So, welcome all to Open Access training session today. My name is Harri Ollekainen. I'm from the Uni Arts Library and I'm going to talk to you about Open Access publishing quite in general terms. We'll get more in details with certain things. Certain things we'll have to kind of talk on a very general level. But feel free to ask any questions if you have any. And here's the agenda for today. We'll first talk a little bit about open science and how that relates to open access publishing. We'll talk about models of open access publishing copyright. What are the benefits of publishing openly? There are certain financial aspects to these certain challenges and what current issues are there at the moment. And then finally we'll take a closer look at Uni Arts publishing policy and how to publish open access at Uni Arts. I'll turn off my video during the presentation if I know how. Let's see, where is it? There we go. So this is the agenda and first of all a little bit about open science which is kind of an umbrella term in the spirit defined as a movement which aims to promote open operations models in science and research. And the definition may vary depending on who you ask. So it doesn't only refer to open access publishing and of course openness and transparency are always being part of responsible science and research and one of its core values. But certain current scientific practices in publishing for example are in conflict with the principles of open science and research. So hence all these different open science goals like open access or we can talk about open educational resources or open data or open peer review and so on. And also there's some kind of a ethical side to this in open science. A closer look has been taken into the equity diversity and inclusion in science and research. So that's for the background. And some further background before we go on to open access. I want to talk about the traditional publishing model and why things need to change because in kind of the traditional scholarly publishing. Well first of all the publisher usually owns the rights to the articles which are published in expensive subscription journals and people looking to read these articles encounter a paywall requiring them to pay a fee for access often something like 40 euros per article and universities and libraries help provide access to such paywall research by paying costly subscription fees. But this only applies to people in said universities and other people don't have access to them. And what's more in the 20th century online journal prices have gone up faster than the consumer price index while library budgets or university budgets for the journals have pretty much remained the same. In part leading to something called a serious crisis, meaning that universities have money to buy even fewer journals. But international commercial publishers introduced something called a big deal model where they would sell journal bundles instead of single journals to universities. Effectively making single journal titles cheaper but selling a lot of kind of unneeded journals at the same time. So my uni arts library for example, has journals in chemistry and whatnot, because they sell them in bundles to us so it's cheaper for us to accept all those titles as well. But the big deal model is no longer seen as a very good solution to this problem. And one thing is that this kind of model of disseminating knowledge is still pretty much the same as it was in the Prince age, but in the digital era it is kind of outdated. Furthermore, when you think about research, it's mostly funded by taxpayers in the end. So researchers published their findings in scientific journals for free peer reviewers do their work for free. And in the end, the publishers sell the research back to universities as journals. And internationally scientific publishing is estimated to be worth more than like $10 billion. And one of the problems here is that the journal markets is a distorted market. There's a handful of for-profit companies who have an oligopoly leaving very few options for researchers and universities to choose from. And these big international for-profit publishers have kind of outrageous profit margins higher than Google and Apple and so on. And why the big publishers or why the publishing is so profitable is because the workers, researchers and peer reviewers don't get paid. And finally, there's the question that should information be free. Which maybe clarifies the traditional model where researchers sign away their copyright to commercial publishers who sell journals back to universities. Of course, this is a generalized picture and there are all kinds of different models in the traditional publishing as well. So in traditional publishing, articles are published in expensive subscription journals that your university may or may not subscribe to. While in contrast, Open Access ensures that these scientific articles can be read and built upon by everyone. As an idea, these predates 21st century, but the first time kind of when Open Access was introduced is in 2002 when the Budapest Open Access initiative was introduced or published or released. And in that Open Access publication was defined that it's freely available for everyone without financial, legal or technical barriers. And in Open Access publishing, the copyright to the work remains with the author who may grant different kinds of licenses to the work. And in terms of legality, ethics and academic rigor, the author has to be properly cited and acknowledged in Open Access publications too. So just to dispel some kind of misunderstandings, you don't give away anything, but rather allow everyone to access your work and build upon it for the greater benefit of all. So there are different ways of achieving Open Access different models of Open Access publishing. Open Access refers to scientific journals that are fully open access. But there are always costs to publishing and a number of ways to cover these costs. Sometimes journals achieve this by charging the authors, something called an article processing charge. So this might seem weird that you should pay to publish your article rather than the other way around. But in the traditional publishing model, it's kind of always the institutions that pay for the subscriptions and likewise you don't personally have to pay the article processing charge, rather your institution or the funder covers it. And you make your article available to everyone. So if you don't pay any APCs or any author facing charges from your own pocket, turn to your institution or your research funder. But some open access journals cover their costs in some other way, like through a consortium model or scientific society fees or whatever, and they don't charge the authors or readers, anything. And these journals are sometimes referred to as diamond open access journals. And the DOH DOA J database of open access journals actually has more diamond journals than gold open access journals. The journals published at uni arts trio and for example, are both diamond open access journals. Then there's the green model, which is the way to make your article openly available, even when you have published it through the traditional model in a subscription journal. Because most publishers allow the authors to self archive the usually the final draft version of the article to a non commercial or an institutional repository, such as style at uni arts. Sometimes the publisher allows this only after an embargo period, for example, 12 months after the article first appeared on the journal website. So the original article remains behind a paywall, but your final draft version is available for everyone to read and download. For example, for example. Finally, there's something called a hybrid model which is not really an open access model but it refers to subscription journals, which allow authors to pay for their individual articles to be opened for a fee, while the rest of the journal remains pay world. So this might seem like a good idea. Why not. But these leads to something called double dipping. In essence, the authors pay for their article to be opened, but at the same time, their institutions pay for this journal subscription and essentially we're paying twice for the same article. And there are some other issues too. If you think about the open access movement which was meant to provide universal access to knowledge. The hybrid model seems to defeat this point by hindering the discoverability of open access articles and creating more difficulties in disseminating knowledge. There's a flow chart that explains open access publishing the traditional publishing model as well. If you take a closer look at it, there's the you start with your research manuscript and you submit it to a journal. If they accept it or reject it. When they don't reject it, they accept it and it goes through peer review. You get feedback and do some revisions and you get accepted the final final version gets accepted. Depending on the journal, you either sign away or copyright or or give exclusive rights to the publisher. Or if it's an open access journal, you define the license with which you publish the article in the journal. After the peer review you have your corrected manuscript the final version or the author accepted manuscript it has many names, but kind of the version of the article that is the contents are final but it doesn't yet have the journal layout doesn't have the journal logos and page