How many here are Android developers or iOS developers? Android developers, please hand. iOS? Reactive? Any other? Alright, so my name is Pooja Pomek. I'm born and brought up in Calcutta, living in Bhuvaneshwar, coming here from Bangalore. And I'm also a mobile developer. In fact, I always thought that I was in love with Android. But recently, I might have started an affair with Flutter. So, I mean, I'm still in love with Android, but Flutter and I have this great connection, you know. So, what went wrong? Now, it was a three years relationship if you do not count that chasing period where we were getting to know each other. But Android is awesome, Java is awesome. But after a certain point of time, it kind of became a little too comfortable and not so much fun. You know that spark? That was gone. I had that phase in my life where I wanted to try out other frameworks. So, I thought to myself, I really do this one thing my entire life. So, I tried out React Native, I tried out Ionic, I even tried out Web. Because everyone was doing it anyway. But it was a big jump for a mobile developer because I'm not just cheating on Android with other mobile frameworks. I was considering other platforms. But anyway, it did not work out. I just could not understand them. It's like all of them had the same upbringing. The soul, the personality was so much similar. I thought Java was better. So, I joined this company last summer where my boss tells me, hey, this is Flutter, be friends with it, it's new to town. And I was like, yeah, I'm getting paid for this job, so why not? But one thing led to another and I kind of stopped talking to Android. Flutter made me realize what it's like to be a mobile developer. It was fresh, it was like feeling like me again. So, what is Flutter, by the way? By the way, however, I narrated that story, it is completely true. That is how I met Flutter. Now Flutter is a cross-platform mobile development SDK that lets you build Android and iOS apps from one code base written in Dart. Now, Dart was completely new to me. I hadn't even heard of Dart before that, but I was relieved it was not another JS framework. It was even better. It's like you picked up the good things from both languages and then you made Dart. And it was pretty easy to learn. If you are coming from a Java Oop, a JavaScript background, then you can pick up Dart pretty fast. I actually picked up in literally under a day. Whatever you need for Flutter, I picked up in under a day. Flutter also had this amazing thing called the widget, the catalog of widgets. Now, with these catalog of widgets, I can build features that might have taken three pages of code in native Android, but it takes only like five lines in Flutter.  Now, widgets are like components or blocks that define the user interface in Flutter. The app bar might be a widget. The text on it is a widget. The style that you apply to that text is also a widget. The padding around it could be a widget. Even the empty space could be a widget. A whole lot of widgets. Now, let me show you how we actually create a widget in Flutter. So, we have something called like, suppose we are creating a home page, we will extend it to a stateless widget. Now, we also have some staple widgets, but that is not the scope of the stock. I will skip that, but we have extending stateless widgets. Now, we have this build function under which we will build anything that is on the UI. Everything that comes in the UI is under this method. Now, suppose we return a scaffold. Now, scaffold is a widget that lets you have elements and components that is required by a mobile app screen, such as a app bar, a body, a floating action button, a drawer, a bottom navigation bar, a bottom sheet, background color, etc. So, suppose we have a scaffold like that and we can want to create an app bar, we give it an app bar widget. Want to create a drawer, we give it a drawer widget. Want to create a floating action button, give it a floating action button widget. Bottom navigation bar widget. And body is everything in between, basically your content of your screen. So, that's how you build a simple app. That's how it will look like with an app bar, a floating action button, and a drawer, and a content. Now, we are going to play a game. We all are from different frameworks, right? How many are for Flutter, except for Google? Okay, others are from Android, React Native, iOS, etc. So, I am going, though I only know Android so I am going to ask mostly about Android anyway. But I am going to show you features or components that have, that you must have built in your mobile applications and you have to guess how many lines of code it might take in Flutter based on your experience of your mobile framework, right? So, keep, so you must have seen a feature like that where you have like, you know, content that you can slide left or right, right? Something like, I think in Android we call it a view pager, right? So, how many lines of code can this take in Flutter? How many for more than 50 lines of code? Raise your hands. How many for more than 30 to 50? How many for like 15 to 30? And how many less than 15? Okay, so for view pager kind of a feature we have in Flutter something like a page view, okay? Similar name. And to make that possible, we have a body