Welcome to NTIA Nightly, I am Genelle Norville, this edition's top stories. Government launches another component of the Social Stabilization Plan in response to COVID-19. The Ministry of Health to address more than 2,000 complaints from amendments to the Public Health Act and the St. Lucia Blood Bank underscores the importance of donation during COVID-19. Hundreds of St. Lucia's began receiving food packages of a different kind this week, with the launch of the Good Food Boxes Initiative. The boxes are filled with local produce from St. Lucia's farmers as part of Government's Social Stabilization Plan in response to COVID-19. Lisa Joseph reports. The Good Food Boxes Initiative was launched on Wednesday, June 10, 2020. In its first week, 770 boxes of locally grown food will be distributed as part of the Government's National Meals Programme. The initiative will also serve as a new supply outlet for farmers who have been displaced due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Prime Minister Anbar Alan Chastney visited the market in Baudenosa, where the food boxes are prepared on Wednesdays and Fridays weekly. So we're looking to do about a thousand households to begin with. On average, there's four or five people in a household, and then we're trying to grow that number. So for the next couple of weeks, we'll do the thousand and continue to grow from that point. But I think this is a very effective way to be able to help people at this very difficult time, and that we're able to now help the farmers who've lost a significant market because of person's incomes being less, but also because the hotels are closed. And then for the Government, certainly being able to get great value for the money that we're putting into this, it's able to help substantially more people than the way that we were doing it initially. I think the initial way was important, but as time has gone by and the team has continued to review the situation, we think that this is going to be the most effective way for the next couple of months. The marketing board is serving as the central depot for the Good Food Boxes Initiative. Theresa Daisy is the assistant general manager. Purchasing from our group, farmer groups, are namely a share, Salty Bus, Burns, Grace, and we have individual farmers who are coming into job, whatever produce that they have on the ground right now. As you're aware that we were faced with a series of the dry weather and as a result, we're getting a limited amount of produce. But in as much as we are looking to ensure that the packages look attractive enough, we work with whatever we have. In the packages we have produced, namely plantain, ripe banana, pumpkin, cantaloupe, honey, due tomatoes, and we have added some more stuff from the imported side, which are garlic, onions, and potatoes. Earl Hippolyte, a farmer from Deglo, has lauded the government for the National Meals Program, as it has provided a much-needed market for farmers during this challenging time. I'm supplying a thousand pounds of plantains to the program. However, I sell to NFTO. The bulk of my bananas I sell to NFTO, the plantains I sell locally, and now I have a market at Marseille as well, and now we're marketing both. Actually, it's the first time I'm selling plantains to marketing both. I heard there is a feeding program. Farmers who are interested in supplying produce are asked to contact the Sinusha Marketing Board for the Government Information Service, listed Joseph reporting. The Ministry of Health and Wellness says recent amendments to the Public Health Act and the nuisance and offensive and hazardous trade regulations were done following extensive consultations with stakeholders, and most importantly, for the health and safety of the general public, who in the last five years has launched over 2,000 complaints. Chief Environmental Health Officer in the Ministry of Health and Wellness, Parker Ragnanan, explained that the revised legislation makes provision for greater enforcement capability for key public health issues that are relevant and current in the development of the country. The Public Health Act came into enforcement in 1975, and thereafter, several regulations were enacted under this Act during the years 1978 and 1980. Given the changing environment and increased demands, the Ministry of Health and Wellness has been actively pursuing the amendment of both the Public Health Act and the regulations over the past 10 to 15 years. During that period, there were extensive consultation with a wide cross-sector of society and major stakeholders, which guided the preparation of the final document. These efforts were finally realized in July 2019, when the Public Health Act was amended. With regards to the nuisance and offensive and hazardous trade regulations, the Environmental Division have registered approximately 2,045 public health complaints over the past five years. The nature of the majority of these complaints, lodged by the public, have to do with the following.  There has also been a significant increase in the number of trades, which are categorized as offensive trades under the Public Health Act. The amendments are meant to address public health impacts of such trade in residential and highly populated areas. The public health impacts for many of these trades continue to create nuisances that adversely impact the health of citizens, including vulnerable individuals, with pre-existing medical conditions. The regulation seeks to create a balance where such trades can be carried out in a manner that will minimize the impact on public health, taking into consideration that there is no clear-cut land zoning, as most areas contain mixed-use land development, it's inclusion. The spraying of vehicles, animal raring and charcoal making, for example, in residential areas where the operators do not have adequate facilities to contain the hazards emanating from the operations, continue to adversely affect the health of residents in these areas. This has resulted in the Ministry of Health and Wellness being inundated with complaints. These activities have also proven to be extremely difficult to regulate and resolve. Senior Environmental Health Officer in the Ministry of Health and Wellness, Emerson Vitalis, indicated that the amendment has brought these activities under a legislative framework and allow for greater capability to enforce, thereby reducing the health impacts to employees and persons living in close proximity to these operations, while empowering individuals within those various trades. Within those trades, we need to recognize a lot of them have been haphazardly in terms of the standards are not being met, even within the trade itself and the occupational health and safety aspect of it, even to them. It was really a negative to them. We could look at, in a case in point, our garage is around. We see these guys alongside the road spraying the cars and there's no safety equipment. The garage itself is not properly built and at the end of the day, if you can be regulated, regulation comes with standards. Standards brings about a certain level of operations which would enhance what you're doing. It allows them to be safer first and foremost in terms of having the appropriate guess. It allows the facility to be properly designed that it doesn't impact. It protects against legislative actions because, again, you may have an instance where it may go to a civil matter, but if you are regulated and you have been condoned to do this activity, I mean, you're operating within the parameters of the law. You're also operating from a perspective which is beneficial to you from the health aspect of it. You're not doing anything detrimental to the environment, so it empowers them. In February 2020, amendments to beauty and wellness center, SPA, massage parlor, body art facility and prohibiting or restricting the smoke from tobacco or tobacco products in public places were made. The offensive trade regulations of 1978 section 3 indicate that, one, a person shall not establish an offensive trade without first making application to the public health board. An application shall be in writing stating the name and address of the person responsible for carrying on the offensive trade, the nature of such trade, and the address of the proposed premises. The public board of health before issuing a license shall cause the premises to be examined. Therefore, the amended offensive and hazardous trade regulations SI 80 of 2020 now strengthens this position. From the Government Information Service, I am Genelle Norville. The director of the Pan American Health Organization, Caricia Etienne, has made another call to countries in the region to prepare for the hurricane season as doing so is critical to mitigating the spread of COVID-19. Antoine tells us more. As of June 8th, the Pan American Health Organization, PAHO, reported more than 3.3 million cases of COVID-19 in the region of the Americas, more than any other region around the world. The director of PAHO, Dr Caricia Etienne, wants that as the hurricane season approaches, efforts to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic in North and Central America and the Caribbean may become complicated. The director spoke on the climatic factors affecting the response to COVID-19 and encouraged the public to start planning for formidable challenges that may arise. We don't have data showing that temperature or humidity influence the spread of COVID-19, but we do know that winter fuels respiratory infections like seasonal influenza and pneumonia that can rapidly spread in colder climates and as more people gather indoors to stay warm. This is a problem for patients because respiratory illnesses leave them at greater risk of severe COVID-19 infection. It's also a challenge for strength health systems