I pray that you will continue to unite him so that he will be able to be used of you. Even for us that we shall put in time, energy and also all the efforts so that we will be able to learn. Thank you for this morning. Amen. Thank you Charles. And welcome everyone once again. I've just started the recording and see here. I don't want anybody to be locked out of the class. A lot of people are coming in. Okay. All right, so today we are shifting focus. We are. Last week we spent time on on the last two weeks on the scriptures. The authenticity, the accuracy of the scriptures. And today we are going to go forward into the changing focus. And we're going to spend time focusing on the person of Christ. Right. So we've spent the first part of our course on God creation, so on. Then we focused some lectures on the scriptures, the Bible. Trying to understand that. And then today we're going to shift focus, focus on the person of Christ and questions around the person. And so some of the things we want to understand is first of all, the uniqueness of Christ. That's what we'll be doing today. That is, why do we say Christ is unique? This is very important in our world today because when we talk about Christ as unique, he is the only way to salvation. He's the only savior. We have salvation only through him. Then immediately there is this backlash or response from the world in general that we are being intolerant that we are being, you know, close minded. We have an air of air of superiority. So whatever, whatever, all kinds of things that, you know, then we say Christ is unique and he's the only way to salvation. So we want to discuss that and try to understand that. And sadly in many parts of the Christian world, even among Christian leaders, there's been a compromise or a change in message from saying Jesus is one. From saying Jesus is the way he is the Messiah to, okay, he's one of the ways, you know, they're refusing to state categorically that he is unique. So sadly, there's been that change or sometimes there's even been a change into what we call as universalism.  He died for the sins of the whole world, so every human being is already saved. So, you know, people have tried to shift positions and talking about Christian leaders, theologically, because to stand by this fact that Christ is unique. First of all, you need to be convinced why he is unique and why he is the only way to salvation. And then it takes a lot of courage to, especially in today's world, to stand up and say Christ is unique. But I'm sure that even the apostles in the early church, it wasn't easy to stand up and say Christ is unique.  So to stand up there and say Christ is unique is the only way to salvation is very challenging. It was not easy for them and it's not easy for us today, but we need to be convinced on the uniqueness of Christ. So we're going to focus on that. And then secondly, we are, then we also want to talk subsequently on the resurrection of Christ. That, you know, how do we, we are here 2000 years later, we were not there when it happened. Or just after it happened, we are here 2000 years detached from that event that took place. So looking back, how do we piece evidence together? And from the information we have, and how do we substantiate the resurrection of Christ? So that would be another question to look at as concerned the person of Christ. Okay, so we're going to spend some time on that. And then we will move on into other topics like, you know, how do we present this unique Christ to a Hindu, unique Christ to a Muslim? Some thoughts on that. And then get into other topics that we want to have a section of, we will have a section on social issues. That is, how do we respond to some of the dominant teams that are affecting society? So we will take some time to respond to that. And then the last piece that we want to look at is how do you respond to the questions related to suffering? If there is a good God, you know, why did he let the pandemic happen? Why did so many lives get lost?  Why did so many lose their lives? You know, why is there suffering in this world? Why is there terrible sicknesses and diseases? All these questions. And so the question is related to suffering. That'll be a last topic. And then if we have time, you know, we'll just keep it open for any other things that might be of interest. So the course notes, the lecture notes for today's lectures are on your classwork section. And I'm just going to share it as we go through the lectures today. Is that all okay? You're all good? Everybody with me so far? The plan that we have in front of us? Okay. Nobody said yes. Someone's assuming it's a yes. Okay. All right. Oh, okay. But I just wanted to highlight certain things. Okay, I was just wondering how to do that. Anyway, let's try this out. Go ahead and share it. Let's see how this works. Anyway, so the lecture notes are there. And if I need to add a switch and I can have Tarun share this, but let's try this out for now. And so on the uniqueness of Christ, the person of Christ, right? So now some people have tried to dismiss the person of Christ. I hope people are still coming in. Hope they're coming. Some people have tried to dismiss the person of Christ by just dismissing his place in history. You know, that's quite a task because, you know, they try to say, well, Christ never existed in history. He was just a legend. He was just a story. He was just, you know, a figment of imagination that somebody came up with. Now that's a hard sell because historically the person of Christ, the fact that there was this person called Jesus of Nazareth, cannot be disputed. So there are at least 19 ancient sources that refer to Jesus Christ as a real person. So when somebody tries to just dismiss Christ as a legend, as a story, as a fable and not part of history, that doesn't happen. So, you know, and we have various, you know, historians that you could reference that who have confirmed or wrote about Christ from that period of time or close to that period of time. You know, they wrote, they recorded history.  Otherwise, why would, you know, why would somebody even think of dividing history prior to and after his life. And of course, sent it around that we want the modern days trying to rephrase that but, you know, the common era and just try to avoid making mention of the focus of the person of Christ. But regardless of what is done, the fact is, historically, there was this person, Jesus of Nazareth, and he has been written about by historians from his day. So we can't buy into that of trying to dismiss Jesus as a fable or a myth or a legend or a story. He was there historically.  Right. And so I want us to think through on it. Some of these may be very basic, very simple, but nonetheless, we need to think through, understand this for ourselves and be convinced about it ourselves. Then we can, you know, we, when we take our stand and say Jesus Christ is unique, we know why we're taking that stand. So the objective here is, first of all, each one of us should be convinced about the uniqueness of Christ. And then we can share that with others and convince others about his uniqueness. Okay. So that's what we're going to go through. Again, I'm concerned about people being locked out of the class just a minute. All right, let them come in. All right. Okay. So let's proceed. So what we're going to do is we're going to look at it in these nine statements that I've put together. These, some of these are, you know, common, but some of these, when we get into it, there may be some things that we want to really highlight. So first is about Christ's claim for himself. Second, the Bible statement about the person of Christ, the deity of Christ. Third, the Bible statement about Christ's uniqueness. Number four, the Incarnation Word and the Origin Word of Christ. Why is that unique? Why is that so crucial and so important? Number five, his life work, teaching and impact on history. Number six, the sacrificial death of Christ. Number seven, the resurrection of Christ. Number eight, the provision of salvation through faith in Christ. And number nine, his power to transform, heal and deliver. So these nine statements, as we delve into each of these, I want you to understand them, of course, but also look at them from the perspective of why does this make Christ unique? Why does this particular piece or point or statement make Christ unique? I want you to think about it from that perspective. So number one, Christ's claim for himself. This is something very unique. When you compare Jesus with, you know, just in general, and if you're comparing a religious leader with other religious leaders, Christ, in what he claimed, was very unique. He dared to make these kinds of statements. He said, I am the bread of life.  He said, I am the light of the world. That's pretty strong. The implication is the world is in darkness. It needs the light I'm bringing. And he didn't say I am one of the lights. I am the light of the world. And he said, next one, before Abraham was, I am. Now we will be referencing this again a little later.  Before Abraham was, I am. Imagine if I stood up and said, hey, before my great grandfather I was, then that just wouldn't hold. But he stood up and said, before Abraham was, I am. Now, whoever claimed that, that I was there back in time. He said, I am the door of the sheep. I am the door of the sheep. That means the sheep, the people who belong to God will have to go through me. I am the door. I am the good shepherd. I am the resurrection and the life. I am the way, the truth and the life. I am the true wine. So if you look at the I am claims of Jesus, it's very emphatic. It's very clear. It's categorical. There is no I am like many others. So you can choose from all 10 of us whom you want to follow. No, it's not like that. He is saying I am very different from anyone before me or anyone after me. This is who I am. So if he claimed that for himself. And if you and I say we believe in him for who he said he is, then we have no choice but to say he's unique. Because what he said, I am unique. I am the bread of life. I am the light of the world. I am before Abraham was I am. So Christ was not ambiguous on who he was. And so we claim to believe in this Jesus. Then we can't be ambiguous. We can't be, well, he's one of the many. Yeah, if you want to believe in him, it's okay. And if you want to choose somebody else, it's okay. Because that's not what he, how he positioned himself. So at the very beginning, if you and I say we're followers of Christ, we are given no option but to say he is. And he alone is. There have been other religious leaders who will come and said, you know, I'll show you the way to live better. I'll show you how to improve your life. I'll show you, you know, some of the ways that you can attain salvation, et cetera, et cetera. But Jesus didn't do that. He said, I am the way. I am the truth. I am the life after his death and resurrection is very clear. I am the one who lives. I was there. I'm alive. And I've got the keys. Now who said something like that? That died, rose up again alive and then stating, look, I was alive. I was dead. I'm alive again. I've got the keys. So these claims of Christ, which of course are recorded for us in Revelation after his resurrection, again, are very unique. His claims after his resurrection. That means he died and he rose again and he's made these claims. So he was more than just a good religious leader or a prophet or a teacher. He's very, very unique in what he claimed for himself. Right. So that's what we've said. He claimed to be the one and only and not one among many. So if you and I are going to say that, look, this is the Jesus we believe in, then we are left with no choice but to say this Jesus whom I believe in claimed to be unique. And not only that, he also claimed his oneness with the Father, with God. Like we said in John 8, he said before Abraham was, I am. Now that's heavy. Why is that so strong? Because remember, he's speaking to a Jewish audience. The Jews refer to God as I am. And so here comes a man. And he's claiming or saying before Abraham was, I am. He's using God's title for himself. That's why later on, you know, when the Jews already do apprehended him. He asked them, you know, okay, for which work, which one of the words are you going to storm me in? They said, look, because you're speaking blasphemy. You're making yourself God. So in the mind of the Jews, this was it. This man is claiming to be God. So when he said before Abraham was, I am. When he said I and my father are one. Basically the message he was conveying was I'm God. Now who claimed that for themselves? And so we're just looking at the claims of Christ. We've claimed years, what he does for people. What he claimed after his resurrection. He claimed his pre-existence and his equality with God. And if you look at his prayer in John 17. In his prayer, he's praying and saying, Father, glorify me with yourself.  