that takes a page view widget and it takes the children off screen contents. So basically here we have a page one widget and a page two widget which is nothing but in my case a colored container like a blue colored screen and a green colored screen and almost that is it that I require to create that sliding effect. You can also have more features like giving it the page controller and giving it a viewport fraction like I just want the content to be on the 80% of the screen so I give it a viewport fraction of 0.8 and we can also give it a full direction as vertical or the full direction as horizontal and all of that was done in 7 to 9 lines of code. Moving on, we have this really crazy design I don't know who came up with this but then as developers whatever designers will throw at us we have to develop it, right? So as a developer I have to design this. Now how many lines of code can this take in Flutter? How many for more than 30? Okay, no more. How many for more than 15 to 30? Okay, too confident. How many for 10 to 15? And 5 to 10? Less than 5? Who are for less than 5?  You can vote in basis of your... if you're not paying for Android, you can just vote. Just try it out. So okay, so yeah, crazy design, fine. Now we have obviously have to build on our bottom bar something like that which has a menu icon and search icon and for that remember we had a bottom navigation bar and staff hold we can give it a bottom app bar widget again a widget. Now we can give it some icons which is the row of icons icon menu, icon search, fine. Not a big deal. Now for the floating action button we have the floating action button widget which is also fine but we want to give it to the center location. So we have a floating action button location to center dot. Now we are almost there but again you remember the floating action button is digging the bottom bar. Okay, crazy design again. So we still don't know how to have the digging effect. For that remember that we had this bottom navigation bar widget bottom app bar that was had a lot of code. Now give just two lines there shape circular north rectangle and north margin and everything. That's it. You require the entire thing was done in 10 lines of code but that effect was done in only two lines of code. Now we all have worked on some feature like that component like that. It's kind of like a collapsing toolbars, right? So this does take a bit of code and right I guess and how many lines of code do you think it takes to cut off? So more than 15 lines of code. Now nobody will pick up their hands for that. Okay, more than 5 to 15. Okay, less than 5. Okay, thanks. So we can do something like this with slivers. Now we have a body. The body will take a nested for you something similar to like Navy man role. And we have a body which is basically the content below your increasing abbar which is the main content and you take a header sliver builder which returns sliver abbar. It's not a normal abbar, it's a sliver abbar that can increase the height and it can do a lot of other stuff. What other stuff?  So it will also take a background which is once you have stored down the image that you see once it has stored down and you can also give it a height of that image if you want to fill it the entire screen or if you just want to have a little bit of screen 30% 40% whatever and that's all. It took around 12 to 14 lines of code to create that. Now we all have some cards like that where we have to create into a list. Okay, so we have a card like that a Pikachu card like that and I want to create into a lot of other Pikachu cards, a list of cards, right? So I have been just talking about Trutter, code and all that. Let's just talk about how much it will take actually in Android, native Android, Java. So we all whoever from Java, Android they know that we have to use RecyclerView adapters, right? So RecyclerView in Java the first steps add the support library add RecyclerView to your layout connect it to your layout manager attach an adapter add a list adapter and it took around 39 to 45 lines of code just the boilerplate code I'm not even talking about what is inside that card it could just be a text but just the boilerplate code of making it possible took 39 to 45 lines of code. Now are there any Kotlin party supporters here who are going to say, hey why don't you use Kotlin it will reduce the lines of code. So yeah sure for that the next it is going to take 28 to 34 lines of code even in Kotlin. Now tell me how many lines of code it takes in Trutter. So raise your hands for more than 15 lines of code no, more than 5 lines of code ok less than 5 lines of code alright so we have something called a ListViewBuilder and so it will take a ListView.Builder it will take an item count which could be a dynamic number or it could be a fixed number and it will take an item builder that is going to return that card. It could be a text card, it could be anything and that's it. In under 3 lines of code. I am still talking about the boilerplate code I am not talking about the card. So yeah 3 lines of code for ListView. Missile review adapters I am looking at you so now remember that card that we made let's see how we actually build that card. So we have a row. Now why a row? So row is basically because we want to place elements