Hello, welcome to yet another session of our NPTEL on on linear and adaptive control. I am Srikanth Sukumar from Systems and Control IIT Bombay. We are as always in front of our nice motivational image of this autonomously operating rover on Mars and we sort of are advancing towards analyzing and developing algorithms that we hope will drive systems such as these. So last time we were looking at the notion of radial unboundedness. We had started with these special functions which we are going to use subsequently in Lyapunov theorems. And the first property that we looked at was the property of definiteness. So we looked at positive definite functions. And then last time we were looking at radial unbounded functions in some detail. So as always we sort of gave some definition for radial unboundedness, which is sort of an extension of positive definite functions. And just like in the case of positive definite functions, we also proposed some easier tests for verifying radial unboundedness. So just like the case of positive definite functions, the definition itself may not be amenable for use in a lot of cases. And so we sort of came up with some easy tests because the definitions themselves require us to come up with some class K and some class KR, which may not always be easy to find. So of course, also for the case of radial unboundedness, we came up with these easier foundations. And we saw some pretty, hopefully some pretty good representative examples. Of course, the exercises that we are providing have more of these examples and more of these examples that you have to consider and discuss definiteness and unboundedness, etc. So this was the notion of radial unboundedness. So we also pointed out that positive definiteness was connected to local stability notions and radial unboundedness is connected to global stability notions. This is again something that we will see subsequently. Now, there's also, you know, if you go back and sort of remember the definitions that we had looked at, we also looked at the notion of uniform stability, right? And this uniform stability notions are what are connected to decreases. So that is what we are going to look at today. So this is where we start. We say lecture 4.3, this third lecture of the fourth week, right? And we want to define what is a decrease in function, okay? So if we, as always, we have a scalar valued function, which is going to take as its arguments time. And again, just like we mentioned last time, there isn't really no harm. In fact, it might even be better to assume that this function takes non-negative real time because that's what we are going to consider almost everywhere in this course. In fact, no scores are in non-linear control, right? So this is a function which takes in the first argument time, r plus, and the second argument as state, which is now in some bounded ball around the origin. So this is Br, Br. We have already introduced this notation. And as usual, it maps to reals. So all these functions have a similar range and domain. And of course we require that vt0 be equal to 0 for all t in r plus. This is again the same condition as before. Remember that we really care about this function taking zero values at the origin, right? Because origin is where we want to convert and this has the notion of some kind of an energy function. And we want this energy to be to take its minimum value, right? When you are at this equilibrium, right? Which is the origin. So for decreasing, the second condition that we require is the existence of a class k function such that absolute value of vtx is less than equal to phi norm x for all t in r plus and for all x in Br, right? So this is, you know, sort of completely opposite to what we saw for positive definiteness in some sense, right? So at least it looks like it's completely opposite to what we saw for positive definiteness, right? So what's the idea?  So if you look at the picture, this should help us identify the difference. Here we have x and here, of course, we have all the different functions of x so that we will sort of mark later on. So this is say my class k function. I mean, I mean, again, this is only until some r beyond that we don't care. I mean, so this is just some class k function, right? And what we want is that, in fact, yeah, let me, yeah, let me sort of draw it in a different way. So to indicate that, again, in fact, go below it. Oh no, let's leave it at me. So we want this v, absolute value of v to be less, right? So of course, what I will do is I will draw something on the other end too, something like this. And we want, so this blue thing is, of course, the phi norm x and this is minus phi norm x. And we want the v to be bounded inside this, so we want, so v is allowed to go in the negative direction, but it has to remain within this sort of envelope if you may, right? So this is what is a decrescent function. I mean, this is an example of a decrescent function. So this is an example of a decrescent function, okay? So as I mentioned before, decrescence is related to the notion of uniform stability. And so basically it's somehow, if you look at this, well, I mean, it's not evident here, but anyway, I mean, essentially there is some kind of an independence with respect to time that you achieve using the notion of decrescence, okay? So what are the examples? So let's look at examples and counter examples just like we have been doing. So let's see, let me try to expand this and say, look at some example one, right? What is it? Suppose I take something like v tx is equal to, what we do for the positive definite case, let's try to see that. So this was t plus 1 over 2 times norm of x squared, right? I mean, you can also take norm of x squared divided by 1 plus norm of x squared. So that's fine. So we know that this is a positive definite. So v positive definite, we have already sort of discussed this a couple of times before. Because this is of course greater than equal to this guy for all non-negative time, right? So it's positive definite, but is it decrescent? No, it's not decrescent, right? Because there's no way I can, you know, so this is sort of not very easy to argue again because we are not giving any easy test in this case, right? So it's not very easy to argue. So we want to claim is, ask if v is less than equal to, I mean, this is already non-negative, so I'm not using absolute value of u. So is v less than equal to some phi norm x, right? Let's think of a simple situation. Let's say, is this true? Is this true for some positive gamma? What do you folks think? So I have essentially taken this guy out and I'm saying does this inequality hold true for some gamma? Because if it does, obviously this right-hand side is a class k function, right? And so we are done. I mean, well, fine. The right-hand side is not exactly a class k function, but the right-hand side is a positive definite function, right? So we are fine. We are sort of, you know, it's not a big deal, right? Because I can always say that this is, let's see, less than, okay, I apologize. I can always sort of say that this is less than equal to gamma norm x squared and then I'm done, okay? Because gamma norm x squared is, of course, a class k function, right? In fact, it is a class k r function, right? So that's okay. Class k r function is also a class k function, okay? But does this even hold true? Does this hold true? Yeah? So the point is this guy, I'm going to put a nice square around it. So this is not, let's say, I'm sorry, not true. Why? Why is this not true? If you give me any gamma, for example, say gamma is 100, okay? If you give me a really large gamma, say gamma equal to 100, I choose some arbitrary large gamma. What do I know? I know that at t greater than 99, right? v tx becomes greater than gamma norm x squared divided by 1 plus norm x squared, okay? And I immediately get a contradiction, right? And it's so easy. I got a contradiction. See it very, very easy, right? And so if you give me any choice of gamma, arbitrary large, it doesn't matter. I can always find a t. It says that it will start to dominate this function rather than being less than this function. It in fact starts to dominate this function. And that is a problem, right? And so you can see that this is not decrescent, right? So this is, this v is not decrescent, right? So this is positive definite, but it is not decrescent, okay? So let's look at another example and say the other way around. Suppose I take v tx and I am going to make it bigger. Suppose I take my second example with v tx as equal to, I sort of divide, right? So suppose I take 1 over 2 t plus 1, norm x squared divided by 1 plus norm x squared. In fact, I'll keep my life simple and I'll just get rid of this guy, okay? And just say it's norm x squared because anyway, it doesn't matter whether it's positive definite or radially unbounded, okay? Because we are more concerned with decrescent here, right? What can I say? What can I say? I know that this is for sure less than norm x squared over 2 for all t greater than, for all t in R plus, right? Because as t becomes larger than 0, this is definitely smaller than norm x squared by 2, right? That's obvious. So implies decrescent, right? Implies decrescent, sorry, okay? But, but v not positive definite, right? Why? Let's look at the easier condition. Let's look at the easier condition. What do we require? We require v to be strictly positive for all norm x not equal to 0, okay? On the face of it, it looks like it, right? But if I take any non-zero x, right? The problem is I have division by t plus 1, this guy, yeah? So what happens? Again, I'll say no. So let limit as t goes to infinity 1 over 2 t plus 1 non-x when is 0, right? It doesn't matter what norm x is. It is irrelevant. It is irrelevant what norm x is, all right? As I push t larger and larger, this is going to go to 0. Therefore, v is not positive definite, right? So we have some sort of contradictory examples, right? We found that for when, you know, sort of I give you an example where if it was a function of state and time, where v was a function of state and time. And it was decrescent like this case here. It turned out that it was not positive definite, right? Because if it was upper bounded by a class k function, I could not lower bounded by a class k function. I mean, I did not really see it in terms of lower bound in class k, but I did the equivalent easier test, right? On the other hand, if whenever I could lower bounded by a class k function, like this, this is, you know, whenever I could prove that it was positive definite, right? Which we did already in the previous lectures, we could show that it was not decrescent, right? Of course, in this case, we only showed with a particular example of a class k function. We could have said that it is dominated, it's upper bound by some very large class k function. But the point is whatever function of x I choose here, remember that the right hand side has to be independent of time. So whatever function of states I choose, right, this has to be true for all x, notice. So if I choose really small x, then this is right hand side is potentially not very big. But as I keep pushing my time up and up and up, VTX is always going to dominate something like this. Any function of only the state on the right hand side. Okay, so although I chose this particular example to verify that it's not decrescent, it doesn't matter. I could have chosen any function of state here and this would always dominate this guy as T gets pushed up. As T, sorry, as T goes to infinity, right? So this was not decrescent. So the example where I had positive definiteness, I did not get decrescence. The example where I got decrescence, I did not get positive definiteness. So it begs the question, is there an example of a, does there even exist an example of a V, which is function of both T and X, which is both decrescent and positive definiteness? So the answer is yes. The answer is yes, it's not that difficult. And what is it? You'll of course first choose the nice positive definiteness sort of structure. Let's see. I choose something like this. I will keep a long x squared over to here. What I will do is I will take something like a bounded function of time, if you may. I'll take a bounded function of time. So this is something like 1 plus sine squared T. Right? So what do I know about this VTX? I know that VTX is definitely greater than equal to