Before the world wars, John 17.5. So he's praying. So here's a man was praying. He's talking to the father and says, Father, glorify me with yourself. With the glory which I had with you before the world wars. That means before creation came, he was there with the father. And he's saying, I had the same glory with you. Glorify me together with yourself. So there's no other spiritual leader who's made these kinds of claims. The claims of who he is to humanity. Of who he is after his death and resurrection. Of his equality with God and his pre-existence with God before creation. So either Jesus was totally out of his mind in making all these statements. Like he just lost it and just gone out of his mind to make these erratic statements. Or these statements are true because he's not giving us any middle ground of, well, you know, I'm one of the many religious leaders. I'm teaching you nice things. No, either he's completely out of his mind to make these kinds of statements or these statements are true. And if they are true, then he is the only one who made these kinds of statements. And it's unique, very unique in his claims. So that's the first thing. You and I cannot claim to say, cannot claim that we believe in this Jesus Christ and then compromise his claims. So if somebody says, I believe in Jesus, but he's not unique. Then you're not believing in the same Jesus, the Bible's talking about, because the Jesus of the Bible said, I am the way, the truth, the life. No one comes to the Father except through me, very categorical. So somebody says, you believe in Jesus, I believe in Jesus, but I also believe that you can go to God through person A and person B and person C. Well, then you don't, you don't believe in the Jesus of the Bible. You believe in some other Jesus because of Jesus, the Bible said, you cannot go to the Father except through me. If that's the Jesus you believe in, then you've got to say what he said. And his claim was very unique. He's the only one who said that he was with the Father before the world began. He was the only one who said before Abraham was I am. He's the one who was the only one who rose up from the dead and said, I was dead, but now I'm alive. And that makes him very unique. So that's the first thing that makes Christ unique. There is no other Jesus like this Jesus. Secondly, let me pause. Any questions on this? You have any so far? Any questions? So that's the first thing. Why is Jesus unique? His claims for himself. He didn't give us any, give us no choice.  If you believe me, you have to believe that I'm unique is what Jesus said. Secondly, is what the Bible presents about Jesus. Right. So when the Bible is presenting the same Jesus, so we have taken Jesus words about himself. Now, what about the Bible? What does the Bible say about this Christ? So the Bible talks about Jesus. It's clear that the Bible presents him as God. Now people have tried to dispute it. And especially those who, you know, we talk about the cults like Jehovah's Witnesses and others who tried to disprove the deity of Christ. No, no, no. He was a created being and this is, and they use certain phrases. They're using titles. They're using titles that talk about a certain aspect of who he is. We want to see the full picture. If you want to know the person, you have to see the full picture. You'd also consider all the other titles that are there in the Bible, all the other things the Bible says about him. And what does the Bible say about him? The Bible says the word was God. Yes, it does say he was in the beginning. He created everything. He was with God. But it says the word was God. There's no ambiguity about that. There is no, you know, it's not hard to understand the word was God. This eternal word that we're talking about is God. And this eternal word became flesh. The one who was God was the one who became God. What's the one who became flesh? So the Bible is not ambiguous on this. The Bible is clear, explicit. The word was God. And this eternal word was the one who became the man again in Philippians two, five to seven. He was in the form of God. That means he was God and he, every whatever form and substance God was, this Christ was. And he did not hold on to this, to being equal with God. So who is Jesus? The one who had the same form and substance as God, the one who was equal with God. And this person who was in substance God and equal with God came and made himself of no reputation. I mean, he came. So while the Bible talks about Jesus as a son of man, it talks about him as the son of God. He talks about him as the only begotten of the father talks about him as the firstborn talks about him as, you know, so many other titles. So many other titles are there. That is true. But it also clearly states that this word was God. The one who was in form and substance God, who was equal with God is the one who became the man. So I should, I cannot just zero in a one title or two titles of Jesus as he is not God. No, no, no. The first titles that are that talk about his humanity that talk about him, you know, being a fruit and offspring of David and talks about the fact that he was born of the line in the age of David and so on. Okay, yeah. But it also says the same Bible also says he is God. And I've given other references. We haven't written more of these, but if you look at it, you know, you look at all of these references. The 16 God was manifested in the flesh. Very clear. God was manifested in the flesh. Romans nine five Paul says that Christ Jesus, the eternally blessed God, Romans nine five. So Paul is referring to Jesus as the eternally blessed God. Isaiah nine six. He is he is referred to as the mighty God. The everlasting father, the prince of peace. Who's Jesus, the mighty God. Micah five to the one who was from old from eternity. He is the one who came out of Bethlehem. And I'm just paraphrasing it. Micah says the one, you know, he comes out of Bethlehem. The one was from eternity. So these are the references that Jesus is referred to as God. So this makes Jesus very unique. If I say I believe the Bible and what the Bible says about Jesus, then I have to believe that Jesus is God. Otherwise, I don't really believe the Bible. Some people will read the Bible and focus on the historic historical Christ or Christ as a great teacher, Christ as a good man, Christ as a, you know, a person who broke away from today's and whatever, whatever. But all that said, this Bible also says he's God. What will I do with what the Bible is stating about the deity of Christ. So the second reason why Christ is unique. He's the only one in all of scripture. The only person, human person in all of scripture who is called God. So he is, I cannot, you know, treat him like Abraham or Isaac or David or Solomon or anybody else. He's God. So when Islam says, well, we regard Christ as a prophet. Sorry. He's more than a prophet. He's God. The Bible says he's God. So that saying he's a prophet is not good enough. It's not referring to the same Christ. Why is Christ unique? First, his claims for himself. Second, the Bible's claim on who he is on the deity of Christ. So this man is God. We'll do one more before we go for the break. There is this third statement about the uniqueness of Christ. The Bible, when it presents Christ to us, not only does it present to him as God, but the Bible presents him as the only savior, the only savior. So here again, you know, if people ask, why do you say that Christ is the only savior? Well, because the Bible says he's the only savior. And if I believe the Bible, then that's the only thing I can say. The Bible doesn't say, give me options and say, well, you can be saved through Abraham or through David or through, you know, somebody else. The Bible says this is the savior, the one who was spoken of throughout the history throughout biblical history. All the prophets spoke about him and this one fulfilled all of those prophecies. And this one is the Messiah. So just giving you some numbers here. You know, more than 300 prophecies fulfilled by Christ's coming. And he looks at the probability that one man. Okay, so the whole thing is this, there has to be one man who would fulfill all these prophecies. So you take, you know, so here was somebody who did some work, Peter Stoner. He took 48 major Old Testament prophecies. And then other 48 he said, let's just take eight of these. Okay. And that means one man has to fulfill all eight. In reality, he has to fulfill all 300. And of course, some of the prophecies are out in the future about a second coming, but there are 48 major ones. And he just choose eight of those that he had to be born in Bethlehem.  And so it has to be very, you know, one man has to fulfill all of these. And he was just using probability for one man to fulfill just eight of these prophecies. He figured the probability is one in 10 raised to 17. And for one man to fulfill all 48 prophecies is one in 10 to the power of 157. So this one man, Jesus of Nazareth fulfilled all 48 with this kind of probability. So definitely it has to be this one man. This one man is the Messiah. He alone could be the Messiah. That's just from a, you know, a probability point of view. But the truth we want to emphasize is the Bible itself saying that there's only one way for salvation. It says there is no other name given under heaven among men by which we must be saved. It says there's one God, one mediator between God and man, the man Christ Jesus. So why is Christ unique? The third statement is the Bible presents Christ as the unique way, the only way for salvation. No other way. So why is Christ unique? Three reasons that we consider just now. One, what he claimed for himself. Two, the Bible states that he's God. And three, the Bible states he's the only way for salvation.  