that will have to cope with the dual burden of a coronavirus pandemic and a spike in other respiratory illnesses. It does not help that the similar symptoms will make diagnosing COVID-19 even harder. The director of PAHO noted that as countries continue to strengthen surveillance for COVID-19, they must also simultaneously monitor influenza cases. According to the director, 14 countries in the region have begun to immunize 90 million people against seasonal influenza. Early vaccination to prevent severe cases of flu is more critical than ever, particularly for high risk groups like health workers, the elderly and people with chronic conditions. These same groups are also at high risk of coronavirus infection. We have encouraged countries to adapt seasonal flu vaccination campaigns to fit current social distancing measures. Many countries have embraced this approach and introduced innovative methods of immunization that minimize the risk of COVID-19. This includes offering vaccines outside of health facilities in empty schools, for instance, pharmacies, or drive-through posts in supermarkets. Dr. Etienne reaffirmed PAHO's support and commitment to helping countries prepare in the event of an emergency. Now is the time to review national hurricane response plans and conduct simulation exercises to ensure your disaster and COVID-19 responses are aligned. We should also plan for potential disruptions to the care of critically ill patients and refine evacuation plans. PAHO has already issued guidance to manage emergency shelters, including precautions to minimize the spread of COVID-19, by designating distinct zones to allow for social distancing, regularly disinfecting high-traffic areas, and swiftly isolating individuals who show signs of illness. The director of PAHO stated that the organization will be providing emergency response supplies throughout the region, as well as securing critical facilities like laboratories and quarantine and isolation centers, to ensure that diagnosis and treatment for COVID-19 can continue during this time. From the Government Information Service, I am Anisia Antoine reporting. Meantime, the Pan American Health Organization says blood donations are more necessary than ever during the current COVID-19 pandemic. PAHO is leading the region in the observance of World Blood Donor Day on June 14. Senior medical technologist at the Saint Lucia Blood Bank, Karen Louie, speaks to the significance of blood donation. Saint Lucia joins countries around the world in the observance of World Blood Donor Day, celebrated on June 14th, under the theme, safe blood saves lives. With the slogan, give blood and make the world a healthier place. The need for safe blood is universal. Blood transfusions do not discriminate against race, religion, or social status.  The occasion serves to thank our voluntary unpaid blood donors for their life-saving gift of blood. Inspire persons who have never donated to start donating and to highlight and encourage the need for committed year-round blood donations as a means of creating a strong yet sustainable national blood supply that is sufficient to meet the needs of all patients requiring a transfusion. The COVID-19 pandemic has placed a greater strain on the available blood supply, thus blood donations are needed now more than ever. Giving blood is an act of solidarity and COVID-19 does not prevent us from doing our part. World Blood Donor Day is more than just a day. It is a celebration of life by giving the gift of life. This is NTIA Nightly, up next, Primers Hutchinson with the NTIA Nouvelle Aquial. COVID-19 is a new pandemic disease as declared by the World Health Organization. It is transmitted directly by respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes or indirectly through rubbing the face with contaminated hands. There is still no specific treatment of vaccine against COVID-19 and as such, the farming community should adhere to some special recommendations. Ensure that farm clothing and gear is clean. Wash hands thoroughly before harvesting crops. Use face masks and head ties whilst harvesting, cleaning and packaging crops. Use all safety precautions when transporting crops to the markets and depots such as handling crits and crops with only clean hands and covering sneezes and coughs with a tissue or the inner arm to ensure body fluids or droplets don't get on produce and washing hands or using hand sanitizer after using the tissue. More than ever before, your important role as gatekeepers of St. Lucia's nutritional, health and food security should be taken seriously. When you exercise these precautions, you not only safeguard your health but also continue to allow all St. Lucia's access to freshly grown fruits, vegetables and other local crops. Remember, it is our responsibility to ensure our nation eats fresh St. Lucia's best. Welcome back. We join Primus Hutchinson for the NTN Nouvelle, Aquial. We have found around 8 million dollars per NIC, that's the ASIOS LATIONAL DECEPTLESSI, ASOYON ANONSEMENT, HOT MINISTERE AFFAIR FINANCE. We have Allen Chastney, Corporation of ASIOS LATIONAL NIC, preparing my salary by contributing to a program of SIPOA FINANCIAL. Selon Prime Minister Chastney, it's the first time that ASIOS LATIONAL AFFAIR has been able to charge and have access to more than 18,000 applications. Prime Minister Chastney declared that in the past few weeks, it has been able to work, because it has been able to receive less than 600 dollars, which is more than the amount that ASIOS LATIONAL DECEPTLESSI has been able to pay for a program of SIPOA FINANCIAL. So, Prime Minister, I thank you ASOYON ANONSEMENT for giving me the opportunity to also thank the Prime Minister for giving me the money that ASIOS LATIONAL DECEPTLESSI has been able to pay in total, the amount that ASIOS LATIONAL DECEPTLESSI has been able to receive, and the amount that ASIOS LATIONAL DECEPTLESSI has been able to receive. Prime Minister Chastney has already paid 9,816 climes in the 18,000 applications that ASIOS LATIONAL DECEPTLESSI has been able to receive. Prime Minister Chastney has also paid 7,614 climes in the 18,000 applications that ASIOS LATIONAL DECEPTLESSI has been able to receive. Prime Minister Chastney has also paid 7,614 climes in the 18,000 applications that ASIOS LATIONAL DECEPTLESSI has been able to receive. Prime Minister Chastney has also paid 7,614 climes in the 18,000 applications that ASIOS LATIONAL DECEPTLESSI has been able to receive. Prime Minister Chasney, by this list here in Sulaki, government can continue to support you, especially those who are affected by COVID-19. Several hundred citizens have started receiving boxes full of local products that are stored in a farm. That's the cultivator, and there's even a social stabilization program that Prime Minister Alain Chasney started. In the beginning of the 20th century, the government continued to implement a box full of food. More than 770 boxes of food have been stored in the farm, under the national government program, to provide food for those who are more vulnerable. This also benefits the farmers, as they have also been affected by COVID-19. Prime Minister Chasney said that if we continue to implement this program, we will be able to provide food to those who are more vulnerable. That's because, before, the government could not support this program, but after that, we will be able to provide food to those who are more vulnerable. Prime Minister Paledi, this has been an establishment of the Board of Health that will be able to provide food to those who are more vulnerable. This has been happening every week. That's why Prime Minister Chasney said that if we continue to implement this program, we will be able to provide food to those who are more vulnerable, as I have already listed. This means that we as government are also able to provide food to those who are more vulnerable, as we have already listed. Prime Minister Chasney said that if we continue to implement this program, we will be able to provide food to those who are more vulnerable, contact, contact, and marketing board set the city. Minister Zafar developed my economic transportation on Rwabukai Joseph and the discussion was very important. To educate and inform the public about the new digital services that are being developed by DJ Gov, he said that Zafar will be able to pay more money to support the city, because of your existence. The discussion was very important. Minister Zafar was able to create a system that would allow the city to serve the internet to inform the public about the new digital services that are being developed by DJ Gov. But it is also not a service that is available for the city. We also have a new machine with the full change of ownership form that is being developed online. We have a new application that can be used to provide online access to the city. We do not have a service that is available, but the government is generally providing a service. So we have a new application that can be used for the city. The city needs a service from the Ministry of Health, it needs a service from the Fire Service, it needs a service from the Traffic Department. The city can go to different places in the city. We also have an online application that can go to different places in the city that has the responsibility to buy an approval for the application. But the city needs a service that is better and more clean. I hope that you like the news about today. I thank you very much for watching it. I have a very important invitation. I also hope that you could give me the great news about Acquéol. See you all in the next episode. Thank you all for watching. And that brings us to the end of Entia Nightly. You can also catch up with us anytime on the St. Lucia Government Facebook page or YouTube channel. I am Channel Novel.