one after another in a horizontal manner and we want column when we want in a vertical manner so if our rows decide each other we have the first element as a circle avatar which is basically you know circular image view and all with the cute Pikachu image and we have a text Pikachu text. Now if suppose we want to make a detailed view like click on it and it will open a detailed view. So it will look something like this probably now it will obviously have a column because it is placed one after another vertically. So it will have a bigger Pikachu image and some more Pikachu information. So when we create this application it will look something like that. Now it's fine but Pikachu does not like that. Pikachu wants to fly around the screen like that. Have you done that in any of your mobile frameworks? Right? So based on that experience how many lines of code will this take? So it's some kind of animation transition animation if you remember. How many lines of code will this take? Any animation takes time. So anyway so more than 10 lines of code more than 5 less than 5 Flutter yes less than 5 Anyone for less than 5? Like I'm bidding but anyway So we have something called Hero animations in Flutter Now why hero because it is flying around the screen but by that logic it should have been superhero animations but anyway so remember that circle after we had in that list card just wrap it up with a hero tag and give it a tag. Remember that tag and remember that bigger Pikachu image we had again wrap it up with a hero widget and give it the same tag. That's it You have that transition animation done and Pikachu is pretty happy because it took only 4 lines of code So let's move on to our last feature. Now we all have these features where we have apps where we have like a part chart kind of thing and it's kind of like a rectangle that basically increases the height according to the values So we make something like a similar simple app like that where we have a container which is just like a div kind of thing so we have a fixed width and we have a height that changes and some color Now when we have an on press button here like that and we give it a set state to bar height to 320 So basically it will change the value like that but obviously it does not give that animation effect. We want it to gradually increase the height So we have to use animation Now animation in any framework is hard So how many lines of code I am going to take like 5 lines of code or 10 lines of code. I just want to take a little more So go properly. So more than 15 lines of code Oh somebody is nodding. No it will not take more So less than 15 5 to 15 Anybody for less than 5 So we have something called an animated containers in Plutter Now remember that container that we had with other width increasing height and color Just replace the container with an animated container and give it a duration That's all. That's all you required to create that transition or the increasing animation effect and all of this was done in one extra line of code So if you create a complete application like that it will look something like that if you create a bar of chart application You know what that looks pretty similar to something that I have seen before I will just very quickly move on. So let's move on to Flare So Flutter has partnered like this December They partnered with Flare to improve animations They want to improve animations really more. Okay So they partnered with Flare and now you can create your animations in the Flare tool with keyframes and all and you can add them in your Flutter project Again it's probably going to take like one or two lines of code Just to adding the animation it will take like one or two lines of code If you want to do more like if you can see here that the teddy bear whatever is actually looking at the password or you know the cursor. So that will take a little like three four more lines of code But yeah, the nothing is very very easy.  Alright You can do all these amazing stuff with Flare. Now So this amazing stuff that is possible like all these impossible features are now possible but it also takes one third of the original estimation for Flutter. I finished two beta versions of the two projects in under two months while I was learning Flutter and in the same month I wrote my first technical article about Flutter which kind of got a little viral and then it led to more articles and then more opportunities and here I am standing in front of you Now all these crazy projects that you can build literally that your creativity limit is literally your sky, literally the sky Now fun fact the first version of Flutter was actually called the sky so yeah, literally the sky Now if you are actually going for any mobile development interview or you're starting a freelancing journey and you don't have much client projects to show you can use Flutter to build creative projects in under less time and have a very promising portfolio for yourself. Give an example of a very respected Flutter community member who she had built this Flutter Solitaire app and a minesweeper with this windows, old windows UI in under 6 hours for each app. Imagine if we had an interview in 10 days, how many apps would he have need? Now Flutter is literally bridging the gap between the designers