That's what the Bible says. And we can state, I mean, if we believe the Bible, then that's what we have to state. We are not given an option. Or if you believe in the person of Jesus, he claimed his claims are very unique. So we have no other option but to say he is unique. He is the way for salvation. Okay. I'm going to pause here. Let's give some time for questions and then we will go into the other six reasons right after break. Questions. Okay. Let me say now. Beth, can you refer to Bible verse that other stake to support their argument that you separate from God explain them. John 14 month and a few others, but I don't have the references at hand. Okay. Maxon. I know Jesus the only way to way to our God of the Bible. Well, it's probably Jesus Christ is our Lord. Should be said that Muslim and do also believes in same God, the Bible or they got their own one God, which is very different to the God of the Bible. All right. So. Okay, let's respond to that question. So that's question is the versus that others take to talk about the Christ, the Jesus is separate from God. Right. So, yeah, there are other scriptures right there. So understand. Now what we need to understand is this, the Bible talks about one God, but three persons, father, son, Holy Spirit. Right. So I'm just giving us the framework and so Beth, I'm just giving us a framework and which to understand all the other scriptures that people might use. Right. So. So we understand God. One God, three persons father, son and Holy Spirit. So God, the father, God, the son or God, the eternal word and God, the Holy Spirit. Co equal. Three persons and each person of the God had fully represents the God had. So God, the father is fully God. God, the eternal word is fully God. God, Holy Spirit is fully God and God, Holy Spirit fully represents the father and the son or the eternal word. God, the eternal word fully represents the father and the spirit. So we understand that. So now, example, the Old Testament in Daniel seven, you will see the ancient of days. And the son of man standing at the right hand of the ancient of days or in the presence of the ancient of days. That does not make just because it's used the title son of man does not make him any less than the ancient of days. And so when Jesus walked the earth, he said, you will see the son of man. Use the title son of man for himself. But that was an Old Testament title taken from Daniel chapter seven. And the Jews understood the son of man is the title of the one with the ancient of days that Daniel saw and Jesus is using that title for himself. Now, that does not. So when somebody uses the word says takes the title Daniel son of man. It does not make him less than the father. So, okay, so then we need to understand the incarnation. So in the incarnation, the eternal word laid aside his eternal glory became a man and walked on the earth.   And these are titles that describe his humanity, but they don't take away from his deity. But when somebody takes just the scriptures that you take these titles that describe his humanity, they can say, hey, look, he's not God, the son of David, son of man, son of God. Well, you need to understand the full picture. That the one who's called the son of God is also called the eternal word. So just because he has a title of son of God, it's the title of son of God is used to describe his incarnation and his building submission to the father. Just because he says the father is greater than I or, you know, Corinthians talks about that, you know, he said the son submits all things to the father that doesn't take away from the fact that the son is the eternal word. He's talking about what he did as the son of God is his humanity a role that he chose. He was willingly chose in order to redeem and it's stepping into that role as his humanity, walking as the son of God. He willingly submitted himself to the father. That doesn't take away from him being deity. Right. So if we have this framework, then regardless of what scripture. So then there's the other scriptures on being the first born from the dead, the first begotten, the only begotten of the father, the first begotten among many brethren, you know, so people use those titles. Well, it's talking about him being the only one to come forth from the father and to be born as a man, the only begotten of the father. That doesn't take away from his deity is only explaining a certain aspect of what he did. That's all the first begotten from the dead, the first born from the dead, the first spawn among many brethren. Well, it's talking about the fact that he was the first person to be raised from the dead and that there'll be many others who will be like sons and daughters of God will also be raised from the dead. That's what he's talking about. It doesn't take away from his deity. So all these titles are like, you know, all these scriptures that people use to try to disprove the deity of Christ is simply because you're not seeing the entire picture. But when you have this framework and you understand clearly. The eternal word who became the incarnate son of God, who became the resurrected Christ, who then became the glorified Christ was now seated at the right hand of the father, co equal with the father. Everything makes sense. There is no discrepancy. There is no contradiction. So in response to bet your question, I think if you have a clear picture of the whole, you know, the, the triune God and what happened incarnation and the resurrection, the ascension, then everything is clear. None of these scriptures are going to cause problems for us. So let me respond to Maxon's question then we'll go for a break. So, yeah, so Maxon, the other religions believe in a God with a small G. And as far as the Bible says, there's only one God is the God of the Bible. And then there are many, you know, small gods or small things that we have made, we have created. And it is not the same God as the eternal God of the Bible. So it is not correct to say that somebody practicing another religion just believes in the same God in a different way. No, because the God of the Bible is unique. Did I answer your question, Maxon, or do you want to clarify something? No, thank you. Okay. Okay. Everyone, let's take a little break. So while you have your refreshment, try to digest what we heard. We come back. If you have any questions, we'll be, we'll discuss them as well. Okay. I know we are five minutes over time. So we'll be back in 10 minutes. That's 1005 Indian time. Okay, see you soon. Thanks.


Okay, in this lecture what we're going to be doing, this is a second segment and we're going to be doing an example problem looking at applying the first law to a system whereby we have chemical reaction, oxidation, combustion. And so what I'll do, I'll begin like every other time writing out the example problem and then we'll work through what we know, what we're looking for is schematics and then we'll continue to solve it. So there is the problem statement. What we have is octane gas. Oops, sorry, there's a typo there. Octane gas. And that's C8H18, 25 degrees C, burns steadily. So we will have a uniform flow process, steady flow. We're told that we have 30% excess air and 60% relative humidity. And so we're going to have to do the excess air calculation that we saw in an earlier lecture. Assuming combustion is complete and products leave the combustion chamber at 600 Kelvin, determine the heat transfer for this process per unit mass of octane. So that's the problem statement. What I'll begin by doing is writing out what we know, what we're looking for as well as a schematic. So there is what we know, what we're trying to find, we're trying to find Q and we have our reactants coming in and our products leaving, we don't know what the products are yet. We will get that by doing these stoichiometric analysis. So let's proceed solving the problem now. The first place to start with these is doing the chemical balance with the stoichiometry. Then we'll proceed to excess air. And then after that we'll look at the moisture and then we'll proceed to the first law formulation. So there we have our reaction. What we're going to do is a mass balance for each of the different sides. So beginning with carbon, we have 8 on the left and on the right hand side, we have X. So that defines X for us. Now for hydrogen, we have 18 on the left and on the right. Now we only have hydrogen in the water and consequently we have 2Y. That defines Y as 9. Now for diatomic oxygen that helps us get theoretical air and we can plug in the values of X and Y and find that to be 12.5. And then finally for nitrogen on the left it's 3.768 theoretical and that equals Z or Z on the right hand side, 45.12. So there we have our stoichiometric balance. The next thing we're going to do, we have to rewrite the equation now and do our excess air calculation. And if you're called with excess air, we said it was 30%. So that means that we're dealing with 1.3 times the theoretical air, giving us 16.25 will be in the equation. That will leave free oxygen on the product side of the equation. So what I'm going to do in the next segment or right now, I'm going to rewrite that equation. So you'll notice we do not know how much oxygen, free oxygen we have on the product side. On the left we know diatomic oxygen has 16.25. And then on the right it is in the carbon dioxide, we have 8. We also have it in the water vapor 9 over 2 plus unknown, unknown we can solve for 3.75 and that enables us to take that and plug it into the equation. So there we go. We have our stoichiometric balance for the reaction equation now. Now if you're called for the question, we said that there is water vapor coming along as well. So we need to be able to handle the water vapor. It won't react, but it does get carried along. So let's take a look at that. So what we'll do, we'll look at the partial pressure. We know the relative humidity. So we can look up the saturation pressure from steam tables for the water vapor. And with that we can figure out the partial pressure attributed to the water vapor in our air. We get about 1.9 kPa for the partial pressure. So what we want to do, we want to figure out how many moles of water vapor is in our reaction equation. So that's what we're going to do next with this value. So the question that we ask is how many kilomoles of water vapor are in 16.25 times 4.76 kilomoles of dry air. The 16.25 is coming in from here and we're assuming that this here is dry air. And so what we want to do is figure out how many kilomoles of water vapor we have. And so what we're going to do, we use the ideal gas equation and we can use this now to come up with a ratio. And what we want to do now is solve for the number of moles of water vapor, which is nv in this equation. So we find this for the number of kilomoles of water vapor. We're now going to take that and we're going to plug it back into our stoichiometric equation with excess air, this one here. So let's go ahead and do that. And that will give us the equation with which we will apply the first law to. So this is our final reaction equation and this is the one that we will be using in order to do our analysis, which we'll do in the next part. We'll start applying the first law to this equation moving us towards enabling us to determine how much heat release is coming as a result of this reaction.