numbers. But the contents are the same and this is the final draft version that publishers usually allow authors to self archive in their institutional repository, for example, so here's the green model of open access. And this is where all the layout is done. The journal logos and other layout is is done. Resulting in something called a version of record the final publishers PDF version. And in the traditional model this version of the article ends up behind a paywall in the journal or the journal websites. In open access. This final version gets published, and sometimes it's through the diamond root, where there are no author facing charges, or sometimes in a gold open access journal. When there are article processing charges, and with hybrid open access journals. There are always article processing charges involved. Maybe worth mentioning that in the green model. If you self archive your final draft version of your article in repository. Now it's always free. There are no fees to be paid to the publisher. So, maybe enough about the flow charts. We talked about gold open access and green open access so far and there's a couple of slides that explain the differences from a certain point of view in gold open access. For example, you as authors retain your copyright, you may have to pay an article processing judge. It's immediately openly available, and it's licensed in a certain way and innocence it is very efficient, and the dissemination is maximized and social impact is, is high. Well in green open access, you usually assign away your copyright or give exclusive rights to to the publisher. Sometimes there is an embargo period involved in in green open access. As I mentioned, but still the end result is the same the search results become available to to everyone. So, what more benefits are there in publishing open access. Well, there are research results that have shown that open access articles. There is a possibility and are cited more often than paywall articles, which obviously makes sense. The more people who can read your work, the more likely it is that it gets cited. It's also easier to maybe reproduce other researchers findings depending on the field of science obviously. Let's just say that it's science done right, as we discussed earlier about open science. And the smaller universities or the global south often do not have the funds to subscribe to expensive scientific journals which leads to the question. With the current state of affairs is leading to a widening gap between rich and poor institutions. And the traditional publishing model is very Euro centric and discussions about open access often sites, global inequalities and structural issues as a moral reason to advance the open access model. And making research widely available obviously has a wider social impact, not only to policy making, but also by enabling citizen science or in medical science the benefits are more direct when healthcare professionals and patients alike can read the latest research. Not to mention the importance of having the latest research openly available during global pandemics such as Kobe. And something worth mentioning is the Ministry of Education and Cultures open access factor. Open access articles bring 20% more funding to the university compared to a similar article behind the paywall and obviously this isn't something that individual researchers should worry about, but I just wanted to mention it here. So plenty of benefits and these are not. This is not a inclusive or conclusive list of the benefits. So we've already mentioned copyright. We're in the traditional publishing model, authors often need to sign a way that copyright to the publisher, meaning that you don't have the rights to upload your article to academic social media for example if it's published behind a paywall so you can't take the pdf and and distribute it even yourself. But in open access publishing, you retain the copyright to your work and grant a license that allows others to share and reuse your work. And the specific Creative Commons license, there are many different, often depends on the publisher or the journal so the journal already dictates which license they use. So you might not might not be able to choose it yourself. Often the Creative Commons by license is seen as the best option because it allows others to reuse your work. But I again emphasize that the original author and the work has to be acknowledged and attributed correctly, regardless of the license. These slides for example are licensed under CC by license it was on the first very first slide that's a Creative Commons by icon on the first slide meaning that once I share these slides everyone can take the slides modify them, distribute them, print them even if they want to as long as they mentioned that these are my slides originally. So we've talked about money as well quite a bit. So publishing always has some costs. The question is how much is kind of accepted and who should pay for the for for the publishing. It's become obvious that the big commercial publishers have also found a market in open access publishing in in by publishing gold open access journals. So they require the article processing charges or charge ABCs. And who's going to pay for it is it the author, the funder, the, the university library, the government or everyone together through a consultum of sorts. Yeah, talking about article processing charges where the author pays for the publishing costs will not the author themselves but the funder or the university. It's, again, worth repeating that there are more open access journals who don't charge ABCs than those that do. But more articles get actually published in in gold open access journals. So the volume is bigger even if the number of journals is bigger in diamond. And the ABC it can be like a couple of hundred euros or it can be thousands of euros and it changes quite a bit between publishers but it's on average it's maybe 2000 euros who have to give an average to this. And the reason why commercial publishers have been keen in open access publishing is that they've found that the ABCs are a substitute for the income that they have lost in subscription revenue. So there's a market for for it for for profit companies. So the funding model based on article processing charges, which has merged kind of as the dominant funding model of international and especially commercial English language, gold open access publishing. You can argue that it jeopardizes the diversity, equity and inclusion side of things, something we discussed in the beginning and nonprofit scholar led publishers of journals and books in the various local and national languages across the world rely mainly on voluntary work of committed researchers and lack of sufficient resources they need to maintain the high standards of scholarly publishing and therefore one can argue that the diamond open access model needs a sustainable funding mechanism. So that's what we kind of should be supporting instead of giving away our money, whether it's through subscriptions or ABCs, maybe the diamond model is something that is worth supporting and preserving, because there is already enough money within journal publishing to allow for a transition to open access. And there are regional differences in how open access publishing, or what's the dominant model. In Finland, for example, open access journals are mostly run by not for profit scholarly societies. So scholarly societies who don't have any commercial interests. In them, the transition from subscription journals to open access publishing has been kind of a no brainer on an ideological level. But the finance side of things is more tricky. The nonprofit of the journals published by these scholarly societies are actually subsidized by the government, but they still have to find some revenue of their own. These are often small journals who are run by volunteers, researchers of that, that specific field. And it's quite, quite difficult at the moment for many journals, even though most journals operating in Finland are open access already. Another challenge to this is the debate, or how we emphasize and merit researchers when they publish in international journals. So, do we value publishing in Finnish journals as much as we merit researchers in publishing in international journals tricky questions and I don't have answers to them but this is kind of the discussion. That is often taking place in Finland at the moment. There's a journal platform called journal dot fi in Finland, which is, I think a great example of a nonprofit solution which is led by the academic community itself. It's disseminating scientific research results. So it's maintained by the Federation of Learned Societies. It's in part funded by the Ministry of Education and Culture. And currently it hosts more than 100 Finnish open access journals. Maybe something like this is worth supporting instead of the gold open access journals of published by commercial companies. There are kind of many actors who have a part in the world of scientific publishing, not only the researchers or the journals or publishers or the universities, but what about research funders. They have actually kind of realized the same situation that maybe the research results that they fund should be available to everyone, instead of just those who might belong to a university who has a subscription to the journal. And there's a coalition as which is an international coalition of research funders and they have