The Summer Theatre, welcome to The Summer Theatre, a dramatic hour of romance, love, and adventure. Tonight we present Daphne de Morier's startling tale, The Birds, starring Mr. Herbert Marshall. Ladies and gentlemen, this is your host, Don Wilson. Tonight we're presenting a brand new story by the famous author of Rebecca, Jamaica Inn, Frenchman's Creek, and many other favorites, Miss Daphne de Morier. Now this new story, however, is far different for many of these, and in many ways far more exciting. It's a tale I'm sure will haunt you for a long time to come. The title is simply, The Birds, and our star is Mr. Herbert Marshall. Our scene is London, and the office of a successful publisher of books. With him sits Jenkins, his editor. Before them on the broad shining surface of the desk is a manuscript, patterned, worn. It's bulk held together with a bit of string. Strange way to submit a story. You say there was no address on it? No, the author left no address, but I wish he'd read it, sir. You like it, huh? You think it's publishable? I don't know. It's terrifying. I can't seem to get it out of my mind. All right, Jenkins, all right. I'll read it. Mind you, it better be good. Just read it, sir. The title, The Birds, by John Wait. John Wait. John Wait. I'm writing this as a minute record of what has happened thus far, because I cannot help feeling that in the recounting of these events, I may, in some measure, come to an understanding of what has happened, and even perhaps why it has happened. The whole business is monstrous and overwhelming, and I'm not sure that human eyes will ever fall upon this, my journal. I am a writer of moderately successful fiction, and this small house on the Dover Coast is my castle, which I share with my wife, my 16-year-old daughter, my mother-in-law, and one yellow canary. The canary. His name is Chippekins. No, I didn't name him. My mother-in-law did. Chippekins belongs to Mother Dobbs, and bringing him here was an open and shut case of coals to Newcastle, for Dover is alive with birds, and has been my daily custom work-over to sit at the cliff's edge and smoke my pipe and watch and listen. The birds soaring and wheezing in great rushing flocks, flickering in a fat grey sheet just above the grassy slope of the hills, and then bursting all over a bunch, erupting into the sky, restless, ceaseless, ever-moving, ever-moving, slashing as one in a perfect arc up, and then for a split moment, almost invisible as in their turning, the profile, thin as grass, presents itself against the sky, and then as one, in cadence, back again, and with a slow chorus, gone, black and white, jacked door and gull, mingling in strange, restless partnership, seeking some strange liberation, never satisfied, never still, flocks of starlings rustling like silk, and the smaller birds, finches and larks, scattering from tree to hedge and back again, compelled by what? And below the sea birds waiting for the tide, they have more patience. Oyster catchers, red shanks, sandaling and curlew, watched by the water's edge, race the surf as it sucks away, revealing the prize. Farther out the fishermen, slim soaring gannets, ancient patient pelicans, black gulls, grey gulls, pale gulls, soaring, sighting and plummeting, wings folded, feet tight in, beach out, knife through the surface, down in a flash of silver to the play below. The autumn had been a long one, mellow and soft. The leaves had lingered on the trees, red and gold, somehow reluctant to fall. The days grew hazy and benevolent, shortening imperceptibly. And with their passing, the birds seemed more restless, more driven, more agitated. My neighbour, the farmer, drove his tractor. Long, even lines across the western hills, and his figure silhouetted in the driver's seat would be lost from time to time in the great cloud of wheeling, crying birds which followed his movements. And I remarked on this. Lots of birds around today, birds unusual and daring too. One or two gulls came so close to my head this afternoon, I thought they'd knock my cap off. As it was, I could scarcely see what I was doing when they were overhead, and I had the sun in my eyes. I have a notion the weather will change. It'll be a hard winter. That's why the birds are so restless. My friend, the farmer, said the weather would change on Tuesday, and he may have been right. I'm not certain. The fact is, the weather changed that night. And it was that night that it began. I've been asleep. What's that? Oh, something at the window. I'll go back to sleep, dear. I'm going to find out what it is. It was a bird. What kind I could not tell. The wind must have driven it to shelter on the sill. I went back to bed and, feeling my knuckles wet, put my mouth to the scratch. The bird had drawn blood. I suppose it was frightened, panicked, seeking shelter. The wind was indeed very cold. The weather had turned. Yes. See to the window, will you, dear? It's rattling. There will be a scene to it, Maiden. There's some bird out there trying to get in. Show it away. Can't sleep with that, no. What? No, get away. What was that? What happened? They went for me.  Come back to bed. No, I tell you they did. Yes, dear, of course. Come to bed. What was that? Mother, Andrew. I'll get a light of candle. No, no hurry. I opened the door to our bedroom and crossed the land into the room Jill shared with Mother Dobbs.  I could feel them all about me. I swung my arms. They crawled through the open window. They stuck the walls of the ceiling. Oh, Father, Father. Quickly, Jill, come out. Mother Hobbs. I'm under the cover. Run for the door. I slammed the door after them. I didn't want the birds spreading through the house. Now in the darkness they sensed me a doll for me, tiny beaks and evil claws set to pierce and tear. I seized the quilt from the bed rounded over my head and then swinging a pillow at random. I went to work. I couldn't see what I was doing but I could feel the flooding of their bodies. I swung. Swung until my arm began to numb. All along I fought with them in the darkness. I do not know. The glass, the beating of wings, subsided and withdrew. And through the density of the quilt I became aware of light. I waited. Listened. But there was no sound. I dropped the quilt and stared about me in the cold, gray light. Dawn and the open window had called the living birds. The dead lay on the floor. They were all small birds. Robbins, finches, sparrows, blue tits, larks, bramblings. Birds that ordinarily kept to their own flux. Now dead and still in a shambles of feathers and broken glass. Outside it was cold, bitter cold. And the earth had all the hard black look of frost. Not white frost to shine in the morning sun. But black frost that de-east, de-east windblings. And across the field the sea. Fierce are now with the burning tide. It broke and crashed in the bay. Of the birds there was not a sign. Not so much as a sparrow. Nothing but the east wind and the sea. Do you want the wireless left on? Please, mother. Easy, Meg, that stuff stings. I suppose, too, don't want these scratches to infect. No, I suppose not. I'd say you ought to thank me all mighty. They didn't get in your eyes. That's what I'd say. Yes, mother. Nasty little creatures. One would hardly believe they belong to the same species as little chippy-chippy-kins here.  Not a bit like those horrid little savages, hmm? That's odd. What? He won't speak to me. Speak. Speak. Chip-chip-chee. Did Jill get off the school all right? Yeah. I brought the right clothing down. I didn't want her to see the room. Didn't want her frightened. She thought it quite a joke. Imagine she's telling the class all about it right now. I suppose. Come, come, little chippy-kins. Speak. Speak. Good morning, Mr. Wait. Good morning, Mr. Bell. An ounce of tobacco, please, my usual. Your usual? Yes, sir. And what do you think of the weather? Wireless says it's going on all over. There's nothing to do with the Arctic Circle. Oh, really? Black winter, that's what it is, out of the east. I had the wind come up in the night. Um, did you hear any birds? Birds? What birds? We had them at our place last night. Scores of them came to the bedroom. Quite savage they were. Here, look, look at my hand. Well, well. My goodness, I never heard of birds acting savage, not our birds. I assure you, these scratches are real. Maybe they were some of those foreign birds from the Arctic Circle. Tell you what, put out some crumbs for them. That's what I'd do. Put out some crumbs. Paper, John? Yes. No mention of birds. I've been watching the field. So have I. I haven't seen a single one. I know. Strange. Yes. Do you tell anyone? Yes. What'd they say? Put out crumbs. I'll get a sack and clean up the bedroom. Their bodies filled the sack. The ground had frozen during the night. It was too hard to dig. I went down the cliff path to the beach. The sky was leaden. The sea was flat, calm, oily. Not a sound of birds. I kept a hold in the sand. And as I did this, I saw them. The gulls. Out there. Riding the sea. I thought at first to be seascaped. Windfroth were gulls. Hundreds, thousands, tens of thousands. They rose and fell in the trough of the sea. Silent. Like a mighty fleet at anchor. To the eastward and to the west, the gulls were there. They stretched as far as the eye could reach in close formation. Packed line on line. Somebody ought to know of this. Something should be said. But what? Could I call the police? Hello, constable? I want to report some birds. No, no, they think me mad. They think me drunk. Take my report with grateful lightness and thank me. But they were out there. Waiting. Waiting. Or what? What? About the birds. 