Welcome everyone to week 12 of our class. We're just another three weeks to go this week and another two weeks to reach the end of our course. I hope the entire course has been a blessing to each of you as we've looked into very many details and very many areas of counseling. We started over the last two, three weeks, we've started different particular issues in counseling and today we're going to be looking at another significant issue and concern which is suicide. So I've clubbed a little bit of depression and suicide in it. I know we did go through some bit of mental health earlier two weeks ago, but it may be important for us to bring these two together so that we have a better understanding of what is suicide, how do you see, how do people present with it, how could we minister, how can we help, what are some signs that we may need to look at. And also in your notes you will have certain scriptural verses on about suicide, that prohibits suicide. So these could be helpful even as you minister or even as there are questions that come about. So we're going to be looking at both depression and suicide. I've clubbed the two a little together so that I think it flows well when we have it in the context of depression as well. Just give me a minute, I'll share my screen. So we're going to look at depression and suicide. So before we get there, I just wanted to bring about certain questions to you all or rather certain statements to you all to really give us an evaluation of how we think about depression or how we think about suicide. Because I think just to have a good understanding of working knowledge of what it is and how it kind of crushes people and where does that come from, all of that is something I thought was important for us to look at. So I've just put down a couple of statements and would like to hear from you all as to what your thoughts are. So the first one is suicide attempts are about seeking attention. What are your thoughts? You could either put it up in the chat or you could just quickly type what your thoughts are or whether you agree, whether you disagree and maybe why you agree or why you disagree. Okay, I have one response. Defina said no, they are not about seeking attention. Anybody else thinks otherwise? Any other comments? Okay, so we will be addressing these questions as we keep going ahead. So I'm not going to get too much into detail of this. Next one, people who come in suicide are being selfish and think it is the easy way out. What are your thoughts? Okay, I think I've got a lot of no's. I don't know which one you'll have answered it for. But then I suppose it's this one again that you'll have answered it for that people who commit, okay, they're not selfish and it is actually not the realest easy way out. Okay, often there is a clear reason for every suicide. Okay, Divya said they could be selfish. Okay, all right. There is a clear reason for every suicide. Not necessary. Not necessary. Okay, I think some of you said no, some of you said yes, some of you said not necessary. Okay, you'll get to know more. There could be. There could be. Yeah, there could be, I suppose. Okay, all right. There could be. Okay, there could be certain reasons. Okay, next one. Asking somebody, this is an important one and I'd really like to hear some thoughts on this. Asking somebody whether they are suicidal and discussing whether they have a plan or method will simply give them the idea and increase their risk of suicide. What are your thoughts? I don't think so. It will increase their risk of suicide. Okay. But I think it's good to speak up. Sorry, definitely didn't hear you. But I think it's good to speak about it. I'd like to ask them. Okay, maybe the same question is different whether they have a plan or method seems very different for me. Okay. Okay, so you're saying it feels better to ask them, but whether they should talk about whether they have a plan or not is something you don't know, but it's something that needs to be discussed. Okay, I think even Divya has said. Yes. Sorry, success is not able to hear you very well. Can you hear me now? Yeah, yeah, that's better. Yes. Okay. The question is asking someone whether they have suicide and discuss whether they have a plan or method will simply giving them the idea to increase the risk of suicide. Yes, I would say here, especially our Muslim brothers and sisters. You know, I have opportunity to interview the suicide bomber in Borno State under. I asked him when God delivered him. I asked him, why do you want to commit suicide? And why do you want to take people along with you?  They have seven wives over there in Arjan, in Paradise. So most of them, they just want to have seven wives over there and they don't know that they're going to hell. So they have a plan and their plan is selfish. They are brainwashed. So they have the plan because of what they told them and they believe in what they told them and it's a very wrong one. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you so much for sharing that. Yeah, so like I think Success has said, in certain cultures it is actually believed to be, you have treasures up in heaven. So over here there's a plan, there's a method. Yeah, and to talk about it in itself could definitely give somebody an eye opener. In other forms, I think we will discuss that as we keep going. All right. Yeah, next one. Depression is the same thing as feeling sad and grief. It's the same thing as someone would feel sad or someone would feel grief. Do you think it's the same or it's different? It's intense. Okay, Daphina says it's intense. Yeah, Daphina, go ahead. Yeah, that's Daphia here. Daphia, sorry. Yeah, I think it's more of despair and hopelessness. Like it's going to an extent of hopelessness. Okay, right. Yeah, so in other words, yes, it is different. It's very different from the common feelings of sadness or the feelings of grief. It's a lot more deeper like both Daphia and Daphina said it's very, very intense. I'll show you all a video that will help to give it a little bit better understanding. Okay, next one. Depression means weakness. Depression means weakness. What are your thoughts? Does it mean weakness? Yes, very weakness. Okay. All right, we've got mixed responses here. Okay. Depression means weakness because when you are depressed, I can really tell you everything about you will be shut down. You cannot do anything. You are weak emotionally. You are weak mentally. You are weak because you are depressed. When you see someone that is depressed, the pressure can lead to many things. And the weakness, again, because no one, according to me, to make it strong for weakness, the pressure can make you to be weak. So I go for depression. Okay, all right. Okay, so we will look at it a little bit more in detail to understand it better. Yes, a person who has depression could feel emotionally weak, but depression, someone who has depression doesn't mean that they are weak. It could make them emotionally and physically very, very tired out and exhausted and a sense of weakness. But weakness doesn't, it's not that someone who has depression is weak. Okay, so there is a little difference if we have not understood the statement well. Okay, next one, real believers don't get depressed. Real believers don't get depressed. Get a silence on this one. It's not true. Okay. They do. Real believers don't get depressed. So it's true that they don't get depressed, right? That's what I think both of you have said. No, no, ma'am, I said it's not true. It's not true. All right, it's not true. All right. Okay, next one. Depression is a sign of a lack of faith. No. No. Okay. No. Okay. Depression always has a spiritual cause. No. Not necessarily. It can have, but not necessarily. Okay. I think suicide ideation is a sign of deviance. Someone who wants to commit suicide or even have thoughts of it is a sign of deviance.  