I hear from lots of people every day who are concerned about how their diet is affecting their health. They need answers based on facts—in other words, from the peer-reviewed medical literature— and that is what I'm here for. Welcome to the Nutrition Facts Podcast. I'm your host, Dr. Michael Greger. Today, we discover that anatomy may not be destiny. It turns out in some countries, 85% of menopausal women suffer hot flashes, but in other countries, that number is only 15%. Here's our first story. Swan, which stands for study of women's health across the nation, is by far the largest evaluation of menopausal symptoms in history, studying 16,000 American women between the ages of 40 and 55. They found that women over a body mass index of 27 or higher were significantly more likely to suffer from hot flashes or night sweats, stiffness or soreness, and urinary leakage. A BMI over 25 is considered overweight 30 obese in the average US BMI, 29.8. Since fatty tissue is a source for estrogen, one might expect the reverse, but the link between excess body fat and worse menopausal symptoms indeed seems causal, since women randomized to a weight loss intervention experience significant improvement in hot flashes in the effect that may extend to bariatric surgery. In the swan study, smoking and inactivity were also associated with more frequent symptoms. It's always a good idea to quit smoking and exercise, but there are no interventional trials on smoking cessation and menopausal symptoms to prove cause and effect, and randomized controlled trials of exercise failed to show any symptom relief. Of course, you could just take hormone therapy, but at the cost of significantly higher risk of suffering heart attack, stroke, blood clot, breast cancer, or gallbladder disease. What can we do naturally to avoid the extra clots in cancer? Hot flashes, also referred to as hot flushes, are the most common menopausal symptoms for which women seek treatment. They afflict up to 80 to 85% of European and American women lasting, along with night sweats, for an average of more than seven years, but these symptoms are not universal. Though in North America they may be considered inevitable, if you noticed, in Japan, for example, only 15% may be affected. In fact, there isn't even a term for hot flash in the Japanese language. The absence of even a word for it in Japan is the more remarkable, because Japanese is said to be infinitely more sensitive than English in describing bodily states, with all sorts of extremely subtle distinctions for somatic sensations. For example, there's all sorts of specific terms describing different sensations. Like in Japanese, there are 20 or mere words just to describe the state of one's stomach and intestines alone. But hot flashes appeared to be so unusual there, researchers had to come up with ways to describe it in Japanese surveys. Investigators suspected it might be the soy. Dietary surveys have estimated that soy isoflavone intake, the phytoestrogens in soy, is at least 10 times higher than in Europe or North America, and one comparison of urine metabolites revealed Japanese women have a hundred times more phytoestrogens flowing through their body at any one time. To see if this might be playing a role, researchers followed a thousand Japanese women over time, starting before they reached menopause to see if soy consumption was linked to whether or not they developed hot flashes. Women eating around 4 ounces of tofu a day only had half the risk compared to women only eating an ounce or two a day. The researchers concluded our findings suggest that consumption of soy products is a practical strategy for preventing hot flashes, but only if interventional trials prove they actually work, which I'll cover next. Is the consumption of soy the reason why there isn't even a word for hot flashes in Japanese? Approximately 80% of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women surveyed and choose to try natural means to deal with symptoms, and the single most common approach was soy, but does it work? Outside of an Asian context, soy milk, may be a greater source of isoflavones than soy foods, and that seems ready-made for a randomized trial against dairy milk or another plant milk control. Soy milk consumption has been associated with fewer hot flashes and night sweats and skim milk with worse menopausal symptoms, but when actually put to the test against each other, there does not appear to be any difference. There have been studies showing that randomizing women to soy milk can reduce hot flashes and vaginal symptoms as much as 70% compared to the control group, but without a placebo control. We're not sure how much of that is the placebo effect. To truly blind study subjects, soy isoflavones were extracted out and stuffed into capsules, to be pitted against identical-looking sugar pill placebo capsules. More than a dozen such clinical studies have been performed, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, and indeed the equivalent of about two servings of soy foods a day worth reduced hot flash symptoms by about 20% more than placebo in hot flash severity by around 25% more than placebo, compared to more like 30% to 40% net reduction from estrogen hormone therapy. Soy isoflavones have also been shown to improve other menopausal concerns, including vasodendronus, bone loss, memory, and cognitive functions more generally as well as depression. There have been a few trials in which soy was pitted head-to-head against hormone therapy. One found their efficacy comparable in terms of reducing hot flashes, muscle and joint pain, vaginal dryness. In the other, hormones work twice as well, a 54% reduction in hot flash scores, taking the standard estrogen-progesterone combination compared to 24% over placebo in the soy isoflavone group. Not only did the hormones work better, but they can work quicker. Three months are required for soy isoflavones to achieve half their maximal effect, whereas the same is achieved after just three weeks with estrogen. Of course, soy has the benefit of no increased risk of cancer and clots. In fact, if anything, a reduction in breast cancer risk throughout the lifespan and lower risk of cardiovascular disease. The bottom line, wrote one consensus panel of experts, is that soy can be considered a first-line treatment for menopausal hot flash and night sweat symptoms. One convenient whole food source of soy is soy nuts, which are dry roasted soybeans, Harvard Medical School Center of Excellence in Women's Health funded a randomized crossover study of a half-couple unsalted soy nuts a day, divided into three or four portions of the space throughout the day, and achieved a 50% reduction in hot flashes within two weeks. What's inconvenient about soy nuts is the formation of advanced glycation end products in the roasting process, though about four times less than that of roasted wheel nuts or other roasted leg gums and 10 times less than the serving of something like roasted chicken, but something like an amame or canned soy beans would be better. Some menopausal women use isoflavones supplements, but most just add soy foods to their diet. I think that's the way to go. Supplement mislabeling, contamination issues aside, though isolated isoflavones have been shown to improve artery function and decrease high blood pressure, soy foods can also lower LDL cholesterol, which may explain the lower associated cardiovascular disease risk.  What if you combined a plant-based diet and soy beans? Two randomized controlled trials found that reduced fat plant-based diets with a daily half-cup serving of cooked soy beans can reduce the number of serious hot flashes by 84 to 88% within 12 weeks. Overall, most randomized to the plant-based group ended up free of moderate to severe hot flashes compared to about 95% still suffering in the control group. We would love it if you could share with us your stories about reinventing your health through evidence-based nutrition. Go to nutritionfacts.org slash testimonials. We may be able to share it on social media to help inspire others. If you see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, or studies mentioned here, please go to the Nutrition Facts podcast landing page. There you'll find all the detailed information you need, plus links to all the sources we cite for each of these topics. My latest book, How Not to Age, is out now, premiering at number two on the New York Times best solvers list. Check it out at your local public library. Of course, all the proceeds of the sales of all my books goes directly to charity. NutritionFacts.org is a nonprofit science-based public service where you can sign up for free daily updates on the latest nutrition research with bite-sized videos and articles. Everything on the website is free. There are no ads, no corporate sponsorships, no kickbacks, strictly non-commercial. I'm not selling anything. I just put up as a public service, as a labor of love, as a tribute to my grandmother, whose own life was saved with evidence-based nutrition.


Welcome back, everyone. Today, we're going to be talking about data recovery. So you might remember last time we talked about data acquisition or acquiring data from a suspect system. And we had a, essentially a suspect hard drive that we connected into a right blocker to make sure that we're not writing any extra data or changing any data on the suspect device. And we connect the right blocker into our forensic workstation. Well, we're back inside our Windows 10 forensic workstation here. And we are going today to be doing some data recovery. And we're just going to get a little bit into data recovery in terms of recovering kind of, well, normal file recovery, essentially. So we can recover images, we can recover programs, basically any data that's stored on the system, we can attempt to recover. Now, more common file types will be better recovered because more people have tried to do this recovery before. So today, we're going to be using the program photo rec in Windows to do our data recovery. So I have the website here, I will put a link next to this video for all of the tools that I'm using today. Our main recovery program that we're going to be using today is called photo rec. And it's quite a good file recovery tool. It says photo rec as in recover photos, but we can use it for a lot of other data types as well. So I've already downloaded this. And whenever you download photo rec, you get, let me show you here, you get a zip file called test disk 7.0. In this case, test is 7.0, win 64. If you open that up, then you'll have this folder. And there's no real installer here, I can just access these, this program basically directly from this folder. So what we need to do, because there is no kind of easy to use installer, I am going to open up on this computer, C drive programs files. So basically, I open up, explore, click on local disk, go into program files. And then I'm just going to drag and drop this folder directly into the program files folder. And I've already done that. I even renamed it test, test disk. So that will basically install test disk or photo rec into our program files folder. And now we need to do one more thing to make this usable, or easily usable, we can, we can use it already. But to make it easily usable, we need to add this to our path, if we want to be able to run the program. So the only reason I'm talking about this is because we often need to add new programs, especially stand alone programs like this, to our path to make sure that we can run them easily. So to add test disks to our path, I'm going to click on the address bar at the top and it says C drive program files. I'm going to go inside the test disk folder. And this is the folder that actually contains the program that I want called photo rec underscore win. This is the program that I want to use. And I'm going to select everything and copy, you can either do control C or right click and copy the location of my program or this folder. Okay. Next, we want to right click on the windows start menu bar and go to system. Okay. And then you'll get this kind of system menu that comes up here. Then I want to click on on the left hand side advanced system settings. And we will have this advanced tab selected. And then I want to click at the bottom on environment variables. Okay. And you'll notice that there's basically variables for test, which is my user here, variables for the user test or variables for the system. And both of them have a variable called path. Okay. So we are just now going to edit to the variables for this particular user. So in variable, click path, and then click edit. And then you should have a list of these different variables. You see I've already added test disk to my path. You won't have test disk, test disk added here. So then you will click new. And that will add basically a new line. And then you can just paste control V or just right click and paste the test disk location into your path. Okay. And that basically just tells windows, we are just telling windows where to look whenever we're running programs. So for this user, where should windows look if we want to run a program? So then, if we have, make sure you don't remove any of these other paths that are already in here, just make a new one. If we have C drive, in my case, C drive program files test disk. In your case, it might be located somewhere else. Once we have that in there, click okay. And then click okay again. And then click okay again. And then we can go ahead and close the system panel. Okay. So what that did now is windows knows where these programs are located. So then we can run them basically from the command line. Okay. And that will be important in a second. So now we want to run test disk against an image that I acquired last time. The image that I acquired last time on my windows system using FTK imager was this 001-2016-001-002-003. So a multi part disk image. Okay. Okay. So now I want to open a command line, type C on your basically run menu, type CMD, and that will open a command prompt for windows. Then we click hit enter.  