Today I'm taking the air fryer to a whole new level. So I thought I would have a little fun. We're gonna take some of my recipes and cook them in the air fryer to see how they turn out. So if you guys are ready, let's just get to it. So I've been doing a lot of research and one of the most popular things is a steak. A steak in the air fryer. So I have a few steaks. We're gonna put them in and see how it goes. Okay, so we're gonna take just a little bit of olive oil and brush the steaks because sometimes you just need a little bit of oil in your air fryer to make it nice and crispy and just good. So we're gonna actually do both sides of this. Next I have a teaspoon of Italian seasoning that we're just gonna put on here. Again, just a little bit. Then I'm gonna do salt and pepper to taste. I just like using basic ingredients when I cook my steak because the steak literally has all the flavor. Okay, let's hope these over will do the same. Okay, we're gonna let these rest for about five minutes and while we do that, we'll preheat the air fryer. Now that it's all done preheating, we're gonna put them in. Then we're gonna set the timer for 12 minutes. We're gonna check them and flip them about six minutes into it. So make sure you keep an eye on them. All right, we're about six minutes into it. Let's check this out. Oh, nice. Okay, it is smelling so good. Let's flip these. All right, now we're just gonna close it and cook them for the remainder of the time. Okay, it is all done. Let's check this out. Okay, it worked good. I'm curious of the temperature. Let's check this little guy. Let's put right in the middle here. See, all right, we're way over well. So it is definitely done. Even though it's well done, I'm gonna let it sit here for about 10 minutes and then I'll get the special butter ready to go. We're gonna save this recipe still. Okay, I got a little bit of butter and yes, I melted it. Then we have like a half teaspoon of rosemary, a half teaspoon of thyme, and a half teaspoon of parsley. We're just gonna mix this all together. After tasting it, I decided I want a little bit of garlic too.  Now usually your butter would be not this soft but it's still gonna work. It's still gonna be delicious. Okay, let's grab our steaks. And I'm just gonna take our butter sauce. We're just gonna put it on the top and let it sit here for about a minute or so. It smells so good. It's looking too bad. Now it's a little more done than I usually prefer but my kids will love it.  It's all right, it's all right. Next time I won't cook it for nearly as long. So if I could rate this one, I would probably give it, I don't know, two and a half stars out of five. That's partially my fault because I didn't check the temperature halfway through when I probably should have. All right, so I saw that you could cook burgers in your air fryer so I've never tried it before. We're gonna see if it actually works. So we're going 400 degrees, eight minutes. Wish me luck. So I had one pound of hamburger and I'm just gonna add some steak seasoning. That's my favorite thing on burgers, guys. And then I also love a little bit of garlic salt. You wanna make sure that you get both sides. We're gonna flip this baby over and season that too. Okay, we are ready. Okay, we're gonna open this up. We can fit all four on here very easily. So we're gonna lift up our burgers, put it right in. Then we're gonna go temperature up to 400 degrees. Then we're just gonna go for eight minutes. Push start, ready to go. You guys, the timer's done. Wow, I'm actually impressed. We're gonna cut into this because some of those don't look done. I'm just gonna check the temperature inside just to see what we're at. So we're like 178, it was 180. These are cooked. Okay, so while we're getting the buns and everything ready, I'm actually just gonna set the cheese on. We're making cheesy burgers today. All right, we got our buns ready to go. Let's pull out these burgers. Those look amazing. And yes, I know, my burgers are small for my buns. I know this, I know this, but it's still gonna taste so good. Now you can just put on all of your favorite toppings. These are some of my favorites. All right, so because I live in Utah, I love fry sauce on my burgers. It's so good. So I'm gonna show you how to make fry sauce. So you're just gonna add a little bit of mayonnaise, a little bit of ketchup, a little bit of barbecue sauce, and mix that all together. Now, as I'm putting this on, I'm curious, if you have a favorite sauce that you like on your burgers, if you do, go ahead and comment down below for me. Okay, guys, that looks so good. You guys see this? This is my kind of burger. Yeah, let's try it. All right, the third recipe we're gonna try is beef jerky. Now I saw some air fryer beef jerky recipes and I thought it was interesting, so we're gonna try it out and see if it works. Okay, so we have some bottom round, thin, sliced meat here. So we're gonna just cut into this. So this beef is really, really thin, just how we want it, because we're making beef jerky. Now we just need to cut it into beef jerky strips. So we're just gonna slice this up a little bit. We're gonna slice into about one inch strips or so. It doesn't have to be perfect, but just so it's sliced. Okay, we've cut all the beef jerky. Now it's time to just make the sauce. So first we're gonna add just a half cup of brown sugar, a fourth cup of Worcestershire sauce. Now this is called liquid smoke. It's one of my favorites. You can find it at every grocery store. So we just need one tablespoon of that liquid smoke. Now we just need one teaspoon of onion powder, one teaspoon of garlic powder, one teaspoon of black pepper, one teaspoon of cayenne pepper, and then one teaspoon of smoked paprika. You wanna make sure it's smoked. Then I'm just gonna add one tablespoon of this Caribbean jerk sauce. This is Buffalo Wild Wing sauce, and it's one of my faves.  This is our sauce where our meat is gonna marinate. Okay, now it's time to put our beef jerky in. You just wanna make sure that the pieces are not stuck together, that it's just individual pieces, and we'll put them right on top of each other. Then we're gonna cover this with plastic wrap and let it sit in the fridge overnight. Now let's get cooking. All right, this looks so good. I'm really hoping it works. Okay, now we're just gonna get one piece at a time, and we're gonna put them on a skewer.  Then we're just gonna go all the way down to the bottom of the skewer. So we're just gonna do one piece at a time, and just put a lot of pieces on this little skewer. Now as you're putting them on, you want them to be about an inch apart. So we're gonna, hopefully they won't stick together as they cook. Okay, this one's ready to go. We're just gonna bring it right over with our skewer and just put it on the air fryer just like that. So go ahead and put it into the air fryer. You're gonna cook it at 180 degrees for 45 minutes. So let's see if this works. They fell a little, they fell a lot. That one stayed alive. Okay, these didn't stay up as well as I had hoped. This one did, but they actually still look like they're still getting cooked pretty good. They'll just be a little scrunchy, which is fine. Okay, we're gonna try and put these back up. We gotta keep on cooking them until they're cooked all the way. So hopefully they'll stay, we'll see. Here we go. Okay, there's like 12 minutes left, but I'm gonna just check on them. Ooh, yeah, those sticks are not working very well. I feel like you can even lay them down. But I think for the most part, it's still working like really well. Okay, let's pull one of these out. Okay, this is looking so good. I don't like my beef jerky really hard, and this is like tender. I love this. So you can kind of see, they're a little bit oily, so we're gonna put them on a paper towel and try and get all the oil out of them. Cause we want these as dry as can be. Let's give that a try. I'm never going back to store-bought. That's so good. Now the last recipe that I am attempting to make is the Caribbean Jerk chicken wings. Now chicken wings supposedly are the best to make in the air fryer because it makes the outside nice and crispy, the inside nice and tender. So let's give it a try, see if it works. We're gonna start by taking some chicken wings and putting them into a bowl. Now you wanna make sure that you add just a little bit of olive oil. That's how we get that crust on the outside.  There we go. I'm just gonna add a little bit of garlic salt. It's like my most favorite seasonings. I think it just tastes so good. And then go ahead and mix that around. All right, ready for the air fryer. Go ahead and preheat your air fryer to 400 degrees. So make sure you spread them out into a single layer. Okay, we're gonna cook these for 15 minutes. Halfway through, about seven minutes into it, we're gonna open it and see how it's doing. Nice. Okay, they're looking great. I'm just gonna shake them a little bit. All right, feeling good about it. Okay, let's take it back in and let it finish cooking. Okay, it's all done, let's pull this out. Oh, nice. Okay, now we just gotta make some sauce to go with it. So in this bowl, I'm gonna add some more of this Caribbean jerk sauce that we used before. It's by Buffalo Wild Wings. You could also use Buffalo sauce if you want. And then we're just gonna add a little bit of honey and a little bit of lime. So you're gonna add about one cup of the Caribbean jerk sauce, about all three tablespoons of honey and about a tablespoon of the lime sauce. And just mix it all together. I'm just gonna put in all my chicken. Taste test here, it's my favorite part. Sauce on there is good, so good.


