Assalamu alaikum, welcome to lecture number 7 of the course on statistics and probability. Students, aapko yaad hoga, ke pichle lecture me, hamne doh bade interesting diagrams discuss kiye the stem and leaf plot and the dot plot. After that, I began the discussion of the concept of central tendency and in that context, I discussed with you in some detail the concept of the mode. Today, I will continue with that concept and will discuss with you the non-modal as well as the bimodal situation and after that, we will go on to other measures of central tendency. Aaye, pehle ham us concept ki thodisi revision karletehe jo hamne last lecture ke end me kia tha, that is the computation of the mode in case of the frequency distribution of a continuous variable.  Uske baad hamne mode ki graphic location consider ki thi aur ussi data ka jo frequency polygon tha uske upar yani uske x axis ke upar mode ko locate kiya aur dekha ke it was lying exactly under the top most point of the frequency polygon.  Isliye the mode is regarded as a measure of central tendency. Let us consolidate this concept by going back to the example of the ages of the managers of child care centers that was considered in the last lecture. The students will recall that the example was as follows. The following table contains the ages of 50 managers of child care centers in five cities of a developed country. The ages were 42, 26, 32 and so on. Convert this data into a frequency distribution and find the modal age. Now students you will recall that following the various steps involved in the construction of a frequency distribution we obtained classes were 20 to 29, 30 to 39, 40 to 49 and so on and the frequencies were 6, 18, 11, 11, 3 and 1. Now in order to find the mode we note that in this example we are dealing with a continuous variable that is age.  Now in order to apply this formula the first step is the determination of the class boundaries because as you know L stands for the lower class boundary of the modal class and as indicated in the last lecture the class boundaries for this example are 19.5 to 29.5, 29.5 to 39.5 and so on. The maximum frequency f m is 18 and it lies in the age group 30 to 39 therefore students the class 30 to 39 is the modal class and the lower boundary of this particular class is 29.5 in other words L is equal to 29.5. Now of course f m has already been found but we also need to determine f 1 and f 2 and going back to the table we see that f 1 is equal to 6 and f 2 is equal to 11. F 1 is the frequency of the class preceding the modal class and f 2 the frequency of the class following the modal class. Now the class interval of the modal class is 10 because 29.5 to 39.5 means that the interval is 10. Applying all these values that we have determined in the formula of the mode the mode comes out to be 35.8. Hence we conclude that in this particular sample of managers of the childcare centers the modal age in other words the most frequent age can be regarded as 35.8 years. Let us now locate the mode on the graph of this particular frequency distribution. Students you will recall that in lecture number 4 we constructed the histogram of this distribution and it was as you now see on the screen. Also the frequency polygon was as you now see and superimposing the frequency polygon on top of the histogram we obtain this rather interesting picture. But students is wakth we want to locate the mode on this graph. As you know the mode is a value of our variable x or it is denoted by x hat and in this particular example because of the fact that x hat has come out to be 35.8 therefore in this diagram we locate this value on the x axis. It is a point almost directly under the highest point of our frequency polygon. Please note that I said almost directly under. As you will recall that is constructed by joining the points which are plotted against the mid points of the various classes or if we determine this particular class mid point determine curry the class which is the modal class that mid point is equal to 29.5 plus 39.5 over 2 and that is equal to 34.5. So, x hat which we have determined from this formula which I have presented to you x hat is equal to 35.8 which is somewhat to the right of 34.5. In fact, students you should note that some statisticians even regard the mid point of the modal class as the mode of that particular frequency distribution. But the formula that I have presented may be regarded as a better way of determining the accurate value of the mode. The mode has some very desirable properties. It is easily understood easily ascertained and also one very important point is that it is not affected by a few very high or very low values. Students, in what situations should we use the mode? Actually it is a very valuable concept in certain situations and I will try to explain this point with the help of an example. Suppose that the manager of a men's clothing store is asked about the average size of hats that are sold. He will probably think not of the arithmetic or the geometric mean size or even the median size. Instead he will in all likelihood quote that particular size which is sold most often. Students, this concept of the most frequent value is of far more use to a businessman than the arithmetic mean or the geometric mean. The modal size of all clothing is the size which this businessman must stock in the greatest quantity and variety in comparison with any other size. So, you see that inventory point of view say this particular concept is very significant and much more important than some other measures of central tendency which in some other situations may be very very important. I said to you that I will also discuss with you the non-modal and the bimodal situation. Can I come up to the students that there is no mode because all the values are occurring equally often. Especially if it is a small data set. You can also have situations when you have more than one mode and if you have two that will be called a bimodal situation and the graph will be as you now see on the screen. Students, a very easy method of differentiating between a unimodal and a bimodal situation. You know that Pakistani camel has one hump but Chinese camel has two humps. That is the easy way to remember it. Students, this brings us to the end of the discussion regarding the mode. Let us now begin the discussion of the arithmetic mean. That value which is numerically the most representative of a variable series. Of course, as you know this is the most widely used average. It is fairly in fact very easy to calculate and it is the most well accepted. Let us have its formal definition. The arithmetic mean or simply the mean is a value obtained by dividing the sum of all the observations by their number. In case of sample data, the notation is x bar and x bar is equal to summation x i over n where i goes from 1 to n. Students, this is capital sigma and it denotes the sum. Small sigma that denotes the standard deviation which we will be doing in an x lecture. In this formula of course, x i represents the ith x value. In other words, the ith value of our data set. But for simplicity, we also many times write this formula as simply sigma x over n. Yani the subscript i is dropped. Let me now explain this concept with the help of a simple example. Suppose that we have information regarding the receipts of a news agent for 7 days of a particular week and suppose that the receipts are 9.90 pounds, 7.75 pounds, 19.50 pounds and so on for the 7 days of the week as you see on the screen. In order to compute the mean sales per day, all we have to do is add the 7 values and divide by 7 and doing that our mean sales value comes out to be 37.12 pounds. Students, let us try to interpret this result. This value 37.12 pounds sterling represents that amount which would have been obtained if the same amount was being obtained on each day. Students, just now we did the arithmetic mean in case of raw data. In the frequency distribution case, how we compute arithmetic mean? The point to understand here is that in case of a frequency distribution, the identity of the individual observations is lost as I mentioned earlier. What we do is that we assume that every value falling in a particular class is equal to the midpoint of that class and using that midpoint, we compute the arithmetic mean or the geometric mean or any other such measure. The midpoint of any class is also called its class mark. Now, if we have k classes in a frequency distribution of a continuous variable, then our class marks will be x1, x2 and so on up to xk and the corresponding frequencies will be f1, f2 and so on up to fk. Using these values, the formula for the arithmetic mean will be x bar equal to sigma fi xi over sigma fi, where i goes from 1 to k. It can also be written as x bar is equal to sigma fi xi over n. The simple reason being that the sum of the frequencies is equal to n, the total number of observations in our dataset. For simplicity, we drop the subscript i and our formula is x bar is equal to sigma fx over n. Let us apply this formula to the same example that we are very fond of the EPA mileage ratings of the cars. In this example, the midpoints of the classes as explained earlier will be found by adding the lower limit of any class to the upper limit of the class and dividing by 2 and doing so the midpoints are 31.45, 34.45, 37.45 and so on. Now, in order to compute the arithmetic mean, we first need to construct the column of fx, i.e. x column ki har value ko f column ki jo corresponding value hai uske saath multiply kar dije. So, 31.45 into 2 gives us 62.9, 34.45 into 4 is 137.8 and so on. Adding the column of fx, we obtain 1135.5 and dividing by 30, our arithmetic mean comes out to be 37.85 miles per gallon or is value ki interpretation kya hai that the average mileage of these cars tested by the environmental protection agency is 37.85 miles per gallon. Aapko yaad hoga ke kuch ter pehle hamne issi example ka mode compute kiya tha and that came out to be 37.825 miles per gallon. Aap dekh rahe hain ke fark bohot thoda hain. Lekin bahar hal ek fark hain and that is obvious. After all, both of these, the mode and the mean, they are two different measures of central tendency. Jab aapka formula hi different hain to laa mohala aapko answer thoda bohot mukhtalif hoga. Students, yaaha me aapke saath ek bohot important concept discuss karna chaati hoon and that is the concept of grouping error. Grouping error arises because of the fact that you have assumed in this computation that all the values falling in a particular class are equal to the midpoint of that class. Zahir hai ke in reality to wo sari values do kisi ek class me fall kar rahe hoti hain. Uske midpoint ke baraabar toh nahi hoti. But the moment you use the x values, the class marks, the midpoints in your computation of the mean, you are introducing this error. Aapka jo answer aega that will not be exactly the same as the answer that you would have got by using the raw data. Let us see what we have in this very example. You will recall that the mileage ratings of the 30 cars were 36.3, 30.1 and so on and adding these values and dividing by 30, the mean mileage rating comes out to be 37.82. Students, the difference between the true value of the mean that is 37.82 and the value of the mean that we obtained from the grouped data that is 37.85, as you can see it is actually very slight. Or yehi waja hai ke grouping error, arithmetic mean ke computation me zyada ehmiyat nahi rakta. Experience has shown that