And the producer of radio's outstanding theatre of thrills, the master of mystery and adventure, William M. Robeson. There's a lot of truth in the old saw about the loss of a horseshoe nail resulting in the loss of a kingdom. The tiniest detail can often lead to quite extraordinary results, particularly if the detail is observed by a clever con man with sufficient larceny in his soul.  Listen, listen then, as Mr. Vincent Price stars in the green and gold string, which begins exactly one minute from now.  Hey-ya, hey-ya, step this way, ladies and gentlemen, learn what the future holds for you. As Dr. Alcazar caravoy and expo- That don't-said voice belongs to Abbey, my good and devoted assistant who stands outside my studio here in Coney Island and drums up business.  Thank you, kindly. Good evening, sir. Are you Dr. Alcazar? Alcazar, indeed I am, madam, at your service. I'd like a reading if you don't mind. Age 35 to 40, cheaper, expensive suit. Too tight and too short, not hers. A hand-me-down accent, British cockney. Nervous. Something on her mind, possibly a housekeeper or a lady's name. I showed it to the chair reserved for customers. It's under the mirror. Ah, they're handy mirrors. Spooky in here, I did with all these black curtains. Black velvet, madam, to minimize all distractions. Yet your crystal ball? Yes, madam, the mysterious orb in which I see revealed the future as well as the past. But in your case, I think it won't be needed. Your psychic projection is extremely strong. Even now, I can clearly sense that- That what? That you're deeply troubled. Well, in a way, I am all upset, Lois. But, you see, sir, it's a private matter, and- Of course, of course. May I suggest that you relax as much as possible? Any undue tension disturbs and obfuscates your aura. And in order to obtain closer contact with your psyche, I'd like to hold some personal possession. Oh, no, no, no, not your brooch. No personal jewelry. Its intrinsically counteractive density tends to abdumbrate the necessary metacytic radiation. It does? Oh, yes, yes. Perhaps something in your purse, hm? Oh, please. That's another gambit in the little game I play. By leaning back and half-closing my eyes, I can watch the mirror and see the contents of an open purse. In hers, I saw a roll of stamps, a shabby wallet, a half-eaten candy bar, a postmarked envelope addressed to Miss Lily, Lily, something or other, a folded, neatly folded sheet of tissue paper, violet-colored, wrapped around the lengths of gift-wrapping cord into woven strands of green and gold, hairpin, a compact- Well, did you? Your compact. Excellent, excellent. Now, to sense the vibrations. Your name. Your name. You are named for a flower. Yes, Lily. Well, I never... You have a fondness for candy, a sweet tooth.  Your present life is bound up with a person of great wealth. I think a woman. It's the truth, everywhere. You have a highly sensitive, Anima, and are therefore a most sympathetic subject.  And that, madam, concludes the general reading. Oh, he's detailed. Well, I could go deeper, much deeper, with a special delineation for an additional 50 cents. Shall I continue? All right, I... I guess you might as well... Excellent, excellent. Now, if you'll state your problem briefly. Oh, do I have to? I should take you to already know. I see, madam, finds it necessary to test me further. Very well. Oh, now, I seem to see paper, tissue paper, what strange color. Almost orchid. Orchid colored paper and something else. Two colors interwoven, green and gold, green and gold. Have I mentioned something which frightens you? Oh, yes. Oh, well, now you should have sufficient proof of my powers. And since my time is limited, I suggest you tell me the rest of the details. Well, it's about my miss... my sister. My sister and her husband. You see, sir, I've just found out that he's deceiving her life, and I'm the only one that knows. Uh, the eternal time. Oh, no, it's nothing like that. Oh? That's why I don't rightly know what to do. The furnishing is that what he's doing to deceive her is making her happy. Now, my problem is, should I tell my sister, or should I let well enough alone? I see, I see, I see. You are entangled, madam, in the most unusual psychic web. Now, one moment, one moment. There are widely differentiated comments here. Two pairs lie before you. I see you taking one and then the other, but it makes no difference which you follow. For whatever you do, the result will be the same. And there now, I trust your mind has been set at rest, huh? You mean that all, sir? Apparently all that fate intends you to know, at least for the present. Well, if you cite that... That will be one dollar and a half. I'd forgotten all about the Marcy little woman until three days later. Abby and I were having breakfast in the diner near the subway station. I was scanning the morning paper while I half-listened to Abby's cheerful and rather witless chatter. This time last year, we was already on Miami Beach. Remember, boys, we traveled in style by playing it.  It sure would be a laugh if we were stuck here all winter. Oh, we made more than that. I thought her last name began with an impure wench, that thing. What you talking about? Abby, old friend, spare not. We may winter in the sun after all. How come? Look at this picture. Recall that face? Huh? No, why? Three nights ago on Friday, you ushered her into the studio. Oh, one of the sharpest, huh? So what, she's only got a paper? She got herself murdered, poor soul, that same night. Yeah? It seems she worked as a maid up in Rockland County. She took a late bus back there from New York and walking from the bus to the house where she went, where she encountered someone who strangled her. Parched off. But how does that make us any dull? Listen to this. Gloria Drews, former luminary of the New York stage, now Mrs. Clinton DeVries, today expressed great sorrow of the brutal murder of her personal maid, Lily Morton, declaring that she wanted to do everything possible to help bring the murderer to justice. Ms. Drews said she was posting a reward of $5,000. $5,000? And you know who done it? No, no, but I have a hunch. And I have an idea how, uh, and, you know, I need proper clothes, cutaways, dried trousers, for you as chauffeurs. Cap should suffice. And we need a car, limousine. A watch. How much money do you have? Four. Working capital to make money, you have to spend money. I've got about 28 bucks and some chicken feet. And I have less than five. I have it. My $250 gold pieces with them will have a fewer... Hope I ain't gonna spend them. You always said they was for good luck. Oh, so I did, Abby. And here is the good luck I've been waiting for. That afternoon, we arranged to rent a limousine, a 1938 Rolls, which I felt exactly suit as my persona. We also rented the necessary clothes, and the next day, we set out to visit Mrs. Clinton Debris's name, Gloria Drews. Uh, what's the name of the place? Leonard's Cove. You'll see the sign. Oh, gotcha. You know, I never even heard of this same Gloria Drews. Never heard of her, the greatest Juliet of our century, the fairest ornament for more than a generation? I noticed you had a look around. I'm merely to refresh my recollection. After all, she's been in retirement for more than ten years. Oh, then she couldn't be any spring chicken. A woman like Gloria Drews is ageless. But it's my guess she's on the dark side of 50.  