It's time to kick off your shoes and let your hair down during WMPG's Bluegrass Music Festival and Arthur Nichols got a preview from station volunteer Merrill Marsh. So Merrill, there is a Bluegrass Festival coming up soon. Yes, I'm very excited about it. It's our annual WMPG Bluegrass Spectacular. The Spectacular. Yes, yes. We used to use extravaganza in the Spectacular and so now we just said spectacular. So how long have you been doing this? Ten years. Ten years, well. I started out as a fundraiser for this radio station that Tom Flynn and I put together. He was a former DJ that moved to Minnesota and it was to be just a bunch of local bands that I happen to be friendly with and say let's go on stage and promote it for, promote the show for fundraising for WMPG. So Bluegrass has gotten to be, I mean it's always been a popular genre but it's experiencing a lot of popularity now, isn't it? I think so because of the teachers that are involved in 317 Main where you can go and learn actually how to play Bluegrass. So it expanded in the city pretty much through a lot of people jamming and picking together. So it's sort of a communal thing as well as a performance.  I play in the grass holes on occasion when they invite me. But I started the band in the back of Buck Dancer's Choice with Carl Logan and he dubbed us the grass holes and since then we've been performing and some people cringe at the name, other people get a chuckle out of it. So are the grass holes performing at Longfellow Square? They will be, they've done all ten shows as well as The Jerks of Grass which is Carl Logan's band and there will also be Tricky Bridges which is a band formed by a bunch of guys that we know including Seth Doyle who is a mandolin player who was a former grass hole. So okay so grass holes, jerks of grass, Tricky Bridges and also you have a special guest that night. Right, we always like to invite the kids from 317, they really wild the crowd.  So it's a great way to carry on the tradition. It's a wonderful way to carry on the tradition and to show what bluegrass music, how much it can help the community and help one to learn music. So where is this 10th annual spectacular? Well it's moved this year. It's going from the church on Munjoy Hills St. Lawrence, it's now going to One Long Fellow Square and it was a decision this year because it was the 10th one and we wanted to get as many people involved as we possibly could. Sure great, that's a great venue, big enough but nice and cozy and so let's see, so it's that Long Fellow Square, what day is it? It's on Monday May 14th, it's always on a Monday evening so it doesn't inflict with all the other great music we have in Portland area and it starts at, the doors open at 6 and I think the show starts, the show does start at 6.30. And so there's a cover I think, right? All the proceeds go to Benefit WMBG and I believe the cover this year is $12. Great, that sounds good. So I know that this is not quite bluegrass but do you know Chris Moore, do you know who Chris Moore is? I don't. Okay, but do you have other connections to the big world of professional bluegrass and Nashville? The jerks are the ones that are really more in tune with touring outside of the state and whatnot, Tricky Bridges is an up and coming band which is one of the things we like to promote. We've always, the third act has always been sort of a new and upcoming act in the Portland area. So those are the guys that you're apt to see outside of the arena of Portland. And so you're going to see some typical violin, mandolin, guitar, a couple other instruments. Very traditional bluegrass music will be played, a couple of originals will be played by some of the bands but they'll stick pretty much to the great bluegrass format and with the traditional bluegrass instruments. Great, so I hope you get a great crowd on Monday, May 14th, right? That's correct. And Longfellow Square. Yes. And this is to benefit WMBG. Totally to benefit WMBG for the 10th year, a great radio station that we have in this wonderful city of Portland. Dynamite, that sounds great. Thanks for coming. Thank you very much. Thank you. Bye.


Great. So welcome to Bosch Day. Sorry for the technical difficulties. My name is Matt Ryder. I am a product manager and a director at Pivotal, and I lead product strategy for Platform, which Bosch is a part of. So today I'm going to talk with you about Bosch Manifest Sanity. And so some of these things that involve making Manifest more sane are things that you can take advantage of today. They're part of what we call Bosch 2.0, which you can read about. Things sort of shift from Bosch Notes, which you can Google. Just type in Bosch Notes, and it'll lead you to notes that are on GitHub about the things that are changing in Bosch. And then slowly as those things are implemented, they move out of Bosch Notes, and they're actually documented on Bosch I.O. So some of these things have moved out of Bosch Notes, and they're up on Bosch I.O. because they're real features that you can take advantage of. And some other things that I'm going to talk about are in Bosch Notes as things that haven't been implemented, but are coming. And then the last thing that I will talk about that's a thing that will make Manifest more sane is something that's not on Bosch Notes, but it's more of an idea that I want to discuss with you and get input on because a lot of people in the community as well as people within the foundation and some of the folks that are at Pivotal and IBM and SAP really would like to see some sort of packaging solution for Bosch. More self-descriptive, self-contained. We're calling them bundles as you'll see in a moment. So this is more of an idea. It's very loose. Nothing, no code has been written yet, but it's something that I'll describe with you today. All right. So before we look at these ideas, let's back up a little. This will also help for those in the room who don't know what a manifest is. I'm sort of hoping that most of you do. But we need to back up because in order to see why a manifest should change, we need to know what it looks like today. So I'm going to talk very high level and very briefly about what Bosch is and how it works. This isn't going to be an elaborate description of Bosch at all. It's just at the fundamentals. So Bosch has a special vocation. It provisions complex distributed software like Cloud Foundry on to virtualized or bare metal infrastructure. There is a CPI for that. And that little fellow on the left there, that's the Bosch director. She's directing the installation, the orchestration of those virtual machines on the right. If you're wondering why she's represented as a clam, it's a great question. And I'm not sure actually where the clam came from. I think it may have been James Baer. I think he may have actually created it himself using some. We don't have a logo. I know. And the clam is like an unofficial logo. Dr. Nick was talking about he doesn't have a Bosch shirt. So he has to wear his concourse shirt. Wouldn't it be nice if we had Bosch shirts? I'm not sure if the clam is what we should stick with. But all of my slides have it because it's cute. The yellow circle does bring, yeah. Next slide, previous slide. All the slides have yellow circles with clams in them. Why was the clam chosen? Because Bosch was originally known as the Bosch outer shell, this recursive name, the B for Bosch and the OSH for outer shell. And those circles there represent the outer shell, which is this orchestration layer that Bosch lives within. And then the things that it provisions and orchestrates, which are the inner shells. So we talk all about outer shells. Why not make Bosch's logo a clam? So for Bosch to perform its vocation, it needs you, the user, to tell it about a number of things. You need to tell it about the software you want to run, which is packaged as a Bosch release, the operating system to run it on, the properties for configuring that software. You also need to tell it about the storage devices that are available to it, whether it's that storage is being used as persistent storage or ephemeral storage shared or local to each machine. You also need to tell it about the resources that it has available to it, the profile of the machines, virtual machines, virtual or not that contain it. You need to tell it about the network layout and which components should be located where. And you need to tell it about the relationships between things so that they can communicate with one another over the network. The numbers of each component and the order in which those components should start. And finally, which kind of cloud you're targeting in order to provision all of these different dimensions according to the physics, pros and cons and folklore of each infrastructure that it understands. And you tell it all these things in one file. And I think you know the name of that file. And we're going to talk a lot about that file today. And that file is called the manifest, Bosch manifest. So over the course of the last six weeks or so, we've been talking with a lot of Bosch users. And we've been talking with those Bosch users because we want to understand how we can make that manifest easier. And how we can make their lives easier. So we've been traveling around. We've also been having a lot of phone calls with customers that have been here at summit. And you heard many of them talk today. We've been spending time on the phone with them talking to them about Bosch. Listening to them tell us about the tools that they build around Bosch. How they construct and change their manifests. Also how they track the changes that you learn about in the release notes of CF release, how they track those, how