11 am today. Reports from all over the country are coming in hourly about the vast quantity of birds flocking above towns, villages and outlying districts. Causing obstruction and damage and even attacking individuals. It is thought that the Arctic Airstream at present covering the British Isles is causing birds to migrate south in immense numbers and that intense hunger may drive these birds to attack human beings. Householders are warned to see to their windows, doors and chimneys and to take reasonable precautions for the safety of their children. A further statement will be issued later. There you see. Wait until Mr. Bell hears that. And just now down on the beach, I saw a million gulls riding on the sea. Waiting. Waiting? Waiting for what, darling? I don't know. Well, the bulletin said the birds are hungry. In the shed were all sorts of boards and sheathings left over from the blackout days of the war. And I spent the next few hours putting these up. There was no thought of my novel this day. Actually the writer was a lazy creature and welcomes any diversion from his work. Somehow this seemed to be something a little bigger than diversion. Do you think that's really necessary, John? I don't like to take chances. But they were such little birds. I'm not thinking of those. Oh? The gulls. I see. Are you going to do the downstairs, too? I think I better. A bit dark with the windows all boarded up. At each window the process was the same. I nailed the boards to the sills from within the rooms. And by the time I reached the kitchen, me and Mrs. Dobbs were listening to the wireless again. The sky was so dense at one o'clock this afternoon but it seemed as if the city was covered by a vast black cloud. The birds settled on rooftops, on window ledges, and on chimneys. The sight has been so unusual that traffic came to a standstill in many of our affairs. Work was abandoned in shops and offices and the streets were, and still are, crowded with people standing about to watch the birds. We take you now to our roving microphone in Piccadilly Second. Has been standing here for hours. We cannot begin to describe the enormous variety of birds which are circling overhead. I have never seen anything like it. A standing beside me is the gentleman, what is your name, sir? Jenkins, Peter Jenkins. What do you think of the birds, Mr. Jenkins? Oh, never saw nothing like it. I swear I never did. Well, just before we went on the air, you were telling these people and myself about your cat. I wonder if you would mind repeating that for our audience. They wouldn't want to hear none of that. Oh, I'm sure they would. Well, I've got these three mouses, you see, big bullionelli cats there, hard as nails. And at where I live, the birds keep a wide berth around my cottage. Well, this morning I looked out at the window and saw what we all saw and I says to my cats, I says, all right men, Arthur, Freddie and you, Leon, as an atom. You see, one of their jobs, my cat's job, that is, one of their jobs is to keep the birds scared out of the vegetable patch. So I opened the door and they started out. Then they saw all them birds and they just turned around with their back air all up and their tails looking like porcupines. They turned and run into the bedroom and under the bed and wouldn't come out for love or money or the dish of cold water I throw at them. Thank you, Mr. Peter Jenkins. And now we have a lady here down like a bone. What is your name, Miss? I can't come out, there's nothing to be nervous about. What are you doing? I thought I'd see if the American stations have heard about it. What's that? That's the American's reaction. Do you think they never do take a thing seriously? It seems that we're having a little trouble with our mobile unit, a number of birds settled on the antenna.  I don't, don't stone anything. I'm sure we'll have the situation straightened out in a moment. Do you please bear with us on this most unusual of all days? Our main studio for a brief program of recorded music. If you want my opinion, it's all nonsense. That's what it is. Oh, mother, boarding this place up so we have to light the lamp and it's only three in the afternoon. Tell me, how much singing has Jippiekin's done today? Not a note. He's off his feet, that's what. Look at him. He's so nervous and agitated with all your banging. See? I saw. The bird seemed possessed. He flew from one corner to the other.  Yellow wings quivering. Where? The ocean. Hmm?  It's not a cloud, Tom. It was the gulls. The black mass of them that towered a mile high, they circled thousands upon thousands, lifting their wings against the wind. And they were silent. They made not a sound. They just went on soaring and circling, rising and falling, trying their strength against the cold east wind. I'm going for Jill. I'll wait for her at the school bus stop. You keep the door closed. I'll close until you hear me call. I thought you looked so funny. Please, Jill, do hurry. What's that strange cloud? I'll tell you what. Let's race the rest of the way. Oh, Father, you know I can beat you. Come on, then. Let your shilling. Wait a minute. Look at the cloud, Father. Jill, in the name of heaven. It's birds. Run. It's Link Ladder Times 2 Tuesdays on CBS Radio. That's right. At this time, you enjoy a lively, arched Link Ladder on House Party at its regular time. Then Tuesday nights on most of these same stations art is back again on People Are Funny. House Party in the daytime, People Are Funny in the evening. It's Link Ladder Times 2 Tuesdays on CBS Radio. Tomorrow, your share of fun is waiting for you on both of these laugh-packed shows. Back to of the birds, starring Mr. Herbert Marshall as John Wake. The birds are not deep. Had the gannets struck, I would surely have been killed on my own doorstep. The other birds, black gulls, white gulls, and so forth, have pecked and torn, but they were as yet still an experience of attacking human beings. And so had done no very serious damage. My preparations have been most fortunate. Throughout the afternoon, the birds have sailed the house without luck, and we sat in the kitchen and listened, re-listened, and we watched chipkins. The madness which had seized the other birds now was his, too.  Just a short, pointed beak at us through the golden bars of his cage, threw himself again and again at the little gate, hoping to break it down. Oh, I'm afraid for him. He'll hurt himself. Good. Poor little man. He can't help himself. He must have caught something from all those awful birds outside. Turn on the wireless. Let's have the wireless. I'll do it. Father. What? In the school bus. You suppose... you suppose the kids are all right? Oh, yes. I wouldn't worry about it. I hope so. Chipkins, do leave off that, darling. You'll hurt yourself. Yes, baby. The mire's here. Oh! Father, what happened? He bit me. Here, look at my finger. Oh, keep it. I'll get the order. And you can leave off that, John Wait. As you said, Mother Dobbs, he can't help himself. I'm going upstairs and check things. Upstairs, it seemed worse. What bothered me the most were the bedroom fireplaces. They were quite close to the roof, and I could hear many birds that had made their way down the chimney. Now, with only a thin plywood thickness between them and the interior of the house, they screamed and scratched at the wood. I reinforced whatever I could, particularly on the windows. For wood, I tore the bottoms from the bureau drawers, knocked the panels out of several closet doors, tore down shelves, wherever I could find them. And then, deciding it would be too dangerous to hazard a night upstairs in separate rooms, I started carrying down armfuls of bedding to the kitchen. John, what on earth are you doing? I thought just the fun did sleep down here. Oh, you're carrying this game too far. How's your finger? It'll be real.  