okay good evening everyone so we did question till question number 60 today we will solve till question number 61 to 100 we will finish it off and then we will do some new type of questions so solve question number 61 once you are done let me know okay 61 B is the right answer let's go to question 62 okay I wait for more answers only half of half the people have given answer for question number 62 okay 62 62 is the right answer let's go to question number 63 okay 63 is also right answer don't question 64 64 I'm getting different answers you look at here in question 64 what do I get I have to this is something like this and this is something like this now for water image try to understand this will remain as it is so this particular figure will remain as it is look at here answer is see here so I'm explaining you first of all if you look at this figure this arrow and this circle has to be on right hand side of this line so first of all let's make image of this line image of this line would be if this point is here it will be here and this point is here so it will be here so image of this line would be like this now if this is closer to the mirror this will be closer to the mirror this is away from the mirror this would be away from the mirror so it would be something like this and again this arrow is closer to the mirror so it would be like this this line is away from the mirror so this would be like this so which is answer C, not answer A. Now solve question number 65. Yeah, 65B is the right answer. So let's move to another question. Solve question number 66, question 66, question 66. This X, Y is below the image, sorry, below the figure. So it means that the mirror image has to be like this. So if it is something like this and X, Y is below this image, so mirror image would be found here. And if it would be found here, first look at this line. So this line would be somewhere here. This line would be in upward direction. And look at this, this point is here, this point is here, and this point is here. So just draw this line, this is D answer. Question 67. 67 you are saying B, B is the right answer, 68. Difficult for me to put it in one, first draw this problem figure and then look at the answer figure or just look at the answer figure without even option, just try to find out the answer figure and then match it, I'll just scroll it. So make the diagram, answer diagram first. 68 age is right answer, solve question number 69, 70, 71 also. 69, I am getting a lot of different answer. All of you redo it and don't post the answer, just be with your answer, but recheck your answer once. Redo it once again and let me know. Okay, let me solve it for you. Question 69 is, X was born on third March, 1980. So 1980 is a leap year. Now, if 1980 is a leap year, February will have 29 days. So from third March, if I start removing four days, so if I remove minus one, I reach second March. If I remove minus one again, I reach first March. If I remove minus one, I reach 29th March. And if I remove one March, then I, one more day than I, 28th March. So four days reduction means, four days reduction means 28th February, as far as my calculation is concerned. Republic Day is 26th January. So 26th January was Saturday. So 26th February would be Saturday plus three because I'm crossing January and January has 31 days. So three odd days. So if I add three, Sunday, Monday, Tuesday. So 26th January would be Tuesday. So 28th February would be Tuesday plus two Thursday. And Thursday would be what? Mondays one, Tuesday is two, Wednesday is three and Thursday would be four. So answer here would be A. Question number 70. I want you to solve question number 70 once more. Question number 70, I'm getting a lot of wrong answers. All of you, mostly all of you solve it again. Question number 70. Now I'm getting right answers for 70. Question number 70, look at here. All of you. First let me reach to, first let me reach to 6th July, 1989. To reach 6th July, 1989, first let me go to 6th August, 1989. So 6th August, 1989, 14th August is Friday. So 7th August would be again Friday, one week before. So 7th August, 89 is Friday. 6th August is in the same year, 89 would be Thursday. And if this is Thursday, then try to understand here. 6th July, 89 would be Thursday minus three because I'm crossing July last day, it is 31 days. So three odd days. So Thursday minus three is Monday. So 6th July is Monday. Now 6th July, 88. Now this 88 is just to confuse you. This is a leap year, you will reduce it by two or something, which is a wrong idea. Which leap year is coming in between? Between 6th July, 1989 and 6th July, 1988. Leap February, 89 is coming in between. So if 89 is coming in between, then it would be minus one because this is non-leap. So Monday minus one is Sunday. So answer here would be option A, not B and D as you have been telling me. Question number 71, the answer is 22. There is no doubt about this. We have already done that. 72 you solve, 73 you solve, 74 you solve. Question number 72, you have been giving me answers. Just let me check. 72, you are giving me answer C. 73, there is a mixture of A and D. 74, I have got very less answers. So I will solve in next three, four minutes. Take three, four minutes and solve it. If you are not revising the topics, you might have realized that few topics require remembering formula and the struggling in question number 73 or 72 or 74 is showing me completely that you have covered the formula. There is no doubt about it. Okay, now enough time I have given. Question number 72, look at here. A clock is started at noon 10 minutes by 10 minutes past five. R sand has turned through. So R sand in 12 hours, it goes 360 minutes. So in one hour, it will go 360 by 12. That is 30 degrees. So in 12 hours, it goes by 360 degrees. In one hour, it will go 30 degrees. So in one minute, it will go 30 by 60, half degree. So in 10 minutes, it will go half degree into 10 that comes out to be five degrees. Now try to understand from 12 noon to five o'clock is five hours. So in five hours, it will go five into 30 that is equal to 150. And in next 10 minutes, it will go five degrees. Total comes out to be 155 degrees. So answer here is C. Next, question 73. An accurate clock shows eight o'clock in the morning. Through how many degrees will the R hand rotate when the clock is two o'clock in the afternoon? This is six hours. So six hours means 13 to six, 180 degree. So answer here is 180 degree. Question 74. I have told you that when accurate time has been given to find out theta, use 30 H minus 11 by two M or 11 by two M minus 30 H, any one formula. So theta is equal to 30 into three minus 11 by two into 40. So this comes out to be 90 minus 220 which is equal to minus 130. And when theta is equal to minus 130 ignore negative answer here would be C. So that's the answer out here. Solve this question, question 75. So question 75, I've been getting answer at 75 E. Let me read the question. So this is a diagram given where three kind of artist players and doctors have been given. So how many artists, so these are, this is the artist. It means that I'm talking about rectangle. Are neither player nor doctors. So look at here, artist there are four categories. This is one, this is second, this is third, this is fourth. So this is coming into player category. This is coming into player and doctor both. This is coming into doctor. So I'm writing P, PD and D. So not player and doctor is 30 which is outside these two, outside circle and triangle. 30 is not given over here. So 75 answer would be E, 76, 77. Just make this diagram on your paper. Quickly make this. Okay, I hope you have made this diagram. So question 76 and 77 just solved. Okay, question 76, the answer I've been getting is question 76, I'm getting B, question 77, I'm getting A. And she thinks it's saying P. So 76, B is correct, 77, A is correct. Let's go to 78. 78, you have been giving me answer, both C and D I can see. So I would like to solve this question then. So 78, the actual answer is C. So look at here, what is the question? The question is how many artists are player? So how many artists are player? So it has to be one among these three numbers or mixture of these three numbers. So look at here, 22 players are in category of artists and these three players are also artists. So 22 plus three is equal to 25. This three you should not ignore because this three is artist, player and doctor. So it will go in all three categories. So 22 plus three is 25. So answer over here is 25. 79, read it. Okay, so I hope you have read the instructions. Now let's go and solve this question. 79 and 80, 79 what answer you have been giving me? I'm getting both A, 79, A and 80, A. And 79, E also I'm getting. Few people are saying that 79, E also is correct. So let me check these answers and then we will move on. So 79, A if I put, so five is equal to two minus seven five is equal to two minus seven plus 10. So this is five is equal to minus five plus 10. So five is equal to five. And if I put E, so five minus two plus seven is equal to 10. So this is also correct. So both A and E are correct here. So options have not been put properly. Now 80, A has been told to me. So equal to one plus two divided by two. So this is correct because two and by board mass this will happen first, division will happen first. So two by two is one and one plus two is two. So answer is A. So 80 answer is A. Now let me move to question number 81 and 82. Question number 81, I'm getting answer B. 82 you guys are saying C. Okay, no issues. So let me check the answers, 81 B and 82 C. So 81 B is 14 divided by seven plus seven is equal to nine which is correct. Two plus seven is equal to nine. So B is the answer here. And in C, 20 by five is equal to 13 minus nine. That is also correct. Four is equal to four. So C is the answer. So 81, 82, 81 is B, 82 is C. And then let's move to question 83. Solve 83. Yes, 83 B is the correct answer. So let's go and solve question number 84 to 87. So first read for question number 84 to 87. First read the instructions. Okay, so I thought, I think you have read this. So let me show you question number 84. Should I solve? So question number 84, all of you are giving me answer B. So question number 84 answer is B. Some gears are wheels and all wheels are brakes. So try to understand, I draw a figure like this. Oh, I'm sorry. I draw a figure like this. All wheels are brakes. So this is brake and this is wheel. So all wheels are brake means something like this. And then some gears are wheels, so something like this. So at least some gears are brakes, that is correct. So that's the answer. See some part of this is wheel and this is gear. Now gear, some part of gear would be inside the brake. So some, at least some gears are brake or some brakes are gears, that is correct. So that's the answer. So B follows. Let me go to question 85 and 86. Solve these two questions. 