So we have to know where to give it. I think I should. Maybe. Maybe. Maybe. Okay. Okay. So you're saying there could be chances where it can be secondary to something that's mentally not okay. Okay. All right. Okay. Next one. People who talk about suicide won't do it. People who generally talk about suicide won't do it. 50 by 50-50. Some do, some nots. Okay. I think Jeffina, you didn't say false for this. Something else. Okay. Suicide is a purely personal decision. No. Yeah. No. Someone else is saying something. I think it's a personal decision. Maybe.  No one is forced to do it. Mostly. Okay. Be upbeat when you respond to a depressed person. When you're responding to someone who's depressed, you need to be upbeat. You need to be joyful and happy. No. Okay. What state would you need to be in? Maybe listening or comforting not really upbeat. There is no joining that person. That doesn't make sense. Okay. All right. Okay. Sorry. A lot of understanding. Yeah. Okay. Okay. And the last one, people who really want to kill themselves are beyond help. In the sense of that, if people want to kill themselves, they will finally do it. So whatever help you give them, it's not going to really work. No. We can help. Okay. All right. Good. I have a couple of statements that I picked up from general conversations with people and what they think. And just to see how we can really look deeper, dig deeper into some of these statements. Are they a reality? Are they not? Is there something that do we need to have a different kind of a mindset even as we deal with people who are depressed or also upset? Okay. So like we had mentioned, just a quick recap on this is to understand what depression is. So when you look at depression, as you'd see, it's a common mood disorder. It's a debilitating mood disorder. Now, this is more than just sadness, which is in response to maybe certain life struggles or setbacks. The thing about depression, it changes the way you think. It changes the way you feel. It changes the way you function in day to day activities. It can also interfere with one's ability to work, to study, to eat, to sleep, and even to enjoy life. And the general feelings of hopelessness, helplessness and worthlessness can be so intense and it can be so unrelenting and there is sometimes very little relief. So depression is a common mood disorder. And so people generally describe it as living in a black hole or living with a black cloud or having a sense of impending doom. Others sometimes describe it as feeling lifeless. They feel empty or just apathetic in a lack of interest. Sometimes it can present itself in anger or absolute restlessness. So no matter how you experience a person experiences depression, if it is not treated, if it is not helped, it can become a very serious health condition. But it's important to remember that these feelings of helplessness and hopelessness are symptoms of depression and it's really not the reality of their situation. Like just yesterday I met an elderly man who is 76 years old and he's had his first episode in 2012 where he had significant depression, had an attempt of suicide, got into medication but finally things got better. Then again, 2018, when his wife passed away, he went into depression again. This time a lot more serious with symptoms called psychotic symptoms and something that we call as catatonia. Catatonia is where there is a lot of rigidity in the body.  And it got a little worse and then again there was a treatment then permitted and now again there has been another recurrent episode of depression. So this man has a family of sons who's all taken care of him. When you look at his state of living or his reality, he's got everything that is needed for an elderly man. But nevertheless, there is this constant feeling of helplessness and hopelessness which again is not actually a reality of his situation. So these symptoms, these feelings of helplessness, it has nothing to do with the reality of their situation. So in depression, alongside with medical health, there are many ways that one can lift their mood to overcome that depression and to enjoy life. But when we're looking at depression, we see it as a condition, as a disorder and how it affects a person's day-to-day activities, affects their emotions, affects their cognitions, affects their ability to relate to others, affects their spiritual life. So this is what is it that we call as depression. Now just to give you a quick statistic, just for us to have a better understanding of what it is, is that in fact depression is one of the most common mental health concerns that have been actually reported. And actually these numbers have actually gone up. It's as three out of every hundred urban. It's actually a lot more, it's maybe four to five at this point of time as the current statistics go. When we look at, and this is only three out of four, I'm sorry, four out of hundred, what we're talking is only reported cases. There may be a lot more that go unreported. I think that suicide and depression is often the second leading cause of death, especially in the age group of the 18 to 29 years. And the fact that India, India is the world's second largest suicide country, or with people especially at this age group of between 15 to 20 for 29 that usually do attempt, or in fact even commit suicide. And you would see the kind of help that is available is, it says it's just one psychiatrist or very few mental health professionals that are there for fall like Indians. Which means there's so much that we also, even those of us who may be in different parts of ministry, being able to help and work with people who may be going through these significant kind of issues. Now just to discuss a little bit more, when we're looking at depression, we are looking at it as two types. So there are two different kinds of depression that you would see. And there are two words that is used. It's either reactive or reactive depression or what we call as endogenous depression. Now the reactive depression is, this is a way of distinguishing between depressions that relates more to causes rather than symptoms. So these two, it relates more to the causes. What are the causes of this? So the endogenous depression as the name suggests comes from within. And it is generally thought to be caused by chemical imbalances and is explained and treated best by what they say is the medical model. Whereas a reactive depression on the other hand is caused maybe by external factors, maybe a loss of job, a death of a relative or significant relational issues or financial conditions. Many other, many situational factors. So it's more reactive. That is the reaction is as a result of something that hasn't gone well. Whereas endogenous is more within, it's more from