Right, old father. And Meg, what for supper, huh? I've been left with cheese sandwiches. I hadn't intended going to the market this afternoon. Oh? I'll go in the morning. Yes, yes, of course. Finished moving things, I locked both bedroom doors. If they should break through the bedroom windows or fireplaces during the night, the doors would hold them for a while. And perhaps in their mad jamming of the rooms, they would smother. Perhaps they would die, banding I piled as much furniture as I could, made a solid wall of bureaus, tables, chests, mattresses, and so forth. Now, should they break through the doors, they would have this third barrier to a sale. But by that time, it would be over, surely. I regarded my handiwork with some pride and wondered, outside I could hear the birds beating against the house, things brushing the surface, sliding, scraping, seeking a way of entry. The sound of many bodies pressed together, shuffling on the sails. Now and again a thud, a crash, and some birds dived and fell. Many would kill themselves that way. But not enough. Never enough. Yes, Meg. There's to be another report in a moment.  It's good. Oh, thank you. This is London calling. A national emergency was proclaimed at four o'clock this afternoon. Measures are being taken to safeguard the life and property of the population. But it must be understood that these are not easy to affect immediately, owing to the unforeseen and unparalleled nature of the present crisis. Unparallel, get him. Every householder must take precautions through his own building. And where several people live together, as in cast and department, they must unite to do the utmost they can to prevent entry. It's absolutely imperative that every individual stay indoors tonight and that no one at all remain on the streets or roads or anywhere without doors. The birds in vast numbers are attacking anyone on site and have already begun an assault upon buildings. But these with new care should be inevitable. The population is asked to remain calm and not to panic. Owing to the exceptional nature of the emergency, there will be no further transmission from any broadcasting station until 7 a.m. tomorrow. Had a gramophone? Father, could I have a gramophone for my birthday? Yes, sweetheart. A gramophone. She'll have the best that money can buy. Mother, did you hear that? Yes, in July.  It's been a long day. Wait. What is it? Good old, uh, yes. What do you intend doing? What was that, I wonder? Oh, probably a bomb at Sam's sort. I wouldn't worry about it. Well, I must say, I feel better now. Mother Dobbs, mind you say good night to Chippitings. I'm not speaking to him beyond great little wretch. I knew the sound. The sound of an exploding plane. And I remember tales of flyers who had blundered into flocks of geese and ducks. Bodies that splinter propellers and smashed windshields. And what could pilots do against birds? Suicidal birds. But at least it showed that somewhere in the country they were trying. Somewhere in some small back room at this very moment they were thinking, working. And they would succeed. They had to. Tom, they're gone. Listen. What's the time? Ten o'clock. Ten. That means the tide has turned. It's on the ebb. I wonder, Meg, do you suppose it would be that they only attack with the flood tide? I don't know, dear. What are you going to do? Where's the flashlight? On the mantel. I'm going outside. What's happening? The birds. They're gone, Mother. Gone, you say? Yes, John's going to have a look about. Oh, don't you do it. Why not? They're all out there waiting, Mother. Waiting all around the door silently for you to open it. Um, do you suppose that... Well, there's one way to find out. It was a scene of such violent death those few men have witnessed. All about me, wherever I threw the torch, lay their bodies, drifted as snow drifts, as sand drifts. Their eyes brightened death, twinkling in unwinking points of fire. It was silent. So silent. Yet I had the feeling that out there, somewhere, there was life. There was a shovel near the door, and I put it to use. First I cleared a path from the door to the side of the house, and there I flashed my torch up. Every pane of glass had been smashed. The jagged edges flashed back my light. Many had birds impaled on them. Beyond, I saw the boards. They looked roughened and strange. There were flecks and streaks of blood on the boards, and a fine crisscross of splinters where the thousands upon thousands of bills had driven again and again into the wood. I shoveled the birds up against the windows and jammed them with my hands into the broken panes. I piled them on the sills and the cracks. A futile gesture. With the flood tide, another wave of assaulters would come and drive through these. But it would take time, and we needed time. And what are we going to do now? I ought to go over to the farmers. They've got food there and wood. I need more wood. Well, you're not to go. I won't let you go. I'll not be left here alone, John. All right, Meg. I'll wait until morning, until the next ebb tide. Sorry. I understand you. John, what's that? Where? On the hill, see? Fire. It was just next to the spot where I'd spoken to the farmers. He drove his tractor. How long ago? Two days? Two months? On the same little hillside. One of the plagues, Meg.  The circuit attack was much worse. There was something different about it, something I found difficult to analyze. And while I was thinking about it, I watched the canary. He too had been quiet during the lull, but now he's stormed and raged again, beat at the bars of his cage. And I thought of the birds in cages all over the world. Parrots, lovebirds. Peacocks, yes, and ostriches. What of the ostriches? And the great red flamingos and the big swans in the parks with their powerful wings and beaks. What's that noise? Noise from the chimney. I don't know. Let's see. Sounds like... sounds like they're trying to get us through this chimney. We've got the fire. I get too low. John, do something. Now they're never going to stand back. Back? This'll clear the mountains. That's got it.  Don't spare the wood. All right, father. I'll start the promise. We'll have some cocoa. Good idea. Shall I check and see what's happening upstairs? No, Jill. You watch the fire. Keep it blazing. Good, Chippykins. Now what? He's hurt his wing against the bars. Has he rarely? Silly little man. Mama warned you. At the head of the stairs, I pushed the barricade aside and listened at the bedroom doors. They'd broken in and I could hear them screaming and scratching at the thin doors. And with the scratching, I became conscious of a new sound. It sounded like talons. Could the hawks have taken over what the gulls had failed to do? The hawks. The birds of prey. Buzzards. Kestles. Falcons. I'd forgotten the birds of prey. And as I listened, I could hear the soft patter of thousands of feet across the floors of the bedroom and the sounds of talons. Of spintering wood. I rebuilt the barricade. Descended into the kitchen. The others have not yet noticed that soft patter just above our heads. I pray that they would not. Outside, the birds continued to dash against the ground, against the walls. Those were the herring gulls. The suicide boys. Kemicazi fighters. They had no brains. The blackbacks were something different. They knew what they were doing. So did the buzzards. The hawks. Thought of the things to do in the morning. There were so many things we needed to withstand siege. A car. If I could hire a car between the tides and use it to carry things. Food. Oil for the stove. Lumber and nails. Sheets of metal for the windows. All so many things. I wondered. And worried. And dozed. John, it's seven. Don't you want to hear what the wireless has to say? Yes. It's 20. I can't understand it. Don't touch the knob. Leave it on the home station. I thought if I jiggled it a bit. No, no. They've made a mistake. They meant they'd go on with eight. Not seven. Oh, that must be