish that maybe United States will eventually join in again, go back to TPP. So we have an option there. Yeah, it's an option, but it's not likely in this administration. And it's likely, I think, in the next administration, especially if there's a reaction vote against Trump. But it seems to me that when you threaten to pull out of NATO, when you do pull out of TPP, when you reject the Paris Accord, you're isolating this country. You're cutting ties that we spent years and years of diplomatic effort to create in the first place. Very hard to get back where it used to be. We lose franchise. We lose respect in the global community.  It may hurt them that we leave. It may hurt NATO. It may hurt TPP. It may hurt various organizations that he's backing out of. But the reality is that they will continue without us, don't you think? And that's what will happen with TPP, won't it? Yeah, I think in terms of—we might lose our credibility and our trust with our international partners and our allies. But I think they're intelligent enough to know the leadership role. And they know that Donald Trump is playing that different kind of leadership role. So I know the leaders are kind of trying to have a relationship with our president. Yeah, well, I wanted to ask you about it, because this is a very interesting picture, and it's an interesting phenomenon that he met with the leader of Vietnam right a couple weeks ago. But what do the Vietnamese think about? What do they think about us today? What do they think about having economic relations with us? What do they think about having mutual security with us? And what do they think about Trump? That's the big question. Are they going to really do business, or are they just biding their time for another president? I think in terms of—you get to understand the dynamics of the private sector and the public sector. In terms of public sector to government, and we have our government official, we have our protocol, we have our embassy. We have all these think tank agencies that's working around that. And then you have our private sector that's doing business, our U.S. Chamber of Commerce, top 500 blue-chip companies that's doing business. And we're going to continue on. I don't think in terms of private business, in terms of trade or import, export, Vietnam is a specialized general systems preference country, so they don't pay tariffs or anything. And now they got out of that, and now we're trying to come up with the U.S.-Vietnam trade agreement, besides having that comprehensive agreement in 2013. So I think when they meet on the sidelines at the APEC conference in November, our President, Donald Trump, Rex Tillerson, our Secretary of State, and our United States Trade Representative, Robert Leidenhauser, can work with their counterpart, with their leaders, and maybe come up with a better deal, or in terms of our bilateral trade agreement. So, I mean, could it be legitimately argued that the U.S. is better off with a bilateral agreement than being part of TPP? Well, if you look at the difference to my experience, bilateral, you know, United States as a whole, we're a big country. You know, I would say 80 percent, 85 percent are domestic demand. You know, maybe 15 or 20 percent might be export-oriented in terms of cost of good sold in terms of generating revenues for those industries. But if you look at the multilateral, like coming with different countries, maybe we can do our joint ventures, make it a high-caliber kind of trade agreements that, in terms of pharmaceutical, painter, licensing fees, or intellectual property rights, unless we know which countries are. This would be in a bilateral trade agreement? Yeah, in terms of bilateral, we do have those terms, but if you have those like TPP, which is a multilateral, it involves so many different countries, and they have to have the same standards. Yeah, so maybe it's easier to do a bilateral, because there's only two countries involved. Yeah, that's our traditional way we've been doing our trade agreements, it's been bilateral. Yeah. And so, you know, if you look at our competitive edge and looking at the whole business structure of import, export, international trade agreements, bilateral will supersede, supersede. And I put that on my APEC Master Plan, dude. I did mention about having each country precipitate in the TPP, but first we should do the bilateral agreement to make sure there's no misunderstanding or terms and conditions are solid, and then we can proceed with the multilateral. Right, and maybe a different range of issues in the multilateral, yeah. One thing that just strikes me, we're almost out of time here, but one thing that just strikes me is that some countries may resent the fact that we do bilateral agreements with other members of TPP and not with them. Some countries may be jealous or competitive and feel that the U.S. is favoring, say in this case, Vietnam, and not favoring, say, Laos, say, Myanmar, say, Thailand. Does that happen? Is there sort of a competition and a resentment? I think there's so, you know, I'm sure each country has their favoritism. If you look at China, for example, they're pushing the RCEP, Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership with the ASEAN countries. So they might have a competitive edge over the ASEAN countries, because they have a lot of Chinese descendants living there as a one China policy, and they're pushing for that one road initiative with the BRICS countries and with the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank that they're pushing for. So, you know, those kind of things, they might be having that certain favoritism as well. And we have ours with our allies and our partners, and TPP was one of them. Also, one minute left. Okay. Can you address the people and tell the people what they should be thinking about APEC, what they should be thinking about Trump's visit to Vietnam in November? Well, you know, I just wanted to highlight this. It's vital for us, the United States, to work with Vietnam, not because of the history of the Vietnam War, but in terms of region, we want to help countries who wants to open up, be part of the international community. As you know, Vietnam, the people over there are caring people, they're loving caring, and they're into human rights right now. And they want to do good, because, you know, the ugliness they went through with the war and how they've been reviving and putting their effort. And as you know, all the other neighboring countries want to make sure that all the Asian countries are going to be working together. And I think Vietnam plays that role. Yeah, that's great. And you know, I hope that the President sees it the same way, and that he actually advances our interest and relationship in November. We'll be watching him, and you'll be watching him. Russell Hanme, U.S. senior official for APEC in Hawaii. Thank you so much, Russell. Thank you, Jay. For coming down. Yeah, by the law.


Having defined the singular chain complex and the singular homology of heterological space, let us examine today a few very very important properties of this singular homology. These are going to be the guidelines for the entire homology theory later on. The properties of singular homology, some of them, not all of them, will be picked up as the fundamental properties and declared them as axioms. So the first one, very first one is the functoriality. So first we have seen that from topological space to the chain complex level, it is a functor. S of XA-dava is a functor, it is a covariant functor from the category of topological space to the category of chain complexes. Then we have also seen that taking a homology is a functor from the chain complex to the graded ability groups or graded modules. Thus composing these two, what we get is the association XA going to H star of XA as well as X going to H star of X are functors, covariant functors. Given a map F from XA to YB, we shall denote F dot to be the map induced at the chain complex level and S F star for the map induced by F dot on the homology level. Quite often F star, F star is used for both of them and that makes it somewhat more confusing. So let us try to follow this convention. The star would be for the homology and dot would be for the chain complex. The functoriality is summed up in the following facts. I am repeating it, we have seen it earlier, there is nothing new but just to emphasize this one. F from X to Y, G from Y to Z, G composite F star, the same thing as G star, composite F star. If identity denotes the identity map of a space X to X, then identity star from H star of X to H star of X is also the identity map on the homology groups. These are the two factors you have to understand. So this is one of the fundamental properties of the homology. It is not just some group out of nothing. It is functorial association. That is what one has to understand. The next important thing is the homotopy invariance of H star of XA. For any reasonable space SN of X is a very huge group. Why we are taking such a huge group? We do not know because set of all maps from delta n to any reasonable space is going to be very huge. Of course, if the space is a discrete space or a single point and so on, then only we can know what