non x squared by 2. Why is V positive definite? Because I could find lower bounding class K function. Why this is true is because the lowest value this can take is 0. Largest value is of course 1, but the lowest value is 0. Right? And so it dominates this class K function. Okay? Simple. So this becomes 1. So now I also know that this has the largest value. The largest value this can take is 2, because sine squared T is upper bounded at 1. Right? So this whole thing can at most become 2. Right? So I also know that VTX is upper bounded by non x squared. It implies V is also decrescent. It's upper bounded by x squared. Why? Because the largest value this can take is 2. So the 2 and 2 here cancel, and that's the largest possible value of this function. Right? So I have bounds on both sides. So there do exist, of course, functions of both state and time, which are in fact both decrescent and positive definiteness. Positive definite. Right? So it's not like, you know, one excludes the other or something like that. Okay? Let's not. I hope we are not, you know, sort of getting into this preconceived notion that one does not mean the other. Because if that was the case, then it would never be possible to get uniform stability and, you know, asymptotic stability together. Right? As you can see further. So now the other thing to remember, of course, is that if you have a function, yeah, which is actually just a function of the state, right? So this is obviously positive definite. So in such cases, only, so, and in fact, make a remark also, remark, if Z only dependent on X, then decrescent is free. It's trivially decrescent. Because of course it's upper bounded by norm X squared. It's upper bounded by norm X squared. And I'm done. It's trivially decrescent because there's no time appearing, which will not allow this domination. Okay? I hope that's clear. Then the final property, which is the, actually rather weak property is that of positive semi-definiteness. Okay? So the positive definite, semi-definite is a rather simple property. It just says that, you know, anything, as usual, if you have a function going from time to the state, and of course we want vt0 to be zero, further, if the function is just non-negative, just takes non-negative values. Okay? That's all we need for semi-definite. If the function v takes non-negative values for all values of time and state in a ball, then v is said to be positive definite, semi-definite. And it is denoted by greater than equal to zero. Okay? So positive definiteness was denoted greater than zero. So positive semi-definite is denoted greater than equal to zero. Thank you. So these are rather simple functions. Basically any function taking a non-negative value, right? So it means so many examples. So v tx equals tx1 square plus x2 square is fine. It is greater than equal to zero. v tx equal to x1 square by 2 plus x1 square by 4, which was not positive definite, remember, is in fact positive semi-definite. Because whatever happens, this is never going to take a negative value, right? Similarly, if I choose v, all the examples that did not satisfy other properties, yeah, this is again positive semi-definite. Because whatever happens, this function is never going to take a negative value. And remember that positive semi-definite, semi-definiteness also plays an important role in Lyapunov stability theorems. So it's not a class that is to be taken lightly, yeah? But of course it is a rather weak requirement. It just requires that the function itself never take a non-negative value. Yeah, that's it. That's all we require in positive semi-definiteness. All right. All right. I hope that all made sense. So beyond this, we are of course ready to look at Lyapunov theorems. I look at the Lyapunov theorem, but we will stop here and sort of try to conclude a discussion for this session. So what is it that we saw? We went on to sort of look at the final property, if you may, and this is the property of declassence. So we have seen three properties of functions, which is positive definiteness connected to asymptotic stability, radial and boundedness, which we said is connected to global asymptotic stability, and declassence, which we have mentioned is connected to uniform stability. So you've seen all the three properties in this week's lectures. We've also seen a good number of examples to hopefully help us distinguish between these properties. So I really hope that it helps clarify what kinds of functions are positive definite and which are end positive definite. So it's more important to sort of remember the ones that are not positive definite. Yeah, so we don't make any errors in our Lyapunov theorem applications. And of course, these are rather nice potential functions and we will see subsequently the setup for the Lyapunov theorems. And we will also see how these three properties of functions that we have defined, we have looked at easier tests to actually talk about these, to actually verify these definitions. So we will actually see how these three kinds of classes of functions play a pivotal role in helping us state the Lyapunov theorems. And so this will be rather critical in what is going to come in next. Right. So, yeah, so I mean, what's upcoming in the lectures now is what is the most most critical aspect of nonlinear control, which is the Lyapunov stability theorems and which is what helps us to conclude that a system or an autonomous system such as what we see in the background it performs satisfactory in any given environment. That it follows a given trajectory or reaches a particular point or has a particular orientation. So all of these are posed as stability questions by control engineers and nonlinear control theorists verify these using the Lyapunov stability theorem. So what we will see subsequently are probably one of the most seminal results in nonlinear systems analysis. All right. Excellent. So that's where we will stop today. And I hope to see you again soon next time. Thank you.


From the Republic of Plato comes the allegory of the cave. In the Republic, this was portrayed as a discussion between Plato's brother Glaucon and Socrates. In this dialogue, Plato sets out to explain how humankind can function without any awareness of his realm of forms. I think we should start by explaining this theory put forward by Plato. In the theory of forms, Plato argues that the physical world around us is in fact not what it seems to be. It isn't perfect and ever changing. He proposed that true knowledge could only be obtained by looking beyond the physical, which he deemed to be only imitation, and into the realm of forms. I think the difference between the physical realm and the intelligible realm of forms can better be understood through an example. Take a strong man, for instance. We recognize this man as strong, seemingly because of his attributes. But beyond these physical attributes, it is also because of the perception of strength we hold in our minds. While over time, this man may lose his strength, leading us to then see him as a weak man, the form of strength in our mind remains constant and unchanged. When the next person comes along with similar attributes, they will also be recognized as strong since the concept or form of strength exists in our mind outside of the physical world. Plato believed that the only way to reveal this realm of forms was through an extensive education. Now that we have some understanding of this theory of forms, let us move on to what this video is about, the allegory of the cave. In this cave exist prisoners who have been there since birth. These prisoners are bound to the point of not even being able to turn their heads.  Behind them is a fire with a walkway between the wall and the fire, where people walk carrying objects over their heads. Shadows are cast onto the wall and echoes can be heard, but since these prisoners have never seen the objects being carried and only the shadows of them, they mistake these shadows as reality. They also attribute the echoes and the cave to the shadows themselves. For example, when they see the shadow of a pot, they do not characterize it as a shadow since they have no knowledge of anything but what they have seen in front of them. Eventually, one of the prisoners is able to understand the nature of the world around him and could predict what shadow would come next on the wall, and because he could do this, he would then receive praise from the others. Now, if one of the prisoners were to be set free and shown an actual pot, they would not recognize this as a pot since a pot to them is the shadow that was cast on the wall. In this case, the illusion seems more real than the pot itself and the prisoner would likely turn back to the wall since the shadows to him are closer to his perception of reality. What if the prisoner was forced out of the cave into the blinding light of the sun? Well, of course, the prisoner would be angry and rather distressed not accepting the new reality. Think of the matrix in this scenario. If exposed long enough, he would begin to understand that what he thought to be reality was in fact incorrect and that the blinding light that he had so long turned away from was the truth. After accepting this new reality, the freed prisoner sets out for the cave from which he came in order to free his fellow prisoners and show them the truth. After entering back into the cave, the prisoner finds it difficult to adjust to the darkness. The other prisoners pick up on this odd behavior and find it suspicious since the darkness is still the only reality they know. So this time, instead of the praise that his knowledge had formally gained him, it was contempt.  Plato meant for the freed prisoner to represent the philosopher looking past his perceived reality in search of the truth, this regardless of any subjective restraints that may be present in his own mind. To Plato, a philosopher should seek to look past these and push forward toward objective truth through philosophic reasoning, and recognizing his theory of forms is what he believed to allow a person to achieve this. How many of us, when arguing for a certain belief or reality, consider that we may be the ones steeped in the darkness of the cave, fighting tooth and nail to hold on to what we believe to be true. Without the complete knowledge of the world around us, how can we ever be sure that it is not us who are living in ignorance of a higher level of reality? Well, the goal of a philosopher should always be to seek a better understanding of the world around them and in this pursuit, keeping open arms for new realities that may present themselves. There is no perfect knowledge as far as we can prove with empirical evidence. So I think for the time being, the best that we can hope for is to use reason in order to progress as far as we can towards it. We should not only aim to question those who hold opposing thoughts, but also to question our own beliefs. After all, this is the only way we're able to move forward in our quest for knowledge, because those who think they know everything will learn nothing. This concept that the reality you think to be the only truth could in fact be completely false is not something most look on fondly, but it is in the continual search for truth that gives life its excitement. Imagine if you lived in a world where everything was always the same.  If reason and evidence point toward a new reality, embrace it, but always question it. Another noteworthy question that presents itself when given the allegory of the cave is this. When is it better to leave someone in their false reality instead of presenting them with what you believe to be the truth and consequently causing a possible existential crisis? To be completely honest, I'm not sure of the answer, and I don't think myself or anyone else for that matter would be able to offer an objective answer to this question. Do we sacrifice the truth for the next generation in order to preserve the happiness of the current one? Would the well-being of the human race be enhanced from learning this new truth? These and many other questions must be considered when coming to a conclusion in this matter. I hope this video has stimulated as much contemplation for you as it has for me. If you enjoyed the content, think about subscribing to the channel. Thank you for staying to the end of the video and for talking philosophy with me. Until next time.