And this is our command prompt. It's very good to know how to use basic commands in the command prompt. Just so you can get around and run different programs. If you're doing digital investigations, we use command prompt at least a little bit. So it's good to be familiar with it in both windows and Linux. Okay. So right now I'm in the folder in my command prompt, C drive users test. And what I actually want to be is in the folder, this folder with my disk image. And it's that C drive users test desktop cases 001 images 001. Okay. So I'm going to go ahead and copy this, we can either control C, or we can just right click and click copy. I'll go back to my command prompt. And then I want to change the directory to the directory that's holding my disk image. So I type CD, and that stands for change directory. And then right click, and it will paste the directory that we had copied. Okay. And then if I hit enter, then we see that the folder that I'm currently in has changed. Now we are inside the folder that contains my disk images. And just to verify that I see the disk images from here, I'm going to type dir, which stands for directory listing or directory list, basically, or directory. And I typing DRR hit enter. And then now we see a couple of different things. So basically, a couple of directories, but these are kind of system directories that, yeah. And then we see the first part of the disk image, we see the log file, right, our log file that was created, the second part of the disk image, third part of the disk image. Okay. So now I want to recover, let's say, all of the images, I want to recover all of the JPEG images from this disk image, don't be confused by JPEG images and disk image, disk image is a exact copy of a hard drive or a disk. And JPEG images are actual pictures that you would take with a with a camera. Okay. So that's a little bit confusing sometimes. So now we want to run our program called photo rec win, photo rec underscore win. Right. So we type in photo rec underscore win space. And then we want to give it this disk image. Okay. So I type 001 dash 2016.001. Okay. And that will give it my disk image, the first part of my disk image into photo rec. So if I hit enter, and asking for permissions, click Yes. Okay. Now, the very important thing here, we have photo rec has started. So that's good. We know that we've installed it properly, photo rec was in our path. If photo rec did not run, most likely photo rec was not entered in your path, especially if it says could not find the command photo rec. The next thing we need to look for here is disk 001 2016.001. And then 1572 megabytes or basically one 1.5 gig around. Now, this is a problem because my entire disk was four gigabytes. If I don't remember how big my disk was, we can go back to the log file, double click on the log file, and see where did it say the size, source data size, basically three 3878 megabytes were copied. Okay. So here, we see that this is actually quite a bit bigger than what we see here. And the reason for that is this only loaded the first part of my disk image. Right. So I want to load all of my disk image. So here I can proceed or I can quit. So I'm going to go ahead and choose quit. So just basically hit the air, the right arrow key, and hit enter. And then that will quit the program. Okay, so normally in Windows, whenever we're in the directory, and we have these three part disk images, we can type photo rec. Photo rec underscore, underscore win. And then the name of the disk image and my disk image part name is 001 2016.001. And in this case, if I want to add a multi part disk image, instead of typing the extension dot 001, I can just type question mark, question mark, question mark. And what that should do is basically load up everything that starts with 001-2016 and then then has a number after it. However, in my case today, photo rec is having trouble loading this multi part disk image. So I combined this multi part disk image back into a full disk image, and I took a hash value of that. So we can we can check the hash again, MD five sum full image dot DD. So I've combined this, these three different parts in back into a single disk image that we can see that it's the entire four gigabyte disk image. And the hash value of these three parts and the hash value of this whole disk image should be the same. And we look at it and f seven a seven nine, if you remember from last week, that was, that was the the hash value from last time. So we know that the data is exactly the same in both of these. And now I should be able to run photo rec, photo rec win on the full image, full image dot DD. So photo rec underscore win full image dot DD press enter. And then now we look at it, this disk full image dot DD and for basically 4000 megabytes, this is what we were expecting. Okay, so now we can go ahead and proceed just click or hit enter. And then it's saying, okay, disk image, what kind of partition do we want or do we want to look at now has unknown here. And that's basically looking at the whole disk, or we can focus on a fat 32 partition.  So I'm going to focus on that. But if we don't know where our data is, or we want to try to look for all data, then I might go with the whole disk option. So I would select fat 32 down in the options menu. I right now, if I just type search, it will start searching, or I can go into options, or I can go into file options, and we should look into file options first. So if I click hit enter here, these are all of the different, all of the different files, file types that photo rec will attempt to recover through the entire disk. Now notice this is a lot more than just images, right? It's not only we do have like BMP images, but we also have Blender data, we have zip files, compressed files, all of these different things. And I want to focus only on JPEG images. Okay, so in this case, out of all of these things, I want to focus only on JPEG images. So I'm going to press S to disable all the file families. Okay, so S and then it removes the X from all of these. And if I scroll down, I should be able to find JPEG images. So under J. And then whenever I get to JPEG, I can just hit the space bar and that will select JPEG images only. So that's the only thing that we will look for out of all of these different types. And then I hit B to save, hit enter for okay, and then hit enter to go back to the original page. So those are the file options. If we were doing this for real forensics, we might leave everything in there just to see what we can carve out. But we can focus on specific file types. Okay, so now I'm going to hit enter, or sorry, I'm going to search, scroll over to search and then hit enter. And then it's saying we need to know the file system type where the files were stored, and it has either ex2x3, which is basically Linux file systems or other, which is fat, ntfs, hfs, riserfs. That's mostly Windows, fat and ntfs, you'll find it in Windows. And that's what we want to focus on here. So we just click other. And then please choose if all space needs to be analyzed. So let's just let's just go with the whole space, right? This is free space. So free space where a file may have been, but is no longer there. It will try to just find things in free space. We collect whole, then it will look for the entire disk, the files that are definitely there already, and files that may have been deleted. So we're trying to carve out or recover all of these things. So I'm going to choose whole here. Now it's where do we want to save this data? And if we this basically lets us select where we want to save it right now, we're in this cases 001 images 001 folder. So I'm going to go to this, this two dots. And that basically means these two dots mean go up one directory. So I'm going to go up one directory. And then I'm going to go up one directory again, right now we're in the images folder, I go up one directory again, now we're in the case folder, right? And you guys may remember that I created this temp directory earlier. I created this temp directory specifically for things like file carving, right? So I have this temporary working space that is specific to the case that I'm in. So I'm going to carve all of these files into the temporary folder. If we look up, so we were in this folder, if we go up one up another, then we get to this temp folder. And I'm going to save all of the carved files inside this temporary folder. So once we've selected the file that we want to save it to, we hit C, C, and then it will start carving. So here we go, JPEGs recovered 15 so far, it's going through everything. It should only take a few minutes to recover everything. But we can already go to our temp folder, and we get this recap directory one, it will create several of these, we have a lot of a lot of them. So if I click in the recap directory, we can go in and we're recovering, or we have, we're recovering all these different JPEGs that Photorec has found. Okay, so actually recovery is already finished, it's actually quite quick. If we click up, yeah, so that's as many images as it found, and that looks like that's about all the images that were on the disc actually. Okay, so those are the JPEG images, there are some other file types on the disc that were not recovered. And then it has the report for Photorec as well. Right, so let's see, so quit, okay. So I'm just going to quit and that will take me back to the original menu, so then I can move over to quit, quit, and then we get out of Photorec. Okay, so how was this working? Photorec recovered all of these, all of these different images, and if we open up just FTK imager here just to use its hex viewer, we can see that I've loaded up all of the images inside the disc, and our first one F0015, which we can look at here, F0015, right, so this is an image, and it does hopefully open up, right, so it is an image and it will open up. Okay, so we've recovered it, and how does Photorec know what the image is, or where the image is, and one way that it does that, it has a couple different methods, but basically the most basic way is that it uses the file header, so if we look at the top, this is the raw, we can go through here, this is the raw data for these images, and if we look at the top here, this value basically corresponds, or this is the file header, and it corresponds to a JPEG image, right, so we can see here some XF information, and this is XF information is specific to JPEG images, for example it shows the type of camera that was used, the date things like that, but before this XF information, which is at the top of the data structure for this file, we have this image, or this file header, and lots of different file types have a file header, and this file header specifically relates to a JPEG image, so we have this file header at the beginning, and if we could scroll all the way down, this is all of the data inside the image, or for the image, and we have this header, or footer, at the bottom, right, so this says basically the end of the image, so the top of the header says the beginning of the image, the bottom says it's the end of the image, and then everything in between is basically image information, so one way that this works is we just find, we look through the entire disk, and we find this header, once we find this header, then we can just start copying all of the data until we get to a footer, right, in this case FFD9, so we copy all of the data until we get to this footer value, and then if we just dump all of that into a file, then that should be a valid picture, okay, so one way that we recover data is we go through the entire disk, we look for these file headers and file footers, and copy all of the data in between, and that's one way that we can, that's a very basic way that we can recover data, and it works quite well, it doesn't work well whenever the disk is highly fragmented, or parts of a file are located in different sections on the disk, but for most cases, especially with newer file systems, it tends to work quite well, so this is a little bit about data recovery, we've used the tool PhotoRec to be able to recover some data, and then we used FTK imager's HexViewer to look at the file header and the file footer for this disk image, thank you very much.