it. After eight, John. Maybe it's broken. Oh, I've checked out. It's working all day. Birds are letting up? I thought they heard something. No, no. No, nothing yet. Oh, nine o'clock's past. There's nothing on the wireless. Nothing. I know. What does it mean, John? Don't you see? Not even the shortwave. Not even the cold things. No. Birds are gone. Look at Chippekins sleeping. There's someone, somewhere in the world, someone of the countless transmitters. Shall we open the door? Yes, there's a lot to do before the next flood tide. This is America's 10th Farm Safety Week, proclaimed by the president, supported by all agricultural organizations. The occasion is far more than academic interest to non-farms, too. Every farm accident that cuts production affects supply and prices. This week, on the farm and off, in all farm-connected industries, check your equipment and habits for safety first. One billion dollars a year is lost from farm accidents. Eliminate falls, fires, and equipment failure accidents. Live to farm as you farm to live. We now pause for station identification. This is the CBS Radio Network, earned to the Summer Theater as the curtain rises on Act 3 of the Birds, starring Mr. Herbert Marshall as John Waite. The single brief glimpse through the open door was enough. I slammed it and paused to consider this new dilemma. The birds were out there, silent and watchful, waiting. Not a single one flew. They stood across the yard and in the fields, just on the fence along bushes and in the trees, all silent, watchful, and waiting. What are we going to do? I don't know. I didn't move, just like Chippikins, every one of them. Yes. Here, Chippikins. Here's my finger. See? Go on, take a bite. He won't move. Is he asleep? No, he seems drugged. Or exhausted. What are you doing? Look at them. They're just sitting there. Here, give me that book. There! It's like they're all hypnotized. I'm going to the farm. Then you'd better take me. Me too, Father, please. Oh, I guess we better all go. There'll be things to carry. Bundle up warm now. It's better cold out there. I'm going to the road. There's a strange grey day. Funereal. And the birds all about us. Black and silent and waiting. These were the land birds. Out on the bay, I saw the endless grey carpet of sea birds, riding the soft spells of the Ebtide. And waiting. Well, there it is. Oh, they did have a time of it. Yes. I think you'd better wait here. I want to go with you. No.  Look, John, the cows are unharmed and the sheep. I guess it wasn't then the birds were after. Poor thing. She wants milking. Good idea. There's some buckets over there in the shed, Joe. You and Mother Dobbs milk some of the cows. And I'll come with you, John. You sure you want to? Yes. Here in the yard, the birds sat motionless watching. And on the roof of the house and in the trees and on the sills of the broken windows, sprawled near the back door, I found the farmer's body. Inside, the place was a shambles, but the loud when the storeroom was intact and we took sacks of flour and a tub of butter and sugar and tinned meats. Supplies for a siege. Upstairs. Sprawled by the telephone with the farmer's wife. I want to try the wire. It's no use. Here, carry these things out of the car. We have much time, you know. We're taking their car? Yes. Is it right? Call it a neighbor alone, if you like. We'll need more oil for the stove. Yes, I'll get it. We have work to do. The farmer had been planning to build a new silo and stacked in the barn the large sheets of galvanized iron. I found snips, too, in the keg of nails. I was racing against time. The second trip, I made alone. This time, I was in search of lumber. Hardwood. I tore up the flooring in the hall of the farmhouse. There was a bale of barbed wire. I tied it to the back of the car and as a final futile gesture, I went upstairs to the telephone. One last look round. It was going late. And the final gesture. Man lives not by bread alone. I took their gunner phone. As I came down the little lane to our door, I glanced out to sea and my heart stood still. I couldn't believe my eyes. There were ships there. Great battleships, three of them. The Royal Navy. Throughout the proud history of this isle. In time of crisis. Oh, I was wrong. The Navy was not there. The girls were rising from the sea. The tide was turning. Help me quickly. It's time. All right. Yes, hurry. In the house. It's the granite clock. No, not now. It would only take a minute. The records. I've got to. Sound is different there, somehow. Don't worry about it.  Who won? Oh, my dear. It may seem a little old-fashioned to you, but your father and I used to find him right in the town. There was a soft scratching at the windows. This didn't bother me. Those were the small birds. Or the hawks who put up sheets of metal. That meant nails, and the nails were in the car. Still, I had the snips. There were so many things to do. Fortifications to erect. A pan of defense to follow. Abtide. The barbed wire stands in the hole. I intend to nail it across the outside of the windows. I don't think they will be able to get through that. And the galvanized metal is cut to size. When I get the nails, I will put it up. I'm becoming distressed about the main door. The falcons, the hawks, the birds of prey continue to dig at it. But if we can't but survive this phase of the attack, we may make out. We have food and fuel for a week. But with each new attack, they grow more intelligent. Their numbers are increasing steadily. When will it end? How will it end? And as I sit here staring at the pages I have written, I cannot have wondering why, why the Almighty has decreed that this is to be the end. Is this the entire manuscript, Jenkins? Yes, sir. That's all there is. Well, you're our editor. Will you make of it? I'm not quite sure, sir. I wish I could talk with the author about it, but as I told you, the story was submitted with no address. I haven't been able to find a trace of John Wait. Doubtedly, he's one of those curious shabby fellows who live in Squawong. Great prophetic visions you know of. That's it, sir. What? Prophetic. That's what the story is. Almost a warning. What way, Jenkins? Well, sir, I think it has to do with nature and her system of checks and balances. You see, what he's saying is that a man with his ever-recurring wars, his new weapons of destruction, threatens to destroy not only himself, but all forms of life. And nature might find a way to prevent this. By wiping out man, you mean? Getting rid of him? Yes, sir. Nature, or the Almighty, call it what you will, just isn't going to allow all life to come to an end. And so, through the birds, it will quite simply take care of the situation. Hmm. Yes, Jenkins, perhaps that's it. Perhaps? Who knows? Now, once again, here is our star, Mr. Herbert Marshall. You know, Don, it was a pleasure doing a story as odd as the bird, even though I do think you'll build me incorrectly. What do you mean, Bart? First of all, I was scared to the star of the piece when you considered the gulls and the guannets. Villains that they wear, they ran the whole show. Well, I suppose you're right, Bart, but after all, we couldn't build a bird. Build a bird, indeed. You made me say it, Bart, but seriously, you still like birds, don't you? Oh, of course I do. But now I understand something I never did before. What's that? You remember during the war we had airplane spotters, men and women, too, who spent hours canning the skies before the enemy? Oh, yes, yes, of course. Well, tonight I think I've at last discovered what bird watches are for. Well, I'd give up. But anyway, thank you, Herbert Marshall, for being with us tonight. It was a great pleasure. Good night, everybody. Tonight, you've heard Daphne du Maurier's terrifying tale, The Birds, especially adapted for the summer theater by James Pohl and starring Mr. Herbert Marshall. Beatured in the cast were Betty Lou Gearsen as Meg, Laurie Gordon as Dobbs, Betty Harford as Jill, Herb Butterfield as the publisher, William Johnstone as the editor, Tudor Owen as the shopkeeper, Ben Wright and Alistair Duncan as BBC announcer. Our producer-director is Fred McCarr. Herbert Marshall may shortly be seen in Riders to the Stars, a United Artists release. Now, this is your host, Don Wilson, reminding you to be with us again next week at the same time when the summer theater will present One Foot in Heaven by Hartzell Spence, and the star will be Mr. Dana Andrews. This is the CD-AS radio network.