Let us pray God we come to weep as sisters of tamar must have wept we come to mourn as Brothers of Dyna felt urged to mourn We come at this moment An assembly invited and summoned to hear to remember and to know together the wrongdoing and harm done For too long this wrongdoing has been silenced carving chambers of isolation For too long this wrongdoing has been the source of deep sorrow and fear For too long this wrongdoing has generated a tempest threatening to overwhelm For too long this wrongdoing has festered fueling disillusionment and despair Help us as we bring to utterance what has been silenced Help us as we hear what we wish that there had never been need to hear Help us as we confess wrong and harm done Help us as we grieve what has been lost Let the telling ease the persistent ache and end the awful secrets Let the hearing begin to open the cell doors of isolation In truth telling stand with us In listening hear with us that we might be remembered with one another Enter with us into this space between telling and listening in the midst of confession Apology and commitment Accomplish in the space what we have failed to accomplish be present with us as truth be present with us as Compassion be present with us as our guardian Through Christ. Oh God hear my prayer. I Trust in you give ear to my petition and rescue me You alone can help me Deliver me from my abuser God of mercy hear my plea. I am being destroyed. I Feel abandoned and lonely There is no safety No one to protect me There is no one to entrust with my secret My abuser speaks eloquently of peace and justice Well, I weep angry tears of betrayal He walks the halls with confidence While I am fearful of being seen I Feel his eyes on me when I sleep and when I rise My dreams are filled with anxiety and fear My spirit is full of anguish Where can I go to escape his advances? When I go to class, I feel his presence like a cloud of darkness hovering over me When I retreat to my home, he comes knocking His words smooth as silk Overtake me. I am powerless in his hands. I am being stripped of my honor and dignity Do you care God? I cry to you for help. My silence rages against your silence Where is the peace and justice your prophets proclaim?   Touch my tear-stained face and heal my wounded spirit There is no peace No justice Why do you not speak to me? I wait in silence


Well, welcome everybody to this press conference on financial literacy in the age of digital banking. Thank you for joining me, both on the live stream and here in the audience. I have a great panel lined up here today, so I'm gonna introduce all of them. But first, let me just give you a little bit of an overview of what we're gonna be speaking about. So today, there's a lot of questions about how individuals can safely engage with new banking technologies. There's an increasing use of online banking worldwide and it's really changing the way of how people operate and how people understand financial literacy is a growing concern. We have China's rapid adoption of digital banking technologies and understanding new approaches to financial literacy are becoming even more and more important. So we're gonna be talking to each of our panelists. We're gonna get into a little bit of a deep dive here and then I know I have a couple questions I'd like to ask and I think we may have one or two from the audience. So without further ado, I'm gonna first introduce the person on my left, Dr. Frederick Lau, who's the vice chairman of AMTD Group and he's actually the future CEO of a virtual bank in Hong Kong between Xiaomi and AMTD. We also have Dr. Wang Zhou, the chief economist of China National Gold Group Corporation and we also have Jia Chen Zhang, who's the chief executive officer and founder of points. So financial literacy, what is it? Dr. Lau, can you please maybe give us a bit of an overview? It's probably a little bit difficult to really define our financial literacy. People now go to the banks to put deposits in and they do investments and they borrow money. Are they really understand what is financial matters? Yes or no? I just heard a friend told me, her mother is a stock investor, but she was comparing two stocks one is value at five dollar market point and the other is ten dollars. She said the five dollars is much cheaper. I'll buy the five dollar one. So that is some, I guess, some people are kind of getting into the stock market, thinking they understand what is the market all about. Just a couple days ago, the US Treasury Department issued some kind of notice and asking universities to develop certain programs to teach university students to improve their financial literacy and because the student loan problem is getting bigger and bigger, it's almost unsolvable for the US government now or for some of the students. So the financial literacy really is causing some kind of issues in developing countries and developed countries. But what is financial literacy? And I guess to improve financial literacy really is a dynamic process. It's not a static. Now, just like we look at some of the developments in China and we in Hong Kong, we go to China a lot, but we kind of try to catch up China's development in fintech and Hong Kong is kind of behind in fintech areas and in China, all we need is get a thing a cell phone, get a cell phone and then we can pay everything we buy and then every restaurant we go to. But in Hong Kong that is still lacking behind and so that in China, I think the fintech development is much faster, probably compared to the other countries and but that doesn't mean the people using a cell phone to do payments. The financial literacy progress is faster than the other people in the other countries. So it's still a lot of teaching to do, a lot of promotion, a lot of education we have to do. And then could you maybe go into a little bit more about the different groups of countries that you're seeing? I know obviously China is very forward-looking and things are a lot more advanced here especially then in the US when it comes to paying for things on your mobile phone but how is the education piece developing? It's a good question. Thank you. I don't go to a lot of countries, I stay in a lot of countries but I just compare Hong Kong and China. And in China, I think the P2P, the P2P landing is pretty popular. Our partner, Xiao Mi, and Xiao Mi, they participated in a couple of the landing facilities. One is the, it's called Xing Wang Bank. In China, they own 29.5% of the bank and they also have small micro-lending facilities in Sichuan province and they get a model to analyze some of the consumer's behavior. But in Hong Kong, the data privacy issue is very, I guess, I can say conservative. People are very unwilling to release any data to banks and however, they didn't know when they joined Facebook and all the data is given to Facebook. But they are very reluctant to release any data to banks. So that is kind of like a give or take type of situation. If banks get more data, more information from the borrower or from the consumer, they'll be able to provide more services or more favorable services, favorable terms to the consumers. But if you are unwilling to release any of your private data to banks, and banks will not be able to do a lot of things. Okay, thank you very much. I think that provides us the more data point, more services. I know data is sort of the oxygen of the fourth industrial revolution. It is a great way to take us to Judge and Zong. Can you tell us a little bit more about the latest trends in fintech and also what new offerings are gonna be put in front of consumers? Yes, absolutely. Just like Ms. Liao has mentioned, the notion of how to make use of data without sacrificing information and privacy is really the big topic right now in the financial industry as well as the fintechs place. This year in Davos, actually the notion of confidential computation, which is also called privacy preserving computation is gaining a lot of attention because right now there are new type of engineering techniques you can do to allow data owners to actually collaborate on their proprietary data sets without exposing the raw information to each other. Four calculations such as credit scoring, joint marketing campaigns, anti-floor detections. So this type of technology will open up a new way to define the data collaboration protocol between financial institutions and individuals or even among financial institutions themselves. So this is super exciting and I think this will play a very important role in the financial industry and fintech space going forward. Besides that, the continued usage of machine learning and techniques to in analyzing and distilling insights from the data, the digital contracts for the streamline, the signing process and verification process of a lot of paperwork, all of those goes into providing a frictionless experiences for people and business to enjoy financial services. So and all of those at the front-facing level will create much better experiences for those consumers. However, the challenge is a lot of, a lot of those technologies that backbone technologies that enable better experiences in front, so sometimes it's very hard for consumers to tell when good service providers which is properly implementing these technologies versus those ones who are not, but they claim they do, while actually a lot of risk will come associated to that. And that kind of risk is very hard to be understood by the consumers and sometimes by the regulators too. And so I think engaging in like a safe and responsible manner as a consumer is really important. Do you have any advice or insights into how that can happen? Yes, so I think it's very hard but there are things we can try to tackle this problem. The responsibilities lies both on the regulator side, the industry participant side, as well as the consumers. For example, the industry and the regulators try to help the consumers to better understand how the tech actually works. One example, the service shows that actually young people, millennials today actually have a lot of trust on what they see on a mobile phone screen. If it says you have this amount of balance on your screen, then they will believe there is such type of balance. And obviously that's not necessarily true from a technical perspective. Printing a balanced number on your screen doesn't actually mean that institution have that much on your account. So that doesn't take away from doing other type of research on those services. Standards and also tests performed by regulators and also industry associations will be also very important to be established so that it will give shortcuts for those consumers to tell the good appropriate ones from the bad ones. Thank you very much. I think now we're gonna turn to Dr. Wang Zhou. The Global Future Council on FMS has been exploring financial inclusion and literacy as a big component of that globality. How does China compare to the rest of the world when it comes to this inclusion? I think this is also a very good question and thank you. And I think actually to talk about the financial literacy and financial inclusion, China is a very good example because it has been making progress in this 20 years. And I think I'll provide also an example in China a real story actually. I think a lady told me a story of her own. The lady whose hometown it's in rural area in Sichuan province, not in good economic condition has been working in Beijing, the capital city of China for I think tens of years. And I think 15 years ago, she went back to her hometown with her husband and the family once a year, in Spring Festival. And then at the time, they'll take the whole year income with them. And when I say with them, I'm the real with them, the cash with them. Sometimes tens of thousands Yuan, Renminbi, sometimes even more, hundreds of thousands Yuan, Renminbi. Because in our opinion, it was not safe and not convenient at all because Sichuan province and rural area is far away from Beijing. It was a long journey. They usually took the train and took the cash with them. Why did they do so? Actually, she's only the example of amount of people at the time. I think maybe tens of millions of people at the time they did almost the same thing. They went back home to rural areas once a year in Spring Festival and they took the cash with them. Yeah, one explanation at the time was that it was a cultural thing because Chinese people, they love cash. It was a cultural thing or it was a tradition or it was a habit. But actually, I think this is not the answer. Because at the time, we can see that why they took the cash home. First of all, when they had some income, they wanted to invest. But they invest for what? They did not know. And they did not have many choices to invest. So mostly, they took the money home to invest one thing for those tens of millions of people invest one asset, the house. They would build the house newer and bigger although they almost didn't live in that house because that is far away from the capital city. They almost did not use that house anymore and did not live in that house anymore. Yeah, and secondly, we should ask why they took cash with them because in rural areas, it was not easy to find a way to use bank cards. Even they have bank accounts and bank cards in capital city in Beijing, Shanghai or other big cities. When they went back to rural areas, post machines were rare. And when you want to buy things, want to have some exchanges or some other things to use your money, it was not convenient to use the cards. So the cash is the most convenient thing. And thirdly, why didn't they transfer the money to like the bank in the branches in some province because the terminal