it is and so on. Otherwise, it is quite heavy group. What is important is this each SN of X is a topological invariant, but it is too huge. It is a topological invariant, but H star of X is defined as some subquotient. You take some subgroup and then the quotient of that group. This is strange that this subquotient group is going to be a homotopy invariant which is stronger than being a homeomorphism invariant. So if it is homotopy invariant, then it will be homeomorphism invariant also because if X to Y is a homeomorphism, then it has an actual inverse instead of homotopy invariant. So it is homotopy equivalence also. So the homotopy invariance, we are going to state very clearly, namely if f and g from Xa to Yb are homotopic to each other, then f star equal to g star on h star of Xa. So this is a statement, homotopy invariant. The maps induced by two homotopic maps induced by them on the homology, they are actually the same. So we are not defining, we are not stating it in terms of the spaces, but in terms of the maps, which is a stronger result. That is what you have to pay attention to. From this, you will see that Xa to Yb, if f is from here to here, which is a homotopy inverse, there g is inverse is there, then f composite is g composite, it will be homotopic to identity. Therefore f star composite g star will be homotopy, will be equal to identity, which means f star is inverse of g star. So that kind of things you would have got. So the homotopy invariance of the spaces will follow if you prove the homotopy invariance of the maps. So this is the statement. So we will go a little ahead in proving this one, but we will not complete the proof of this one. We will leave it at a stage wherein things become difficult. So let us see what is the easy part of the proof of this one. Start with a g, which is a homotopy from Xa cross i to Yb. We just means that it is a map from X cross i to Y such that A cross i goes inside b. That is all. The relative means that Xa cross i, same thing as X cross i comma A cross i. So suppose this is a homotopy between f and g. Consider the inclusion map eta t from Xa to Xa cross i, which I have written, here I have written fully. It is Xa X cross i A cross i. What is eta t? Eta t of X is X comma t. So I am putting X in X cross i at the tth level. So of these inclusion maps, eta naught and eta 1 are some important ones, specific ones. So g composite eta naught will be what? g of X0 is fx. g composite eta 1 is g of X1 is gx, where g is a homotopy. When you pass to the homology, this will imply g star composite eta naught star is g star composite eta 1 star. Suppose you have a map like this, g composite eta 1 is f. So take star of that. This is g star composite eta 1 star. And g star composite eta 1 is g. So you wanted them to be the same. So this will be g. g composite eta 1 star is g. Passing on to, sorry, passing on to homology, you get this. Therefore, it is enough to prove that eta naught star is equal to eta 1 star. This is what we want to prove. If eta naught star equal to eta 1 star, then f star will be equal to g star. Okay, sorry, this is f star. This is g star. We want to prove that these two are equal. So for that, you do not have to worry about anything, but you have to just prove eta naught star equal to eta 1 star. So what are eta 1 and eta naught star? They are from h star of x a to h star of x a cross i. There are two maps. These two inclusion maps are there. They must be equal. So they are homotopic, of course. So the general homotopy has been cut down from arbitrary f and g for inclusion maps eta naught and eta 1, the coordinate inclusion maps. This is precisely what Poincare had done. So, in the case of differential forms. So, for this purpose we construct a chain homotopy H from S of X A to S of X cross I A cross between eta naught star and eta 1 star ok at the chain level. So, I should put here eta naught dot eta naught 1 I have myself not bought eta naught dot and eta naught eta 1 dot at the chain level. So, if they are chain homotopy then we know that chain homotopic maps induce same map at the homology level. So, this chain homotopy is called the prism operator ok. It is from X A to X cross I A cross I ok. So, it is a prism operator for future reference which will state this as a separate lemma. So, that we have to prove this lemma not the whole theorem ok. What is the lemma? There exists a funtorial chain homotopies there is a whole lot of chain homotopies H from. So, you can write it as H of X A. So, that is the way to write a funtor ok. This is itself a funtor H of X A it depends upon X A H S Q of X A to H Q plus 1 of X A cross I Q greater than or equal to 0 between the two inclusion maps eta naught and eta 1 ok from X A to S dot of X A cross I. We shall post from the proof of this lemma to the last section and take it for granted that the homotopy invariance is proved for the time being ok. So, what we will now start using it and first corollary is homotopy equi-l-topoliacal spaces isomorphic homology groups in particular contractible spaces ok have homology groups of a single point ok. So, both of these we will use keep using again and again contractible spaces as far as homology is concerned they are just like single point ok well do you know the homology of a single point. So, that is what we have to do now. So, luckily we can do that ok though we cannot do much of computation here. So, take n to be any positive integer what are all maps from delta n to a single point space the star bracket single where I denote the single point space ok. What are all continuous functions here what are all functions is only one function ok and it is continuous alright. Therefore, a sin of this space is nothing but a group generated by one element a free group generated by one element. So, that is in finite cyclic this is true for all n greater than equal to 0 delta naught is also a single point ok for negative things of course, we have defined them to be 0. Observe that now comes the crucial thing from s to n plus 1 star to s to n look at the boundary operator this map from 2 n plus 1 to n I want to say it is 0 map why because look at s 2 n plus 1 let us say delta 1 n equal to 0 so s 1. So, then you have a one simplex here which is a function from delta 1 to star what is boundary the boundary operator will take sigma of 1 minus sigma of 0 both sigma 1 and sigma 0 are just this point single singleton function so the singleton function minus singleton function is 0 ok in the free group. So, if you look at now delta 2 ok if you take sorry so delta 1 I have done. So, then next next thing I have to take delta 3 delta 3 is tetrahedron how many phases it has 4 phases. So, how does the function the boundary operator will look like to alternate you some of constant function all the time how many of them will be there 4 of them will be there. So, they cancel out each other and give you 0 more generally from delta 2 n plus 1 there will be 2 n plus 2 of them terms each occurring with plus or minus 1 alternatively. So, they cancel out each other that is why from from odd degree term to even degree term this map is 0 the same reason from an even degree term to the odd degree term there will be odd number of phases alternatively occurring only one of them will be left out which sign it does not matter it will be a generator plus or minus right. So, what we have is this sequence here this is this is S naught this is S 1. So, this map is sorry this is yeah what what we have what here this map is 0 this S 1 to S naught this map is an isomorphism because it goes to generator again this map is 0 this map is an isomorphism alternatively 0 and isomorphism are there. Now, when you take the kernel of this here you have to take the kernel of this which is the whole thing image is 0. So, H naught will be infinite cycling here the kernel is the whole thing the image is also whole thing the quotient will be 0 here the kernel is 0 image is also 0 quotient is 0 here the kernel is whole thing image is also whole thing again quotient is 0. So, everywhere the quotient will be 0 except the first one namely the 0th one the 0th one the kernel is the whole thing the image is 0. So, this is infinite cyclic group. So, what we get is H naught of star is infinite cyclic H i of star is 0 for all i greater than 0 of course, for negative things it is automatically 0 we do not have to mention that at all. So, only the 0th homology of a single point survives and rest of the homologies are all trivial all 0 alright. So, let us go ahead homology long exact sequence of the pair just for this one we made a lot of preparation namely the snake lemma ok. So, we will use that one and see how we get this here already we have done that. So, by definition S of X A is the quotient of S of X by S A. So, therefore, we have a chain complex here sorry a short exact sequence of chain complexes here S dot A to S dot X this is the inclusion induced homomorphism which is again inclusion homomorphism itself. So, S X to S S dot of X A this is the quotient map quotient homomorphism ok. So, this is a short exact sequence of chain complexes the snake lemma and then the theorem following that we have we have deduced a long exact sequence of the homologies what are they this is the homology of