85 is C and B both. Most of you are saying C, few of you are saying B also. 86 I'm waiting. So 86, a lot of you are giving me answer D, but I'm getting answers as B also, C also. So there are different answers. I need to solve. I'll solve anyway both the things. So look at here, no month is here. So if no month is here, this is month, this is year and no year is second. So second has to be far from it. It can be here, second can be here. So all months are second does not follow. No month is second does not follow. So neither A and B follows. Question 86, any doubt in this? Question 86, no plane is hill. So this is plane, this is hill. Some hills are towns, so this is town. So no town is plain, this follows. It follows in this case. So once again here, once again, I'll solve question 85 once more. I've done one mistake in question 85. I have made only one possibility in question 85. So that's my mistake, I'll correct it. Second case would be plane here, hill here and town in between them. So this is town. So in first case, no town is plain follows. In second case, some towns are plain follows. So it means that both A and B follows. So similarly, here I have made only one condition in question 85. I have not made this particular condition that this is month, this is year and it can happen that second is not here, second is here. So no second is month can be one solution. So 85B is answer, not C is answer. This is a wrong answer because I ticked it because I didn't make the second one. So 85B is answer, 86D is answer. Solve 87. I'm getting few answers, I'll solve after one minute. Okay, 87, I've got a lot of answers from a lot of you. So few of you are saying A and arrest all of you are saying D, only two or three answers I've got as A. So let me solve it for you. All metals are liquids. So all metals are liquids. So this is metal and this is liquid. And all liquid are gases. So this is gases. So this is the only one diagram you can make. So all metals are gases is correct. At least some gases are liquid, that is also correct. So both A and B follow. So answer would be D. So there is only one possibility out here, I will solve it. Question number 88, okay. Question 88, you have been giving me answer as, so all men are mortal, that is right. So question 89, read this. It is all apples are red and then go here. It's question is, I'm writing the question here. This is for all apples. So 89B is the answer, 90 and 91. Question 90, you have been saying D. Question 91, you have been saying A. Okay, Veda, look, this is 91. Okay, so question number 90, no politician is honest, it has to be D. No correlation between politician and honest.  So this one is the answer, 91A is the answer. So let's move to question number 92. First read this and then start solving question number 92 to 94. Okay, I think you have read the instructions. Now this is question number 92 and these are the answers. Okay, a lot of you are saying 92 is A. I have got one answer as C also. So 92 correct answer is A. Why? Because in the first step, fifth or the bottom most element is moved to the second place from the top. And the second element is moved to the fourth place. Fourth element is moved to the third place. Third element is moved to the first or the top most place. And the element on the top is made to, is made new, which is made new, is moved to last or the fifth place. So that's how it is moving ahead. So answer is A. Question 93, 93, most of you are saying B, B is the right answer. Let's move to 94. Okay, you are giving me answer 94 as 94, 94 C, 94 C is the right answer. Sol 95, Gurman, check your answer. Okay, 95 A is the right answer. Go to 96. 96, you are giving me answer D. 96, the answer is D. Arjun, check your answer. If you are not getting it, let me know. Asha, you have written, you got it. Sol question number 97. 97 D is wrong answer. 97 D, I don't think it's the right answer. Okay, I'll solve my question number 97 for you. Your mother's husband's sister is my aunt. Is it correct, 97 D, I think so. Let me check. There's a man. So, suppose the man is me and I'm saying to somebody is, there is a lady. So, this lady's mother's. Mother's husband's means this lady's father. And father's sister's means this lady's aunt is my aunt also. So, this lady is of my generation. So, either she'll be cousin or sister. So, there is no sister. Okay, 97 D is right answer. I got confused. Question number 98, 98. Yes, Karthik, it is D. Question number 98, 98. Solve it. Question number 98, I've not got answer from many of you. Okay, most of you are giving me 98 A answer. 98 A is correct answer. Solve question number 99 and 100. This is easy. You might have done it. 100 C, 99 A. So, 100 is C and 99 is A. That is correct. So, if I solve it for you, everything is starting with P, E, S, T. So, after P, E, S, T, E is first. Then I should come, then L should come. So, answer here should be P, E, S, T comes first. So, four is first. Sorry, one second. No, I should come first and then anything should come. So, P, E, one second. P, E, S, T, P, E, S, T, P, E, S, T. Okay, this is S. So, first one is fifth. So, it is P, E, double S. So, fifth one is first. After that, everything is P, E, S, T. So, fourth one will come. So, five, four. So, this is gone, this is gone. Now, in these three, P, S, T, E should come first. So, three should come first. So, this is gone. Then I should come. So, two should come. And then L should come. So, one should come. So, answer is A here. And here, W, O, W, R, W, H. So, W, H will come first. So, three will come first. Then W, O will come. So, in W, O, W, O, R will come first. O will come later. So, W, O, R, K. So, five will come. And then four will come. Then one will come. And then two will come. So, C is the right answer. That is the story for today. So, thank you so much for joining the class. I want to tell you one thing that keep on doing the SAT preparation. Matt, we are practicing a lot. I will also start giving you hints about SAT from next class maybe. SAT preparation. If you are not doing it, only doing math, doing math will not suffice. So, whenever I ask somebody that are you guys doing Matt or are you guys doing SAT, everybody will say that they are doing Matt some or the other type because this becomes after some time a kind of, I should not say this, but kind of time pass. So, with Matt, SAT is equally important because this is also 100 bucks and this is also 100 bucks. So, start revising SAT. Go through Karnataka board books, grade nine and 10, and then study it. And if you are not studying it, then only doing math is not doing the preparation of it's equivalent to, I'll see how much time I get and depending on that, I'll decide how much SAT I can do. So, let me just look at it. And SAT portion is, Siddhas, I'll see how much I can do. So, let me look at the syllabus and other things. So, let me check how much I can do. So, there is not a problem that, but SAT, if you are not preparing for SAT, you are not preparing for NTSC. So, don't keep yourself in disguise that if you are preparing for Matt, you are preparing for NTSC. If you are not preparing for SAT, it's as good as not preparing. So, don't waste your time. Rather, utilize this time for something else. But if you are sitting here every Saturday for two hours, it's like telling me that you are serious for NTSC. 24 to 25, 26 people always have persisted with these classes. The normal strength is 30, three, four people are absent. I know who all are absent. So, that's not a problem, but do prepare for SAT. It's very, very important that SAT preparation goes on in hand with Matt preparation. So, take out the books, start preparing for NTSC SAT examination. And let me get in touch with you if I can help you out with that also. So, thank you so much for joining the class. Enjoy tomorrow's match and see you all in next week classes. Thank you. Thank you so much. Bye-bye.


How To Help Someone With Depression If you have a partner or friend who struggles with depression, you may not always know how to show them you love them. One day they may seem fine, but the next they are sad, distant, and may push you away. It is important you know that as their close, trusted friend, you can help them have shorter, less severe bouts of depression. Mental illness is as real as physical illness, and your friends need you when they're stressed, as much as they need you when they have the flu. Having people there to support and care for you while going through such a tough illness means a lot to those suffering from depression, more than you could ever imagine. And although depression can be one-sided at times, by helping your friend through a very difficult and painful affliction, you are strengthening their mental health in the long term. Here are some ways to care for a loved one dealing with depression. 1. Help Them With Their Chores and Duties When someone is suffering from depression, they may feel like they're slowing down while the world around them is speeding up rapidly. By helping them with their laundry, sorting out their mail, taking care of their phone calls or cleaning their dishes, you're taking a huge weight off their shoulders because otherwise they will feel overwhelmed. Your help also gives them a calmer and healthier environment. 2. Take a Walk With Them For a depressed person, the benefits of going outside are huge. Being outside allows them to be in the sunshine, which increases vitamin D and can help alleviate depression. Being barefoot in the dirt helps ground the body and reverse the effects of living in a world of EMFs, and digging in soil can actually act as an anti-depressant since there's a strain of bacterium in soil that triggers the release of seroton, which elevates mood and decreases anxiety. 3. Encourage Them To Focus On Self-Care To press people often stop taking care of themselves. Showering, getting haircuts, going to the doctor or dentist, it's all just too hard and they feel like they don't deserve to be well taken care of. Having the encouragement from another helps tremendously. Without others helping them take care of themselves, they will snowball quickly into greater feelings of worthlessness.  Gives them the permission they won't give themselves to do something normal, healthy and self-loving. 4. Compliment Them People with depression typically have very low self-esteem. Help them challenge their feelings of self-loathing by giving them sincere specific compliments. Being specific is really important because they are more likely to remember what you said later. One thoughtful, genuine compliment has more power than 10 careless comments that feel like flattery. Put your heart into what you say. 5. Ask Them To Help You Understand What They're Feeling If your friend is able to articulate what they're going through, it will help both of you better understand what they're dealing with and may give insight into a plan of action for recovery. Feeling alone is common for a depressed person and anything that combats that feeling will help alleviate the severity and length of depression. Having someone to talk to about how they feel makes them realize they're not as alone as they think they are and that others actually care for them. Do you have helpful tips on caring for someone with depression? Share your thoughts in the comments below. If you liked this video, check out our other social media for more content and don't forget to subscribe. Thanks for watching.