Awesome folks. Thank you, Andrew, for the amazing opening remarks. Next, we have our keynote from Michael Foster. Michael will be talking about crossing the Kubernetes network policy chasm. So let's hear it from Michael. I hope this is working. Hello, hello. Yes, crossing the chasm, building a bridge, whatever analogy you want to use. As he said, I'm Michael Foster. I am the community lead for the Stack Rocks open source project. I'm also a PMM at Red Hat. And I'm looking forward to an exciting week. Very happy, actually, I'm speaking first. Get it out of the way. You're very nice. So let's first talk about why the chasm exists. Network policies today are very efficient at managing pod to pod communication, network rules for namespaces, setting various IP blocks. They're also additive permissions. We default deny everything, and then we add the network policies on top to allow traffic. Now, there is a pretty serious challenge with this process. Because the rules are additive, the communication between the teams tend to break down. The developers need specific rules for their applications. The security teams don't necessarily know that. Maybe the network security team doesn't even know what Kubernetes is. And they're trying to tell you what ports and protocols you can and can't use. And it isn't until the dev test or even staging environments that the developers find this out. So we want to be able to have a solution that can fix the human problem where we can actually leverage the technology that exists today. Because, as they say, Kubernetes network policy is more of a communication challenge with a powerful tool. So what I and the MP guard a project propose is a flexible workflow for the DevSec organizations, a process where the security teams can define a system policy for their Kubernetes clusters and teams, different ports and protocols, what's allowed, what isn't. Where developers, operators, or automated systems can generate Kubernetes policies and validate them against the security team automatically and asynchronously. And then lastly, we want to deploy and test from Git, making updates in our automated pipelines in a way so that the security team updates it, the developers will know exactly what ports and policies have changed. And so the MP guard project was designed with this workflow in mind. Let's take a look. So the MP guard project seeks to simplify the experience of creating and maintaining the K8s network policies. And to help meet this challenge, we want to automate the generation without having to run the application code. So we want to integrate into the applications CI CD pipeline, ensuring network policies gets updated whenever the required cluster connectivity changes. So as you can see up there, first, for the workflow, the automatic synthesis stage, it takes into the applications configuration files, your deployment manifests, your services, things like that. We also want to pair it up with maybe what's the typical traffic that you're seeing. And the security teams can do this all automatically, without the developer being involved. Or if the developer wants to generate them first as well, you can generate and check them in. So the first stage is of the flow also proposes the updated network policy connectivity restrictions in the form of network policy resources. Second, the review and modify stage. So the proposed network connectivity is presented to the DevOps team for the review. This presentation will be graphic, a concise textual report, or simply the actual network policy YAML file. So you think about it. Security team sets specific ports and policies that they allow. The developer or operations team can just automatically check it against what they already have in their manifest, generate a network policy. We can check that in. We can validate it against it. If we get the green light, then it goes to test. If it doesn't, maybe it breaks the pipeline. There's a lot of flexibility in how you want to bring this into your workflow. So again, users can make changes to the proposed connectivity, and then these changes can be automatically updated. Let's say the security team has decided a certain port is not allowed, and you have a massive organization with a lot of clusters, well then we need to make a change and make sure that all of our network policies across are validated. So we can do this automatically in a CICD pipeline. So for that workflow, we want to be able to help simplify and scale it. I know it's the best buzzword ever, but really it's about allowing the operations and DevOps teams to have the flexibility of how they implement it, because we want the security teams to feel safe in the applications that are running. Now to sum it up, I'll keep it quick because it's early Monday morning and the coffee's kicking in. So if you'd like to see the project in action, I'll be outside at the Red Hat booth. You can also download the Stack Rocks open source platform. It's free to use. It has the developer preview flag in action right now if you want to check it out. Again, I guess I said free to use. And you can also take a look at the MPGuard project. It's a project on its own as well. And then I know we have a couple other people I want to give a shout out to. And Luke Hines is in here. He's doing six-store con tomorrow at 9.15. I'll be there checking him out too. And again, I'll be at the Red Hat booth outside if you want to learn more and see it in action. Thank you so much, everyone.


Live from Los Angeles, it's theCUBE. Covering E3 2018, brought to you by SiliconANGLE Media. Hey, welcome back everybody. Jeff Frick here with theCUBE. We're actually in the Warner Brothers games booth. It's humongous booth. We're kind of in the inner sanctum here at E3 in the LA Convention Center. A lot of stuff going on with Warner Brothers games. A lot of really cool combinations of brands and games and movies, but this is a very special one. Hitman 2, we're all excited to be here. Learn more about it. You have Jacob Mickelson. He's actually the game director for Iowa Interactive. Jacob, great to see you. Yeah, thank you. So let's just get to the basics. First off, when is Hitman 2 coming out? What do people need to know? We'll get that out of there. We'll get into it. Hitman 2 is out November 13. And if you pre-order now, you have a special pre-order bonus where you get access to a new game mode called Sniper Assassin, which is a sniper-only mission. And then for the first time in Hitman history, we also have a co-op mode where you can snipe alongside a friend into the mission and create all sorts of havoc. It's still deeply funded in the roots of the game, kind of DNA, where it's all about getting away with the sniping without anyone kind of noticing that you're there. So it has a very, very strong puzzle element to it. So it's about kind of peeling off the layers of an onion without anyone noticing you're there. So you talked a little bit before you turned on the cameras about kind of the freedom that a player gets not like in a traditional game, where they can choose a lot of different options. How they're going to do the mission. So how do you guys come up with that? How is that all kind of determined? And how do you actually then still keep the game true to the mission? Well, the thing is that, as you say, it's very much, we call it a hyper-detailed sandbox, right? So when you play a Hitman mission, we don't give you a linear path through the level that you follow. We give you an open sandbox where you kind of have to figure out how do you want to approach this mission? And in case of the mission we're showing here at E3, it's a race event in Miami. And your target is one of the race drivers, actually. That's half of the mission. And she's roaming around the track. So the whole thing in the demo today is, okay, so how do you get close to Sharer's car? And then in order to do that, then you need to obtain disguises, which is a key element in the Hitman franchise that you can disguise as the characters you meet in the scene.  Some guards are more suspicious of you than others, so you kind of have to mingle your way through the level. So it's very much up to you if you want to sneak in and try not to do the disguise stuff or you can go with the disguise stuff and then kind of make your way. And then the game kind of adapts in a way because we have to kind of foresee all these different permutations of play. So there's a lot of things you can do in the game in terms of which way you take and how you get there. So I'm just curious from a game development point of view in terms of like building in difficulty. Because you want to have enough difficulties that it's a challenge and people feel satisfaction in rising to the challenge. But clearly you can make it so they just got wiped out every time, right? You can make it in a possible game. So how do you find that balance? How do you tune that balance? What are some of the things you think about when you're trying to get into a degree of difficulty? Well, that's a really, this whole, how difficult should it be? That's a really, it's a very hard question to answer in a Hitman game because of the many ways that the players can do it, right? So we kind of, we have an initial idea about why we want to kind of challenge the players and why we want to give them a bit more kind of leash where they can just kind of roam around. But once you get a new disguise, then it's a different scenario and we have to account for that in our design. So we do a lot of iterations on this. Okay, so if I went to the right and went this way in through the level where there was no resistance, I didn't have to do anything. I could just walk in straight in the main door. Then we have to go back to the drawing board and then jiggle around the characters, maybe add some new ones, remove some, and you know, change the amount of guards. So the player will have challenges no matter how they kind of approach it. But in the end, the crazy thing is no matter how hard we make it or how challenging that we make it, they will always find crazy ways of bypassing the systems and bending the rules of the game so much. And that's what makes Hitman great is that you can do all of these things. Okay, can I do this? Yes, and you go and try it. And maybe it worked out. Maybe I didn't, it was not a good idea in the end, but it's very much up to you as the player to figure out how you want to be creative on this. So we're doing this series as part of the Western Digital Data Makes Possible. And data is such a big part of what you guys do. And really as gaming has moved off of the pure console into the connected world, gives you an opportunity as a developer to see really how are people interacting with the game? How are they making decisions? So how do you guys look at the analytics? You must be doing more and more and more analytics on all these various movements and potential options that they have. We have systems in place to kind of figure out where people get spotted, so we can actually see that. The tricky part about metrics is that, during development, there's actually not that many people playing the game besides ourselves, right? So we rely heavily on user testing where we subdue people to kind of, we place people in front of the game in very early stages to see if our core ideas are working. And then based on that, we then look at video footage interviews and all that stuff to kind of, that feedbacks into the design loop of the process. And has you basically mapped every potential option or using AI and stuff like you just used the example, some guys too smart, we really need to have more guards for this guy. I mean, is there AI and intelligence in the game that you can make little fine tune adjustments along the path as people actually play the game? Cause you're going to have a whole lot more data by December 1st, right? Precisely, the