this one is just h n of A h n of X h n of X A and then delta going to h n minus 1 h n minus 1 h n minus 1. So, I have written h i h i h i h i h i h i minus 1 the last four terms you can write down h 1 of X A then h naught of X h naught of A h naught of X A after that there is everything will be 0 ok out of this ok for singleton point we know h naught of X we do not know even these groups completely. So, better to start computing this there is a long exact sequence which is factorial this sequence comes handy in many computations as we will see ok when you have information here and information here this group will be trapped between them. So, you can get a lot of information on this one now if not completely ok. Suppose these two are both 0 then this will be of course 0. So, such things we will have to keep using. So, these four properties are so fundamental ok they have been raised to the status of axioms there are some more of them which we will take care of a little later, but now we will come to some other properties of the of the singular chain complex which are special to the singleton chain complex itself singular homology itself ok this may not be true for other homology groups ok some of them may be true but it may not be true this is not part of the axiomatic kind of thing. So, this is an extra property of homology. So, homology of path components. So, I have put it as an example rather than properties 1 2 3 4. So, you will have some more property later on. Suppose you have a space x which has path components xj index by j clearly x is disjoint you know of xj. Since delta n is path connected if you take any simple x singular simple x namely a continuous function from mod delta n to x it will be inside one of the xj's therefore the set of all singular simplexes of x is just the union of set of all singular simplices of xj the union taken over j to set itself is partitioned like this. Therefore, the free group over that free abelian group over that will be the direct sum of the free abelian group over each of the xj's. So, Sx is the direct sum of xj's S of xj's the very first thing for homology of a chain complex that we have proved namely if we have a direct sum of chain complexes then the homology is also the direct sum of the corresponding chain complexes. Therefore, the homology of x is a direct sum of homology of each of its path components xj's. So, here we have used the construction of the singular homology not just some functional properties and so on. It comes out of continuous functions from delta n and therefore this is true. Alright, now we will do some more things these things are concerned in the general construction also but this is motivated more motivated by combinatorial aspects the reduced homology and H0 of a path connected space. Now why suddenly I have come to call path connected space because to compute the homology of any space x by this discussion you have to do the homology computations of each path component. Once you know how to how to do for a path connected space then you would know it for general things also. Therefore, you can concentrate on computations of path connected spaces homology of component path. So, this we have gone to do at least for H0. So, let us compute H0 of x for any path connected spaces. The first thing is H0 is what S0 then you have to take the function next function is 0 there and the previous function is S1 to x which is dhaba. Therefore, H0 is nothing but S0 of x divided by the boundary namely dhaba of S1. What is S0 by the very definition you have to take functions from delta0 to x delta0 is just a single point functions from a single point to x is just just singletons namely constant functions. Therefore, how many of them are there precisely as many as number of points in x. So, S0 of x is a free abelian group over the underlying set x itself for any one singular simple x sigma in x the boundary of sigma is nothing but sigma of E1 minus sigma of E0. E1 and E0 are the respective edges the vertices of sigma1 remember that of delta1. So, this is a phase operator. So, we define an augmentation map this is called epsilon is called augmentation map this itself will be that is what I was telling this itself will generalize, but here we are defining this motivated by computation for this one. So, what we are going to do epsilon of epsilon is defined for S0 of x to z by this by this formula epsilon of ni xi is equal to summation of ni. See this is a free abelian group over x z is just the infinite cycle group. So, just add all the coefficients and that is the function epsilon. Okay, it is the same thing as saying that all the points here are sent to one here all the points are sent to the generator one here automatically summation ni xi will go to summation n. So, then epsilon is a rejective homomorphism because x is non-empty I have to start with a non-empty space. Okay, then epsilon complete daba 1 of sigma is 0 because there is one one vertex here another vertex here two two two points are there but with negative sign. So, here is plus 1 this minus 1 so some total is 0. So, epsilon of daba 1 of sigma is 0 for all one simplex is therefore epsilon composite daba itself is 0 because these sigmas are the generators so they are the basic elements. Okay, so what we have what is a rejective map with epsilon composite daba 1 equal to 0. So, this will be taken as a definition later on for a for augmentations right now what we have done is this epsilon not how does this help to compute the homology we will see okay. Finally, what we want to show is that kernel of epsilon see here kernel of epsilon contains the image of daba 1 but I want to show that kernel of epsilon is contained in the image of daba 1 okay. So, for this considered an element summation ni xi which is in the kernel of epsilon, summation ni xi summation ni is 0 like this element here sigma 1 sigma e 1 minus sigma e 0 the sum total of the coefficients must be 0 take such as take such an element take any point z naught in x okay x is path connected therefore you can join z naught to all these x i's okay by a path what you do declare a path from z naught to x i and call it as sigma i okay and that sigma i be a continuous function from the closed interval can be thought of as a one singular simplex okay now you look at ni sigma i boundary 1 daba 1 of this one is nothing but ni sigma i of 1 which is starting sigma i of 0 or sigma it does not matter which way so starting with where we have taken sigma ni of 1 will be xi sigma i of 0 will be z naught for all of them so it is summation ni z naught here summation ni xi okay so but this summation is 0 so therefore this is summation ni xi so for each such thing we have got a one simple one chain such that its boundary is this one which means the kernel of epsilon contained in the dabao image of dabao therefore boundary operator s 1 of x is precisely equal to kernel of epsilon okay so hence we get what first time of in theorem is what h naught of x which is s naught of x divided by the boundary of s 1 of x is s naught of x divided by the kernel okay that is isomorphic to z because we have a map from s naught of x to z okay which is surjective so s naught of x modulo the kernel is isomorphic to z and this kernel is equal to the boundaries what we have verified so this is this is by definition this is h naught thus we have computed that h naught of x is isomorphic to z okay whenever x is path connected just connectivity is not enough by the way you can give easy counterexamples okay the homomorphism s naught of x to z is called augmentation okay using this we extend the chain complex by altering it at the negative minus one level that is solved okay s n of x is s n hat of x is twiddle of x is s n of x if n is greater than or equal to zero no change it is z with n equal to minus one zero again if n is less than minus one no change accordingly the daba operator is same thing as daba and n greater than or equal to one from s naught to s naught twiddle to s minus one you take this epsilon so this is the s naught to this z is becomes s minus one now right that's why this epsilon everywhere else is zero so only this path this was zero and then further zeros instead of zero we have put a z and this map was zero instead of that we have put epsilon so that is called the extended chain complex or augmented chain complex from s dot okay so the idea is if you look at the chain if you look at the homology of this one okay that will differ only in h naught level okay everywhere else it is the same thing so that is also of importance h naught twiddle of x it's called reduced homology groups clearly h i twiddle is zero for i less than zero h i twiddle is same thing as h i for i bigger than one because homologies and maps haven't changed but in dimension zero h naught twiddle of x direct sum with z will be h naught of x so the homology of this reduced thing is reduced by one factor z so it's called reduced homology in particular for a path connected space h naught twiddle of x is will be also zero without a twiddle namely un-reduced it is z that's what we have proved but that z factor goes away here so h naught twiddle of x will be zero okay so one factor down one z factor down there for h naught twiddle that's all you have to