During Linux installation, you are given a lot of choice over how your system is configured and this is true no matter what distribution you choose. Now, while it is true that if you choose certain distributions, you're going to have a lot more freedom of choice than if you use something like Ubuntu. There is still some level of choice every user is given, no matter what distribution they choose. So if you want to install, say, the codecs for a distribution, a lot of times you're offered the choice to do just that. A lot of times you're given the choice of whether or not you want to do updates during installation. There's just a ton of different choices that you need to make and while the choices do differ between distributions, one of the choices that you need to make during installation, no matter which distribution you choose, is how you want your system partitioned. Now, for the vast majority of people, chances are you're just going to have the installer of whatever distribution you've chosen do the partitioning for you. Now, there's nothing wrong with this. This isn't the way I usually work. It's just simply way easier just to say, hey, install this thing on the whole disk, do your thing and be done with it. Just move on, have it installed and start, you know, setting up and moving on and using your computer. But it's not always the best choice. So if you want to be more decisive on how your computer is set up in terms of partitions, where your data goes, where your apps are stored and all of that kind of stuff, one of the things that you can do is manually partition your drive. And this is actually not as complicated or as scary as it might seem at first look, because most of the distributions that you're going to use have tools that make this very simple. Usually the installer includes its very own partition manager and you can just hop in there, make your changes and move on. It's really not that scary. There are a few things obviously that you need to keep in mind. First, you need to always, and I mean absolutely always make sure you're partitioning the right drive. If you have multiple drives connected to your computer, and you happen to partition the wrong drive, all the data on that drive is going to be gone. And this is always one of the biggest fears I have because I have like six disks connected to my computer. And if I were to delete one of them, it would be kind of devastating. But I've gotten into the habit of always making sure that I'm partitioning the correct drive before I've made any permanent changes. So that's the first thing you have to keep in mind. And it's absolutely the most dangerous thing about anything that we're going to talk about today. As long as you make sure you've done that step, you're going to be just fine. Now the second thing that you'll need to know in order to do this right, you need to know whether or not you're using UEFI or you're using BIOS, because it does change a little bit depending on which one you're doing. Now, one of the things I'm going to show you today is how to do this on BIOS. And I will mention along the way how you should do this on UEFI. Unfortunately, I can't show you because I don't use UEFI. So doing it even a virtual machine seems to be impossible. I'm sure there's probably a way. I just don't know how to do it in a virtual machine without having UEFI on the host. But anyways, the point is that you should know going in which one of those you're going to use so that you can make the appropriate choices as you go along. So I'm going to actually show you how to do this twice because there are a couple of differences depending on what installer you're using. So while I'm not going to be able to cover every single installer out there that would take forever, I'm going to choose the most popular ones. So I'm going to show you in the Ubuntu installer and I'm going to then show you the Calamari's installer, which is used by a lot of distributions, Manjaro, Kubuntu, Arco, the Ruda, you get the point. So let's before we jump in, ask this question, why would you want to do this? And the answer to that question is for multiple reasons. First, it allows you to have more control over where your data is stored. So that might be important to you. But also it allows you to segment your data so that if something happens with your root partition, if something happens with your distro and it goes wonky, your home partition will then be separated from that and you can usually just get that data back very easily. It also allows you to hop to different distros way easier because you can always just take that home partition and transfer it right to the new distribution just like it was made for it. It's just really simple. There are other reasons as well, things like controlling your size of your home partition, things like naming your home partition, if that's something that you wanted to do. There's just a ton of reasons why you'd want to do this instead of having the installer manually partition for you. So let's go ahead now and jump right into this process. We're going to start with Ubuntu. Okay, so here we are in Ubuntu 21.10. Now, I just chose 21.10 because that was the ISO that I actually had on hand. This will work pretty much in every single Ubuntu that you would have access to. Let me just put it that way. They've used this installer for literally ever and I don't think that even when they switch to the new installer, this process will change out that much. So if you're watching this video say a year from now and they've switched to the new installer, first of all, you may not even know that the installer is new, but if they have done that, the process should be exactly the same. So what we're going to do here is click on the install icon and chances are you probably won't even have to do that. If you have booted into the live ISO, say install Ubuntu and it'll take you to this exact screen, I just happened to be in the trial mode. So we're going to run through this real quick. So let's say continue. That's the fine language. That's a fine keyboard layout. And then we will choose just normal installation. It doesn't really matter the choices we're making here. You choose whatever makes sense to you in these questions here. Just answer the ones that are right for you. So here's where we're going to do our stuff. So under normal situations, like I said at the beginning, most people are just going to choose option one here. It will allow the installer to erase the entire desk and install Ubuntu on the entire desk. And in some situations, some installers will just take it and they'll put the root home, all that stuff right on the same partition. And that's just the way it goes. In some installers, they'll create smaller partitions for things like swap. It's not always a guaranteed. If you go through the calamari's installation, you'll see that sometimes they create even larger versions of swap and they give you an option for swap in this particular part of the installer. But that's for people who just want to do the absolute easiest way. For us today, we're going to choose something else. So then we're going to hit continue. And this is the Ubuntu partition manager. Now, for the most part, they've just kind of replicated what you get in a tool like G-Parted or KDE partition manager or GNOME disks or something like that. The UIs may change, but the functionality is for the most part exactly the same. So the first thing you'll need to do, again, like I said, make sure you're choosing the device that you want to partition. If you have multiple drives on there, you're going to have an option for multiple drives. You'll want to make sure you choose the right one. Unfortunately, I can't show you that because I have one drive in this VM. So you'll want to make sure, again, that you're using the appropriate drive. So if you don't know which drive you're using or that you need to partition, you can find out in several ways.  So open up a terminal if you need to find the drive information and do lsblk. Just like so. And you'll see a list of all your drives. Ignore the loopback devices. Just appear because of snaps. Thank you, Ubuntu. But once you get to that, you'll see several things underneath that that will tell you the size of the drives that you have. Some of them will probably have partitions if you have multiple drives. And you just want to look for the one that you know has the appropriate size. That's probably the best way to identify which drive you're needing to partition because you probably know exactly how big that drive happens to be. If you don't know what size that drive is or you have multiple drives of that size, then it's going to be a little bit more tricky and you're going to have to do a little bit of investigation in terms of what device you actually want to partition. This is not a unique problem to manually partitioning. If you go back to this part here and you choose this option, you're still going to be asked what disk do you want to install Ubuntu on, so you're going to have to make this choice either way. I just want to be very explicit and make sure that you know exactly what you're doing on what device you're doing it so that you don't come to regret doing anything manual here because if you accidentally partition the wrong drive, you'll lose data. So I highly recommend if you're going to do this, back up your stuff. That way, just in case you do make the wrong choice, you're not going to be sad later. So let's go ahead and hit something else again. We'll go back here. So the first thing I want to do is select the drive we're going to do. In this case, we're doing and you can see in our list of here, that's our biggest drive. So that's the one we're going to want to partition. It's obviously our only drive in this case. So we can close that. So the first thing I want to do is hit new partition table.  