and developers. Now if you are a designer and you want to build quick prototypes for your designs you can use the Flutter's catalog of widgets to build them and also add interactivity to your prototypes. Now developers and designers never had a common language for what developers designers would call the floating action button developers would call the circular button with an icon in the center So even though I am a designer and developer both I do know my material design terms but sometimes I do forget and I do Google stuff like these. But I do know what I want but I do not know what its name are names are. Now you are really spoiled for life. So this is one of the tweets that one of our members had given which is like Flutter is both a godsend and a curse It makes everything so easy and efficient that using any other technology becomes a pain. That is so true. If you are literally coming from any other technology and you are using Flutter I think you will be spoiled for life because you won't want to go back to native android because listen you see the presentation like how many lines of code it took for all these features the ease of development makes your life so much easier that you don't want to go back but yeah adult life you have to go back sometimes anyway but it depends on what job you are doing but yeah so now you can build any kind of apps that you want to build in that is the aim of Flutter but I wouldn't suggest you to build a use Flutter for apps that are pretty pretty strongly dependent on hardware API like using the acrometer or maybe like the vibration or something like that but if you have already started an application in Flutter and then you realize that you need this hardware specific API you don't have to scrap of your entire project Flutter lets you build the android and iOS code right in your Flutter project so if you have some kind of hardware specific API that you want to use then you can you can write them in your android java kotlin and your iOS swift project and have the results returned back to your Flutter project so that makes me feel that I am not even cheating on android anymore so now these are some of the applications that have been like Flutter community members have just tried out and these are not the actual apps screenshots of youtube, twitter or medium or and these are actual apps that are on place or an app store and you can use them so this is some of the applications that have been made by the community members of Flutter just look at amazing animations the fluid designs, fluid animation 50 fps and I think we can imagine the time it took to make most of these applications so yeah, that was all the applications that were curated from all the Flutter community members from around the world who are made for their probably the companies or for their project so that's where you can learn all the stuff from Flutter you can also learn like github and youtube channel where you can learn Flutter from thank you thank you Buja, any questions?


UX design changed my life. Before UX, I was working on jobs, struggling with money and living an aimless life. But today, I'm earning money from doing what I love, helping designers grow. And I'm receiving a daily dose of love and support from everybody. Life is good. Life is good.


First Anglico has been out in the field, practicing TLC setup, radio communications, fires, operations, and interoperability with the OneMef Div cell, essentially to provide fire support and liaison capabilities throughout the map. First Anglico has been conducting a field exercise. Ultimately, he's going to end with us being prepared to close the maritime kill chain for the OneMef face of our enemies, if we're so-called. And remember that we're war fighters first, regardless of our MOS. In addition, Anglico's got a unique mission set. It's great for our Marines to get a chance to see the company acting as a whole in the field. I focus towards what we really do in a combat or a real-world tactical scenario. The next step for us is always to sustain what we've done here and take it to the next level.


Hi, my name is Roxana. I'm Polish. I'm currently living and working in Poland, but I would like to live and work in China. That's why I've made up my mind and I've decided to take TESL or TEFL certification in an accredited and well-known school, which is ITTT. Actually, two of my friends, a couple, used to live in China and they have found lots of great ideas about teaching thanks to ITTT because they've taken the course, the 120-hour TEFL course, and they were very glad with the results. They were very glad with the materials they received, and they recommended the course to me. So both actually their recommendation and all the information I found on the internet about the school made me take the course, and I'm also very glad with the results. I'm proud to say that I have passed the course both in TEFL English, teaching English as the foreign language, and in business English, and I found the course very practical, very clear. I like all of the examples of exercises, games, sample lesson plans. I like the materials in business English as well, and I am glad to learn all the techniques and teaching ideas, and I'm sure I will use them in the future. So thank you very much, ITTT.