within and may not have too much of a root cause of any of a situational factor. So that's where the models of how we approach people, whether they have an endogenous or a reactive depression, that it really matters how we approach them. So like for someone who has an endogenous depression, if we are going to get into trying to dig and sort out whatever their problems may be, even when you can't find anything. Whereas maybe there are physiological issues that's causing the depression, we've moved out of how to respond to them. If you remember in our second session when we spoke about understanding human needs, we spoke about how man is a being, is a functional being of five, when we looked at five factors, right? We saw physical, emotional, rational, volitional as well as spiritual. So the first and foremost thing is to look at it, feel them like an onion. First it's to see if there is anything, any kind of physical causes that's causing the condition or causing the issue or causing the problem and then rooting it into the more core things that are there. So reactive depression is where we may come into talking about those needs that we spoke about. Remember the need to be loud, to be significant and to be secure. These were the needs that we spoke about. So a lot of that reactive depression would fall in that category. Moving ahead, when we're looking at basic causes of depression, we consider it as an illness that can result from different factors. And this is what is generally studied and that's what I've kind of brought to you. The factors being, one of them being biological where there are, you know, everyone has a brain where there are certain chemicals that's called as neurotransmitters and people generally with depression may have either too much or not enough of these chemicals and that's what really causes the depression and that's where we call them the endogenous type of depression. Maybe there is a genetic contribution to it also where there's a family history of depression. It can increase the risk of developing the condition in a person. There can be environmental conditions. Like we said, that's where we fall under the reactive depression where it can be trauma, there can be loss of a loved one, a significant difficult relationship or a stressful situation that can cause or that can trigger these symptoms of depression. There could also be psychological factors which is a person's mental and emotional state or a personality that can influence their perception of certain events in their life. So even though there may be, then whatever the situations may be, it depends on the way they perceive certain conditions that could result in depression. There is also the co-occurring conditions that people who may have certain physical illnesses, for example, like stroke, heart disease, cancer, Alzheimer's, diabetes, other kind of hormonal disorders are likely to develop depression. So it's important to treat both depression and the co-occurring physical or psychological condition and then of course spiritual, that it can also be significant crushing of the spirit as someone having a crushed spirit and as a result having depression. So that of course requires deliverance and prayer and standing on the word of God. All of this of course do require that, but specifically when it is a spiritual attack, we do see that it's important to stand on that. For those of you who are interested and I think I'll put up some maybe reading material on Tim Keller's, he talks about the wounded spirit. It's a series on problems. He talks about the crushed and the wounded spirit and to have a good spiritual perspective of that is wonderful and I'll probably put that up on the stream and all your notes and you could have a look at it. You could listen to it whenever times possible. Let's just look at what are certain risk factors that are there when you're looking at depression. This is what you call, generally what you call is predisposition. What are some factors that make people more at risk for having depression?  One of them is the socioeconomic status of how they are with regards to their finances. There can be other factors such as the inability to achieve a certain goal, an expected goal or a desired outcome and that could probably be a factor for depression. Marital problems or separation or divorce when there are significant issues in marriage and family relations, they can be of risk factor for depression. Death of a loved one again is something that can cause significant hopelessness, constant physical illness or any kind of a terminal condition, any form of accidents or even childbirth. You would have heard of these terms of postpartum depression. So that in itself can trigger depression. Then a certain occupational or financial issues or losses that can cause depression and next upbringing in the person's childhood also is a factor of causing, important to remember that even that can cause depression. So when you look and not cause depression, it can be a factor towards depression. So it's important to remember that each of us are different and it may be a combination of factors that puts a person at risk of depression. Like for example, you may see someone who has maybe who's come from a poor socio-economic status, may have problems in relationships, may have seen multiple deaths, but may be okay and not have depression. But you may see someone else who has a physical condition or a physical illness, they may have depression. So there could be different factors. Even your personality, the way that you approach life also becomes a predisposition. The people who are warriors, those who are extremely anxious, again, these are certain risk factors and that's why in scripture it keeps telling you do not fear, do not fret, do not be overcome by worry because a constant mind, when the mind is constantly worrying, so our brain is so versatile, it adapts extremely well, that it forms certain neural pathways depending on the way that we engage in certain thoughts. So the more that we engage in the word of God, we engage holistically, wholly, we are forming new neural pathways, physically we're forming new neural pathways that help us in our living. But on the flip side, when there are constant nagging, negative thoughts, negative worries, we're engaging in that, that also forms a certain sense of a neural pathway and it's very interesting, it's called as neuroplasticity and there is, I think her name is Catherine Sheen, I think I've forgotten her name, but then she talks about, she's a believer and she talks about how in her research she's done that and how people being in the word of God really have, they've seen how their thinking patterns are very different and how their lifestyles and the way they live are so much more healthier and wealth. So certain risk factors are what they're talking about, about it causing depression. Now, just certain ways, I've just put in this slide to help you to identify how sometimes people talk about depression. So they may describe it very, very differently, but you know that they are attempting to articulate it, to share with you what they're going in and these are some things that we've kind of put down. So the way they describe it, I have lost the ability to enjoy life, I can't imagine my future, I feel I'm stuck in a box