remember okay now i will tell you something about why this why this kind of thing is there for a contractible space we have we have just seen that the homology is the same thing as homology of a point for a point space we have seen that h naught of z h naught of star is infinite cyclic group z and everywhere else it's zero if you take the reduced homology what happens now the entire homology will be zero even at h naught it will be zero and this is what a you know psychologically what mathematics wanted out of a contractible space all the homologies are zero they wanted to say but that was not the case with the usual homology that we have defined that h naught will be always surviving there as infinite cyclic so you make a slight modification like this somewhat unfunctorial okay later on we can make it a funtorial also in some cases okay to make it so that the homology of a contractible space completely vanishes okay so this was the perhaps the motivation for making this augmentation and reduced homology okay so note that for any non-empty subspace a of x if a is non-empty then s twiddle of x a remember s twiddle of x a is by definition what it is given by an exact sequence s twiddle of a s twiddle of x to s twiddle of x a right so both of them have increased in minus one only in minus one dimension there is a z z factor they cancel out so what you are left with minus one factor of s twiddle of x a is nothing the same thing as s twiddle of x there is no change at all okay therefore the reduced homology for a relative pair when a is non-empty is the same thing as homology for the ordinary thing without reduced there is no change at all okay now what you can do is you can go back to the long homology exact sequence here you can put a twiddle everywhere here no problem but when you come here you have to be careful h naught of a okay this is different from h naught twiddle of a to h naught twiddle of x this is different but this is the same thing okay h naught of x so does that fit here or not you have to verify if we are h naught twiddle of a to h naught twiddle of x both the z would have canceled out here itself and so this remains as it is so this should still be an exact sequence the exactness for h naught twiddle twiddle twiddle is not a consequence of this you know snake lemma and so on so you have to separately see that one for only for this part rest of the part it was obvious because there is no problem okay that is easy to see so we can now we know what is h naught of a to h naught of a both of them are what if a suppose a is a and x are path connected both of them are z z and this is an isomorphism so like that you can compute this one even when a and x are not path connected any arbitrary path components so this can be done so it is not difficult so you can verify that this part is exact the rest of them are as as usual yeah so that brings us to the another very important property which is much more topological than whatever you have discussed out of these we have discussed the one which is very topological was homotopy invariant and the other one was this one was also somewhat topological path connectivity okay so next one is much more topological and that is called excision we will study it separately next time thank you


Ok. Wel, ddwy'n ein gwybod be'r fwn i'r ddysgu efallai, ddigonno cymdangos cymaint. Wel, ydych chi'n celynol y rhai a'r lyfan y flwyddyn hynny yng Ngharou Gw幫 Antony Hymn. Fyd ddewch ddim yn ymdweud i ddedig i ni'n gwybod. Wel, fe oedd y gallwn hynyn, mae'n gyffredin. Dw i gyd, dyma gweithio i'r ffaith yma. Ddyouch ar y cyflau.  Diменno fy e cookiriwyd. Fy fydden nhw'n gwneud o sy FM diddyl harlynu'r cyfr хоч yn enhymel o'r cyfridd yno, lle mae oedd yn rhoi g altar iawn budgets felly rydyn ni wedi bod hynny yn edrych yn ein ffasinataeth a chael cerddur y bydd Afganistol a fyddech chi'n gweld ond nifer i fy nghymru ar y ddiwrnod ac ar all. A dwi'n rydyn ni'r gweithio'r monograph yn y galaxydd y llun o'r byddig i ddweud ei Maesafol yn ddweud yr aelod ac er fyddwyd yn gwneud â fyddwyd yn Llywodraeth, gweithio'r cyd-dweud ar gyfer hyn o'r meddwl gweithfyr y gweithfyr rhagol. If there was a slow build-up to the state of affairs, recovery has not been rapid and is far from complete, especially in areas where Taliban influence prevails. It is with aspects of this recovery that we're concerned tonight.  We'd like to see a full house. In part, this recovery, which is considerable, is due to the phenomenal rise in independent radio and television stations after 2001. As described by David Page and Shirazudin Siddiqi's report, The Media in Afghanistan, the challenge of transition published in 2012. Until 2002, radio and television broadcasting was tightly controlled by the Ministry of Information and Culture. Western countries saw free media as a pillar of the new democracy they sought to bring to Afghanistan. The government granted broadcasting licences more or less on demand. According to Page and Siddiqi, in their report by 2010, there were 75, do come in, 75 terrestrial TV stations, 30 of them in Kabul, 18 in Herod. There were 175 FM stations in the country, 34 of them operated by the Ministry of Information and Culture. There was also an extraordinary growth in the use of mobile telephones. A country that had been dogged by poor communications for so long suddenly had the resources to enter the modern world. A range of financial backers and audiences supported these radio and TV broadcasters. External donors funded some local radio and TV stations advertising financed others. There were the so-called Warlord Channels connected with former militia and Mojahedin leaders such as Dostam, Hekmachiar and Rabani. And some channels had specific religious or political affiliations. There was and remains the problem of a lack of regulatory framework. Only occasionally was a channel closed down because of its promotion of sectarian propaganda and then only for a short while. Music was regularly broadcast by some of these stations, perhaps notably by Tolo TV, which concentrated on Afghan popular music of a kind appreciated by young Afghans. This is the new fast music or music en masse, which was developed by young musicians in the Afghan diaspora, especially in the USA and in Germany, inspired in part by Western pop music. Tolo has, for some years, held an annual pop idol type of music competition, Settare Afghanistan, Afghan Star, which achieved a degree of notoriety through including young women vocalist competitors. Some radio stations concentrate more on recordings of older popular singers such as Amazair, sometimes dubbed the Elvis Presley of Afghanistan. And there is a station, I think, in Kabul that only plays the recordings of Zaya Shah, and it's very popular with taxi drivers, so you get Zaya Shah whenever you get into a taxi there. Maybe that's right, maybe it's wrong. Another factor in the revitalisation of music was the return of musicians who were in exile, some to resume their working lives in Afghanistan, others to make family visits. Several of Afghanistan's superstars of popular music in the diaspora visited Afghanistan to give large-scale concerts. Farhad Daria's concert in Kabul on 14 May 2004 was held in the football stadium to a crowd estimated at 45,000. Farhad Daria later described the event to Simon Broughton for Songlines, the world music magazine. He said, it was like a national day in Kabul, in the stadium I felt like a cloud flying over the sky of the crowd. What was amazing was the presence of women. Men and women were sitting next to each other for a concert right where they had seen their beloved ones executed. Many of them were dancing and crying. It looked like they had forgotten the misery and pain of the past decades. Even the 700 armed security guys started to dance to the music and enjoy the new wave of hope. I wanted a fresh start in Afghanistan with music and we did it. Well that should give you the general idea of what's been going on. Now I'm going to concentrate on two educational institutions in Kabul, the music school run by the Aga Khan Music Initiative, ACME and the Afghanistan National Institute of Music, ANI. They represent the most significant developments in the field of music education in recent years. And it should be remembered that music was never part of the school curriculum in Afghanistan in the past. After the defeat of the Taliban government in 2001, we at Goldsmiths University of London established the Afghanistan Music Unit. With the intention of researching the state of music in Afghanistan and determining what should be done to encourage the regeneration of Afghan music culture. To this end, I visited Kabul in 2002, supported financially by the British Academy's Committee for Central and Inner Asia. Razir, I think you remember them. I was equipped with my indispensable research tool, the mini-DV camcorder. In the old city of Kabul, near to the former royal palace, there was an area known as the Kutcheh Harabot. It is in effect a musician's quarter where in the past many families of hereditary musicians lived. Some of their ancestors came from India in the 1860s during the reign of Amir Sher Ali Khan and were employed as entertainers at his court as singers, musicians and dancers. They were