Good afternoon and welcome back to Investor Intel. Today we're talking with Don Simmons of Hemisphere Energy, a rarity in that it's a Canadian oil and gas company that's actively marketing itself these days. Mr. Simmons, welcome to Investor Intel. Thank you, great to be here. Some interesting events over the past few years out in Calgary and north up into Edmonton and Laduke. How have you fared? It's been survival through the last few years in the Canadian energy business but certainly things are looking better these days. There's more activity and certainly when we reflect that as a company we're certainly more active than we've been in the last two to three years. And apparently there's a lender out there who's very confident in you as well. There was a recent press release about a new credit facility you have. That's correct. We have done a strategic refinancing. We've taken out our traditional lender and it's given us access to additional capital to get out there more aggressive in the field and really get after our growth in our assets. So at this stage of the recovery period everyone's concerned about cash flow and debt levels. Are you happy with your degree of cash from operations versus your debt? I'm comfortable with this today in a $50 royal environment. And that's something that we look to improve as we drill and we add more production, more cash flow, more reserves. We'll see that debt to cash flow number come down more and more. Great. Where are your assets located? Assets are in southern Alberta, southeast Alberta just north of Messenham. And which geologic era do they date from? We target sands within the Manville group. That's the main zone that we target. That's a fairly common target? It is. Good. I also noticed Q2 production was about 600 barrels a day. Is that an increase or a decrease from Q1? That's an increase over Q1, a slight increase. And we have put out that through parts of Q3 that we've released we've seen as high as 700 BOEs a day. So we've been growing over the last year even though we've been limited in our activity. So nothing's guaranteed but it looks like you're going to be doing roughly the same as Q2 if not better? Correct. Excellent. Can you tell me both the management team? So important to Neuling Gas. Management team, yeah. We've got about 5-6 people here that are our main management team. We have all aspects from engineering to geology, both on the reservoir side and production side, drilling side. And then on our counting side. So it's a collective close-knit team. We've worked together now for a number of years. We're survivors through this downturn. And we're ready to get aggressive and grow through the next few years now that we have access to capital. So what does that growth look like? What are the milestones we should be looking for? Well, starting where we are today in that 6,700 BOEs a day, first milestone will be breaking through a thousand. That's a key number in our business and then we'll be working our way over the next two to three years to 2,000 and then on to 3,000 barrels a day is our goal. And you have a reserve report, of course? We do, yeah. Our reserves are done by McDaniel at Calgary and there's something that gets done once a year. And can you give us an idea of what that looks like? Yeah, last year our Peruvian plus probable reserves, there's about 4.5 million BOEs of reserves and it was a rough value, about 66 million dollars. Sounds like you're on track. Sorry, I cut you off there. Sorry, Don. That's okay. I was just going to say that value, 66 million is an MPV value at discounted about 10%. Which is fairly standard in the industry in Western Canada. Sounds like your position well to take advantage of any uptick in oil. We are. Our assets are low cost to drill and low cost to operate. So we make money in this $50 environment and if we can see 55, 60 over the next few years, it just adds to the bottom line. Your net back is around $20 a barrel? In Q2, it was just over $20 a barrel. So that does provide you with some cushion even if there's a negative movement in the oil price? That's correct. Excellent. Anything else we need to know? Well, we're active. Our last news release mentioned that we've commenced the drill program. We're looking at 6 to 7 wells out in our Atle Buffalo area. We will continue to update the market as we continue to have news coming from the field over the coming months. And it's a pretty exciting time. It's the most active we've been in since 2014 as a company. Are you seeing other junior companies starting to come out of hibernation as well? In some cases, it's not across the board. But there are a few more companies coming out and starting to be a little more active. Accessing some capital here and there, but it's not everybody. It's only a few companies right now. Let me check in with you in Q3 and see if you're hitting those milestones. Sounds good to me. I appreciate your time today. Have a good day. Thank you.