in the computation of the arithmetic mean, the grouping error is never serious. But of course, in the case of the standard deviation and in the case of some other quantities, the grouping error can have quite a significant effect on our answer. Students, the arithmetic mean is the predominantly used measure of central tendency of a data set. Is example mein agar aap uske frequency polygon peh dubhara nazar daale aur x axis pe arithmetic mean ko locate karne ki koshish karein. So, again you will find that it is lying in the center of the distribution. Not the exact center, but more or less in the middle of the data set. Students, the arithmetic mean has many desirable properties. As I said earlier, it is very easy to understand and to calculate and one of the very important points is that it is based on every single observation in our data set. But the problem is that because of this fact that it is based on every value, sometimes students, this mean is distorted. Agar aap ke data set mein jo values hai, un mein zyada fark nahi hai, they are more or less the same. Usk case mein to arithmetic mean bhat appropriate hai. But if there are a few very high or very low values in your data set, their effect would be to drag the arithmetic mean in their direction so that it no longer represents the bulk of the data what it is expected to do. Let me explain this point with the help of an example. Suppose one walks down the main street of a large city center and counts the number of floors in each building. Suppose the following answers are obtained 5, 4, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 4, 5, 20, 5, 6, 32, 8 and 27. Students agar is data set ka arithmetic mean compute karein to the answer is 9. But you should note that this is not at all a good representative of this data because 12 out of the 15 buildings that we have just counted, they have 6 floors or less. Yes, 12 out of 15, a very high percentage of the data, the bulk of the data, un sab buildings mein to 6 kya usse kam floors hai, jabke hamara arithmetic mean ye kaira hai that on the average there are 9 floors per building. So, this is exactly the way extreme values distort the arithmetic mean. In this example, the 3 skyscraper buildings have created a disproportionate effect on the arithmetic mean. Students abhi hamne arithmetic mean ka concept discus ki aar. Us arithmetic mean ka jise simple arithmetic mean kayaate hain yaad usse labzo mein unweighted arithmetic mean. But then we have another very important concept and that is the weighted arithmetic mean. Bah situations mein, hame jo hamari values hain unko weightage deni padti hai, different weightage for every value depending on the situation. And let me explain this to you now with the help of an example. Suppose that in a particular high school, there are 100 freshmen, 80 Sophomores, 70 juniors and 50 seniors. And also suppose that on a given day 15 percent of the freshmen, 5 percent of the Sophomores, 10 percent of the juniors and 2 percent of the seniors are absent. The problem is that what percentage of the students is absent in that school on that particular day on the whole. Agar ham in values ka simple arithmetic mean compute karein to hamara jo answer aega that will be incorrect. If we do compute the simple arithmetic mean of the 4 values that we have, we obtain 15 plus 5 plus 10 plus 2 over 4 equal to 8. Goya ham ye karein hain, ke on the average, kisi bhi ek category of students mein, 8 percent of the students are absent. But actually it is possible for us to find out why this calculation is incorrect. Aur main aapke saath iss tisko step by step discuss karungi. Jaise ke aapne dekhah, jo freshman ke category hain usme hamare paas 100 students hain. Unme se 15 percent were absent. So this means that the total number of students absent from this category is 15. Iske baraks jo Sophomores ke category hain usme total number of students is 80 and 5 percent of them are absent. But that means that the total number of students who are absent in this category is only 4. Bilkul isshi tara 70 juniors me se agar 10 percent absent hain to iss ka matlab hain ke 7 students absent hain. Aur 50 seniors me se agar 2 percent hain to iss ka matlab hain ke sif ek student absent. In this way the total number of students who are absent in this school on that particular day is 27. And if we divide 27 by the total number enrolled that is 300 and multiply by 100 the percentage comes out to be 9 percent. Aapne dekhah tha ke jab hamne arithmetik mean simple compute kiya to hamara ansar tha 8 percent and that was wrong. Students this brings us to a very important observation aur wo ye ke iss khusam ke situation mein jab hamare number of students enrolled in the various categories barabar nahi hain we cannot use the simple mean for the absenteeism figures yani ham un absenteeism ke figures ko equal weightage nahi desakte. We have to assign to them different weights in accordance with the group size for each one of those categories. Is example mein ye jo group sizes hain they are acting as the weights and we need to multiply each one of the absenteeism figures by these weights in order to obtain the correct answer. The formal formula for the arithmetic mean is sigma w i x i over sigma w i and applying it in this example we obtain sigma w i x i equal to 2700 and sigma w i equal to 300 dividing 2700 by 300 we obtain the value 9. It is certainly the same answer as what we obtained a short while ago as the correct value. So, it is obvious that there are certain situations where all the x values cannot be regarded as being of equal weightage and in that situation we modify the formula of the arithmetic mean and apply the formula of the weighted mean. The next concept that I am going to pick up is that of the median. Let me explain this concept with the help of an example, abhi thori der pehle ham ne wo example discus kiya jisme ham ne number of floors in the buildings ki baat ki aur abhi ye bhi yad hoga ke ham ne dekha ke arithmetic mean it did not represent the data properly because whereas, 12 out of 15 of the buildings had 6 floors or less our arithmetic mean came out to be 9 floors. This situation may the median may come to our rescue. The median students is the middle value of a data set once we have arranged those values in either ascending or descending order. In other words, the median is defined as a value which divides a set of data into two halves, one half comprising of observations greater than and the other half smaller than the median. More precisely, the median is a value at or below which 50 percent of the data lie. Students, the median can be ascertained very easily in many situations and especially in the case of raw data. Going back to the same example that I just discussed, the average number of floors in the buildings at the center of the city are 5, 4, 3, 4 and so on and arranging these values in ascending order we obtain 3, 3, 4, 4, 4 and so on. Picking up the middle value, we obtain the median x tilde equal to 5, the median number of floors is 5. Out of those 15 buildings, 7 buildings have 5 floors or less and 7 buildings have 5 floors or more, so that 5 is the middle value in that ordered data set. In this example, the arithmetic mean was distorted toward the few very high values. As you will all agree, this is much more representative of this data than the mean. This is the advantage of the median. If there are some extreme values in your data set, then there is no effect on the median. Simply because the median is not computed by, for example, adding all the values and dividing by the number, the extreme values are not involved in it. It is simply the middle value. Let us consider another example. Suppose that the retail price of motor cars for several makes and sizes is available to us and the values are 415 pounds sterling, 480, 525 and so on. In this data set, there are 9 values in all and after having arranged them in ascending order, the median price comes out to be 719. Once again, you notice that it is very simple.  You have an even number of values. If you have 8 values, then the fourth value is not the middle value. If you say, all right, I will pick up the fifth one, then that is the problem. So, what do you do in this kind of a situation? What we do is to take the arithmetic mean of the two middle values. I will explain this to you now with the help of the example that you now see on the screen. Suppose that the number of passengers travelling on a bus at six different times during a particular day were 4, 9, 14, 18, 23 and 47. This data is already arranged in order. It is not necessary that it is ordered like this, but because we want to compute the median, we have arranged it in ascending order. Now, you can see that there are two middle values, 14 and 18. These middle values are like this. If we see them jointly, then there are two values before and after these two values. Computing the arithmetic mean of the two, we obtain the median equal to 16 passengers. All the examples that we have done until now pertain to raw data. What will we do if we have the case of a discrete frequency distribution? Let me explain this point with the help of an example. Suppose that we have the data regarding the number of pupils per class in some particular comprehensive school. Now, 23 students is only one class. There is no class in which there are 24 students. But then we have three classes having 26 students each and similarly, we can interpret the entire table. Now, the point is that if we write this data in the form of raw data, it will be a range data set. In other words, in this case, this very frequency distribution converts to the raw data 23, 25, 26, 26, 26 and then 27, 6 times, 28, 9 times and so on. Total pentales values and that is an odd number. So, we do not have any such problem as having two middle values. Now, 45 values that is the 23rd value. So, you simply have to pick up the 23rd value and that is your median. But, if I had to convert this distribution to raw data, then what is the fun? I had converted it to the frequency distribution because my raw data would come in a concise form. I gave you this point just to tell you that even though it is concisely presented in the form of a discrete frequency distribution, our goal is to pick up the 23rd value and it is very easily achieved if we construct the column of cumulative frequencies as you now see on the screen. The cumulative frequencies are 1, 2, 5, 11, 20, 28, 38 and 45 and the cumulative frequency 28 corresponds to the x value 29, whereas the cumulative frequency 20 corresponds to the x value 28. It is obvious that the 23rd value does not lie among the first 20, but it does lie among the first 28 and hence its x value is 29. Yani, wo jo taisvi observation hai, wo jo class hai that contains 29 students. Once again, how do we interpret this result? Ke wo jo 45 classes hai wo school mein, unke jo class sizes hai wo jo average value hai, average class size that is 29. But, average in what sense? Not in the modal sense, not in the arithmetic mean sense, but in the sense of the median. Ke agar hum un tamam classes ko ascending order mein arrange karde based on the class size, to darmean wali class jo hai usme 29 students hai. Baise classes aisi hai, jinme 29 se kum hai aur 22 classes aisi hai, jinme 29 se zada hai. I think you will appreciate that the median is such a measure of central tendency in which this concept of center comes out very, very clearly. Alright, now that we have discussed the mode mean