conversant with various genres of Hindustani music and dance, and their instruments were mainly tabla, sarangi and rabab. While they performed Indian music and dance as practiced at that time in India, in the context of the Kabul court, priority was laid on the art of Ghazal singing in a distinctive Afghan style that laid emphasis on mystical Sufi poetry, combined with dramatic changes of tempo and the use of rhythmic cadences that arguably derive from Pashtun regional music. The term Kutcheh Harabot means Harabot Ali, and the word Harabot has a very interesting semantic field. It derives from the word Harab, broken, destroyed, and can mean a tavern, a gaming house or a brothel, somewhere to go to get broken down. But in Sufi terminology, Harabot is an important and frequently used word that implies the destruction of the Sufi's self-will at his or her complete subjugation, subordination and obedience to God. Thus, the term is infused with ambiguity, mixing the sacred and the profane. By the mid 20th century, many dozens of professional musicians lived in the Harabot, local Afghan hereditary musicians had joined those whose ancestors came from outside Afghanistan. The musician community included all the great ustads, master musicians of Kabul, such as Ustad Khasem, Ustad Gohan Hussein, Ustad Nebi Goh and Ustad Sheyda. The deniers of the Harabot constituted an important musical resource in Afghanistan. Many of them worked full-time at Radio Kabul when it became operational in the 1940s. Some ran private music schools in their homes. They taught youngsters from within the Harabot who learned through an apprenticeship system in which they paid through service to their teacher. They also taught amateur musicians from outside, people like me, who paid for their lessons in cash and gifts. As a collective, the musicians constituted an occupational guild with their own protocols and with Mohindin Chishti as their patron saint. His mazar is in Ajmer, outside in India. During the coalition period, much of the Harabot was destroyed in the interneesine fighting between rival Mujahideen groups battling for control of Kabul. Many of the musicians and their families from the Harabot sought refuge in Pakistan, especially in Peshawar, where they set up business premises in Khalil House on University Road, which became a sort of conservatory in exile. With the new dispensation following 2001, many of these Harabot musicians returned to Kabul. During my visit in 2002, I was conducted by Ustad Golan Hussein, the rabog player on a tour of the ruins. Now we're going to put the lights down here. From now on we have a series of video clips and we thought it would be better to have these in a slightly darkened room so Charles is adjusting the lighting. Ok, video clip on 10th of the summer. Hussein plays the rabog and sounds just like our teacher, Ustad Mohammad Omar. He's younger than me. He used to serve the team when I had my music lessons in Ustad's house. Now he's back after 10 years of exile in Pakistan. So this is where I first learned to play the rabog all those years ago. So Golan Hussein's speech addresses some of the issues facing the community, especially the loss of its elders and the prospect of the next generation taking on that role. Today, most of those ruined houses have been rebuilt by the Harabot families with no external funding as far as I know. In the process, the Harabot has resumed its role as a centre for musical activity and learning. In that year, 2002, I also visited the stage-owned Afghanistan Radio and Television Station in Kabul. Being particularly interested in the music archive, which BBC correspondent William Reeve, who I'm delighted to know is with us tonight, discovered that the archive had survived more or less intact. There was a very low level of musical activity at the radio and television station with no broadcasting of women singers, not even videos or audio recordings from the past. The faculty of fine arts at Kabul University, which now had a small music department, was struggling with very limited human and instrumental resources. The music department of the Ministry of Information and Culture had recently received a gift of western electric instruments and recording studio equipment from the Goethe Institute. I visited the private orphanage, Horosan House, run by Sima Ghani, a former student in London who encouraged the children in her care. Here they are, performing the famous patriotic song associated with Awal Mir, Das Amu Zibawatan. This is a patriotic song composed by Awal Mir, which today is the unofficial national anthem of Afghanistan. This remarkable song serves as the unofficial national anthem, often played at concerts of Afghan music in the diaspora. It seems to appeal to many Afghans, even though they may not be pushed to speakers. As for the children, it expresses surely a message of hope for the future and forms a poignant contrast to the destruction of the Haribot. On my return to the UK, I wrote a report for my sponsors with a list of recommendations. It seemed to me that the musical heritage most in need of support was the Afghan classical music, Ghaz al-Khani, that had developed in the context of the Royal Court, in contrast to the new music that had grown up in the diaspora. Sending the report and a copy of my film, a Kabul Music Diary, to the person in charge of the Aga Khan Music Initiative, ACMI, resulted in my being invited to organise a tradition bearers programme to support the art of Ghazal singing in Kabul. I made a start in 2003, appointing four ustads, master musicians, as teachers. Salim Bash, vocalist, Ghulam Hussein al-Rabab, Amruddin Ghulabzadeh, Delruba and Waleen Nabizadeh, toddler. They were provided with a teaching room in the compound of the foundation for culture and civil society in central Kabul and provided with a small number of instruments. I did not instruct the ustads to follow a particular music curriculum, I left it to them to teach in their own way using Indian sargam and tabla ball notations. In doing this, I followed the Ustad Muhammad Amar model that I had experienced as his student in 1973. I had also observed teaching sessions in Peshawar and knew these musicians were used to teaching and to running their own music courses. No other subjects were taught besides music in this fledgling ACMI school. I am going to show you the four ustads playing at a house concert in a moment. The song they perform is entirely appropriate, a Jani Kharabotam. I am the beloved of the Kharabot, the signature tune of the musician's quarter. Just to give you a taste of the lyrics here, I am the slave of the saint of Kharabot. His kindness lasts forever unlike that of the muller or theologian whose kindness comes and goes. Sometimes I am heaven, sometimes I am negation, sometimes affirmation, sometimes I am a mosque, sometimes I am a church and sometimes I am Kaaba and Mecca. O Sufi, listen to the essence of my sayings. I am the mirror of the essence of God. I am the son of the skies because I am the soul of Kharabot. I am the beloved of the Kharabot. So this on the left is the tablet player, Wally Nabizade. He is Salim Bachsh with his harmonium. Ghulam Hussein is behind and this on the right is Amradin playing the Delruba. Here next to his father is Rafi Bachsh and a son of his who is there. He is there to experience a musical performance. That performance, although it isn't actually a razzal, has got many of the aspects of this carboly classical music that I love so much and which I really felt needed support to develop further. In 2005 I gave up my consultancy with ACMI thinking I had done as much as I could at a distance and was replaced by Mirweis Siddiqi, who took on the role of coordinator of the tradition bearers program and has done a marvellous job in developing the school over the next 10 years. Visiting Kabul in 2006 I was impressed by how much progress had been made with Mirweis in charge. The program had now become a fully fledged school housed in a modern building with more students and many more teaching rooms and instruments. The original four Ustads were still teaching. Mirweis Siddiqi had also established a regional music instrumental group, Ghuldas de Charrabot, under the direction of Ustad Ghulam Hussein, which brought together instrumentalists from various parts of the country. The mode of teaching had also changed markedly from my original concept. Instead of one-to-one interaction between Ustad and students with other students observing and learning from one another's mistakes, they had emphasised group teaching with up to a dozen students practising exercises and conversations in unison together. A curriculum had been established and examinations that had to be passed before the student proceeded to the next level. In 2009, a second Akmi school was established in Herat, with local Herati musicians as teachers of Ghazal Khani. So, here's Ghulam Hussein's Robab class in 2006. For students are learning a composition in the Karbaly classical style, a piece attributed to Ustad Muhammad Ammar. It's not easy to play being in a metrical cycle of ten matters, ten equal time units. When I last visited the school in February 2014, I found that teaching had been extended to some of the regional music of