I would hope that the Tamashian team would also be working on similar thoughts. I think we should probably do that in the context of issues in the code base and the incubator. But then I think the other aspects are going to be working on the requirements and use cases. So we'll have a track for that and we can have track for project life cycle in template and for the code conduct. Chris, I went ahead and muted everyone so you may need to come back off mute. Sorry. I was going to finish up what I thought the various work items we had to cover were. Again, I would hope that, you know, with that many people that we could break out into breakouts. But I'd be able to see if anyone had thought about other things we should be doing. Either everybody's on mute or there are no other ideas. Chris, this is Patrick. I was going to mention when we were going to cover the requirements or group that I would like to do a breakout during the face to face focused on use cases and requirements. Yeah, that's exactly what I thought we'd have. Yeah, we'll start with that and flesh it out. Then it's the mailing list and we'll try and finalize it next week. Perfect. Sounds good. One question. In how far do we have to, can we bring in the use case out of the technical steer code or do they come via the governing board? Anybody can bring use cases. Decision on the overall outline. Who takes that steer code or board? I'm sorry. Who takes the fine decisions on what use case you want to cover? Is that within the technical steer code or does the board come in and put you? Yeah, I think the TSC. The work group should work through bill consensus and bring a proposal to the TSC. Okay, thanks. Hi, this is Austin Hill from Blockstream. I just joined. I apologize for being a few minutes late. So are we talking about use case development for the TSC in general or for the hackathon that is being planned in a couple weeks? I think in general for building out the use cases and requirements for what we'd like to do from a head to ledger project perspective. Do we have a repository or a standard place where we're asking everyone to start depositing a use case? Yeah, I think Patrick will run through that in just a minute here. And answer your question, Austin. We don't have anything formal yet, but we should do that. So I suggest Todd, we go to the next slide. Great, sounds good. So Patrick, is your preference that we make you presenter to run through your updates? No. It's okay. I just talked to it. I'm ready to go. Okay. Sounds good. I sent out an email last week asking for volunteers. I got six volunteers. I'll read the names. If you had intended to volunteer and sent me something, maybe I missed it and there's still an opportunity. So I have Thomas at Digital Asset Holdings, Benedict Primrose at Accenture, Judy Priest at Cisco, Stefan at, I can't pronounce that, Deutsche Börse, and Emmanuel at Accenture Technology Labs. If you had intended or still want to volunteer, please send me an email, patrick.homes.intel.com, and I will get you on the list. Not a lot of progress this week. I'm coming up to speed on the best way to do this. I'm talking to other people at Intel about best practices. I plan to talk to Todd as well about that, and I've also started collecting use cases. I agree we do need a place where we can put them rather than just sending them to me. It was clear, though, that one of the first questions that's going to come up is what is the scope of these use cases? I've been sent use cases for the music industry, and use cases for health studies, medical studies. So we need to figure out the scope, and that's one of the first things we'll be working on. As I mentioned earlier, I'd like to do a breakout during the technical face-to-face, but time it in such a way that the people working on this don't know some of the most critical meetings. For example, if anyone from IBM is going to be talking about the architecture of the contribution, I don't want to miss that. So we'd have to schedule it around. And that's it. Any questions or comments for Patrick? Yeah, I was asked. Sorry, it's Vikas from CLS Bank. I just wanted to know, is there an end date for collecting these use cases? Because we haven't submitted any, and we would like to submit a use case from the payments and settlements. Wonderful. No, I have not put together a schedule yet, or an end date for use cases. For now, you can send them to me if you want, and I will figure out a way to get all those posted. Or you can wait until that's set up, either way. I apologize for the trouble here. I didn't hear a name from IBM, is that right? I think we have somebody at this point. Maybe we have to get them to say, hey, was there somebody from IBM in that list, Patrick? No, there was not. Okay, I'll make sure they reach out to you. Any other questions for Patrick? Patrick, did you already, this is too much, digitized, did you already decided some kind of a collaboration platform so we can continue this, not in a bilateral talk, but in the public? No, but I will get that set up, say, this week before the next meeting. Any other questions? Next up was the white paper. White paper. Right, so I put an outline out in a Google Doc. And then I think somebody had proposed that we use some tool, but I've never heard the tool before and wasn't clear how that would be used. I don't know if they're on the call or, I mean, I figured we'd just use a Google Doc and edit in common, maybe somebody could need the actual editing to welcome any thoughts. I think Google Docs are a pretty powerful collaboration tool. I thought it was probably fine. I haven't had a chance to check this morning to see if anybody had had any comments on the outline. I look through it and for me the outline looks perfect. You can start with that, I think. All right, so I was going to start adding some of the content from the IBM white paper that I thought was appropriate. And that we just sort of comment. Excuse me, where was this, I'm not sure, I saw this document. I know I sent it to the familiar. So it's not shared, it was a mail? The link is in the agenda as well that Todd had sent out to the GitHub repo. Sorry, I'm reconnecting to the go to meeting. So again, I suggest we just get in there and edit it. Is there anybody that would like to take on the task of being the lead editor for the white paper? Chris, this is Dave. I could take on that. If you need someone. I will then make you an editor. All right, Todd, what was next? Yeah, so moving on, the next thing is an update and discussion around the DAH IBM experiment progress. So I know IBM has put the code into the incubator repo. I looked yesterday and I didn't see the DAH code. So Tamash, is there an ETA for getting the DAH code uploaded? Yeah, it is available in its previous location. I did not push it yet to the collaboration space, but it was actually the same thing. All right, so let's put that in there. And then I think from an IBM perspective, and I'm not sure who's on from IBM, but maybe Ben, maybe you could give us an update. I know that we've been working on some of the aspects of the proposal. And maybe, Ben, if you're on, you could update us. Yeah, if you look into the OPC repo at this point, there's a number of issues that we have created to work towards that and prepare for the phase-to-phase. So specifically, we are looking at the ability to integrate an interpreter. Just use any interpreter. We picked up the interpreter from Bitcoin source code and tried to call that interpreter from a chain code so that we want to prototype the ability to pass in a Bitcoin transaction through OPC system and to the interpreter and be able to interpret by that interpreter and turn around and update the transaction log as appropriate. So that's the path that we are exploring at this point. And hopefully, we'll be able to show that kind of like show and tell at the phase-to-phase meeting. Now, are there any aspects that people could start working on before the phase-to-phase? Do we have any stories that people could start working on? This is Joel. I'll just point out that we've done a lot of work on binding into the Bitcoin interpreter, both the Bitcoin interpreter and into the blockchain elements. So feel free to ping us on any help needed on that side. Yeah, we were wondering about whether we should just pick up your interpreter and integrate that, but we couldn't find it. So we decided to go with Bitcoin interpreter. But I believe that it would be a very simple switch for us. Yeah, okay, we can help out and point to the things that it helps technically to integrate. All right, great. Okay. Anyone have any questions, concerns, thoughts on the current proposal on the experiment? I think we can move to the next item, just trying to agenda. I think the next step was... The Code of Conduct, Arno had sent out two options. All right. Thank you. Hi, everyone. This is Arno speaking. So yeah, Code of Conduct, the TSC decided we should have a Code of Conduct. Some people say, well, we do even need one. Unfortunately, the kind of things that nobody would like... I mean, everybody would like to be able to do without. But experience shows again and again that it's useful to have one and it's become common practice. When we started discussing this, Chris suggested we take the Cloud Foundry one. I mean, obviously, there's no point in developing one from scratch. There are many to choose from. And of course, the question then is, well, which one do you choose? So Chris suggested we use Cloud Foundry one. I took a pass at taking the text and basically trying to just do more or less a query replace of the name. I made some small adjustment when it referred to things that were specific to Cloud Foundry. But it's more or less the one from Cloud Foundry. There was one significant change, I would say, which is that in the Cloud Foundry Code of Conduct, it basically talks about the fact that it's bad to remain silent in front of bad actions. And it says that in a fairly negative sense. At least some people felt it was pretty negative. So I replaced this with a piece of text that I took from the