and median in considerable detail students, let us consider another example that illustrates all three of these concepts. Displayed in the following table are the annual attendance figures in millions of visitors of 32 US public zoological parks. The attendance figures are in millions 0.6, 0.9, 0.2 and so on. For these data, measures of location can yield such information as the average attendance for the zoos, the middle attendance figure and the most frequently occurring attendance figure. So, we would like to compute the mean, median and the mode for the attendance figures listed in the above table. Now, students of course the computation of the mean is very simple. All we have to do is to add all the values and divide by 32 and in this way we obtain x bar is equal to 1.3 million. Now, as far as the computation of the median is concerned, the first step is to arrange the data in an ordered array and when we do that we have 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and after that 0.6 occurs 5 times and then we have 0.7 and so on. Now, in order to compute the median, the first point to be noted is that in this example students we are dealing with an even number of values that is 32 and you will recall that in the earlier discussion it was mentioned that whenever we are dealing with an even number of values we compute the average of the n by 2th and the n plus 2 by 2th values of the ordered data set. But students here let me discuss with you another way of looking at this situation. As there are 32 values we can say that the median is located at n plus 1 by 2th value and that is 16.5th value. Now, what do we mean by 16.5th value? By the 16.5th value we mean the value that is located halfway between the 16th value and the 17th value. Let me explain this point to you through the figure that you now have on the screen. If you look at x axis i.e. real line per 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th values. So, the middle of the distance between the 16th and the 17th values can be regarded as the 16.5th value. In other words by the 16.5th value we will mean the average of the 16th value and the 17th value which is exactly the same as what we have been considering earlier. After all students is not 16 exactly 32 over 2 and is not 17 exactly equal to 32 plus 2 over 2. We are still doing exactly the same thing the average of the n by 2th value and the n plus 2 by 2th value. In this particular example the 16th value is 1.0 and the 17th value is 1.1 and therefore finding their average the median comes out to be 1.05 million. Last but not the least we are interested in the computation of the mode. Now by inspecting the attendance figures we find that 0.6 is occurring 5 times whereas all the other figures are occurring less often. Hence the mode is equal to 0.6 million. So, the conclusion is that the mean or the average attendance at the zoos is 1.3 million, the median in other words the middle attendance figure for these 32 zoos is 1.05 million and the mode that is the most frequently occurring attendance figure is 0.6 million. Students, in today's lecture we have discussed three different measures of central attendance. We started with the mode which was actually a continuation of what we had started last time and then we went on to the arithmetic mean and also its modified version they weighted arithmetic mean. Lastly, we have discussed the median and we have computed the median in case of raw data as well as in the case of the frequency distribution of a discrete variable. Next time I will discuss with you the computation of the median in case of the frequency distribution of a continuous variable. The same EPA mileage ratings example that we are extremely fond of or I am taking a case situation may we have a formula that will enable us to locate the median in case of a frequency distribution of a continuous variable. Also I will discuss with you a very interesting concept and that is the empirical relationship between the mean median and the mode. In the meantime I would like to encourage you to attempt quite a few questions from the exercise of your textbook and also from many other books as many as you can get hold of and I wish you the best and Allah Hafiz.


Boom, what's up everyone? Welcome to simulation. I'm your host on sake and we are still at Indie bio demo day number eight We are now going to be talking to Marcel Frankl from gavel on bio design. Hi guys. Thanks for coming on I appreciate it Marcel teach us about what you were just giving your talk about well, so Drug design today is a extremely challenging field because Even when we design great drugs, right? Even when we design drugs that work the problem is that Over time other cancer and infectious diseases. They learn to become resistant to that therapy Right you you might have heard of the superbugs, right and in cancer. You always hear about cancer coming back Right, so what happens is that this is called your ability of the response, right? So when we talk about is durable response of the drug and And the problem is that it's extremely difficult to make drugs that are durable and The reason for that is that then there are numerous ways how a pathogen can develop resistance at gavel on what we do as we develop drugs that can play a chess match and chess match can see What moves right what mutations the pathogen or cancer can do and Design a drug that can overcome those So it's really about being able to design drugs in the fourth dimension right being able to play a chess game through time And that really makes a huge difference on how good and impactful these drugs can be in people's lives and What we're focused on is in designing better drugs Right, so so that's what I was talking about there The other main problem of drug design is that Sometimes the biology tell us tells us that we should go after a certain target, right? There is Something in the system that that's what you really need to hit if you want to make a difference Unfortunately, it's normally extremely difficult to hit those targets So what we're making is a technology that can really allows us to hit what we want Not what we can and hopefully by doing these two things will change the paradigm of drug design make better Therapeutics and finally start curing some of these diseases And so then let's let's walk us through examples. So usually there's like Pathogens or cancers are they're like you were exactly giving us this example They're running through permutations of ways for them to succeed with what their attention is and then to be able to figure out How the body tries to watch and Tackle it as so it's kind of like you said there's a game going on Yeah, there's exactly right, you know, so the truth is this what you're finding in the end is evolution, right? There's that saying life finds a way, right? So what a drug is is a selective pressure in an environment, right? You're selecting Against things that are susceptible to the drug, right? So you're creating a enhanced fitness for the organisms that are immune to that drug and they select that population So what we need to do is we need to be able to see what those possible selection mechanisms are what those mutations are and Design a drug not only against the target today, but against all possible variations of that target And that's what we use our you know unique proprietary and cynical technology to do So, you know and what we hope to do is that that's really gonna have an impact in people's lives And do you take it then the pathogen or cancer you take that into a Into into an environment outside of the body and then you Observe the way that it's trying to permutate and then make advances and encounter those no So this is really cool. It's all done computationally all computation all computation simulate Cancer or a pathogen that's trying to make moves. Yeah, we do this at the molecular level at the molecular level And so so that's why we we you know, we've spent the last I don't know 15 years at Duke building this technology and You know, we finally decide that it was time to spin that out into a company and Really go ahead and use that technology to have impact in people's lives and you know, I think this comes from our personal experience With these diseases and you know losing loved ones And really wanting to do something about that, you know, just I have a you know for me It was my mom She got pancreatic cancer and at first the drugs worked and then they stopped working and we went to five different doctors and we you know Said hey, what can we do and the answer was look the disease has progressed. That's where they use There's nothing we can do about it You know, and it was like no Right, that's an unacceptable reality. That's not the world we want to live in So unfortunately for my mom, there was nothing we could do But I think what everyone in the gavel on team is trying to do is make it so that you know For the people today and tomorrow that that's an aerial changes And take us into the environments where you're actually able to do this to simulate this because this happens to so many of our Like you said of our loved ones I would love to pass more time with let them be more creative let them flourish more Experience more of civilization's progress over time all this great stuff and then okay when you bring this into this to this Simulation environment then you're doing this at the molecular level and how would it I mean this sounds so, you know Let's let's try and make this like as explained like I'm five as possible Okay, you have this pathogen in the environment and you're and you're figuring out its moves and then figuring out how we can do What within the body to yeah, so so you know Think about we really think about these things called proteins, right and the proteins are kind of the work hard horses in your body They're the the things inside of you that do the work so that you can live, right? There are these almost tiny machines. They're these biologic machines inside of you and Normally when you're developing a drug you're hitting one of those right because they're the ones that do the work to allow you to live Hitting them modulates that environment right modulates that work So that's how you can change the environment and change, you know treat a disease or you know help somebody that has Some condition right you change that by messing with these micro robots these biological micro robots Once you find the one that we're targeting What we initiate really is something almost like a chess game, you know in a chess game if you're gonna play well You got to be able to see multiple moves ahead Right and when you're planning your next move You have that context that you're using to make your decision. Yes This is incredibly more complex because it's multi-dimensional, right? It's not just you have a few right? So but it's pretty similar in what we're doing, right? You're looking at What are the fitness conditions of that protein? How does it do its job? How can they maintain its jobs? What possible variations of that shape can then adopt and how can a drug deal with all of that? right and those are the answers that you ask and you really require very sophisticated algorithms to answer and That's what it's all about and it's so then is it the protein that's within the pathogen that you are observing Yeah evolution and trying to see which moves it's trying to make and then the and then you're trying to design the drug that would then Compete against that the evolution