something called a plan as where they have outlined certain policies relating to publishing the research results. The Academy of Finland requires that scientific publications that are the results of Academy funded research projects are open access. And the Academy doesn't, for example, allow publishing in hybrid journals in Academy funded projects anymore. So this is a requirement by a research funder and I think what they have every right kind of to require that. So they fund their research. And they expect the research results to be openly available. Again, this is a another Finland specific thing. There's a national coordination of open science. If you've ever heard about it, go to avonteada.fi and see what what it's about. Basically, it's an open coordination to everyone in the research community so individual researchers can take part. There are all kinds of people there university from university directors to researchers to librarians and the coordination has produced a number of declarations and policies and and recommendations which research institutions take and implement locally in their own way. And this is, I'm not sure if it's unique, but it's at least very rare in the global context. So the academic community itself takes these goals and and tries to think what are the best ways of achieving them. One of the very topical questions is how do we support these diamond open access journals published by Finnish scholarly societies. Well, not only in Finland, this is a question that gets asked in international discussions as well. And if there is enough money already in the system. The question is where, where should we direct it. And these are very, very topical issues at the moment, or have been for for a number of years already. Researchers, publishers, universities and research funders. There are even more actors who have a part in open access publishing or at least they would like to have one. There's something called the sometimes referred to as academic social media, which means companies such as research gates and academia. They are for profit companies who, well, you're probably more familiar with them as users than I am but basically you can set up your author profile there and share your research there. If you remember when I talked about the green open access model. I mentioned that the publishers usually allow authors to self archive the final draft version to a non commercial repository. And these are for profit companies and of publishers often don't allow authors to share the PDFs of the articles in these services. Something maybe worth keeping in mind. And also they're for profit companies and you've heard the expression that if the service is free, then you are the product, which means that they're going they are monetizing your information somehow. If you don't, you use them for free, then they're for profit companies will they're there. They're somehow monetizing it. Then there are, and I like to talk about questionable publishers or questionable practices of publishers. Instead of something that is often called as predatory journals you may have heard this term before. But I like to talk about questionable publishers or questionable practices, because some of the things that these so called predatory journals are accused of. Sometimes even the traditional publishers, maybe fail in their editorial processes and end up doing the exact same things that these predatory journals do. And I don't want to downplay predatory journals or publishers. I want to maybe point you to a website called think check submit.org. It's a kind of a, well, you can look for certain things in a journal, see if it's okay. You can publish there, because there are a lot of journals out there who sent you you may have received these emails from journals that you are not familiar with saying that. There are other Mr, Mrs, whatever, often getting that wrong already, saying that we have read your article this and that in the journal X and we would like to invite you to submit an article to our journal and often the you can operate in the same field as as as you are. And kind of look for the red flags there is this legitimate journal or not have you ever heard of them before. There are other things to look out for and these journals, well, they might have a legitimate looking website. Everything looks fine. They claim to have a journal impact factor and they claim to be indexed by databases while in reality they are not. They don't have peer review. The article probably gets published, actually, on the website but it doesn't go through the peer review process or any editorial process, maybe not at all. And these journals are always operating on the gold open access model so they take the APCs from you and then kind of do some lazy PDF and upload it to their website. But the scam isn't going to be very long if if they're not going to publish anything so they will publish your, your research results but it's not going to go through a proper peer review or proper editorial process. Like I said, sometimes legitimate journals also fail in in what they're supposed to do. And there's a websites called retraction watch which keeps high on research published in legitimate publication channels but afterwards after they've been published something has been published that something is wrong with it and journals sometimes have to retract articles from there. Well, yeah, they have to retract the articles. And this website kind of keeps an eye on on that what happens there and why this has happened. There are kinds of online services and websites where you can get familiar with with kind of the shady side of of academic publishing. Talking about shady. This is some of sometimes jokingly referred to as pirates open access. I mentioned the names are not going to provide any links. Just to let you know that these databases or online portals or services exist. You can go there and download journal articles or academic books which otherwise are behind a paywall, or you have to buy them as ebooks or something but they host kind of pirated copies of journal articles and books, which kind of Well, I think well I need this article anyway so what do I care. Well, I'm not going to cry over the money that the for profit companies are going to lose because someone uses these, but I just maybe want to talk about how these services are not going to change anything. They're not the answer to the problem that we have with subscription journals. So they're not a solution to anything rather than they actually might prolong the current state of affairs. Enough many people think that well I can get this elsewhere anyway. I don't, I don't care. And I think he's probably going to change. So, I think we've already discussed some challenges. Relating to the open access publishing but I think the most relevant question is, is that what kind of system are we willing to support in the future. What is the future that we want. We want to support the for profit companies by paying the article processing challenges forever, or maybe something else, maybe the diamond open access model is is more sustainable and more ethical. I think that makes things more complicated is how researchers are evaluated or merited. You often get it looks good in your academic CV that you have published in prestigious journal somewhere instead of, let's say a fairly new open access journal. And who should be the pioneers in this. I often tell, especially those who are still doing their PhD that I don't kind of want to put the pressure on them, because how researchers are evaluated and merited. has bigger consequences to early career researchers, then, then maybe more experienced professors and so on. So, the way research is evaluated is yet another kind of factor. To be weighed when we talk about open access publishing or we should transition to open access. But this is a question I kind of like to ask that what's in a journal anyway, what is the added value of, of prestigious journals. The editorial processes or the peer reviewers that they use, are they so much better than the ones that open, let's say open access journals use. This is, I know an oversimplified question because journals often function as maybe as platforms or forums for the academic community itself. You know that there's one, one or two central journals in your field and if you don't publish in those then your peers don't get to read your work because they only follow that few prestigious journals. So, it was maybe a bit generalized but something kind of worth thinking about anyway. And then finally, with the way research is evaluated in Finland, journal impact factors don't matter here. At not, not officially at least, but there's something called a publication forum or you guys are for me, which is an index of, of scientific journals, which are placed on certain level, depending on how good they are ranked. So it's a ranking system of scientific journals in Finland. And the way it should be used it's an instrument for evaluating the research on an institutional level, or even national level, but it should, it should never be used to evaluate individual researchers. But I know that this happens, even though it's not supposed to happen. So we need a cultural change we need a reform in, in scholarly assessment or the evaluation of research and researchers. A lot of things need to change. Again, maybe the question is from where it is going to change first or who is going to take the first step. Well, there are obviously