It took me a while to realize as a kind of student that the way I saw things being done in in sign of Tibetan was not really quite how they were done in Indo-European and Then as a kind of companion piece to my 2019 book then I I put an article together that kind of discussed this this contrast in methodology between What we what what I was seeing happening in sign of Tibetan and what I I think is more normal in in how can say traditional historical linguistics And that and then I teamed up with an Indo-Europeanist to make sure I didn't make any serious mistakes That's Honest Felner who's at University of Vienna and the article was published and maybe One or two of you know about it, but it's it's fairly Detailed and I think gets kind of to the core of the way I think about methodology. So, you know with your Permission I I'm I've based that lecture around that article. So So hopefully it will even even if you've maybe seen the article it will still this very variant format will Will still Proves sufficiently interesting to you in any case. It's what I have to say. So so here goes So I'll discuss, you know, you may may come to realize it's a kind of preoccupation of mine first a little bit about the history of scholarship and then I'll be discussing this this idea that in In Chinese linguistics specifically is is called a word family But then in Tibet or Berman associated with the kind of theoretical writings of James Mattoff has been come has come to be called an a la fam Based on where fam is family and aloe is like in Alomorfer or or a la fawn But you can see a la fam and word family is basically meaning the same thing and Then I'll look through if you like different types of Relationships that I think have been covered by this term and then have a conclusion So as a starting observation Word families or alofams are Are discussed a lot in in sign of Tibetan linguistics, but not really in Indo-European for example or or other traditions of historical linguistics So let's look at where The term was coined this is a article by a Bernard Cogren About word families, so I'll just read it. He says it is not allowable to identify Chinese Mu with Tibetan mick so long as we have not first established the word family to which Mu belongs The kin to Mu is undoubtedly the word. I don't know the reading of this one, but probably also something like Mu Which means pupil of the eye and It is just as likely that this word is the one that corresponds directly to Tibetan mick and I think there's you know kind of how can I say it? There's a reasonable point here, which is that It's not always words with exactly the same meaning that correspond across related languages But I do find his formulation. It is not allowable a little bit strange because it's kind of a Moral position rather than a scientific methodological position. Okay, so That's all Cogren said although. He's definitely the person who who invented word families But Stuart Wolfenden who followed quickly after him Gives a more elaborate Discussion of what he sees as the kind of methodological program So here we go. He says In pursuing comparative studies of the vocabularies of sign or Tibetan languages We are today possessed of two methods of approach. The first of these and the older is That of setting up simple word equations from language to language the second That of comparison by word families only Taking the family as the smallest Operating unit the first method passes from language to language lifting single words from each Without delving down in any way into what we might call the soil beneath them so that We might in fact term such surface operations the horizontal method We have as it were plucked a flower without looking to see which bush we were looking Well at you say we took it The second method on the other hand seeks in the first place not to set up equations between single words and two or more languages but first of all to gather the word families of each separate language and only then after we have Gained a clearer view of the general background of the words composing them To to begin comparative work this method from the fact that we did dig down into the soil As it were from which the individual words have sprung we might if we wished call the vertical method We have then not only the flower, but the actual bush on which it is growing So a nice sort of gardening metaphor from Wolfenden and I should mention that the context is a he's criticizing Walter Simon Who who had an early paper on Tibetan and Chinese comparisons? So as it happens the proposals that Wolfenden goes on to to try to exhibit his methodology with in terms of saying like see if you did it this way You'd make a mistake and if you did it this way you do it right all of his proposals are are no longer Believe to be right so so let's say I think prima facia that maybe suggests that his his Methodological views are maybe not a hundred percent right, but of course any method can also lead to mistakes So we shouldn't kind of be too hard on him and he was writing a long time ago, but in case that's this sort of I think how how the the That's how Sino-Tibetan came to see itself as needing a different method than was being used in other fields and then Matasoff comes along on the Tibetan side and says When he's coining this term a la fam he says we need a word to refer refer to the relationship among the various members of the same word family I Think that the the the observation I would make at this point is we haven't seen anyone define What a word family is or how you can? Tell whether two words are members of the same word families. It seems to be a Kind of art and not a science, you know, and then about the the criticism that that I Don't know that hat that operating with word families is messy This is what Matasoff says he says we must assume that the proto language itself was a wash With alophamic variation both systematic and unsystematic. Why should a proto language be any more monolithically? Invariant than any living language that we can observe with our own eyes. No language is ever perfectly rag regular at Any stage of its history and this is a let's say a criticism that Is is often made towards sort of traditional historical linguistics I think in the first instance by people like Suhart in in the in the tradition of romance linguistics that that historical linguistics in the inter-European tradition is overly hair-splitting and and sees You know kind of insists on Cleaning up any mess that it identifies whereas in fact, we know languages in reality can be a little messy But as an extreme case in in this same article or or book actually from 1979 Matasoff himself reconstructs 21 different variant forms of the word for lung and and I Personally find that a little bit You know strange credulity like no language. I know has 21 similar words for lung But our cases like this precedented methodologically What I will now look at is is the closest thing to word families in Inter-European linguistics, which are which are called doublets and there's something that Matasoff himself draws comparison In terms of he says, you know, my alophams are like the inter-Europeanist doublets So let's look at doublets So I this is what I just said that that that Matasoff says doublets in inter-European are what we mean by word families in in Asia and a reviewer of our paper Can made a similar point that that Matasoff has also made from time to time that in the inter-European We have things like oblau grades and root affixations and and if if inter-European nests can get away with that kind of You know association of different forms of a word despite having different oblau grades or different root affixations Then we can do similar things inside of Tibet. No problem. So That reviewer drew attention to the following entry in the American Heritage Dictionary which is an English dictionary has a appendix of inter-European roots So here we have the inter-European root wek, which means to speak and We have the O grade form walk which gives us Latin Vox and words like vocal voice and vowel in English and gives us Greek Ops Which comes into Greek with the word caliopee? We have a suffixed O grade so walk wa which gives us all of these words all from vocare in Latin and Then we have a suffixed form in the in the e-grade That gives us, you know, these these other these other words. So Isn't this a word family you see you see these different competing variant reconstructions So let's look at this example in in more detail. So we have the root wek that in the hei wrist Which is a past tense of of Greek and Sanskrit and any inter-European it would have been wek weo which gives us Avocat in in Sanskrit and apon said in in Greek So the So so From this root we can make a root noun that gives us Vox in Latin and Ops in Greek And then as far as this second form that that that that we discussed above this this suffixed O grade If you just project backwards from Latin into into European, which is something we called a Transponent is a kind of mechanical backward reconstruction from one language you would get walk with this suffix and That's What would lead to vocare in Latin? and from from a perspective of Indo-European morphology is perfectly legitimate thing to do but it's only supported by the italic family So in this word, it's probably not of Indo-European provenance. It's an italic innovation by applying this This Denominative suffix to the verb for voice so rather than forming a verb directly from the root They've taken the the root noun and apply the suffix a denominator suffix to it And and that is how you get this verb in Latin. Okay, so that's the second option and Then in the in the third we have Another sort of known way of forming nouns in Indo-European Which has to do with an accent class. I won't get into it too much But the accent class is called proto kinetic and it's an S stem. So this gives us apos in Greek and vachas in Sanskrit. So those are the three, you know Let's say earlier. We were looking at how they're presented in the American Heritage Dictionary here. They are And now I'm saying it's not really the case that they're just kind of three variant forms We have ways to explain them as as morphological derivatives from a single root So in a sense, there are only two variants One is the root noun because the second variant is formed from the root noun through Through through a suffix that changes it into a verb And the second one is an S stem so now if we look at the the English words these are these all these different words in English are Are borrowed from either Latin or French One way or another that the details are there no point going through it so we have this long list of of Latin words and They are either nominal or or verbal derivatives of the same Latin word of a car a and all of the morphology that relates them was productive and transparent in Latin Synchronic grammar and the developments