they understand them, how they understand how their Bosch manifest should change based on those those properties that they're changing in CF release. And so we've learned a lot. And these are all things that people in the room know about. And what we've learned is that we hear some consistent things. And we hear consistent things about the manifest, specifically the cloud foundry manifest, which is obviously the most popular manifest that people are going to write. And it's become really what Bosch's domain is. We've heard that Bosch is used for a number of different, you know, installations of different software packages. But really, it's most likely associated with cloud foundry. So let's talk about the consistent things that they say. They're really on the negative side of the spectrum. We're going to fill in the blanks a little bit. So the CF manifest is long. There's no denying that it's long. It's very long. It's thousands of lines long. The CF manifest is also repetitive. It repeats a number of stanzas for a number of things. For instance, I looked at a cloud foundry manifest and I searched for the word cert. And I found one called agent agent cert. And is this the cert for the Bosch agent, the Metron agent? I don't know. I don't actually care. The point is that this cert appears 10 times within the manifest. The same one. And that's just one thing. It happens to be a really big thing, but it's just a thing. And yes, we'll talk a little bit about security and encrypting in a second. Quick, take a picture of it. This is not a long, this is not a long lived environment. The CF manifest is complicated. This one's relatively obvious. We're building on the last couple of things. It's long, it's repetitive. So obviously, it's going to be complicated because long, repetitive Bosch manifests have a number of properties, as I described, for dozens of different software components. And the purpose and structure of these things either requires tribal knowledge or a fair amount of discourse about what's in the CF runtime release notes. It's overwhelming. Long, repetitive and complicated, those describe the manifest and this word describes the feeling that I have. I know that that's how I feel when I'm looking at 5,000 lines of YAML. I look at the length of it and the number of things that I don't understand and I get this feeling that I'm not in control. And I miss being in control and I miss maybe using some other tools that I've learned that I feel in control of instead of this one. That's not a feeling we want to give Bosch users. So the title of my presentation is Ideas for Sanity. So it sort of goes that obviously I must think that the Bosch manifest is insane. It follows that the current state must be the opposite. It's a bit of a melodramatic thing to say, but for those in the room who know me, I can go that way sometimes. I think that it's justified. And so the rest of the presentation, I'm going to lead you through the ways that it is insane and the ways that we're making it more sane with some additional ideas for the future. So first of all, why is it insane? So you may think that insanity has something to do with mental health, but that's not actually where the term is used. So people, mental health professionals and physicians don't use the term insanity. They don't like that term. It's really a legal definition. And it's used in the courtroom. And there are rules about the insanity defense and mens re, which is basically a person's understanding of being aware of their own guilt. And there's the general definition from English law that insanity is a mental state in which a person cannot distinguish between good and evil. So why are Bosch manifests insane? Because to date, they've been doing a lot of evil things. And they've been claiming we've been claiming that it's good or at least good enough. So fortunately, we in this room are not insane. We can distinguish between good and evil, I think. But maybe maybe that's the topic for another conversation. All right, so the reason I'm bringing up good and evil is two fold. First, there are things we should do that will shift us away from design patterns that are evil towards design patterns that are good. But really, I just needed a framework to contrast these things and why not good and evil. All right, the first design pattern is something called the hammer principle. It's a trap that a lot of people fall into in software. They choose tools for the wrong reasons. And it usually results in choosing the wrong tool. So we fall into this trap because we're more familiar with a tool or we have some unjustified religious stance on a tool that isn't grounded in reality. And in this case, Bosch manifests went for the sane and good choice, not the evil choice. And that's YAML. The wrong tool probably would have been XML, which was an option once. And it's actually where YAML came from. And the reason why YAML is the same choice is because XML was never meant to be human readable. It was meant to be read by a machine. And YAML's author, Clark Evans, thinks that maybe unconsciously he chose this format because of the wiki format that was meant to be read by both machine and people. So that was a sane choice. YAML is not markup language. That's his name. It's actually better. But then we come to a different notion, which is, oops, did I skip a slide? I skipped a letter. In capsillation. So there's good and evil here, too. This is another design pattern where the Bosch manifest has suffered. So on the left, we have the idea of encapsulation. And it's represented by a number of countries, each with its own language, tradition and culture. And on the right, we have this indistinguishable blob of a thing called planet Earth, which is some sort of evil global monoculture.  So the manifest has a lot of sort of global state. It's a pattern that Bosch is used from the start. On the left, we have a cloud foundry manifest. And this is one that ops manager, Pivotal ops manager, has generated. It's almost 5,600 lines long. And sure, ops manager produced it. So it probably has a lot of superfluous items in it that a human wouldn't have introduced. But the idea is the same. It's one giant file, and it includes the release, the stem cell, networking, storage, resource pools, configuration properties for each job, or VM that Bosch deploys. And the boundaries between things, they're there, but they take a lot of scrolling and searching to piece apart. Okay, so now let's look at how we've started to convert this evil thing into a good one. With some of the changes that are taking place in this thing, we're calling Bosch 2.0. Bosch introduces two new boundaries to isolate different concerns. And the first one is called the cloud config, which gives us a new definition of something called an availability zone that Bosch never knew about before. So this is a concept that was formed to Bosch. So you define this availability zone in the cloud config. You also are going to define definitions of resources and networking, basically all of the IaaS settings for AWS and vSphere and OpenStack and Azure and Google Cloud coming soon. So this allows for a boundary between the things that are IaaS specific, and which is represented here with Germany, and the things that are about your deployment, which in this case is a little picture of Iceland. Two boundaries around things that are distinct. So we're starting to tease apart and encapsulate different concerns by separating things out of the manifest. Things you may not touch ever again, regardless of how many deployments you do on that IaaS. Maybe you just write that file once. And we also have a new boundary for a thing called a runtime config, which is Spain in this case. It's how a global machine, global machine settings can be placed on the VM. Pivotal released an IPsec add-on that uses the runtime config. And there are other add-ons for adding users to a VM, changing the login manner and other fun things like that. Okay, so this brings me to another design pattern, which is the dry versus wet pattern. Dry, do not repeat yourself. Wet, write everything twice. So the Bosch manifest is pretty wet. A good example of that is where jobs need to reference other jobs. So like the NATS job, for example. So this stanza, which shows the NATS user and password port and location, it's repeated for every job, it's repeated 25 times in the manifest. And this is not the only example of wetness within a Bosch manifest. A slight detour here. How many of you were at Derek Coulson's talk yesterday? He was talking about how RabbitMQ was, Derek wrote NATS. And he was talking about RabbitMQ was originally the message bus in Cloud Foundry. And so I've always been curious about why NATS would be better than Rabbit. So I went off and I googled why NATS replaced Rabbit and here's what I got, which really isn't very informative. So I guess the reason for that will go with Derek to his grave. All right, so we want to dry up our manifest and we want to do that. We are going to do that and we can do that using another Bosch 2.0 feature. So these are the things that are possible again today and I'll get into some things that are not yet possible that we're planning for tomorrow. So we're using a feature now that's introduced, it's called links. So in places where one VM or one release provides something that other VMs or releases will consume, the component author will use a link directly in their Bosch release. So that redundant stanza of NATS, where you find NATS and how you log into NATS, it'll no longer appear 25 times. In fact, it might not appear at all if the release can reference one another from inside of themselves. So this silly picture of a fan that's blowed during a basset hound can be personified, in our case, to a human being that might be among us in the audience. This person is Amit Gupta who is a pivotal employee and he along with his team are deconstructing all the things that comprise CF release, making it more composable and using Bosch links rather than relying on these repeated stanzas in the Bosch manifest. All right, so here we go into the future. We just talked about the present and Bosch 2.0 giving us some new ways of drawing up and encapsulating, drawing boundaries using the cloud config. Yeah, I don't know that Demetri's here to answer that question. I don't think Bosch 2.0 is a thing. Absolutely. Bosch 2.0 is just a name for features that are new. We are going to, I'm not going to go through the speaker's notes like I was before. I'm just going to quickly wrap up because I was right at the best part, which was stuff that Bosch, thanks, things that are forward-looking, one of which is documented at Bosch notes, like I said, and one of which is not. And so I just, I wonder it, you know, it's forward-looking so the authenticity is questionable.   