which I can't get off, I feel like I don't matter at all, I feel like my mind is breaking, I feel constant shame and embarrassment, I've forgotten who I really am, I can't have fun anymore, I feel like an actor playing me and I'm forced to smile when I don't feel like doing so, I feel miserable without any reason at all, I feel hopeless, life is no meaning, I feel numb, I don't know why I feel this way, it's almost like I'm having another out of body experience looking at myself and not feeling well. So these are some things that you would commonly hear people talk about and how they relate to depression. Now, we need to understand that there is a significant relationship between depression and suicide. There's a huge relation that you will find between depression and suicide. Depression and the risk for suicide is very, very closely related. You will see that the vast majority of people who go to commit suicide in fact have a diagnosis of depression or another mood disorder and we could almost closely label it to around 60 to 70% of people who commit suicide. When you look back, there is a diagnosis of either depression or some other kind of a mental health condition, it can even be substance use, it can be schizophrenia, there could be certain mental health condition that can cause suicide. So that's why depression and suicide understandably go hand in hand, which means that for many people, suicide prevention becomes an integral part of dealing with the depression. So why not every depressed person attempts or commits suicide, most people who kill them, who suicide or kill themselves are definitely dealing with the depression and that's something that we need to be cognizant about the understanding. Now even as I'm going to be talking about this, we're going to be discussing maybe suicide, suicide assessment, we're going to be looking at one or two videos. Be sure that you're monitoring your own personal reactions to this as we're talking. If you do feel significant strong emotions that's rising up within you, please take time to talk with somebody you trust. It is common to feel anxious or to feel worried or to feel concerned, especially if it triggers certain memories or if you've known of people who've committed suicide or heard of it or it makes you uncomfortable, please monitor your own personal reactions and if you need to talk and be available or if you do have someone who you can trust to talk about this, it's important to do so. It's just for you to be aware that these reactions can take place but we're here to support it to help. Now when we look at suicide, there are certain things that we need to look at. There are different kinds of behaviors that you would see when we're looking at suicide or any kind of life-threatening behaviors and I just want to bring two or three for us to understand, to have a distinction between these three. So suicide is, yes, the action of killing oneself intentionally. They take away their lives intentionally. It's an intentional attempt. There is another life-threatening behavior is what we call as a para-suicide attempt, which is a non-fatal act in which the person deliberately causes injury to themselves or any prescribed or therapeutic dose in excess. So it is a desire to commit suicide but maybe it's not completely successful or for the fact that they have not, you know, their plan or what they have planned has not reached the bar of a suicide but then the intention is still there. The para-suicide attempt is a non-fatal act. So maybe there is a desire to kill themselves so there may be medicines or a high dose of medication that they may take but it could cause injury or it could just put them to a strong sleep. Just that there is an intention. Again in para-suicide attempt there is an intention but it is a non-fatal act. And the third one is self-harm and this again is a life-threatening behavior. The deliberate attempt to harm or destroy the body but there isn't any intent to kill oneself. And you would have heard of times when people are in significant emotional struggle and trauma how they attempt to harm themselves, either hitting oneself on the wall or pulling hair or taking a blade and cutting their arms or legs. In some way maybe cigarette butts burn the skin with that.  It is more an attempt to bring down the pain or the sadness or the numbness that they may be feeling within. That's what causes them to create this. Now nevertheless these are all behavioral and emotional issues that a person has although a person is just self-harming does not mean that they may not commit suicide at a later point of time. Self-harm, we see people with self-harm also can be depressed and it can also move again once more into causing depression. Alright, I'll just take a break at this point of time before I get into the whole chunk of depression which I thought I will do from next hour. Anyone has any questions up until now? Any questions? Yes, yesterday. Go ahead. Yes, thank you ma'am. I just wanted you to, can you please explain once again reactive and endogenous. I didn't quite understand it. So these are two kinds of depression. The endogenous depression as it is spoken about is something that comes from within which usually is related to these neurotransmitter changes that are there.  There are certain parts of our brain that helps us to be either emotionally stable or unstable. Even though situations may cause emotions, there are still, especially when you look at mood swings, maybe hormonal changes brings about emotional changes. You will definitely see a relation that's there without any significant cause or significant factor in your situation or wherever you are when there isn't any kind of a significant cause but generally endogenous depression is caused because of changes in the neurochemical reactions in the brain. That's what causes endogenous depression. Whereas a reactive depression comes as a result of certain life situations like a relational issue, like a loss of a loved one, maybe hard circumstances, issues in finances, issues in housing, being alone, maybe upbringing that's been very traumatic. So reactive depression comes as a result of certain long standing stressful situations whereas endogenous depression may not have many factors that causes depression. It's a lot to do with the biochemical changes in the brain and that's why generally people with endogenous depression, you would help them take on a medical model. That is, get them treated medically, give them medication, help them treat it medically because there isn't anything that really is causing the depression. They may need counseling for the way that their thoughts are being processed but they may not be any certain cause or a source for the depression. Whereas in reactive depression people may need to learn better coping strategies or dealing with their loss or dealing with their situations or whatever could be a factor towards that. So that's the difference between the two. I hope that was clear Divya. Yes. So Suman, does endogenous, is it also called like a clinical depression? Yeah, endogenous is what you call is a clinical depression but you know when there are doctors who are writing off clinical depression, you can also have significant depression as a result of your reactive depression can also have significant symptoms of depression. It may also need medication but nevertheless there is something that you see could be a source of the depression but generally clinical depression would be in the first one, the endogenous one. Okay, thank you. Okay, good. Let's take a break for 10 minutes. We'll be back at 11 o'clock. We'll take a break and come back.