directory C1, which aims to the same goal but has a more positive wording. And so that's the last bullet of the keep in mind section. And then Mick Bowman, actually from Intel, made a reference to the directory C code of conduct. He thinks that it's pretty small and sharp. And so I'm actually very familiar with directory C myself and I like it too. So I thought, well, what the hell, we don't have to force anyone to use one particular one. We could just take two options and now a quick vote decide which one people prefer. So I also did the same big operation taking the directory C code of conduct and adapt it to a project. In general, my sense of how they compare is the directory C1, just from the structure point of view, the text was designed in such a way that the code itself is very short and crisp. And so it fits into nine bullets that fits in half a page, which is kind of neat. And the way they achieve that is by having a bunch of references to terms that are defined in the glossary, which itself is much, much longer. There is one difference in my opinion, which is significant, is that the code of conduct from South Country talks about what you're supposed to do when you step down, when you retire from the project. And it talks about how you should do that. It should be considerable into not just dropping the ball and disappearing, but making sure that the project doesn't come from retiring from the project. That part is not actually covered in the directory C1. I don't know if it's an issue. We could add it if we wanted. Obviously, all of this can be edited at will. But I think there are two valid options. And rather than forcing one particular, as I said, I think we could have a quick vote and decide which one to go for with. And as I said, amendments can be done either way. There was one comment made against the... Actually, it was entered by Alicia against the directory C1. It has to do with the incident procedure section, which actually exists in both versions, both options. Alicia mentioned that sometimes it can be a crime, and then the leaders of the project may have to report to authorities, basically. I think that's true. I don't know how much is important to point that out in the code of conduct. Usually those things, there's a fine line because it depends on the countries and everything. But, for instance, the directory C1, for that reason, as a note at the end of the introduction, it says note that this code complements rather than replaces legal rights and obligations pertaining to any particular situation. So I think that's an important thing. It's not meant to replace any laws that may be applicable, and that will obviously vary from country to country. So I wonder if maybe we should add a similar note. That's a good point. So that's one thing we could carry over also. If we choose to go with a cloud foundry-based one, we could take that piece from the directory C1 and put that in so that they could cover this. So I think, again, I think both are good. I worked a little bit on the cloud foundry one, so I'm more familiar with that. But reading through the directory C derivative, that's also good. I do like that it's very succinct. So it's a little bit clearer in that respect. And of course, I've worked in the W3C for a long time, as well as you. I'm in the meeting. I can leave. So I don't know. I think we should, and people should speak up if they have any first reaction or comments. But otherwise, as I said, I think the most practical way forward is to have a quick vote decide which one to work with as a starting point and then make adjustments. The ability center over near the corner is a problem. Hi, this is Vipin. Support the sort of W3C1 over the other one. But like several people have remarked, both are quite similar. And this is, as Arnau captured, you know, I have a slight preference for the W3C just because it is concise. I'm quite happy with both of them. I really like the wording change that was made for the cloud foundry as well. Stefan here. I'm also fine with both. I would like to refer to the W3C. And Dave all here, you know, pretty much the same. I agree. W3C already has that little bit about the legal side. That might just be the easier one to do. Sounds like there's a slight preference for the W3C1. So maybe you could do a roll. Do you want me to do a roll? Go ahead, Mike. Hey, Dave, real quick. This is Mike Dolin from Lakes Foundation. For those saying they have a preference for the W3C code of conduct, does that also include the glossary? I mean, that's one document, right? I don't think you can separate the two. You could make different adjustments to the glossary if you think something is not right, but... Okay. I just wanted to make sure we're not just talking about the 9th and the code, but also the glossary as well. I think it's the whole document. That's my understanding. Okay. So again, I was hearing a preference for the W3C, but I'd like to have maybe basically all the TSC weigh-in. So far, unless they'd like more time to think about it. Let's put it this way. Is there anyone who would disagree with adopting the W3C derivative? And if you're on mute, you may need to come off. Hello. This is Primrose. I read through both of them. And to be honest, I found the one from Cloud Foundry a little bit easier to understand and to follow. For W3C, it sounded like quite a legal document. I'm not entirely sure why I came across that way. The Cloud Foundry one made it feel more of a community than W3C one. It could just be my perception. I think that's a fair comment actually. And I believe the result is from the breadth of the people involved in the W3C one. W3C is a very internationally oriented organization. They have offices all around the world. And all the different groups within W3C were involved in the making of this. And it went through a lot of scrutiny. And so I think that's why it's quite crisp. But maybe, yes, like you said, it looks more legal oriented than the Cloud Foundry one. Hey, this is Hart here. I was leaning towards the Cloud Foundry document simply because I was just not a huge fan of the glossary in the W3C documents. So Chris, it sounds to me that there are people on both sides. So I think it might make sense to have an offline poll and then people can vote whether they really object to one or the other or whether they prefer it and then based on the results, we can decide next time. So I don't know if the Linux Foundation has some poll mechanism that can be used for that or we can use a doodle poll. Yeah, we can just send a poll out to the TSC mailing list. Maybe we include more than, maybe it's just strongly favor W3C favor OK with W3C. Strongly favor Cloud Foundry OK with Cloud Foundry just to capture sort of the... And Mike, I'd open it up to everybody. I mean, I don't think it should be limited to just the TSC members. I'd like to get input from... Yeah, I guess I assumed it was for everybody. I'll just use the TSC mailing list if that's all right or do you want me to cross-post it? All right, so let's put out a straw poll. And then again, I would encourage people to get in if they have thoughts about what we might be able to leverage from the W3C one into the Cloud Foundry or vice versa. Make some suggestions and let's see if we can't wrap this up next week. All right, project proposal template. So Gippen, thank you. Yeah, so I did get a few comments, mostly related to the spelling or other things, but a couple of significant things did crop up. I have reworked the document with the suggestions last time, mostly the licensing and the trademark stuff has been added. And I tried to make it also function as a template with the sections involved and also removed any strong language about using this particular format to handle the solutions, meaning if the solution does not require a certain section to be handled, then left it open in that sense. The actual wording is the topics given below are just suggestions addressed only if they are relevant to your problem. And it goes through a list of various possible sections you should address in the solution. And then the motivation has been separated and kept separate. One of the things that came up just this morning from Primrose is what is the definition of a team champion? So this thing has come up even before. So the technical lead or the technical champion, I had put it in there only because I wanted somebody to be driving the project proposal instead of it being just loose and nobody is kind of driving the project. It languishes. The question that came up was was it somebody who is proposing the project or is it somebody from the Hyperledger Technical Steering Committee who would be appointed to be a... So we need a clarification on that technical champion bit. If Primrose wants to elaborate on that, she can. Just after I finish my spiel. Well, yeah. Why not do it now? Just talk about this technical champion thing. Maybe we should remove it. So we have this concept of maintainers and committers, right? And so the maintainers are basically the ones who are... They're the product leads, project leads, I should say, for a given component. And they are the ones that would have the final say in terms of what things get merged and so forth. And then there would be, out of that, there would be a community of contributors and potentially a community of committers, people who are allowed to commit. But, you know, just like in Docker and a few others, we put the same notion of a maintainer. Now, I guess that could be the same as a champion, but, you know, in the context here, I suspect that the champion would be somebody who is bringing the project forward for consideration, pardon me, for consideration. But I see you have a project champion can change in the middle. So if that was the case, if this is intended to be the person who's... or persons who's got oversight, then they would be, from my perspective, the maintainers. And typically you'd have multiples, so that, you know, if somebody gets hit by a bus or changes jobs or whatever, life goes on, as opposed to having a single benevolent dictator kind of a thing for each project. Yeah, we could change the language for it to be a plural rather than singular, but does the concept have any use or is it to be made more clear? That's...  