I'm sure it'll be a cinch. And what should I find out? Anything and everything. But to our main assignment is Mr. Clinton Debris. Dr. Alcazar? Is Mrs. Debris expecting you? No, unfortunately, I was only... Where is Edward? Dr. Alcazar, madam. Alcazar? I don't believe I've known... Madam, forgive me for taking this liberty, but he says it's about Miss Lily. Lily? Oh, come to the library, doctor. Thank you, thank you. I want a charming room, a perfect setting for you, Miss Drew. I beg your pardon, Mrs. Debris. Oh, don't apologize. I like it when people remember. Oh, now, what is this about Lily? If you have any information, shouldn't you have gone to the police? Oh, but I've come here seeking information from you. Perhaps you'll let me explain. Oh, please do. Won't you sit down? Thank you. Now then, you see, Mrs. Debris, I'm a metaphysician, a sort of professor of the occult. Oh. But understand, madam, I have never used my powers or knowledge for personal financial gain only in the interest of science. What has all this to do with Lily? Well, recently, about 10 days ago, I was engaged in a simple experiment with my crystal ball, in the course of which I encountered a very unusual interruption of the comic stream, a total picture of a woman in distress, a woman in dire danger, a seeking help. At the time, I made a full notation of the occurrence and then put the matter from my mind until yesterday. Yes. At the home of friends in Baltimore, I had a chance to look at a New York newspaper. Lily Morton's photograph caught my eye. And you think it was Lily you saw in the crystal? That is the question, Miss Truth, which has brought me all these miles to see you. Why, this is fascinating.  Yes, please go ahead. I saw a woman, part of her form, but dimly. But I saw her features very clearly. A rather plain, almost homely face. Welch, perhaps English. Colorless hair, plainly dressed. Close-set gray eyes, no makeup. A mole, here near the right ear. One gold-capped tooth, upper left incisor. Yes, it is Lily. You're quite sure? Oh, yes, there can't be any doubt. Well, Miss Truth, you have set my mind at rest. I can't thank you. Oh, you're not leaving. I mean, aren't you going to try to find out more? I don't think I understand. Well, Doctor, in these few minutes, you have convinced me completely. I'm greatly honored. And I was thinking, suppose you'll try to get in touch with Lily wherever she is, or isn't that possible? Well, of course, I have often received messages from the beyond... Then you could find out who killed her. Oh, but Madam, don't you think the police? The police, they haven't found a single clue. Oh, won't you please try? Well, it's a challenge. Though I must warn you, it's not likely to succeed. There's nothing, nothing. The crystal is entirely blank. I'm wasting your time, dear lady. Oh, please, don't give up yet. Well, as you wish. Ah, here is something. It's, it's clouding. Now the mists are clearing. A woman's figure? No. No, it's gone. All I see is a serpent. No? No, apparently it's a rope, but oddly colored. Interwoven strands of green and gold. The colors of the rope are vivid against the background of violet. It's a peculiar shade of violet. Oh, it looks... But the lights fading, the mists are closing in. Ah, sorry. The image is gone. I'm truly sorry. I think we're being misled. You mean, because what you saw hadn't anything to do with Lily. Exactly. No, it wasn't about Lily. It was about me. You? Yes, just a minute. Is this the same shade of violet? Yes. This is what I saw, the same violet tissue paper and this interwoven green and gold string. But why? It was such a powerful image. Has this any emotional meaning, Mr. DeVries? Well, yes it has. It has to do with George. So that's your husband's name. Oh, no, no. George is an old admirer of mine. Of Gloria DeVries. Enough Gloria DeVries. I've never seen him. I don't know his real name. I just call him George. And this paper and string is what he always wraps his present in. An old admirer who sends you presents is most romantic. Isn't it? There's no note with his gift. No address, nothing. Except in the very first one. That was nearly two years ago. He enclosed an old theatre program from the green and the gold. Ah, the green and the gold. Oh, remember. Oh, yes, I saw you in that. I'll never forget it. Well, that's how I know he's an admirer. You don't know what it means to an old actress doctor. To be remembered. Ah, yes, yes. What sort of gifts does he send? Oh, books. Perfume. Ardler and McNag. No candy? Oh, yes. Every third of force package. Heavenly liqueur chocolate. Ah, yes. I'm sure they're delicious. But all this is keeping us from poor Lily. Won't you try again? No, not just now. I'm afraid it would be useless now, Mrs. DeVries. If you like, I'll resume my efforts tonight. Alone. In a moment, we continue with... Suspense. Do you like surprises? Do you like fun? And do you like to meet famous personalities? Then you're sure to like the Amos and Andy Music Hall. The Amos and Andy Music Hall, located in the grand ballroom of the lodge of the Mystic Knights of the Sea, is presided over by three of your favorites. The Kingfish, Amos and Andy. Every weekday evening, Monday through Friday, over most of the same CBS radio stations, they play host to you and to one or more of the top stars in show business who's a featured surprise guest. People like Jack Benny, Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy, Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Judy Garland, Tony Martin, and lots of other exciting big name stars drop in to join the fun, the variety and the music at the Amos and Andy Music Hall. Why don't you drop in too? Remember the Amos and Andy Music Hall comes to you every weekday evening, Monday through Friday, over most of the same CBS radio stations. It's a treat for all the family. Now we continue with the green and gold string starring Mr. Vincent Price. A tale well calculated to keep you in. Suspense. It was nearly six when Abby and I left the debris house and headed for a little restaurant in Nyack where the shadow used to be excellent. It still is. And now that you've satisfied the inner man, Abby, could I have a report? Well, I found out a lot about this debris's guy from the servants, but I don't know if it helps. He's around 40 to 45. considerably younger than his wife. Yeah, he's been married to her about five years. They rub along okay, but no hard drugs, at least not with him. But he likes polo ponies and sailboats, and she's got the both. Very good, Abby. Now one or two questions. Oh, that ain't funny. One shot. Now, as the set point was wasted whereabouts, he's got his boat moored somewhere out on Long Island Sound. It seems he's got a beach house out there, and that's where he went morning of the day that slowly was killed. And he's still there? Yeah, but he's due home tomorrow. Time for dinner. Now, make with your questions. Abby, I haven't won. You've really covered the ground. I'm proud of you. Well, that's your time, brother. Seeing as we've spent nearly our last dime hoping to horn in on that five grand reward, I think you ought to fill me