Hi everyone. So our next talk is under and under Python secret functions by checking. I mean the title looks pretty exciting and yeah, the stage is yours now. Thank you so much and hello everybody. I'm Czech and today I got to talk about some Python secret for you. So sit back and buckle up and we got to just dive into what's Python hiding behind the scene for us. So first of all I think I would just do a brief introduction of myself. I'm Czech and I love open source project. I have been creating some projects in PaaS. I've been involving some projects in the PaaS. I of course have contributed to different projects. Some of them you may have already heard about like pandas or they should tell and projects like that. But now I'm very lucky to be working full-time for a open-source graph database at TermsDB. So if you're interested in like graph database that can do git kind of things then talk to me afterwards or you will see my contact detail at the end of the talk as well. But I'm not going to talk too much about this because this talk is not about graph database. Next thing that I want to tell you about me is that I organize a lot of different events for the community. There will be a PiData global conference in November coming up and also there will be another conference in December. So both of them will be online. You can join for easily by sitting at home just like now. And also I stream on Twitch. So if you want some more Python content, if you want a little bit more of me, you can follow me there and watch me weekly. Also there's another thing that we organized with PiDataGlobal is a humble data workshop. What does it mean is that it's a Python data science workshop for beginner. It's free. All you need is to get a ticket for PiData global which it's very affordable. The minimum that you need to donate is 10 USD. So it's like, yeah, I think it's a very cheap compared to the previous conference that I've been to at PiData. But this workshop doesn't have any course on top and it's meant for beginners. So if you know anybody or if you want to learn some data science with Python then you can go to our website and find it out. So let's start this talk and I'm going to talk about Python internal functions. And this talk will mainly be shown in a Jupyter Notebook. So it's got to be live. And so yeah, so this is the Jupyter Notebook. I know it's a little bit small. So let me zoom in a little bit so you can see it a little bit better. I hope this is okay for you. Maybe I can zoom in one more time just to make it easier for everybody. Okay, I hope that you can see it all right. And if not, maybe the host can kind of give me a shout. Okay, so this is a Jupyter Notebook. I hope you know like this just let you do some Python thing with it. And so you can see here if you have done it in the past that I have written a class in Python. And if you write a class, then usually the first thing that you would do is to write a DunderInit function. So okay, so what is Dunder? Dunder is something like this. I don't know whether you can see my highlight here. So before the init, so it starts with two underscore here. So two of them. And then so it's called Dunder because it's double underscores. I think someone very smart come up with this name. I think is a brilliant name. So Dunder. It sounds funny as well. So DunderInit function is something that like a lot of Pythonistas kind of like in the blood, they just like, okay, whatever they write a class first thing. Df DunderInit self. Okay, so again, like for all these methods, you see the first thing that I passed into the method of function depends on how you look at it. Because some people study data. Some people study computer science, they will be like always a method because it's a find a function for class. I don't really care about names. So bear with me. So yeah, the first thing that you pass in itself. So this means that you pass in the object, the instance of this class itself here in this functional method. So what is an instance of a class? So when you create, so when you have a class, you can create an instance of a class. And when you create an instance of a class, this init will fire, it will just get executed. So you can, with init, you can do some like kind of initial settings with this class instances. You'll see how it worked later because I put the print here. So you see whenever I call this init, DunderInit function, you would see this got print out. So I just put a lot of print here just to show you what is going on inside. Okay, so after that, look at here down, down here, I have my print. So my print is just like your normal method, right? I think you have already done it before. So it's just like anything here in this like kind of, you know, bind it to functional method that you pass itself, and then you can pass in any parameters that you want your user to pass in. So here you write a function, usually as a good practice, you would write a doc string here. I will show you why you would like to write a doc string instead of a comment afterwards as well. There's a benefit of that. So now this function is very, just very simple, taking the user's message, it will just print it up. Okay. And but in my doc string, as a good practice, I always tell people what will be the parameter, what are you expecting from a user, and of course explain what it does. By the way, this doc string is called a num pile style doc string. So if you want to learn a little bit more about how to write doc strings and different style and all this, come to join us in the doc sprint, I would actually have time to explain to you a little bit more about doc strings. But again, I won't dive into the detail here. So after this two thing, right, that we are familiar with that under indeed and my print, well, we have something that is slightly different. We have a method or function that's the name start with an underscore. So yeah, is well, what does it mean? Like, why do you start with an underscore? It looks a little bit funny. Well, because this is an internal function, it's just indicate that Oh, this function is not meant for the user to call it it meant for the developers to use it within maybe doing some kind of internal operation within this instance class is supposed to be, you know, providing itself some kind of functionality because, well, we all have experienced that sometimes the code get really big and we want to, you know, put a section of the code as a function. So we can reuse them. So it's more organized. So your code look a little bit better. So this is the actually the purpose of this underscore. My phone is such so it's providing for the other external method that okay, I have some helper function here that's sitting at the back seats that is not supposed to be you know, called by the user. Of course, you can still write a doc string, but it's less important here because it's supposed to only help the developers. Of course, you can still write it, it will be helpful for your