The other thing I wanted to tell you was that in the status part, you can have a link to the life cycle proposal that Chris, you created. So then there's no ambiguity about what status means in that life cycle document. That's where I have left it. Maybe we can continue discussion or maybe we should adopt it, but maybe during that phase to phase is when all, you know, this thing gets nailed down and we agree on the proposal. Yeah, I think it's getting close. I think this notion of champion or maintainers, I think we do have to have, you know, an identifier of who the initial maintainers are being proposed. I think that needs to be... Again, I'm not sure we have a project champion. I think we just identify the maintainers and they're the same as the ones that are bringing the proposal forward. But I think it's getting close. I put it, you know, turn it around and ask members or the non-members to weigh in and put in some thoughts on the proposal template. Proposed proposal template. And again, you may be on mute. Hey, this is Mike. I got just a question on the list of bullets in the solution space. So it looks like you're covering quite a few things in there, kind of the technology spaces, licensing issues, some legal, some logging and traceability privacy issues and some things like that. One thing about these systems that is interesting is the characteristics of the deployment that is not just the component technology about how the pieces fit together. Could we make sure we include a bullet that captures our, as part of the proposal, our vision of how it would be used? Yeah, I did... I do think I have it in some form or the other, make it a little more, a little more, in fact... The one that's closest is the third bullet. The how-to was meant to address that, how to host and test the project or it could include what you just said as well. Okay. So I created that new bullet there, how-to, which is apart from the solution, different from the solution. So it is not only how-to-host and test the project, but also how-to-actually-use. Is that what you meant or is there something... Sorry, I'm just... Yeah, I was looking at the Google Docs right now and the one, the bullet that I thought was closest to it was the effects on the network throughput, visibility to other participants. So it's kind of deployment characteristics. I mean, this can include everything from... I think Kristin in the IBM White Paper talks about the geographically local and a certain validator count. There's some implications for things like that as well that are at least characteristics of the piece of that technology. Sure, we love it. I love it. Thank you. I guess we'll defer the final sign-off until later. I mean, obviously, this doesn't mean that it cannot be changed later. No, I think it's getting close. So I think we got some good feedback here. I would encourage people to review the document again and any comments and suggestions in the margin. And we'll go through this again next week and try and wrap it up. So I think the next item is the project lifecycle proposal. And I lost my... So thanks, Kristin. Okay, so the project lifecycle, we discussed last week that, you know, in addition to just a proposal template for proposing new projects, new components, and or work items, that we also need, especially for a component, you know, something that is manifested in a component in its own repository. And we need to have a lifecycle for these things. I think it's likely that, you know, there'll be new components proposed. We'll be refactoring and so forth over time. And so things will come and go, ebb and flow, and you'll have an opportunity to potentially deprecate certain things. So I took the open daylight template, the lifecycle that they had, and I adapted it a little bit that way. I think it's the first hall pass where you just came through. And I added in a deprecation and end-of-life phase. They had a notion and there's a top-level project. I don't know if we're going to get there yet. We can always adapt as appropriate. But, you know, I think, you know, the processes, you start with a proposal that fills out the template that Vipin was just proposing. We'll finalize that. So it's got to have those things that we can adapt this proposal must to align with what Vipin has. And then we would have a review by the TSE of the proposal, and the project would either be turned down or added into incubation. That would be the first place that it would go. It would go into the Hyperledger incubator. Pardon me, ORG. And then, you know, once the project gets to a sort of mature status, the maintainers of that project can then request that it have a graduation review by the TSE and, you know, again, at that point you have to have code-based test coverage that can ensure it was what the other mature projects have. And then for the first ones, that'll be, I think, a lot of this sort of eyeball that. We want to have an active and diverse community of developers. You don't want to have a project exiting incubation where it's just, you know, one vendor or just a couple of individuals. It really needs to be a diverse community of interest. And the other point that they had in Open Daylight was that it followed the mature release process for at least a couple. And again, we'll have to, you know, we have to define our own release process. But, you know, you'd want an incubating project to essentially be demonstrating that it's essentially already a mature project. Then the TSE review and approve that. If they do, it becomes a mature project, and it goes from the incubator org into the main org. There's a little bit of work associated with that because of the nature of Go. We have to change a few things around. But within a project that's mature and goes through its lifecycle at some point in time, you know, we're going to potentially want to deprecate that repository for the reason. And so then it would go through, and I recommend it a six-month period. We could make it shorter or longer. That's, I think that's up to us. Where we give notice to the public that, hey, we're going to deprecate this guy. It means that after that six-month period, it won't be maintained. And then once it goes through that, and then it goes into end-of-life, and essentially we archive it. It's no longer actively developed. So that's the proposal. And I'd be interested in thoughts from others. So, Chris, there is one comment that I think is worth mentioning here on the document. And I wanted to thank the people who pointed out typos and kind of errors, and I tried to address those. But there's one question that remains, and I apologize. By mistake, I first clicked on Resolve, so I just reopened it. But the question has to do with how much do we talk about the transitions between the different phases. And the document that stands doesn't talk so much about the transition except for the very first one going from the proposal to the incubation phase. And you might infer from just reading the document that this is a linear progression only when the question pointed out, you know, that was pointed out was, well, there may be cases where you go through the same stages several times. You can imagine cycles and the like. So, I mean, the document I think doesn't touch that point. I don't know if people feel like this needs to be done or not. I mean, we could also have some general statement saying, you know, there is no particular, you know, transition path is implied here. And a different possible path might be taken depending on a case-by-case basis or something along those lines. So, you're referring then to, like, if you're going from incubation to mature, the TSC may say, no, you're not ready yet. Exactly. If you stay in incubation for another period and then you come back, and I think, no, I would have thought that was implied. We can certainly make it clear that there's no guarantee that a request to graduate will be granted. I don't know. We may be able to look at something like the ASF to see if they've got a process. I didn't notice anything in the open daylight that addressed that aspect of things. I have seen, hi, this is Bipen again. I have seen in some other places actual state transition diagrams addressing this. But I mean, I don't know how far you want to go. It all depends. Exactly. That's why I'd rather not go there personally. I thought it was better to just describe the different states and try to keep them fairly broad so that, you know, we don't get, because, I mean, you could invent a lot more phases, too. But, you know, there's a limit to do. I think we need to find the...  Going through a deprecation process has an impact on the end users.  And maybe the TSC needs to, you know, to perform that part, that role. So, I mean, I'm happy to make it a little bit clearer that, you know, it's not a guarantee. You may have to, you know, repeat the proposal phase a couple of times until it gets approved. You may have to repeat the graduation request a couple of times until you're really mature and then... I think the same thing for deprecated, if the end user community comes back and there's no way Jose, you know, and doesn't go deprecated. Or, you know, maybe the time, maybe the extent, or the period is extended. So, thoughts on that? Hey, Chris, yeah, I mean, that's a very important point, and I would agree to include some verbiage to that extent in here. That's Dave. That's Dave, yeah, thanks. Any other thoughts? Well, I'll invite everybody, again, to say, you know, take a close look at some comments. If you have any, and I'll try to address a couple of points that we talked about here. I think that's the agenda. Todd, do we have anything else? No, the back cover and everything. Has anyone else got any other business? Chris, I would like to chip in. I had a terrible network connection before, so I missed the last question today, agenda planning of the HECA plan. I'd like to just...