Alright, you guys asked for it, so today on Fidget Space, we are looking at gyroscopes. First off, gyroscopes should not be confused with reaction wheels, which I talked about in an earlier video, this one right here. Gyroscopes are different. They don't control spacecraft's orientation the way reaction wheels do. Instead, they give the spacecraft an inertial reference point in space, one that the guidance computer can use to activate reaction controls to change the spacecraft's orientation. If you've ever played with a gyroscope, you know that once you get a gyroscope spinning, you can do all kinds of weird things without it tipping over. You can balance it on the end of your finger and it won't wobble. That's because gyroscopes resist motion around their spin axis, but if they are forced to tip, they will tip 90 degrees from the direction from which they were pushed. In a spacecraft, the spinning gyroscope keeps the spacecraft stable. A spinning gyroscope keeps the spacecraft stable. Thrust rockets on the spacecraft fire occasionally to change the gyros' spin rate or rate of the spin-stabilized attitude. So stabilization in a spacecraft comes from getting the gyroscope spinning, and that can be as simple as getting the spacecraft itself spinning. Pioneers 10 and 11 had gyroscopes that spun because the spacecraft spun. But the Jupiter probe from the Galileo mission and the Huygens lander from the Cassini mission had gyroscopes that got their motion from the mothership before they were launched. But it doesn't matter. Once the gyroscope is spinning, it keeps the spacecraft stable. Then, thrust rockets can fire occasionally to change the gyroscope's spin rate or change the spin-stabilized attitude of the spacecraft. But gyroscopes aren't perfect. Mechanical gyroscopes can drift due to inertial friction. To compensate, drift rates are calibrated and work into the attitude control system so that the drift motion doesn't affect the spacecraft's overall mission. In aviation, a gyroscope does essentially the same thing. The X-15, for example, used a gyroscope. The gyroscope in an airplane will give the computer an inertial reference point. All the motion around the aircraft's axes of pitch, yaw, and roll are then calculated and displayed to the pilot in reference to that inertial reference point thanks to the gyroscope. So does that clear gyroscopes up for you guys a little bit? If not, leave your questions below and I will try to answer them as best I can. And if you have other questions or other topics you would like to see covered, leave those in the comments as well. If you want some old-timey space content every single day of the week, including lots of weird pictures dug out of online archives, be sure to follow me on Twitter as AST Vintage Space. And with new episodes going up every single Tuesday and Friday, be sure to subscribe right here so you never miss an episode.


Thank you for attending this session on interventions for employment creation in micro, small and medium-sized enterprises in low- and middle-income countries. This is work in progress we are presenting today on a systematic literature review. And why are we doing this? Well, we are all here because we want to promote inclusive growth and an important means for this end is employment creation. This is a major concern in many countries developed as well as developing countries. And it has been shown that especially in low- and middle-income countries most employment is in micro, small and medium-sized enterprises. This is why governments, donors and other stakeholders have designated substantial resources to the promotion of MSMEs but until recently there wasn't many rigorous evidence on the effectiveness of these interventions. And in the past years a lot of impact evaluations have emerged on the topic and this is why the German Development Bank KFW has commissioned a systematic review to answer the question which interventions are effective in creating employment in MSMEs and also enhancing the set of MSMEs. So this is kind of the motivation for the systematic review. And we apply standard systematic review methodology. This means that our methodology has been peer-reviewed and including our search. We searched a wide range of electronic databases and applied inclusion criteria to the studies we identified. And these criteria are, as regards population and context, we look at MSMEs which are defined as enterprises with up to 250 employees in low and middle income countries as defined by the World Bank. We also consider impact evaluations of the following interventions, training, access to finance, business development services, the promotion of research and development, private sector incentives, for instance wage subsidies and interventions in the broader area of enabling the business environment. Today we will only focus on the results for impact evaluations of training and access to finance because, as I said, it's still work in progress. And we also include studies that look at the impact of the outcome of interest which is employment. So this is measured either as number of employees or self-employment or new businesses who have been created. And we only consider rigorous impact evaluations which are either based on RCTs or quasi-experimental studies which account for control for self-selection or non-random placement. The results of our database search identified about 2,300 studies which we had to screened and where we applied inclusion criteria. And our final sample so far includes 63 studies there might be some more because we still aren't done with reference screening and we contacted a lot of key researchers for work in progress to see if they could also send us the working papers. But this is kind of where we are, 63 maybe 70 or 75 studies will be included. Today we focus on 28 of these studies which are in the area of training and finance, interventions and our sample includes studies from all major world regions most studies have been conducted in Latin America and the Caribbean but we were also very surprised to see that a large number of studies here is 7 focused on Sub-Saharan Africa. We didn't expect this at the beginning. Most studies have been conducted in upper middle income countries there are only a few in low income countries and the majority focuses on micro enterprises with households which are supposed to set up micro enterprises with up to 5 employees but most of them are only the owner. We have a majority