I don't know. Okay, so into the future. Let's hope this little thing works. It does. Okay, so the first thing is, and I, we looked at a manifest earlier in the presentation, my presentation that showed an SSL cert as well as the NATS credentials that were sitting in a manifest. There are lots of ways that I've seen people extract those secrets and then later on inject them back into the manifest, but the best thing to do would be to get them out of the manifest completely. So this is up on Bosch notes today and the way in which we're going to be extracting secrets, this is brand new, is using what our friend Dmitri is calling the config server. So again, you can read about this. It's basically, it's a clean API on getting and setting values and this could be done in one of two places. You could either do it in the manifest itself or you could do it in the releases in the same way that links have references to things. Those links could also have references to these key value pairs that are sitting in this key value store. And so when the director is doing a deploy, it'll basically dynamically evaluate these references, replace them with the real thing, which could be a secret, it also could be anything, which is why it's not called a secret server, it's just a config server because this could be any config setting. And so that's step one, not only in shrinking the manifest down, which was part of the theme of the rest of the presentation, but also in extracting secrets from our manifest. So that's really great. Yeah. Mr. Nick, last time you interrupted, things didn't go so well. But go ahead. What's your question? Version numbers. So stage one of this config server doesn't involve encryption yet, but it's a clean API and you could swap something else out underneath it, perhaps. Okay. So packaging bundling easier ring. So this is the part that's not documented anywhere in that it's just a conversation that we're having. And I invite all of you to be part of that conversation. We could do it on the mailing list. You could email me or Dimitri or Nick or Chip or, but basically we would like to come up with a way of making software more self-contained. The releases, you know, they have all sorts of, there's metadata inside the releases today, but it doesn't, it can shorten the manifest if you're going to move, and this is a good practice, is to move as many things out of your manifest into your spec file. That's something that we're trying to do and Amit is helping with that, across the list of releases. But this is something different. So if you think about the flow of deploying Cloud Foundry, there are these two steps in here, right, that involve grabbing a template from probably Bosch IO and then editing that template, the first template being the Bosch init manifest, and then the second template being this really verbose thing that deploys Cloud Foundry. And wouldn't it be nice if it was something more like that? I think this is a little far-fetched. I think we still have to pass values, obviously. Bosch needs to know about your infrastructure settings, and there are definitely things that, that Bosch needs to know about the environments that you're on, if you're going to deploy Cloud Foundry and static IPs and things like that. But this idea that my friend Demetri, who's leaning against the door in the back there, hi, he's in the, he's almost in the room, another seven or eight feet, and he'd be in the room. He has to come in the room because he's on the panel, so we know that it'll happen. So we've been calling this a bundle. We don't know a better name, maybe it'll be something else, but right now it's a bundle. And there's not a whole lot that distinguishes what you see in these packages from what's in a release, right?  But what if there was something like a base manifest inside of the bundle? We already talked about separating concerns. We've got the cloud config, which is your IaaS concerns. We've got this new thing called a runtime config. What if the manifest now could also separate concerns? You've got part of the manifest that is very specific to the releases that are in it. And then you've got another part of the manifest that's specific to your deployments of that release. So the thing that's release specific, maybe it could be a little closer to the releases. So you could have sort of two of these manifests, and one could be inside of the bundle, and one could be outside of the bundle, something that you're responsible for. And so this is what the UX for this maybe might look like someday, kind of. You've got a bundle, which is maybe our latest cloud foundry, and you could upload that to the director, and that would have all of your releases, and maybe it would also have a base template for that release, so that you wouldn't have to keep recreating it with every manifest. And then we have another set of overrides, that dash O. And again, this is just conceptual right now. We're not sure that this is where we'll go, but it seems like it makes sense. You've got overrides to override or just extend what's in that base template. And the overrides could have something that we've been describing as a topology. So the first override could be your instance groups that describe maybe it's small, so everything's co-located on just a few VMs, or maybe it's large and everything is on its own VM. That would be the first override. And the second override could be something that's very specific to this particular deployment, with the static IPs for that deployment. So it might look like that.  So now those are out of your manifest. Then you upload your stem cell, you upload your bundle, and then you do a deploy, and you have two very narrow YAML files, instead of this huge thing that we started with at the beginning of this conversation, which was 5,000 lines and unintelligible. Okay, so I made it through that time. That's good. So I'm going to wrap it up. How I'm going to wrap it up is with a tweet that I found that I had tweeted in 2013, which was Bosch as a set of concentric circles. I tweeted this right when I think it was, Pivotal was just getting involved with Bosch. I had come out of VMware. I had met Nick on that first day when we launched Bosch. And I had all this enthusiasm about Bosch. And one of the reasons I was enthusiastic about it is because I had heard from all of these people, very smart people who were doing things like managing big production systems and wanted to distribute complex software in the cloud, that this was a really kind of crude but very holistic way of managing software in the cloud. And when I looked at it and I compared it to other solutions, it looked like it was comprehensive in that the things that we described before, configuration management, like Chef, sort of in the middle, then there are all these other things around the edges that other solutions and packages offer. To be fair, though, configuration management in these companies like OpsCode now Chef and Puppet, they do have a similar suite of technologies. So the question is, if we were there so early, why didn't this catch on? And I think the reason why has to do with what I've been talking about. Manifests are really hard. And it's a huge roadblock that gets in your way when you're trying to learn Bosch. It's very hard to learn Bosch. Nick has done a great job of giving us some tools that make that easier. Bosch, Gen, and bootstrapping tools early on to get on AWS. But it continues to be hard. And now that we're making it easier, maybe it'll be easier to onboard new participants, whereas some of these other tools like Chef are actually really easy to get started with, because they're domain specific languages and they have really easy examples. And you can do something like, oh, it's not going to trigger any problems. Don't worry. You can do something like, oh, I'm just going to set up an engine X and open port 5000. And it takes you five minutes to do something like that. The problem is that they've come at it from a different direction in that you kind of end up taking that DSL and constructing something sort of like where you would end up with Bosch, very complicated monolithic type of system that takes care of your snowflake environment in organization XYZ. We started out with the complex complexity right in your face. And I think it was necessary to do that, do it that way. Two years later, I think we're at the point where we can make it much more of a smooth transition to learning Bosch. Anyhow, I would show you the next slide, but it appears to be misbehaving. But thanks for letting me finish and have a good day.