of that protein interrupt and interrupt whatever function or you know Sometimes you're enhancing a function there at times you're shooting it off, right? There's multiple ways to deal to try and modulate that That environment, but what you're ultimately doing is if it's a pathogen you want to stop it in this tracks If it's cancer you want to stop it and kill it, you know, and if it's another condition then it's more You know sometimes you want to increase something or decrease something, right? You can think about how to immune diseases right where it's the body's immune system there You don't want to kill anything. You just want to you know calm things down a little bit All of these can be modulated by designing better drugs and You know, that's really what we want to do. It's not only about Toxicity right we actually want to design drugs that are gonna help people right make people healthier and live longer and you know Especially I was just telling you for us. It's about making sure that People are really having better lives and not losing loved ones diseases, right? You know cancer is almost like the bogeyman right when you're young you believe in the bogeyman Once you start getting older The bogeyman changes its name right every time that you feel a lump that wasn't there in the back of your mind. You're like Well, you know Maybe it's something that shouldn't be there, right? Man if you have experience with it, you know that sometimes it's like that one day You're fine and one day you're not fine or someone you love has through that So having something that can treat that that can overcome that that's really all we're about Yeah, I'm so fascinated with the simulation environment of analyzing the the proteins evolutionary trajectory and how it's trying to have its What it wants to achieve done within the body and how you can then Simulate the the drug so you're simulating the molecules that are then competing against and you're also trying to deliver it directly to where that protein is for it to get either inhibited or yep to have to enhance something that competes against it this Yeah, exactly This is so freaking cool. Thanks. Yes. Yes Many a lot of why we call the show simulation is because of really cool things like this like all these different aspects to these Biological simulations that I mean in many ways like that civilization and the universe could be similarly within our bodies We can recreate the simulation environments to see how we can tackle pathogens Without even doing it outside like taking having to do it outside of the body, but actually just simulate it Yeah, yeah, you know, we do eventually take these and test them right because Still today, right? No simulation is perfect, but the idea is to get to a point Where you know Whatever you're predicting is coming true and the most exciting thing the thing that really took us from being academics To being here and you know is that idea that? You know, we're almost there right we're starting to see these things so I'm actually still academic finishing my PhD right now, but You know, we're starting to see this result or what we predict is what's coming true when we test it And when you start seeing that it starts giving you a lot of confidence that you can actually change people's lives and that's That's what it's all about right it's about bringing about change And then you guys make the the simulations better and better make the the drugs compete better and better And then the idea is to deploy one to compute to actually for the Physically use and yeah, exactly and which one would that be to compete against you guys have any idea so We we we work in two different ways one a way is that we work through partnerships where normally a partner already has a initial molecule That he's trying to optimize and we help them optimize that okay The other one is we have our own pipeline. Okay in our own pipeline We're using your unique ability to design custom and ideal drugs to target drugs that other people can't and There's a whole class of proteins called undruggables Undruggables. Yeah, and and they're kind of like, you know, sometimes called the holy grail Medicine because we know that they're important. We validated You know using things like CRISPR assays and we validated that they matter and yet We haven't been able to hit at them because they've remained undruggable. That's the name, right? They've they've been resilient to other methods So what we wish to do is show that we can hit them and by doing so that would really change medicine and change what we can do For the first time we want to be able to hit what we can we would be able to hit what we want and That's gonna really make you know bringing a new age of medicine. So we're very excited for that. Okay. Okay, cool It seems like yeah, the trajectory is Yeah, both having the Organizations that are currently trying to figure out how to better deploy their own Drugs working with them Computationally and also on the with your own pipeline Exactly to make and you think it the pathogens to compete against are which ones for you guys first, so, you know Personally, we're starting pancreatic cancer pancreatic. Exactly, right as I told you this is You know a decision made From personal reasons, right? The you know as I told you the story about my mom, you know, there's a little bit of You know, you could call it a vending going on right there's this idea that we saw how terrible that disease is and You know, I don't think I think it's terrible that anybody has to go through that, right? So we want to start there But we're gonna expand and with partners We're doing both Infective diseases like the superbugs as well as cancer so go in both ways Okay, and then the For for a company trajectory then for people that are wanting to work with you. What are you guys looking for right now? So right now we you know, we're very fast So it takes us about three weeks to go from the beginning of a project to the completion of that project So the drug design process takes three weeks in our computers So and that and that includes the whole thing from hit all the way to what's called a lead Which is you know from a very initial design all the way it's something that we think is gonna work So we're always open for more pharma companies to partner with us so that we can help them develop better drugs as well You know, we always The truth we want to have the biggest impact we can so we really want to work with everyone we can You know and in the Bringing in more talent, you know the thing that's most important for us is people who believe in a vision of a World where these diseases are under control and treatable and you know We don't have these superbugs bringing in pedemics, right? It's about having a shared vision about what can be done through these technologies Coupled with the skill to make it real and I think that's what we would be looking for Yes, yes, and then what would be like the simulation environment that you're Working in like what is the software that you so these are proprietary softwares that you guys made that that we that we built Yeah, cool. So yeah, so these are all proprietary software They build from a open-source software called osprey that we helped develop as academics. Okay, so For instance, I have publications using osprey's my co-founders developed osprey And this was all developed. So we all come from the same lab Which is Bruce Donald's lab at Duke University? We are spin out of that lab and then that lab they developed osprey Which is an open-source version of this code and what we did is we introduced new features redesigned pretty much everything from scratch Made it about a million times faster And you know beyond that also introduced some new things that were required to make it in a pharma context something that would be successful in a pharma context and You know just continue to build You know the technology we have a belief that we're great today but you know These diseases are a huge challenge and you have to continue pushing the technology So that's an area that we're all very dedicated to it's continuously building the technology to solve these problems I'm excited to see where Simulation software can help us not only with like digital twins of the body and being able to run calculations of Preventing disease pathology this type of stuff, but also doing things like making digital twins of the planet and Simulating the evolution of our whole species all these types of things simulation environments are very fascinating I'm glad you guys are leveraging them for this Marcel. Thank you very much for thank you really appreciate it Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. We would greatly appreciate everyone to give us your thoughts in the comments below on that So thank you very much for tuning in Also, do check out the links in the bio below Gavilan design bio design also definitely check out the links to Indie bio as well Check out the links to simulations will support these artists these entrepreneurs these scientists These leaders in our community support them help them grow and go and build the future everyone manifest your dreams into well Thanks for tuning in. We'll see you soon. Peace


Shankar IAS Academy, Admissions open for UPSC Coaching 2021-22. Classes starts on June 28th. For Admissions, contact 766776626. Welcome to the Hindu news analysis session by Shankar IAS Academy, dated 26th June 2021. The list of news articles for today's discussion is given for your reference along with the page numbers in various editions of the newspaper. Now, let us move on to the first topic. The first topic for today's discussion is IAC will be commissioned next year, says the Defense Minister Rajnath Singh. See, in this news article discussion, we shall be discussing about the indigenous aircraft carrier and the project SEBER. Both these are important topics and let us see them one by one. Let us begin with IAC. See, the IAC is also called as INS Vikrant. If you see, it is named after its predecessor which is the INS Vikrant. This INS Vikrant, which we are talking about the older one, is a procured carrier. It was India's first majestic class aircraft carrier. Know that it was formerly called Hercules and was acquired from Britain in the year 1957. This aircraft carrier was commissioned in the year 1961 as INS Vikrant. Later in the year 1997, Vikrant was decommissioned. Now, coming back to the newer one, this is the first airbase reinforced warship of India. Also, it is an indigenous aircraft carrier because it is the first aircraft carrier to be made in India. See, the IAC comprises nearly 75 percentage of indigenous content that is from design to the steels used in the construction to key weapons and sensors, etc. And it is informally called INS Vikrant II. See, this aircraft carrier is currently under construction and the trials are being conducted by the Kochin Shipyard Limited in Kochi, Kerala. And our defence minister has pointed out that it may be commissioned before 2023 or in the mid 2020 itself. This coincides with the 75th year of India's independence. Now, let us look into the specification. See, this aircraft carrier weighs up to 40,000 tons and can carry up to 40 aircrafts. Also, know that it will operate MIG-29K fighter aircrafts, Kamov-31 early warning helicopters and the soon to be inducted MH-60R multirole helicopters and the indigenously manufactured advanced light helicopters. Besides this, India is planning to develop its third