This is stock number 1142. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used sports car headquarters today. We are checking out this exceptionally clean 2009 Chevy Corvette convertible LT3 package. This vehicle has a 6.2 liter V8 LS3 motor. It has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop as a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off and this car is 100% ready to go. Crystal red metallic tint coat is the color. We shoot all of our videos in 1080p, 60 frames per second. So if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or smartphone device turn them on right now because it is definitely your best way to check out the quality and condition of the car before seeing it in person. And if you'd like to check out all the photos on this car in the upper right hand part of your screen as a link to our website click that and Check us out there. This one comes with the 18 inch chromed alloy rims in the front and it has Goodyear Eagle F1 245 40 ZR18 tires. These tires look like they have probably about 60 to 70% of the tread left So a lot of good tread in the front here and I didn't see any scuffs or scrapes on that front rim. Driver's side front fender looks like it's in really nice shape. Headlight lenses are nice and clear. This one does have HID headlamps. Factory fog lights and that front bumper is in really nice condition as well. The hood looks really good. Passengers side front fender is in nice shape and the passenger side rim is in pretty good condition as well. As you go down this side of the car take note of how clean the body is how reflective and mirror-like that paint is We take these HD videos So if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down But you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle You can see the car hear the car and of confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at Before you even get here so that when you do get here There's absolutely no surprises and that's why we offer the summit auto fast-pass option in the upper right hand part of your screen A link right to our website where you can apply for financing get pre-approved see a payment quote Even appraise a trade-off from the comfort of your own home So when you get here all you have to do is drive the car love it and you'll be all set to go See the back tires have just as much tread as the front tires four-wheel disc brakes This is a power soft top I'll show you how that works in just a little bit as you come around to the back of the vehicle rear bumpers in great shape And you do get the chrome tipped quad tipped dual rear exhaust Those are in nice shape as well The trunk lid is in pretty nice condition and as you go down the driver's side just as clean as that passenger side No major scuffs or scrapes on the rear quarter And for full disclosure this back rim is in perfect condition as well Down the rest of the side of the car looks really good You do get power mirrors We'll take a look inside The LT3 package gives you the tan leather interior There are no rips or tears on those seats side curtain airbags power driver's seat these front seats are heated Has a set of weather tech floor mats Power windows power locks power mirrors and memory driver seat. It does have the Bose sound system as well Started up here. See there are no check engine lights or anything. I do have the top unlatched so that we can so I can show you How that power top works 15,966 miles on this car instrument cluster is very nice and clean It does have the heads up display I don't know if you can see that. Maybe I'll turn the lights off. You can see that better But uh that's there Steering wheel is leather wrapped You do get audio controls on the right bluetooth controls on the left and Paddle shifters because it is a manual transmission push button start. There's your mileage trip Options menu right there cd player. I believe it's a six disc CD player yep six disc cd changer Bose sound m fm And series xm radio capabilities dual climate control. They're your heated seat buttons. That is an automatic This one does have two key fobs Passenger side Format and seat are in excellent condition as well And the inside of the soft top is in pretty nice shape too You do get home link buttons for your garage door security systems and lighting systems And this one does have the compass display in the mirror and on-star capabilities So to get this top off You just have to Or down I should say you just press this button right here It'll roll your windows down And then it will begin The process Actually got to press it down my bad Once it clicks you're all set to go I'm just gonna turn the engine off for just a second here. We'll take a look inside the trunk And then we'll start it up again so you can hear the exhaust take a look under the hood See that back here is a nice shape This one does come with a bra that goes on the front there And you can see the back storage area is very nice and clean So this bra does come with the car and you can see that the rear shocks are doing a nice job holding that up The trunk up We'll start it again And then take a look under the hood Once again, no check engine lights or anything like that Starts right up Now we'd personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this hd video You have been able to tell just how clean this car is all the way around inside out under the hood We have the 6.2 liter ls3 v8 motor 430 horsepower engine base very clean runs very smooth Once again, this car has been fully safety to end inspected by our service shop Has a fresh oil and filter change all the fluids have been checked And topped off And this car is 100 percent ready to go There's the emission sticker. We'll do one more final walk around here on the car with the top down Thanks again for checking out the video. Remember to like subscribe and share and if you want to make this one years Definitely give us a call<PHONE_NUMBER> I would highly recommend this car from a quality and condition standpoint And to see more pictures of this car one of our other 450 new and used cars trucks suvs minivan sports cars Corvettes camaros mustangs gt 500s Challengers chargers you name it. We got to go to our website right there www.summitauto.com Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summit auto.com And if you like to check out more hd videos, you can go to youtube.com slash summit auto Remember to like subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there In fact in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our youtube channel any left a link to more Corvette videos like this one on your right if you've not been to our website on the bottom link to this vehicle on our website Click those check us out and we really look forward to helping with this super clean 2009 Chevy Corvette convertible LT3 package and red crystal tin coat metallic. Thanks again for checking out the video


Yesterday I gave a perspective on what I see as sort of major challenges that we face as research libraries over the next decade or so. And today we're going to tell you, and I've brought some support along for this, what we're going to do about it at the British Library, or rather more specifically what we're going to do to enable us that the things that we do are the right things, as in the things that our users actually want and that add value to them. And so we're doing this as a trio. Fiona and Sally will join me in this talk. Yesterday I sort of spoke about the changing environment that we are in and the various challenges that we are facing. And from the perspective of the British Library, we have a sort of guiding vision that at least is intended to take us through these changes until 2023. So it's not quite yesterday's 11-year horizon. That's called living knowledge. And in particular it's some very bold aims that we want to achieve, including being the most open, creative and innovative institution of its kind in the world. No pressure there. And like many vision statements it's good and bold, but it doesn't explain in very much detail how we want to achieve some of those visions. So we've been busy over the last couple of years developing a new strategy, a new service strategy, for how we are meeting our purpose as a research library specifically. The library covers a range of purposes and in that sense it's quite different from other institutions. And this is interestingly sort of the first strategy of its type. And it's linked into work that's currently underway. Sally is leading on. It's about renewing our content strategy for contemporary content. And to enable us to take all these changes forward, we've set up a change management portfolio. It's helpful to call everything available. And this portfolio sort of brings together a range of activities that we've already started or that we're working on over the coming years to really transform the services that we offer to researchers and research organisations. And it builds on the service strategy. And when we set up the strategy it was roughly organised around three themes, which we've on a very high level oriented around a really simplified version of a researcher's workflow. And it is called find, use and share. So the idea behind it, find is that it sort of brings together activities where we help our users to find relevant information from our own collections, but also information globally. So this is at least a tentative shift with the view that some time ago, as a national library, in particular with large collections, you could sort of vaguely hope that for most people you can meet at least most of their needs somehow. That's clearly no longer the truth and hasn't been, I think, true for a while for collections. So we are looking really at how can we enable people to make more use of knowledge that lives outside of our collections and how we can connect this to what we have. The second part is then once you point to someone, to that material, how can you give them access to that information and enable them to work with the information? That for example just means that we want to go beyond the point where we say, you have a question, here 500 documents in some vague order of random preference, but rather how can we actually help you extract useful information and again sort of connect this to the information needs that you have. And the third element, SHARE, is arguably the one that's mostly focused at how we support other organisations. And that's the aim to work more on shared infrastructure and arguably sort of transform the way how we are working much more to, in some cases, an open sign service provider, because arguably as our needs to support people in accessing information goes down, there is at least for the foreseeable future an increase in helping to get information out and make sure there is persistent access, so this is us working with other institutions. And in terms of delivery, we sort of roughly group this around on-site and online services. I say roughly because there's obviously an overlap between the two of them, but we have under the everything available portfolio two relatively ambitious programmes, no underway, that look at potentially quite radically reconfiguring how we support users on-site and then similarly thinking about how can we sort of reinvent the way we make content available to our users online. And in order for us to deliver these two programmes, we really need to make sure that what we imagine will serve our users actually meets our users' needs. And that's why as part of these programmes, we set up a systematic programme to doing user research and we've created a dedicated post that's Fiona's role to sort of help co-ordinate these activities across the libraries. And Fiona and Sally will now tell you from the sort of on-site and online perspective how we are approaching this, what methods we are using, some of those might be of interest to you, and what we've learned in this process so far. Right. Well firstly, the reading room research, as you're probably aware, we've got a lot of reading rooms and over the last year or so we've been interviewing and observing people as well in our reading rooms over two phases. And the aim of this is to find out who's using us, why they're coming, what they think of us and how easy do they actually find it to use our material and our services. We've also been curious to see if there's a difference between the needs and experiences of people who want our general collections, that's things like humanity sciences, and if it differs from people who use our specialist collections and that's things like maps and manuscripts. And over this last year or so we've interviewed and observed 150 people. Now the difference is between these two types of potential users and users. Firstly, the general collections, the people using our general collections, we have a high proportion of students and also business researchers using them. Now we ask them