What is a computer? Simple, one of these, right? Or if you're young, you might think one of these. Or this. The truth is, these days, computers are all around us. But if we want to understand the modern computer, we have to understand that it really is on the cloud. Every time you search Google for an answer, check on news of your friends on Facebook, look up directions on how to go somewhere on Google Maps, or enjoy cute cat photos and videos online. You are sending data to the cloud. It's processing that data, and then it's sending back recommendations. In fact, every second, we send 230 terabits of data to the cloud. That's equivalent to 5,000 HD movies. But the cloud isn't made up of water vapor.  And it's important to know this, because these warehouses of servers are what make the modern world work. In 2001, cloud computing didn't exist. By 2021, 95% of all cloud computing will take place on the cloud. It's a $150 billion industry. And it's dominated by some household names, Facebook, Amazon, Microsoft, and Google. So it's time to understand what actually happens in a cloud data center. Let's start with its building block, the server rack. Each rack has 20 to 50 servers. And a single data center has 1 to 2,000 racks. They're all connected together to make one giant computer. It costs $1 billion to make one cloud data center. The way that they work as one big machine is that Google, for example, might store your history of looking at cat photos and videos on this server over here. And store your location history from Google Maps on that server over there. You might be typing into your phone that you're looking for a cafe where you can meet up with your friends later. And this means that Google has an opportunity to show you an advertisement. So a third server might pull your cat video history and your location history and process that information through algorithms to decide to show you an advertisement for Musti Yamiri, a local pet store here in Helsinki, where you may want to pick up dinner for your own cat while you're out. So these warehouse scale data centers are very good at processing huge amounts of information to make smart recommendations and send them to your own personal portal to the cloud, your smartphone. But the crazy fact is that 80% of the time, the chips inside that data center are idling, waiting for data. And that's a problem because they use almost as much energy while they're idling as they do when they're working. Data centers today emit as much CO2 as the global airline industry. And by 2025, one-fifth of Earth's power will be used by data centers. So why is it that processors are idling most of the time? And how do we fix it? To understand, let's take a look inside one of these building blocks, a single server. A typical server housed in a server rack has two processor chips in it, and each is surrounded by memory chips. It turns out that this way of architecting servers isn't too different from how your home computer is built. And since all we're doing is stringing together hundreds of thousands of servers that were designed based on an architecture developed decades ago for a very different purpose, it turns out that moving data between all of those chips is really tough. So they spend most of their time waiting for data. In the past, when we've wanted to improve our computing capacity, we've done that by growing the computing power that we have on a chip. One of the co-founders of Intel, Gordon Moore, predicted decades ago that we would double the amount of computing power that we have on chips every two years, leading to exponential growth in the amount of computing power that we have available to us over time. That prediction, known as Moore's Law, has turned out to be true. And it made the exponential improvements that we've experienced as a society seem so predictable that they feel commonplace. But the scary truth today is that Moore's Law is running out of steam. The building blocks that we make chips out of, transistors, are getting to be close to the size of individual atoms. And it's pretty tough to make them any smaller. So to improve our computers, we have to figure out new ways to improve our chips, besides making transistors smaller. Moore than Moore refers to solving any problem in computer chips besides that of making transistors smaller. And today, in this era of big data, the biggest problem that we need to solve with Moore than Moore technologies is in moving data between chips and figuring out how to solve the choke point in moving that data that exists today. Data comes in and out of chips through copper pins and travels across copper traces and copper cables to other chips. The technology that carries data across those pins has been improving over time. But this year, experts reached a consensus that we have reached the physical limit of how much data can be sent across copper. What's more, as data bandwidths increase, there's a fundamental trade-off in how far you can send that data. By 2020, we'll be sending data at such high bandwidths across copper channels that we won't be able to send it more than a few millimeters. So how can we continue to scale our data centers when we've reached the physical limits of copper? Light can be the solution. We already communicate across fiber optic cables to move data long distances when we bring internet to our homes and to our businesses. Using light removes the trade-off between how much data you can send at a time, bandwidth, and how far you can send it. Copper channels today max out at three meters, whereas a fiber