been taking a lot of steps during the last 20 years, for example, but still many questions remain unanswered. And the way you can argue that, that the gold open access journals or the APCs and the how the for profit companies have found a market in it. It's, it's exactly what they're supposed to do. That's kind of capitalist logic. The markets will handle it and so on and in a new liberal university. This might go on challenged quite a lot. The problem with APCs is that we're actually moving. We're just moving the paywall. We had access barrier that now we have a participation barrier. So before, let's say, smaller and poorer institutions were unable to pay for the subscriptions, and now they don't have money to pay the APCs. And this holds true within the global south, for example. So, and to further complicate things there isn't just one, but many open access agendas, or maybe the final final idea is the same. More research results should be available to everyone. That's the goal. But how we get there, what are the models that we support? What compromises are we willing to make? These are the questions that there's no real consensus globally and within the research community or between publishers and so on. When we come back to the global south, sometimes open access has open access as a movement or a goal has been accused of having kind of this post-colonialist agenda where the publishing model still remains Eurocentric and doesn't take different models in the global south into account. I mentioned Finland as an example where we have these non-profits, scholarly societies, publishing diamond open access journals, but in fact in southern America, South America, for example, they've been doing that for years and they have a brilliant system going on there. It doesn't just get talked about very much. So I think that was on general level about open access, a lot going on, different points of view, different actors, a lot of challenges and questions from different angles and so on. Maybe the final slides deal with uni arts more specifically. What's the state of open access at uni arts? I think of all the books, journals and other publication series published by uni arts itself are mostly open access already. So we publish most of our research openly, open access. There's only some monographs or journals that are for subscribers or you have to buy the book in print form or something like that, but most of the publications are already open access. But researchers at uni arts publish elsewhere obviously as well, but still 91% of peer reviewed scientific journal articles published in last year were open access, published in the scientific journals or through uni arts publication channels. 91%. And that was the highest percentage between Finnish universities last year. And I think uni arts researchers can be proud of themselves regarding how things are at the moment at uni arts. So something still gets published behind a paywall in subscription journals and so on and I think that uni arts has taken a big step forward in making self archiving even more easier than it was previously and things got even more better. I think when the new Greece system was introduced, so you can now self archive at the same time when you report your publication, just upload the PDF while you, while you report the publication. And quite recently, a new open access publishing policy was also introduced at uni arts. I can't remember the exact date, but it was in October. It has been signed and there's, there have been a couple of events where this has been already discussed after the after it has been launched. The policy itself isn't even on the uni arts website yet. It's so new, but it has 10 sections and I think we should maybe concentrate on a couple of things on on the publishing policy. So, first of all, the number two uni arts requires open access publishing when possible. So, this is a big change to the previous policy. Open access publishing is now a requirement. Of course, there's the when possible there that gives you some leeway. You can still publish behind a paywall if it's if there's no other way around it. Well, I've kind of been critical of the APC model. But it's something that's not going to go away very soon or they're probably going to be there. For now, at least, and uni arts is going to pay the APC through a centralized APC fund. So, you don't have to pay the APC yourself you don't have to start looking for funding for it uni arts has a specific fund for it. It has some criteria where you can use it, you can't use it in publishing in hybrid journals, for example, but other than that. It's fairly straightforward. I also recommend the use of creative commons licenses, which is pretty standard. Anyway, if you publish in open access journals. Some funders have more strict requirements in which license should be used. There's a recommendation that researchers register an orchid identifier. Well, this kind of doesn't relate to open access publishing anymore, but I just wanted to mention it anyway. And another requirement is that researchers self archive their scientific and peer reviewed research publications when allowed by the publisher. So, previously this wasn't a requirement, you could do it if you wanted to, and sometimes we may be kind of approached individual researchers that all this seems interesting and it's behind a paywall which you maybe want to upload the final draft version to tell you. Well, now it's a requirement. So, keep hold of the final draft of the author accepted manuscripts when you submit your article or when you publish in a subscription journal. That way you can self archive it in in title, maybe after an embargo period or sometimes not. There are other points there as well. And the reason why this training session is given at all is number nine training support and guidance is provided to open access publishing so you ask kind of has its requirements but also gives support in all of this. I think the couple requirements for the most trend central to this session and maybe just just this slides to show you that kind of recap things and talk about the options that you have at uni arts in publishing open access. So we go back to the beginning where we discussed the different models of open access. For example, you can publish in open access journals or publication channels, and if they have APCs, if they're gold open access journals, you can apply for the APCs from the centralized fund at uni arts, or if you publish in a subscription journal, you can self archive your final draft version of the article in in title. If you can do it in in the Chris system or you if it's a let's say an older article, then you can just send it to the library by email and all in all we check the publishers policy anyway so you don't have to worry about it. The publishing in hybrid journals is still allowed, you can publish in hybrid journals, just remember the double dipping and other issues that these journals have, and there's no centralized funding in publishing in these journals so you have to look elsewhere. Or optionally you can publish in these journals and just opt out of the open access option that they have. So just leave it behind a paywall in the journal and self archive it instead, and you don't have to pay anything. And there's an online guide with guides dot uni arts dot fi, where you can find more information and guidance and the APC funding form is available there. This pretty much concludes my presentation there's some further reading if you're interested in the topic. And finally, we have plenty of time for questions and comments and feedback but I mentioned in the beginning that you can save your questions afterwards when we stop the recording of this session so I think I will stop the stop the recording now and we can move on to questions. After that. So thank you so far to everyone for coming to this session. So, yeah, thanks.


Hey, my name is Chad. This is the Private Property Home Shopper Show. It airs every Monday and Friday at 8 p.m. I've got something incredible to show you. Come with me.


On a field sampling trip, OIST scientist Aki Masunaga is on the hunt for tiny titans. Today we are looking for something called a larvacean, and they are planktonic tunicates, so they are floating around in the water column. Tunicates are better known as sea squirts. The larger species are rooted on the spot, filter feeding from the water, but larvaceans are much smaller and take their filter feeding on the move. Even though they look very different from most vertebrates, in terms of evolution, they are closely related to vertebrates. The animals live inside of a bubble-like structure called the house, which they use to filter feed small organisms like bacteria and microalgae in the water. And when the house gets clogged by bigger particles, they discard it and build a new one. And they can do this throughout the day and they can build several houses per day. The discarded house floats slowly down in the water, becoming part of what's known as marine snow, a major part of the deep ocean food web. There are so many of them and they are constantly filter feeding, so the combined effect that they have on the ocean is significant. At OIST, one larvacean species has become part of a big science initiative. The university is one of only four in the world to breed oikoplura dioica in captivity. Because it turns out that oikoplura, oics for short, have a lot of special features that make them fascinating to study.