for their pains and gains what they'd like from us. The particular pains these people are having is finding journals and they're also having problems with reading rules, things like pens only and opening hours. But there's a high proportion of general work environment approval, they do like it, but as I said they want us to be open longer and later and all days of the week. Now the special collections here, we've got a higher share of academic authors and senior academics. Now these people aren't always very happy but the things they're having problem with is finding special collection items and they're very vociferous about what they think about problems here. But they're also very vociferous with their approval of us and they particularly like the range of material we offer and the very fact that we've got this specialist material, this niche stock. In general, what's very comforting is people spontaneously will give you some really great feedback in spontaneous things like your own invaluable resource, your space of solace, and when people say it's worth even coming over from Canada, that was a real back slap or a thumbs up for us. Most people have tended to join within the last couple of years and the majority do come several times a week. Now this is an issue most of them live in London and the most popular age bracket is between 25 and 34. We also ask them about whether they use our material when they're actually in the reading rooms. Now 61% of them are using material on that day, but the remainder, half of them have used it in the past but they're not using it that day. And half of them have never used it before at all. So it does mean that nearly 40% of people are not using material on the day they're there. So this has given us a chance to look at whether we want to increase this. We certainly do and we're setting targets for how we actually increase usership on the day. Now the public areas is a different kettle of fish. You may be aware we've got quite a large public area in the building and it includes things like our cafe and we've monitored the number of people sitting in these areas with laptops and clearly working or doing some form of research. We've also interviewed 150 of them as well and we found that 61% of this space is being used by people for research or work purposes with particular peaks in the summer when it comes through to exams and the likes. So that means about 250 seats in the public areas each day is being used by people doing research and that's quite a lot adding on to people in our reading rooms, a significant boost. So we've been quitting these people as I said and we've found out that of these people in the public areas just over half of them are not readers. We've also found just under half are current readers or people who've not used us for a while and they have been readers but it does mean that these people who are not readers are not using our materials but they are using our space. So you wanted to find out more about them. Now why were these readers using the public areas and not the reading rooms? Well they were saying things like I need a cup of coffee, I've got to make a phone call, I've got to have a meeting with someone, things that they can't do in the reading rooms. Now the non-readers, they're mainly using it basically for a workspace. Over 80% of them said I need a work area to sit in and do work. The big issues we've got with these people who are not readers and using our public area, three in five of them don't know what's on offer. If they were a reader they have no idea what the benefits would be and they don't know how to become one either. We said to both groups, ok, what would you like, what improvements would you like? Well surprisingly or rather, not surprisingly, the readers out there for coffee, they want cheaper coffee. But the people who aren't readers, they want more space, more elbow room. All this work has also given us an opportunity to look into segmentation of all the people using it on site and we've found out, as you can see, the biggest audience by far are academics. And the academics are split roughly between the largest group of post-grads coming in at 44%, followed by the lecturers and professors group and followed by the undergraduates and below. When I say below, that's people who primarily are studying for A levels. Authors, they're split two-thirds of the authors and that's the second group down. Two-thirds of them are actually writing or researching for academic publications, whilst one-third are writing for commercial or public ones. And finally, with the bronze medal, so to speak, are the professionals. That's a very broad group we've found and that's everyone from things like government policy officers, to people working for charities, to people who are like journalists, or people who are just using the space as a kind of unofficial office. Now this is the point where I'm going to hand over to Sally. Thank you. Hello everyone. So it's fairly introduced to me already. I won't repeat it, but I'm Sally. And if I move forward, I shall reveal that I'm going to be talking to you about some research that we did starting last September and going through to the second week of January, so very hot off the press, with non-users. So, non-users. We had a particular aim at the British Library. As Fiona mentioned, actually three-quarters of our current customers who come to the London site at St Pancras, we do have a reading room in Boston Spa. So St Pancras isn't the only place we have a reading room. The users that come to us in London, actually three-quarters of them, live in London or the South East. But we are the national library. So our aim is to grow reach beyond that current user base and to be perhaps more relevant to people outside the M25. And that's why we want to do research with non-users. So, what do you think some of the methodological challenges might be in reaching non-users, a bit of audience participation? Anyone got any ideas? Do you want to shout them out? I'll defend them. Absolutely. Well done. Give that amount of coconut. Okay, so the very first thing to say is obviously when you're researching non-users, you don't know them and they know perhaps very little about you. So the first challenge that we had to accept was that the British Library on our own could not reach enough non-users to make this into a robust study. So we wrote a specification and did a competitive tendering process and appointed an agency who were able to reach the kind of numbers we were talking about in a quantitative survey and with whom we felt confident that we would actually get some quite robust results. We shortlisted five agencies, three came to pitch, two were quite convincing, but the one that we went with was a company called Accent and you'll see their logo appear later in the slides because I have in fact nicked some of the slides from their slide deck with their permission. Okay, so what were the advantages of using them? They were able to use a third-party online panel survey called Talluna. It's the second largest online panel survey in the UK after YouGov. It reaches five million adults who age 18 plus. So very wide representation, lots of good demographic mix which was part of what we were looking for. And as you can see from the blue blobs on the left-hand side of this slide, we did this research in two phases. The first phase went from September through to the end of October and that was the quantitative phase where we reached just over a thousand people through this online panel survey. It's actually a thousand and thirteen and the reason for that is because people were completing the panel survey so quickly that by the time we realised we got to a thousand they said stop, turn it off. Another thirteen people had completed the survey which was quite amazing stuff. It was very successful in terms of reach. The online panel survey took about fifteen minutes to complete. That's quite typical. Covered a range of questions about who these people were and what they were doing. All of them were doing some form of research. The second phase in the yellow, gosh that's awfully lime green, isn't it? The second phase was quantitative and this was a series of twenty-four telephone depth interviews where we conducted in-depth interviews, averaged about fifty minutes. Some of them went over, over an hour, where people had more to say but at least forty-five minutes per interview where we actually presented some stimulus material about our research services to the participants to see what they made of it. I'll tell you a little bit more about who these people are. The non-users for the QAMP survey, as I said, just over a thousand of them, we inverted what normally happens at the British Library so the majority were not in London and the South East. Seventy-four per cent were from the rest of the country, which is exactly what we wanted. We also had a very good spread, as you can see, of ages, socio-economic classes. Quite a lot of people with disabilities, actually, more than we expected and a good mix of people doing different types of research. Now at this point, those of you with particularly good eyesight will spot that the types of research cover everything from the usual academic traditional research through to business and personal research and they don't add up to a hundred per cent. This is because it was a multi-code question and what we found was there were far more people doing personal research, so for example family history, military history, something that was a personal passion on top of other work-based or academic research that they might be doing, which in itself was something we sort of thought might be the case, the first time we've actually done non-user research of this scale to find that. So why are they not using British Library services? Here we're not talking so much about the exhibitions. We're talking about people who either have never used the British Library's research services or haven't used them for the last two years or maybe came in for an exhibition or cup of coffee but never actually ventured into the 11 reading rooms at St Pancras or the one up in Yorkshire at Boston Spa. The main reason that I've highlighted in red here is they simply didn't know it existed. So of our four really big services, as you can see, even the online catalogue, they'd never come across that and there was actually very low levels of awareness of our website per se. The reading rooms again, a lot of people just haven't thought about using them. Into library loan, a lot of people didn't realise it existed and the ones who did the academics thought it was part of their university library service. So they didn't realise it had anything to do with the British Library. Business and IP Centre. This is a specific centre. In fact, there's a national network of almost 20 of them now throughout the country which provides advice and content and workshops for people who want to start or run their own businesses. Again, this was something where a lot of people simply didn't know it existed and the second main reason for non-use was because people had simply never considered it. Obviously that's related to the fact that it existed. So what do they want? Now, we use the term research facilities but this actually means like any on-site facility but I feel that is seen as a traditional library or a more open kind of hub, a more open kind of workspace where you don't necessarily go through a gate of area to use it because we have those kinds of spaces as well. So the main things that people were looking for were instant access to information, free Wi-Fi and the service itself being free of charge. So no real surprises there. But when we asked them in a subsequent question what were their most important things to them out of the things they'd already talked about? Quietness came up as being very high in their wish list. Now at this point they didn't know it was the British Library who'd commissioned the survey. So that was quite interesting because the perception and we did some more research to back this up actually of the British Library so it's a very hushed, worthy environment to use. But it's quite interesting that without prompting them with that kind of image in mind they also really needed somewhere quiet to get their work done. OK, so we'll probably be aware people these days tend to start their research online. It provides plenty of information at the touch of the bottom and basically people are very used to doing this from home. Google comes up top and beyond that trust came through as a very important factor. So the trust of the source itself and the material you can find in it. I think with all the fake news stories this is perhaps more upper mind most in people's minds these days. Offline comes later so people will go to physical libraries and institutions and again what they're looking here for is some very specific resources either