I am going to present this course on algebraic topology part one under this NPTEL portal. My team members are Dr. B. Subash Aysar Thirupati, Dr. K. Ramesh IITM, Vidhan Paul, Shiva Shankar, Vinay Sipani all from IITM. This course is presented in 62 modules of approximately 30 minutes each in a span of 12 weeks. Along with these slides and lectures, there will be a number of live sessions for doubt clearing sessions. The content of the lectures can be divided into these seven chapters you may call Introduction, Fundamental Group, Functions-Paced Topology, Relative Homotopy, Financial Complex is part one, Sympirical Complex is part two and Covering Space and Fundamental Group and Covering Space and G-Coverings and Fundamental Group. I will be assuming that the student of this course is well acquainted with the rudiments of point topology. Also, this course is at the level MSc. Therefore, a certain amount of mathematical maturity will be resumed. We have strived hard to bring this advanced subject to your door by giving some completely elementary treatment to this one and also explaining beyond all written textbooks. The one good reference for this material is my own book on basic algebraic topology. However, I will give you along with all the material in this cover in the PDF format in which there will be further references for further study. As far as the present course is concerned, the duration of the present course, you can stick to those notes which will be available on the NPTEL website. So, let us come to what is being a basic problem in topology. Central problem in topology is to determine if two given topological spaces are homeomorphic or not. For instance, hope you all know that any two open intervals in R are homeomorphic to each other. Since we can actually write down the homeomorphism in each case, take, give me any two intervals a, b and c, d. We can actually write down a linear homeomorphism which sends a to c and v to d. And then you can also write a homeomorphism from open interval a, b to the entire of the real line. So, this will take care of most of the cases, but then you can study as the case is solved. By actually writing down homeomorphism, no problem. So, on the other hand, we also know that closed interval and open interval are not homeomorphic to each other because one is the closed interval is compact whereas the other one is not compact.  There may be other methods, do not worry. So, it is one method. But we have, we have been able to tell that a closed interval and an open interval are not homeomorphic. In general, displaying a homeomorphism between topological spaces becomes very difficult. It is not like just intervals case. On the other hand, it is fruitful and easier to find out that there is no homeomorphism between two given spaces x and y, if that is the case. A standard method is to look for a suitable topological invariant such as compactness, connectedness, etc. So, these things you must have seen in topology course. Just I am recalling to motivate what I am going to do in this course. So, let us take another example of how one is using connectivity.  These are not homeomorphic. So, how do you proceed? Suppose there is a homeomorphism, say let us call it as f from r2, r2. Throw away the 0 from the origin, throw away the image of 0 from the domain r2. Whatever is left out, f takes r minus 0 to r2 minus f0 and that itself will be a 1-1 map, on-to-map, continuous, inverse is also continuous. So, it is a homeomorphism. Any restriction to the corresponding subsets is also homeomorphism. Now what is happening? The domain of f is not connected whereas the range is connected. You must be knowing that if you throw away a single point from r2, it is still connected. Whereas any single from r, if you throw away one single point, it is disconnected. Therefore, right in the beginning there could not have been any function f which is homeomorphic from r2. Then this method may not work very far. I have used connectivity, I have used compactness and so on. But you can go on using a number of them. There are situations wherein none of these things, the so-called topological invariants may fail to distinguish between two spaces. Such a thing can happen. Let us just think about, say suppose Rn and Rm, do not have to go too far where n and m are just arbitrary. Say m is bigger than n. Can you say that Rn and Rm are not homeomorphic? No simple points at topological fact will be able to tell you this. You know, just connectivity etc. will not be enough. You may succeed to do something with r2 or something but again r3, r4, r5 etc. it will not work. However, very deep topological results are there. I mentioned theory will tell you that Rn and Rm are not homeomorphic. So, there are. But they are quite demanding even inside points at topology. They are not easy. So, the role of algebraic topology is now, it is good to have at least some idea what the fundamental problems in discipline are. Whenever you want to study some discipline, you must know what is it about. In most cases, these problems are, problems remain unsolved or you will know that someday that the problem is too difficult or problem is just unsolvable. Even then the concept of the central problem or fundamental problem has so much of role to play namely that there will be always some related problems or modified problems which will demand our attention. And this is the case with topology also in general and algebraic topology also in particular. Central objects of study in topology in the mainstream mathematics are not just topological spaces, it is too large. But let us take what are called as manifolds. These manifolds are something like modeled on Rn, Rn and Rm I am discussing. So, they are locally in a small neighborhood, they look like Rn and Rn. Their rigorous definition will be introduced much later. The problem is then to determine whether two manifolds are homeomorphic or not. Don't worry about arbitrary spaces. Even this problem is known to be unsolvable. So, I want to tell you the algebraic topology is associated with certain algebraic objects such as groups and rings rather than compactness, separability, etc., which are more qualitative. So, the algebraic invariants that we are going to introduce, they are much more flexible than homeomorphic invariants. Obviously, these invariants will become additional tools for us while distinguishing two topological spaces. So, I told you the classification problem, classification problem means what? Determining whether two of two given spaces are homeomorphic or not. Up to classic, up to homeomorphism we are putting them in different classes. This has known to be, it is known to be unsolvable. The negative result itself has some implications for us. It is useful for us. So, let us take a few minutes to look at how it was established. So, this is where already algebraic topology comes into picture, not points at topology. Each path connected SpaceX, one associates a group called the fundamental group. We are going to study this fundamental group very rigorously in this course. So, right now you take it for a granted. What we have done? Take a topological space which is path connected, you get a group out of it. This association has the property that if you have a function from x to y, then there will be homomorphism from the group pi 1 of x to pi 1 of y. So, association is so natural that if another map from y to z is there, okay, then you have two maps f check and g check which are group homomorphisms.  Moreover, if you take the identity map from x to x, the associated map will be the identity homomorphism from pi 1 of x to pi 1 of x, okay. So, all this machinery is very, very fundamental in the construction of this, the fundamental group. And that is what part of algebraic call the essence of algebraic methodology, okay. So, the point is once you have such a association, if f is a homomorphism, then f check becomes an isomorphism. Why? Because look at a inverse to g, f composite g is identity. Therefore, g check, composite f check will be identity. So, this way g check becomes inverse of f check as a homomorphism. So, a homeomorphism in this is a isomorphism. It just means that if you started the two spaces which are homeomorphic, the corresponding groups must be isomorphic. Therefore, if for some reason I know that the groups are not isomorphic, then you know that the corresponding spaces are not homeomorphic, okay. Now, how does one use this to show that the classification problem itself is unsolvable by showing that the corresponding classification in group theory is not solvable, okay. So, that itself is a huge thing. Even a restricted problem in group theory, namely what are called as finitely generated groups with finitely many relations, we are called finitely presented groups. Suppose I have given you a set of relation, set of generators and set of relations that should describe a group. On the other hand, another set of generators, another set of relations that should specify another group. The world problem is that to determine whether these two groups are isomorphic or not. It is known that this world problem cannot be solved in general. What is the meaning of that? Suppose you write an algorithm to solve such a thing. As soon as you display your algorithm, we can give a set of examples namely two such groups which cannot be determined by this algorithm. The isomorphism between that whether the two are isomorphic or not cannot be solved. This is the meaning of the world problem in group theory cannot be solved. A consequence of this is the homeomorphism problem for manifolds cannot be solved. There is a small gap here namely how does one go back to homeomorphism by constructing manifolds of any particular take any particular group then construct a manifold with that as fundamental group. So, these problems are all problems in algebraic topology not general topology and unfortunately we will not go this much deep in this course. So, this is only a trailer for you to study more and more algebraic topology. So, this problem in group theory was solved by a topologist P.S. Noyako in 1955. This however does not close the subject altogether. Topology is still very lively subject extending a helping hand in solving problems in various areas of mathematics. Process such as associating the fundamental group to a space S as considered above is called constructing a funta. Algebraic topology may be described as at the outset study of such processes. In this course we shall construct and study one most important funta called the fundamental group and we will have number of applications. Coming back to the fundamental problem there are many interesting related problems other than the central one. For example, you want to find homeomorphism from one space to another space. Before that you would have to find some nice functions. A part of finding a homeomorphism a function from some nice function which is continuous or maybe it is more property open mapping and so on. So, instead of listing all these problems I will list here take up two central problems again it is in this one just two basic ones. So, they are like called one is called a lifting problem other one is called extension problem. The underlying themes in these two problems occurs repeatedly in the study of basic notions of algebraic topology. So, let us get familiar with these concepts slowly. So, start with a triangle of functions x, y, z are sets f, g and h are functions what is the meaning of this triangle is commutative look at starting from x you can go to y and then come to z the arrows indicate where to go from where okay the arrow is a function that right so x to y y to z but you can start directly come from x to z these two functions must be the same namely g composite f must be h that is the meaning of a diagram like this is commutative you will have lots of such diagrams not necessarily triangles you may have rectangles you may have beta ones and so on. Okay in particular if x, y, z are topological spaces and f and g are continuous functions then you would like to have maps but commutativity is just a satiric notion g composite f must be h okay the diagram is called commutative diagram even two of the three maps the question is can you consider the problem of finding one or all maps which fit the third arrow so this is a general problem okay if f, g are given then h can be taken to be g composite f there is no other choice but suppose h is given and f is given then g could be many other possibilities similarly if h is given and g is given there may be many possibilities for f there may not be any possibilities for that this is the problem that I want to attack now okay so let us make accordingly let us make two different cases the first case is now I am going to give specific names here so that we remember it again and again instead of x, y, z now I have take x, e and b e to b there