in. My pleasure, Abby. First, I know who killed Lily. So much for the corruption, Collette. Not so fast. I found out something else. The same killer is planning to kill again, I think soon. Lily was murdered only because of something she found out. Yeah, what? This man, this killer has been sending presents to Mrs. DeVries. Books, perfume, candy. Well, it's my guess that someday soon the candy will be the death of her. And Lily watched his found out who he is. Indubitably. And since the pain you're talking about is the DeVries' pain, then I suppose you think... Right. The guy is the DeVries' guy. Well, it dark it couldn't be he was out on long hours. Well, Abby, he was hiding, waiting for Lily Morton. Look, it was easy. He started out in the morning ostensibly for Long Island, but instead he hid his car and lay low the whole day. He knew the shortcut Lily always took from the bus stop through the back of the estate. And that's where he killed her. Then he drove off to the beach house where he was supposed to have been all day. And I suppose you got all that from your crystal ball. No, no, from Lily Morton a few hours before she was killed. No way, you're raged and done. I told you I knew one thing the police don't know. Yeah, but with this Clint, you said yourself you got no proof and though he ain't doing no talking now. Dear Abby, to the point, you're getting better and better. So what do we do? Becker's a park base, sit around getting corns, waiting for Mr. Clint George to send his frow of popsicle full of strict time. I don't think we'd have very long to wait. I think it's about ready to strike, but since our funds will only see it through another day at the most. You said a mouthful there. It's up to us to smoke him out. And I have an idea just how to do it. Oh, good afternoon, Dr. Alcazar. Forgive me for bothering you at this time, dear lady, just when your husband's returned. Why, that's wrong. Well, I have, shall we say, certain sources of information. You found out something? Yes, something startling, almost unbelievable, but I must check it further before... Oh, but I... I'd rather not. Not on the telephone. Oh, then you come to dinner, please. Oh, no, no, no, that would be imposing. Nonsense, I've chosen. Indeed. I warn you. Sure, for a conure, doctor? Well, yes, yes. Thank you, Mr. DeVries. Oh, now, Doctor, do tell me what's happened. I told Clinton about your seeing Lily in the crystal and about the paper and strings. Ah, that string, that green and gold string. Curious, you must admit, Mr. DeVries. Very curious. Indeed, yes. And if I sounded excited when I phoned, I was. You see, Mr. DeVries, I've been at work on our problem and suddenly I saw, or rather I sensed, that the tissue paper and the green and gold string were not part of your psychic stream. Who then? Lily Morton. Lily? But why? What could George mean to Lily? I believe he killed her. George? Why, that is the most preposterous idea. Ah, are you sure? To be frank, no, but I'm convinced that one more evocation of the psych-mantic waves will bring confirmation or the reverse. Oh, Doctor, then couldn't you do it here tonight? Well, I could try, unless Mr. DeVries rejects. No, go ahead. Matter of fact, I'd like to sit in. Excellent. I was helping you would. Is the room dark enough? Quite, thank you. What nonsense. Clinton, don't fidget. Ah, here is something. It's clouding. Yes. I can see the green and gold serpent on the violet background, and now I see a man. Is it George? I don't know. I can only see his back, his shoulders shake, and he is laughing and evil and level and glass. George has done nothing evil. He's only... The picture is changing. Now I see this room. It is morning, and there is a package on the desk, wrapped in violet paper. A woman enters. It's you, Gloria.  Be careful, Gloria. You think this is a gift sent with love, but it is sent only to lull you into a false sense of security. Why? Why?  Clinton, it's another room now, and Lily Morton is there. She is staring in amazement at something she has found, a ball of green and gold string, and a roll of violet tissue paper, and finding them has shown her the identity of George. She knew and never told me. Lily is troubled by her knowledge. She doesn't know what to do. She takes a sheet of the paper, a little coil of the string, and she is gone. And now the image of George again. I cannot see his face, but he is staring after Lily. He knows she has discovered it. And he knows she might tell her. Perhaps. But now we are in a place of shadow. George is lurking there, waiting. He hears Lily's footsteps. He tenses. He leaps that her and seizes her by the throat. Oh! Now she is motionless, lifeless. Takes something from it with his gloved hand. The paper and the string. He is feeling away. If only, only I could see his face. Try. You must try. Wait. At last. At last he is turning. We are going to see his face. That's enough. Say where you are, both of you. Don't move. Clinton. You killed Lily. And you too, if you're not quiet. Your plan with the candy might have worked, Mr. DeVries. With a gun you don't have a chance.  Gloria, open the safe and take out the money you put there this morning. Come on. Move. Oh! All right. Okay, DeVries. That'll do. Drop the gun. What? Oh! Oh! I'm sorry, lady, but it was him or me. Him or all of it. That was very terrifying. Completely to the point. You've really got a grasp for this kind of work. Evie! Evie! Yeah, boss? Look what just arrived in the mail. The roast. Oh, the same. Gloria's roast. Has she sent us the five Gs? Take a look. Ten. Ten Gs. Doc, what are we going to do? Well, what do you suggest? Well, I don't know. We could let it and quit each of us do what we want. Evie, you'd let money break up our winning combination. Not me, Doc. Good. Then let's use our hard-gotten gains to set you and me up in business. Business? What kind of business? Alcazar Associates, private investigators. With you doing the legwork and me reading the crystal ball, we're as pinched to make a million. In which Vincent Price starred in The Green and Gold Spring, adapted by Sylvia Richards from a story by Philip McDonald and produced and directed by William Enrobson. Listen. Listen again next week, when we return with Miss Nancy Kelly in Trial by Jury, another tale well-calculated to keep you in sus. Suspense. Supporting Mr. Price and The Green and Gold String were Jeanette Nolan, Irene Tedril, Luke Krugman, Byron Kane, and Ben White. Ever hear of The Vandals? That group of savages who bucketed around over most of Europe destroying everything that was beautiful? According to history, they lived and did their damage over 1,400 years ago. But sometimes, one wonders if The Vandals really died out. Certainly, there's a group roaming America, especially during the Outdoor Month, that acts like The Vandals of Olds. You've seen their work. They're the ones who make sure our picnic spots and roadsides are littered with sandwich wrappings, pop bottles, and beer cans. It's carelessness, not viciousness, that prompts their destructive behavior. Could be that you yourself have been careless in that fashion once or twice. Now, make a vow against it. Do your part to help keep America beautiful. You hear America's favorite shows on the CBS Radio Network.