bank branches in the rural areas were rare. And if they wanted to extract their money to cash when they wanted to use them, they should still go far away to do this thing to find a bank branches or terminal service to them. So it was not convenient. That is the most important thing. So we can see that at the time, the lacking of financial infrastructure caused the lacking of financial inclusion and also caused the lacking of financial literacy at the time. And we'll see in this 20 years, we had this three term, yeah, this circumstances is facing problems. We see the problems at the time. And then making progress, solving the problems, old problems, but then facing new problems. I mean, making progress across because the technologies really helped us and everyone to the excess to the financial system. And right now, I think even people in rural areas far away, they still can use mobile payments, mobile or online platforms to buy things, to exchange, to transfer money. It is convenient. Then the access to the financial system would be easier. We would say the financial inclusion has been approved, but also they have some new problems right now, just like the NANI. In the past, we would say, lacking of financial inclusion or lacking of financial literacy was because they had too less or even no choices. But right now the problem is they have too many choices. And yeah, in the past, they were afraid of, the risk was stealers and robbers in the train because it was a long journey. And right now, they are afraid of financial frauds, something like that and hackers and their privacy's data's would be stolen, something like that. And they're facing too many, too many choices, financial choices, products, services, all kinds of platforms and corporations, organizations. And they just don't know what to choose and how to choose. So I think in this story, actually it's a miniature of the whole China compact. The problem actually shifted from the lacking of financial infrastructure, lacking of financial inclusion to lacking of financial literacy. So it seems like there's a really big interplay between convenience and trust when we're starting to educate ourselves about how to take better care of our finances and how to interact with different systems. It's fascinating. I think where we're gonna move on to next is I just want to follow up and make a little bit of an announcement on behalf of the Global Future Council. They concluded an innovation challenge to highlight different solutions for solving this financial literacy challenge. And the challenge winner is Finn Easy, a UK startup with operations in Ghana in South Africa. And the firm is going to join the Global Future Council experts in Dubai later this year at our big annual meeting. So Dr. Joe, can you please share with us some of the lessons that you've learned in this challenge and some of the exciting developments that kind of came out of it? Yeah, I think the procedure is really exciting because the GFC, the Global Future Council on financial and monetary system actually launched this financial literacy innovation challenge which has been concluded right now. And the challenge has been developed to recognize and to support new FinTech firms, companies which are helping to enhance financial literacy in new and innovative ways. Actually in the past, GFC teams or our teams has focused on the impact of new technologies or to say that digitization, how the impact on these financial services providers or how they have impact on people, the general people, the access to the financial system. But right now, I think as the more and more people are helped by the technologies, by the digital instruments, yeah, so they have more and more convenient access to financial system and they're facing the new problems just like the story I told in China. Yeah, they're facing more problems to facing the more complex world or the more complex choices, yeah. How they can make right choice from the big decisions to make, yeah, this is the new problem. That's why we do this, yeah, launch this challenge. And I also think not only the lacking of financial literacy is the result of the lacking of financial inclusion but also lacking of financial literacy can cause, yeah, lacking of financial inclusion because actually all of the world, almost every two, yeah, every two in three adults globally are financially illiterate, yeah. And in African countries, you can see this. Yeah, sometimes people make very poor financial decisions. Yeah, that hinders the financial inclusion as well. So we realize that financial education is also very important. That's why we did this challenge. And we found that funeasy. I think the name of this company is just fine and easy and I did some products and service to provide some fine and easy ways to educate people for some financial knowledges and skills. Yeah, through some a chatbot, a chatbot, yeah, you can interact with the chatbot easily and it will tell local stories and have some interesting content and it has some surfaces very personalized. And so it is easier for people, especially in African countries and some developing areas countries, yeah, to realize that now I know something really about what finance is, yeah. That is very important. Of course, and the scalability is the distinctive advances of this finance or fine easy company. That's why it was outstanding in other, in all the competitors. Also the management team is also stood out because it's diversity and it showed the compassion and their purpose, yeah, that's why. And of course, although this company is the winner, we also found that all over the world we received a lot of exciting applications and they have some other things or instruments or ways to help people like in African or Jordan or especially for kids, yeah, and for women, yeah, who's lacking of this financial literacy. So it is very interesting procedure. Yeah. That's great. Thank you for that extra background on that and congratulations to our winner. I think I'd like to turn to each of you to give us a final thought or a final word to close out this press conference. So Ms. Zhang, can we start with you? Some final thoughts? Yeah, I think technology is evolving. So is our society. So also this is a very interesting time in developing countries and in developing countries people are working on different type of priorities but today's world there are still a lot of businesses and individuals that are underserved. A lot of the vintage systems are very hard to use. So it's also an exciting time when the technologies such as the type pioneers at we forum meet with the financial industry leaders at this place and beyond to develop more responsible and easy to use features and products for the general public. So it's about creating more options but also about explaining the options well so that everyone can actually benefit from it. Excellent. Dr. Lau, final thoughts? I think financial literacy is a one of the important topics either the government, the regulators, or the practitioners like us and have to do more about it. And the virtual bank, you just mentioned, we're gonna have a virtual bank in future, probably in six months.  It's to educate our consumers. This is not you have a bachelor degree, you have a master degree, even you have a doctor degree and you know financial well. And I'll give you one example. My brother-in-law immersed one million Hong Kong into a con company and then he lost at the entire one million Hong Kong. But it is something, I mean he has a master degree. So I think this is a dynamic process. And every level, I mean we can talk about the financial inclusion of the rural areas. But in the educated segment of the society, they also need financial literacy to improve the financial literacy. I think we should do more. Across the spectrum, everyone has to do their part. Okay, Dr. Jo, close us out. Final thoughts. Okay, I think we're in the increasingly complex and digital world. Yeah, that's why I think the GFC and the team of financial and monetary system and I think all of us can do more about to promote innovative solutions to improve financial literacy, to empower people facing this more and more complex and digital world, yeah. Thank you very much. Well, we have a lot to talk about at the GFC in November. Thank you everybody, thank you panelists and enjoy the rest of your meeting. Thank you. Thank you.


I got sidetracked. Just, you know, it's a day of sidetracked. I don't know what to say. Anyway, I'm gonna finish what it is. Good morning, people. It is Sunday morning, January 31st, 1047 a.m. We have had a slow go of it today for no particular reason, except that we can. I've got my computer working. It's finally... I've got all the glitches for the moment worked out for the class. I'll be teaching with a group of artists in late spring, early summer, and my video is finally loading. Yay! So that's like the focus for today. And then I need to edit last week's vlog and get that loaded and scheduled. And I got some new designs put into the Dropbox design folder that the companies I work with can see. And I'm gonna work on a new set of sticker flakes. But first I need my computer to just go ahead and load this class. I don't want to interrupt it and have something go wrong. So we're gonna let it do its thing. And when it's done, hopefully it won't take too long. But when it's done, then I can do the rest of the stuff. Okay, so I started off by rearranging the table a bit, of which I'm not done, and ended up having to stop and take a break and do some... I do the Use It or Lose It video for February and purge rubber stamps. There is a box. I'm gonna have to get a large box. I don't at the moment have one, although I've created the listing already.  And I will link the Use It or Lose It video down below so you can see all of what's in that box and the other box that I filled and an envelope full of ephemera, tags, old artwork, like just stuff that was on the table that it just needed to go away. So this is how things currently look over here. If you've been following me for a while, you know that my tray here, which is one of the working tool parts of my desk, does get rotated periodically out. And the idea of having the tray and having things out is not only to have the journals accessible, but some of the parts and to have the parts out for a month or two and use them up. Or if I'm not going to use them and they're still not speaking to me, then they go in a purge box or envelope and they have to go away. And so I started doing that this morning because it was well past due. I hadn't done it since the summer, I don't think. So I'm not done yet because I've got some of this to clean up. There's some stuff. I don't know if you can see it behind the chair. Chair, let's see. That stack that's got to go through. And wait, wait, wait. That stuff back there on the ironing board has to like have to do that. So I'm getting some stuff together for the patrons and supporters while I'm doing this and finding a few things, finding them some things that I want to keep in use that kind of got lost in the chaos. And scanning some images I've painted recently to make some note cards. I don't know at the moment if I'll be selling them in the Etsy shop or not, but I am going to be making note cards. I also have the Love Month sticker flakes that I need to get listed in Etsy, which I was in the middle of doing this when I started, I got sidetracked. Okay, so I got that done. I got February ready for the daily drawing books and ephemera parts to take downstairs. I have the box for 2021 storage of notebooks drying. I just see a corner I have to stick a little bit more glue on there maybe. I got the table cleared off for the most part. I've had normally not there, but I do play like some of your videos if you're a YouTuber, like while I'm working fun fact. So we have the tray that is all done and I have for the next few months going forward, we're going to have a selection of rubber stamps out to use and enjoy. And then I'll be rotating them out on a monthly or bi-monthly or monthly or every other month basis. And that's going to be fun. And then I just left out the parts that I know I'm enjoying or I want to use or I want to keep a lot of stuff went. I'm going to be getting another one of these for over here. It's a better use of the space and would organize all of these parts better and take up less table space. So we're this is good that it would be better by the end of the week. So I am going to stop there. I've got some stuff for the patrons organized back there. Still working on gathering things. I'm going to take one more look at my computer. Think about ordering some note cards and then turn it off for the day. I see raccoons walk across our security cameras all the time. They look like they're walking to the front door, but they're not. I don't know where they're going. Hey guys, I don't think I vlogged it today and it is sunset. It's Tuesday, February 2nd and it is 2.13 p.m. I was listening to some YouTube while I was doing some more straightening up in my office. I was live for a bit today and my computer did an update which I was hesitant to do before we went live. I haven't had any problems with the update, but I wasn't about to do it right before going live. Like I've had enough problems lately with my Logitech webcam, not playing nice with StreamYard, which is weird. It's probably a software thing. Anyway, I do. But that's done. I've got a couple cool journal pages done today. Let's see if I can just, rather than inserting a picture, let's see if I can just hold the journal. So I was working with some of the gel prints I've made in the past with my art foamies and I did this