is a function p there is a map okay and the concentration is on this map given any function x to b that is f can you find a function g such that p composite g is equal to f this is called the lifting problem f being lifted to g via or through p p composite g must f so the question is on this dotted dotted dotted line other things are data does g exist is a question that is why I have put it dotted understand that one okay second question is the other way around namely now I have a to x a map f a map eta so concentration is on a to x this eta is fixed now suppose a to y there is some functions given can you have a map down in a fact from x to y so this is called factoring so this f is factored through eta there earlier we are lifting problems factoring problem but it is actually can be thought of as an extension problem especially when a to x this map eta is an inclusion map of topology spaces then what is the meaning of having a function a on a subspace having a function f at is on the larger space so eta is the inclusion map so this is a very special case so but the special case name is given to the entire problem you can say a part is a factorization problem and we part we part is an inclusion problem the factorization comes when instead of an inclusion map you have a surjective map and this is a quotient map okay both these cases are you can call them as extension problem factorization problem is easier extension problems difficult so you concentrate on extension problem later on okay so factorization problem we will decide very easily this in this course that extension problem is the problem okay algebraic topology steps in here by bringing a big twist to these questions which we shall take in a next module these these questions again we will discuss but we take twist namely what is algebraic topology is going to do this is a topological problem point set topological problem given a subset and a function and a larger space can you extend the function to the whole space and so on okay this is just a point set problem so what is algebraic topology doing that we will discuss in the next session thank you


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So, this gives us a way to sort of fingerprint different polymers different sequences of DNA, but not only DNA you can do this to any polymer for example, and that is what I just want to show. So, so this was force extension of DNA want to do a force extension for a protein ok ok. So, I will come to protein. So, first let us look at force extensions of RNAs ok.  So, it is looks roughly similar like this DNA, but then there is something going on over here ok. If you saw a force extension curve like this, what would you could you guess anything about what the structure what sort of a structure of this polymer could lead to force extensions like this. So, basically if I look at it what is happening is that I am pulling on it as I am as I am pulling on it my polymer is extending, but it is getting sort of more and more difficult in order to extend which is why the curve goes like that, but then after a certain point it becomes slightly easier to pull a certain length of the polymer right. So, what that would correspond to is something like this remember RNA is not a double stranded helix right. So, if you have complementary base pairs. So, this was my original RNA strand, but if some segments of complementary base pairs you can exactly like in DNA you can form some interactions between these different segments of the loop. So, if you were if you had something like this for example, I had a polymer and then I had a segment over here which had sort of form these base pairs right and I am pulling the ends of this polymer. So, as I pull it this thing gets extended. So, I get something like this maybe right. So, when it is in this sort of a conformation that is where this curve looks something like this it is now got in difficult to stretch, but now once I have forced let us say I pull with sufficient force that I break open these bonds that were there then suddenly with very little force I can open up the polymers a little little when these bonds break. So, I can open up this polymer with very little force which means I get a sort of kink here then once this domain has opened up I go back to my original my usual sort of force extension behavior ok. So, typically therefore, in RNA you can have different sort of structures of course, you can have loops you can have knots and so on depending on the sequence of the RNA you can have multiple you can have multiple such things and so on, but typically so therefore, a force extension curve would look something like this no. So, this this curve is for a specific RNA sequence how did it have? So, let us say which extension point should I be looking at this thing hm oh that is just for guide for the eye that if I were to do something like a DNA this would look something like this which is why this screen is very bad these are actually points that is just a line that has been drawn. So, the points are the actual experimental data ok. So, pulling an RNA molecule would look something like this. On the other hand let us say I pull a protein now. So, let us say I pull a protein for example, we were talking about this titin protein which is one of the largest proteins it is 244 folded domains it is a multi domain protein and I say that I want to pull this titin protein. So, again I draw this force versus this extension sort of a curve. What would a curve for a protein like this look like? What would the force extension curve look like hm hm a lot of steps and steps in the sense that you pull once you have reached one of these domains the moment you have managed to unbind that domain you need now very little force to pull it a little more and then you repeat this sort of structure and indeed that is what you see. So, if you look at this force extension relationship this is what the force extension relationship looks like.  So, a force extension signature like this would basically tell you how many folded domains your proteins has right. The number of such jumps or whatever kinks that you have that would be equal to the number of domains in the folded structure of the protein ok. So, these sort of single molecule experiments are very useful in order to see how a protein or whatever macromole whatever macromolecule that you are interested in how that has sort of folded in three dimensional space. Yes, how will you try to go back if you leave the force if you leave the force alone? Not I do not know if you is it is not a reversible process of course, but if you leave the force alone and if the conditions are right the protein will again fold itself unless you have completely broken some bonds or something the protein would fold back into its native state yes, but it may not follow the same path right. So, in that sense it is not reversible, but yeah it will it will fold back to its native structure provided the conditions are right for the you can do it on the same protein yes. And you should see a similar you should see a same post extension relationship not really it is that the proteins the domains in proteins are much stronger. So, if you just had one or two base pairs in RNA you would probably not even pick it up in a signature you would need to have a relatively strong ish loop or not in order to see that, but that is not something generic you could have multiple here there is nothing stopping RNA from having here is just that in proteins the domains themselves are much stronger because of the folded nature of the protein ok. Since we are talking about proteins let us just let us try to see how to sort of look at structures of proteins. We have looked at this random walk models we have looked at these random walk models that work sort of well for DNA and so on, but proteins are slightly different beast precisely because they fold into these native structures random walk model does pretty badly with proteins or standard random walk model does not. What you could do for example, so this if you want to think of proteins in the context of a random walk. So, proteins is random walk you have to take into account the fact that these proteins are generally found in the folded native state they have some sort of a confirmation which is not random ok. So, they are compact objects they are folded according to their sequence into the native state unlike DNA or some polymer like this we will just adopt some random confirmation. So, DNA would be something like this and this I could describe by a freely jointed chain. On the other hand for the folded state of a protein you can use a different sort of a random walk model. So, this is a folded protein which is called a compact random walk. So, which is called a compact random walk and the idea is that a protein is sort of going to fill up fill up an available volume. So, not an available volume, but let us say let me first define a compact random walk and then I will say so compact random walk is let us say I will define it on a lattice. So, compact random walk is one it is a self avoiding walk and it is a walk such that each of the lattice points of this space of lattice points is filled by one monomer or one unit of this random walk. So, let us say if I had a lattice like this had a lattice like this this something like this where I place a monomer on each lattice point is an example of a compact random walk. Note that this is so this is space filling. So, each lattice site has one monomer associated with it and then you could look at different confirmations of such space filling walks. This is very different from the standard freely the standard random walk that we are used to where if I take a if I take some lattice definitely not all lattice points will be filled it will go as r square will go as typically as n. On the other hand for this compact random walks for these compact random walks because these are space filling the typical size will grow as the dimensions of your box the dimensions of your lattice itself which is nothing, but something like v to the power of one third right. And this volume is again because it is space filling this v is nothing, but the number of monomers times the volume of each monomer roughly. So, this is nothing, but r n to the power of one third ok. So, this is of course, a very hand waving argument, but you can show that this r square average grows as for this compact random walk grows as n to the power of two thirds as opposed to this as opposed to this r square average for a standard random walk which grows as n to the power of one. Simply looking at this exponent tells you that this is a much more compact walk than this this is much more open because the exponent is one this is much more compact the exponent is 0.67. And just for reference r square of a self avoiding random walk grows as n to the power roughly 3 by 5. So, 6 by 5. So, this is even more open because this is self avoiding. So, you cannot have intersections which sort of provides outward pressure if you will which forces the polymer to expand even more. Anyway for compact random walks this is the sort of scaling that one expects this r square the typical size grows as n to the power of two third instead of growing as n to the power of one. And this is the sort of paradigm that we will use to model proteins, but let us just see how good this is ok. So, if you take different proteins of different sizes and so on and calculate the average size of these proteins this is what. So, this is the prediction of this compact random walk model. If you plot proteins with different numbers of residues spanning a couple of decades well not a couple somewhere over here is proteins like 60 70 amino acid proteins here there are proteins which are 1000 amino acids and so on. And you plot their observed radius as a function of the number of residues and this solid line is this n to the power of two thirds line. So, you will see that the on a on an average this n to the power of two thirds sort of a random walk. So, this compact sort of a random walk does fairly well describing what these what the typical sizes of a protein will look like. It is not as good as what the and it is not as good as what this DNA what we got for the DNA where it was very nicely n to the power of one. And that is because sequence specificity plays an important role, but on an average this random this compact random walk model is not too bad. You can say that given in the number of amino acids typically it will be somewhere around this n to the power of two thirds. You may be wrong for a particular protein, but on an average if you did this prediction for many many proteins you would roughly be right. So, well what we will try to do is that we will try to use this sort of a model in a very very basic sense in order to see what we can say about this protein folding problem finding the needed state of a protein.