So, today we are going to start a section which is very very important right it is probably as important as you can say electrostats or entire magnetism and usually it gets ignored and the reason for ignoring anything is what easy it is easy first thing is it is easy you take it for granted you like ok so do it at the end but that end never comes so at the end when you try to do it quickly you will not be able to do it properly fine but then what happens if you do it like this you will lose out on some of the easy questions which you can solve at any level mains or advance at any level you will be able to solve modern physics question very quickly fine because the concepts are not so heavy or involved fine so we will not do that mistake we will not wait till the very end to finish this chapter fine we will start early this section modern physics fine so modern physics let us why it is called modern physics is because the classical physics ok because the classical physics which is developed by Newton, Galileo and various other scientists Faraday and whatever like Nikola Tesla and everyone they whatever concept they have developed though they are not sufficient to explain what is going on at some level like for example if you study what is going on inside the atom if you study the behaviour of electron you will not be able to fully understand what is going on if you try to understand it based on the laws which are developed by Newton, Galileo and other people fine so there need to be a different set of rules or laws which should be developed to understand what is going on so you may think that science is a very structured sorry physics is a very structured science but it is not for like day to day things or things which you can easily observe there is a classical physics to deal with it for objects that move with the speed of life there is a relativity you have to take into consideration fine for objects which are very very small you have to use a different physics called quantum physics to study that fine so physics is a very unstructured science fine similarly here also in modern physics this is a set of situations where you cannot understand what is going on using classical physics so that is why a different set of rules are developed and this is what is called modern physics although the name is modern physics but I think more than 100 years are done when quantum physics was first introduced fine so modern physics we will be learning few of the things which are beyond our common observations fine so this entire section modern physics is divided into three chapters in our syllabus right now the first chapter is dual nature of radiation and matter in this chapter you will learn wave nature of particle and particle nature of wave see for a wave we have till now a basic understanding that wave is nothing but it is a disturbance it is an energy but first time we will be learning wave as if it is a particle particle wave or two different kinds of concepts but now we will be studying wave as if it is a particle and not only that we will be studying particle the mass as a wave in this chapter till now we have learned in class 11 you have this law of motion work by energy kinematics there where we have learned extensively about how a particle behaves fine but we never thought of can a particle be a wave that is what we are going to do next is items see in this chapter we are I mean similar chapter might be there in chemistry or zyatomic structure fine the chapter the content is very very similar just that here we are more into physical aspects of it in items chapter we are first talking about the structure of it okay without getting into the hybridization part of it which is there in the chemistry all right then we are introducing Bohr's model to understand to understand the behavior of electron in a hydrogen or hydrogen like it fine Bohr's model is required because the model put forward by Newton was not sufficient to understand what is going on fine so we will be discussing this but when you get into detail of this chapter at the end of the day this chapter is all about electrons fine we will be talking about electrons excited state ground state energy excited state energy how much wavelength it emits and things like that so our focus is electron although the name of the chapter is items fine the last section or the last chapter from in this is nuclei in nuclei chapter our focus is nucleus fine nucleus the reactions it undergo fine there can be spontaneous reactions like in chemical reactions also we have dealt with spontaneous reactions right isn't it what are different between chemical reaction and this reaction electrons here nucleus takes part in the reaction that is why we call it nuclear reactions fine the spontaneous reaction is usually a decay which we call radioactive decay fine so there is a section which talks about radioactive decode and then there is a section which is non-spontaneous reaction these are fission and fusion fine so this is a broad outline of entire model physics fine more or less you know 15 percent 10 to 15 percent should be the weightage of this chapter on entire model physics all right and another thing is that you can combine modern physics with classical physics you can like okay fine electron comes out and then you have applied a magnetic field and then it moves in a circle you know and you know you can imagine so many other things since it can get combined easily with mechanics so more than 15 percent weightage can also be assigned to it and good thing is very easy all right but not so easy that you can just ignore it till the very end so we'll take today this chapter dual nature of radiation and I'll just I mean the chapter name is big I just write dual nature okay it is understood fine so now this in this chapter of course there will not be a systematic study because people never assume that there will be a particle nature of wave or wave nature of particle fine they they were never of so they were never of this like it was incidental they never thought that you know they have to study particle nature of wave or wave nature of particle so they were conducting several experiments and out of accident it came out that wave can behave like a particle fine and since the chapter itself is based on several experiments and incidents so we'll talk about what all those incidents that have led to the conclusion that there is a dual nature of particle as well as wave fine so the first experiment was from herbs see initially you will not be able to appreciate the dual nature of radiation fine but then slowly and slowly you will gain that gain this understanding that you will not be able to explain the behavior whatever is getting observed can be explained by cannot be explained by Newton's laws of motion fine so let's let's see what are those experiments right so our first study is actually the particle nature of wave fine so we are studying particle nature of wave fine so what Hertz has observed is that if you take a metal plate if you take a metal plate what is this metal plate consist of free electrons what does it mean free electrons free electrons are like free to move from one atom to other metal sorry one atom to another atom so there will be like a sea of electron that are just floating here and there fine but then they are not coming out of metal okay what Hertz has observed is that if you fall a radiation on the metal surface okay then few electrons will be able to come out okay and you can probably capture it if you put a positive positively charged plate above it so this is like the beginning of understanding towards the particle nature of the wave fine so Hertz you might be using this unit of Hertz with the frequency of the wave so he was doing several experiments of the wave right so he just bombarded few radiations on the metal and some charged particles came out okay so this is the understanding that electron can come out of metal but why they are able to come out of metal or first first you answer why they are they were not coming out of metal initially when suppose you have a metal