Afghanistan, with teachers of Tambur, Khaychak, Dothar, Tulak and Dambura. So this was very much a growing enterprise. So, that brings me now to the second music school that I want to talk about, and that is the Afghanistan National Institute of Music, ANIM. In 1974, a vocational school of music was opened in Kabul, staffed by a number of Afghan musicians who had been trained in western art music in the USSR. Prominent amongst them was Salim Salmasd, an important figure in radio Afghanistan as composer and conductor of the orchestra Bozorg, an ensemble of 38 musicians playing western, Indian and Afghan instruments. The school was closed when the coalition government came to power in 1992. In 2004, Amad Salmasd, a son of Salim Salmasd, was awarded a PhD in musicology by Monash University in Australia and set about planning to revive the vocational music school where his father had worked. This project received strong support from the Monash Asia Institute, whose director Marika Vicciani wrote about the difficulties in gaining financial support from the Australian government. She wrote, music is not a priority for rebuilding Afghanistan. Rebuilding roads is perceived to be much more important and music education must take a lower priority than general education and literacy. These reasons reveal a shocking misunderstanding amongst policymakers of modern pedagogy, of the cultural importance of music to the various ethnic groups in Afghanistan and the healing powers of music. In an interview with The Guardian in 2013, Dr Salmasd expressed a strong belief in the incredible power of music and specifically in its ability to bring restoration and peace to Afghanistan. Music is a tool that can bring about social changes, contribute to the emotional healing of Afghan children and youth and establish a just and civil society. With generous funding from the World Bank and many other sources, especially in Germany and the United States, Dr Salmasd has been able to recreate the former vocational school of music. He hired a number of international staff, mostly young American music educators, to teach Western music and acquired a large stock of new musical instruments, Afghan, Indian and Western. In 2010, the Afghanistan National Institute of Music, ANIM, was officially inaugurated, teaching a broad educational curriculum with heavy emphasis on music, and it was also fully coeducational. ANIM's emphasis on teaching Western music is justified by the fact that it has been part of Afghan music culture since the early 20th century. But there are other reasons. As Salmasd explains in the film, Dr Salmas Music School made by an Australian director, some people told me, why does Afghanistan need Bach or Beethoven or Mozart? We should concentrate on Afghan traditional music. But Bach, Beethoven, Mozart, they don't belong to Europe. They don't belong to America. They belong to all the world. And I want Afghan kids to have access to the musical heritage of the world. In 2011 I made an informal visit to ANIM on behalf of the Society for Education and Music Pedagogy Research, otherwise known as Semple, and for two weeks I enjoyed free access to the school. Back in London's Institute of Education, Dr Evangelos Himolides, who is here with us tonight, and I edited a short film about ANIM called Return of the Nightingales. Here's a shot from the class of Indian music run by Ulstad Irfan Khan, from an illustrious musician family in India who taught Sitar and Surod. So the students' rapid progress and dedication is shared by many of ANIM's pupils who develop a passionate commitment to music. And one could understand this in terms of the healing powers of music as music therapy in action. Here's another clip from ANIM, the Wind Ensemble, taught by Ulstad Sheftar, an Afghan who studied music in the Ukraine. Here's ANIM's choir master and also teaches woodwind. This shot is from a day of end-of-year performances. Ulstad Sheftar introduces the children and names the pieces that they're going to play. He conducts sitting cross-legged on the floor, and the brief pound to the audience gives a sense of the occasion. He gives an indication of the excitement and enthusiasm of the end-of-year performances, and the strong support fellow students give each other. Remember, this is after a year or a year and a bit of learning this music. In 2013, an ANIM Ensemble visited the USA with sold-out concerts in the Kennedy Centre and Carnegie Hall, a residency at the New England Conservatory in Boston, and a concert at the Department of State and World Bank headquarters. In 2017, the Afghan Women's Orchestra Ensemble Zurra performed at the Davos World Economic Forum, followed by a concert tour in Switzerland and Germany. ANIM is a successful and much-admired initiative, and in 2013 Dr Amad Salmast was awarded honorary membership of the Royal Philharmonic Society in London. Finally, I take you to a special event in Kabul. My visit in 2011 coincided with the first national folkloric music seminar and festival held in the historic and recently renovated Babel's Garden in Kabul. The organisation of this important event brought together a number of institutions, notably the Ministry of Information and Culture, the Aga Khan Music Initiative, ACMI, the Afghanistan National Institute of Music, ANIM, the Foundation for Culture and Civil Society, and the Music Department of Kabul University. On the mornings of both days, Afghan scholars, intellectuals and academics presented 20-minute papers on various regional music in Pashto and Dali. In the early afternoons there were discussion sessions and a number of resolutions were passed concerning matters such as copyright and censorship. In the late afternoons and early evenings it was time for the festival when 20 groups from many parts of Afghanistan performed their local regional music. Here is a short clip from the seminar. Dr Rahimi is reading a paper on music in Kandahar and has brought a famous singer along to perform his musical examples. Unfortunately, the person who had agreed to translate this for me was unwell and what I have is at the last minute. Of the two songs, one is a wedding song. The translation is, The Camel is ready, standing outside of Bablailai. My darling, come out, the camel is ready, so get into your palanquin. All the family and friends are here waiting, asking you to come. Today is your wedding, come out, get on the camel. The other song goes, My beautiful, sheen halai, dark green beauty spot. Stand on the balcony, in the scenery from the balcony, your beauty stands out. In order for our love not to fail, do not make the mistake of becoming blind through pride in your own beauty. I have to say that very little ethnomusicological research has been conducted in Kandahar. But it's obviously, historically, a very important cultural centre. After the seminars came the festival concerts with musicians from many different regions. And here I've selected the group from Herat performing Olang Olang, a wedding song which is the unofficial regional anthem of Herat. And the song text goes, A leaf from the green tree in the eyes of someone wise, each is a page from a book of wisdom. O meadow, meadow, the excited nightingale, may God give his blessings to everyone. High in the upper room, your bed is made, may God give his blessings for your good fortune. The percussionist, who you see in a moment, is none other than Bulbul Herawi, the Herati Nightingale, famous for his birdsong imitations which you will hear from time to time. So the seminar and the festival were significant events. They showed that local traditions were not, as many might have supposed, moribund after years of armed conflict, but had gone underground to be replaced by the new keyboard-based popular music in the post-Taliban outburst of musical activity. Now, despite the political uncertainties of the current situation, practitioners of these traditions were feeling confident to come out from under the shadow of ultra-orthodox disapproval and repression to make their contribution to the gradually strengthening life of music in Afghanistan. Moreover, we see the emergence of an indigenous Afghan musicology with local experts studying and writing about their local traditions. One could connect all this with hopes for a renewed sense of national identity. For while distinct in themselves, the regional musics have many elements in common, comparable to local dialects of a single language. Collectively, they are an important part of that intangible notion of what it is to be an Afghan citizen, despite variations of language and ethnicity. The seminar and festival and the work of the schools are markers of deep processes of national cohesion. As my mentor John Blacking put it in somewhat old-fashioned terms, music is essential for the very survival of man's humanity. Music symbolises the many good things that have been taking place in Afghanistan since 2001 in the domains of health, education, freedom of speech, freedom of expression. And it does not simply symbolise these positive developments, it has an important role in making them happen. Afghan music today, despite recent attacks, is the bellwether of better things to come in terms of reconciliation and political stabilisation. Thank you very much.