That L is you put it in the cabinet There's no way to put it in the cabinet True, true Four of them having pulled Anywhere to get anything besides our seal Major for Blue Top Lunas Pull the canvas up There we go, now we got it Second, that right rock for the Jackpot So after the engagement Yes let's start gratitude for the vibe


Hello everyone, I am Mrs. Meenakshi Shrigandhi, Assistant Professor from Vulture Institute of Technology, Sholapur. Welcome to the video lecture on bubble sort. Learning outcome. At the end of this session, students will be able to implement bubble sort using C programming. Let us see what is sorting is. Sorting take an unordered collection of elements and make it ordered one. For example, this is an unsorted array where the elements are unordered. So after sorting the elements becomes ordered and this is nothing but a sorted array. Let us see what is the bubble sort is. Bubble sort is the simplest sorting algorithm that works by repeatedly swapping the adjacent elements if they are in wrong order. The algorithm which is a comparison sort is named for the way smaller or larger elements bubble to the top of the list. Let us see illustration of bubble sort. For this, consider an array A where it consists of six elements. The array elements are placed in this order where the first element is placed at the 0th index and the last element is placed at n minus 1th index. Now in the first iteration of the bubble sort, the comparison of the first two elements is done. Here in the comparison we can see that A of 0th element is greater than A of 1th element. When that is the thing then we need to swap the elements. So we have swapped it and the comparison is done for the next two elements. Here also we can see that A of 1 is greater than A of 2. Then here we need to do the swapping. So here we have done the swapping and the comparison is done for the next two elements. Here also we can see that A of 2 is greater than A of 3rd element. So again here we need to do the swapping between the elements. So after swapping you can see that the elements are placed in this order. Now the comparison is done between these two elements. Here we can see that A of 3 is lesser than A of 4. Now when this happens, when A of 3rd element is lesser than A of 4, no swapping should be done and the elements remain as it is. Now next we are doing the comparison between these two elements. Here we can see that A of 4 is greater than A of 5. So here we need to do the swapping. So after swapping you can see that A of 7 is placed here and this is the end of the first iteration and we can see that the largest element is sorted. In the second iteration again the comparison begins from the very beginning. The first two elements are compared. And here we can see that A of 0 is lesser than A of 1. If it is less then we should not swap these elements. Then they remain as it is. The next comparison is done between the next two elements. And here also we can see that A of 1 is less than A of 2. As it is lesser than, as A of 1 is lesser than A of 2 then here no swapping should be done. So the elements remain as it is. The next comparison is done between the next two elements that is between 47 and 56. And here also we can see that A of 2 is less than A of 3. As it is lesser we have to not do any swapping between these two elements. So they remain as it is. The next comparison is done between the A of 3 and A of 4th element. And here we can see that A of 3 is greater than A of 4. Now here we need to do the swapping. So after swapping you can see that 56 is swapped to this place and this is the end of the second iteration. And at the end of the second iteration we can see that the second largest element is sorted. In the third iteration again the comparison begins from the beginning. The first two elements are compared. And in the comparison we can see that A of 0 is lesser than A of 1. If it is lesser then no swapping is done and the elements remain as it is. And after that we are doing the next comparison between the next two elements. Here also we can see that A of 1 is lesser than A of 2. So no swapping is done. So the element remain as it is. The next comparison is done between the next two elements that is between A of 2 and A of 3. Here we can see that A of 2 is greater than A of 3. So here the swapping should be done between these two elements. And after swapping we can see that 47 is placed at A of 3. So this is the end of the third iteration. And after the end of the third iteration we can see that the third largest element is also sorted. In the fourth iteration the comparison again begins from the very beginning. The comparison is done between the first two elements. Here we can see that A of 0 is lesser than A of 1. So no swapping should be done between this. And the comparison is done between the next two elements. And here we can see that A of 1 is greater than A of 2. So here the swapping is needed. So we need to swap the two elements. So after swapping 34 is placed at A of 2. So after the end of the fourth iteration we can see that the fourth largest element is also sorted. Fifth iteration, in the fifth iteration again the comparison begins from the very beginning. The first two elements are compared. And here we can see that A of 0 is lesser than A of 1. So here no swapping should be done and here the elements remain as it is. So at the end of the fifth iteration we can see that all the elements are sorted. So here in this we can see that in each iteration one of the element is sorted at its proper place. In the next iteration we should ignore this element and we need to compare till the unsorted array only. And in the next iteration we can see that the next two largest elements are sorted and in that iteration we need to do the comparison only till unsorted array only. Let us see the time complexity of bubble sort. The best case time complexity of bubble sort is O of n. Here the best case of the bubble sort is achieved when the array is already sorted and there we need n comparisons to be done. The worst case and the average case time complexity of bubble sort is O n square. So the worst case of bubble sort is achieved when we want to sort the array in ascending order but the given array is in descending order. Try to think an answer. What is the algorithm for bubble sort? Pause the video for some time and note down the answer in your book. Algorithm for bubble sort. Input an array A of n elements. Initialize i equal to 0 and temp equal to 0. Here we need to repeat the steps 4 to 9 while i is lesser than n minus 1. In the loop, in the while loop every time we need to set j equal to 0. And we need to repeat steps 6 to 8 while j is lesser than n minus i minus 1. And in the next step we need to check if A of j is greater than A of j plus 1. If it is so then go to step 7 else we need to go to step 8. Here we are swapping the elements stored at A of j and A of j plus 1 by following the below step. We are taking a temporary variable and we are setting that at A of j plus 1. And A of j plus 1 is set to A of j and A of j is set to temp. After that we need to increment j by 1 and in the next step we need to increment i by 1 and after coming out of the two loops we need to print the array elements which are sorted elements. Let us see implementation of bubble sort using C programming. In the first step we are declaring the array of size 50 and other variables integer variables like n, i, j and temp is initialized to 0. Using a print of statement we are asking the user for how many elements he wants to enter in the array. And by using scanif we are collecting that number into n. Here we are using the for loop which is initialized to 0 and the loop is repeated till i reaches to n and in each iteration we are taking one element from the user and that element is placed at the ith position of the array. In the next step we are initializing i to 0 and we are using a while. The while loop is repeated till i is lesser than n minus 1. When the condition becomes true every time we are setting j equal to 0 and here we are using another while loop till j is lesser than n minus i minus 1. This while loop continues and in this we are checking whether the jth element of the array is greater than j plus 1th element of the array. If this condition becomes true then we need to do the swapping. So the swapping is taken by the swapping is done by using a temporary variable. In this variable we are placing the jth element of the array and at the jth position of the array we are placing the j plus 1th element of the array and in the j plus 1th position of the array we are placing the value of the time. So here we are doing the swapping between a of jth element and a of j plus 1th element. And after this is done we need to increment j by 1. This ends the inner while loop. After coming out of the inner while loop we need to increment i by 1. This terminates the outer while loop. The outer while loop repeats till i is lesser than n minus 1. Once it comes out of the loop all the elements of the array are sorted and in the next step we need to print the array elements after sorting. So here again we are using a loop and in each iteration we are printing the ith element of the array. So here it gives the sorted elements of the array. So this was the implementation of bubble sort using C programming. These are my references.