of private, common and public property, and the rationale for total privatisation. By Hans Hermann Hopper. I have three goals. First, I want to clarify the nature and function of private property. Second, I want to clarify the distinction between common goods and property and public goods and property, and explain the construction error inherent in the institution of public goods and property. Third, I want to explain the rationale and principle of privatisation. Theoretical preliminaries. I'll begin with some abstract but fundamental theoretical considerations concerning the sources of conflicts and the purpose of social norms. If there were no interpersonal conflicts, there would be no need for norms. It is the purpose of norms to help avoid otherwise unavoidable conflicts. A norm that generates conflict rather than helps avoid it is contrary to the purpose of norms, i.e. it is a dysfunctional norm or a perversion. It is sometimes thought that conflicts result from the mere fact of different people having different interests or ideas, but this is false or at least very incomplete. From the diversity of individual interests and ideas alone, it does not follow that conflicts must arise. I want it to rain and my neighbour wants the sun to shine. Our interests are contrary. However, because neither I nor my neighbour controls the sun nor the clouds, our conflicting interests have no practical consequences. There is nothing that we can do about the weather. Likewise, I may believe that A causes B and you believe that B is caused by C, or I believe in and pray to God and you don't. But if this is all the difference there is between us, nothing of any practical consequence follows. Different interests and beliefs can lead to conflict only when they are put into action. When our interests and ideas are attached to or implemented in physically controlled objects, i.e. in economic goods or means of action. Yet even if our interests and ideas are attached to and implemented in economic goods, no conflict results so long as our interests and ideas are concerned exclusively with different, physically separate goods. Conflict only results if our different interests and beliefs are attached to and invested in one and the same good. In the land of cocaine, with a super abundance of goods, no conflict can arise except for conflicts regarding the use of our physical bodies that embody our very own interests and ideas. There is enough around of everything to satisfy everyone's desires. In order for different interests and ideas to result in conflict, goods must be scarce. Only scarcity makes it possible that different interests and ideas can be attached to and invested in one and the same stock of goods. Conflicts then are physical clashes regarding the control of one and the same given stock of goods. People clash because they want to use the same goods in different, incompatible ways. Even under conditions of scarcity, when conflicts are possible, they are not necessary or unavoidable. All conflicts regarding the use of any good can be avoided if only every good is privately owned, i.e. exclusively controlled by some specified individual or individuals and it is always clear which thing is owned and by whom and which is not. The interests and ideas of different individuals may then be as different as can be and yet no conflict arises so long as their interests and ideas are concerned always and exclusively with their own separate property. What is needed in order to avoid all conflict then is only a norm regarding the privatisation of scarce things, goods. More specifically, in order to avoid all conflict from the very beginning of mankind on, the required norm must concern the original privatisation of goods, the first transformation of nature-given things into economic goods and private property. Further, the original privatisation of goods cannot occur by verbal declaration, i.e. by the mere utterance of words, because this could work and not lead to permanent and irresolvable conflict, only if, contrary to our initial assumption of different interests and ideas, a pre-stabilised harmony of the interests and ideas of all people existed, yet in that case no norms were needed in the first place. Rather to avoid all otherwise unavoidable conflict, the original privatisation of goods must occur through actions, through acts of original appropriation of what were previously things. Only through actions taking place in time and space can an objective, intersubjectively ascertainable link be established between a particular person and a particular good. And only the first appropriator of a previously unappropriated thing can acquire this thing without conflict. For by definition as the first appropriator, we cannot have run into any conflict with anyone in appropriating the good in question, as everyone else appeared on the scene only later. All property must go back then, directly or indirectly, through a chain of mutually beneficial and hence likewise conflict-free property-title transfers to original appropriators and acts of original appropriation. As a matter of fact, this answer is apodictically, i.e. non-hypothetically true. In the absence of a pre-stabilised harmony of all individual interests, only private property can help avoid otherwise, under conditions of scarcity, unavoidable conflict. And only the principle of property acquisition by means of original appropriation or mutually beneficial transfer from an earlier to a later proprietor makes it possible that conflict can be avoided throughout, from the very beginning of mankind until the end. No other solution exists. Every other ruling is contrary to the nature of man, as a rational actor. In conclusion, even under conditions of all around scarcity, it is possible that people with divergent interests and ideas can peacefully, without conflict, coexist. Provided they recognise the institution of private, i.e. exclusive property, and its ultimate foundation in and through acts of original appropriation. Private property, common goods, and public property. Let me now move from theory to practice and application. Let us assume a small village with privately owned houses, gardens and fields. In principle, all conflicts regarding the use of these goods can be avoided, because it is clear who owns and who has exclusive control of what house, garden and field, and who doesn't. But then there runs a public street in front of the private houses, and a public path leads through the woods at the edge of the village to some lake. What is the status of this street and this path? They are not private property. Indeed, we assume that no one claims that he is the streets, or the path's private owner. Rather, street and path are part of the natural environment in which everyone acts. Everyone uses the street, but no one owns it or exercises exclusive control regarding its utilisation. It is conceivable that this state of affairs with oneless public streets can go on forever without leading to any conflict. It is not very realistic, however, because this requires the assumption of a stationary economy. Yet with economic change and growth, and in particular with a growing population, conflicts concerning the use of public streets are bound to increase. While street conflicts initially might have been so infrequent and so easy to avoid as not to cause anyone to worry, now they are ubiquitous and intolerable. The street is constantly congested and in permanent disrepair. A solution is required. The street must be taken out of the realm of the environment of external things or common property and brought into the realm of economic goods. This, the increasing economisation of things previously considered and treated as free goods, is the way of civilisation and progress. Two solutions to the problem of managing increasingly intolerable conflicts concerning the use of common property have been proposed and tried. The first and correct solution is to privatise the street. The second incorrect solution is to turn streets into what is nowadays called public property, which is very different from the former unknown common goods and property. Why the second solution is incorrect or dysfunctional can best be grasped in contradistinction to the alternative privatisation option. How is it possible that formerly unknown common streets can be privatised without thereby generating conflict with others? The short answer is that this can be done provided only that the appropriation of the street does not infringe on the previously established rights, the easements of private property owners to use such streets for free. Everyone must remain free to walk the street from house to house through the woods and onto the lake, just as before. Everyone retains a right of way and hence no one can claim to be made worse off by the privatisation of the street. Positively, in order to objectify and validate his claim that the formerly common street is now a private one and that he and no one else is its owner, the appropriator, whoever it may be, must perform some visible maintenance and repair work on and along the street. Then, as its owner, he and no one else can further develop and improve the streets as he sees fit. He sets the rules and regulations concerning the use of his street so as to avoid all street conflicts. He can build a hotdog stand on his road, for instance, and exclude others from doing the same. Or he can prohibit loitering on his street and collect a fee for the removal of garbage. Vis-a-vis foreigners or strangers, the street owner can determine the rules of entry regarding uninvited strangers. Last but not least, as its private owner, he can sell the street to someone else, with all previously established rights of way remaining intact. In all of this, it is more important that a privatisation takes place than what specific form it assumes. On one end of the spectrum of possible privatisations we can imagine a single owner. A wealthy villager, for example, takes it upon himself to maintain and repair the street, and thus becomes its owner. On the other end of the spectrum we can imagine that the initial maintenance or repair of the street is the result of a genuine community effort. In that case, there is not just one owner of the street, but every community member is, initially, its equal co-owner. In the absence of a pre-stabilised harmony of all interests and ideas, such co-ownership requires a decision-making mechanism regarding the further development of the street. Let us assume that, as in a joint stock company, there is the majority of the street owners that determines what to do or not to do with it. This, i.e. the majority rule, smacks of conflict, but it isn't so in this case. Every owner who is dissatisfied with the decisions made by the majority of owners, who believes that the burdens imposed upon him by the majority are greater than the benefits he can derive from his partial street ownership, can always and at all times drop out or exit. He can sell his ownership share to someone