So, we already know this, nose buttons are essentially used to attach the vehicle to the mast for mooring and ground handling. But one important aspect is to prevent the nose imploding due to the dynamic pressure. So I will show you that, watch the nose of this airship carefully as it flies. So, we have just launched it. This is in Gliding Centre in Pune, 2003, we are practicing before we go for a demonstration. I am sorry, December 2001 and 2 because we were supposed to go in Jan 2003 to demonstrate this airship. Observe the nose of the airship. You can observe now that the nose of the airship is flat. It is imploding because the dynamic pressure which is acting on this airship when it is trying to fly at some speed is more than what the internal pressure can handle. So when the pressure inside cannot handle the dynamic pressure plus the pressure outside, then obviously the nose will move inside. This will create extremely high drag forces because now the nose is not rounded. It is actually like a flat plate. It affects the, now in this airship as I said we did not have the luxury of putting any nose buttons. But during this flight testing we realized that unless we do something about it, either we put the gas under higher pressure and we are telling the effect of pressure on the net lift. It does not really help that much but it will create structural loading. So during this testing we realized that the nose of the airship will implode unless you really provide something in the front. I have one more interesting video which shows nose imploding. Let me try to locate that picture. This is not, that picture is not of our airship but it is an airship made by others. I do not know exactly but let us try. You can see the nose completely imploded. It is the area you see. You can see the nose. The nose is flat. So they have put a very, very powerful motor in this airship. You can even hear it. It is very powerful motor.  So the nose buttons are needed to provide structural rigidity in the front of the airship. We are also, we also need something to be mounted there so that the mast can be attached. And also there may be a need to add some weight in the front just for ballasting or for trimming the airship for central gravity control. So these are various types of nose buttons which you see in actual airships. There could be fixed nose buttons which are essentially a complete structure made externally and attached to the airship. You could also have collapsible nose buttons like the umbrella. We have also made one's nose button type which is collapsible. This helps in transportation. You can take it out and transport it very easily. You do not require a big place to store it because if you have a fixed structure of that size then you have to carry it like that only. So you can see these are our collapsible nose buttons for indoor airship. We have used the cane material. In IDC there is a cane studio. There is a bamboo studio in IDC. There are two faculty members, Professor Rao and junior faculty member who are experts in using bamboo and cane for various applications including structural applications. So with their help and participation we have, we have a very experienced mechanic there who can make almost any structure out of cane. So with his help we have got these collapsible nose buttons for our small indoor airships which can be simply attached to the envelope. So as you can see we have inbuilt some flaps onto the nose of the airship and we just push these nose buttons inside and then we connect the end of them using a simple circular link. So with that it does not come out, it is very lightweight and it does the job of strengthening the nose and also allows it to be attached to the mast. So you can see the picture of our airship with the nose buttons, circular ring attached to the mast. This picture was taken by Utsam Bhardwaj for a paper that he wrote to showcase his mast. His paper has appeared in a journal recently which also I will like to share with all of you. For outdoor airships we had two designs. One was we used simple wooden strips but we covered them with tubes which were heat shrunk. Now these tubes are going to give it little bit of softness otherwise if you put sharp edged wood with the fabric it can create cuts and holes. And in the front we attached a plate, a simple plate but there are problems. The problem is that if the loads are a bit locked it can break because it is a wooden strip which has a lot of inertia. So this is that particular picture, this is the airship in the arrow fire. So these are the wooden strips and you can see from here to here they are inside the envelope so you cannot see them. From here to here they are outside the envelope so you can see that black colored strip with the heat shrink tube. This is a better picture of the same thing. So we just took a classical dish from the mess, just a plate from the mess and we beat it into a flat place and then created these attachments to the edges for the various nose battens. Then the second design is, this was not found from this factory. The second design is again we went back to cane. So thick cane but this time with some reformation joints and some railing in the front for degree of freedom and attachment to the mast. So you can see this is the final design that has been used. This particular design and fabrication was done by this person called Vishal Sharma. You can see him in this picture. So he is the guy who is available in LTA lab. He is the one who has come up with this idea and gone for its fabrication and testing. So these are the nose baton types which we are using. They are fairly lightweight and they do the job that is needed.


The House of Representatives Committee on Steel has summoned the managing director of premium steel, Mr Prasanta Mishra. He was summoned for failing to appear before an ongoing investigation into the mismanagement of Delta Steel Company, Aladja. The summons became necessary following his refusal to testify on the alleged wreckage of the multi-billion-dollar Delta State Company. It was established in 1979 by the federal government to drive the Industrial Revolution in Nigeria. Emanuel Ehigene completes this report. These are council and management team of premium steel staggering a work out from the public investigation. These were amised protest by leaders of host community of Udu local government where the company cited. Reason is the community turned down the request of a council from premium steel to address it on behalf of the managing director. But the community rejected the move insisting that the managing director must appear in person. He berated the councils for their irresponsible behaviour. The deputy chairman say aye. Aye. Those against say nay. The eyes have it. So, Mr Emanuel, you can step down. Honourable Benjamin Igbakba had earlier briefed on the importance of investigating the takeover by premium steel from global infrastructure. Also the downward slide and why it has become expedient to this time in the life of the country. Minister of Mines and Steel Development Uchioaga exonerated the ministry in the takeover process of Delta Steel from global infrastructure to premium steel, but called for an open investigation. Mr Chairman, it was discovered that the new company that did that acquisition was actually registered when the bid for this acquisition was already on. That is to say that that company was registered to buy Delta Steel. And as it is today, Delta Steel, a lot of the equipment in that place that used to employ over 5,000 young men and women is a ghost of its own shadow. There are a lot of issues on that asset because the asset was used to borrow money and in the process of borrowing money was transferred to Amcon and Amcon had to sell. Is it not true? So why you say I know? Because the global infrastructure was involved but along the line they were involved, they used the asset which was one of the reasons they were not supposed to use the assets of the company to borrow money. So the borrowed money and in the process Amcon had to, the banks had to transfer the debt to Amcon and Amcon has sold the asset to premium steel. A glory tale of balkanisation of Delta Steel edifes by premium steel management by rest of youths of the community. There are just about three of them that are running the entire company as we speak today. No other person is there with them that could have about 20 community boys. Those are the only people you can find in that yard if you go there. Premium steel is not capable. It's not capable. They don't have finance. They don't have money to run the plant. The investigation is expected to continue on Wednesday, November 3rd when the managing director of premium steel is expected to appear to testify before the committee. Hello. Hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Item SCP-666-J Object Class Euclid Special Containment Procedures D-Class and Gerald are the only ones allowed to get on any vehicle that Dr. Gerald happens to be driving. Prepare a number of body bags equivalent to the number of passengers on any vehicle that he happens to drive, minus himself. Additionally, medical teams must be on standby if Dr. Gerald will be traveling through a populated area or any form of potentially hazardous environment. Example, a nuclear plant, chemical refining plant, etc. Description All individuals who board any vehicle or form of transportation that Dr. Gerald himself is controlling in any form are assured to die. Everything has shown that even those who escape vehicles he's been driving are doomed. They are generally struck by another moving vehicle within minutes. Dr. Gerald himself, oddly enough, always survives whatever horrors he puts a vehicle through. Additionally, all potentially hazardous objects seem to become even more dangerous if he is manning a vehicle in their general vicinity. Those penetrate more than their sharpness would accord, normally benign oil tankers become moving bombs that will detonate with the slightest touch, buildings lose any significant rigidity, and pedestrians seem to lose all forms of self-preservation, throwing themselves into his path. A mere bicycle ride can inflict the devastation of a T3 tornado. Addendum 666-1, Dr. Gerald is never to come within 25 meters of SCP-462. Addendum 666-2, plans are being made to construct a vehicle which will contain SCP-682 long enough for Dr. Gerald to actually drive it.  He somehow managed to end up in a demolition derby.  These are the results of Dr. Gerald driving through the town of Redacted on a moped. Here, a research team hypothesized that rollerblades are technically vehicles. We tested their hypothesis by having Gerald skate into the Aurea's headquarters in Tehran. They were right. 10.07 AM, March 15th, Velocity Redacted 10.11 AM, March 15th, Death Toll Redacted We have this tract of land over in Redacted, just in case we have some sort of vehicular SCP that needs to be decommissioned. Coincidentally, it's also the only place that Dr. Gerald is able to drive without permission.