piece like this why electrons are not coming out correct you can say that I mean see the thing is if electron comes out there will be a localized positively charged developed here okay so this electron if positive charge developed will get attracted towards the positive charge and then get again utilized fine so it is not a favorable situation for electron to come out of metal similarly for example you yourself you are bounded in the earth you will not be able to leave the earth if you jump you will again fall on the earth itself because earth attracts you until and unless you get sufficient kinetic energy or you have the escape velocity then you will be able to leave the earth similarly electrons electrons are bounded but if you give sufficient energy to electron then electron can escape from the metal getting it okay so what electron wants energy fine and when you bombard a radiation on the metal surface this is one of the ways for electrons to gain the energy and then they are able to come out can you think of any other way to give energy to the electron for them to come out heat fine when you heat the surface few electrons will get energy and they will be able to come out and the emission that kind of emission is called thermionic emission thermionic emission happens when you provide energy in the form of heat fine this is called photoelectric emission the example which we have taken is called photoelectric emission when you give energy in the form of radiation is there any other way to give the energy any other way you can create a huge electric field fine so if it is due to the electric field we call it field emission these are the three kinds of emission once Hertz had discovered that electron can come out then they started finding the ways in which electron can come out so roughly three ways you can give the energy to the electron and electron will come out okay but the study of this will lead to the conclusion that wave can have particle energy when you study this in greater detail photoelectric emission why because this is where the wave is getting used and you will not be able to explain how the electron is able to come out if you assume that wave behaves like a wave okay will come that come to that why it is like this but right now you understand right why we are studying photoelectric emission because this is where there is an interaction between a wave and the metal and also this is the easiest way out of these three to take the electron out this is very efficient way to give the energy to the electron so that is why our focus in this chapter is photoelectric emission and Hertz has conducted first experiment and concluded that if the radiation falls on the metal surface electrons will come out okay once Hertz has concluded this then several other scientists they have started to you know to study it in a systematic manner fine


All praise be to Allah in the name of Allah, most Gracious, most Merciful, most Merciful. Before I begin, I would like to just request every one and four on Might as well fill up the earlier rows first. We begin by praising Allah as the most worthy and deserving of all praise. We ask Allah and we ask Allah alone to guide us, to prevent us from being misguided and from misguiding others. And we ask Allah to forgive us of our sins, those that we commit knowingly and those that we commit unknowingly. We ask Allah to guide us, to bless His noble prophet Muhammad and the A'udha of Allah, and to bless His noble companions, His family and the righteous everywhere. I mean, brothers and sisters, I imagine that, whether it's in our so-called spiritual or religious lives or endeavors, or if it's in our worldly endeavors, we, for one reason or another, are trying or are afforded opportunities, or we see reasons for wanting to change. So, as I said, it could be something that is spiritual or so-called religious or have you within that domain or that aspect of our lives that we wish to change. We want to develop a closer relationship with Allah. We want to be more frequent in our recital of the Quran. If we struggle with meeting the five prayers, we want to get better about that. We want to fast weekly, as opposed to just fasting around the Quran, so on and so forth. Or it's something in our so-called worldly endeavors. We want to change something about ourselves, lose weight, get in better health, get in better shape, improve ourselves financially, perhaps go back to school, get that graduate degree, or that finish our undergraduate, what have you, to try to improve ourselves.  It's human nature. And in fact, the idea of change is something that is ubiquitous. It is something that is all around us. The world, whether we know it or not, and most often we are aware of that. But sometimes we are not, because it happens so gradually. That the world is constantly in a state of flux and change. And so change is internal, is within the nature of creation. Not just the ideal or desire to change, but also change in and of itself. As they say, the only constant in the universe is what? Change. Change is the only constant in the world and the existence that we have. Furthermore, I would submit to you that Allah's Ta'ala, in terms of our cosmology, in terms of our belief system, right? Allah is the prime mover. Allah is the ultimate agent of change. He is the ultimate bringer of change. It is through Allah's will, and it is through his irada, and his desire, and his omnipotent power to change things. And so on the one hand, he has put internal, within creation, or within the created, this idea of a constant flux and change. And within human beings, he has put in our own fitrah, our own nature, at times a desire to change. And in order to facilitate all of that, Allah's Ta'ala has internalized within the cosmos, within the universe, methodologies of change. So-called natural laws. These are immutable laws that Allah's Ta'ala has placed in creation with regards to this idea of change and flux and reinvention, and so on. And these are in the Quran, or in the discourse of the language of the Quran, Allah's Ta'ala refers to as the Sunnah of Allah. These are the Sunnah of Allah, these immutable laws, these formulas, if you will, for successful change. These formulas or recipes for how we assume it means if we endeavor to change, if we want to change, how we can be successful. If we align ourselves, our own desires for change with those universal laws, with those immutable Sunnah of Allah. Allah's Ta'ala says in the Quran, that indeed you will never ever find an alteration or a change in the Sunnah of Allah. And this is what I mean when I say they are immutable. They are immutable because they are internalized within creation. These Sunnah of Allah. And so what are those Sunnah, what are those methodologies, those recipes for successful change? Well, there are many. And of course in the brief time that we have today, we aren't going to be able to cover them exhaustively. But if we can just examine a few of those recipes, a few of those guidelines, those rules, those methodologies for change, formulas for success, inshallah we can better improve ourselves. We can hopefully at least begin that process of wanting to tour, that process of change that we strive for at times. And so the first of the formula that I wish to speak of is the concept or the Sunnah, or the Sunnah, excuse me, of gradualism. Of gradualism. Because that is an immutable law that Allah has placed in creation. Proof of that, or some proof of that, is that Allah SWT, as we know, right? Allah creates by His will. If Allah wills something into existence, Kun Fayyapun. He says be and it is. That's how Allah can create things. That's how Allah can bring about change. Kun Fayyapun. Yet that same creator, that same omniscient creator of the heavens and earth, when he describes in the Quran how he created the heavens and the earth, he says what? Alladhi khalaqa samawati wa abdi wama bainahum fisiqtati ayyam. That he is Allah. He is the one who has created the heavens and earth and all that lies within in six stages. Fisiqtati ayyam, or six days. These aren't 24-hour days, so they're not days like we imagine them. But yet they're periods of time. Kun Fayyapun, Allah can will all of creation into existence. He doesn't need a day of rest. He doesn't need to do it, piecemeal. But he does so. He does so when he creates creation. Why? In order for us to ponder and reflect. In order for us to realize that things have a gradual nature. That change that is meaningful, that is profound, that has lasting. It is change that comes piecemeal. It is change that happens in stages. And so often times when we want to change, whether it's again that spiritual pursuit or that spiritual endeavor or it's something that we want to do in our daily lives. Get in shape, lose weight, whatever it is. Eat, right? It's like all our money. We want to sort of go from zero to a hundred. Day one. That's not sustainably. That's not realistic. More sustainable, more realistic is this idea of change, changing gradually. Changing following the sunnah of Allah's or the sunnah of Allah and how he created the heavens and earth. How he brings about change. He does so in stages. Allah says how He tells us again in the Quran this time in response to a question or something being posed to the Prophet. Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam. Waqala al-Ladina kafir. La ilaha isla alayhi alayhi Quran fi jumnat al-wahida. Kadaalida li nuthabti tabihifu aadah wa rata al-nahi tarthina. Those who disbelieve, Waqala al-Ladina kafir. Those who disbelieve, they say or they ask the Prophet why is it that revelation comes to you in peace with me? Why can't it just be jumnat al-wahida? Why isn't it just one revelatory experience and you're giving the book and you can produce the book for us on demand as it were. On demand. But that's not how revelation worked. That's not how Raqi came to the Prophet Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam. Why? Or in response to that. In response to that charge being levied by the those who disbelieve. La ilaha isla alayhi alayhi Quran fi jumnat al-wahida. Kadaalida li nuthabti tabihifu aadah wa rata al-nahi tarthina. It is so that we may strengthen the heart of Messenger of Allah. We may strengthen your heart wa rata al-nahi tarthina. And the Quran will be revealed in this peace meal fashion. And so what the commentators tell us is that on one hand that the Prophet Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam in his heart would have to bear the burden and the responsibility of that revelation. And hence it had to be strengthened. But also the wisdom of doing so gradually of revelation occurring over a period of 23 years is so that the heart of the Prophet Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam could get reinforced constantly by new revelation, by the revelation of Allah. I liken it or I compare it to take your pig, your painting a wall or vintage car aficionado. You have a 1960s classic and you're trying to restore it. So you apply that first coat, that primer or you first remove blemishes and then you apply that first coat and then you apply coat after coat of paint and you do so in a successive fashion. And not only are you beautifying that wall or that 1960s classic but you're also reinforcing and strengthening with each layer. And that's how the Quran was revealed and that is how change occurs. It occurs gradually and when it occurs gradually it is more profound. It is more meaningful. It is more sustainable. It change occurs gradually. So we have to ease into change whether as I said it's worldly pursuits or it's pursuits that are quote unquote religious or spiritual. It is gradually. The Prophet Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam he gave an analogy that he compared this idea that I'm speaking of which regards to a traveler on a journey and the traveler he wants to cover as much distance as he can in a sort of a period. That's what we want to do. We want to get there quickly and we want to get there in the least amount of time that it takes. And so that person is riding that camel or a horse or whatever and making it go faster and faster so that he can cover a greater distance and so that he can arrive at his or her destination in a shorter amount of time. And then the Prophet Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam he said that neither the traveler nor the beast nor the animal would arrive at their destination because that's not sustainable. You can't sustain that peace throughout it all. And this is why again what are those actions that are most beloved to Allah according to the Prophet Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam those actions that are small we may not think of them as big productions but those small actions that are done frequently frequently and consistently those are those actions that are most beloved to Allah those are actions that are most beloved to Allah because those are actions that can be sustained, that are done day in, day out and that is how we reinforce that idea of trying to change. And so as I said we can apply this as a blueprint to our lives regardless of what we are trying to change about ourselves. Secondly, and in a very very great time that I have left or remaining the question that I want to talk about is and what's interesting is these methodologies that I'm speaking of are in fact methodologies that if you speak to a therapist or a mental health professional they actually use these in their lives with regards to their professional opinion or their care that they provide to those who seek care so these are sort of trying to methods that you can apply as I said to all various pursuits or aspects of ourselves that we wish to change. But secondly, the second sooner that I want to leave you with is that if we want change if we want change that is meaningful and profound then we have to change attitudes first and behavior will follow oftentimes we approach these things topsy-turvy or out of order and this is what leads to what individuals or again people in mental health therapy or mental health professionals refer to as cognitive leads to cognitive dissonance where one's actions are not in harmony or in synchronicity with one's belief system. There is a disconnect between the internal and the external and it's like a rubber band the analogy you get to use is like a rubber band that you're pulling at two ends and eventually that band is going to snap because that's not sustainable you can't live in a state of constant cognitive dissonance where there's this push and pull between one's internal and one's external one's internal state and one's external manifestations of that state and so in order to be in harmony in order to have a life that is harmonious where one's internal internal and external are in harmony and not in dissonance is that we must change attitude first and if we change our attitude first behavior will follow behavior will follow as a result of that change of attitude and by way of evidence or by way of looking at this approaching this slightly differently at a time when the companions in that early community of the prophets was being oppressed by their oppressors when they were being persecuted in Mecca when they were being tortured at times losing their lives certainly losing their livelihoods family members dying suffering at a time where that community was that state of struggle and persecution you would think or you would imagine a scenario where that community would be given permission to defend themselves to fight their oppressors to raise up arms against their oppressors but rather in that early period where the persecution was its most intense what is the prophets of Allah what is the prophet of Allah wa'atu zaka wa'atu zaka wa'atu zaka as the Quran said refrain your hands establish the prayer give the charity He's building a community and by building a community He's building and strengthening those individuals by changing their attitude by reinforcing internal internal change by promoting and reinforcing the internal change, and so that when the command for Jihad, when the command for raising up arms against their oppressors, where