else, thus opening the possibility for the concentration of ownership titles, conceivably in a single hand, all the while retaining his original right of way. In contrast, a very different sort of street property is created if the exit option does not exist, i.e. if a person is not permitted to sell his share of street property or he is stripped of his former right of passage. This is however precisely what defines and characterises the second public property option. The public street in this modern sense of the word public is not unowned as it once was. There is a street owner, whether it is a particular individual, the king of the road, or a democratically elected street government who has an exclusive say in setting the traffic rules and determining the future development of the street. But the street government does not permit its electors, i.e. the people, who supposedly are the street's equal co-owners, to sell their ownership share, and so renders them compulsory owners of something of which they might rather want to divest themselves. And neither government nor king allow the village residents unrestricted access and passage on the formerly free street, but make its further use conditional on the payment of some user fee or contribution, thus rendering the village residents compulsory street owners again if only they want to continue using it as before. The results of this arrangement are predictable. In denying the exit option, the owner of the public street has gained a stranglehold on the village population. Accordingly the fees and other conditions imposed on the village residents for the continued use of the formerly free street will tend to become increasingly more burdensome. Conflicts will not be avoided. Quite to the contrary, conflicts are institutionalised. Because the exit option is closed, i.e. because public street users must now pay for what they had formerly had for free, and no resident can sell and divest himself of his supposed street ownership, but remains continuously bound by the decisions made by the street government or king. Not only are conflicts regarding the further use, maintenance and development of the street itself, rendered permanent and ubiquitous. More importantly, with public streets, conflict is also introduced into areas where it formerly did not exist. For if the private owners of the houses, gardens and fields along the street must pay contributions to the street owner in order to continue doing what they had done before, i.e. they must pay taxes to the street owner, then by the same token the street owner has thereby gained control over their private properties. A private owner's control concerning the use of his own house is then no longer an exclusive one. Rather, the owner of the adjacent street can interfere with a house owner's decisions regarding his own house. He can tell the house owner what to do or not to do with his house if he wants to leave or enter it as before. i.e. the public street owner is in a position where he can limit and ultimately even eliminate i.e. expropriate all private property and property rights. And thus render conflict unavoidable and all around. The rationale of privatisation It should be clear now why the institution of public property is dysfunctional. Institutions and the norms underlying them are supposed to help avoid conflict. But the institution of public property, of public streets, creates and increases conflict. For the purpose of conflict avoidance and peaceful human cooperation then, public property must go. All public property must become private property. But how to privatise in the real world, which has developed far beyond the simple village model that I have so far considered. In this real world we have not just public streets, but also public parks, land, rivers, lakes, coastlines, housing, schools, universities, hospitals, barracks, airports, harbours, libraries, museums, monuments and on and on. Further on top of local governments we have a hierarchy of superior, provincial and ultimately supreme, national or central governments as the owners of such goods. Predictably moreover, parallel to the territorial extension and expansion of the domain of public goods in which private property owners have become implicated without any way out, the range of choices left to people regarding their private property has been increasingly limited and narrowed. Only a small and increasingly smaller realm is left wherein private property owners can still make free decisions, i.e. free from possible intrusion or interference by some public authority. Not even within the four walls of one's own house is one left free and can one exercise exclusive control over one's property. Today in the name of the public and as the owner of all public goods governments can invade your house, confiscate any and all of your belongings and even kidnap your children. Obviously in the real world the question of how to privatise is more difficult than in the simple village model but the village model and elementary social theory can help us recognise the principle if not all the complicating details involved and to be applied in this task. The privatisation of public goods must occur in such a way that does not infringe on the pre-established rights of private property owners in the same way as the first appropriator of a formerly unknown common street did not infringe on anyone's rights if and in so far as he recognised every residence unrestricted right of way. Because public streets were the springboards from which all other public goods sprang the privatisation process should begin with the streets. With the transformation of formerly common streets into public streets the expansion of the domain of public goods and the powers of government started and here one should begin with the solution. The privatisation of public streets has a twofold result on the one hand no resident is henceforth forced to pay any tax for the upkeep or development of any local, provincial or federal street. The future funding of all streets is solely the responsibility of their new private owners, whomever they may be. On the other hand in so far as a residence right of way are concerned the privatisation must leave no one worse off than he was originally while it also cannot make anyone better off. Originally every village resident could travel freely on the local street along his property and he could proceed equally freely from there as long as things around him were unowned. However if in his travels he came across something that was visibly owned whether a house, a field or a street his entrance was conditional on the owner's permission or invitation. Likewise if a non-resident stranger came across a local street entrance to this street was subject to its domestic owners permission the stranger had to be invited by some resident onto his property. That is people could move around but no one had an entirely unrestricted right of passage. No one was free to move just anywhere without ever requiring anyone's permission or invitation. The privatisation of streets cannot change this fact and remove such original natural restrictions on the freedom of movement. Applied to the world of local, provincial and federal streets this means that as the result of the privatisation of streets every resident must be permitted to travel freely on every local, provincial and federal street or highway as before. Entrance onto the streets of different states or provinces and especially of different localities however is not equally free but conditional on the permission or invitation of the owners of such streets. Local streets always, praxeologically proceed any inter or translocal streets and hence entry into different localities was never free and was not everywhere conditional on some local permission or invitation. This original datum is reinstated and reinforced with private streets. Today on public streets where everyone is essentially permitted to go everywhere and anywhere without any discriminatory access restriction whatsoever conflict in the form of forced integration i.e. of having to accept uninvited strangers into one's midst and onto one's property has become ubiquitous. In distinct contrast with every street and in particular every local street privatised neighbourhoods and communities regain their original right of exclusion which is a defining element of private property just as much as the right of inclusion i.e. the right to invite someone else onto one's property. The owners of neighbourhood and community streets while not infringing on any residents right of way or right to invite can determine the entrance requirement for uninvited strangers undocumented aliens onto their streets and thus prevent the phenomenon of forced integration. Yet who are the street's owners? Who can claim and validate his claim that he owns the local provincial or federal streets? These streets are not the result of some sort of community effort nor are they the result of the work of some clearly identifiable person or group of persons. True, literally speaking, the street workers built the streets but that does not make them the streets' owners because these workers had to be paid to do their work. Without funding there would be no street. Yet the funds paid to the workers are the result of tax payments by various taxpayers. Accordingly streets should be regarded as these taxpayers' property. The former taxpayers in accordance with their amount of local, state and federal taxes paid should be awarded tradable property titles in local, state and federal streets. They then can either keep these titles as an investment or they can divest themselves of their street property and sell it all the while retaining their unrestricted right of way. The same essentially applies to the privatisation of all other public goods such as schools, hospitals etc. As a result all tax payments for the upkeep and operation of such goods stop. The funding and development of schools and hospitals etc. is henceforth solely up to their new private owners. Likewise the new owners of such formally public goods are those residents who actually finance them. They in accordance with their amount of taxes paid should be awarded saleable property shares in the schools, hospitals etc. Other than in the case of streets however the new owners of schools and hospitals are unrestricted by any easements or rights of way in the future uses of their property. Schools and hospitals unlike streets were not first common goods before being turned into public goods. Schools and hospitals simply did not exist at all as goods before i.e. until they had been first produced and hence no one except the producers can have acquired a prior easement of rights of way concerning their use. Accordingly the new private owners of schools, hospitals etc. are at liberty to set the entrance requirements for their properties and determine if they want to continue operating these properties as schools and hospitals or prefer to employ them for a different purpose.