of studies in the access to finance area but as I said we are still not done with the reference screening of the training interventions so this might change and there are also some studies which consider joint interventions where you combine business training with the provision of cash, grants or credits. We were also surprised to find that the majority of studies are based on RCTs here 18 studies and 10 are based on quasi-experimental designs and overall we have 18 outcomes in the area of business creation and self-employment and 20 outcomes in employment. There are more outcomes than studies because there are some studies that consider either joint and training interventions and compare them or that look at business creation as well as the number of employees in the enterprise. Coming now to very preliminary results which is more kind of an overview of what the studies find. We considered significance at 10% and we looked at how many studies find statistically significant positive or negative effects or insignificant effects. This is for the whole sample and for employment as well as business creation outcomes and as of now we can't really see if these interventions are effective because we find that about 50% are positively significant and then we also have the same range of insignificant results. However training interventions seem to be more effective just from kind of eyeballing and this pattern holds for employment outcomes as well as business creation outcomes. By enterprise size we see that we have more positively significant results for smaller medium-sized enterprises so almost all of them are access to finance interventions and almost all of them are quasi-experimental so we have more significantly positive results for quasi-experimental and there we want to assess also if this is really due to the research design or if these are the results. Concluding so far, as I said, there is no overall indication of effectiveness however we still plan to conduct meta-analysis and to assess a bit the heterogeneity and on which conditions the impacts depend. Overall the studies confirm that MSMEs face credit constraints as well as skill constraints. Access or training interventions are much more effective in improving intermediate outcomes such as accounting but they have difficulties in improving final outcomes employment business performance and access to training and access to finance doesn't seem to be effective on itself so there seem to be more constraints for the enterprises in expanding the workforce.


Dear students, in this module, we are going to discuss about anti-spatry socialization. Anti-spatry socialization is a process of learning and adopting behaviors, norms and values associated with the future role or status. In this context of education, anti-spatry socialization involves preparing students for future roles and responsibilities in the workforce and society at a large. When we talk about anti-spatry socialization, we are actually seeing it from this point of view that your socialization process can give you a role in making a useful city in the future. In any education system, the process of anti-spatry socialization prepares individuals for the future. It makes them a useful city and tries to make them a good professional. Along with this, its moral values are also seen from the point of view of the future. In Pakistan, for example, anti-spatry socialization is an important component of education as it prepares students for variety of roles in economy and society such as doctors, engineers and civil servants. Anti-spatry socialization can take many forms such as classroom instruction, vocational training and internships. So, speaking about anti-spatry socialization in Pakistan, we also see that we have a future career or aspirations regarding our children as to what our children will become when they grow up. We also try to provide them with the same training or professional education. If a child has talent and can compete, then we try to send the child towards the discipline of natural sciences. On the other hand, unfortunately, social sciences disciplines are considered in the second category. So, the children who are unable to compete in natural sciences disciplines or are unable to compete in particular professions such as doctors, engineers and bureaucrats, then we put them in the category of social sciences. So, in this way, the anti-spatry process of socialization prepares future professionals. Along with this, the thing that is most focused on in our education system is how we can make the child a useful city, how socialization can be done, and especially in its behaviour, those things are inculcated so that they can become a good city in the future. A good citizen needs to have good moral skills and good social skills. By engaging in anti-spatry socialization, students can develop the skills and knowledge necessary to succeed in their future roles. However, anti-spatry socialization can also have unintended consequences such as reinforcing the existing inequalities and limiting the social mobility. So, because our focus is on competition, we want our child to excel more than other children so that the abilities and capabilities of other children are better. So, there is an unintended consequence in this that in children, this kind of competition creates a sense of inequality and in some children, it creates inferiority and superiority complexes. So, these are the unanticipated consequences of anti-spatry socialization that can be mitigated. Therefore, it is important to critically evaluate the ways in which anti-spatry socialization is implemented and its effects on individual and collective outcomes. This study of anti-spatry socialization requires a multidisciplinary approach incorporating perspectives from sociology, education and psychology. So, the major aim of critically evaluating this is to see what are the intended consequences of anti-spatry socialization and the unintended consequences of anti-spatry socialization. And how is this functional, non-functional or dysfunctional for our students? So, it's a food for thought for you. If you look at the existing school infrastructure in Pakistan, what are the aims, goals and objectives of anti-spatry socialization and whether they are the same across the board, for example, in public schools and private schools. And then, how are the children prepared for the future and what are the objectives that are kept in mind.