fighting out for their oppressors would come, they would do so in a disciplined manner. They wouldn't go into extremes. They wouldn't exceed the boundaries that Allah had placed with regards to even military combat, because they were trained. Their internal states were strong, and so if they weren't ready physically for battle, they were ready internally and spiritually, because Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala, in that initial period, in that crucible of Mecca, as one author called it, in that crucible of Mecca was strengthening that community, so that it could face the challenges that it would face later on. And so he changed attitudes first, and behavior will follow. And related to kind of the first point and the second point, by way of concluding, Ayesha Rabi'u'llah al-Ama'ah makes a very interesting statement. She says, Ayesha Rabi'u'llah al-Ama'ah, she comments that, have the first verse revealed, ever revealed, been, to give up or leave off intoxication, or intoxicating beverages, that is to say, to not drink. That had the first verse ever revealed been that, then assuredly, most certainly the community would have never been able to do so, because it had to happen in a period that was gradual. It had to happen, or it had to happen in a way in which, or after which, after attitudes had changed. And so once you change attitudes, you can change behavior, or behavior can follow much more naturally with regards to a change in attitudes first. And so when we have to adjust friends and sisters, whether it's for our spiritual or religious pursuits and endeavors, or it's things in our personal lives, is you have to change our mind. We have to change our mindset. We have to change the way we look at things. They say, if you want to try to lose weight, the way you approach food, how do you look at food? How do you look at physical exercise? Is it a chore? Is it a burden? Are you in this constant state of looking at dieting that's never sustainable? You have to change the way you eat, or you have to change the way you think of food, or you think of physical exercise. Because, again, change attitude, behavior will follow. I pray that Allah SWT gives us all the ability to implement these strategies of change, these formulas for success that Allah SWT has placed in our faith. And may Allah SWT bless this community individually and collectively. May Allah SWT bless this community.


I'm now going to invite all the presenters to please come up.  I don't know what it is, so I'll try to deal with that in a moment. I'm going to open the floor to questions, but I did want to remind you of a couple of things as you're thinking about questions to ask. One is that there's a proposal for an SEI initiative on inclusive energy transition. So do these presentations give some evidence that that will be a compelling and useful frame? And then also that some projects specifically asked for advice because they're in the planning stages. But please, yes, we have one here. So we need to record. Hi, Michael Lazarus. Thank you, thank you Oliver for spending time with the question of inclusiveness. That's sort of the mystery I word here. How does it work? And I want to be slightly provocative and ask the question, is it possible to be too inclusive too soon? And I asked that question and referenced your example of PVMTI versus the IFC project. You have a PV technology which isn't quite mature, delivery mechanisms aren't quite well developed, costs are very high. And with all these projects we've heard about, I guess it's a question for everybody on the panel if they want to chime in on. Given that a lot of folks we work with can become rather donor and intervention weary at times, is there a point in sort of the innovation and development of an idea or a technology where one should be more or less inclusive? Thank you, you got that? Because I'm going to get a few more questions. Yes, actually Michael, right next to you. Yeah, power cleveness here. Following on from that question to you as well Oliver. Another sort of lens on the inclusiveness, a very different lens that you get from sort of practitioners in the field trying to build solar home businesses is the issue of business models. And so some would say that the reason that the first program failed and the second one succeeded was that one had a business model that worked, the other one didn't. I just want to inject it as a very different perspective on potentially the same issue and see if we can widen the discussion of inclusiveness to include this set of stakeholders as well and I think that would strengthen our thinking about it. Questions on the far side. You'll get your exercise. Thanks. And then after three questions we'll answer those and then keep going. Thank you very much for the opportunity to ask another question. A general question aimed at the panel as a whole and that is we're talking about transformational change here. So what theory or theories of change are you using to give a model against which you can do your research? And to what extent are you thinking about critical assumptions in change and ways of testing some of those assumptions because it's not all going to be rosy and I think understanding some of the unintended consequences could be very important. Thank you. Thank you. So can I ask the presenters Oliver, you've got a couple of questions. So maybe you start and then for the last question I'll see who wants to respond. Okay. Thank you for those lovely questions. Michael, can you be too inclusive too soon? I think this for me is a really important question and maybe the sort of next step in this kind of research agenda. I think it may be that when you're thinking about certain types of change or certain types of innovation, technology, diffusion might be on a kind of national grid scale then you might not have to be so inclusive in certain ways as you would with others in some of the decision making. But yeah it's difficult to answer because this case is very much about household energy and this really needs to be you really need to explore sort of local users, consumers of the technology, their needs, you do need to be inclusive in that sense and I guess if we broaden this out then we may find that you want to be inclusive in certain ways at certain times so a bit of a poor answer in a way but this is I guess because this is a very initial sort of research project. Indeed the PV case comes from my friend colleague Rob Byrne who's done very much for many years a history of innovation of PV in Kenya so we're kind of taking that field research and his analysis and using it to explore this particular issue but moving forward we need to think more strategically about what cases we might actually explore and how we might go in a bit more deeply. Per, thanks very much for your point I think it's interesting to, the idea of business models is a bit of a buzzword as is inclusiveness indeed and I think thinking about that approach could be useful especially in bringing that to the private sector community and so I take that on board as well. Thank you very much and then does anyone want to address the question of, please. Yeah I would like to address the question of inclusiveness if there are time when it can be too early with another question is when would that time be? When would a time be that inclusiveness is not interesting? I cannot think of one time when it's not worth having inclusiveness. I cannot think of it. Inclusiveness is a process and as all processes this takes time and unless you actually understand that and understand that things will take time even if you launch an idea, if you go to a meeting and launch an idea in the meeting you can actually kill a good idea by immediate reactions. You need to do consultations before, you need to inform, you need to build momentum for it so there are different ways of including at different stages in the process but there is no point in the world we live today. I cannot see a time when inclusiveness is not an issue and I see when looking in Indonesia where actually the policymakers at national level