amount of data we get is pretty wild in the end. But the core of the game, the characters are kind of AI driven, right? They have their own kind of plans that they want to do. And the way it works is that we then kind of build the stories on top of this core AI. So the designers, they have freedom to create custom moments. But at some point when things go kind of in the fence for the players, you get spotted, you know, someone sees through your disguise, then the AI takes over. And I dare to say that we have some of the most complex AI systems in the industry. We go to great lengths to kind of have them be very living and kind of communicating a lot. So, you know, if one guy finds a body, then there's one situation, if he has a friend, then they begin to talk about what they've experienced. And they work together to kind of figure out what is actually going on. So there's a very high level of AI running behind the scenes in the Hitman game. And do you do that at the level of the characters? So it's really how a character responds to different stimuli versus just kind of a generic overlay for the whole game? Well, it's a mix. Some of them, you know, there are different kinds of characters, guards, civilians, and they have different behaviors based on what happens. But each character is more or less his himself. And then he's not kind of hive mind controlled. It is kind of a lot of agents that are running around in the world, trying to figure out what this player is up to, creating havoc behind the scenes. So it's kind of, it's a lot of fun to kind of work with it because it's also so unpredictable. And then all of a sudden, something happened that you didn't expect. Right, because you can't possibly scenario every potential outcome, right? No, exactly. We have some control, but it's systemically based, right? So the way we normally say it's like, we encourage the characters to do things. And then they might do it, right?  If I were to create that scene in the game, then there is a certain chance that one of us is lying in a dumpster somewhere and never shows up for the interview. And then the next question is, okay, so what do you do? Right, right. So we have to kind of construct the game in a way so that you won't break down and stop here. I don't know if you remember in season one of Westworld, have you seen that? I have seen season one. I haven't caught up on season two yet, but yeah, season one. I haven't stopped in season two yet, but in season one, there's this scene where there's a bonfire scene that breaks down where all the characters just stop and then it turns out that the guy who went for firewood has been killed. So he never returned with the firewood and thereby the entire bonfire scene just runs to hold. That is Hitman game development in a nutshell. That's like, then we have a buck when that thing happens and that can happen in our, when we're during development, we do that stuff. It's gotta be so cool to discover how people actually work their way through the game. Absolutely.  At the same time, you have individual operators, the players that are kind of bringing their own kind of point of view to the game. So how do you balance? When does one take priority or the other? How do you keep it on that narrative flow? It's been one of these, it's like returning challenges of making a Hitman game. And with the previous game, we kind of narrowed in on, okay, so how do we do this? So we have a main story that is told outside the levels which the levels don't directly affect. So the overall main arc and storyline is kind of set, but what happens in the levels kind of stays in the levels, so to speak. So in season one, we actually managed to go through the main story with some characters left alive, which is good because now in the second Hitman 2, we're going to get closer to them and the story evolves kind of around 1847 and we get a glimpse into its past, which is a bit of some things we haven't told yet. That's going to be very exciting to see that as well. Well, Jacob, thanks for spending a few minutes and good luck with the launch. Congrats on the new product. Yeah, thank you very much. All right, best tongue to you. He's Jacob, I'm Jeff. You're watching theCUBE. We're in the Warner Brothers Games booth at E3. I'm Lincoln Midget Center. Thanks for watching.


Okay, I have a series of problems listen up One you hop on NBA 2k and immediately you're bombarded with VC ads and they're saying GameStop has like what percentage off? I want it. I want it agent I cannot live with myself if I'm not buying virtual currency at retail stores I will die okay problem number two if you try and go on their website and buy it They'll sense your IP is from Canada and they redirect you to EB games Which is like the brother of GameStop, but it's not the same thing So if one has a promotion the other doesn't which presents you a problem number three Because they don't have GameStop in Canada anymore. I thought they had one in, Mississauga. Nope.  I don't listen I don't eat Popeyes like that anymore. Okay, bro But in this specific circumstance that we're in right now, I have no choice but to eat Popeyes It's the best chicken out. That's not made in my house.   Oh I Kicked the controller and that destroyed my toes. Ah It's weird here Your words will either Yeah, me to actually It's not in the car. It's in the car man. Why it's gotta be so close to me.  You self-conscious bro? You're a little bit worried about what people are gonna say about you Yo, don't touch my car, please don't don't please don't I don't know where he's going. Hi Is that that can't Buffalo, New York for what? There is looking at me like I'm a weirdo Cuz you are now listen, I know I said Popeyes, right, but it was a change of plans Bro, you're not at a good chicken spot unless they got the price of looking like these bro You know how they up the price surprise That's a pretty ass arena. We didn't know it, baby I need to book a day No, I never play you think your life gonna be good. You just play game. I never played a game You just Guys you ready I got a snapchat never seen the town. Where's my phone? I got a snapchat. Where is it? You missed the moment, bro I Have to look at the collision ahead of us Trauma traffic they just love to sit down on the highway. I think that's what they do. Oh Saturday Oh, let's just sit on the highway. Do absolutely nothing. That's what they do. That's what we do in tonight You know, I was just thinking of hopping on the gardener and just you know parking parking on the left lane Let's go snapchat Then they're gonna listen if I tell them hurry up. Yeah, tell me what it is. What are we looking at boy? That is a crack house They make crack there. Hi, we're heading into game saw finally.  I'm fighting. Oh I even think about that No postman wait, is it on sale though? I know you see the whole poster, bro Is it on sale though? It gotta be on sale. You see that? Yeah, I know they got the sale all right Just For real What if I told you I was wondering if you guys had three out. It's right there. It's right there. It's right there It's right there. We literally drove three hours just to come to these are on sale. No, the can I be a little accepted? He looked you think So I'm assuming whatever there is how it is, right? Yeah, I might as well do that bro, I give three of these 75k codes and two of these 35k codes on both Yeah, no, it's a good time to stock up on this stuff I guess is buy it all now and then never have to buy it later Yeah, they got a sale on right now and they don't happen going on in Canada Alright look at that 129 49 all together after Oh jeez Ever seed is a beast Okay, oh my god, so your codes start here and they work their way down do not lose Yes, look at this receipt. It's long-ass receipt of BC Bro, I ain't come all the way down here to get a little bit of VC I came all the way down here to get all kinds of VC Listen, I don't know how I'm gonna give this away because I'm not gonna use all this In fact, I won't use any of it because I don't really need to see yo listen I'm giving away all these other because I know everyone's thinking it's as we speak right now You're injured. We're just going to the gym over there. We're just just gonna the gym over there It wasn't everybody was like two guys that thought that man to two guys chat to GameStop because I'm pretty sure they need We're recording but they tried to buy it by the rules And we're like nah, we walked up. We came all the way down here. We're gonna record a little bit man When you saw the receipt popped out you were like no Hey Google joke, she's not with me right now. I wish she was I miss her Yo, if y'all want to win some of these codes, I'm gonna be doing it on Instagram So leave a like on my latest Instagram post and follow there and once you do that tweet at me Show me a screenshot whatever and we'll be choosing people out of random We'll probably wait like a day right and then boom Trash tell them tell them the trash Oh You trash You trash. I'm just gonna finish the trash.  I'm flying them all. Hey listen I appreciate y'all watching honestly. I feel blessed man There's no GameStop in Canada But the fact that I was able to drive all the way down here and still appreciate the sale that was you know The guys is pretty cool down here. You know, I did it did take the entire day It did do that Okay, I'm gonna catch y'all later. I got I got I got it. He's out peace Which one I didn't fade it. I'm out


So let me ask you a quick question. How many people here already fell their phone vibrating in their pocket, took it out, and there was nothing on it? Yeah, yeah. So this is something called phantom vibrations. It's when you actually take your phone vibrated, but in fact it didn't. Do you know another word for that? Hallucination. Now, I don't know about you guys, but there are very few things that usually make people hallucinate and it's pretty freaky that we got to a point where we're so conditioned by technology that we're basically imagining things that don't exist and The reason for this is pretty simple is that using technology today is extremely complicated.  The issue is that this is already happening with just a smartphone and a computer. So try to imagine what this will look like when you have a hundred billion connected devices in the future. Clearly, there is no way we can keep interacting with technology the way we're doing today. So I believe that artificial intelligence, which is growing extremely fast at the moment, is a great way to solve that problem because if you can start communicating with machines the same way we communicate with humans using language, you no longer need to learn how they work. It becomes so intuitive, so easy, that eventually your perception of technology is that it will completely disappear into the background. It has become like electricity. Something is all around you that you don't pay attention to. Nobody came on stage thinking, oh my god, there is light. Nobody cares. Neither should you care about connected devices. Now, you've probably all heard about this object. Have you? Who has one? Okay. Well, you can burn it. Basically, voice assistance is becoming the new big consumer category. In fact, it's growing faster than smartphone did. 4x year-on-year growth. It's insane. And the way those voice assistant work is always the same way. There is some kind of action and then some kind of parameter. So you're asking whether in London the action is whether the location is London. But as soon as you're asking something a little bit more complicated, let's say find me an Italian near my Airbnb in London, you realize all of a sudden that human language is extremely ambiguous because there isn't a single meaning for a sentence. The syntax in the grammar is not enough to give you meaning for what you're asking. In this case here, finding an Italian could mean finding a restaurant, but it could also mean finding a person who is Italian. Now, try to imagine if you're asking your voice assistant to find an Italian and you actually got like an Italian person coming to your room and saying, hi, I'm the Italian you're looking for. I mean, it could be an app, but most likely this is not what you mean. The second ambiguity is that Airbnb in London is not a location. It's a reference to something that only makes sense within your own context. So how do you resolve that? The answer is by giving more data to your voice assistants. So effectively, the way that you disambiguate what's happening is by feeding data from other sources so that your voice assistant can understand what you mean.  