one, which... I like that one. And then this is challenging one-handed. Okay, then we did this one like the opposite color-wise of the other one, right? And it says that. Then those are both some of my art foamies that I made some prints of them on the gel plate. So we did that. I've got three more of them here that I found when I was cleaning and sorting and purging, so I need to do something with them. So I'm just sitting here on the table. I was able to sort of declutter my table. I said yesterday that I was going to get a set of another set of clear plastic drawers. I'll turn the camera around. Hold on. Okay, so the clear plastic drawers I use on my table, I've said in the past they are actually from TJ Maxx. And this one here is a extra deep one with two drawers. And then it has this top piece where all that pens and glue are. And this actually, at the moment, it's holding all my watercolor and gouache brushes. I had pencils in here and that worked for a while, but then I was wanting to do other kinds of art, so I moved them around. The pencils are up there now. They didn't go away. But I like the extra deep one because if you have, you have the option with it of putting pens and pencils in there because the drawers are deep enough. Otherwise, the drawers aren't deep enough for that, not, and to go this way. You have to put them in that way. But anyway, these drawers are nice and big, so I prefer that. And then at TJ Maxx, they had this one, which has five drawers in it. And let me put the phone down. Let's see. There we go. It has five drawers in it. And one of the drawers is really deep, so I have all my cutting tools and things in here. I have to label the new one because I haven't done it yet. And again, this works really well because I'm able to really keep all my more painting accessory things that I wanted on the table and have them readily at hand. And then the tray that we have over there, we still have, but it's more for the journals in progress, papers and things I want to use up along with there's some rubber stamps back there. So once a month, I'm going to change out the selection of rubber stamps right here so that I can stamp paper, painting papers, or I can use them in my journals or something. The idea is to get my rubber stamps out that I still have in my collection and use them on it because otherwise they're in the closet. I'm never using them. Anyway, they're just various like oddball pieces right here. And then the new one here is stitching supplies. So this is all slow stitching supplies that were already on the table. Again, I don't want to put away because I am using them when I'm not our journaling, I'm stitching. But at the same time, they were taking up like all this table space because they were just flat one layer in little baskets and bins and they just were taking up a lot of room. And then it was hard to have room for like the water on the table and stuff like that. So this is better. And in the bottom, I have my most important tools in that my needles and my compression gloves and my fabric based in glue sticks, symbols, tape measure, beeswax, marking chalk. And one needle is not the other thing. So this, this is a doll pointy like tapestry, like knitting. It's the kind of needle you use when you're knitting or crocheting to weave the yarn ends and you know, I find it handy for something. So anyway, that's in there. And then we have thread, oops, thread, random floss. And then small bits, which I had in a muffin tin, which was great, but it just took up a lot of space. So now we have it in this drawer and these little metal trays. These, so I have asthma and these are from my daily steroid inhaler. This is one of the packaging things they compact and I save them because they're useful. And so I have one with really tiny bits and a couple of clips and then one with bigger bits and buttons in the back. And then I've got some labels from garments I've taken apart to use the pieces in slow stitching and I save the label because you know, why not? You can use it in some of your stitching. So anyway, and then we have the canisters here in the back. They're labeled. Everything is labeled except the new drawers.   So when you're painting, especially watercolor, you really need at least two. Usually I need three usually.  Anyway, and then a rag. That works for me. And I still have all of this room here. You can see the measurements on the table. So you can kind of guess it's about 50 inches long and about 18 inches deep of open workspace. That's great for me. That works just great. So anyway, but I got that done and I didn't have to go anywhere. And I also found another small bits drawer in the live that as I was getting ready for the drawers to come today, I realized, crap, I found another small bits drawer I need to clean out. I have too much stuff. I'm hoarding things again. So anyway, we did that in my life. If you want to see what I did, watch the live. Anyway, that's it. Now I'm going to take the trash downstairs and I think make up my iPad so that I can watch some YouTube while I label drawers and maybe do a little art journaling, a little more art journaling. You get the idea. All right, I'll be back. Does anybody watch summers in Alaska? I love that channel. They always start the videos off. Good morning, happy peoples. You know, I love that. Anyway, good morning. I am obviously outside walking. I have a dentist appointment this morning to fix a crown that the dentist doesn't deem perfect. So she says I want to fix it before it's a problem. And I said, okay, doesn't cost me anything to have her fix it. So okay. Anyway, see that? There's a lot of water in the creek. Anyway, so I'm headed over there this morning. It's cloudy and a bit chilly. It's not supposed to rain. I do have an umbrella in my pocket just in case. The husband did tell me that if it does start raining when I'm ready to come back to Colin, then he'll come get me. But in the meantime, I'm going to try walking over and get some steps in. So let's... Good morning, everybody. It is Thursday morning, January 4th, I think. It's 10 o'clock. It's not always super accurate. It's usually a couple minutes off. Anyway, it's about 10 o'clock, 10 o'clock somewhere in there. We are obviously in the car. I have to go to the post office. I've got Etsy orders that are too big for the mailbox here at the house. And I've got a bag full of supporter mail that's got to go out, most of which is just a single stamp mail. But there's a few international letters in there. So I need to take them down there and get postage. And I need to check them. I should say yesterday I got a lot of like art business stuff done and art stuff done in the art room. More than I expected after having dental work in the morning. But that's kind of probably a good thing because the furnace people are coming. But the one thing you don't know is the furnace closet and the equipment is in the art room. So they'll be protected and in PPE. And I will when I need to be near them. But I will be staying away from them if I can. So okay, I don't know how far I'm going to get, but we're going to find out. The heating and air conditioner young man is just left. He we dropped a nice chunk of change with them. But we got some things fixed. Some maintenance done and some things repaired that needed doing, which is good. So Roth heating and cooling. His name is Mike. Did a great job. I think that's his truck up ahead. Anyway, Bob has a bunch of late night work meetings, which is funny. It coincides with the day that the furnace guy was here. But anyway, so he can't go walking with me later.  I know how to do that. It's a little bit looking like it's going to rain on me. But that's okay. I have a hood on my jacket. I did forget the umbrella, but that's okay. We'll see how far I get. All right, I'll be back. Roth heating and cooling. They did a great job. Very nice staff to work with too. Good morning, people. It is Friday morning, February 5th. Yes, I want to say January. It's February already. It's just before 10 a.m. And I'm not zooming today with a patron. So it's been a crazy busy week. So I told him I kind of need a break. I think we're gonna have like a private chat Zoom next week, either in the evening or maybe on the weekend. So if you want to be in on that and have sort of an arty party chatty thing on Zoom with me and them, you need to be a patron, supporter of a Patreon or a member of YouTube membership, links for both of which are in the description. Anyway, we will be doing them on a semi-regular basis throughout the year, and sometimes we'll be recording, sometimes not. So mostly probably not. And yeah. Anyway, I think he thinks I have food. Cute. Good morning, everybody. Do you see that over my shoulder? They were just waiting there for me. They didn't go far. Anyway, good morning. It is Saturday morning, February something. I don't know, the 6th? I do want to say you.  Do what you love and enjoy things while you can because life is short. And so we are going to go look at this car and we're going to do that when we can travel. We're going to do that. We, you know, we've been discussing more and more things we would have done differently and that we're going to do differently going forward. To be honest, because of the pandemic, because of lessons we learned because of the pandemic, we never thought when we moved, Bob would be working full-time from home. We thought maybe part-time. So that was why we moved close to his office. I love where we're living, but do we need to live so close to his office? Maybe not. I'm not saying anything definite, but yeah. So, and if he wants a sports car, let's buy a sports car. If, you know, when we're allowed to travel, let's travel. I've always wanted to see Maine. I've always wanted to see Scotland. There's a few places he would like to go. And so we're going to do them. We're not going to put a stuff off anymore because why are you going to do that? You might never get it done. You might never have the chance. So do it now. All right. That being said, I'll be back. So Bob has gone off to test drive the car. I'm staying here. I was going to wait in my Subaru. Right, right there. Anyway, if you're seeing this clip, you've seen a clip of the car and how it sounds and how it's running sounds like a loose belt to me or something, but otherwise not bad. And it's got dual mufflers on the back. So it's definitely a quote unquote noisy car. Rebecca, you'll get the reference. And no leaks or anything. It looks pretty good. So Bob's going to test drive it and see what he thinks. And I sent a video message off to my dad. I think it is opinion. And then the negotiations start from there. I'll be back. I know this is going to be a weird ending to the video. I'm aware I am doing laps around the house because I'm a thousand, less than a thousand steps away from my goal. I'm trying really hard to do 10,000 steps a day for seven days in a row. This would be day four if I can do it, but I am when I started doing these laps, I was only at like 8,200 or something. I'm at 9,000 in change. So I'm doing laps inside the house. Anyway, I set myself these goals and then, you know, we'll get there. So anyway, it's been an eventful day. Bought a new car, got the Super Bowl chili cooking, got some of the painty papers that I did yesterday, drip drying, off of my rack. And of course, I have dropped cloths underneath the rack. Here's a tip for drop cloths in my art room. Plastic shower curtains from Dollar Tree. They work great and they're super cheap. And if they get messed up, just follow them up and toss them out. I tend to use them until they're literally like dead because they are plastic. So I don't want to necessarily just toss them in the trash until I absolutely have to. I do try to reuse them as much as possible. I'll turn some lights on while I'm doing this. But yeah, they're super cheap and they work great. So I have those underneath a rack. It's a clothing rack actually and I use it to dry papers. And it's on top of the shower curtains. And there's some paper towels down there because some of the papers were really drippy. And it's all drying. So hopefully it'll be dry tomorrow. I don't know how many get my steps in tomorrow. Tomorrow's Super Bowl Sunday. We have the kids coming over and it's going to be a challenge. That's okay. We'll get it done. Anyway, I hope you've all had a great week and that you're having a great day, that you're having fun playing with your art and that you're working through things in a healthy constructive manner. And if you need help with any of that, there's plenty of us over in my two Facebook groups to help with that. My life of my life of holy cow, I get them both confused. My creative year and a life of art and self expression. Both links, along with my other social media, my Etsy shop ways to support the free content here on YouTube and in the Facebook art groups. And more are all on my link tree list links, including how to sign up for my monthly email newsletter. And that's where I announce usually first sales and things that are going on. I'm sorry, my arms getting tired, that are going on in the Etsy shop. And we are doing periodic sales in the Etsy shop, inventory reduction sales, just because I don't need to necessarily carry a lot of, almost ran into a chair. I don't need to carry a lot of stock, because a lot of the things I can order drop ship to you from fact from the factory, so from manufacturing. So that works for me. Less overhead. So anyway, that's it for the minute. Bob and I both hope you've had a great week and that you have a great week going forward.  Maybe try to get some steps in if you can. That's it for now. I'll be back next week. Bye, guys.