All right, it's time for Python on hardware news. Yeah, I'm wearing my shirt to celebrate. That's right And there's a lot to celebrate because yeah, we are now up to 7 so this is some highlights. Yeah, this is the highlights. It's the highlights from our newsletter about 9,000 people who subscribe and this is over 9,000 We make it difficult to subscribe I think because we don't spam and we don't harvest emails It's a separate website.  I like this. I actually to be honest I don't read it within my mail tonight. I read it in the browser. Yeah, I Read it in GitHub That's true So sir Python 7 is available We went over some of the things that it has in it But I would say the biggest feature that maybe folks should check out Lot of stuff. Okay, the s2 stuff ESP 32 s2 support more better support. Yeah, we do have the Bluetooth workflow stuff Which is there, but we haven't really published about it. Of course keypad is a big thing As the logo implies we've caught up to Micro-Python yeah, this is like a great merge which was a big deal that took like a month So we merged all the way up and now we're keeping up. So I think that they were just released 117 So we'll update to that RP 2040 support, of course, you know, we did a few small breaking changes to PWM But like a lot of work actually went into it lots and lots and lots of work went into seven and I'm really excited by all of it and I'm also excited to you know, we're basically we're gonna do 7.1 You know, we always do a little bit point one maybe point two But we will be basically going next up to eight eight is probably going to be it's gonna be an eight There's no way this has not been made public. Yeah, I make I decide people like what is in their versions? I actually kind of decide do you? Yeah, I do Who is in charge of this project? I mean it's got the lead, but I We always we always kind of I think I think we come together and we're just like What would what are the things that could be the best for the community? And where the where is the community going and where can we go together? Oh, yeah, I don't look I'm never going to like pick something that doesn't make sense but you know, I feel like circuit Python is mature enough that I actually want to go back and add You know Asynchronous slash threading slash interrupt, you know some combination of the time No, no, it's gonna be all three, but some combo of that so that yeah, maybe have it some sort of interrupt support Which actually, you know, it's funny Jepler added a PR to add timestamps to keypad Events and a keypad a vector keypad is basically a list of interrupts So you you actually could you do have interrupt support in a sense of you can have Asynchronous logging of of of pin triggers if you wanted to and of course we have sleep support that we added in six For our sleepy time release, but I think it's you know, we're gonna we do have a sync IO actually in Circuit Python we haven't really played with it and we also want to make it a little more see Python compatible So definitely the first thing we're gonna do is get I was also kind of waiting because I know you know in the left The few years that we've been doing circuit Python see Python You know mainline Python has also been kind of noodling with you know threading and asynchronous and interrupted I wanted to kind of see if they ended up making any decisions Because of course we'd like to be see Python compatible as possible, but they really have settled on a sync IO Is it the best possible way to do it? It doesn't matter Chicken or fish. This is what you got. You can't have steak. Okay. We have chicken or fish and so Given that you know, I think having a sync IO and seeing how to integrate that with the You know Wi-Fi and Bluetooth stuff because we do we do have asynchronous things happening in circuit Python You know a lot of times the people the things that people want to do I'm like well, we kind of have that actually. It's the wave playback the display IO stuff the USB stuff You know I 2s is all done a secrecy. We have actually a lot of DMA stuff going on behind the scenes But giving more access to that and doing it in a way that does what people expect because I think People like oh, you don't have interrupts a micropython interrupts But if you've actually used interrupts in micropython, they don't work the way you think they do they work differently and I think We've chatted in the team, but how can we implement? Interrupted management in a way that does what people want because Python is different than Arduino and bare metal programming. It's if you're not you can't just use the interrupt vector, right? We're doing something different because the interrupt vector is used by The runtime and you're in a runtime. It's it's it's having context Where is the interrupt coming from is not it's really non-trivial, which is why we're waiting till 8? But I think we're gonna look at it in depth that we're gonna see what we can do. Okay and then We had a special video Jeff put together. Yeah, you want to talk about this before I play. Oh, yeah, we're also doing, you know a couple little things like You know ESP 32 s2 can do parallel display support I was like, oh, you know let's let's do that I kind of want to do a pie portal with the ESP 32 s2. So yeah, let's show this video jepler finally got this working Yeah, all right Jepler here showing circuit Python using the parallel bus to drive an external display Circuit Python 7 supports the parallel display bus on several microcontrollers including the ESP 32 s2 from Espressive In a pull request. I'm working on will make the ESP 32 s2 even faster and more flexible Here I'm showing just how fast my work in progress code is at refreshing the text console Depending on the display you may be able to connect to it using I to see SPI or a parallel bus Because a parallel bus transmits multiple bits at a time it can be faster than the other two But it uses a lot more microcontroller pins If you have a pie portal and I've ever wondered why the display refreshes so much more quickly than on some other boards with circuit Python This is why and that's our Python on hardware news this week Special previews to yeah, that's exciting Yeah, if y'all have any ideas suggestions for the interrupt staff projects Do you want to do with interrupts or concurrency or a sync IO? There's a thread on the circuit Python issues that you can you can post in With ideas we're trying to collect what people want to do because again, it's it's Interrupts and concurrency in a scripting language do not work the same as a compiled language. It's different Okay, it's not gonna be the same thing And we have a lot of it very skilled computer scientists all thinking about this


but understand how to use it. So just go to the the setup page, right? You have a QR code in your package. Go to that website, gcall.com setup, watch the tutorials. It should be pretty simple once you watch the tutorials and then watch the get quick start guide and just get started. It only takes you maybe 10 minutes to watch it.  This for Canada, no, it's for global. So you can do it anywhere. This coaching program will be online. So you can access this anywhere. It'll be recorded and you can watch the past classes if you miss one. So it's, you can participate while the class is live or you can just watch it later. If you can't make it to the class. And in between, like I said, you could participate in the forum and you can talk amongst each other through the forum and the members area. You can message each other and you can ask questions or connect that way. Yeah, so there is no sound. That's the, the coils have no sound. The coils turn the sound into magnetic waves. So if you did the magnet test, right? If you follow the tutorial, you can feel the magnet. So the shaking magnet, it's the magnetic energy that's coming out of the coil and the silence. So you don't, so when you don't use the magnet, the energy is coming out of the coil. And because you're close to the coil, your body is receiving that energy. That's how it works. Cost? The cost will be $47 a month for the cooking class. So there's a class every week. Yes, that's how it works, counselor. So yeah, it's that simple. Some, a lot of people say, is that, that's it? Is that simple? You just turn it on.


Hi everybody, I hope that you're doing well and welcome back to Plants & Lucia. My name is Lucia and today we're gonna be making a succulent potting mix recipe. Okay, coming up! Before we start, I wanna thank you so much for watching this video. Since I made the video for my regular houseplant potting mix recipe, many of you have asked for this video so I'm so happy that I finally got to it. The first thing for a recipe is one part of sand. So you can use horticultural sand and I'm actually using sand that you can also use in aquariums and it has worked for me so yeah. Sand is very important because it will add drainage to our potting mix which is really important for succulents because they retain lots of water already so we don't want them sitting in wet soil. The second ingredient is one part of pearlite. Pearlite is actually a puffed volcanic rock that will help us with two things because pearlite absorbs water and at the same time is a very light material it will make our potting mix very fluffy which is very important when protecting roots of our succulents. The second thing is that pearlite also adds drainage to our potting mix which again is very important for our succulents. Now before you use pearlite make sure that you run water through it. This is because pearlite is very dusty and when we're working with it it can be bad for our lungs. So before you use it make sure that you run water through it so you can protect your lungs. Okay you guys the third ingredient is half a part of warm castings. Warm castings are pretty amazing because they will bring the nutrients to our potting mix so they contain nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium which are very important elements for our plants. They also have micronutrients and beneficial bacteria so half part of warm castings and the last ingredient is going to be half part of coconut coir. Coconut coir will actually retain some moisture for our plants which is great in a mix that has so much drainage. So the coconut coir will come in a block like this so all you have to do is take the amount of the block that you need and submerge it in water. Remember most likely when it absorbs the water it will actually double in size. So make sure that you cut the part that you need for your mix if you see that you cut more than what you need it it's okay just throw the unused coconut coir in a dry place. I prefer to use coconut coir instead of pit musk because pit musk is actually a fossil fuel so it takes many years to be made and it's not good for the planet when we use it. Instead coconut coir is a renewable source so in that sense it tends to be more sustainable. Okay so let's start with the process. First we're going to add the coconut coir so this is going to be half a cup then we will add half a part of warm castings, our one part of sand and our pearlite and my favorite part we mix. And here we have it my friends our succulent potting mix is ready. If you have any other recipes please let me know in the comments so we can all learn together and as always I will see you in the next video. Okay ciao!