are extremely aware of the need to actually really anchor the decisions they make at national level, at the regional level because they know it will not work unless they do that. And you should do that, of course the projects have different connotations. If you look at, we have seen the example from Africa here, they come and they take land very quickly because we want to do large plantations of palm oil or whatever and one of the sometimes people put, I have been in many presentations where people put as a problem that people have very small properties in Africa and it gives me a break, Europe is full of small properties. The average of a farm in Italy is 7 hectares. It has not been a problem for actually developing a sector in Europe. It's not so different as we think, it's just a question that if you have, this is the structure you have if you start from that structure and that's what we are trying to do in the Indonesia project we start from what is there, the way the sugar plantations are organized the way that the people are thinking of how to organize the renewable energy technologies and the renewable energy policies for the country the way it is and then we build from there because this is already anchored, this is already inclusive. That's how they are thinking. I heard the words today from SIDA saying that you have to understand where people are, what they actually, what their problems are how they frame their problems. If you understand how they frame their problems then you can go and talk to them from the perspective and that's inclusiveness. Regarding the last question that was asked, it's awesome applause for you. Regarding the last question that was asked, does anyone want to talk about how you're conceptualizing change? So what's your theory of change? Maybe I should answer that from my perspective. The way I've kind of framed it is coming from the socio-technical transitions approach so this is how I don't want to go too much in depth but in terms of how you kind of have technologies and how society is kind of arranged around those certain technological and societal kind of configurations where you think about how new technologies then come into being how there's kind of innovation processes that support certain pathways and not others and also you mentioned kind of the unintended consequences of that of course is the danger of locking to specific pathways at the expense of others and that's something that there are people working on looking at well if we choose these certain pathways, support these certain technologies is that the right way to go? How do we maintain kind of diversity? How do we open up and not just lock down certain socio-technical configurations? So that's the kind of theoretical perspective I'm coming from and then asking within that then how do you give a voice to the marginalized in society because typically if you don't give them a voice the pathways that we will move along will be dominated by those who have a voice, those who are more influential who's often the vested interests. Okay, thank you. Does anyone else want to address that question before we open it? Yeah. I think it's very important to understand that there have to be champions in the process of change and this can be the same ones that might be apparently the losers in the process if you actually understand in which ways you can trigger the possibility for them being winners. My favorite example is ethanol in Sweden where there was a lot of support for the ethanol development and yet it came to a dead end. I do think it can survive but it depends on a number of things but one of the main issues is that there was no industry that was really a winner in that game. We see a different situation today in the biogas because suddenly there has been a joint interest on the gas side and there are people seeing industries that saw the opportunity of winning. So understanding how actually people can be champions and winners in the process of change I think is very important to actually gather that inclusiveness that is necessary and then we in the context of poverty we talk very much about inclusiveness of the poor but I mean inclusiveness also of the entrepreneurs in that context is extremely important because they are the champions that can actually push, they are the winners in that context and you have to actually identify those potential winners. Okay, I was going to take more questions and Charlie's got his hand up. Roger's got his hand up and I'm not sure who that is but there's another hand. It's actually time for the coffee break but I really like to, can we get short responses to these? So we'll do Charlie, Roger, unidentified. I'll try and keep this brief. I just wanted to react to what you were saying Sumida about can there ever be a case for not having inclusive energy transition and I think that maybe there's a slight sort of people talking across purposes slightly and I think that we would all agree that inclusive development is absolute necessity but I think maybe slightly the issue that I'm confronting here is do I like the overall term inclusive energy transition? So I think where you might say is it too soon might be the question of are we asking the poorest members of society to take on the burden of experimenting with new technologies that are not economic in the rich world yet and I think that maybe that's maybe what Michael was also hinting at. So I think yes, you want to have inclusiveness in development but is that the same thing as wanting inclusive energy transitions? So when most people talk about energy transitions they're talking about, how do we transition to societies using very different energy technologies, whether it's nukes or wind or solar and so maybe it's just kind of a question of putting the two terms together is causing us some problems. Sorry that's been long. Okay, yeah, so then around to Roger. Yeah, and I think we only have time for you to give frowny faces or smiley faces to, okay. Okay, Roger Kaspas in Clark University in the United States. This is actually, this may be in tune with what our chair is looking for because it's a question that I would like to table and take up again at the end of the two days rather than immediately. And the question is I sat here through the first session this morning listening to how solutions oriented research is so important for SEI and I've heard a whole range of different kinds of efforts going on and I'm sitting here wondering, has anybody done a report card on how this looks in terms of solution achieving kinds of work and whatever that report card has to say can we take that component of what is needed to get to a higher level and convert that into a broad general analysis that SEI ought to be working on in the next several years. Thank you and then we have one more question at the back and I'll just say quickly as the microphone's going up that I think we've made some strides in monitoring and evaluation and reflecting on what we're doing but we got a long way to go but I think we've definitely improved on it.  So my question is just very simple and it's basically directed to Caroline. I was excited to hear that you might get more poverty alleviation when making biofuels from crops rather than making cooking oil or other stuff. So I was just excited to hear some of the main reasons for that. Thank you. Yes, so some of these are hypotheses we are testing so we still don't know but what we are going to compare is for instance where biofuel is produced targeting local energy as a form of energy for cooking for local households does it lead to better poverty alleviation impacts compared to where the households engage in biofuel production for the transport sector so where they get direct benefit versus indirect. So we don't have the outcome yet. So at the moment we are testing. The other question on solution. No, we can't do that. Okay, so thank you very much. Let's thank the panel. One more second. Wednesday 11 to 1230 there will be a meeting on this topic discussing it as a possible new initiative. No room yet but keep posted. Okay, thanks.