aircraft carrier INS Vishal which is expected to be commissioned in the year 2030. With this information, now let us look into the project Seabird. See, this is a formidable project to remember. See, for starters, it is the largest naval infrastructure project for India. See, it is a $3 billion program and upon completion, the effort will provide the Indian Navy with its largest naval base on the western coast. Alongside, it will be the largest naval base east of Suez Canal. So, what is it exactly? See, it involves a creation of naval base at Karwar on the west coast of India. See, the aspirants can have a look at this in the map which is provided here. The green dot is the Karwar region that is where the creation of naval base is planned. And if you see, the aims is at providing fleet support and maintenance of warships. Note that the naval complex will be able to support several major warships and at least 30 vessels, submarines and yard crafts. In addition, the state of art naval air base will have a maintenance section which is said to be the part of the project. This naval base totally spread across 11,000 acres and mainly located on hilly terrains along the coastal region. Also note that a significant part of the project will also be carried out by reclaiming a part of sea. And so, it involves several technical and environmental challenges. The project, however, was delayed for some time as the land earmarked for it was a forest land. But later on, it was cleared after the visit of former Defense Minister Nirmala Sitaraman. This is all about the IAC. With this information in mind, now let us move on to the next topic for today's discussion. Now coming to the next news article, Pakistan to remain on FATF grilist. As we know, Pakistan has been a safe haven for UN-designated terror groups such as Laxary Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammed, Al Queda, etc. Due to this, financial action task force has brought the country under its grilist. Now, recently, the FATF has decided to retain Pakistan on the grilist, also known as the list of countries under increased monitoring. Here, we must know that the FATF is a global money laundering and terrorist financing watchdog. Know that this FATF was established in the G7 Summit held in Paris in the year 1989. The FATF is the intergovernmental body that sets international standards to prevent illegal activities that may cause harm to the society. Also, the FATF works to generate the necessary political will in order to bring about a national legislation and regulatory reforms in these areas. Know that more than 200 countries and jurisdictions have so far committed to implementing the FATF recommendations. This would ensure a coordinated global response to prevent organized crime, corruption, and terrorism. In addition, they also held the authorities to go after the money of criminals dealing in illegal drugs, human trafficking, and other crimes. Apart from this, the FATF also works to stop funding for weapons of mass destruction. In order to do all these effectively, the FATF monitors the country to ensure they implement the FATF standards and they also hold countries to account if they find countries not complying with FATF standards. Currently, FATF comprises 37 member jurisdictions and two regional organizations. This represents most major financial centers in all parts of the globe. Know that India is a member of FATF, whereas Pakistan is not a member. Now, let us discuss about the FATF jurisdiction under increased monitoring. See, the countries that have been listed as grey list or countries under increased monitoring will work with FATF in order to counter money laundering, terrorist financing, and proliferation financing. The jurisdiction placed under increased monitoring will also commit itself to resolve the identified strategic deficiencies within agreed time frames. The identified strategic areas are nothing but the actions to be taken against the UN designated terrorists or steps to be taken to curb terror financing, etc. The countries that falls under this increased monitoring list are externally referred as the grey list. Those countries that are failing to address these strategic deficiencies after a specific time period will be listed under blacklist. Some of the grey list countries are like Pakistan, Mauritius, Myanmar, Syria, etc. There are only two blacklisted countries. They are North Korea and Iran. Till now, we saw about the FATF and the grey list. Now, let us know what are the implications of being listed as a grey list country? See, the grey listing will squeeze the country's economy by making it harder for the country to meet its foreign financing needs. Thus, future borrowing from organizations such as International Monetary Fund would be difficult. Also, the grey listing could downgrade the country's debt rating, making it more difficult to tap into the international bond markets. The listing would also discourage foreign investors and companies to do business in the country. Hence, this would further increase the economic and political instability in that country. These are few information related to the recent developments in FATF and the grey listing of Pakistan. With this information in mind, let us move to the next topic discussion. Our next news discussion is going to be based on this news article, which reports about the anniversary of urban missions. See, on 25th June 2021, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs organized an online event to commemorate the sixth year of three transformational urban missions. The three missions include the Smart City Mission, Atal Mission for Urban Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation and the Pradhan Mantri Avasiyajana Urban. Today, also marked the 45 years of establishment of National Institute of Urban Affairs, which is an autonomous body of Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. Note that, the body is tasked to bridge the gap between research and practice on issues related to urbanization. So, in this light, let us see in detail about the three transformative urban missions. The relevant syllabus covered by this news article is highlighted for your reference. Now, let us move on to the news article. First comes the Smart City Mission. As we know, cities are engines of growth for the economy of every nation, including India. With increasing urbanization, urban areas are expected to house 40 percent of India's population and contribute 75 percent of India's GDP and this proves the need for a comprehensive development of physical, institutional, social and economic infrastructure. Since they play a major role in improving the quality of life as well as in attracting people and investments to the cities, it enables a virtuous cycle of growth and development. See, there is no universally accepted definition of a smart city and its conceptualization varies from city to city and country to country depending on the level of developments. In case of India, the picture of smart city contains a wish list of infrastructure and services. Therefore, in order to provide for the aspirations and needs of the citizens, the urban planners aims at developing the urban ecosystem that is represented by four pillars of comprehensive development. It includes institutional infrastructure, financial infrastructure, social and economic infrastructure. The main objective of this mission is to promote cities that provide core infrastructure and a decent quality of life to its citizens. Also, it aims to provide a clean and a sustainable environment and application of smart solutions. Hence, its purpose is to drive economic growth and improve the overall quality of life of people by enabling local area development and harnessing technology. Note that the smart city mission is operated as a centrally sponsored scheme and central government gives financial support to the mission. Then, an equal amount on a matching basis is contributed by the state or the urban local bodies. The core infrastructure elements in the smart cities would include adequate water supplies, assured electricity supply, solid waste management, efficient urban mobility and many more. An illustrative list of smart solutions is given below for your reference. The aspirants can go through it. Next comes the actual mission for urban rejuvenation and urban transformation. See, this mission aims to provide basic services to households and build amenities in cities that would help in improving the quality of life. The purpose of the mission is to ensure that every household has access to a tap with assured supply of water and sewage connections. Then, it aspires to increase the amenity value of cities by developing greenery and well maintained open spaces. In addition, it also aims to reduce the pollution by switching to public transport or constructing facilities for non-motorized transport. Similar to the smart city mission, this scheme is also implemented as a centrally sponsored scheme. Note that the components of AMROOT consist of capacity building, reform implementations, water supply, sewage and septage management, urban transports as well as development of green spaces and parks. And during the process of planning, urban local bodies will strive to include some smart features in the physical infrastructure components. That is all about urban rejuvenation and urban transformation. And finally comes the Pradhan Mantri Avas Yojana Urban. Note that the PMAY Urban is a flagship mission of Government of India being implemented by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. This scheme addresses urban housing shortage among the economically weaker sections, lower income groups and medium income groups, including the slum dwellers. This is done by ensuring a PAKKA house to all eligible urban households by the year 2022. In addition, this scheme also adopts a demand-driven approach wherein the housing shortage is decided based on the demand assessments by states or union territories. Note that the mission promotes women empowerment by providing the ownership of houses in the name of female members or in joint name. In addition, the preference is also given to differently abled persons, senior citizens, persons belonging to SCs, STs or OBC communities, minority, single women, transgender and other weaker and vulnerable sections of this society. Hence, it can be said that this scheme adopts with various options to suit the needs of individuals based on geographical conditions, topography, economic conditions and many more. The scheme is also divided into four verticals as given in the image. The aspirants can have a look at it. With this information in mind, now let us come back to our article. See, the article mentions that the Ministry of Housing has announced Uttar Pradesh to be ranked one followed by Madhya Pradesh in the second place and Tamil Nadu in the third place for India's Smart City Award 2020. Alongside this, Indore and Surat were jointly named as the best cities by the Housing and Urban Affairs Ministry for their work under the Smart Cities mission. And as per the official statement, 22% in terms of total values of the project and 52% in terms of total number of projects proposed by the Smart Cities have been completed so far. With this, we have come to the end of this topic discussion. So, in this article, we have a comprehensive discussion on the three transformative urban missions including Smart City Mission, Amrutt and Pradhan Mantri Avas Yojana Urban. With