some archival material or in fact the expertise and help of the librarians themselves. So libraries are still playing a key role and are continuing to do so in future. Two main things that people are looking for research support which is a posh way of saying help and the work environment again good quality quiet facilities where you can actually spread out your materials and study. However there are lots of barriers and for us the main one is basically the registration system that we have and requiring people to come in person to London or Boston spa with their proofs of identification I can get my teeth in to actually pick up their reader pass so that was a really big barrier for people as well as time, money, costs, travel the usual. So what we found in the qualitative part of the survey so that was a telephone depth interviews so that once people knew about this the services that we have to offer they were much more likely to use them in fact they got quite excited and wanted to start using the services straight away particularly things they can access from home and pricing for instance for documents supply didn't put them off which was a bit of a surprise to us we expected that to be more of a barrier than it was. Things that are going to be popular in future the online offering so digital collections stuff you can download and look at immediately without barriers the catalogs themselves so you can find the resources even if perhaps you access them from your local or university library rather than us. Main things that people want is obviously speed and ease of use and they want a simple streamline design so more Google like interfaces and again as I mentioned earlier coming to London to have to get the reader pass is still the biggest barrier we do need to keep that in place for the time being but we have got plans to expand with different tiers of membership in future which may mean that you can register online in future hooray! So to conclude here I'd emphasise the importance of the agency expertise I mean Fiona in particular but myself as well we've both been involved in various different social research studies over the years the agency accent were particularly good in this case and helped us to achieve the quota sample that we needed from the national survey we knew mixed methods that's something that's very common I know but we actually used some of the observation work that Fiona talked about earlier to provide some triangulation of the results as we went along we used segmentation what I haven't talked about so much in detail was the fact that we followed up the telephone depth interviews with three of the six clusters from the cluster analysis to identify patterns and behaviours that were similar and the three clusters we looked at were those where there was more potential for future use of British Library services another thing I'll mention in case you've not heard of it before is a thing called value proposition design which is a tool that you use to put the customer and a customer segment at the heart of everything that you plan to do for improving services in future so in future we'll make our registration systems easier easier to use but also easier in terms of getting hold of that all-important reader pass at the end of the journey not as much removing that barrier altogether you will still have to come in to get the reader pass in person but introducing new levels of membership going forward and introducing new online open services which Torsten referred to earlier under everything available


In the comment section of a recent video, there was one person that said, I'm tired of hearing Ravens fans talk about Deandre Hopkins. They need to just give it up. They need to quit it because it's not happening. They need to realize that it's not going down. Oh really? I know nothing is official yet, but according to this latest report is close. Shout out to the NFL chick Rita. We got a lot of love for Rita. She's real good people. She done came through on the channel a couple of times, and she will come through on the channel more times too. But she broke this and she don't just break anything for no reason. When she says something, it's real. But she said, all right. So the streets say a de-hop to the Ravens is close. Trying to figure out drive compensation and money structure to the cap. Hopefully this means a Lamar deal is close too. Just streets talk, y'all. Time will tell. And then she followed that up and said, now remember, I said close. It's not a done deal yet. I don't think we'll know for sure until tomorrow. But streets say it's real smoke, not a smoke screen. And that's what we love to hear about Deandre Hopkins. So now we get in closer. We get in closer to this dream. Remember when we talked about how this would be a dream for me? This would be a dream for me. Like Odell Beckham, Jr., that is great. I loved it. Keven Rashad Bateman, great. Odell Beckham Rashad, even Nelson Aguilore that too. Cool. Devin Duvenay, Dane Prochet. Cool. But I continue to say, even before we got Odell Beckham, Jr., I continue to say, Odell is nice and I love it. I love it. But they shouldn't stop there. That shouldn't be enough. Ravens shouldn't be like, all right, we're done. That's a wrap. For adding the deal. Dude, play with me, Ravens. Oh, don't be done, man. Don't be done. Odell Beckham, Jr., earlier today, he tweeted, book him. And that was this afternoon. Now, there were some people that tried to say, oh, he's talking about Devin Booker. That game was 12 hours ago. What would he be doing tweeting about a game that happened 12 hours ago? I don't want to hear nothing about it being about no Devin Booker. No. This is about something different. And I won't take any other answer. But then Lacey, even Lacey Dacosta, EDC's wife, she got involved too. She just put a little purple heart emoji. But then I guess she was just getting too many replies or something because she deleted it. She said, enough is enough. I ain't getting involved in all this, all these cold words and whatnot. But again, we talked about Lamar Jackson last night. We talked about Odell Beckham, Jr., and Ravens them putting all their emojis and stuff in them. They're little subliminals and whatnot. And hey, we know something big is going down. And if it is the Andre Hopkins. Hey, see, one of my favorite parts about this whole thing right now, man, is that if this is true, if this goes down, we will definitely know by tomorrow. Why? Because the compensation, whatever the compensation is that it's going to take to land at the Andre Hopkins, the draft starts tomorrow. So they're going to want to get that whole thing squared away ASAP. Because since the draft starts tomorrow, the Cardinals are going to want to know what type of compensation they have. The Ravens are going to know what type of compensation they have. If it involves the first round pick, if it involves swapping first round picks, whatever it involves, they're going to want to get that squared away before draft time. So this would be great. Oh, man, this would be great. And I've seen quite a few Ravens fans say, we deserve it. We deserve it. That's because we do. We do. After the Ravens years of them just neglecting the wide receiver position almost. Just years of them just doing enough to get by at that position almost. This would be a beautiful thing. I would be so happy. Now, again, this is something that should have happened years ago, whether the Andre Hopkins or not, whether Odell Beckham Jr. or not. This is something that this should have been the approach years ago. After 2019, this should have been the approach from that point moving forward.  He did that with them. Oh, imagine what he could do if this room got upgraded. Imagine. But it is what it is. That's the past. And we're here now. And this move would just really just shock me. It would shock me because it's like it's really it will really be the Ravens going against the grain, so to speak. It will be them going against their own ways, going against exactly how they operate, exactly how they do things. It will be them just completely flipping the script to have somebody who was once the best receiver in the game. And still one of the top receivers in the game now. Don't get it twisted. And then I have Odell Beckham Jr., somebody else who used to be considered one of the top receivers in the game. And he had an off year, like literally an entire year off. But now he could possibly be a refreshed Odell Beckham Jr. And with DeAndre Hopkins, you know, he did get suspended last year for a little bit, so he missed some time with that. But this just, this will be great, man. And then again, you cannot forget about Rashad Bateman. You can't forget about Rashad Bateman. Now again, my hope is that none of those top three have to go anywhere, because that's the only thing I would be scared about if one of those top three had to exit the building. Obviously not DeAndre Hopkins, Odell Beckham Jr., because they would just be coming in, but I would hope that Rashad Bateman would not be involved in any type of trade, compensation, any of that. Because I want the Ravens to have all three. I want them to have all three. Again, it's been brought up. Oh yeah, it's only one football to go around that. That's true. I think it's a good problem to have though. I think it's a great problem to have, because the Ravens haven't really had that problem, especially with, as far as the passing game. Running game? Oh yeah, they've had that problem. Remember Mark Ingram, J.K. Dobson, Gus, it was all back there together. Hey man, I'm getting carried. Oh no, you getting carried. Oh, you getting carried too. Oh man, you getting carried. Okay, now it's going back to you. Yeah, but you never really had that problem in past, catcher. Just imagine. Imagine what that would do to defenses, because it's like three wide receiver sets.  Oh my goodness, man. Just thinking about it, man. Oh my goodness. Just thinking about it. If you got, oh my goodness, man.  Oh my goodness, man. Y'all, oh boy, Ravens, man. Yo. This would be great, man. This would be great, like amazing. Just thinking about that. The problems that it would cause to defenses, man. Oh, but we're going to see. We are going to see what happens with this whole thing, man, but shout out to the NFL, shout out to Rita. You already know what time it is, but hey, I just hope the streets are right, and I know they ain't let you down and nothing like that, but I just hope they're right, because that would be such a beautiful thing, man. Such a beautiful thing. Man.  If this goes down with a D'Andre, like, I ain't going to say the SB word yet, man. I ain't going to say the phrase yet, but they get, ooh, and they keep Rashada, ooh, and then they keep Lamar, ooh. I ain't going to say, yeah, I'm going to wait until it's official, but trust me, I'm going to be very close to getting on that damn wagon. But anyway, this could all lead, if they do land to D'Andre Hopkins, this would definitely help lead to a Lamar Jackson staying too, because it would just make sense, because again, Mike Lombardi said it, but then Josina Anderson, she said it too, that Lamar Jackson told the Ravens to check on D'Andre Hopkins and Odell Beckham Jr. This would be them doing that. This would be Lamar using his power, and this would be the Ravens using their power too. This would be both, both sides, and both of them use their power, and if they could be like Captain Planet, when our powers combine, Captain Planet, but it will be Captain Contract, and then they could strike a long-term deal, whether three years, four years, whatever it may be. They could just get all this done, and then we could move forward, and then start the draft tomorrow. Oh my goodness, Ravens. Oh. This is so exciting. Like, y'all don't know what's going on inside of me right now, man. I would just be so happy if this went, like some of y'all, especially y'all that have been around for a long time, especially y'all that have been around since 2020. Oh man, y'all know like when they almost, when they tried to trade for D'Andre Hopkins, they tried hard enough, but they tried to trade for D'Andre Hopkins back then, I almost cried. I was so hurt, man, because he was my favorite receiver in the game back then. Still one of my favorite receivers in the game, and now that I think about it, I don't know who my favorite receiver right now in the game is, but anyway, this will be great. I know he's older than he was three years ago, obviously, but this, this, this will be great. I'm just thinking about the offense, man. This will be great. But anyway, we'll see what happens. Y'all know I keep y'all posted if I hear anything. I know if y'all hear anything, y'all will keep me posted too, but I love y'all so much, team. Keep it clean. I appreciate y'all. And just like, hopefully D'Andre Hopkins can tell the Cardinals after being traded to the Ravens, I'm out. I love y'all.