fellow developers, but it's not super important like the my print. Okay. So I also if you call it, it would just print out that okay, this is my function, you shouldn't call it. And then there's something that is similar, but slightly different because it started to underscores of thunder instead of underscore. So I just print out this is a secret function, you should really not call it you will see why in a bit. So okay, I have planted a lot of seed of like what is happening here. So let's have a look. So of course, I can create an instance. But before that, because it should be the notebook, I have to run the first cell first. Otherwise, it's not registered in the kernel. So yeah, I have created an instance. So my object is an instance of my class. And I've created an instance. Yeah, so straightforward. And of course, I can print out a message. Yeah, this is my message. This is something that you may have seen before. It's not too unfamiliar. So here, another thing. So I talk about why a doc string is a good idea is that if you're using Jupyter notebook, actually, or actually, or in your Python interface, you could I think you may be able to do that. I haven't tried that though. But in Jupyter notebook, you can do question mark and then put in, you know, my print, if it's a standalone function, you can call my print. But because it's part of my object, I would just my object dot my print. And you will see that what's going on here, there is something that is pop up. This is kind of like an internal dictionary that you have written for your user. So even if they are less, they're coding on the plane, I don't know why. But you know, if they don't have internet access, they can still look at this documentation that you have put in in the doc string. So it's very handy for your user, especially, you know, you shouldn't be expecting everybody can Google anything at any time, right? Because they have bad internet connections. So this is really, really handy. So especially when you're using pandas, you can do that as well, you can just like pd.read underscore CSV, you can put a question mark in front and you will see what you should put in when you're reading a CSV. So that's one thing I can close it as well. So go back to normal. And okay, so now let's call my fun. Okay, so of course, the name is start with an underscore, I put it there. And I can still call it. It just say that oh, yeah, you shouldn't call it because I put a print stare and oops, a little bit like shaming here from the developer, which is myself. Okay, so another thing. So okay, I've called my phone I've successfully called your internal function.  Well, I call this done the function a secret function. So it cannot is a secret function. So yeah, so it's just, I just get an error from Python saying like, Oh, it is, there's no attribute secret function, something's wrong. So what's what's going on? Where is this secret function? So let me introduce you with a Python magic. It's not magic. It's just how Python work is this DIY built in function that you can call on any instance of the class or actually anything because in Python, anything is like even a number is an object. So you can have a DIY object, you know, like whatever that it is, you can put a DIY string there is it will still work. I think, see if I can show that. So this is just a lip. I didn't plan that. But if you say, Hello, here that you can still put the out in anything a string or a number and put the one there you use these still see a bunch of things. But I want to see what's inside my object. So I put the L my object. And you see here, I have my phone, which is, well, that's why we can call my phone is because this is a part of the instance is bind. This is a function that spine to the instance. Okay, and my print as well. There are other things. These are all like, it looks like the unit thing right start with a thunder and with a thunder this are all default attributes that spine to this object. So, for example, as the hour just means that you could change it into a string representation.  So the in it is here as well. So these are all the things that we a little bit familiar with some of them we really use so we junction of what they do. That's fine. So you see here, this is a very strange attribute here. So underscore my class done the secret function. This look familiar, but yet is not something that we have created, right? So let's have a look. So let's run this weird attribute. So spoiler. Actually, this is a binder function. So again, you can call it like this. Yeah, this is actually our secret function. Python actually renamed your secret function something else. So it kind of stopped people from, you know, maybe go to GitHub and looking at your code and then see oh, there's a secret function and I can just call it. No, people can maybe do that with your internal function with my fun, but not this secret function. So this is a little trick that Python do to just to make this secret function a little bit more secure. So people can't just directly call it by accident. So this is very neat. You can hide something with your class that really, really like stop people from calling it. You can still call it with your, for example, if you're my, if my fun is calling a secret function, for example, here, if a secret phone is calling self dot sorry, it's the other way around. So it should be my phone is calling, let's say self dot secret. Sorry, I just copy and paste. I'm so lazy. I'll just copy and paste here. Can I call a secret function in my phone? Yes, you can. Let me just do this again. And now if I call my phone, you see that yeah, it will call secret function without problem. We can just call it like this. But in but outside you can't just call it like here. You still doesn't work. It just work in my phone. So yeah, so it just locked the secret function to be only used internally, not being able to use by the user by accident. So that's, that's fun. Shall we do something more? Sure. So this is my list. Well, it's a list that I think of, you know, if you have already have some experience with Python, this is kind of like in your 101 book that you could create a list object in Python. So what is inside a list? So have a look.  Also other default things that supposed to be you won't call it directly. But you know, again, now you know all the secrets so you can do that. Let's just get items. So this is quite unique for a list object or actually any sequence or object like, you know, a dictionary or a triple, they all get this get item method here. So let's play around with this one. So yeah, my list, the item, what is this is actually a function that you could call.  So actually, it works like this. So it's the first element of the list, right? So 123 is the first element is one. And so basically, when you do this indexing thing, so the square bracket for a list or a triple and then this get item is called. So let's do something funky.  