Hi friends, so we go for February month 2022 Yojana title new education policy. The article is Nipun Bharath Mission. I order this idea as first we need to understand the background of it that is foundation learning forms the cornerstone of successful academic development and its gateway of learning. So any long term benefits in foundation learning will be a better life outcome and higher economic growth. So what this primary focus of this mission is that is in paragraph one that is foundation learning. So foundation learning is regarding school educations especially in the age group of 328 until grade 3 so until grade 3. So what are the education a kid is learning that is called foundation learning and it is have a very good positive impact of foundation learning is very effective that resulting in better life outcomes what is better life outcome means it can be career opportunities and thinking about career paths all are better and also overall development of an individual is very very good in that aspect if a person has very good foundation. The next thing is higher economic growth for society point of view the advantage is higher economic growth because that individual once have a very good education until the grade 3 ultimately that is going to transform into better education for the individual contributing to the economy. So either through means of job or through entrepreneurship so they have a greater contributions. So that is the importance of this foundation learning why that need to be focused. Our next thing paragraph two so it is said that some factual numbers are given which can be used for our answer writing so they have given Anganwadis so Anganwadis that is around 14 lakh Anganwadis are there in India so in that around 3 crore children's so 3 crore children's in the age group of 3 to 6 are there in Anganwadis and that is UDISC 2019-20 that is unified district information system for education unified district information system for education as per that year of 2019 and 20 says that there are 15 lakh schools 15 lakh schools in which 25 crore children's are studying so these are some factual and statements which you can use it for answer writing regarding importance of education and all these things you can relate here and anything is universalization of elementary education gross enrollment ratio so in elementary education in elementary education gross enrollment ratio so right now in primary level in primary level is around one or two so one or two percentage and so don't get confused with this what is one or two percentage means so so gross enrollment ratio already we saw that in that age group of kids how many are in schools that is called gross enrollment ratio and especially the primary level in India one or two percentage what is one or two percent percent is always 100 what is one or two means the people who already missed the opportunities are being also integrated into that thing so even their age is bad they are also got integrated so that is the reason we have this one or two percentage so that is grade one to three so primary education is nothing but grade one to three so these are some factual statements which you can use it for your answer writing which says that in India 25 crores children's are in schools and we have 14 lakh Anganwadi's 3 crore children's are associated with that that is from the age group of 3 to 6 so these are some of the factual information we can write why education is important from Indian sense of Indian sense okay and next we go for paragraph one two three six and seven so in paragraph one so national achievement survey this you can use it for your answer writing national achievement survey conducted in the year of 2017 they found out that 18 percentage and 13 percentage children's in language and numeracy in class three or below basic level and 15 and 18 percentage children in language and numeracy in class five or below basic level only 47 and 53 percentage children's in class three and 47 44 percentage in class four achieve proficiency in language and numeracy so this last facts can be used for your answer writing that is like a table column class three so class five so when you go for so 47 percentage and 53 percentage and 47 percentage and 44 percentage so that is for language and numeracy so what we need to understand is in 2017 when the survey was done in class three out of 100 students 47 students are good in languages and 53 students are good in numbers whereas in class five 47 is good in language 44 is good in numbers this clearly shows that around 50 percentage of students on an average are bad in both languages and numbers and we already saw that class three acts as a foundation for future education ultimately that results in dropout rates are very high in next level of educations so this is the finding which you can use it for your answer writing national achievement survey 2017 so you can use it as a table column you can draw or you can put like some graph like this so for example language and numeracy so numbers this can be percentage so percentage and you can say about so class three and you can draw something and say that so 47 percentage and 53 percentage for language and numeracy like this you can go for the other graph also so it depends upon your way of representing the point okay that's paragraph one it's a factual information which use it for your answer writing so paragraph two so another most important thing is they are focusing on this curriculum that is structure of pedagogy five three three plus four what it says is foundation so five is first five years is foundational and next thing is preparatory so preparatory and next thing is middle and secondary so so 12th standard from class lkg 12th is being divided in such a way that first five years is considered to be foundational one and next thing is preparatory and next three years are considered to be preparatory that is making students ready for real education and middle and secondary so these are the structures right now what new education policy proposes already we saw in the previous policies we have 10 plus two and what government failed under 10 plus two was 10 plus two majorly focusing on only two years of education that is 10th standard and 12th standard and vast students are more interested in by hearting things and getting marks rather than understanding the importance of education to set right that thing we have this five plus three plus three plus four model so that is given in paragraph two and paragraph three so paragraph three speaks about the importance of foundational learning so foundational learning so foundational learning is grade three so in the level of grade three where they have the ability so ability to read so ability to read and mathematical operations they are good in mathematical operations this we can relate with this paragraph one so that is our objective of our system and a new education policy to strengthen this foundational dimensions okay next thing is paragraph four so right now department of so department of school education and literacy to address all these previous problems what we saw so department of school education and literacy has launched this nipun barath the title of this article it says national initiative for proficiency in reading with understanding and numeracy so expansionist national initiative for proficiency proficiency in reading with understanding this we need to understand so what they're saying is you should be proficient in reading as a student at the grade three they should be good in reading reading should be with understanding not by hearting and numeracy numeracy is good in numbers so for that one nipun barath mission was created so nipun barath mission was created and making sure that that's the universal acquisition so once you have a successful this mission what is the outcome is universal acquisition acquisition of foundation literacy and numeracy so nipun barath mission's primary objective is to achieve this foundation literacy and numeracy among our school kids okay and next thing is paragraph five so it is being established at five five stages five tire system so fire tire implementation is done for this nipun barath what is fire tire is starting with nation state district block and school level so they have given a clear structure of implementing nipun barath right from national level to school level they created five structures and it's entirely based on activity so activity based learning so students especially at until the grade three they do activities to learn the things example if they want to learn numbers what is activity based learning is nothing but if they want to know what is four means they'll have four apples so they can easily understand what four stands for so it's more about touch feel understanding of education that is activity based education and next thing is use of colors colors shapes so indoor outdoor place play based learning puzzles logical thinking logical thinking so logical thinking problem solving so all these are being designed for this nipun barath mission painting arts painting arts so these are