these take away points in the mind, let us move on to the next part of our news discussion. The fourth topic for today's discussion, Satankulam case CBI moves High Court. This article says that the Central Bureau of Investigation has approached the Madras High Court regarding the Satankulam Custodial Death case. See, the Satankulam is a panjayat in Toothukudi district of Tamil Nadu which was in news earlier for the custodial death of the father-son duo. In this context, let us discuss in detail about the roles and responsibilities of the CBI. The syllabus covered under this topic discussion is given for your reference. See, the Central Bureau of Investigation traces its origin to the Special Police Establishments. This Special Police Establishments was set up in the year 1941 by the Government of India. The functions of the SPE then were to investigate cases of bribery and corruption in the transaction with the war and supply departments of India. This was during the World War II where the superintendent of SPE was vested with the War Department. But after the World War II, the need for a central government agency to investigate the cases of bribery and corruption by the central government employees was felt. Thus, the Delhi Special Police Establishments Act was brought into force in the year 1946. This act transferred the superintendent of SPE to the Home Department. Also, its functions were enlarged to cover all departments of the Government of India. Know that the jurisdiction of the Delhi Special Police Establishments extended to all union territories as well. Here, we must know that the jurisdiction of SPE could be extended to stage with the consent of the state government concerned. Later, the SPE acquired its current name, the Central Bureau of Investigation through a Home Ministry's Resolution in the year 1963. In this year, 1963, the CBI was established by the Government of India with the view to investigate serious crimes related to defense of India, corruption in high places, serious frauds, etc. CBI also investigates hoarding, black marketing and profiteering in essential commodities which may have negative consequences in several states. See, initially, the offenses notified by the Center for CBI related only to corruption by the central government's servants. But with the setting up of large number of PSUs, that is, the public sector undertakings, the employees of these PSUs were also brought under the CBI's purview. Similarly, with the nationalization of banks in 1969, the PSBs and their employees also came within the ambit of the CBI. In addition to all these, you have to note that the superintendents of CBI related to investigations under the Prevention of Corruption Act 1988 lies with the Central Vigilance Commission. Whereas, in other matters, the superintendents lies with Department of Personal and Training under the Ministry of Personal Pensions and Grievances. After several years of establishment, today, CBI has grown into a multidisciplinary investigation agency with three divisions for investigations of crime. First one is Anti-Corruption Division. Next is the Economic Offences Division and the third division is the Special Crimes Division. Now, let us know about this one by one. The Anti-Corruption Division investigates under the Prevention of Corruption Act 1988. This investigation of cases are done against the public officials and employees of Central Government, PSUs, bodies controlled by the Government of India, etc. When coming to the Economic Offences Division, under the Economic Offences Division, the investigations of major financial crimes and serious economic frauds are carried out. This includes crimes related to fake Indian currency notes, bank frauds and cyber crime. The third division, which is the Special Crimes Division, investigates serious, sensational and organized crime under the IPC and other laws. This is mainly done on the request of the State Government or on the order of the Supreme Court and High Courts. Finally, know that the CBI needs the prior consent of State Government to exercise its power and jurisdiction in the State. But the Supreme Court and High Court can order the CBI to investigate such a crime anywhere in the country without the consent of the State. With this, we have come to the end of this topic discussion. Now, let us move to the final topic for today's discussion. Now, taking this news article, OFB federations threaten to go on in definite strike. This news article is regarding the decision of the Union Cabinet to split the Ordinance Factory Board organization into seven corporate entities. This move has been widely criticized by the recognized federations of defense civilian employees of the OFB. In this context, let us discuss about the Ordinance Factory Board and the possible implications of corporatization. The syllabus covered under this topic discussion is given for your reference. See, the Ordinance Factory Board, shortly termed OFB, is an umbrella body for the Ordinance Factories and Related Institutions in India. It includes a cluster of 41 factories, 9 training institutes, 3 regional marketing centers and 5 regional controllers of safety. Know that it is currently a subordinate office under the Ministry of Defense. Why is this OFB gaining so much significance? This is because a major chunk of weapon, ammunition and supplies not for just armed forces, but also for paramilitary and police forces comes from the OFB run factories. Its productions include civilian and military-grade arms and immunizations, explosives, propellant and chemicals for missile systems and many more. Hence, the efficient operation of OFB is very important to strengthen India's security system. But however, unfortunately, in the year 2019, a performance evaluation report by the CAG, that is the Comptroller and Auditor General, has listed few gaps in operational efficiencies of OFB. It includes such as higher overhead costs, higher indirect labor costs, delay in productions etc. Therefore, as a response to this report, the government constituted an empowered group of ministers under the Chairmanship of Defense Minister in September 2020. Know that this committee was constituted for the purpose of corporatization of OFB. Till now, we saw about the OFB and the recent developments. Now, let us know what is corporatization? See, the corporatization refers to restructuring or transformation of state-owned assets or organization into a corporation. These corporatized organizations from now on will have a board of directors, management and shareholders. But however, unlike the publicly traded companies, the government will be the only shareholder of the newly corporatized entity. In this fashion, the corporatization will result in the conversion of the OFB into a multiple 100% government-owned entities under the Companies Act 2013. Accordingly, the government has now decided to corporatize the OFB into 7 government-owned entities. But why it is done? Firstly, the newly corporatized entity will become a separate legal entity. Secondly, the management of a corporate entity will be given a financial autonomy. Thereby, the management itself will take control of inputs and issues related to production or service delivery. Thirdly, the organization will become subjected to the prevailing company law and accounting rules. Fourthly, the corporatized entity will receive the resource it needs to perform its function. Hence, all these features that we have discussed now are expected to bring in efficiency in operation. This is the major aim for corporatization. But however, there is another viewpoint from the employees and trade unions which must also be considered. According to them, the corporatization would eventually lead to privatization. That is, they feel that the corporatization is an initial stage followed by a transfer of ownership and management rights to the private player. The second factor is the fear of job loss. In addition, the federation and the union highlights the article 309 of the constitution. Accordingly, they mention that the employees were recruited as central government employees as per the said article. But there was no mention in their appointment letters that their status would be changed during the service period. These are the concerns which are put forward by the recognized federations and unions against this move by the government to corporatize ordinance factory board. This is all about the OFB and the center's move for corporatization. With this, we have come to the end of this topic discussion. Now, let us move to the prelims practice question session. Question number one, consider the following statements regarding the financial action task force. Statement one, it is an intergovernmental body established by the United Nations Security Council. Statement two, headquartered in New York, FATF is the Global Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Watchdog. Which of these statements given above is or are correct? The options given are option A, one only, option B, two only, option C, both one and two, option D, neither one nor two. See, in the first statement, it is said that FATF is an intergovernmental body, which is true. But it says this FATF is established by the United Nations Security Council. See, from our earlier discussion, we saw FATF is the intergovernmental body, but it was established in the G7 Submit held in Paris in the year 1989. So, the first statement is incorrect. Now, let us move to the second statement. It says the FATF is the Global Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Watchdog. The second part of the question is correct, but the first part which says it is headquartered in New York is wrong because it is headquartered in Paris in France. So, the second statement is also incorrect. So, the answer for this question is option D, neither one nor two. Since the question they asked is statements given above is or are correct? So, both these statements are incorrect. Hence, the answer is option D, neither one nor two. Now, coming to the second question, with reference to Central Bureau of Investigation, consider the following statements. Statement 1, CBI is a statutory body under the Ministry of Home Affairs. Statement 2, CBI needs the prior consent of state government to exercise its power and jurisdiction in the state. Which of these statements given above is or are correct? The options given are option A, one only, option B, two only, option C, both one and two, option D, neither one nor two. CBI is not a statutory body as it is not established by any act of the parliament. Although it continues to derive power from the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, it only functions as an attached office of Ministry of Personal Public Grievances and Pension. Hence, saying that CBI is a statutory body is incorrect. So, the first option can be eliminated. Now, the answer should be either B or D. From our earlier discussion, we saw Central Government can authorize CBI to investigate crimes in a state only with the consent of the concerned state government. Hence, the second statement is correct. So, the answer for this question is option B, two only. These are few main questions that are given for your practice and you may write and post them in the comment section for peer review. That's it for today's discussion. If you like the video, kindly press the like button, comment, share and subscribe to Shankar IAS Academy for further updates. Thank you. Contact 766-776-266.