Okay, we're back. We're live. Welcome to 10 o'clock here on a given Thursday. We're talking tax with Tom. That's Tom Yamachika. He's the president of the Hawaii Tax Foundation. Thank you for joining us, Tom. I was glad to be on the show, Jay. You concern yourself with fiscal policy as you should because it's so directly connected and intrinsically involved with taxation. But we have an interesting problem these days because revenues have been down. They're likely to go further down before they come up. I mean, tax revenues that is receipts by the state. At the same time, the state is called upon to do lots of special things. And one third thing is that we have a lot of state employees who are home but not working and who are nevertheless paid. We don't know exactly how many so the state has all these things tugging at it. The legislature was out of session for a long time. It came back for about a week, then went into recess yet again, and it's going to be a recess until middle of June. I'm just describing the universe of our discussion here and the council revenues is supposed to be meeting what next week I think they're going to try to tell us what we have coming in. You don't need the council. I can just tell you right now what's coming in. Nothing's coming in. So Tom, where are we? Where is the ledge? What are the burdens of the ledge? What can the, give us options, will you? Save us. Let me tell you first what, you know, what the ledge has done. And it's a very interesting situation. And there was an article that Senator Laura Thielen wrote in Civil Beat this morning. A lot of the action in the legislature in the last few days has been in deciding how to deploy the, you know, many millions of dollars that have been given to the state by the federal government for COVID-19 relief. And yeah, in the CARES Act, there was, I forget how much additional was sent to the state, $1.25 billion, pretty much directly. And so what did they do with it? Well, we earmarked $1 billion for budget shortfalls in 2020 and 21 to avoid furloughs and cuts. We gave neighbor islands, you know, some money because the city and county of Honolulu got some federal money directly. So, but the less populous counties, you know, weren't large enough to be on the federal radar, you know, which is something happening across the country. And so some of that, you know, billion dollars went to them. And then about $650 million went into the rainy day relief fund. That is kind of troubling to me because it seems, you know, according to the Senator Thielen's article, it was there so the governor couldn't touch it. Now, one of the requirements of this federal money is that you got to spend it by the end of the year. You don't spend it by the end of the year, it goes back. You mean fiscal or calendar? Calendar year. By 1231-2020. You don't spend it by 1231-2020, if that's won't give it to you. Now, this is a phenomenon that's not unprecedented at all. We've had problems with spending federal money before. Department of Transportation had this issue, Department of Hawaiian Homeland had this issue, water supply had this issue. We lost it. Because we didn't spend it and we lost it. I remember some stories like that. Yeah, there was some tension, or at least we got some nasty letters from the Fed saying, you know, you don't lose this money. I mean, you don't use this money. You know, we're not going to give it to you. And that's, it sounds like. What about the rainy day? What about the rainy day fund? Is that using it? No. You see, using it doesn't mean squirreling it away. So you have to actually spend the money by the end of the year. Okay. Now, there are a couple of problems with that. One is kind of a self-made problem. And that is, okay, so the rainy day fund now contains like maybe 300 or $400 million. You're adding another 650. Okay. There's a stipulation in the rainy day fund statute that says you can't spend more than half of it in one year. But I think the legislature feels that it isn't a problem for them because when they appropriate the money, they can, you know, put another sentence in the appropriation act saying, oh, this provision doesn't apply. But there's one other thing that I think they haven't thought about. And that is, we have a governor who has declared a state of emergency and is not shy about suspending the laws. And there is a provision in the emergency power statutes that says if you want, laws can be suspended by the governor to relieve suffering. And I think it's not a very large stretch of the imagination to say, oh, we've got needs of the people like touring up the unemployment, the unemployment insurance fund. And having it squirreled away in the rainy day fund where I can't touch it is a hardship. And in order to relieve the suffering of the people, I will, I will suspend that law and spend the money. So are you telling, are you saying that there's a contention going on between the legislature and the governor wouldn't be the first time. Okay. And it's not like the governor hasn't done that already, because as I wrote a couple of weeks ago. The governor already has suspended the, the, the distribution provision in the transit accommodations tax to basically stop TAT money from going to the counties. Aside from all the other suspensions that have nothing to do with fiscal policy. Right. Like information practices that sort of thing. It has nothing to do with the emergency he declared. I mean, the suspension of the of the money going to the counties. I think that's really sketchy. The possibility of suspending the restrictions on the emergency budget stabilization fund. I think that's also sketchy but it's I think it's less sketchy. We have a definite need for, you know, use of the unemployment monies. For example, because, and this is another symptom we can't get the money out the door fast enough. You know, we have these administrative backlogs. We have, you know, so much money in unemployment claims, we're in the participants haven't gotten you mean the other claimants haven't gotten a dime. They've lost their jobs. They're entitled to unemployment help from the state, and no money, no money's moving. Wasn't there a move to try to get some of these state employees who were at home collecting their paychecks, not doing anything, and move them around to help on processing these claims. They, you know, continue to pay them for their other job but have them deployed to help on unemployment insurance payments. Yes, there's a program to do that it's voluntary on the employees part they have to volunteer to do this and you know staff of several departments including a legislative staff could and did sign up to do that. They went down to the convention center where they've got a few, you know, 100 workstations ready and deployed. So they can help with that process. But number one it's voluntary. So, the people who want to stay at home and watch TV and still get their full payers are staying at home and watching TV and getting their full pay. Some of the unions basically say no you're not you're not moving my people around. UPW for example explicitly said that. So, I think there's some pressure for UPW members not to not to even do that. Well you know let me let me say that in this show about New Zealand just last hour. I'm going to talk about Karina Lyons and Tim Woods out of East West Center. And they talked about New Zealand they talked about how, and this was reported in a number of international journals that everybody in the cabinet was on the same page. They were listening to the scientists and they were listening to the people. And making reasoned decisions reasoned balance decisions. It was admirable. I say that not because somebody will find in one newspaper, but because the opinions were the same in multiple newspapers. And, and I would have to say that although you know people give Hawaii credit for having low COVID numbers. I don't think we get all credit for being on the same page. I don't think we get credit for coordinating efforts and being efficient and finding, you know, efficient policies efficacious policies. Yeah, I mean certainly the the snap around opening opening the shopping malls illustrates that. So, so the governor issues, or was on the on on on TV saying oh yeah we'll reopen the shopping malls, called well says no, and, and the governor backpedals. So, so we had to wait a few more days before we can get our shopping malls. No problem with it is we get back to the fiscal in a minute. The problem with it is if you open the shopping malls the restaurants and everything, or a lot of things that you take a risk that the infections will increase again. And you can't be complacent about it. You have to be on guard. And the question that's what you got to do. Nonetheless, right. Otherwise what happens is you have a resurgence and you're unprepared for to have to keep on pushing on the public health side. And I'm not sure that we're doing that. I think we're making the same mistake that Trump is making where we're focusing on reopening the economy but we kind of taken our hand off the stick on developing testing and tracking and social distancing as necessary. So that's an example of sort of confused government policy here. But anyway, let's go back to the fiscal management side. So, Council on revenues is, is going to come in, you know, we don't have too much issue. It's going to say we don't have revenues. We've got a billion plus that we got from the cares act. That's not going to carry it or our annual budget in the state is worth an 1112 billion something like that. Yeah, 1414 we're going to be way underwater. What happens. Well, we do we do have stuff coming in. It's just, it's just not as much as, you know, there was some revenue numbers from April that came out yesterday. There is money coming in.  Some people are still working there. They are getting income tax withheld that's going in. G tax is still getting paid that's coming in corporate taxes way down. TAT is down a little bit. I thought it would be done more. That's kind of what's been happening.  