from Latin in in in the Romance languages is also well known and well understood and You know when they were tested in English and how they came to to be used today is also all documented so all of this You know apparent Word family variation disappears once we look carefully at the linguistic system use the comparative method and apply philology rigorously and that's the kind of let's say the key methodological point that that that we are trying to make is that if you see someone talking about word families it means that they are not quite done with their work and and and Instead if you continue studying the problem and really come to solve it Then you don't need to invoke this idea of a word family. So You know that was the The case that was mentioned by this reviewer all of these words coming from Wequa in in Indo-European Which was kind of easy for us to deal with in a way But we want to be fair so point to a kind of really More tricky example and this actually comes from from from from Trask's Introduction to historical linguistics and he has a dictionary of terms in historical linguistics Where he looks at different kinds of cognates and this is his example of an oblique cognate Which are which are words that go back to different forms of the same route So so then sort of it seemed like Trask who was who was someone who worked on Basque Is also happy with this idea of there being different forms of the same route in a proto language And we're not happy with it. So we want to Look at his example and say like okay. Well, if we can deal with this harder example, then that proves our point as well so we're looking at feather in English and Pteron which means feather in Sorry means wing more than feather but means feather and wing in in Greek and You know, I I don't know.  Yeah, so So it so the Greek word comes up in English as well.  So the point then let's say from from the opponent's side is These are not the same, right? So if if Indo-European had both Petrash and terror then it must be the case that there are such things as word families So now we Comes kind of the heavy lifting and if Indo-European isn't your thing or you want to just sort of have your eyes Glaze over then that's point. That's that's fine That's fine. The point is just that we can't explain it. So Also, this will maybe give you a kind of a glimpse of what what an explanation You know all the phenomena like this in Indo-European linguistics looks like But but don't you know get too worried about the the details so originally Indo-European had a Protokinetic heteroclite where proto kinetic is the accent class and heteroclite refers to nouns that have an R ending in the nominative but an N ending in other Forms and you actually will know Cases like this like water ends in an R in English because it comes from the nominative but Oh, I don't know like the Sanskrit word for water has an R in the nominative in the end in the in the accusative As does the Greek one. So anyhow So Indo-European had this kind of accent class and this kind of conjugation pattern for this word so that means the nominative looked like Petr and the oblique stem from which all the other case forms Were formed was something like pretend and you can see this directly attested in Hittite Which has a nominative petar and the oblique stem peton? So that's that's the original thing you should reconstruct in Indo-European now. How do we get from that to these? forms that that we see so English derives from pet Which should mean something like a collection of feathers where this a suffix is is is put on the inherited nominative petar and This is just a parallel to show this sort of thing Happening but not in exactly the same way also in Irish and Latin Whereas Greek instead started from an adjective a possessive adjective that meant feathery thing That came from petar, which itself was was an analogically renewed Oblique stem and and we give an analogy of the type we saw yesterday So Let me just kind of talk us through it so pet Pertu is to put a which are two words from That meant something like crossing in Indo-European they give us fjord in in Norwegian and And port portus like door in Latin So that morphology was there and then if you forgot that the accusative of the word for feather in Indo-European should have been 10 and you sat around wondering you might have formed this analogy And then you would have come up with an answer like that. Yeah, so That's our explanation to use four-part analogy to explain the invention of this alternative oblique stem And then once you have Petar Pter then you can add the O to it to make an adjective and then that gets you the form we need in Greek so Thank you for you know sticking with me through that While it is correct from a certain perspective to reconstruct both Petar and Pter in Indo-European the point is at no moment did any community of speakers have both of those words for For feather or wing yeah, you you you have to have forgotten what the inherited accusative is To get to the second one so so so so Yeah, so no Proto-language had both variants which is to say there was never a moment where we can say there was a word family and both of these were were variants That were part of that word family. That's the point we We want to make And just say in fairness to to Matasoff's 21 words for lung cases like feather in Indo-European can approach that level in complexity so in particular Nussbaum in 1986 monograph sets up 12 related words for head horn and skull In Indo-European, it's a very hard problem that had been you know sitting around for a long time and he tried to To solve it and I think his solution is seen as pretty good And in this 300 page monograph he explains each of these forms one by one as ultimately deriving from a single noun Keck which meant head bone the bone the bone of the skull and uses different combinations of Derivational morphology analogy semantic change as The case may be to get to these various attested forms so our conclusion is That these 21 forms for for lung are is not totally unprecedented or Unreasonable but until each form is rigorously accounted for in an elaborated theory of sound of Tibetan historical phonology and morphology it's not a Helpful to describe these as members of a word family, but instead just as problems to be solved So so so that was the sort of first section and now I will go through a different phenomena that we think have come to be Described under this rubric alfam or word family and we'll start again with where Matasoff Kind of defines things because I think that kind of when he initially came up with the idea he was not very far from the traditional perspectives, but over time as the discipline has gotten used to Talking about word families. It's become a way of kind of avoiding progress rather than making progress So this is what he says he said word families are groups of forms Which bear a non fortuitous phonological and semantic relationship to each other The sound meaning relationship among the alophams of word family may follow a more or less productive pattern So that in favorable cases variations may be traced back to systematic or at least plausible Alternations in the proto language itself often involving proto-affectations in many cases. However the synchronically Observable intra and inter alophamy follows no particular pattern. They repeat itself elsewhere, which is to say We wouldn't agree entirely with that put that way, which is basically when it's easy to figure out It's easy to figure out when it's hard to figure out. It's hard to figure out So he goes on to say the situation may result from conflicting or overlapping morphological processes that obscure each other's outputs unsystematic or sporadic Increments to roots roots inference or contamination from genetically unrelated forms die like mixture Or of course it is always possible that the forms in question were never co-out alophams at all And their resemblance is entirely specious. So again the in Formulating his proposal for for for alopham. He recognizes that they have multiple Possible origins and that in principle we should figure out what those origins are So looked at carefully We think each alopham tells a story that combines in some measure regular phenology borrowing and analogy so So we're back back to sort of basics, you know in in the history of language There is phenology borrowing and analogy. So let's just try to stick with those and not bother with word families So so now we'll go through Examples of different phenomena both looking at an inter-european case and looking at a sino-tibetan case that has been analyzed as a Word family that that we proposed should be analyzed along the lines of the inter-european example. So first dialect variation Misanalized as proto-variation So hopefully some of the the the inter-european cases are familiar Just to make it a little bit easier so which is that we've tried to to choose simple ones So all English words that begin with the are loan words like very is from the array and Vicar is from the care But what about vain vat and vixen because if you look at German they have quite good dramatic etymologies Fanna, which means flag fast, which is barrel and füchsen, which is the same as vixen, right? So so why aren't they? Why don't they have an F in in in English? Well a very strict application of the comparative method would require that you you reconstruct some kind of variation back into proto-Germanic where you had the V for Vain vat and vixen that let's say changed to an F in in German because there's a different Correspondence then you see for example in Fox to Fuchs. Yeah, we're both languages have F But that's not right that would be wrong and we can tell that in the history of English alone where Vain was Fanna that was fat and Vixen was something like füchan. Yeah So the answer is actually that these are inter dialectal borrowings and the Canonical explanation is that in summer set dialect they changed all of their Fs to Vs And so they said things like a fish instead of fish and Var instead of far and that there was as it was a kind of concentrated immigration from the summer set region to to London at one point and For some reason and this part is maybe a little bit where the card comes out of the sleeve Why was it that? mainstream English borrowed these three words specifically from the summer set dialect. Well, you know That's that's one of the ways. I think that historical physics is history They could have borrowed different ones So another example Of inter dialectal borrowing from Sanskrit So Sanskrit R and L both correspond to both R and L in other inter European languages So I'll just look at some examples. So R corresponding to R. We have a Raji direction in in Sanskrit corresponding to orego reach in Latin in Greek and orego Guide or steer in Latin and English, right? So we have R in all the languages. Beautiful. We reconstruct