But this time I add the get item. And this get item again, we take in an integer, but it will just return the square of the integer. It doesn't make sense, but it's fun. So I create is my sequence object. And then so this time, actually, I don't have anything in this sequence, right? Remember, I just need and just print out create an instance. I didn't store anything or, you know, it's just, it's not like a list or triple or anything. So but I can still use this square bracket. And it will give me the square of three, which is nine, or square of 10, which is 100. Yeah, this is funky. So for my list, which is a normal list, you can have length, right? So 123, the length is three. How about my sequence? Well, I don't have it. It will give me an error because I this is an artificial thing, right? I created it doesn't have the length thing there. If you run a DI out, then you can see L. So yeah, it's not here. So you'll be able to see it here if I have it. So no, what should we do? We could create it ourselves. So let's do something naughty. So the F length and and self, remember the self, this is a common mistake by beginners. Return just put 999 here. Yeah, so why not? So now I can call length. Oh, I can't because I haven't run this again. Okay, now I can do it. And it would just give me 999. Yeah, this is yeah, again, naughty and funky. Now you can see that it's here length is here added because I added it myself. And so another thing about list or triple or dictionary that is is called an iterable is because there is a method inside. I don't know what I can show it here. Maybe I can show you my list here. So what's in my list? It was able to see there's an iter here. So this iter means that whenever I call an iter function on my list, it should return something that is an iterator of my list. So you can see that. So now I have the iter for my list, which is an iterator generated from my list. And if I call next on an iterator, Oh, it's one. So what if I call it again? Oh, it's different is to what if I call it again? So three? Okay, what if I call it again? Okay, not this time. I can't call it again. It exhausted itself. So what happened is that whenever you call next, it will just give you the element of the list from the beginning to the end. And when it reaches the end, there will be a kind of an error-ish kind of thing that is called stop iteration that basically say that, okay, I have exhausted, I can't give you next anymore. So this is cool. This is kind of like a follow-up, right? Because like, for example, I have a follow-up here, I put my list in here. So 123, what happened in a follow-up behind the hood is that whenever I write something like this, which is a follow-up, what it does is that it will call the iter on my list. So it generated an iterator for my list just like what I did here. And then X will just be calling next to get the next value in the iterator in my list. So I print it out. So it will give me 123. That's something that we are all familiar with. What about this MySequence, this naughty boy here? Of course, I can't do this right now because it's not an iterator. Like, I don't have the iter, I don't have next, you know, so I can't really do this. This is not acceptable. So what magic I got to do next is that I got to, you know, have fun. I got to put in here. So what I got to do is that I will have an iter first, sorry, double underscore always, because I'm messing up with the default settings. So I would just, you know, return myself as an iterator, why not? So return self. And then because I am returning myself as an iterator. So the characteristic of an iterator is that I will have next, right? So I have to put next in here. Yep, so self. And I can return. What do you like? What number do you like? I feel like seven is lucky. So I return seven. Okay, so just return seven because it's my lucky number. Why not? Yeah, so let's try to create this funky instance again. And well, everything just work the same, right? I can still do this thing. I can still have length which return 999. And now if I look at my sequence, you would see next, it's in here. This is what I want. It turns in here as well. This is what I want. Great. And this time I can connect my sequence. It will give me seven. If I run it again, it will give me seven. Well, yeah, it keep giving me seven and it will never stop. And this is scary because, well, if I put it in a for loop, it will never stop. I don't want to do that. So let's create something that we could stop. So this time I really have to give this, I really have to give this sequence somewhere to stop. So let's take in an N when I create it. And then I will just put self.n equals to n. So I will just store this value somewhere. And also I have to store another thing that is a counter. So self.count equals to zero. So start with zero. And then when I call next, what happens is that if this counter is less than the self.n, which is the end of the sequence. And I will return seven. Okay, so I will just return seven. It's a happy happy place, you know, just return seven. Otherwise, so what should I do is to raise a stop iteration? Okay, so let's try to see if it works. I'm missing something. Yes, I am missing an end here. So this time I have to put in something as n. Let's put in three just to make it short and simple. So okay, now I can create an instance. All these still work the same. It doesn't matter what the length is, it's just returned the square of it because this is how I put it in. And the length will still say 999 because, well, because this is how I set it. But this time when I call next on my sequence, okay, and then, oh, I've spelled it wrong. Sorry, let me fix it. Live coding curse. Okay, now let's go back to normal and then come back here and run it. So next it will give me seven. So this is the first time giving me seven. Second time it give me a seven. Third time it give me a seven. And the fourth time is to give me seven. That's this is weird. This is not is supposed to be. Oh, I know why because I forgot to increase the counter. Yep, again, live coding curse is always something wrong with it. And I'm used to it. That's fine. Don't worry about me. And then I was just quickly, quickly run three times this thing. Sorry about that. It's a bit tedious now. And now, yeah, now it stopped iteration. Finally, it know how to stop. So we can now put it in a for loop. Sorry, as you hear, and oops, it's not printing anything. Oh, because I didn't give back anything, right? Oh, I know why because I have exhausted myself. So let me create instance again. Yeah, so three times the charm. So let's let's create a sequence object again. So now it's refreshed because previous previously I exhausted myself. So it would just like, okay, it reaches the stop iteration before ready before I put it in a for loop. But now I've refreshed. So it should be fine. I don't give me three sevens, which is a very lucky number. I love it. And yeah, so this is the end of the demonstration. Let's go back to the slice. And I only have a few slides to close this talk. And so what is my thought on this kind of craziness? So first of all, about the internal function and secret function is kind of like an option that you can, you can choose as a developer that whether this internal function is a client suggestions to tell you user that always this is an internal function, we are not expecting you to use it. So use it with a grain of salt and the documentation may not be full. So but you can still use it if you know what you're doing. If you have look at our code and you, you know, this is open source, right? So yeah, look at our code and decide whether you want to call it. Or if something that I really have