It's just making sure that, again, you're choosing the right drive and that if you do proceed, you're going to wipe the entire drive. All the partitions will be removed. So we're in this case, we're going to go ahead and hit continue. You'll notice through this whole thing is that at certain points, Ubuntu will warn you over certain things.  Are you sure? That gives you an option to make sure you check your work. So what that basically did, that new partition table is it allows you to actually create new partitions. In this case, we have one big, gigantic partition that says free space. It's the entire size of the disk. Now, the first thing you'll want to do, and remember this is something we talked about at the beginning, is we're going to want to create a partition for our boot loader, or our boot manager. In this case, it's going to be grub, and it's going to be a little bit different depending on what your computer is and what you're using. So if you're using legacy BIOS, we're going to create a small partition for grub. It's just going to be very easy, and we're going to, we'll warn you if you don't do this. It doesn't need to be very big. About three megabytes is usually what I make it. So in this case, we're going to hit this plus icon here, and we're going to make this three megabytes. So we'll just do that. Actually, let's go ahead and make it four. I don't know why I decided to make it four. I think it's what I used before. Three or four megabytes doesn't have to be, again, very big. Grub is not very large. And then here under this dropdown where it says use as, you want to choose reserve BIOS boot area. Now, some installers will do this automatically for you. Even if you're manually partitioning, they'll leave a certain amount of space free for the partition manager. I always do it manually just so that I know it's done. Now, here's where it's going to be different. This right here is for legacy BIOS. Okay. If you're using UEFI, you'll want to instead choose EFI system partition. Now, if you're using EFI or UEFI, the size of this one is going to be a little bit controversial because from what I've been able to find out and read is that it varies depending on what you're using. And the sizes that people use tend to vary. So I've seen people use 100 megabytes. I've seen some people use 500 megabytes. For me personally, I would always prefer on giving it more megabytes than it probably needs. So in this case, I'm going to do 500 and you do something like that. And then you hit OK. For me, I'm going to go back to four and go back to reserve BIOS boot area. And then we're going to hit OK. It will do its thing here for a minute. Now, nothing has changed on the disk yet. The next thing we want to do is click the free space once again. Now, you'll notice that there's some free space at the beginning of the disk. Just ignore that. That seems to be something that happens a lot. There's not a lot you can do about it. So let's just go ahead and hit this free space again. You always want to select the free space of the remaining disk. Hit the plus thing again. And now we're going to create a swap area. Now, the predominant idea in the Linux community is that you don't always need swap. And I think I kind of agree with that. I think I even made a video on it about whether or not you needed swap or not. And my response to the whole idea whether you need swap or not is it's really up to you. It really depends on how much memory you have. If you have eight gigabytes, you'll want some swap. If you have 64 gigabytes, chances are you probably don't need it. But it's always good to have. It's one of those things where it's kind of an insurance policy. If you don't know what swap is, it's basically extra memory. That's very simplified, but it's basically what it is. Some applications use it even if you don't need extra memory for certain calculations and stuff like that. So it's always a good idea to have some. So in this case, I'm going to create a two gigabyte swap area. So I'm going to type in 2048, which is two gigabytes the last time I checked. And then again, in the US use as dropdown, I'm going to choose swap area. And then I'm going to hit OK. It will do its thing again. And again, nothing has actually changed. It's just updating the list. We're going to select free space again. And now here's where we're going to choose the root partition. It's going to house everything Linux. It's going to house everything except for the bootloader. And it's going to house all the other directories. So Etsy, VAR, user, all those things been. That's where all this stuff is going to go. And you want it to be a fairly good size because it's also going to be where you install your applications. Probably again, for the most part, if you're using app images, chances are some of those will go on your home directory. But if you're installing from app, or you're installing from snap, whatever, those all install in the root partition. So you'll again want to make sure that it's fairly good sized because once you partitioned, you can't make it bigger. So you'll want to give it, like I said, a good amount of space. I'm going to choose 10,000 megabytes. So just like this, that's one too many zeros. That would have not have worked at all. So in order to do this, what we're going to want to choose is EXT4. You want to make sure that if you're adventurous, you could choose Butterfest or you could choose something like XFS if that's what you want to do. I'm just going to go ahead with good old fashioned EXT4 in this case. And then the next thing you want to do is change the mount point. So you'll want to choose this as root. Okay, and then hit OK. And then the last thing you'll want to do is create your home partition. So you want to select this free space again, hit plus. This time we're not going to change the size because we want it to be the rest of the disk. And then we want to go ahead and again, we're going to leave this EXT4. We're going to choose the drop down and we're going to choose home. And then OK. And that's all there is to it. Now, this last drop down here is just for where the boot loader is going to be. You'll just want to make sure that it's on the top of the disk. So in this case, we want to slash dev slash VDA. If you're on a computer that has just a regular hard drive and it just one hard drive, chances are it's going to be slash dev slash SDA. You'll not want to have it as one of the numbers. You'll want to make sure that it's at the top. So then we're going to go ahead and hit install now. It's going to warn you that there's no EFI system partition found. So this is going to be perfectly OK if you're on legacy BIOS. If you're on UEFI and it comes up with this and you haven't created that UFI partition. Like I showed you earlier, this is going to remind you to go back and do it. You may have the time to start over. If you do it up and to start over, hit revert and just start over the process. If you're using legacy BIOS, it's going to come up and warn you no matter what. Just going to hit continue. It's going to ask you if these changes are OK. This is where it becomes permanent. OK, so you want to make sure that again that you've done everything you need to do on the disk that you need to do it. So you read makes you got the right disk that you have the appropriate partitions. And then you can go ahead and hit continue. And then it'll take you through the rest of installation. So the time zone, which is fine. You'll enter your credentials like so. And then you'll enter a very strong and complicated password and you'll hit continue. Then it will install. Now I will say that manually partitioning usually takes a little bit longer than letting the installer partition for you. So be prepared for this to take a few extra minutes. I'm going to cut the video here and we'll come back when it's done. And I'll show you the outcome. OK, now that that's done, we've seen that the installation has succeeded. We'll hit the restart button. We'll let the system restart. And if everything went correctly here, we'll see the logo and we'll know that everything's working just fine. Now Ubuntu will not show you grub. If you are on a disk that just has Ubuntu on it, it's just going to skip right over grub altogether. If you have another distro or windows on the same drive, it will then show you a bootloader. If it's the only thing on there, then it'll just skip over