R, right? I'm responding to L where we have a Rocha tea In Sanskrit it shines which then corresponds to things. I'll skip the Hittite and Cocharion things like Leukos bright in Greek looks light in Latin and English light So here we have R in Sanskrit corresponding to L in other languages Then we also have L and L. So Loka world in Sanskrit corresponding to Leukos sacred Grove for example in in Latin and Then we also have L and R so Something like a loha copper in Sanskrit corresponding to reduce lump of bronze in Latin so Again according to the sort of Textbook version of the comparative method We would have to set up a different proto segment For each of these in inter European some so the RR one would clearly be an R and the LL one would clearly be an L But then what about the RL and the LR? So for four liquids in inter European well, no For one thing often Sanskrit itself has internal variation like hair. You have both Roman and Lomon in Sanskrit Where where external comparisons suggest are and another example is Rojita versus Lojita meaning red But also if you if you do your philology in Those cases where both R and L are options in Sanskrit R is more prevalent in older texts and more Western texts and L is more prevalent in the East and in younger documents so this suggests that There were sort of two early dialects of of Sanskrit one further in the West, which is also where the older documents are from and one further in the East and the one had an R Changed everything to R and the one changed everything to L So so so what you get is a collapse of R and L into a single segment and then a split Unconditioned split of R and L again, and that's the explanation of why you have those four correspondences So now I look at an example from Chinese Of dialect inner dialectal borrowing so some phonetic components in middle Chinese have both Ya final and N final readings. So here's none and Ne and you can see that the whole character none is sitting on top of the radical meat in the second character so if you know phonetics are used to Represent sound you would expect the second one to be none, but it's not it's an A. So that's the kind of phenomenon we're interested in And we can't propose either final N or final ya because there are series phonetic series that are that have clearly one or the other so I Give it this this first example where Every member of the series has a final N and Then the second example where every member of the series has a final ya Although if you look at the middle Chinese readings, they don't have that that's because of a kind of late Sound change, which is why I've added the reconstructions of the rhyme So so yeah, which is to say we we have solid reason to To have the pure N series and good reason to have the pure J series So how are we going to handle these these mixing N and J series? well Sergei Starostin proposed that in all Chinese there was a separate final R and these series that mix N and Ya are evidence of this original final R that in the West Changed into N and in the East changed into ya and then its subsequent dialect mixture that That leads to these mixed series. So so Generally the reading tradition Continues the Western readings, but for some characters for whatever reason they were borrowed from the Eastern dialect into mainstream Chinese and That's why you have the ya series So this proposal is actually a little controversial in in Chinese linguistics, but I'm convinced of it and I think it's it's Making the evidence is pointing more and more in that direction over time So in any case now you've seen an example from English an example from Sanskrit an example in Chinese of inter dialectal variation and I think that some of Matasoff's proto variation can be explained along these lines So he reconstructs a route that means good where he gives three forms Lyak Lyang and Mediak and points to Tibetan Jack as evidence for this But actually in the dictionary he's using yeshka The the dictionary author points out that this is what he calls a vulgar pronunciation of the normal Tibetan word yak so it's a it's a borrowing from from a Tibetan dialect that has regularly changed ya into ja back into Tibetan not Recognizing that that was a Tibetan internal inter dialectal borrowing Matasoff projects the variation back to the proto language So that's our first, you know example of some some word families are not real because they're Inter dialectal borrowing this that have been Misanalized as proto variation so now the next case is non etymological resemblance and Misanalized as proto variation and I start with the classic example of deus and Phaos So deus is the Greek the sorry Latin word for God and Phaos is the Greek word for God and early into European Assumed that they were related because they look sort of the same and they have the same meaning But they're not and it was only when we figured out all of the sound changes in both languages that you could really prove that they weren't related and Let's just look I think a fun example of Habeo in Latin and English have which look too similar to not be related And mean the same thing But in fact you have two different Indo-European roots here one is kept which gives us Kapio which is to take in Latin and have in English and Then the other one which is a gab That gives you Habeo in Latin and give in English so those are the correct comparisons now the question is Maybe we could call kept versus gab Alephams or or or or you know word families members of a word family and I don't say anything Oops, I don't think there's anything wrong with that in in in Theory because you know what are the chances that the Indo-European had to unrelated words for to have or to take that both started with a A vealer and both ended in a labial something like that But no known process in Indo-European Historical phonology or morphology can relate these two roots, so they're treated as unrelated roots, and I think that's the prudent thing to do Now looking at an example from from senator to Venn Mattoff reconstructs a word a little Chuck Meaning iron that he sees as having cognates in in Tibetan and Burmese, so Chuck in Tibetan and Jack in in Burmese But native Burmese words never begin with voice stops, so it can't be right Also the semantics I think are weak comparing iron to bridle bit. It is not impossible, but they're not strong and most maybe Or helpful in this regard is clearly the science the pro-science Tibetans didn't know iron because iron came after bronze and bronze and iron were let's say discovered by the Chinese in Historical times More or less bronze a little bit prehistoric, so iron is too recent to to be reconstructable And then you know, I think this case shows kind of some of the principles I was talking about yesterday where like well if if the semantics were perfect and the phonology were perfect You know, we might have a problem in terms of well, okay I guess we we need to reconstruct iron and then and then figure out You know, maybe they were talking about unprocessed iron or or some other kind of a shiny rock or something like that Yeah But in this case the semantics the Phenology the morphology and the archaeology are all pointing to this being wrong. So let's just say it's wrong and then so now that's another type of Phenomenon that can be misanalyzed as as a word family. So now I move on to another one aerial words So let's look at wine in Indo-European. This is a fun one Because there's lots of similar looking words for wine, but they reconstruct slightly differently Into Indo-European. So if you if you take Oinos in Greek and project it back into Indo-European you get this och no Whereas if you take vinum and land and project it back into Indo-European You get week no, which is a little bit different and there's no obvious way to reconcile this evidence, which means the Indo-Europeans did not have wine and the The the the perspective that maybe the Indo-Europeans didn't have wine is helped by noticing that Semitic also has a similar word for wine as Does the cartovali in the family? So what I think most people this is controversial still but what most people thing happened was that the caucus speakers Figured out how to make wine and and gave it a name from their language and Then that name spread with the commodity quite quickly After the Indo-European language family had already broken up, but not very long after which is why these different Indo-European words Point to quite similar Protoforms, but that are irreconcilable. So This I think makes sense read the same thing happens more recently like I was saying with coffee tea with with iPods and and Another similar example actually in Indo-European is is hemp or cannabis Isn't quite reconstructible so we can know that The proto-Indo-Europeans didn't have wine or cannabis, but Quite early on in the dispersal of the Indo-Europeans They got wine and cannabis and I personally am sort of amused by the idea of Someone showing up at a campfire and saying, you know, look at this thing. I got from Georgia. You'll you'll love it It's called wine You know, which is what now happens with With things too. So, you know some things never change So now looking at an aerial word in inside of Tibetan and I touched on this yesterday horse So matters of actually reconstruct this horse this monstrous thing smur Wrong, yeah, I'm not quite sure What all the slashes and hyphens mean? But these are the forms he cites. So Marang in Burmese a Ramang in Old Tibetan and Mra in Chinese so they look quite similar But the proposed reconstruction violates something that I call Simon's law It's a it's a discovery of Walter Simons Which is that an MR in Chinese should correspond to a BR in In Tibetan so you get the word for a fly, you know, like buzzed fly is sbrang in Tibetan and in Chinese and the word for snake is sbrul in Tibetan and Mrui in old Chinese and also Matters of reconstruction for horse doesn't work in terms of the finals because you see where Tibetan where sorry where Chinese has a With a lot of stop Tibetan should have a so let's just look at the the horse forms, right? So if Chinese has a Then Tibetan should have Basically, but it doesn't So we conclude that horse is a Vandervoort. That's what the technical term for these sort of cultural technological words that spread quickly across language families And this is supported by archaeology as I mentioned yesterday So moving on to another kind of source for proto variation One is overlooked to sound laws So cigar in his in his review of Matasau's handbook says that he has missed sound correspondence pointing to this Which is a G in Tibetan corresponding to a W in Burmese and this is a fun sort of tit-for-tat between cigar and Matasau if you you know are bored some some rainy afternoon so Matasau dismisses around because he prefers to Recon to to to compare one in Burmese to Val in Mizo, and I don't even quite know what his logic is but