I started growing my own chili peppers, which I don't know. Don't ask me why. I just got bored and wanted to start with something. And it's been such a great opportunity to call my grandma and say, hey, can you tell me what, and how often do I need to water? What do I do with this? How do I do that? Could have Googled all of that. But it was so nice and she felt so good sharing her gardening experience with me. And this is just something where we can forge that connection with other people just by reaching out and asking a question. As we change the methods that we use to create change, the methods that we use to stick our habits to certain behaviors, those change as we change as well. So it's constantly shuffling around to find what is the most effective for that place and time. And laying out all the different tools gives you the opportunity then to pick and choose and see which ones are gonna work best in those moments.  I can only go through so much. So it's always thinking about where I'm at in a place, in time, in a mindset. And then start to look at the tools that I think will benefit me most in those moments as they're all laid out at this point. And I know for myself, one of those biggest opportunities for change was the ability to say no. And Katie shared with us how important it's just saying no was for her to create change in her own career and make a larger impact. Many of us are people pleasers by nature, myself included, and it can be difficult to turn down what looks like amazing opportunities in your life, but that draws time and resources away from some of your bigger goals and aspirations. And if you don't become strategic in your ability to say no and you don't guard that precious time, well, it's hard to create the change that you're looking for in your life when you're doing everything for others. I think it's easy for human beings to want binary answers. It makes things so easy. So, however, if you find out or see that you have been a people pleaser in the past, you're gonna have the tendency then to go the other way. Well, now I'm never going to get taken advantage of ever again because I'm going to say no all the time. Well, now you just closed yourself off to opportunity. So you have to learn those skills that allow you to place boundaries and work within those boundaries so that you are open to opportunities.  That's certainly where the skill of all of it comes in. It's about how well can you draw boundaries and how well can you live within those boundaries and then as well as being able to be flexible and within those boundaries when you need to be. And that is something that takes practice. This is why self development isn't something that you do or you've learned and you've turned it on. It's something that evolves with you as you evolve. And of course, it's so refreshing to hear Katie share that she wasn't ready to trust her gut just yet. She had to bring in others to help her reinforce the know to learn what truly was working for her and what truly wasn't working for her in terms of where she was committing her time and resources. And so many of us, we don't like asking for help. Myself included, that's why I'm speaking from my first perspective of I also don't like asking for help. It's difficult for me, but it's a skill now that I've had to bring into my own life to create the space for change that I'm looking for just like Katie bringing in her peers and creating a know group where they bounce ideas off of is this a good fit for me, not trusting your gut at first. And as she shared, over time, she's learned now to trust her gut a lot more clearly. But when we're getting started and we're excited about things, it can be difficult to choose the right opportunities for us to pursue. AJA brought up something there. It's incredibly important that I wanna dig into which is asking for help. I think with the invention of the internet, everything now, all the information that we need about everything is on it. So it's easy for us to think about, oh, well, I need to do this. So I'm gonna go read a blog on it. I'm gonna go watch this or listen to this podcast on it. And maybe I'll check out this book. And now I'm gonna figure it out myself. Well, that's very noble of everybody wanting to do those things. And you should, you should put yourself into it so you can sort of learn what's going on. However, if you want it done right and if you want it done well, you might have to ask for help because you're gonna be doing things for the first time and they're going to be a mess. And I've said on this show multiple times about being at the level of your own incompetence because you should find yourself there multiple times throughout the year because you should be pushing yourself. However, if you don't wanna get frustrated with learning new things all the time to have some guidance is incredibly important. And also, this is a nice way of connecting to people as well. I've heard it said to me this year that asking for help honors the helper or something along those lines. And this year I've really started reaching out asking people in my circle for help with things that I could have easily found on the internet because for me it was nice to reach out to my brother and ask about the best airbrush or any recommendation he has on 3D printing. I started growing my own chili peppers which I don't know, don't ask me why. I just got bored and wanted to start with something. And it's been such a great opportunity to call my grandma and say, hey, can you tell me what and how often do I need to water? What do I do with this? How do I do that? Could have Googled all of that, but it was so nice and she felt so good sharing her gardening experience with me and this is just something where we can forge that connection with other people just by reaching out and asking a question. Again, that human binary problem comes into effect where you wanna learn something well enough so when you hire the person that come help with that project you can get in and speak to the person and you know what it's going on and what it's going to look like rather than just saying knowing that you have to do something and then hiring somebody to do it and then expecting them to do it well and you don't even know what they're doing. I feel really good about a lot of the things that I tried and felt at and we'll talk about this in a bit this year of just because of learning new things. However, even in the realm of social media something I did a lot at the beginning of the year and it was apparent just how much I didn't like working in that area but doing so much of it allowed us when we hired out for that to work with the person that we brought in because of having been there and having done some of those things. Well, I think it's so beautiful when we can ask others for help simply because it's one of the greatest compliments you can pay someone that you actually need their support in your life and in the situation of growing peppers. I mean, to ask your grandma and get that feedback and to learn instead of just going to some random website and watching a quick video, like those are the bonds and the connections that we love shaping on the show and for me, it's just so heartwarming. We have WhatsApp groups in our X Factor community. We have WhatsApp groups from all of our boot camps that we've run over the years that are very active with participants and we love hearing how bringing on some of these guests to have these great interviews with have created opportunities for wins in our clients lives, how you're taking these lessons and really applying them. That's really the most heartwarming for both me, Johnny and of course, Michael as well and unstoppable with other clients because I think many of us, it's easy to consume. It's easy to take in all of this information and of course, we give you a lot. There's a ton of books but it's really how do you take these strategies, apply them in your life and see an impact? That's what fascinates me the most. Let's hear your favorite, Johnny. For me, I had an extra layer of new added to this year because I had moved to Vegas in the middle of a global pandemic and I didn't know many people when I had moved here. So that was on top of everything else. And so the guests that I'm going to choose here is Dr. Caroline Lee, if I really enjoyed her book on cleaning up your mental mess and with the added extra layer of moving to a new city and building out a social network and learning about the town, that was just another piece thrown onto a year of growth. And I certainly use a lot of those strategies to keep focused, to keep straight and untangle a lot of the cognitive distortions and biases that I've had that I had to unlearn. I was living in Los Angeles for 10 years and with a move, you're also dealing with the subtle changes in the cultures of the places that you're moving to. I just, even though Las Vegas is what, four and a half hours away from Los Angeles, it's an incredibly different world. People here are very different and this is a very transient town. It's a tourist town, people are in and out. However, outside of just the strip here in Vegas, you learn that there's a whole other world of Las Vegas and people here are very proud of this area. And certainly the locals here getting the sports teams that they recently have added to Vegas, there's this sense of pride that Vegas has come into its own as a city. And it's really interesting to follow that and to feel that and moving here. So Caroline's book and podcast came at a right time when being isolated from your friends and family that you've created for yourself for the last 10 years, throwing yourself into a new town where people were a little bit hesitant to be reaching out due to everyone wearing face coverings and everything that's going on along with a global pandemic. It certainly wasn't easy, but it had certainly been fun. I remember specifically that episode what was one of my favorite takeaways was her just simply sharing how she's used her exact strategies with her daughter. And I know that many of the clients we work with have kids and after you self actualize and you're working on yourself, you look at, okay, how can I support this growth in my children? And to hear her share that story of the treadmill experience with her daughter and how she's actually helped coach her daughter go through that exact same process to declutter some of that mental baggage and unpack some of that trauma in a way that benefits her creates momentum towards a goal and allows her to build the skills she needs to overcome adversity. Those are the anecdotes and the stories that I love from the show because many of the parents in our audience reached out after that episode and shared that, wow it's so great to hear how guests are applying these skills with their own families. I think many of us read books and we think about oh, you know, this is how I can apply it in my own life but when it comes to children we're having an impact on them whether we like it or not they're modeling us in a lot of ways and if we can bring these tools to the forefront for them we can help them overcome challenges that would probably keep them from taking some of our coaching programs. That is actually something or an idea that I often like to upload into the minds of those that are in our Q and A sessions whether it's X Factor Accelerator or Unstoppable where someone might be struggling with something that's you know, it's a little bit tough to figure out and of course we're there to help but a reframe that I like to bring in is saying like look, one day in a few years maybe your kid maybe your niece, maybe your nephew is going to come to you and say, hey I'm having this problem and you will be able to say, you know what I've been there a few years ago and I figured it out and let me help you and that is that reframe that shows them, okay this is tough right now like of course I have helped but I'm going through a rough patch right now but you know, a few years in the future it's going to be the guiding light for someone that I love and so I'm willingly going through that struggle so that I'm later than able to help them.