the bootloader altogether. So we'll enter our password here and we'll just very quickly run through this. We don't need to read any of this stuff because this is the same stuff that's always there. We'll open a terminal LSBLK and we'll see here now that our VDA drive has been split into four different ones. We have our swap partition, our root partition and our home partition. That is how you manually partition Ubuntu. Now let's go ahead and move on to a distribution that uses the Calamari's installer. OK, so this is the Calamari's installer and this particular installer happens to be for zero Linux, the KDE version. And it really doesn't matter what distribution you're using that happens to use the Calamari's installer. They're all pretty much the same in design. Now some of them will have extra pages whether or not they're going to have you choose some specific software, whatever. That's not really what we're here for today. What we're going to end up doing is getting to this partitions part, which we'll do really quick here. And then I'll show you again how to partition manually so you have a separate home partition. So I'm going to run through this real quick. OK, so this is the page that you're going to want to know about if you're going to do this. So again, make sure you're choosing the right disk. In this case, you're actually going to get a little bit more information than you will with the Ubuntu stuff. So it's going to tell you that in this case, we're using BIOS. So you're not going to need to do the UEFI stuff if it shows you're using BIOS here. It also gives you a dropdown for the disks that are in your system, whether you have more than one disk or not. So in the Ubuntu one, it will only show you a dropdown for that if you have multiple disks. In this case, it will show that dropdown whether you have more disks or not. In this case, we still only have the one, so it selects that automatically. So again, for the most people, you're just going to hit this erase disk option. You can choose whether I had to swap what file system you want to use, whatever. In our case, we're going to do manual partitioning and then we're going to hit next. So again, this looks almost identical to what we did just did with Ubuntu. So the process is almost exactly the same. Again, it's going to ask you make sure you're choosing the right disk up here at the top. We're going to hit new partition table and here's something that's a little bit different. So in this case, I'm going to choose MBR. So that's just because I am using BIOS MBR is the appropriate type of partition we want to create. If you're using UEFI, you have to choose GUID. In this case, it's called GPT and you'll want to just choose that because that's what you'll have to do if you are on UEFI. Now, in the Ubuntu section, I'm not sure if it does that for you automatically or not. I can't honestly tell you I think that it does. But again, there may be an option for when you're actually on a UEFI system for you to choose that. Unfortunately, it doesn't show you that unless you're actually on a UEFI system. So in this case, we're just going to choose MBR. If you're using UEFI, you would choose GPT. So we're going to OK. We're going to select free space. We're going to hit instead of a plus in this situation, we're just going to hit create. So we're going to choose now to create that BIOS section. So we're going to choose the BIOS grub thing right here. And again, I'm going to make it four megabytes, five, I guess, because I hit five. It's fine. And in this case, we're going to want to make sure that thing is EXT4. So we're just going to make sure that it's EXT4. I'm not sure what Butterfest would actually do. So we're just going to make sure it's EXT4. And then we're going to want to hit OK. Now we're going to want to choose the free space again, hit create. And we're going to want to create a 2048 megabyte swap section. So we're just going to 2048 megabytes. In this case, we're going to choose Linux swap as the file system. And we're going to want to make sure that this is flagged as swap. So we'll check this down here. And OK. And then we're going to want to hit free space again, hit create. And in this case, we're going to want to make a 10,000 megabyte partition. And this is going to be our root partition. And again, I'm going to choose EXT4 just to be consistent. So we'll hit this. We're going to want to then choose the mount point, which is going to be brute. OK. And we're going to want to flag that as root down here at the bottom. Hit check. And OK. And then the next thing we want to do is create our home partition. So we'll select free space again. Hit create. We're going to leave that. The rest of the space goes to the home partition. We're going to again select EXT4. We're going to choose the mount point of home in this case. And we're going to scroll down here. I don't think we actually have to choose anything from here in terms of flags. I think that that just stays as home. So that's going to be perfectly fine for now. So we're going to go ahead and hit OK. And then we're done. So we're going to make sure that the master boot record in this case, because we're using legacy BIOS is on the appropriate thing. So slash dev slash SDA slamed the same thing as on Ubuntu. We're going to hit next. And it's going to tell you again, it's basically the same warning that Ubuntu gives you that a GPT partition table is best for most systems. I'm using master boot record. You can choose GPT for either legacy BIOS or UFI. If you just want to do that, it works exactly the same. You're only forced to use GPT if you are on UFI. So we're going to go ahead and hit OK. It should work just fine. We're going to enter credentials here. This is all fine. We're going to enter that very strong password again. And we're going to hit next. And we're going to hit install. And we're going to hit install now. OK, now that that's done, we're going to go ahead again and hit the restart button here. And we'll see if it worked. Hopefully it did. And we have grubs. So it looks like it's probably going to work just fine. Which is good. Always makes me relieved when we get 45 minutes into a video. Granted that was record time. And it actually worked because I only tested it on Ubuntu. So I want to make sure we're actually there. So we have a fully installed system. I'm not going to. We're just going to ignore that. We'll wait for Katie to actually start up here. We'll open up a terminal here and you can. We'll do LSBLK again. If that goes away, get out of the way. LSBLK. There we go. And we can see again. We have a four part drive, just like we did in Ubuntu. We have the swap. We have the root. And we have the home. So that is how you use the partition manager on a Calamari's based installer. Now, let's just say you're installing a distribution that doesn't use either of these installers. There's a good chance of it. So what would you do? Well, the answer to that is that for the most part, the process is going to be exactly the same. The only things that are going to change is what the UI of the partition manager actually looks like. So if you're using something like Fedora that has its own partition manager, you would do it through there. Again, it's just going to look a little bit different. The process should remain exactly the same. The only place where you're going to have problems is if you're installing something that doesn't use a GUI installer.  So if you're going to be, you're probably going to use something like fdisk or CF disk or something like that. The ideas are still going to be the same. You're still going to want to create those partitions that you need to create, whether you're using UEFI or legacy BIOS, and you'll just need to do it in a different place. So in that case, you're going to be, again, using something that is terminal based in order to do the partition manager. It's going to work a little bit differently, but the concept is at least exactly the same. So that is it for this video. It was a long one, so I hope you enjoyed it. If you have questions, you can leave those in the comment section below. I will try to answer them now. You probably noticed that I'm not as familiar with UEFI as they probably should be. I know that that is going the way of the dodo, and I need to, you know, buck up on that information, and I plan on doing that. But so far, for the most part, I just have always used legacy BIOS. So my knowledge isn't as deep when it comes to UEFI. I've tried, I've hope I've explained those things as well as I possibly can. If you have questions, leave them in the comment section below. If I can't answer it, someone else probably will be able to answer it. So just leave those down there. If you liked this video, make sure you hit the subscribe button. I do these kind of things every once in a while where I just sit down and do a really good tutorial or what I hope to be a really good tutorial. So if you don't want to miss that, hit the subscribe button. You can follow me on Twitter at the Linuxcast. You can support me on Patreon at patreon.com. Thanks everybody for watching. I'll see you next time.