anyhow, that's what he says It's not related to I Guess it's that he thinks it should be an L final and not an R final in Tibetan but it's not totally clear and Then he accepts the comparison of groma Which is some kind of root vegetable? to To war in in Burmese, but this is what he says It says the only way to make sense of it is to assume a form like Growa, which was treated by Burmese as having a double prefix gr So cigar paraphrases that opinion as saying Burmese has treated C says Burmese has treated G and R as prefixes Understand has lost G and R as a result of untold random processes So that only W remains and I think that's a good a good paraphrase Which is which is what you know my co-author Hannes and I are objecting to So And then and then just by way of reminder, so he says Matasau says The only way to make sense of this so I just want to point out that There are other ways to make sense of them. So for example Armenian Changes what into God, which is why we have the word work in in English, but the Armenian word is gorg So if Armenian can change what to go why can't I can't have been I'm not necessarily that I am proposing that that's actually not the solution I propose in my book But but it's just to say I think whenever someone says there's only the only conceivable answer is blah It should raise a red flag in your mind I think maybe this is more about someone's lack of imagination than than anything else Okay, and then Next I come to contamination and contamination is it is a type of analogy, but a very specific type That that I and I mentioned this before where words that are part of a sort of semantic subsystem Influence each other's form. So the textbook example is female Which should be femelle has been influenced by male Looking at an Indo-European example the Indo-European word for four is quattro which Turned sort of randomly in proto-germanic into having a pee initial so it became pet war And then fed war Which gives us four for example in English And this is under the influence of the pee in five Where where greek and sanskrit show you that pee had had a sorry the word for five had a pee so basically The proto-germanic speakers copied the pee of five back onto four and I think something like this happened in in sign of tibetan where mattoff reconstructs Lebaugh, sorry Lebaugh for five With either an l or a b prefix or but actually this is a sort of Problem with using slashes in your notation. I'm not quite sure Does it mean either an l or b or does it mean either an l or b or nothing? Or does it mean either an l or b or nothing or both an l and a b? But in any case It means something along those lines So we think the l is etymological which is to say sign of tibetan the sign of tibetan word for five was Like we get in tibetan and in dakpa Uh, and we think that uh words like mizu punga with a pee the pee has been copied from four so Sort of you know like almost the mirror image of what happened in dramatic where dramatic copied a pee from Five to four and we think we think the pee inside of tibetan was copied from four to five uh, and you see that that uh in In the word for four both mizu has a pa And tibetan has a pa and kurtop, which is a language spoken in britain as is dakpa So that's our explanation is is the b is new cause by contamination the l is old And uh moving then on to our next you know type of cause of Seaming word families is misanalyzed language internal developments and This basically is a point about philology where we're studying texts in the original uh, especially early texts has been uh the A sort of staple of uh into european Whereas it seems not to be very popular in sign of tibetan And uh, uh, let's look at the the the root right So madisov reconstructs a root for sign of tibetan bre which means to draw or to write And he says that this is on the basis of tibetan aliphans like a deriva Sorry, I should pronounce it in ultimate a brio draw or write bris a picture And ris figure form and rimo on the other hand So basically, uh, let me just make clear the first two support the b The second two don't support the b which is why he has the b hyphen Is he's saying oh the b can kind of come and go like you see in tibetan But actually the old tibetan conjugation of this Uh verb is different. So it has a d in the present and a b in the past and the future Which is totally regular according to tibetan Historical morphology. So we think that what happened was the the the db alternation although regular was a little bit Untransparent to speakers. So that so they generalized the past slash future form into the present Which is to say The the the b in the nominal forms Uh, or or yeah the the two examples that matta soft gives of the b in tibetan are not uh Don't prove the claim he's making because in the verb it's it's An innovation and in the word picture it's it's derived from the past a picture is something that has been drawn. Yeah So the root is re And uh and no tibetan evidence supports the reconstruction of the b in bre The present is late and analogical And and the word for picture is the derived from uh the past And I also just want to point out that it would be really surprising if the sign of tibetan has had a word for to write Yeah But you know, maybe that's a little bit unfair as a criticism because it can also mean to draw And the proto signer pen probably could draw or or scratch oftentimes, you know verbs for drawing or scratching come to mean right Okay, and then uh just another example Uh matta soft reconstructs the tibetan word sal to a proto sign of tibetan root sal So gsal which means to clear to clear away like a stain Uh, but written tibetan s actually merges two Things in proto sign of tibetan one is sts and one is s So if we look at old texts, we can see that uh That in this case, it's the sts form. That's original.  So this is the past tense of the verb to clear b s t s a l d And here's another example from tibetan Uh, completely clear away all hindrances. So uh, bar che is hindrance tam che all yom su completely besal tte with b s t s So The root is sal not sal. So the reconstruction to proto sign of tibetan must also be wrong okay, so that's my little kind of uh survey of different, uh Or or let me put it two different ways one is survey of the kinds of phenomena That can lead to the appearance of proto variation uh, but uh You know, we're saying Then that That proposing proto variation is never a legitimate move So, uh word families are a bad idea Uh, but we want to make a point now kind of at the at the end of this Methodological comparison between how historical linguistics is done in sign of tibetan and how linguist historical linguistics is done in european That uh, this isn't Some great new discovery of ours, right? It's a it's a it's a essentially conservative position Yeah, so august Conradie back in 1896, uh said about uh sign of tibetan that Sound laws are what we should be looking for Now unfortunately that what that call wasn't really answered And then in book reviews of benedict's 1972 volume Miller was very, um critical in particular saying that uh, that there is a considerable chasm between uh, benedict's method and uh The comparative method with its sound correspondences and similarly, uh, changoon said that, um Systematic phonological reconstruction is the first requisite for historical work in linguistics and it is generally absent here and then for for sort of specific reasons the quotes weren't convenient to give, uh, but, uh, tatsuo nishida and Very recently george starosteen have also criticized word families and And and alephans Uh, but for whatever reason somehow the the mainstream traditional historical linguistics methodology Perspective in sign of tibetan has always been kind of the outsiders Looking in, you know, so like changoon george starosteen Miller We're all sort of active in sign of tibetan linguistics, but not As active as mattis off for benedict and and and their students So that's the the end of my presentation on comparing methodology between sign of tibetan and uh into european language


We've just had a brand new trailer for the new Pokemon Scholar and Violet DLCs and we're going to cover all of the details in today's video. So kicking off the Nintendo Direct, we got some new footage and new information on the hidden treasures of Area Zero, the brand new DLCs that are coming later this year to Pokemon Scholar and Violet. As of yet, we still have no confirmation on release date for either of these DLC packs. We have had a bunch of new information that we can go over today that's going to help us understand a little bit more about what to expect going into these new DLCs. So all of the information is collated over on the Pokemon Scholar and Violet website and we can start off by taking a look at Masui Town, your base of operations during your school trip. So this is referring directly to the Teal Mask. In part one, the Teal Mask players will head to Masui Town in the land of Kitakami, which will act as their base of operations for the duration of the school trip. The community centre in the middle of Masui Town is a public gathering place where the locals can get together and chat. There's also a shop nearby with toys and magazines on display and just outside the town, you'll be treated to a view of the picturesque fields and rice paddies. There's a park, a short walk from the town called Loyalty Plaza, where you can see statues of Okadogi, Monkadori and Fezendipity, a trio that the villagers fondly call the Loyal Three. To the east of the village, you will find Kitakami Hall. This is the venue where the villagers will hold festival masks, a tradition that has been passed down for generations. A variety of stalls appear during this festival, selling everything from candy apples to yakisoba, children and adults alike can enjoy themselves at this event. So we've seen a bunch of footage in the DLCs and the original trailer fought the Teal Mask about the Kitakami Town, about the Loyal Three and the information goes a little bit further in the new DLC trailer. So we've got some pictures here. I'm assuming this is Masui Town, where our base will be. So it doesn't seem like it's a big village at all, but there seems to be from the description a bunch of things nearby. You've got the plaza and then you've got some shops as well, where I'm assuming you can buy items that are going to help you train your Pokemon to do other things. Maybe some new items that will be appearing in these games. It'd be good to hear what you think we'll be getting, but it seems like quite a small town that extends onto Kitakami, where we'll be going to kind of delve into the story a little bit more with the mountains and things like that. Then you've got Sentrent, which was revealed as well as a bunch of other Pokemon that have been confirmed that will be appearing in the DLCs, as well as Yanma, Yanmega and then Jotonian Woopa as well, which is