Good evening everyone. This is Kandan Kadrivel from AT&T and I'm Haseeb Akhtar from Ericsson. Today we're going to talk about implication of 5G and edge computing in OpenStack. There's a lot of discussion going on about edge computing last a few days and also there's a lot of silo work happening across like multiple companies and multiple open source about the edge computing. So we like to bring a perspective of, you know, like what is Telco world is thinking about when it comes to the edge computing? You know, what are the use cases? And I just came up the work session, you know, there's a discussion about how the use case is going to look like. So we like to present to you guys what the use case is going to look like and what do we think about the solution? And I think, you know, then we will take the questions to address, you know, right of question. Regarding the edge computing, this is the next era in the computing. So we talked about a centralized cloud, then we talked about, you know, like a cloud for the CDN, which is basically providing a content delivery network closer to the edge. So this is talking more use cases in that particular area of, you know, what is needed to be done in the edge computing from an OpenStack perspective? And how do we satisfy the use cases defined in the 5G in other areas? So the best way to predict the future is to really create it. This is a quote, you know, like I, when I did a Google, I got this quote and I was pretty impressed by this quote, because when we talk about something, it's better to create it so that, you know, people can envision, you know, what need to be done from the technology perspective. So, so this slide is to provide the use cases related to the telco and I'll start on the IoT part. So there's a lot of innovation happening from IoT and a lot of companies already started supporting the IoT. So where is IoT stands is that there is a connected car and now sensors being actually installed everywhere in the home, in the stadiums, even in the, you know, agriculture field, everywhere the sensors been used. So they collect a lot of information and that lot of information need to be processed quickly so that the information is, you know, like a processed and given back to that application so that the application can make some decision or or use that, you know, data to make the processing related to that. So that specific use cases is what, you know, like primarily IoT is looking for. The other use case is that AR, VR.  So especially AR VR records a video processing in a very quick way unless, you know, people will see a jitter when the videos has been sent to the device and you will see, you know, like there's a lot of jittering when we try to process this actually in a centralized cloud. So usually when we talk about centralized cloud, you know, if you take a public cloud is usually deployed in, you know, up to 25 location, you know, some clouds, you know, up to 30 location, but it is not really in the range of, you know, 2,000 or 3,000 location. So these AR, VR application, especially, you know, image processing, for example, face recognition of the AR application, you need a quick processing at the edge and this centralized based cloud will not satisfy that specific need of that particular application. Then the other use case we see with the telco is that virtualized mobile network. So there's a set of boxes getting implemented or installed in the cell tower and they have a processing needed to, whatever the processing has to be done in terms of supporting the 4G LTE network, but the 5G is taking that into making them as a virtualized application. So this is an innovation happening in the telco industry to take the hardware platform into the virtualized platform.  Now, what's happening is that the innovation is happening in the 5G and the RAN area to virtualize that content. So this also occurs, you know, like closer to the edge. So in this case, the edge is the cell tower itself. So it has to be closer to the edge so that this processing can happen very quickly so that that specific application work. So the other aspect is that, you know, the equipments get installed in customer location. For example, there is a Wi-Fi has been given in a specific location. For example, a stadium or in a customer home. So these devices, the wireline access, it is also getting virtualized. It is getting containerized. So these required is a quick processing which cannot be installed in the data center. So the concept is really, you know, bringing the cloud very closer to the customer or very closer to the end user. That is what the edge computing is about.  So bottom line is that, you know, really taking the computing power closer to the customer, that's what the edge computing in this context, what we are talking about. So how many equation we really have to install? So this is really dependent upon the application. If the application, you know, like a cane, withstand the networking latency of, you know, processing in a centralized cloud, then it could be hosted in the centralized cloud as we stated. But if the application really needs something, a quick processing from the network latency perspective, also a quick processing of the application itself, then it has to be installed very closer to the edge. So there is a lot of studies been done. You know, I have seen myself that there's a lot of professors in the universities, they have been studying, you know, like how much closer this edge has to be, but there's need to be a still work need to be done because there's no common definition yet in terms of, you know, like how close of this edge need to be.  Some people say it has to be installed in the home. So that particular thing of where it need to be installed, it has to be flexible in terms of, you know, where this computing is going to be installed. So that's why I'm showing us like a 2000 plus location, but this is not limited depending upon the use case, this could be a 10,000 plus location. So this slide is to talk about what do we have with respect to the typical OpenStack Cloud deployment and what do we really need from the edge perspective. So typically OpenStack Cloud, it supported x86 compute and it supported about 50 plus sites, what we talked about and local control plane, which is basically installing the OpenStack locally in the data center and also the virtualization layer needed to virtualize that particular compute host. You know, it is a very generic operating system. It's very generic, you know, like a KVM and all the ways which has been put in places like it's very generic and this will not cut the deal when we actually go to the edge. The edge has to be right and light. That is a key for the edge. So what does this really mean? Right? It is not just going to be x86 processor. It will be any type of processing. You know, if it could be FEGA, DSP processor, it could be any type of processor. Why? Because when we try to install something in a customer home, when we try to install something in a cell tower, it will not be x86 in all the cases. And we talked about the 2000 plus location, but from a generic use case perspective, you know, it could actually need up to 10,000 plus location. So the zero touch provisioning is also one of the key aspect when it comes to the edge. Why do we need a zero touch provisioning? The real reason for the zero touch provisioning is that in the data center, usually there is an operation team sitting there. And mostly everything is automated. And then still the operation team can go to some manual work or they can troubleshoot something with it. But edge, if it is getting installed in a stadium or if it gets installed in a 10,000 plus cell tower, it is not easy to have some person go every time and every day to actually do a troubleshooting or to install the application itself. So that's why it needs a zero touch provisioning. We know that from an open stack perspective, when we install it, there is a lot of complexity involved in terms of installing the open stack. And in this case, we do really need to think about the zero touch provisioning because we cannot have, especially if we take telco, we cannot send a truck which every time to the cell tower to troubleshoot something or install something. So that's why the zero touch provisioning is very key. And also, what are the options? So it has to be, it need to be both a way, meaning that it has to be regionally supported, meaning that open stack being regional, Azib is going to talk more about that and controlling the compute host distributed across multiple locations. The other option is that, like a local control plane, meaning that the open stack is very thin open stack, getting installed locally and controlling that compute host in that location. Why do we need these two options? The reason is that there are locations where only you can accommodate a couple of servers and there is no way to put a heavy control plane in there. For example, if you take a cell tower, if you put two compute, there is no way to put another two server or a three server for a control plane. So it has to be very thin and in that case, regional will be helpful. But if there is a location that you want really high availability and you can have two more servers accommodated there, for example, central offices, then in that case, you can have a local control plane in. So the key is less compute overhead. We also need to have a thin operating system supporting this virtualization layer from the container and the VM. So that is also a very key when it comes to the edge. So this is a summary of other use cases what we are seeing. I just explained this in word. This is a picture explaining what are the use cases we are really seeing. So the faster bucket is virtualized to mobile network. We can see the virtual ran elements, then virtual 5G components. The second bucket is the wireline access. In this case, virtualized to wireline access, virtualized network apps. Then we talked about the AR VR drones. In this case, high bandwidth media content. That is a very key with respect to the AR VR and drones because they do the image processing. They do a face recognition. They process something with respect to the image. So they have, they really need that high bandwidth media content. And also the content delivery at the edge. This is one of the key things is that the edge is currently on the way the CDN is being set up right now. It is like maybe 60 locations across the globe. But it is not too close, especially the 5G and the new applications like AR VR come in. You need the content delivery processing, the caching, very closer to the edge. The other part is the IoT. So IoT and Fog gateway need the edge and the security management edge. And this is also another interesting use case because now the application processing is happening at the edge. So there will be a lot of emergence of the security technology because you need to make sure that your application is not getting compromised. So that is also one of the key use case. So this slide is to talk about, you know, as I stated, it is not a one solution fit for all, but it could be one open stack fit for all. But where do you deploy them? It really varies depending upon the application. So current use case, what we see from the Telco world, you know, the edge could also be deployed in a data center. You know, because if that data center is close to the user, then the edge could also be deployed in the data center. So we should not think that, you know, like data centers are completely eliminated out of the edge. That is the wrong assumption. So the edge, the real reason for the edge is like something to be closer to the customer. If this data center is closer to the customer, then the edge also can be implemented in the data center. And the other, the second part is like the central offices. People who know the Telco world, usually the cell towers are actually all connected to the central offices. So this is where the 5G ran, virtual network functions are being managed and installed.  