The National Association of Nigerian Students, NANDs, have asked the federal government to shut down all schools in the north-west and the north-central part of Nigeria. The national president of the union, Asehfó Sunday, said these in Aduakiti during a parley with the newsmen. Asehfó said the position of the APEC students body was informed by the recent upsurge in activities of bandits and kidnappers targeting higher institutions in some parts of the northern country. He lamented the inability of security agents to challenge the bandits thereby leaving parents at the mercy of kidnappers. NANDs also declared Friday, June 11th, 2021 as a national day. This issue of insecurity in the country is getting out of hand and NANDs cannot no longer hold his hand and be looking for things he's getting, deteriorating every day. The unity of this country is blinking. As a Nigerian, as a student leader, we so much believe in the unity of this country but we call the government at all levels to please, particularly in the north-west, if closing of our schools is the only solution for now, temporarily. And for them to be able of a security around all our campuses is the best we advise them. Even though we regret by announcing this, we advise them that the government should close down all our schools in the north, in the north-west and part of the north-central. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Hey Virgo, welcome back to this channel. This is Kelly from House of Virgo. If you're new, welcome. Please smash that like button and subscribe if you enjoy this reading. Keep in mind it's a general weekend reading because some of the messages may or may not be for you because why do I say cause? This is a channel for Virgo, Sun, Moon, Rising, or Venus, but all signs are welcome. All right, Virgo. Let's take a look and see what the weekend love messages are for you. Let me see. Wow. Happy April. Like, April Fool's Day is on Saturday. So, March 31st, April 1st, and April 2nd. All right, let's take a look here, Virgo. Also, if you want to book a personal reading with Casey, there's a link in the description box below this video. So go ahead over there and take advantage of his inexpensive and affordable reading offers that he has available for you. Okay, and don't forget to become a member of House of Virgos. You can get free readings when I do the live streams on Sunday. All right, getting to know each other, Virgo. Okay, so you and another person are going to be talking on Friday, revealing your innermost selves to each other, having some good conversation, opening up. You've also got passion here for Saturday, and oh, they gave me two cards. This could be the one. Release your ex. All right, this is just too much, right? Virgo, you're done with an ex. Okay, you're getting to know somebody. Perhaps over this weekend, you realize that this person could be your person and you release your ex. You're like, oh, I don't know if it just hits you out of the blue and it's like, oh, damn. Virgo, you let go of a past person or whatever energy is left over with a past person. I feel like you're connecting with someone over this weekend. Okay, so let's see. Friday, you've got the hermit, the fool coming out of your quiet, isolated place, and opening yourself up, taking a risk, getting to know someone. You got the emperor here. So Aries possibly for some of you, but this is someone who like really... What's this phrase they're giving me? What the heck? Blows your socks off? Or blows you? I don't know. Stop, stop, stop. You guys, you know why I act like this? It's because of you all. You make me crazy.  It's not me, it's you. And I have no liability, no accountability for this. Okay, so Virgo, excuse me.   How long is it going to take me to get ready? When am I going to wear? Let's see. What do I have to do? Where can we meet? I don't have to make the plans.  It could be a Virgo too, for some of you. It could also be an Aquarius. You could three major Akana. So, you know, either way, the person shows up as someone who is very thoughtful, a little bit of an introvert, just a tad bit. When they think about things, I feel like they kind of have a little bit of both, you know, like they're a little bit of a little extrovert, little introvert, ambivert. They have access to both sides of the brain and this, but this person's also like free, likes to take risks, likes to go on adventures, likes to travel. So, I don't know Virgo, but they're very intellectual too. So, they like to, you might be going somewhere with them or meeting or there might be something you guys get to know each other on a hike or you go traveling or you meet up somewhere, walking or doing something together and this feels like going on a Friday. So, if you have any, if you've been invited out somewhere on a Friday Virgo, well, I mean, it looks like it's a good time to do it. It looks like, because this person shows up like in that Emperor energy, masculine or feminine, I mean, they just kind of show up like really strong, you know, and with leadership and maybe a little bit intimidating, but it's attractive. It's attractive. There's a playful energy with this person. Oh, yeah. This person, they might be a little well known or they might have people who kind of, I don't know, they're a winner. I'm just hearing this person shows up. They're a winner and you might just find that out. You might be like, wow, this is the real deal.   People know you. Who are you? I don't feel like somebody kind of, I don't feel like they really tell you. I think they kind of keep it within. I know yesterday, Virgo, you had like, you were meeting a celebrity. So maybe it's over this weekend. Who knows, are you getting asked out by this person? It looks like really positive for Friday. And then going into Saturday Virgo, you got passion. Okay, I'm going to spend like five minutes on each day here. I don't want to make the reading too, too, too, too long. Okay, passion got the eight of swords.  Some of you might still have some passions or your heart is still singing. You're still whistling for another person. Okay, Saturday, I feel like this comes up. Oh man, Virgo, it's kind of like, some of you are realizing you need like an emotional rescue from this person that you have this passionate feeling for or you're still trapped or stuck and you're trying to get away from, yeah, so Virgo, like, because the X energy is here, whoever you were attached to, this X person, it was strictly passion. There was, not that that's a bad thing, but I just feel like you might come to terms with that, that there was no, cause a lot of mental stress. Okay. And the queen of swords like Virgo, I feel like you get clear with yourself on Saturday about someone that you still have like an attachment to, but it's a passionate attachment. It's like, I don't think it's going to prevent you from going out with someone new or getting to know somebody else, but I just feel like Saturday is kind of like, you know, hmm, either somebody gives you some clarity about someone you had a strong passion for, you might talk to a friend or someone over the weekend, be like, yo, I met this really awesome person and I'm just like, wow. And a friend may say to you, okay, well, what about the other person? And you might still be kind of like, I don't know.  You've met someone and this person seems to be like, just fits you like a puzzle piece or you're equally yoked in some way.  There's something here. And I feel like you have a friend who tells you like, get over it, build yourself a bridge and get over this. Seriously. There you go. Eight of cups. Yep.   And I feel like on Sunday, oh, wait, I still have a couple of minutes left here. All right. Let me just say, also your friend says to you, Virgo, listen, okay, fine, you still have a passion, but for your other person, but your other person isn't doing anything about it. Even if you told them to go away and you don't want to hear it from them anymore, they should have at least tried to try it, you know, to say something or try to write you an email or try to make a connection or they didn't even do that or they didn't keep pursuing and they were willing to let you go. Your friend's like, then just put them on the back burner and just go with this and see what happens. Point blank, peary odd. Okay. They're not so you don't really, you might have a friend that's just kind of like, I mean, they're giving you truth. I don't necessarily feel like they're telling you to like completely cut that past person out of your life. I feel like they're just telling you to take a time out and open yourself up to meeting other people and just see what happens. Right. Okay. So I feel like that is the strongest message for Saturday. It doesn't mean you're committing in either direction. It just means you're keeping yourself open because you don't know, Virgo. You don't know what's going to happen. And you got to keep those, those wheels moving, right? Okay.  This person here could be the one that you've been waiting for. Okay. And you're only going to know if you actually listen to your friend or whoever it is that's telling, like giving you a little bit of insight. And because you've got somebody here who's not really connected to your emotions or your feelings with another person, they're on the outside looking in and they're giving you sense, common sense and logic.  Okay. But you might, your heart might still be with them.  