What's up guys Michael here with jaspies and just doing a quick recap for 2023 tops crown baseball Hobby 12 locks pick your division break number one Yeah divisional break so quick recap Got all your rookies the fractures all that good stuff some show haze and Acunias possibly the MVP is there of course tops is doing the buy-back program again, so Hold on to those Again, it's some of the numbered stuff here Christopher Morrell 299 Spencer Torquilson of 75 Oswald Paraza blue to 150 Brandon Crawford gold wave to 50 Zach Gallin of 75 The gunner to 2 399 Mazataka Yoshida to 399 and the estuary Ruiz gold To 50 Manning the chateau relic that's orange to 25 Brett Beatty radiating rookies there Short print getting into the autos Gerard and Karnassio in 299 Brian bellow do you know me to 199 So the bases Jermaine palacios blue to 150 for a Hicklin Cal Mitchell refractor auto Derek Hall Aniston Espinosa blue to 150 Gabriel Moreno Carrie carpenter and a Brian servant true orange Ricky Otto to 25 So that does it for the recap on the divisional break Thank you to everyone who got in and thank you guys for watching See you the next one. Bye guys


Hello students welcome to Centrum Academy channel. So today I have got for you a J advanced level question a beautiful piece of question and mind you on the exterior it might look like a very scary problem but by the time we are done with the solution I'm sure you would find this problem a really really easy problem at heart. So let's read this problem first. So it's a paragraph based question which says that let f of x be f1x minus twice of f2x where f1 and f2 functions have been defined for you over here and they have another function g of x which is basically utilizing your f of x and basically they will ask you three questions following up that concept. Now guys and girls so first of all what do you understand from the max min now these are the special type of functions which have been used very very frequently in the J advance exams so let us understand what are the meaning of min max function. So let's look at f1x so f1x talks about min of x square and mod x. So f1x talks about min of x square and mod x when x is between minus one to one and x square when mod x is greater than one. So what do you understand from the min function it is very simple guys and girls it just says that f1x what does it do it takes the minimum of the two values which is x square and mod x for a given value of x. For example if I put x value as half so it'll compare whether half square is more or more of half is more obviously more of half is more so x square which is half square will be assigned to f1x for x equal to half. So how do we actually know this function easily without having to put the values of x so here what do we do is the steps are quite simple we basically make the graphs of both these functions on the same x y coordinate system so what I'm going to do I'm going to make the graph of x square which is a parabola and mod x which is a v-shaped curve okay just between minus one to one so I'm just making this graph between minus one to one so this part is minus one this part is one okay because my sub domain here is between minus one to one. Now min means which of the two graphs is the lowest so basically you have to take that part of the graph which is the lower of the two graphs so you can see here clearly x square wins that so x square is the lower of x square and mod x so can I say now that f1x can actually be defined as x square when x lies between minus one to one and of course again x square when x mod x is greater than one here all mod x is greater than one means x greater than one or lesser than minus one so doesn't it cover everything that means f1x is going to be just an x square function for all real values of x right so f1x was quite simple in the same way we can all try out to find f2x so f2x is mod x when mod x is greater than one and max of x square mod x when mod x is less than equal to one so dear students I've already done the hard work by making the graph of mod x and x square on the same coordinate axes so here between minus one to one so when I say mod x is less than equal to one that means I'm still between minus one to one I have to take that graph which is the higher of the two so max means higher of the two so higher of the two is clearly mod x so may I say that f2x is just a mod x function because when mod x is greater than one also it follows mod x and this also gives you mod x so overall your function is just a mod x for all x belonging to real number okay so having found out my f1 and f2 it's time to find out my f of x so f of x is f1 minus 2f2x so can I say so that f1x is equal to x square minus 2 mod x okay now dear all we have been given yet another function g of x and g of x talks about the min max of f of t t lying between minus 3 to x and x itself varies between minus 3 to 0 and it takes max of the f of t if your t lies between 0 to x and x lies between 0 to 3 now this is the most scary part of this problem but I'll show you that I'll make it very easy for you to understand so for making g of x the first step is let's see how f of x behaves graphically so let me draw the graph of f of x function so I'm sure most of you have already dealt with mod functions before and this guy x square minus 2 mod x it behaves as x square plus 2x when x is less than 0 and it behaves as x square minus 2x when x is greater than equal to 0 so in this two situations let me draw the graph for x less than 0 your graph is going to look like a parabola which is going to stop here yeah getting the x axis at minus 2 and for x greater than equal to 0 it's again an upward opening parabola which will go like this cutting the x axis at plus 2 okay so this structure looks like a w to me all right now coming to my g of x so let me write my g of x once again okay so I've written the first part of the function because I want you to understand this part before we move on to the next part of the function so here our area of analysis is only between minus 3 to 0 okay so let's read the right most interval which is talking about the restriction on x value so x value is between minus 3 to 0 minus 3 included now if you take any x value in this interval then your t varies between minus 3 to that value of x so while you are taking that t which is varying between minus 3 to x you have to choose the minimum value that f of t attains okay here I want everybody to pay attention because this is very very critical if you see this point is going to be minus 1 so please look at the graph of f of x so f of x graph basically is a decreasing function from minus infinity to minus 1 right so can I say that till you reach minus 1 your function is always on the on the fall yes or no so can I say g of x is going to be is going to be your f of x value because let's say if I choose the x value right here right here then this guy has the minimum value till from minus 3 up till that point isn't it because minus 3 is higher and by the time it reaches x the value is falling down right so the function achieves its least value at that x that you have chosen at that point of time and this will happen all the way till you reach minus 1 so any x you take between minus 3 to minus 1 the value of the function at that value of x is the least of all the values that you will see of the function from minus 3 to minus 1 so can I say the function x square plus 2x itself would be the value of g of x till you reach minus 1 right now between minus 1 to 0 so I have already taken care of minus 3 to minus 1 now I have to take care of minus 1 to 0 okay I purposely included minus 1 at both the places let's see what happens now at minus 1 the least value that the function takes is minus 1 right so from minus 1 to 0 don't you realize that the least value of the function will stay at minus 1 so can I say g of x will remain minus 1 when your x starts from minus 1 and goes all the way to 0 and it was my right decision to include minus 1 at both the places because at minus 1 you get a minus 1 from this guy also and from the second guy also right so you can include minus 1 at both the places without any error introduced in the function so this defines the first part of your g of x can we similarly address the second part of g of x so second part of g of x talks about the max of f of t when t lies between 0 to x and x was chosen from 0 to 3 so let's similarly try to address this as well okay let's again look at the graph for this now here your analysis starts from 0 and all the way till 3 so do you realize that the function drops from 0 all the way till you reach 1 isn't it so the maximum value of the function will be that which it has at 0 yes the value of the function at 0 is the max till you drop to minus 1 and not only that till you go to 2 as well right so when you go from 0 to minus 1 the max value is 0 and you go from my 1 to 2 also the max value still remains the one which is at 0 or at 2 and both of them will give you 0 my dear right so here can I say that the function is as good as a 0 till you reach from 0 to 2 so the max value of the function is 0 till you move from 0 to 2 now what happens from 2 onwards from 2 onwards whatever x you take between 2 to 3 at that particular instant the function will have the maximum value isn't it so if I take a x over here so at this instant the function will have the highest value from 2 to that point x so can I say that the function will basically follow the parabolic graph when you reach from 2 to 3 okay and 2 can actually be included at both the places because at 2 both of them are going to give you a 0 so dear students after this analysis we have finally finally got our g of x so now let's go to our question the question first asks you what is the range of f of x so the range of f of x can easily be figured out from the graph of f of x so the range is from minus 1 up till plus infinity so that answers the first part of the question that is option number d which is minus 1 to infinity so let's move on to the second question the first one is already done so let's move on to the second one the number of values of x for which g of x fails to be differentiable so for this I will always recommend making the graph of g of x now this is not a very difficult graph to plot it can easily be done so let's plot the graph so g of x follows x square plus 2x when your x is between minus 3 to minus 1 so minus 3 to minus 1 let's say minus 1 is here your function follows the graph of a parabola like this right at at minus 1 it basically stops at minus 1 now from there onwards it follows the graph of a constant function which is minus 1 till you reach a 0 okay and mind you at 0 there is a hole because 0 is not included in your function now from 0 to 2 the function is going to be a flat line on the x axis so from 0 to 2 it's going to be a flat line on the x axis so from 2 to 3 it's again going to follow the graph of a parabola opening upwards now where does the function fail to be differentiable of course we know the function is going to fail to be differentiable if it shows a discontinuity at some point or it shows a corner or a cusp or a kink at some point so here i can see there's a kind of a corner getting formed here i can see there's a kind of a discontinuity and again here we see a kind of a corner getting formed so altogether there are three points of non differentiability of the function so here it answers the second part of the question so second part of the question there are three points where the function is non-differentiable so this answers the second question as well now i'm leaving it to my viewers to answer the third part of the question so please do comment in the comment section what do you think is the answer for the third part of the question so the third question says the limit of f of g of x when x tends to 0 is equal to which of the options 0 1 minus 1 are non-existent so looking forward to your comment thank you so much for watching please do like subscribe and share