The reason why I see current use cases, this is something we need it now. This is not something, you know, like needed out of there five years or 10 years. So this is happening now. And the customer premise is that, you know, this is also a very important use case that, you know, having a customer provider edge at the customer place like universal CP sort of a thing, it's also requires the edge at the customer premise. The near future use case, the reason I say near future is that it's also happening, maybe not this year, but very soon this is happening is that having the edge implemented in the cell towers. Okay. Thanks, Kandan. So let's look at some of the business drivers for the for the Edge Cloud. So basically what's happening with the proliferation of the 5G technology and some of the IoT devices that Kandan mentioned, the user experience is demanding, you know, more or the higher bandwidth content at the edge. And then also with the some of the AR VR applications, the demand for very low latency edge processing is also coming up. And at the same time, you know, while you have the control plane as well as some of the applications running at the edge together, there is a need for security in terms of isolation, making sure that if you're running content and the control sharing the same virtualized resources, the security aspect is is looked after in the proper manner. So so if those are the ones that are driving from an user perspective, then I guess the operators would basically look for, you know, delivering the Edge Cloud based on some of the key incentive from the from the revenue generation perspective. So for, you know, there will be new services opportunities coming up with IoT that's already there. It's it's generating new businesses. But if we, you know, I guess have more capabilities that are available in the Edge, then that should drive up further, you know, services and businesses. Same for AR and VR. Once you have the latency requirement delivered at the Edge, the AR and the VR technologies are supposed to to grow in a bigger way, much more than, you know, what we have seen in in Pokemon Go or the likes thereof. In terms of the of the other aspect of the equation, we must have to to reduce the cost or at least invest in a way that are more cost effective. So the virtualization, for example, for the 5G RAN and the core part is an incentive for for having a cost reduction that can be put on the Edge. A lot of these components are today either sitting on the cell side or in the RAN aggregator location or even in the core. Many of those then can be virtualized, put onto a cost optimized hardware platform. So that would basically bring the the the causes for for cost reduction. And of course the thin cloud at the Edge like Kandan mentioned, that it has to be right and the light as as he coined the term here. So it's not necessarily a heavy data center type of cloud. The the form factor has to be smaller than what it is today. So that would basically create a case for cost reduction. So coupled with you know cost reduction and higher revenue, the there will be a use cases that would drive the the Edge use cases. So this one is an example of how distributed workload could help in the in in the telco type of applications. So what I'm showing here is using the green line is the normal scenario where if you are running an application today through 4G network even in the in the 5G network with virtualized RAN components sitting in that in the distributed data center towards the Edge and then connecting to the EPC or Evolve packet core in the centralized data center and then you're connecting to the internet and this is a video application for example. So there is a significant amount of latency that would be created by this if you are to go through the the Edge and then then traverse all the way to the to the centralized data center and that would not really fulfill the the low latency requirement that we have for many of these applications that are driving the Edge use cases meaningly the IoT and and and so forth, right? So in the red lined use case or the red line data path if you see that we have been local applications running on on top of the virtualized EPC and the and the virtualized RAN at the Edge, assuming that we have the small form factor and a lighter version of the operating system and so forth, we would be basically reducing the delay into three to four milliseconds in the in the range that that would be acceptable for those applications to be to be meaningful. So now looking at the technical aspects of it that how do you really architect the Edge components? Do we have the central control versus the decentralized control? You know how much of it do you put into the Edge and how much of it do you put into regions and in how much of it you put into the center? So we have to kind of go through the light and and right balancing act and as Condon mentioned that we really have not the industry has not figured out what is the right way of doing it. The basically what we have to do is we have to keep an open mind here and and keep a flexible option to deploy either at the Edge or at a regional site and then following that with with a somewhat high-level architectural view of what we think could be a proposed solution is that if we kind of slim down the open stack so today's open stack the way we have it it's a it's a somewhat heavy it has a lot of components and we kind of slim it down into a version that would be only required to do the things that are necessary for the Edge both in terms of the you know the Nova Neutron or even the Keystone aspects a very necessary you know slimmed down version of the open stack that would be deployed at the Edge and then controlled by the or are the connected with the centralized open stack so that's that's a potential one option and then the next one is that we you know control the the Edge or our support controlling the Edge using a regional open stack so so that would be kind of similar to the what open stack we have today but again with a limited scoped out version that would only be applicable towards supporting the Edge use cases that that we have been discussing and meaningly here is the IoT the AR VR the virtualized ran and the and the wireless access so these are the couple of you know variation of architectural view that we think that the industry should look at or as a community we all should should look at to support the the Edge cloud use cases so it's really come down to okay we got open stack in every location and how do we how do we orchestrate this across like 10,000 plus location right so when we need to orchestrate across 10,000 plus location you need some federation among the authentication and how do you distribute the images to a 10,000 location how do you upgrade them so the use case itself is divided into two parties like the infrastructure layer which need to support the VM and container and then you have the upper layer that need to support the design orchestration control and policy and analytics so today in the AT&T integrated cloud in AT&T what we do is like we use e-comp and we open source the e-comp so that's what the one app in this particular picture on the left hand side and this is a open source and lot of contribution coming from the community on this and what it can do along with open stack it is really powerful when these two things work together and what happens is that one app sits one layer about this location or the open stack which is on the bottom layer in this case it could get distributed to 10,000 plus location we still need to do the use cases what we talked about in the open stack make it right and light and then one app on the top can provide the orchestration across like multiple location so what can be done with this is that it's filtered down into this five use cases so today one app can talk to the open stack in a heat template why do we need to heat template instead of calling like a lot of API and you know you send a one heat template where it has the information about the compute it has information about the network also it has information about the storage and you package everything into a one template and you send it out to the open stack it creates that particular VNF or the VM you need it so in this case one app can talk to the open stack through the heat template and also it can support the multi open stack region support the third thing is support nested VNF setup this is also very critical what do we mean by nested VNF setup so the in the previous picture has he talked about you know like some application stays in the edge and some application stays in the data center so in this case even the edge evolves and it get deployed in multiple location the way it is going to work is like you know if a tenant need a workload and he's let's say that he is a cell phone user or he is a ARV user so that workload when it need to be spined up you know some workloads are going to be at edge and some workloads are going to be in a central office some workloads are going to be in the data center what do we need to spread them up because there is no way to accommodate you know enormous number of workload at edge because you know if it we deploy in a cell tower or we do something in a customer home there is no way to deploy a thousand compute at the customer home or there is no way to deploy thousand compute at the cell tower there's only particular level of packaging can be done with respect to the computer so they need to be a distribution across like multiple location so then it comes to the challenging of scheduling how do you do a scheduling where do you place the you know workload do you placed on edge cloud or do we placed on you know like something in central office or do we placed on the data center so that specific analysis about you know making a real-time decision around what need to be done that is something one app can actually do but also there are some open standard API need to be developed in this particular case when I say open standard API what does that really mean right when a user comes in you know he should not be worried about whether he is putting in this telco number one telco number two or this public provider number two so they need to be a open API you know that is where this you know like a one app and open snack and help them is that you know like a one set of API that can be called in doesn't matter you know like this provider versus that provider as long as the user is ready to you know like want to create a resource and there is a financial arrangement between the user and the provider the API's are exactly the same you know you'd go to this provider or other provider so that is something you know community has to develop because that would give a flexibility of placing the workload anywhere across any different provider the other other aspect is that you know supporting a complex networking you know how complex this networking is going to be for the edge this is a multi million-dollar question right now is like do we a do I support SRHOV do I support you know overlay do I support all sort of SDN configuration to me the answer is really yes the reason is that end of the day the application the networking application are you know like any type of application need a performance needs security all the characteristics what we are planning to support or what we are supporting in the data center it's still needed in the edge cloud so it does need that complex networking so how do we solve it we still need a thin and right and then also we're talking about all the use cases so this is where this balancing act come in it's like so that's what I see was talking about is like we do need to see what is a really needed use cases and how thin it can be and support those use cases at the edge and also stretch them across you know like other data center so that they have a way of communicating between that application and another good example is like AR