I'm just done. That's it because somebody didn't try. They really didn't. They, you know, they, they just, they just didn't. They might have tried for a minute, but you know, I don't know. I don't know what the deal is with the next person. I don't know if they're even that type of person. They might not be and who wants somebody like that who can't even just stand up for what they love and maybe they just didn't love you enough. Whatever the situation is, it doesn't matter. What matters is what you're doing. Now, let me see. What else is going on here? So it looks like Virgo, you kind of come out of hermit mode a little bit here. There you go. Virgo, come on. Yeah. You're like, yeah, I'll take the cup. Yeah, I'll take the love offer. This, this can be somebody who's making an offer proposal, but this can also be someone who's receiving it as well and toasting, you know? So, I mean, this is definitely like action. Virgo, I hope that you're doing this. I hope that you are just like taking, stepping out of your comfort zone and taking a risk and taking the lead in your life and just saying, you know what? All right. I don't have to cut this person off 100%. I don't have to like quit chocolate 100%. I'll just stash them away and try to get used to not going to need it like a little crutch. So, just get yourself back up on the horse, you know? And just kind of like see what happens with other people. And if it's meant to be, it will be. Oh my God, you got the ton of cups, Virgo. You deserve that, Virgo.  And this is what I feel like. And I feel like if that's what you are looking for, you know, that's the rainbow there. Go for it. Do it, Virgo. Nothing's going to happen if you're still holding on to past people.  It's too late. It's just a little too late, a little too long, and I can't wait. Does anybody know who sings that? Go ahead and leave it in the chat.  House of Virgo is right about this one. I'm out of here at MF bars and you cut the cord and you just get moving, Virgo, and that's it.  Some of you might actually say something to somebody. You might take that one last look back and just be like, this is done. I'm out. No longer waiting. I'm no longer pursuing. I'm not hanging around.  It's really up to you, however you want to handle it.    You're, you're like, swinging, batta, batta, you're ready to go. You're, you're knocking it out of the park. You're done Sunday is like, yep, you realize what you're worth, what, who you are, what your value is.  Or is that Mariah Carey?  I don't know how many times I could say that. But yeah, it's time to just footloose and fancy free, Virgo. Okay, open relationship, no commitment, casual openness, that's what I'm saying. So you connect with someone and, and Virgo, this is kind of like a little precursor for, for those of you who've been in a little bit of a hermit mode.   That's what all this is about, really just letting go of the past. That eye creeps me out, that eye is just kind of like, I don't know, I feel like if you like zoomed in on like a keyhole, that's what you would see. Somebody could be watching you, someone from your past, keeping an eye on you, watching you move on, I don't know, that just, that creeps me out, why? That's really creepy, that's got like psychopath stare in it. I don't like it and I love serial killer documentaries, but I don't know, that's creepy. Okay, let me see what else you got here. Oh, you've got soulmate, Virgo. Okay, great connection, relationship, so, oh Virgo, that's what you need, you need a soulmate connection with someone.    I mean, okay, maybe that's going to carry a laptop or something, but this is like so 70s, this is something about your dad, what the, something about, did your dad, if you had a father that carried a briefcase, like back in the day, in the 80s or the 70s, you've seen him with a briefcase or suitcase, but this is career, I don't know, something to do with the father's briefcase or a suitcase showing up here over this weekend, this is a very specific message, maybe you see it, it may be your career you're carrying on the business, are you doing what your father did, some of you might be like, you know, it's just typical Virgo fashion, I mean, you have a weekend of like dating and spending time with friends and having a good time, and of course, your money's on your mind, Virgo, and your work and your career, and that's probably what you talk to people about, what's going on at work all the time, because as I'm saying, you've got fun times and parties and Virgo would be like sitting there at the bar having a couple of drinks or out with friends having dinner and like kind of lost in their own thoughts and friend would be like, what's going on? Are you all right? Yeah, no, I'm just thinking about my schedule next week. Yeah, and your friend's like, hello? Are you going to eat that? Are you going to drink? We just got, we're already on our second round of drinks, like what are you doing? Are you coming? Let's go. Oh, no, I know, you're right, you're right. Virgo, thinking about your schedule, put your schedule away, Virgo, this weekend, like leave work in the office, leave work at home, put your schedule away, it can wait, it'll still be there when you get back. Okay, Virgo, I love you. You know why? Because I understand you, I get you. That's why I have a Virgo channel. All right, Ice Queen, Divorcee, Mother, Discernment, okay, what's going on there? I feel like these are some extra messages coming through here. What's up with the Ice Queen? Some of you, that's your past person, Ice Queen, Ice King, Cold, MF'er, very.   And my thoughts and my emotions and my feelings are no longer going to be controlled by this creeper in the keyhole stalking me. This person can't control you, that's why they're like this, that's why they're like giving that one eye on you. What does this card say? Releasing, taking back your power, kinky in the bedroom, Virgo. All right, you know what? I just, look, I just feel like the overall message for you, Virgo, is just have fun this weekend, accept that, that date, that offer.  Because that's what I want. Can I see your resume? Like, it's a first date, just relax, you're just trying to get to know someone and see if there's a spark or see if there's a vibe. That's all is required. We don't need to get all the details right away. Okay, yep, here's the travel card again.  There's definitely planes and palm trees, planes and palm trees, still showing up here. It's also about enjoyment and acting like you're on vacation. Oh damn, here's the twin flame. You had soulmate and you had twin flame. Okay, you're icing out your twin flame who was trying to control you and they're not letting you go, but you're done with them. And this is the positive twin flame with the spiritual alignment and the effortless relationship, but it also says karmic. So, it could be positive or negative. It must have been negative if there was control and you're icing somebody out, or they were ICTU. Okay, karmic and the negative aspect of the twin flame. Virgo's like, I'm out of here separating.  So, that's that. Not everybody's capable, Virgo. Yeah, there was a lack of union here. Okay, in the reverse, somebody was not trying to have a serious relationship, marriage or partnership. Okay, Virgo's like, I'm gonna turn this around in my life. Yes, I'm gonna find my my infinity lover. I'm gonna create that infinity love with somebody. I love it, Virgo. I don't know why I keep shuffling these. I'm actually gonna end this now. But I feel like one more card for the weekend. And I know, like I understand that this is not gonna be for all of you, because all of you are a lot of you are men and you're not beauty queen. So, you could be connecting with someone who's like, ooh la la. Or that could be you this weekend. It's like, I'm shining like a star on stage, feeling endured. But I know a lot of you are like, I'm not in hermit mode. But I see a lot of you in the chat. I read your stuff. And I see you, I'm never gonna meet anybody.  I'm not going out. And I see you guys in there. And I want to tell you, that's fine. Take your time.  You don't even have to accept a date. You should.  Start living your life. And if I don't care if you do it once a month, if that's all you can do, do it once a month, right? You'll feel good about it. If you can do it twice a month, if you could do like whatever works for you, do what's best for you.  So I'm gonna ask you out on a for date. Take your time to get to know somebody and just enjoy the journey, not the not the end, the outcome that the problem with relationships fall apart when people start dating is because people are so focused on the outcome, instead of enjoying each other and letting letting the relationship take, you know, take its course and the way it's meant to go, right? If we're so focused on, okay, too attached being too attached to the outcome. In other words, like, I don't feel like it's, I'm not that like I'm always right in between. I don't feel like it's good to float down the river with no worse. Like the fuck, who does that? That's like, like, what are you doing? At least keep one or just in case. But I don't feel like that's safe.  Like you kind of have to like segue into things in your life, right?  Don't worry about how it's going to end up because you can get hit by a bus a bus tomorrow and it won't matter. But at least you can say, hey, at least I had a good time. At least I was happy. At least I enjoyed myself. And I feel like you will with someone here. I don't feel like it's going to be a negative time. You know, but it's all about you, right? All right, I'm done. I'm done. I've over I've over spoke. So if you want to get a personal reading, don't forget, click the link below, book a reading with Casey. He's very inexpensive, affordable and has lots of hours. And also, join my channel. I'll be here on Sunday, 1pm Eastern. And like I keep saying at some point, I'm going to open up a night slot for all you oil burners to join me at night and to do personal reading. So if you become a member of my channel, you'll get them for free. You could pop in the members only live stream, ask away, I'll pull a card, answer whatever you want. All right, you guys, so that's going to be that. Have a fantastic weekend. I love you, Virgo. Remember, I always got your back and I will see you all back here on Sunday. All right, take care.