nice. Also with Vulpx and these look like to be the new stalls or stores that we're going to be getting in the DLC games. So this is probably likely where we're going to be able to buy things like I've mentioned, maybe even things like proteins, bottle caps and maybe some new items that we might see in these games. There's the loyal three statues that we see and also Snorlax confirmed in these games, which is really nice to see. Snorlax is one of my favourites. So to see it confirmed at the festival is really awesome. It goes on to talk about the Terrarium and undersea facility that sustains artificial biomes. So this is more in regards to the Blueberry Academy and the Indigo Disc, which is part two of the DLC packs. The Blueberry Academy, where you go to study abroad in part two, the Indigo Disc is home to a facility called the Terrarium, which maintains a variety of ecosystems that provide a livable environment for Pokemon. This world renowned park beneath the sea was constructed to bolster the learning environment for strong trainers. The terrarium is made up of four areas, each of which features a unique climate and ecosystem. The official sky projected into the ceiling and walls changes to reflect the time of day and weather. The temperature of each area is also carefully regulated and you will find completely different Pokemon in each area. And then you can see the four different areas here of the terrarium, which is pretty cool. It reminds me of like a safari zone that we've had in other games where you're going to be able to go in there and catch different Pokemon in these areas. And I'm guessing as well because the weather and there is a day and night cycle kind of simulated in this area that you're going to be able to get different Pokemon depending on the weather, depending on the day or the night cycle that we're in at the time. So it's a pretty cool ecosystem. And I'm assuming maybe we might even get terror raids in this area as well, which may link up to the story. But I'll have to wait and see for that. But very cool that we've got these four different areas within the Blueberry Academy. And you can see some more pictures here of the inside of the ecosystem, the terrarium. So you've got a lullan executor in here, seal and dugon as well. And that's in the water area. Goluk in the mountainous area. And then you've got Blitzel and Zebstrika in the kind of the grassland area, which I'm assuming is this area here. So this is the desert, the mountain, the water and the ice. And then you've got the kind of field playing in area over here. So that's all the information about the two areas. We do have a little bit more information about Okadori, the Monkadori and Pheasantipidae. They have a new ability called Toxic Chain. Introducing the new ability that Okadori, Monkadori and Pheasantipidae have in the Hidden Treasures of Area 0.1, the Teal Mask. Toxic Chain, the ability. Toxic Chain is a new ability being introduced in the DLC for Pokemon Scholar and Violet. When one of these three Pokemon hits an opponent with a move, the power of the Toxic Chain, all three Pokemon have may cause the opponent to become badly poisoned. So it's like Toxic, whereas normally the abilities like Poison Touch and things like that, they just poison the fall. But Toxic Chain is going to actually cause Toxic Status to the opponent. There'll be probably a percentage chance that that happens every time you use an attack on an opponent. It's a pretty strong ability to be honest because you're starting the Toxic Counter as soon as that does take effect and it'll be double in damage every time you go on and on in the battle. Then it goes on to talk about the Pokemon that will appear will differ depending on the version of the game you have. So they're going to have version exclusives again going into the DLCs depending on which base version you've got. So if you're buying the DLC pack for Scarlet, you're going to have a different group of Pokemon to those that are playing Violet with your DLC packs as you can see here. Some species of Pokemon that appear in the Hidden Treasures of Area 0 will differ depending on which game the DLC is for. For example, Gligor will appear in the Hidden Treasures of Area 0 for Pokemon Scarlet, so I'm very happy about that because one of my favourite Pokemon, while Ambipom, which is another favourite Pokemon of mine, will appear in the Hidden Treasures of Area 0 for Pokemon Violet. So it'll be interesting to see as we get further down the line closer to the release of these DLCs what the other version exclusives are for Scarlet and Violet for their DLC packs. Finally, we got to meet some new characters in the DLCs as well. Introducing some new characters you will meet at the Blueberry Academy. We meet plenty of new people while studying abroad at the Blueberry Academy. Among them are Kairano, I'm hoping that I'm probably not pronouncing that right. The director of the academy and Lacy, a student there. He acts as the director of the Blueberry Academy, which he founded. Having heard rumours about you and your adventures, he visits Paldare to invite you to his institution as an exchange student. It seems that he is a longtime acquaintance of director Clavel.  Probably not. It's kind of interesting here, we'll get onto it in a minute, that he's got that kind of horn edge motif on his scarf, which kind of relates to horn edge in a different way, so that might be a hint at something. We'll get into that in a moment. Now, you've got Lacy, second year student at the Blueberry Academy. She's a reliable person who shows you around the academy when you first arrive. Her Pokemon battling skills are apparently nothing to scoff at. So, a little bit like a penny sort of character, I feel. And yeah, they're only two, and that's all the information that we've got here, of course, from these little bits of information. We've already covered on the channel the new terror raid event for chess form Gimmie Ghoul and also the mystery gifts that will be happening as well. So, if we just take a closer look at the trailers here, we can see that we do start with this mountain area here, which is presumably in Masuitown, because this is starting off the Teal Mask. This kind of looks a little bit like Area Zero, or a replica Area Zero, but with a big kind of monster looking mouth to it and eyes as well. It might even be a call to Augupon, which is the legendary that is kind of the big motif Pokemon legendary in the Teal Mask, but it has a mask on, so we don't know what it actually looks like yet. I don't know, I might be off the mark here, but that is the first thing that you look at. We also get another call out to some masks here as well. So, we've got the masks that we've seen in the initial DLC trailer as well. So, there's those, the new Pokemon Center areas here. There isn't really too much other than the Chameco call out there. I don't know if there's any kind of other hints. You've got Poker Balls here, the vendor, so we're going to be able to buy Poker Balls potentially from this area. Poker Dolls that looks like, I don't know if that is Poker Dolls, and then there obviously like Game Boys, but I don't suppose we're going to be buying any Game Boys to use in the game. There's definitely Vitamins here, you can see the Vitamins, so that's something that we're going to be able to buy from this place. I can't see anything kind of indicating a bottle caps here, but you would imagine that might be an item that we can buy as well as some other things from this store. Obviously, Volpex has been confirmed, so we're going to be getting that and the Alolan Volpex that are accessible in these games. We've got Orecario, Ambipom as well, which is there, but you can see in the background to the Ambipom there is a cave there, so we're going to be able to go inside cave systems. We're going to have new cave systems in these games, and this looks like a schoolyard almost area, but this must be where we kind of first arrive in Masui town. This is Carmen and her brother Kieran, who we do when we have already met, but they are the trainers that kind of help us around Kitakami, so it looks like we battle with them to kind of begin within the games, and then we get a further look at some field lands in this area, and we can have a look here. Is there anything really other than the Yanmega? There's nothing to kind of spot here, and then we've got more shots of us. We've got that new uniform that we get. I'm guessing when we are about to go to the festival that we can wear. Interestingly here, you've got Ogopon's mask that Kieran's wearing. You've got some more shots of the festival as well, obviously the Pika mask and then more masks in the background here, but find out a bit more about the Loyal Three. We've got the three of them there. We've got their new abilities now as well and how they relate or what the villagers call them in Kitakami. So they're quite a presence to the village, and then we go back to the mountain. So this is the big thing for me here, where we go back to this mountain that we first saw when we went to Masui with that big face, and this is indicating that we're going into the mountain. The mountain is related to Ogopon, which is what we're going to see now. There's a big crystal there. We haven't got its typing yet, but you can see there looks like they're almost terror crystals on the mask, which is maybe a hint at what the masks have. They have some sort of power, maybe the actual masks aren't aware of them rather than terrestrialising. They use these masks as a different form, but you can kind of see the ears here of the actual Pokemon behind the mask, but we can't really get too much of a look at it otherwise here, but it looks like it is going to be a grass type for sure, and it'll be interesting to see what its face does look like when the mask is there, but that's everything that we get for the teal mask. And then we come to the Blueberry Academy, of course. I honestly thought we were just getting this area, but as you can see, this must be the terrarium underneath. It goes way deep under the water here. We're going to get introduced to Harano. We get a little insight to the battlefield here, and this is another shot that we had from that first DLC, where we had this picture of this map of different terrains, different areas where Pokemon appear, the weather as well, and we're kind of working out where it was. Did it refer to Pal there? But it obviously refers to the terrarium, which we know a little bit more information about now. So this must be the weather in the terrarium here. There's a sandstone going on here. Geodude as well is another Pokemon that will appear in this area. And then you can see that we get introduced to the terrarium here, which is pretty cool. So you've got vending machines. This might be a little bit like in Sword and Shield, where we get vitamins. We can buy vitamins maybe in the terrarium from these for a cheaper cost, but you can see how vast it is. It looks absolutely huge, not far off. It looks like a massive area in here, where we're going to be able to kind of explore and find lots of different things. This in the middle must be an information point. It might tell you about what Pokemon are appearing here at certain times of the day. And then you've got all of these different, like, crystal block structures around the area as well, which I don't know whether they're similar structures to this one, or whether they're on independent structures with like maybe housing or something else in them where you can use them. But you can see they're not like pterocrystals, which is kind of interesting. They're more block-like. We do see some battles here. Metagross confirmed. Renewal at least confirmed as well. Milotic is we get a couple more characters that haven't actually been introduced to us in the Pokemon Scholar and Violet information on the website. We've got this character here, which was on the original poster, advertising the DLCs, at least the Teal Mask. So I'm assuming that she's going to be one of the tutors, or an Elite Four sort of member.  