optic channel can transmit data at three kilometers. And using light can remove the choke hold that copper has on how much data we can send between two chips, because we can use many colors of light on a single fiber, transmitting one channel of data per color of light. This gives us a new lever to scale up bandwidths in moving data between chips. The key to being able to use this technology inside data center servers is to figure out how to get silicon processor chips to communicate using light instead of electricity. What would using light to move data inside servers mean for our cloud data center with all these idling chips? Well, it turns out that light is the key that unlocks our ability to architect data centers and computers for the era of the cloud. What if, rather than having this decades old architecture of processors surrounded by memory, we could have vast pools of processors and vast pools of memory and dynamically allocate our jobs across those pools, making full use of the processing power that we have? This concept is called a Disaggregated Data Center Architecture.  Making bigger pools of these resources makes it possible to allocate jobs across these pools more dynamically. And the end result is much higher utilization of the processing power that you have. With the copper chokehold of today, that architecture is impossible to build. We just can't move enough data quickly enough across the interconnect network to make this concept work. But with light, this concept can become a reality. In 2015, researchers collaborating at MIT, UC Berkeley, and University of Colorado Boulder made the world's first processor to communicate using light. The result was published in the preeminent research journal, Nature. That same year, I convinced those researchers to start a company with me so we could get this technology out into the world. We called it IR Labs. Over the past three years, we've developed the technology so that it's now demonstrating 10x improvements in speed and energy efficiency when compared to copper. What does this mean for our idling processors? Well, if we can cut the amount of time that processors spend idling in half, we can change this statistic to something much more reasonable and will not only be making computers more efficient, we'll also be making them more powerful. This means not only easier decision-making for getting you to the pet store so you can feed your adorable cat, but it also means more powerful computers so that we can help autonomous vehicles make smarter decisions more quickly, keeping their passengers and pedestrians safe. It means we can make more powerful models to predict hurricane paths and be able to run those models quickly enough on our computers so that their results are useful before the hurricanes hit. And we can make full use of the extraordinary amounts of genetic and health information that we're collecting today to design cures more quickly. My prediction is that in 10 years, all cloud computer chips will communicate using light. Let's build a computing future that we can be proud of. Thank you.


I think we started pretty well. We did a good job in the first minutes and then we kind of lost the momentum. They were getting stronger and we didn't respond to this and in the end I think it was deserved that Perth won this game. And we have to learn from this. We again started well but then we have to have this consistency over the whole game. On one side we can win against anyone in this league but at the same time we can lose against anyone at the moment. That's how we have to handle this. We have to look from game to game. That's what we always do. I don't care about the latter. We want to get six points now from the last two games and if we do this we have a good chance to get into the playoffs. If not then we did everything we can and we will see. They will be motivated. It's their goal to go to the playoffs and they have an experienced team. They have good players and we have to be careful. We can't be naive and go there and think we can handle this with these. We have to fight. We have to be prepared for this and they will be motivated.


All right, today it's time for another book review. A classic. A classic in the running literature. The Serious Runner's Handbook by Tom Osler. So I think I first saw this book mentioned on Facebook in some running group that I was, that I mean some people were talking about it and it intrigued me. I kind of like, you know, old stuff, old school classics, that sort of thing. And yeah, this one was certainly in that category. Let's see when it's from 1978. So that's 40 years ago. So that's a while. Excellent book, though. Still, you know, current today. What I really like about this book is the style. It's essentially a Q&A. It's just one long Q&A. Answers to hundreds of your running questions. So you never get bored because it's basically just like this. Questions and answers style. So there's question number 43, and then he answers it. Question number 44, he answers it. And then there are obviously there's different chapters with different focus. We can, I can tell you the chapter names. So there's three parts. The first part is called training smartly. The second is staying healthy. And the third is racing quickly. So training, racing, and just staying healthy while running. So things like base and sharpening work, planning a base schedule, planning a sharpening schedule, a peaking basically. Injuries and illnesses, choosing and changing shoes, eating and drinking, hot, cold, wet, techniques and tactics, racing