Hi guys. This is my review for into the tall grass. I'm actually reviewing That's just before I go off to work So it might be a little bit expediated but at least to say this movie has Ideas that make it very unique the hair is some ideas that actually make it kind of cool however, the Delivery is so ham-fisted that it kind of loses its appeal Between the acting being really cheesy and some of the parts being kind of just Not explained for the sake of not being explained now I know that sometimes you can go through a story and not explain its power or assassins are kind of the reason Why it is to be as long as you have a narrative that kind of weaves around it that makes it interesting For instance, I just finished listening to Stephen King's 11 22 63 where a guy Goes to a time portal that was in the back of this Fridge of a diner back to 1958 and he just decides to stop the assassination of JFK now It's not really explained but there's enough relevance around the portal mainly with the yellow card man and the idea of time itself That you kind of get that into the tall grass tries to do that itself It's just so vague with all of its aspects teeters around it so much and Then you're left with the acting which is kind of horrible from a lot of people in this movie It's directed by the same guy who directed cube which I hear is a Canadian horror Classic to the point where the guy even makes it full-on reference to it at the end of the movie I swear that room is a full-on reference to cube because it looks like the poster this movie has you For the first about 30 minutes. I had had me for the first 30 minutes.  There's these weird little kind of Fuckings with time however later on the movie We realize that there's some problems with the movie for instance when the characters Jump up in the air to see each other and they do it again and they're way further apart That was a bit of a mind fuckery But then because of this little tidbit you realize that people standing still is just as useful as the dead bodies thing the consistency of how the grass works in this movie is not exactly as Spot-on as it should be and then again the acting I was laughing Every time Patrick Wilson started to ham it up. Admittedly.  I did like how some of the cinematography Worked but eventually it started to become very repetitive and that's not just because it was in the tall grass all the time It just starts to become kind of repetitive. There are a few moments where you're literally going to be going But then it doesn't keep with you it loses that whoa factor quite quickly Surprisingly despite the image or you're seeing by the end of the movie I kind of just felt like I've been robbed of an hour and 40 minutes I understand there's a level of complexity that this movie was trying to portray and Maybe it could have been better executed, but it just comes off as cheesy to me in this movie and it's not long-lasting It's just a Netflix movie again, which suffers from that curse of being not a good movie But in the end my final rating for into the tall grass is a 2 out of 7. I just didn't enjoy it I've seen that a lot of other people don't enjoy it I know that there's more to it and there is it's clear as day You can see it throughout the whole movie However, it's just so forced it kind of reminds me of that astro just how its themes and whatnot were so literal that you're like Okay, I get it. This movie doesn't really have a much subtlety to it Anyways guys, what did you think of into the tall grass? Let me know if you liked this video Leave a like and if you're interested in more maybe subscribe. Otherwise, I'll see you guys next time Thanks for watching the video to see any and all updates about the upcoming undergrads movie Be sure to check out and like the bring back undergrads Facebook page and with any luck We'll see you guys soon


Good morning myself, Dr. Nitin Gramopadhyay, Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Walton Institute of Technology, SolarPur. Today we are going to learn solution chemistry topic and from that topic particularly we will learn the problem solving section of that topic. This is the learning outcome for today's session. At the end of this session students will be able to describe the terms such as normality, molarity and molality. Also by learning these terms we will apply the definition part of these terms and we will learn how to calculate normality, molarity and molality of a given solution or to calculate what is the weight of solute required to prepare a given solution. So these are the two outcomes of today's session. In one part we are learning the theoretical part of this concept and in second part we are applying the concept of these terms in calculating the normality, molarity and molality of a given solution or what is the weight of solute required to prepare a given solution. This is the content we are going to learn in this session. First we will see what is meant by solution chemistry that is the introduction for solution chemistry, various terms used in solution chemistry and then calculation of strength of solution. Analytical chemistry is one of the important branch of chemistry which mainly deals with analysis of given material. Analysis of a given material can be either done by instrumental method or non-instrumental method. In both methods various solutions are reacted with the material for its analysis and the results of analysis mainly depends upon how correctly all solutions are prepared. Similarly solution strength is measured in the form of its normality, molarity or molality and the solution can be prepared either by dissolving solute in water which is known as aqueous solution or the solute is dissolved in suitable solvents then it is known as non-aqueous solution. So in short what do you mean by solution chemistry? Solution chemistry is the main part of the analytical chemistry where we are analyzing the given sample of material and how the analysis is carried out? The analysis is carried out by treating the material with a suitable solution and then the observations are recorded and then the calculation is made. Now we will come to the first term of solution chemistry which is known as normality. It is the term that is generally used to express the strength of a given solution. So what do you mean by normality? Its definition is that when a gram equivalent weight of solute is dissolved in one liter of solvent then the obtained solution is called as one normal solution. So the definition is very simple, when we prepare a solution by dissolving any solute but how much solute we are taking, its gram equivalent weight and how much volume we are taking, we are taking the volume as one liter. Then the resultant solution is called as one normal solution. So the same thing we are expressed with the help of equation normality of a solution is equal to gram equivalent weight of solute divided by volume of solution in liter. Therefore how to calculate gram equivalent weight of solute? It is nothing but weight of solute in gram divided by equivalent weight of that particular solute. So the modified state becomes normality of solution is equal to weight of solute into gram which is expressed as W s divided by equivalent weight of solute which is expressed as E s multiplied by volume of solution in liter always it is correlated to one liter. Therefore equivalent weight how it is calculated because we need to keep the value of E. So equivalent weight of any solute is obtained by dividing molecular weight of that solute with either valency number or the number of electrical charges. So valency number is applicable in case of salt. For example NaCl, Na is having one charge plus Na plus and Cl is having one charge that is minus that is valency number or electrical charges in case of salt and if the material is acid we are dividing the weight divided by its number of H plus ion. So finally normality n is equal to W upon E multiplied by V in liter where W express weight of solute, E express equivalent weight of that solute and V is nothing but volume of that solution in liter. Now I would like to ask you one question here. What is the equivalent weight of magnesium sulfate? I think for a moment we will come with answer. The correct answer for a given question is that equivalent weight of magnesium sulfate is 60. First of all we will calculate the molecular weight of magnesium sulfate. Molecular weight is the sum of atomic weights of the atom which are present in that molecule. So in a given molecule magnesium is one atom, sulfur is another atom and oxygen is one more atom. So what is the weight of magnesium 24? What is the weight of sulfur 32 and what is the one atom weight of oxygen that is 16 multiplied by 4? So its molecular weight becomes 120 and we know that its valence is 2 because when it dissociate it forms mg plus plus and SO 4 minus minus. So the number of electrical charges are 2. So I will divide 120 by 2 and the correct answer is 60. Now we will see the second term that is molarity. How it is defined? It is another concept when one gram mole of solute is dissolved in one liter of solvent then the obtained solution is called as one molar solution. So how it is prepared? It is prepared by dissolving a gram mole of solute in a one liter of solvent either it may be water or it may be non aqueous solution. Now what is its equation? Molarity of solution is equal to number of moles of solute divided by volume of solution in liter. So molarity of solution M is equal to N upon V in liter. So what is N? N is number of moles. Similarly one more term is there that is molality. The difference in between molarity and molality is that in case of molarity we are taking the solvent in one liter that is volume and in case of molality instead of taking as a volume we are taking as a mass for that solvent and it becomes one kg. That is the only difference. Now what is its definition? When a gram equivalent weight of solute is dissolved in one kg of solvent then the obtained solution is called as one molal solution. What is molality? Molality is a concept where a solution is prepared by dissolving a gram equivalent weight of solute in one kg of solvent. So molality of solution is equal to number of moles of solute divided by weight of solvent in kg. After learning the theoretical part now we will apply that and we will do the practice how to calculate the molality and molarity of a given solution. So this is the problem number one. Calculate normality of a solution containing 9.8 gram of sulfuric acid in one liter of water where the given data is that the molecular weight of sulfuric acid is 98. The given data is that solute sulfuric acid its molecular weight is 98. Combine of solution is one liter weight of solute is equal to 9.8 gram. So normality N is equal to W divided by E into V. So we will keep the value of W that is 9.8 equivalent weight here we have the compound sulfuric acid and therefore 98 is needed to divide by 2 its equivalent weight becomes 49. So the final answer becomes 0.2 normal. Therefore normality of a given solution is 0.2 normal. We will see one more problem. Problem number two. Calculate normality of a solution containing 18.2 gram of hydrochloric acid in one liter of water the same as we have learned in problem number one this is a given data hydrochloric acid 36.5 volume is 1 liter and weight of the solute is 18.2. So by putting the value we will get the answer 0.5 and therefore normality of a given solution is 0.5 normal. Now this is one more different kind of problem. Calculate the weight required to prepare 0.5 normal 500 ml koH solution. So here instead of asking to calculate either normality or molarity we have been asked to calculate what is the weight required to prepare a said normal a said volume solution and in this example the solute is koH, molecular weight is 56, volume of the solution is 500 ml we have to convert into liter which becomes 0.5 liter and normality of given solution is 0.5 normal. So it is a standard formula n is equal to w upon e multiplied by v and the modified formula becomes weight of solute is equal to n multiplied by e multiplied by v by putting the value will get the answer 14 gram therefore weight of solute to required to prepare a given solution is 14 gram. One more problem we will see calculate the weight required to prepare 0.05 molar 500 ml mgCl2 solution. Here the given solute is mgCl2 given molarity is 0.05 so by using this given data and by using the standard formula of molarity is equal to ws that is weight of solute divided by ms that is molecular weight of solute multiplied by v in liter. So what happens molarity is given and we have been asked to calculate ws so the modified formula becomes ws that is weight of solute is equal to m multiplied by ms multiplied by v so by putting the value we are getting the answer 2.35 gram therefore the weight of the solute required to prepare the said solution is 2.35 gram.