And by doing so, you can recontextualize a query. You can understand that you've got some emails from Airbnb that some of them are mentioning London that the date corresponds to today and therefore this is the address you actually meant. By giving personal data to your voice assistant, you can make it understand things that it could not understand with language alone. What's the issue with this, however? Can you tell me? Privacy. Because, I mean, we're talking about giving access to your entire life to a computer that is most likely running on a server somewhere in the United States at the moment. And most people, when you talk about privacy, they'll tell you, well, I've got nothing to hide. How many people here actually think they have nothing to hide? Okay, great. Okay, great. Do you want to do an experiment? Yeah? Okay, everybody take out your smartphone. Everybody do it. Take out your smartphone. Unlock your smartphone. I'm not going to hack into it. Do not worry, right? And open your last conversation. Any conversation, it doesn't matter. The content is irrelevant, right? It could be WhatsApp, Telegram, anything you want. Are we good? Okay. Now, I want you guys to give your phone to your neighbor. Go on, do it. No? Don't be afraid. Come on, give your phone to your neighbor. You've got nothing to hide anyway, right? So do you see that feeling of anxiety, of like giving your unlock phone to your neighbor? And by the way, I never told you to look at the conversation of your neighbor, but you all did. Because as humans, it's normal, right? You're curious. You like to snoop into other people's lives. And so whenever you're given an opportunity, you will look at the things. In this case, your neighbor was next to you, so if you started looking at their pictures and anything, they could slap you. But the problem is every time you're saying yes to terms and conditions for a company, you're basically giving them your phone. It's exactly the same thing you're doing, but you're giving it to someone that you have no idea who they are, you have no idea what they do with it, and you have no control over what's going to happen. But it turns out that privacy has nothing to do with hiding things, right? I think most people here are pretty decent. Rather, the way I like to think about it is like a puzzle. In the beginning, there is very little thing you can understand. Think of a puzzle. You can't really tell what's in the picture, but every time you're flying a piece into the puzzle, the image becomes clearer and clearer until eventually you can see everything that's in the puzzle. That's exactly what happens with your digital profile. Every time you're giving a piece of data to a company, you're making your profile more and more accurate, and they end up knowing more and more things about you, which means that they can target you better and better. And there is one statistic that I saw in a research paper that got me really worried. They showed that the more active you are on social media, the less diverse the number of news sources you're reading. So, most people think, well, that's normal because people tend to just like one specific news outlet. I have a different explanation. I think what's really happening is that the algorithms are learning every time you're clicking something, reading something, liking something, that this is what you're likely to spend the most time doing. And therefore, algorithms are optimizing for reinforcing your own universe bubble. The reason why you see less and less diverse content on social media when you use it is because the algorithms are zooming in on what makes you feel most comfortable. Because, let's be honest, diversity doesn't feel right in the beginning. This feels so much more comfortable just to look at things that agree with you. And for me, the most obvious moment where this happens is during elections. All of a sudden, my entire Facebook friends are voting like I do. Where is everybody else? It's not that they disappear. It's not that my friends all vote like me. It's that the algorithm knows that this is what I want to see and is basically reinforcing my bubble. The issue, however, is that innovation comes from diversity. We know from a fact that the most successful people in company are also the most diverse. And it's very easy to understand. Imagine if technology is a color red. So imagine someone working technology is red, a piece of content about technology is red. And this is you. If everything you read about is about technology, you're going to end up being red yourself because that's the only color you've seen.  It's a monochrome red world because to you, nothing else exists. Now, imagine if instead of just reading about technology and hanging out with tech people, you had one thing about technology, and then this time you've got art, which is green, and you're adding a piece of content about art. Not only do you now have access to the red color and the green color, you also have access to something that's neither red or green, but rather the combination of the two, which is yellow. All of a sudden, you've invented a new color by combining what you learn from technology with what you learn from art. And this is literally the definition of innovation. The more colors you have around you, the more you're going to be able to play within that spectrum. And if you're now adding business, and let's say business is blue, then you've got the entire rainbow that you can access for your thinking. What do you think is more powerful? Reading three books about artificial intelligence, which, by the way, is what I would be recommended if I'm buying a book online, or reading a book about AI, one about art, and one about business. What do you think would make you learn and be more successful in the long term? And this is a very, very scary prospect because if you don't care about privacy, you're going to reinforce your own existing bubble.  That is precisely what you need to do at that point. And so think about this next time you're buying a book. If they're pushing your recommendation, try to go for what they have not recommended you, and read that instead. So privacy for me has nothing to do with hiding things. It has to do with innovation. And innovation is something we desperately need today. So how do you go about privacy? Because I know everybody talks about it, and it's great to say we want it. But it turns out that privacy is something we can all achieve very easily. There is a concept called privacy by design. The idea of privacy by design is that you're guaranteeing privacy in the conception of your product and technology. So one thing you can do is you can create products that enables people to opt out of targeting and profiling. The Twitter app is a great example. When you go to the Twitter setting, you can opt out of all personalization and you can look at your newsfeed in order of tweets actually being posted. So you can take out Twitter's interpretation of what you want to see and see the raw data as it comes. This gives you an opportunity by chance maybe to be reading things you would not have come across if the algorithm has zoomed in on the fact that you only want to read about artificial intelligence or cryptography or whatever. You can also spend less time online. Some other products don't give you this opportunity, but given that the more time you spend online, the better targeted you are if you spend less time online, the algorithms will be a little bit more confused. Apple, for example, in iOS, has now featured unless you set limits on how much time you're spending on different applications. Or you could do what I do, which is to actually randomly click on a bunch of stuff to confuse the algorithm. One of the great things about working in AI is that you also know how to trick AI. And I can guarantee you that the trickiest, the best way to trick an AI is to literally click on random stuff. It will never be able to target you this way. And then finally, you can use end-to-end encryption. In particular, there's a new type of technology that you're going to hear a lot about in the coming years because it's starting to work, something called homomorphic encryption. In a nutshell, it enables you to compute unencrypted data. So rather than sending your actual data, you're sending an encrypted version of it, but the actual cloud server doesn't have the key to decrypt it. Somehow, it's still able to compute some kind of algorithm, send back a result which itself is encrypted so that cloud doesn't know what you sent it, it doesn't know what you're giving back, and you can decrypt it locally on your device. So think about it. If we've got all this technology, why aren't companies using them? There are only two reasons. Either they don't know how to do it, in which case you might not want to trust them with your data in the first place, or they're doing something else with your data they don't want you to know about. And finally, regulation. I know regulation for many people is a bad word. It's actually very good. People criticized the GDPR initially, but now everybody's realizing they really badly needed it. And guess what? Nobody shut down their business because of it. And three things in particular are interesting here. The right to be forgotten. You can tell a company, forget who I am. I want to disappear from your database. The right to data portability. Very big deal, guys. When you can take your data with you to another company and then ask the company to forget about you, you're actually having a lot more power and leverage to change the way companies are using your data. And finally, the right to non-profiling. In some cases, when there is an impact in your life, you can ask company to use the service without profiling. I think this should be generalized. We should have every service out there without profiling. We should be able to use Facebook, Twitter, Amazon, our voice assistance without our data being used to target us and trap us in our own bubble. And so the reason why I'm talking about this is because I was often told the future would look something like that. This is a scene from the fifth element. It's kind of oppressing. It's kind of scary. Big policing everywhere, advertising nudging you all the time. Right?  And this is the word we're going towards. If we let people use the data the way they've been using it because they're going to manipulate us to an extent where we're no longer going to have a choice, we're just going to do whatever a few companies are telling us to do. But if we start thinking about privacy and artificial intelligence as enabling a completely new way of interacting with technology, then maybe we could live in a world that looks like this. Right? And this is fundamentally what everybody wants. Everybody wants to feel peaceful, to feel safe, to feel like they've got freedom. And to me, artificial intelligence and privacy are necessary for this. It's necessary for people to be able to think about new things, to invent new ideas, to solve problems that we're not able to solve today and eventually, we can all feel like we're at the beach all the time. Thank you.