Then we've got this character here. Definitely feels like some sort of gym leader. Could be the chef at the Blueberry Academy. There's him, and then we have this character here, who looks a little bit sinister, more like, I don't know, a dark type trainer. They are the three that we get. So that is the Blueberry Academy. Big rainbow above the Academy, which kind of is a big call to me at least to Trapagos, which then it goes into. So there is some huge link with this to Trapagos. And interestingly, you can see the type symbols on its back form when it's kind of waking up here. So if you can come back to this again, we'll start off with its tail. The type symbols kind of merge, and Trapagos is kind of like, it feels like it's come to life almost, and it looks like it's in some sort of water area. So is it being kind of held hostage at the minute? Who knows? But it doesn't look like it's in an open area. It looks like it's in a cavern. And that's all we get. That's all we get. And like I said before, we don't get any release dates at the moment, which is the big kicker I think from today. Like I was expecting at least a date for the Teal Mask, planned release date fall 2023. Again, planned release date winter 2023. So both this year, although the DLC pack, if you buy it online does say 2024. So it may be into next year, but we'll have to wait and see. And that is everything that we got from today's trailer. And one last thing I'm going to mention that was missed in the trailer today is the fact that we have these two images here. This one image is from the Indiegodisk trailer. And there's these four objects here. This is passed over to me by Light, really good leaker analyst and theory analyst as well. We had them on the podcast a couple of weeks ago. But you can see here these three objects that are around these trainers when they are battling. Then we can also take a closer look at them here as well. And it's really hard to kind of identify them. But Light's suggesting that these Pokemon are actually Hornedge, or at least a Paladin Hornedge, like a regional form or something like that, which would be kind of interesting, especially because we do have this call to Hornedge here on Kairana, which kind of indicates that you've got some sort of Hornedge link, at least with his scarf, because it is something that you see on Hornedge. So if you pull Hornedge up, there's exactly the same pattern here as you can see on this scarf. So it would indicate to me, it is a different color, of course. This lighter blue is dark blue, and the rest of the scarf is actually really dark, which would kind of link in with this color here. So this is the scarf that you're potentially seeing here. And this could be a signature Pokemon of Kairana, and it could be an indicating of a regional form of Hornedge, which would be very, very exciting. But that is everything that we've got today, of course. We've went through all of the details. We've went through the trailer, and we went through all the information that has been released on the Pokemon Scholar and Violet website. It's very exciting. Like I say, it would have been nice to get a date for the Teal Mask, but I am so excited about these games coming back, and it would be great to get a bit more information as we get closer to the release. Hopefully it's around that September time, October time. It may be around then. But let's keep our fingers crossed for as early a date as possible. I would love to hear your opinions, your thoughts on everything that we learned from the DLC trailers today. I'm one of your theories on the regional variant of Hornedge. Big shout out to Light once again for that. I would love to see something like that. Regional form age slash in Pokemon Scholar and Violet would be very exciting. So thank you so much for tuning in, friends. Have a great rest of your day, and I will see you all in another video very soon, so until then, take care of yourselves, and bye-bye.


Miles to get behind us, we're gonna get as many as we possibly can done. I should get two Winnipeg or very close, we should get into Manitoba at least as long as the weather is good. I've checked the forecast and the weather seems good all the way through the rest of Ontario. I'm gonna have 13 hours available to me to drive today and it's gonna take pretty much every single one of them. Let's see how far we can get and how close we can get to our destination. I have to deliver these tracks into Op Bluff on the west side of Winnipeg, just outside the city tomorrow, as early as I can, just anytime tomorrow first come, first serve. I'm gonna try to get there in the morning. All right, let's go, little stops as needed today, go, go, go, go, go. It's gonna be a good day, it's not gonna have much time for anything else, nothing Just whatever stops I have to make, I'm moving, you're gonna have to wait. Kind of secluded town, people who live here probably don't feel that way but it is way out of the way.  I don't really get too worked up over it, my truck's got enough power that I can usually out power them on the way up the hill even if I'm loaded. So if they really want to try to pin it down, if we're going up a hill, chances are I'm gonna get by you and I'm gonna leave you in the dust, I'm not big of a problem, I just gotta wait for the right passing lane, right, then I can get by them quickly. It's only minus 11 but it was zero about an hour ago, an hour behind me, so 60 miles behind me, suddenly it's just plummeting, I wonder how cold it is in Manitoba once we get onto the prairies, I could check the weather, wow, then I gotta pull over. Tired last night and I didn't quite make it out of Ontario, so I stopped just outside Kenoran, got a good sleep, I still had the hours to make it, I could have kept going but my energy was going down, the sun went down and I pulled in here for a little break and I noticed you know there's quite a bit of parking which was odd for I think I got here at what, 11 o'clock? So if you know what, let's pull the brakes, let's shut her down, I'm just gonna sleep right here, so I feel good.  So let's continue, the temperature has dropped overnight, it's minus 19 Celsius outside, what's minus 19 Celsius in Fahrenheit? Minus 19 degrees Celsius is equivalent to minus 2.2 degrees Fahrenheit, it's gotten cold, dipped down too much further, it is winter time, we've had a really really good winter already but I kind of wanted to keep that up, so you got to make sure there's no traffic coming he's then turned right, there's no traffic coming, never first thing in the morning care, if I go all the way to Hope Bluff and stop there, I'm still gonna get there at the exact same time, I still have to stop for the night right, about two and a half hours yet from where we stopped, I'm gonna ask myself why drive into the night if I don't have to, just to stop where there's no facilities like I told you before but in Northern Ontario it seems more often than not that's sometimes your only option, there's not a lot of 24-hour truck stops, rest stops going, my truck stops working right, back to the yard and then home, in front of me is just, he's not fueling, I don't know if he's, oh now he's moving, nice, next week when they send me out wherever I'm going, I prefer to fuel down south in the US, it's cheaper there but it is what it is, I haven't been down there this trip, this is the cheapest fuel on my road today, Petro Pass wins my business good use for these roundabouts now right, I always complain about them, today I am complimenting them, this one is nice because it's making a U-turn very easy for me, so today I like this one, I think I knew that, I've delivered there before, I think I knew that's why I sort of slowed down, I was questioning myself as I came up to that entrance, I think I did the same thing last time but at the service road, okay I must have just missed them, I don't know, I feel like I knew this I feel like I knew this, entrance this way, it's trucker Josh, so I said hello back, probably just doing a radio check, I'm gonna park here somewhere in the middle I guess, out of the way, there's a forklift driver to my left, they're gonna need a big forklift to get these off, these things are heavy, I'm sure they know that, I'm gonna have to detail the inside of this truck again soon, I know right, I know, I know, looks mad at me, so I'm here now, we're gonna get unloaded and we're gonna start tomorrow's video, I'm hoping to be able to get my drive tires rotated today yet, we'll see if I have time, that's a big maybe, it's Friday today and I've just booked off Monday because we have things going on Saturday and Sunday, Monday I'm gonna be doing some work to this truck, I have to get those marker lights, those new ones that came in, gotta get those replaced, I've got a rebuild kit for my bunk heater and I got a new fan blower motor for it, so I'm gonna try to rebuild that thing as well, get that thing working finally, try to do it the right way and if I still can't get it going well then I gotta pay the big money to get someone who knows what they're doing to do it, let's hope that I can fix it and also I want to start working on the frame just a little bit, start testing out that rust sealer, rust sealant and get that going, that's for this weekend, I'm gonna get out here and get unloaded and then we'll head home, thanks for watching today everybody, don't forget to subscribe, hit that like button and the bell, that's the best way you can support me, if you want to go one step further and support even more, click the join now button below the video or on my main page and read up on there about how to become a member and you can join the TJB members club if you want, if not that's fine too, I'll see you right here tomorrow.