to restrict you to use it, because this is super dangerous, you will, you will mess things up badly. So yeah, like, I think, as a Python Easter with some experience, I see most of the internal function are just single underscore not under. So I think this is because a lot of time we are writing code in open source settings. So there's some openness, there's some transparency and we trust the user that they will make their own decision, whether maybe develop, they develop some plugin for our library, then they may want to call this underscore function. So yeah, that's cool. That's something that I like. And also, Python is so flexible and yes, so powerful. You see when I mess around with the my sequence object, basically it lets you do anything. So that's why I love Python is that it's so easy for the beginners to use because it's hide all this complexity behind the scene. And so beginners can pick up Python and start using it quickly. I think all of you must have already experienced that. But yet it is so powerful that for more experienced user for advanced user, they can mess with all these internal settings. And basically, they can do anything with Python. So this is so good. And I really love it. So my take on all this stuff is that don't overlook the hidden beauty of Python. So yeah, this is the last slide of my talk. And here is my contact detail again. So if you want to know anything about this topic or anything about graph database, you could talk to me. You can basically find me on Twitter or anytime, you know, yeah. So that's it. I think I have a little bit time to take a few questions. So if, if there's any that that would be great. Sure, it was a great talk. We have a couple of questions that I'll read it out to you. First question is what is a binder function? Okay, so this is the function that I mentioned a little bit. So it's kind of an attribute of so when you create a class, you create all this like my fun, you know, my print and all this actually like they are function that is fine to an instance of a class. So these are all the functions that's bind to it, some in some other programming language, when you learn it, they call it a method of that instance of that class. So yeah, it's just different naming. But in Python, because an instance of a class can have different attributes. So it could be, you know, attribute as an object, you know, it could be a string and integer that you store like the n and account in my last example, or it could be a function, a function is also an object. So it could be bind to an instance of class. So the second question we have is how can we use the Dunder function if user can't even call it? And where can it be called? Oh, yeah. So if you remember my demonstration, so as the Dunder secret, my secret function can be called by my fun. So it could be called by the the bind function, the method of the class itself. So it could be called by its fellow method, you know, that sitting inside the same instance, but it can't be called outside. So this is why this is a secret function is only meant for internal use, not for external use. And so far, the most asked question is where can the Oh, you like the notebook? Okay, so right. So what can I do? Actually, I've given this talk before, but nobody really asked for the notebook. But what I can do is that I can put it on my GitHub repo. So you can see my GitHub handle there. So today within today, I would upload it to my GitHub repo. So if you click on my repository, you will find it, I think I would call it something called Python internal function or something like that. So yeah, just find it on my GitHub then. That was the last question. And thank you very much, it was an amazing talk. And yeah, have a good day. Yeah, thank you so much and enjoy the conference.


The Holy Spirit is the only one who knows, who remembers who we really are. The Holy Spirit is the only bridge back. It doesn't matter which religion you follow, or which philosophy, which spirituality, the Holy Spirit goes by many different names in many traditions. It can be called many different names, but it's just one unifying Holy Spirit. When Jesus spoke and said, I am the way, the truth, and the life, no one comes to the Father but through me. It wasn't a man speaking. Who would believe a man telling you that? Or a woman. Or a rabbit. If a rabbit spoke to you, I am the way, the truth, and the life, no one comes to the Father but through me. Would you believe it? No. Not even Bugs Bunny. You would not go for it because there is no form that is the way, the truth, and the life. The Holy Spirit doesn't have a form. The Spirit can use forms and use words. We know that as the Holy Spirit, but nobody has ever seen the Holy Spirit. Nobody has ever perceived the Holy Spirit because it's a presence. It's a presence of that. So, ultimately, poverty, chastity, and obedience are beautiful calls back to forgive and remember who you really are. Now, once you start to get into this thing about can you still have cars and houses and bank accounts and all these things and be a child of God? No. Because why? Because, as I said that last night, what you have is what you are. To the ego, having is possessing. Under the ego's perception, you can have a body. You can have a bank account. You can have a husband or a wife. You can have a pet. You can have all these things in the ego's system because it's saying what you have is what you get. And it's very specific and it's very much involving possessions. If somebody says, do you have a million dollars? Do you have to go check your bank account? Or maybe you're, where do I have a million dollars? But you see it's very specific. It's either some digital numbers in some bank account or it's stuffed somewhere in pillows or in paper and coins. Actually that cash will be moved. We were helping Jeff move it and a five dollar bill came out. Just to give me that. That's mine. It's my couch. It's my cushion. And that's my five dollar bill. But you see everything that we talk about in terms of form is in terms of that. Now people may say, well I don't know if the course is really teaching that. That seems a little bit extreme. That's getting a bit extreme there. Well, it is extreme but not to the Holy Spirit. It's like natural to the Holy Spirit and it's extreme to the ego. And so there's a part in the manual for teachers where it's talking about the characteristics of God's teachers and you get to number seven and it's generosity. So what does Jesus have to say about generosity? Generosity sounds like that would fit in with sharing and we want to be truly generous. He says the teacher of God does not want anything that he cannot give away. What would he want it for? He could only lose because of it. Ah, that's a very interesting couple senses too. That does relate to what we're talking about because anything that he could keep for him or herself alone anything that he could possess anything that he could say that is mine or could control would be by definition asking for loss. Because you can only share the thoughts of God. You can only share the ideas of God. So anything other than the thought of God or the idea of God that you attempt to share is really, if we take the disguises off of it it's really an attempt to possess, to own, to keep something separate from God's will.