the various ways in which education is promoted especially at the foundation level that is until grade three these are the various mechanisms on which kids are being educated especially in language and numbers and paragraph six and it's a primary objective is making learning holistic holistic what does holistic means not only through books through experiences through visual through play our next thing is inclusive enjoyable so education should be more about experiential one rather than rote learning and engaging so engaging so this is the primary objective of nipun barath all the paragraph five and six our next thing is so what are the other importance of nipun barath is focusing on developing in especially kids physical and motor development physical and motor development what is physical and developed motor development means the ability of kid to physically reactive motor development is and i coordination all this can be developed all this unit relate with grade three until grade three where child can develop very fast and motor development is going to primary focus under this initiative apart from the social emotional development social emotional development social emotional development numeracy development so developing numbers our next thing is cognitive so ability to understand the things and relating things cognitive development and next thing is moral development so these are the various aspect of this objective of nipun barath mission so ultimately the primary focus is if you want to put in one term overall personality development of the kid so they are very good in every aspects of the life right from reading numbers sports activity creativity innovation all will be part of this education mission that is nipun barath mission so that is given in paragraph seven next thing is paragraph one two three four five and six so next thing is competency based learning so competency based learning for education so the primary focus of this education systems nipun barath mission is there are certain outcomes so at the end of the mission the outcomes are being measured on the kids how well they are performing certain activities how well they are doing certain tasks that's nothing but competency based education so it's not about providing literally education we are also evaluating the kids how competent they are how good they are in numbers how good they are in language proficiency that is the primary objective that's called competency based education that is given in paragraph one so paragraph two is so they are majorly focusing on learning outcomes so they majorly focusing on learning outcomes so learning outcomes it's not only inputs so this policy is not only focusing on inputs just giving books and creating a school for kids they are also evaluating how effective is that education is that's learning outcomes which is measurable switch is measurable okay and so that is the primary focus of this and the next thing is paragraph three so they are also creating this so laxia suchi or targets so under this foundational literacy and numeracy as the kids are learning the language numbers through various mechanisms there is a frequent review how they are being doing so they are given some targets so they it clearly identifies the students overall development and which are the students being lacking and how to promote that students again through various mechanisms so that's a major aspect of this one and next thing is paragraph four so so right now under new education policy 2020 especially and until grade one until grade one that is activity based learning activities bird activities bird activity based learning is promoted for that ncrt has developed ncrt has developed so a module that is vidya pravesh so especially for until grade one activity based learning ncrt has developed this with vidya pravesh so a part of nithu nipun barath mission so all these are being developed a school preparation module which is being done next thing is so this ensures that students are smoothly transferring from foundation to the next level so so that is the objective of this and so what are the primary aspect of this nipun barath is as per paragraph six critical thinking after finishing of this nipun barath mission by the school especially at the lower level of the school education yet kid will have critical thinking scientific temper so critical thinking is nothing but not understanding the information at is as it is given so they'll go on thinking in 360 degree dimensions why it happens how it happens why all this happens so that's called critical thinking scientific temper always approaching the issues from scientific point of view so that is called scientific temper and activity based learning activity based learning activity based learning okay so so the primary objective of nipun barath mission is to create all these things among school kids the next thing is paragraph one paragraph two three and four and in paragraph one it's under nipun barath initiative we have school-based assessment so it's not only assessing individual kids under school-based assessment there's a entire classrooms are being assessed classroom transactions experience is being assessed so it's a holistic assessment is being done holistic one so not only individual students entire schools being assessed under this particular mission which gives a collective responsibility the next thing is paragraph two and this helps in decentralized manner so documentation's okay documentation for school assessments what are the advantages school assessment is this promotes promotes decentralization promotes decentralization and also day-to-day observation so day-to-day observation so day-to-day observations and documentation so documentation and also nutritional status nutritional status and and classroom behaviors, so all these are being integrated under the school based assessment. So it makes me very holistic from individual point of view and a system point of view. And so Nipun Bharat is more about people's involvement or stakeholders involvement. People is a common term, we call it as stakeholders. So there should be active stakeholders involvement in this particular program to make it more successful that is given in paragraph 3 and paragraph 4, they say the role of importance of family and community. So family and community, these numbers are given here, family and communities, correct? So where child learns a lot in family and community, so they say 80 percentage of time in a child's life 80 percentage of time they spend in homes. So ultimately it's not only the school need to play an active role in education, family and the home need to play an active role in the education, okay? That is the things given in this last paragraph. Next we go for teach them in, next article. So paragraph 1, so paragraph 1 says under new education policy 2020, they say that 85 percentage of child's cumulative brain development, so brain development occurs before age of 6. So what is the statement we need to understand is when a child is born, so they have all their organs in place, brain is the only organ which is very small, then in the child's first 6 years the brain growth is very high when compared to the other organ's growth. So ultimately you can see that brain began to develop very fast neural networks began to form during this until age of 6. There is a point where as an education system need to create avenues for the kid to develop lot of neural networks.  So if a kid under the school system is able to get all this different nerve combinations, how that can be achieved through experimental learning process, interaction, playing. So this neural networks will form very fast and that will be greater development. There is a fact given here, 85 percentage of child's cumulative brain development happens before the age of 6. So that is the most important fact we need to understand, paragraph 2 and paragraph 3. So paragraph 2 says, so child's brain, so child's brain is nothing but until the age of 6, considered to be plastic, so rapidly growing and prepare for future. What is plastic is nothing but very elastic. So they are able to learn all different things very fast, very quick. So that is the reason why it is called plastic. Rapidly growing it is growing very fast. The brain's development and compared to other organ's development is very fast. And also this is the years where the kid is ready for the future. So that is given here. That is what given and great number of experiences more neuron creates neural pathways for optimal learning and development. Until the age of 6, if a kid is exposed to various experience in the life, ultimately that going to help their future life because a lot of neural networks forms and their brains are very active. In paragraph 3, so noble laureate James Hackman. So this you can use it for introduction or any substantiating points. So investing in early childhood education produce the greatest returns in terms of human capital and ensuring quality economic returns far greater than investing in schooling. So what the noble laureate says is. So noble laureate James Hackman says. So