That doesn't excite me as a potential consumer in the new normal. I'm still going to be concerned. I'm not going to go into a crowd. I'm not going to go to a shopping center. I'm not going to eat at a restaurant not now. I'm going to have to wait and see, you know, whether this is going to work. I think it's a lot of people right. It always is that's. And a lot of a lot of people are going to be feeling the same way that it is rushed back in and start consuming and spending money and taking risks and not going to do that. So, if you if you say that the revenues of these various establishments, the tax from those revenues is is is going to be meaningful increase, or at least an increase the way it was. I don't think that's true. I think it's going to take a long time before you have the same revenues and tax going into the state coffers. So, you know, suffer a lot more in terms of tax revenues. One thing that I've been seeing is that the legislature has been kind of very strongly emphasizing. No cuts to the public sector. Whereas, you know, people mean no cuts state employees. That's correct. You know, no cuts at all. No position, you know, no position reductions, no salary reductions. Yes, they'll be further their pay increases until a later time. It doesn't mean that the pay increases won't come until it'll just happen later. And here in the public in the private sector. We got disaster we have a disaster. We have layoffs in an unprecedented scale. We have businesses that are closing. In Marcus declaring bankruptcy was a J crew, declaring bankruptcy. We have a number of establishments that have, you know, shut down temporarily for for COVID-19, but they're not going to be open. We don't know it. We don't know now what the extent of it's going to be. But not everybody's going to reopen. Some people, a lot of people are going to, a lot of people are going to file bankruptcy. A lot of these small businesses are going to go away. They can't pay the rent. They're going to lose their leases. They're going to be subject to foreclosure. They're going to have no relief coming in. I don't think CARES has given them enough to really make the difference, a lot of them. So what, you know, so let me give you a scenario here. So the public sector, okay, no, no increases, not for now, but everything else is frozen. A lot of them are not working there at home. We don't know how many, but the cost of running the public sector, I guess that's, you're referring to both state and county. It's a flat, it's a flat, it's essentially 100% and the legislature is supporting this 100% of what it was. In the case of the private sector, it's decimated. And let's say I'm being charitable in somewhere between 40 and 50% of what it was could be could be less. There's something grossly inequitable about that. Aside from the, you know, the sense of fairness, the sense of inequity about it. It's more than that, it's going to twist our economy, it's going to twist the way the state works. It's going to make the state system, the state employees, which many people feel is bloated anyway, has been bloated for decades. Hiring, hiring, hiring, and so forth. And it's going to make the private sector, which has been under pressure from the state sector, right? This is not a friendly place to do business. Why is it unfriendly? Because the state has state employees have all these controls, permitting, for example, and processing, which they don't do very quickly. So the private sector, which has been under pressure for a long time, now is under much, much, much greater pressure. What do you get when that happens? Because after all, the private sector has to pay the cost in ordinary times. It has to pay the cost of running the state and the counties. So if the private sector isn't making any money for a long time, maybe forever. How do we pay the cost of government? Well, yeah, you can't. What I've been talking about and writing about for a very, very long time is, you know, those in state government, those of us who are lawmakers and leaders, need to understand that we have an economic engine. And you've got to take care of your engine, or it's not going to spin around and produce the money that you need to run your government. Because if you think about it, a lot of the taxes that are imposed are imposed on business and are premised on, okay, if business earns money then you've got to share some of it with the government.  Or what if the businesses aren't making money? They can maybe pay their costs, but that's it. And that's kind of the situation we have now. Some of them can't pay their costs. Some of them can't pay their costs. They go out of business. And then they got nothing. And in the meantime, we have, and I don't, you know, I don't say this is going to be a permanent fix, but we have money lying around. Okay, the legislative auditor has gone and queried our state financial system.  This is the high five fund sometimes known as the deposit beverage container program fund. Previous auditor's reports complained of irregularities, but even after all of that, the program special fund has been steadily swelling over the years to the tune of around $5 million each year. We've got $49 million in the fund. We're not spending nearly that much. So, so why don't we do something with that 49 million. We have, let's let's take a nice juicy one here. EBIT has a dwelling unit revolving fund with 154.9 million dollars balance and average cash out per year 17.2 million. The rental housing revolving fund has 362.7 million dollars in a current balance and average cash out of $61.7 million. So six times or six years worth of expenses is now in the fund. EBIT has a Department of Transportation account related with the couple on military reservation improvements. It now has 109.9 million dollars in it, an average cash out of zero. And not making these numbers up they come out, they come up over the legislative auditor's reports that have just come up. And as a matter of fact, we have a an auditor's report that has just come out. And, you know, they listed funds with monies available for transfer. Check with the AG about whether they can be transferred. And eliminated the ones that said, oh, the, you know, where the AG said, no you can't do it. Potential funds available for transfer 483.6 million that's half a billion dollars. Okay, what's it doing? What is that money doing? Why is it sitting around? Why isn't it going to help people? Has anybody thought of that? Well, the auditor has. Yeah. There are other funds too, by the way, I'm thinking of the, that special energy fund, which has 150 million dollars in it, which is probably not going anywhere right now. Sitting is a little pocket of money. So I don't know if the auditor has it all, then maybe sort of marginal funds like that that could be used. So, okay, so they're not being used. So I guess, and you have a big reduction in, in tax receipts, and you have the likelihood that that's not going to go dramatically back to where it was. And you have this, this, I guess it's a union move and the legislature is following along with a move to preserve salaries and preserve positions in the, in the state workforce. And that sounds like a recipe for disaster. So what's the ghost of Christmas future here, Tom? Where are we going on this? It's not hard, not hard to see what's going to happen next couple of three years with regard to the fiscal variables that the state faces. What happens when we just run out? Well, to an extent it's already started happening. Before, even before the pandemic struck, we were having a negative out migration of people. People were voting with their feet. They were heading for the hills. So, and they, and they were heading for the hills because they just couldn't make ends meet here in the economy that we have. So dealing with the cost of living issues primarily. High cost, low pay. Those are, you know, that that's a recipe that adds up to, heck, I can't make it here, I gotta get the, get the heck out. Right, then you'll lose, then you'll lose your workforce. And your tax base. Yes. So, you know, a number of over the past few weeks, we've covered this in from various angles and a number of people have said, well, we got to get out of the, you know, the mono economy around the hotels. Because it's a lot of revenue controlled by relatively few companies and those companies are in large part offshore. Profits from, you know, the big hotel organizations are spirited offshore and the jobs are, they're not, they're not management jobs in the hotels, they're Western management jobs. And so it's not a good economy in troubled times. It's not a good economy in good times either frankly. And so what we have to do in the new Hawaii, the transformed Hawaii, the new normal that we have to build or fermentively build has to be some other industry. Doesn't have to be a mono economy industry but something in the array of industries to take us off relying on tourism. And everybody, you know, they say, well, let's go back to technology. Let's go back because, you know, the idea of having a tech community here goes back to John Burns and George Arioshi and all the way through. Would that solve the problem. Is that something that we collectively should consider and if so, you know, how well would it do. I mean, we should have been considering all along. And I think we have been considering it all along we just dragged our feet so much that hasn't really happened. We have to diversify our economy. But it hasn't happened. Well, what, what can the legislature do. I mean we do rely on them to solve this problem and I see it as their problem and well the governor of course he should be, you know, providing leadership to them and us. But what, what can the government do to solve this otherwise insoluble problem. I think for one thing you got to cut government costs.  