Item Number – SCP-323 Object Class – Euclid Special Containment Procedures – SCP-323 is to be kept in a 17m x 17m x 17m concrete containment cell in Site-91. The object is to be restrained in the center of the cell with a 1m cubed container of 8.8cm thick transparent armor, lined with one-way laminate, which is to be fit with one electronically locked access port. This container is to be internally lit, with the surrounding cell kept dimmer to facilitate the one-way laminate. The cell is to be surveyed remotely at all times, and any signs of activity are to be reported. No personnel are to enter SCP-323's containment cell, except to examine the integrity of SCP-323's restraint measures. The restraint measures are to be examined bi-weekly, and any signs of damage are to be repaired immediately. All personnel who enter SCP-323's containment cell are to be accompanied by an armed guard. Personnel are not to be within SCP-323's containment cell for longer than 45 minutes, and any communication around SCP-323 is to be written or spoken in a language other than English or French. In the event that SCP-323 breaches containment and an instance of SCP-3231 is formed, personnel are to evacuate Site-91 and the site is to be locked down. Remote units are to be deployed to destroy the body of SCP-3231. Following this, armed personnel may be sent in to re-establish the containment of SCP-323. Description SCP-323 is the skull of an unidentified servant, measuring 55 cm long, 27 cm wide, and 31 cm tall, with a pair of antlers, measuring 35 cm tall and 46 cm from tip to tip, growing from the left and right sides of SCP-323. SCP-323 shows signs of damage consistent with outside exposure, with regular pitting, scarring, and weathering across the object, bleaching on the upper surfaces, and a missing lower mandible. The rear of the skull features an approximately centered ovoid gap, measuring 25 cm high and 23 cm wide, giving access to an interior space, 16 cm deep. This gap shows signs of tool use, indicating that it was carved with tools, possibly stone. SCP-323 displays the ability to react to aural, tactile, and visual stimuli. Testing is revealed SCP-323 appears to have a field of view similar to that of other servants, and has responded to visual stimuli from up to 50 meters away. The targeting of specific members of personnel, various attempts to breach containment, and the violent reaction towards speakers of the French and English languages, suggests a level of sapience. However, this is unconfirmed. SCP-323 is capable of limited locomotion, typically in the form of small movements and vibrations. In most cases, SCP-323 will only locomote in the event of various stimuli, such as moving away when touched, or turning when personnel are present within its containment chamber. SCP-323 has demonstrated the ability to make larger movements, such as lunging at personnel, and repeatedly attempting to force its way through containment measures. SCP-323 exerts an influential effect in a radius extending roughly 15 meters from itself. Individuals within this radius will begin experiencing cannibalistic thoughts and urges, and outbursts, and impaired judgment after approximately one hour of continuous exposure. Roughly 74% of individuals who reach this point will attempt to place their heads through the gap present, in the back of SCP-323, with efforts made to keep their mouths uncovered. If an individual is incapable of fitting their heads through the gap, attempts will be made to bludgeon their heads against nearby hard surfaces, until the point the individual's head fits. The individual loses consciousness, or the individual expires. Once the individual has fit their head through SCP-323, the individual is classified as SCP-3231. Within 10 minutes of putting SCP-323 on, SCP-3231 will undergo drastic physical alterations. SCP-3231 will experience a rapid loss of body fat, body hair, and pigmentation, followed by the rupturing of the distal phalanges from the fingertips, abnormal tooth growth, and the blackening of extremities consistent with frostbite. Additionally, SCP-3231 appears to experience greater strength and pain tolerance than the average human. However, SCP-3231 still appears to be as susceptible to physical harm, as it was prior to its introduction to SCP-323. SCP-3231's metabolism will experience a dramatic increase, requiring a constant caloric intake, with starvation occurring anywhere between 15 and 30 minutes if no self-preservation efforts are made. In order to sustain its increased metabolism, SCP-3231 will actively seek out and eat other individuals for sustenance until expiration. In the event SCP-3231 is incapable of finding plentiful nourishment, SCP-3231 will make efforts to sustain itself, including limiting movement, rationing available food, and autocannibalism. SCP-3231 will only feed upon humans. It is presumed that SCP-3231 is capable of receiving sustenance from other sources, but chooses not to, despite availability or ease of access. During the pursuit of individuals, SCP-3231 has been known to occasionally make various statements in the Severn Ojibwe, Potawatomi, and Cree languages, as well as in the native language of the instance. It is not known if these statements and the knowledge of these languages is the result of SCP-323's anomalous influence, or if they originate from SCP-323 itself. Recovered Audio Log Incident SCP-323 B-75204-110906 The following audio log has been transcribed from surveillance recovered during the 11-09-06 containment breach of SCP-323, which resulted in the death of 12 personnel members before containment could be re-established. No accompanying video surveillance could be recovered. SCP-3231 Hungry So hungry. The sound of dragging can be heard, as SCP-3231's voice becomes louder. SCP-3231, I must eat, so very hungry, always, always hungry. Several thumps can be heard, followed by a wet crack. SCP-3231, must not eat, I have to eat, so hungry, so lonely. What is presumed to be SCP-3231 eating can be heard, accompanied by what sounds like panting. SCP-3231, alone, hungry, should eat, must, must, eat them all, I must eat to know warmth. SCP-3231 creates a loud vocalization, followed by a wet thump. SCP-3231, so cold, must eat. SCP-323 was recovered on 09-12-97 in the Bitterne Lake Reserve, part of the Lac-La-Range First Nation in Saskatchewan, Canada. A small, unregistered community had been sustaining an active SCP-3231 instance by routinely murdering individuals, and leaving them out as an appeasement. Investigation revealed what individuals were involved, who were interviewed and subsequently administered amnestics, and a cover story involving an unidentified serial killer was propagated. SCP-3231, at the time suspected to be the anomaly, died of starvation during its transfer to Site-91. The recorded number of deaths does not appear consistent with the duration of the SCP-3231 instance. It is suspected SCP-323 went through several instances of SCP-3231 before containment. However, no irrefutable evidence supporting SCP-3231's longevity has been uncovered. In the interview, SCP-323A, James Namaguse, an individual involved in the murders and sustaining of SCP-3231 prior to its containment, was brought in for questioning involving SCP-3231. Mr Namaguse remained unusually calm throughout and after the interview. Following the interview and containment of SCP-323, Mr Namaguse was administered amnestics and was reintroduced to his community. Doctor, please state your name for the record. Namaguse, James Namaguse. Doctor, please state your involvement with the murders. Namaguse, I helped move the bodies for the Wendigo to eat. Doctor, what do you know about the object? Namaguse, there is a story of the Kree men, back when fighting was common, who tried to control the Wendigo to give his people an advantage. It was just a story. The Elders knew more, but we were safe, so we didn't ask. Doctor, when did you first encounter the entity? Namaguse, one night I heard yelling all around the village.  Sometimes it would stare more than it would make to kill. I tried to talk to you. It whispered at me, Pemisto, come and eat. It made me cold in my bones. Doctor, and then? Namaguse, then I felt like I could understand the warped man, the Wendigo, and that we could leave with him like we all do when we pass. When I was made to kill, I thought of this, and it calmed me. I didn't run. Doctor Namaguse closes his eyes, and exhales slowly. After a minute, he resumes talking. Namaguse, it would look at me sometimes. I could hear him in my mind. I could feel him watching me from out of my own eyes. This helped me watch these people die, and I hoped it would pass on my family. Doctor, thank you, Mr. Namaguse. Final note. No mental effects similar to what Mr. Namaguse stated have yet to be reported by staff who have interacted with SCP-323 or SCP-3231. Further investigation into this is not planned. However, staff are encouraged to report any atypical thoughts or feelings experienced while working with either. Lesson complete. If you missed the previous orientation, go watch SCP-322, grow your own castle kit right now. Or for the complete course, watch this playlist.