VR you know let's say that a cop having a AR glass and he is actually going and looking at a person and immediately the application is doing a processing by looking at that person doing a face recognition and now it got the identity of that person but it has to compare to with the you know like a millions of records which cannot be brought everything into the edge so some select you algorithm also need to be worked upon so it's really a mutual work need to be done in terms of what application has to do in the edge as well as what the infrastructure has to do so but here we pretty much focused on the infrastructure part like what does one app has to do what is open stack has to do but there's also application level work need to be done when in terms of supporting the edge the other fifth one is this is what the policy driven metadata driven this is what I talked about that open stack open API what it does expectation of this API is that you know like it is really policy driven which provider I have to place and they need to be a flexibility for the tenant to say that okay I want to be on this thing and I'm ready to pay this much so that he get placed into that particular cloud so that open API could provide that you know like policy driven meta driven metadata driven you know placement of this workload so this slide is to summarize you know for the open stack community and about where we are today with respect to open stack and where we need to take open stack in terms of the H in the edge computing world so as I stated in the previous slide you know currently we only support x86 servers but we here we have to support x86 servers and peripherals so this is where peripherals has a different type of processor they are not x86 processor in all the cases and for example the virtual ran is one good example then the control plane sizing we talked about you know how big the sizing has to be the thin and thin means that you know like we have to get rid of some of the things you know like we usually support in the data center the heavy layer of pass heavy layer of you know like anything as you know service those sort of a thing you know it has to be thinned down a little bit and go to a opinionated you know specific use cases support it at the edge because that is really needed to keep the control plane sizing you know like less and also we talked about you know like whether place a open stack regionally or whether we place the open stack you know like in the in the data center itself so it is really dependent upon the application need but they need to be a flexibility when we develop the open stack to support the edge the other thing is complex install and upgrade process in the current open stack this is a one of the key thing you know like everybody is using open stack and you guys may aware that you know like when we try to install open stack and when we try to do upgrades there are pain points there and a lot of people and including us actually solve the some of those things using the automation stuff but still there are pain points and when we go to the edge open stack we really have to care for the zero-touch provisioning there is no way you know 10,000 location without a proper automation and zero-touch provisioning this edge cloud and open stack would be deployed the other thing is like container and and we have both the VM and container world playing together now and in the morning I talked about in the session I talked about you know how do we support a container using the open stack so in this world it's going to have a play of both you know people could ask like a we are in the edge why do we need a VM because this is a question you know like every time we get asked is that there is a specific need for it because security plays a key role and container is still picking up on the security and especially some application related to the government for example cannot be in container and there are specific government guidelines today and they still adopting into the container so they still need to be industry-wise some work need to be done but that's why you know like both container and VM need to be supported in terms of you know like edge and the software availability is another key right so we usually the open stack deployment even if you do all sort of run and see in it's about the three nines of availability in a in a single install open stack in this case when we deploy in the edge as I stated you know like there is no way to you know send a person to fix something and we really need to have a more availability in when we talked about a more availability there need to be a less box and they need to be you know like a more more compact application scenario in terms of you know supporting that high availability then we talked about the scale deployments so it really we're not talking about 100 data centers anymore we're not talking about 200 300 data centers anymore we are really talking about 10,000 plus location so that's also need to be considered okay we can take a few questions given the timing and the people who want to ask questions so please go to the microphone and ask that question can you hear me okay great thank you so what is the relationship with the platform as a service with this H cloud platform as a service it's going to be not that many use cases will be required in the power platform as a service need to be supported at the edge but as a user when I come in I need you know like a specific VM or specific container with let's say that I need a database you know like in order to process my video processing or I need specific you know like a thing as a customer I do not want to see that you know I need to install everything after getting the VM then I will lose that efficiency of you know getting the edge closer to me so when we create the VM it has to have that you know like the packages installed to it that's where the pass comes in is that it's really a mixed use case but we also have to keep in mind that it has to be thin so that it can be quickly created and quickly processed at the edge hello my question is about court there is a court project which has different approach to the same problem and it contradicts the paradigm you now explained with edge computing so do you see the court and edge computing will be integrated together or it's a different strategic are you talking about card the CORD project court CRDS yeah so card they as I stated everybody is trying to attack edge the thing is like it's all solo situation right now right and each each open source entity is trying to focus on specific area so it's it needs some connection to it but you know as far as I understand you know like card also address some of this aspect they also focusing on the some of the central office application running as a virtual mission or the 5g application running as a virtual mission but in terms of the infrastructure they're still relying on you know the container and the open stack to support it so what are we talked about you know like slimming down the open stack running in the regional control or you know running it locally in a small thing you know that has not been addressed to car by the car as far as I know can I can add to it so I'm in court has the wireline part today for example the the virtual OLT there is a demo that has been going on for some time that the industry has seen but I think the the area that that where the industry needs to come together is what Condon is mentioning about the zero touch provisioning that's what card is using XOS today so we need to see and and in one of the slides that Condon shared it it has own app so I think the industry is converging towards creating an automation or automated provisioning that would help the use cases for edge thank you so for that one there's mCord for mobile as well that address this similar things my question is do you foresee multi-tenancy in your blueprint to be used in this topology such as MVNOs to be hosted as a as a tenant or just this is purely just AT&T no we this is not about just AT&T okay so this is not just AT&T use case I'm representing you know I'm just stating this is a telco use cases and this could be applied to any other use cases there is a gentleman on the previous work session he talked about you know deploying in every stores for example you know there's a multiple stores in the different location you can install the same thing so there's a use case is not just limited into the telco itself so if a open tracker does resolve the use cases we like to see this is resolved for the every one perspective so definitely it is not limited for AT&T or a telco world we see this is a generic set of use cases the reason why we are sharing is that we are showing that okay these are the use cases from a telco world but definitely other use cases also been involved so my point was using hypervisor or not just bare metal workload for one tenant or multi-tenant purposes yeah I wasn't that session there are different use cases but in this case for what you're proposing with the at least not a slim power but at least reasonable power on the edge to deliver these services but still still a quite expensive equipment to invest in multiple thousand locations so if this is going to support multi-tenants to be the hypervisors or just bare metal just AT&T workloads on that was my purpose of my question sure thank you I think thanks for clarification on that question it has to be multi-tenant today even in the data center the applications when they get deployed they get deployed under a different tenancy so each application like for example if you take a firewall you know the CSO department actually do a firewall thing and other department does it something else they've been given a separate tenancy so in this case you know like it from a user perspective also from a telco application perspective also you do need a multi multi-tenant concept there is no way to dedicate a specific server for a specific application anymore right so that's a notion of the cloud itself so the multi-tenancy is by default need to be supported yeah you talked a lot about the quantity of data center and a lot more lot more data center at the edge but how do you see the the quantity of server because I suspect at the edges will be very small and the data center very big so the overall spread of the the the server will be more in the data center more in the edge global point of view thank you I think it is really dependent upon the the provider and the space power cooling and other aspect of it from a cell tower or from you know deploying something into a customer location they are usually be thin you know one or two compute or three compute that is the maximum scale but when we talked about you know like the next hop which is like a central office or a wire center they could usually accommodate you know like hundreds of servers in them and if you really need to deploy a thousand servers for example for some processing you know there is no way to deploy in a cell tower unless until there is a multiple cell tower or a multiple location so edge by default it is a less number of compute but that less number what is the exact number it is really dependent upon the provider how much they can accommodate and package into that specific location I would like to just add that I think one of the thing that I mentioned was the the revenue and the cost model is what really going to drive that how many servers are you going to put in what location and how many location this is really dependent on or it will be dependent on what use cases are having more uptake in the market and what services that operators are rolling out right so those are the things that are still unknown but but I guess what we know today that there will have to be a smaller form factor in many of the cases especially on the V-RAN and the core virtualized core for the 5G cases will have to have a much reduced footprint right right thank you everyone we really appreciate for you guys for joining us thank you