It's it's totally unfair. And it's not the way our government should be run. We should. There's a lot of pain. There's a lot of pain out there. And seeing, seeing people who get off scot free or more than scot free like the folks who are paid hundreds of people who are paid, you know, without having to do any work. It just makes my blood boil. But what would you do if you had control of this if you were the ledge legislature, the governor, what would you do in order to alleviate this one problem. This one disparity this one inequity. What would you do would you knock off state employees would you reduce their salaries, or both probably a combination of both. So you have to dig into the programs and services that the government's offering, and you got to classify them as must have, like to have, maybe should have, or, you know, aren't needed anymore.  Yeah. Well everybody talks about we have to reinvent ourselves post COVID, or else. And I don't think, you know, apropos of this discussion, I don't think that the burden of reinventing themselves should fall only on the private sector. It has to fall on everything and everybody in the state. And the legislature has to make sure that that happens. Everything it touches should be reinvented or at least considered for reinvention, everything the governor touches the same thing. There's time in the, in the, in the week or two they'll have, after they return from their second recess. But this is something that I think we agree they should, they should consider, not, not because it's emergent right now today, but because it will be emergent on a long term basis, in terms of losing the way we want to call the economic viability of the government to agree with me. Oh, yes. We have, we have a war going on. And the war isn't being fought with the missiles and guns. And it's being fought with the, you know, monetary units.  You're not going to have people cooperating with the, you know, support of our government. Yeah. And the cavalry is not coming to our rescue. Things are so dicey in Washington, you can hardly expect regular understanding and contribution to the problem, the problems in this state and in other states. When I was growing up, it was very important in Washington for, for there to be collegiality to, you know, work with people across the aisle now, you know, these days, it's a war zone. The people across the aisle are the enemy. And I think they actually freeze it in those terms. Wow. Life has changed. That's sad. Thank you, Tom. Let's let's do this again and take a snapshot in a couple of weeks. I think there'll be lots of things happening that we can talk about in that period. Tom Yamachika, president of the Hawaii Tax Foundation. So appreciate you coming down. Great. Thanks so much.


Putin celebrating Congress going home without passing Ukraine aid, U.S. representative. Republican Mike Quigley said Russian President Vladimir Putin is celebrating as Congress goes home for its holiday break without passing aid for Ukraine, according to The Hill. Congress is heading home without sending additional aid to Ukraine. Right now, Putin is celebrating, Quigley said in a post on the ex-platform. He added, Once we return in January, we must ensure Ukraine has what it needs to win this war. The House adjourned for the holiday break after advancing an $886 billion pentagon policy and funding package. In a speech on the House floor, Quigley said Putin will be patient in his war against Ukraine. He has the time that Ukraine and apparently we lack, he said. But Congress has been wasting that time. Time we should have spent passing a supplemental package. The Illinois Democrat continued saying Congress's dysfunction has reared its ugly head and that lawmakers have fumbled several opportunities to pass funding. Aid for Ukraine has been a contested issue for Republicans with many saying they won't support sending money abroad without more measures taken to secure the U.S.'s southern border.


Dear learners, continuing our discussion on stuffing, we shall start the part 2 of your unit on stuffing and here we shall take care of these two learning objectives. Discuss human resource planning. After going through this video and after reading your self-learning material and after going through your video reading those self-learning material, you should be able to understand that what is human resource planning, you should know it. Then we shall also explain the meaning of recruitment and discuss its sources. In the part 1, we discuss about recruitment to some extent. In this part 2, we shall discuss about meaning of recruitment and what could be the sources of recruitment. Let us first take the first learning objectives, discuss human resource planning. Human resource planning, let us say we have manpower planning, like any other planning, financial planning, marketing planning, human resource planning basically involves two aspects. Planning the land power requirements for all types and levels of jobs, top level management, bottom level management, subordinate functionaries will have to plan their requirements for all types, for all levels. Marketing specialist, finance specialist, production specialist, cost accountant, legal expert, land manager, estate manager. So we have to plan the manpower requirements based on the corporate objectives. Then planning the sources, where from those people will be sourced to the organization so that we can provide the right type of person to the organization. So as a HR manager, we are concerned about recruiting the right kind of people because ultimately they will run the show, is not it? So human resource planning involves these aspects. It involves determination of future needs of manpower based on our corporate objectives. We want to achieve a market share of 20 percent means what? We need to produce more. We need to sell more. In order to produce more, we need to have more number of factories or maybe existing factories, capacities will have to be enhanced. Capacities will have to be enhanced means more number of machine operators or like that. So in the light of organizational planning and structure, we shall have to determine the future needs. Then those future needs in a given day, suppose first year we shall need this many people, second year we shall need this many people, third year we shall need this many people, like third year we shall need this many people, how many of them will be promoted from within the organization, how many of them will be recruited from outside and how they will be utilized. These are the aspects. Human resource planning is very, very important because skill shortage is there and if we are having good quality of skilled people, they are likely to be hired by competitors. Government also controls, say in case of government organizations, SCST, OBC, recruitment, physically silenced persons, women's recruitment, we are having to meet a number of government requirements. Technological environments, one person is quite recruited today on a particular job. That particular job might get redundant. So in the next changes, more and more organizations are being banned by the younger people because India is known as Young India. Pressure groups, the unions sometimes exert pressures, the local, political lobbyists sometimes exert pressures in terms of equipment and organizations also keep on changing. So these are the aspects which make human resource planning much, much more important. So what is equipment? That is the second part. According to Flippo, Flippo is a reputed personal management expert. He stated that the requirement is a process of searching the candidates for employment and stimulating them to apply. So giving the equipment advertisement and motivating, stimulating the people that you apply for these jobs, our organization holds this kind of potential. Please come, please join, please apply. So equipment is that part. When they will be having more number of applications, then we can go for screening. Then we will be having a larger size. We will be having better size and that is the purpose of equipment. Sources of equipment could be one could be internal, the other could be external. So dear learners, here you may be given some multiple-choice questions. That which one of the following is an internal source of equipment? Which one of the following is an external source of equipment? So internal is within the organization. Suppose in the marketing department, we can have someone or suppose in the accounts department, we can have someone getting transferred from a establishment section. Someone is taking care of some technical aspects in one factory. He can be transferred to another factory to take care of some other functions. He can be given some more training. These are all internal arrangements within the organization. So internal sources means filling vacancies from inside the organization. And here vacancies are mostly filled to promotion, transfer, etc. From one job to another job. External is recruiting from outside. So when we are having right kind of persons within the organization, why should we recruit from outside? That is a question we need to according to some management philosophies, according to some management. Because more people from outside, they will bring in new thinking. Our current people, they are already developed into one's thinking processes. They will be having their own world. But outside people will bring in new thoughts, new perspectives. And sometimes the press people, suppose someone we go to the engineering colleges, we go to the management institutes, we recruit the first level employees, then we give them training as per our requirements. So some commonly used external sources are employment exchanges, government organizations, campus recruitment, engineering colleges, management institutes, polytechnics. Existing employees also sometimes give recommendations that I know someone in our competitor so and so. He would be a better person for us. We can go and approach the person that please come, apply, join our organization. Education as we have the institutions from outside through advertisement, trade unions also sometimes give some other recommendations. So these are basically the external sources. So the allowance, go to the SLM, go to this video, you have got to this video. Now go to the SLM, possibly you would be able to understand the human resource planning and recruitment better. Thank you. We shall come to the other part of the video.