Alright, what's up guys welcome back to another YouTube video. My name is John Hammond showcasing the junior CTF capture flag competition It was going on over the last week. So dirty repo. This was another forensics challenge. It was a little bit harder I guess higher up in their difficulty range 500 points still because not many people had been able to solve it or whatever the scoring fluctuates is So as it gruggles and loves his money blah blah blah The Zell fighter for justice I just will one developers project try to find out what the melee factor added Here are all the developers projects. So we get this working directories this download link And it's a zip archive. So oh file download limit exceeded. Okay, we can only do that So this was also another like difficulty that a bunch of people had while they were like playing the CTF So thankfully I still have the archive. Let me get it So I'm gonna create a new folder here. Just call it dirty repo And just pasting the tar object here in our terminal. We can start to work with it You would have downloaded the same thing just with a GZ extension so you can just gun zip it and that's how you would actually be able to extract it and Then you can just tar extract of a tar except V. I guess and then we'll just crank it out So now we have a bunch of other archives. So great. Let's gun zip everything that is a zip archive Okay, so now we have all these Tars and we can tar except all of those and let's not get everything So let's actually just get the comp and extract those. Oh Okay, cool. So now we have everything extracted that works. Well So if you're just going to one of these these are Open VPN I was very confused with and apparently it just looks like the source code for open VPN Like I literally just looked at the read me file for a little bit It's like, okay. Wow, this is usually the source code for open VPN So we have a ton of these right if you check out Comp two It's the exact same stuff and that goes the same for all of the other things. So I'm assuming, okay We now have like 20 or so actual Archives that have different codes in them or the same code although there's one difference in them So it's our job to find out what the difference is So what I did is I actually ran this through with diff and if you take a look at the diff man pages It can actually Find recursive stuff like it can work through an entire directory R-lowercase R. I think it is Find dash R. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah dash R recursive recursively compare any sub directories found So we can just crank that out, right? I use comp one as my initial test So I grip out all the comp ones and let's get rid of the Tars actually Okay, so now while I read line what I can do is I can take the diff of comp one and The what I'm looking at and let's pass in the Rs to recursively look through it and let's go done and Hey, we see one difference Which is in this source code file and in comp one and And in comp five it looks like it looks like there is a new line in there Line 132 or 133 has has has a new comment called flag Grunkle Stan the worst coder. So boom that that's it. There's our flag All we did was we diff a bunch of different directories So sweet, right? What I ended up doing in in in real life was I I need to use like s so I could see like all the information and I took through that and I grept out what not what was not identical and then it tells me oh straight There it is right there. I had used Q for quiet when I did this for real thing because I just found that line on stack overflow And it says okay. These are the ones that differ. So this is the interesting file So I had cat it that out and just grept Lowercase flag and there's a bunch of stuff in there, but I could see just the very top here Hey, here's this comment flag is this but honestly this Without it and use you still get the flag just without those other Arguments to diff to like try and use quiet or stuff like that You just literally just get the one difference and it gives you the solution here So that wasn't too bad, right? It was there's a lot to look through but if you automate it with like some bash and Some some diff then you're done. The work is the work is easy. So you submit this and I mean 500 points cool crank it out So thanks for watching guys. Hope that one was kind of cool It looks like we had 20 different folders that we just like easily loop through them and that's awesome. So Hope you guys are enjoying these I'll record some more of the other later challenges that I it's often Maybe I'll be able to get a few more before the game ends that there's like a day left So, I don't know. I'll see you in a later video


The Movia Estate in beautiful Gorizhka, Berda, Slovenia is home to one of the world's most unusual sparkling wines, the Movia Purdo. This method-classical sparkler is sold upside down. It's still on the leaves. You'll have to discourage it when you open it underwater. It makes for a great party trick. and see what your guests have to say.


Stevenson falls 3-2 today to Gettysburg. Glenn Clark with head coach, Graham Miller. Coach, let me start with a new facility, first game here before we get to the game. Just I know how much work has been put in by everybody involved with the department. What did it mean to finally be here? Yeah, so it's a great moment, actually. Proud moment to be the first men's soccer team to play on this facility. So I told the guys that at halftime, hey, look, we've made history. You're here because of the hard work from Brett Adams and Melanie Edmondson and the administration to put this complex together to give us a grass soccer field. I don't think there's many division three schools in the country putting in Bermuda grass soccer fields. Everybody's going to turf. So they believe in this soccer program. They believe in our student athletes. So we are very grateful for that. And I think the guys, you know, maybe a little nervous those first 15 minutes. And that's what I told them at halftime. I said, hey, look, we made history. We're on it now. Let's try and go for a win. And I think you saw that. We really played a lot better second half, even though we just couldn't get a goal. You know, Coach, we talked last time about playing 90 minutes. And it seems like you're closer. It seems like you're getting there. And, boy, things really turned around dramatically after those first 15 minutes. Just, you know, maybe a little bit too late for that at that point. Well, when you're playing the number 23 team in the country, you know, you've got to really put as many minutes as possible towards a 90-minute performance.  He just was turning us all over the place. And I think the heat played a part of that start of the games. But once we settled in, I mean, they're the same as Catholic the other day. You know, we give them a two-goal head start. And then here you are, number 23 team in the country. You think you're going to get, you know, a rollover, but not this team. You know, these guys fight. And I just wish they would start faster. But it was a great way to, you know, end the half and tie it up. The guy that jumped off the page at me and really seemed to change everything was Jayden. I thought he was a monster today. What did you see from him?   We just kind of try and get him out of his shell. But, you know, he worked so hard again today. And he gives us something going forward.  And Connor will work hard, but Jayden gives us that left-footed player that gets up the field. And what a great cross for the first goal that, you know, put us right back in the match. It was a monster. The other thing too, obviously, we got to talk about the situation and goal. You have a young keeper. You gave him an opportunity to come in.  Is that something that you're going to keep looking at, maybe moving forward? Yeah, I mean, I will not give it away in case Marymine's watching. But, yeah, we'll see what happens. I mean, we just look at it in practice every single day. So probably a good view for you, for Nolan's save. So we gave him an opportunity. We didn't like what we saw. And, you know, after that third goal, so we gave him a chance. And he obviously showed up well. All right, coach. Best of luck moving forward. We'll see you back here Saturday. Thank you for taking the time, as always. No, thank you, guys. Thank you to all the sports information staff for, you know, coming out here for the first game and making a memorable one, other than the result. So we'll take it. We'll get those. They're coming. We know that's the case. He's Grant Miller. I'm Glenn Clark. Go Mustang Sports.tv.


Hi everyone Joe for jatsby's casebreaks.com on a Saturday coming at you with a quick little 2020 Panini score football pack break random team break number 11 I'm gonna do the break first and then at the end we'll re-randomize your names and give away some spots in that Heisman mixer right here There's the pack right there. All right, so big. Thanks to all of these people for getting into it Let's roll it. Let's randomize each list two and a five seven times one two three Oh Chronicles, oh, yeah, that'll be that'll be next then seven times Alan down to TJ We'll get him next time trendsetter get the lines in the next next one. I'm sure Sure, they'll be in there next time we get more picker teams or gold sander, maybe seven times for the teams Just one more Bradley The one that's on the site right now and seven then final time after seven We've got Eight come on matter, but it's busy answering Colts and the Denver Carolina Green Bay, New York, New England pit ball no buff Minnesota Cleveland Houston Arizona Jacksonville Philly Washington Seattle Casey Cincinnati, Tennessee See if I do this. I'll never do it again It's my punishment Chicago, Atlanta, New York Knowing my luck like a two autograph will pop up out of here Joe Burrow one of one Las Vegas San Francisco Dallas Rams Dolph my Los Angeles Rams Miami, Tampa Bay And then Chargers lines that's seven times right there longest pack break ever All right, there's your list. It's official So if I call them a or a column B that is by team Let's just get on with it. All right, so all these are gonna be Vets I do like how score kind of separated the the vet comments Right here then put inserts in the middle like this one coming up Zico Elliott To 100 Dallas that'll be for TJ and then we've got an insert And then the rest are rookies There you go. All right, so nothing too crazy there But the whole point of this is to give away those eight mixer spots right there So let's flip back to this list Blake down to Jeremy and everybody in between at top eight after Three and a one four times. It's not screw this one up Joe one two three and One fourth and final time after four Big thanks to nine and down to 32. Thanks for getting in I think there'll be another opportunity or two to try again if you'd like and congrats to Jarell Adam Colton John Ben Colton James James Congrats to you the top aid right here. You're in that Heisman football mixer Which we can do tonight on a Saturday the 15th jaskiescasewrakes.com. Bye. Bye