the marathon, racing an ultra marathon, etc. And currently I'm reading The Lore of Running by Timothy Nokes, excellent book. And he's actually referring to Tom also a few times as a pioneer somewhat of some of the ideas. You know, there are some of the big guys within running. People like Arthur Liddiard, Jack Daniels, people that are really Pete Fitzinger, people that are really, you know, pioneered certain ways of thinking in terms of training. Tom also is one of those guys pretty much has a lot of cool ideas. Some of the cool questions in here are things like, is it necessary to follow the schedule religiously? If I feel tired before running, should I just skip that workout? Why is it important to begin with the relatively low mileage? In a nutshell, what are Liddiard's main ideas? How do you run at an easy pace? What should I eat before a race? Lots of good questions. I like his style, simple, straight to the point. There's not much more to say really. I would say that any serious runner should consider getting this book. I mean, if you like reading and if you like learning like me, this is this is one of the cool little books that you might want to get. I'll put a link in the description. It's going to be an affiliate link and if you want to buy this book, you can click the link. I think it'll take you to Amazon where you could buy it. We'll get a little bit of a commission for sending you there, but the price remains the same for you. So that's just a great way of supporting the project if you're interested. I highly recommend the book. I mean, I go I go through a lot of running books and this one was certainly one of my favorites so far. Just it's so easy because I typically read in bed like before I go to sleep. And sometimes when there's like really long chapters in a book, I end up sort of having to well, I feel like I have to finish the chapter and I might end up reading a little bit too late. Or I have to cut it in like a middle of a chapter, which I don't really like that much. But with this book, because it's just questions. I mean, how many questions are there here? Let's see. 255 questions and answers. You can simply go from one question to the next and stop exactly when you feel like it. Highly recommended. Give this video a like if you like this review. Check out my playlist on other running reviews. I love doing these reviews. Thanks for watching. Please subscribe, of course, if you haven't done this already. I make videos about running, obviously. I make reviews of running books, gear, shoes and vlogs and all that kind of stuff. So hope you're having a good day. See you around.


Good morning to CMC Espresso. The German DAX index has proven yesterday that it doesn't yet have the strength to rise above 10,000 points. One would actually also not expect a bull market in stocks when there is an L-shaped recovery in the world economy. We are in a very late stage of the economic cycle. The economic expansion in the US, for example, is 83 months old and already the fourth largest in more than 150 years, and it started to show some signs of aging as corporate profits peak and wage pressures build. It also remains vulnerable to a shock because growth has been so feeble, averaging just around 2% since the last downturn ended in June of 2009. If the next president of the US is not going to have to face a recession, it will be a US record. Lawrence Summers, he is the former US Finance Minister, said that there is a chance for a recession in the US economy the next three years, and this chance and risk is bigger than 50-50, way bigger. Former International Monetary Fund official Desmond Lachman said that the Brexit vote for the UK to leave the European Union, a steeper then anticipated Chinese slowdown and a renewed recession in Japan are among potential developments that could trigger problems in the financial markets and in the world economy in the coming months. Growth is rare, only those companies selling their products mostly in a currency which happens to be weak or relative weak to others, those companies make money, others lose money. Look at Toyota, Toyota said annual net income will probably decline for the first time in five years, as currency swings that had spurred record profits now pose stiff headwinds and that is the strong yen. Net income may drop by 35%. If you look at the Eurozone, then we have a similar weak picture. Despite very low oil prices, despite a very low Euro, despite a post-austerity programs, there is no growth that would deserve the name. What happens when the US economy weakens again and falls into a recession? ECB's Vice President Vito Constancio tells us that the world economy was prey to secular forces that have lowered the long-term growth rates, making it even harder to overcome the deflationary hangover of accumulated debt. It might be the right thing when German Finance Minister Wolfgang Scheuble asked central banks to start finding ways to gradually raise their record low interest rates. At the end of the day, the earnings season was surprisingly strong, yes, but just because expectations were so low. It is a fact that earnings went down in the double digits. That only demonstrates how much the world economy still depends on loose monetary policy. As central banks drive by sight, market moves can anytime fall victim to sudden volatility spikes. That said, the low volatility on Wall Street might be delusive. Should the US Federal Reserve decide to re-engage its path to more normal rates, there might soon be a new thunderstorm coming back to financial markets.