investing in early childhood education. Early childhood education is nothing but what he says about until grade 3. So early childhood education. So early childhood education is more important rather than investing in schoolings. So early childhood education that's nothing but we see this program called early child care and education. So that is the point what he says when you investing lot in that area. More productive and outcome when compared with focusing on primary education or secondary education or higher education. So what he's insisting is in a society a government should be more focused on early child education that is until grade 3. That has a very positive outcome in the society. Next thing is paragraph 1, 2. So in paragraph 1. So again they are speaking about this Anganwadi. So what are the background of Anganwadi? So Anganwadi comes under the Ministry of Women and Child Development. And they are created under Integrated Child Development Scheme, 1975. And they are responsible for nutrition, health, health to preschool. So this is where new education policy promoting Anganwadi is focusing on preschool, non-formal education. Non-formal education. So that's a background of Anganwadi given in there. And in paragraph 2. So it is said that of nearly 25 million children born in India every year, about 99 percentage enrolled in the school at the age of 5 or 6. So they say that this is another factual information. So 25 million children. So 25 million means that is nothing but 1 million is 10 lakh. So we can see that 25 million means what the number is. So 25 million children born in India every year. So 99 percentage enrolled in the school by the age of 6. So age of 6. Yes sir. So annual status of education report, annual status of education report 2019 says that. So they are not school ready. So in this enrollment they are not school ready, school ready. And how they are saying is around 10 percentage, 10 percentage at the age of 5. So age of 5 could match the pictures with the sounds. So what we understand is if a kid is in age of 5, what ASR report says is out of 100 kids only 10 kids can match the picture with the sound.  Only 10 kids can correctly do that what the dog's sound and the picture they can match it very easily. This clearly shows that lack of brain development in the kids. So that is the point that is neural networks are not properly formed. Another factual information they say is 17 percentage. So could pictorial patterns. What is pictorial patterns means? Assume that you draw a cow, cut it into different pieces and ask the kids to join it. Out of 100 kids only 17 kids can do it. So this clearly shows that again brain development is very slow in that particular kids. That is all given in paragraph 2 which you can use it for your answer writing. So why national education policy is important, why early childhood is important. So in paragraph 3 this we already saw that. So early childcare and education and foundation literacy and numeracy. So through Nipun Bharat. So why this Nipun Bharat mission is important. All the previous paragraphs clearly indicates it. Why that need to be promoted. That is given in paragraph 3. Next thing is paragraph 1, 2. So in paragraph 1 they say that this initiative should be a people movement. So like, so new education policy on this Nipun Bharat should be a people movement. Similar to this polar eradication of Swach Bharat. So to make it more successful that is what the author says. And paragraph 2. So where in 1950s Robert Havigat in his book Human Development Education spoke about teachable movements. So there is another term which you can use it for your answer writing. So teachable movements is nothing but whenever there is a right opportunity you can teach the kids. And the kids can learn from them. It is not only through schools, through activities, through experiences that is what this says. That is called teachable movement. That is what right now integrated into our early child, early child current education. So that is teachable movement. Next paragraph 1, 2, 3 and 4. So in paragraph 1 again say 2021. That is annual status of education report 2021 says that after this pandemic. So it is found out that there is a greater penetration of smartphones. Smartphone penetration is very high especially for education purpose in India. So what we can understand is for this new education policy the modern technologies can be leveraged. It can be effectively used for that. So that is nothing but change in parental mindset of smartphone for learning. So previously pre-pandemic situation phones are considered to be diversion for kids. But parental mindset has changed after this pandemic situation. Right now it is used as a tool for learning process. So that is what it being said. So 1 in 28 households in India has brought the mobile phones. 1 in 28 households purchased smartphones. So that is what the point says and paragraph 2. And also new education policy focus on multilingual and the power of language. So new education policy never focus only English as a medium for education. Even local languages can be effectively used. So especially at lower level mother tongue is used for teaching kids. And the reason for that thing is they are able to understand the concepts very easily. So power of languages that is local language easy to understand the concept. The great way of understanding this point is if we take most of the achievers in India especially in scientific platforms. If we go and check their background all are educated in the vocational education vernacular languages. So starting from Abdul Kalam and all started their initial years in vernacular languages. The reason is they are able to understand the concepts very effectively. So that is what being said in this paragraph 2 and paragraph 3. So importance of learning language. So why language need to be learned. So they say that by the age of 2 to 8 any kid in the age of 2 to 8. So they are able to get ability to learn a lot of new languages. So they can learn a lot of new languages by the age of 2 to 8. This helps in cognitive abilities. So whenever they learn a new languages. Cognitive ability increases that is cognitive skills. The ability to make decisions increase very fast because learning new languages gives new terms. Understanding concepts will be very different. That is the biggest benefit. So under new education policy they are promoting this learning new languages. And also they are going to focus on creating special education zone. So these are the news articles. These are the articles of Yojana which seems to be more important for our preparations. So we will see a question. So this is the last year question are GIS. So the question's primary focus is regarding population education. And what are the measures to achieve them in India in detail. So first we need to understand what is population education means. So this is an idea. As per UNESCO's definition population education is how in education programs. They are able to understand the population and its impact in family. Society and global at large. So that's called population education. So the objective of population education if you want to put in simple terms. What are the benefits of nuclear families. That if you are able to understand that's the objective of population education. So why that need to be promoted. And what are the measures to achieve them in India in detail. So how India is focusing on its population education. So how Indian system is trying to make our kids understand this population education. Here you can take this things what we discussed right now and a new education policy. And a new education policy you can see that policies designed in such a way that interaction of the local communities must. So as a kid they are able to understand the local communities issues and problems. Which helps them to understand how population education is must. What should be the size of the family. How many kids need to be there. And what are the benefits of understanding sex education. So all this being understood when they interact with the society a lot. And this new education policy can be one point you can write in your answers. How this new education policy prepares our students. To understand the societal problems. And one such thing is population education. So that you can write it here. And apart from this you can also relate with this special education zones. Because special education zones we can see that one of the biggest problem why there is no proper development. Is because of over populations one reason. Which is able to address the issues of this population education. So that initiative can also be written here as a point. So there are two points you can write based on this article new education policy. One is integrating society with education system. So a kid can understand what are the problems of the society. And special education zone is one of the reason why it got the status of special education zone. Is because of over population lack of development. So ultimately they can understand so importance of population education. Thank you.