I will be speaking a little bit about hyperplastic left-hat syndrome. So it is a spectrum of malformations and there is significant under development of left ventricle and LVOT which causes decreased systemic cardiac output. The incidence is almost 0.1 to 0.2 per thousand live birds with little male preponderance. So normally in this lie diagram we can see that the cavity of the left ventricle is very small and there is very thinning out of the left ventricle output tract. This is present in two main forms. In one form there is atresia of both mitral and aortic valve with practically no communication between left atrium and left ventricle and nearly absent or severe hyperplastic left ventricle. In the second form there is visible left ventricle which has hyper-equic walls. It is globular in shape and shows poor contractility in association with severe stenosis or atresia of aortic valve. It is a sequelae of critical aortic stenosis. So in ultrasound what we see in the fourth chamber in the first form we will see small hypokinetic left ventricle which shows decreased contraction and this is better appreciated on M mode. Typically the apex is formed by the right ventricle which is a very important point of this disease. There is minimal or no flow through mitral valve, LA is small in size and flap of foramen ovale we will see it showing two and four movement between left atrium and right atrium and typically the pulmonary vein has findings and because the pulmonary vein flow is directed into the left atrium but it cannot go through the mitral valve so it goes either through the right atrium or reverses back in the pulmonary veins. So the pulmonary vein will show reversal of flow. In pulse Doppler we can see there is characteristic and diastolic pronounced A wave reversal which is due to increased LA pressure but this might be absent in case of wide foramen ovale. In the second form there is dilated globular left ventricle with ecogenic walls due to fibro elastosis and this also shows decreased contractility. It is like this because this is a sequelae of aortic stenosis which later develops into critical aortic stenosis and then there is no forward flow and LA may be dilated due to presence of mitral regurgitation. In five chamber view or the LVOT view there is absent or narrow ascending aorta and flow across LVOT is not visible. In three vessel and three vessel trachea view we can see dilated pulmonary artery which is a compensatory mechanism and non-visible or hyperplastic transverse arch is there and the typical finding is that there is reversal flow in the transverse arch. HLHS can be diagnosed in first trimester also where we can see that instead of two parallel flows we will be able to see only flow through the right heart but if there is a normal heart in the first trimester it doesn't mean that it cannot develop later into HLHS. So it can also be seen later even if it is normal in the first trimester. So there is chromosomal abnormality associated in four to five percent of cases and majority are terminal trisomy 13 and 18 and some of the syndromes may be associated which are non-Smith-Lemley opposite syndrome and Holterarm and extracardic anomalies can be seen in 10 to 25 percent of cases and there can be growth restriction due to decreased cardiac output. So coming to some of the images in this we can see that there is dilated right atrium right ventricle whereas the left ventricle is very small in size and typically if we see that the apex is formed by the right ventricle and in the diastole we can see that the tricuspid valve is opening but there is no opening of the mitral valve it is thickened and ecogenic. In the color flow the finding can be confirmed that there is no forward flow through the mitral valve and in the three vessel trachea view we can see dilated pulmonary artery and a very narrow transverse arch which shows reversal of flow this is another case where we can see almost absent left ventricle which is just not visible and dilated right ventricle and right atrium and another point here is that the stomach is on the opposite side so this is a case of Cytus ambiguous as well and this we can see in the color flow as well that there is univentricular flow only. If you look at this a heart the four chamber doesn't look that grossly abnormal but if you look carefully then we can see one thing that the left ventricle is not showing contraction there is only rocking movement of the left ventricle the wall is ecogenic and the apex is formed by the right ventricle and if we look at the trachea spit wall there is good movement of the trachea spit wall which is visible but hardly any movement in the mitral valve and the finding can be confirmed in the color flow where we can see good flow in the right heart but not forward flow through the mitral valve and we can see a small regurgitant jet through the mitral valve and in the TUI we can see all the findings together where there is forward flow in the right ventricle and reversal in the transverse arch so this was a case of a second form and another similar kind of case where left ventricle is very small in size with very thick and ecogenic walls and in color flow we can see flow through the right heart but no flow through the left and apex is formed by the right ventricle and dilated pulmonary artery and reversal can be seen in the transverse arch and in this we can see prominent pulmonary veins and no forward flow through the mitral valve it has a very poor prognosis because of very under development of left ventricle and LVOT if aorta is thread like then there is no hope for the surgery if aortic caliber is more than 2 millimeter surgery can be recommended. However still there is 55% survival at the end of first year so it has to be differentiated with some other anomalies such as coctation of aorta critical aortic stenosis, mitral atrasia with BSD, unbalanced AVSD, DORV and CCDGA so presenting some of the cases here you can see that the left ventricle is very small in size and the mitral valve is thick and ecogenic and we do not see any opening of the flap whereas the right heart is grossly dilated and some arrhythmia is also noted a flap of the foramine oval is opening into the right atrium and no forward flow is seen in the color Doppler through the left heart and in this particular case both the outflows were arising from the right ventricle so this was a case of mitral atrasia with BORV in this case we can see that there is thick and ecogenic mitral valve whereas tricuspid valve looked normal because on sine we can see good movement in the right ventricle but almost no movement in the mitral valve and on this color Doppler we could see flow through the right heart so this was a case of mitral atrasia with VSD the size of left ventricle was due to presence of VSD and it was getting flow through the right ventricle in this case also we can see a large VSD present here right heart is dilated whereas left heart is quite small in size and we can see the tricuspid valve is opening normally but no opening of the mitral valve is visible and on color flow we can see flow through the right heart but no flow through the left heart and here also the left ventricle is getting flow from the right ventricle through VSD and in the three vessel trachea view we can see dilated pulmonary artery very narrow transverse arch but there is no reversal so this is a case of mitral atrasia with coactation of aorta thank you so much


This trustee August is hotter than ever at Appalachian Wireless, as they are slashing all normal contract pricing on all smartphones by 50% when you sign up for service. Better service, bigger saving, serving you for the last 25 years at Appalachian Wireless. Like the rest of the state of West Virginia, Mingo County is experiencing a budget crisis. The Mingo County Commission held a special meeting Thursday in order to try to offset some financial burdens the county is facing. After losing $800,000 in coal severance money and property taxes, the county is expected to run out of money in September. That's after transferring the rainy day fund into general funds. The county commission has tried to have foresight. That's why we had the maximum amount maintained in our rainy day fund for the past two fiscal years. We have cut elected officials' budgets. We have cut the county commission's budget drastically. Unfortunately, through this downturn, as county commissioners, we have had to lay off well in excess of 20 people. During Thursday's meeting, 16 county parking spaces were canceled, court-martial duties were lessened, the fiduciary commissioner and assistant were done away with as well as the recreation director. Two employees, a maintenance worker and IT worker were switched from full-time to part-time with no benefits. And the sheriff's department will undergo a 30-day trial period of having assigned area parking spaces instead of driving their cruisers home. It's very difficult to set across from an employee who has been a good employee and has done nothing wrong to tell them that the funding is not there to continue their employment with the county. The layoffs will be in effect starting September 1. The next MINGO County Commission meeting will take place September 7. Reporting in Williamson for EKB News, I'm Shelby Steele.