Dear students, in this topic we shall discuss the receptors involved in fast and direct neurotransmission. The membranes of post-synaptic cells have receptor proteins to which the neurotransmitters find and elicit response. Such response is produced directly. The properties of these receptors and their specificity determines the type of response. The receptors are ligand-gated ion channels. When the ligand that is the neurotransmitter binds to these receptors, the synaptic channels open. The opening of these channels allows a minute current to pass through them. When many channels open, the currents are added and the sum of these currents generates the post-synaptic potential. We shall take an example of acetylcholine receptors to explain the functioning of such receptors which are involved in fast and direct neurotransmission. The acetylcholine receptors are channel proteins. They are found at the neuromuscular junctions of vertebrates. There are two types of acetylcholine receptors in the body. First are called the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors which are also activated by nicotine in addition to the actual substrate which is acetylcholine. Second type are the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors which in addition to acetylcholine are also activated by a drug which is called muscarin. This muscarin is produced by torch tools and acts as a poison. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptors were the first receptors which were discovered and purified chemically and then studied electrically. They are bound by nicotine in addition to acetylcholine but these type of acetylcholine receptors do not bind muscarin. Nicotinic receptors are found on two types of cells or two types of synapses. First in the synapses in the autonomic ganglia of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Secondly they are present at the non-autonomic nerve endings of neuromuscular junctions. Now we shall discuss the structure of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Each nicotinic acetylcholine receptor consists of five subunits which associate and form a channel at the center. There are two identical alpha subunits and the other three subunits include the beta, gamma and sigma subunits. The receptor sites are on each of the two alpha subunits when ligand molecules that is acetylcholine, jacarbacol or nicotine. So these channels become activated and they open. As a result they allow the sodium and potassium ions to flow. Dear students, Second type of acetylcholine receptors, i.e. muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are activated by muscarin. They are quite different from nicotinic receptors because they are not ion channel proteins. They belong to a family of G protein coupled receptors. So when acetylcholine acts through these receptors, it produces slow, indirect neurotransmission. Dear students, Other ligand-gated ion channels that are found in cells or neurons and are involved in fast, direct neurotransmission, include those receptors like glycine and gamma amino butyric acid, i.e. GABA receptors. Every type of receptor is expressed on specific cells in the brain of mammals. Dear students, These channels which are involved in the fast, direct neurotransmission and are ligand-gated show a particular pattern in evolution. The channels for acetylcholine, glycine and GABA have certain similarities that show their homology. i.e. all have pentameric structures. All are composed of two to four types of subunits out of which one subunit binds the neurotransmitter. Dear students, Other than ligand-gated ion channels, the receptors of the second type are glutamate receptors. Glutamate receptors are related to a separate family and they have very few similarities with acetylcholine receptors. The members of this family are called glutamate receptors. At this time, scientists are very interested in glutamate receptors because glutamate is the major neurotransmitter produced by the cells of the brain which are involved in very important functions of keeping memory and learning. Therefore, there is a lot more research going on on these neurotransmitters.


All right, good morning everybody. Welcome to 8 a.m. prayer. If you could stand up with me if you're in the room as we prepare our hearts to enter into the Lord's presence today for everyone joining online, welcome as we enter in this morning. I just wanted to take a minute to position our hearts rightly as we behold the Lord this morning that we would approach him in the fear of the Lord. In the fear of the Lord, it doesn't have to be sad. It doesn't have to be like, I'm the worst, but the fear of the Lord is recognizing God rightly and it's recognizing yourself rightly. It's coming with the right posture. So I just want to just take a minute to receive. I'm gonna read from Psalm 33 as we enter in. It says, but look, the Lord keeps his eye on those who fear him, those who depend on his faithful love to rescue them from death and to keep them alive and famine says, we wait for the Lord. For he is our help and our shield and our hearts rejoice in him because we trust in his holy name. May your faithful love rest on us, oh Lord, for we put our hope in you. So right now, Holy Spirit, this is a spiritual family, God, we position our hearts rightly before you. And we say, God, would you teach us the fear of the Lord as we enter in this morning, God, would you line us up rightly to heaven?  And Father, this morning we want to be in your gaze. God, as you search to and fro across the earth this morning, to and fro across this city, Lord, as your eyes have searched and you have found your people waking up early, spending time with you, got in their homes, the prayers of the saints that have come up before you even today, Lord, I ask that your eyes would find us in this room, looking back at you.  The open hands, open hearts, God, not bringing our religion, not bringing our striving, but coming to a Father who sees us, who knows us, who loves us. Just right now, if you can just put your hand over your heart and just say, God, teach me the fear of the Lord. Teach me the fear of the Lord. God, I ask that you would root us and ground us in revelation of who you are. As we behold you today, Lord, that you would position us rightly. Father, we love you. We love you, we enter in. God, with our eyes set on you, would you meet us today in Jesus' name. Come up. As you turn your heart, turn your eyes to Him, just begin to sing spiritual songs to the Lord. I would say, good morning, Holy Spirit. Good morning, Holy Spirit. We love you. Set our eyes on you, God. Artness would be displaced, God, distraction, confusion, idolatry would be displaced. Holy Spirit, we say we love you. So we worship you alone. We're gonna jump into one of our intercession cycles. I wanna pray for Romans chapter 15. Romans chapter 15, and I wanna pray for a breakthrough of hope and faith in the people of God and the city. I wanna pray against discouragement and distraction in the process and that God would release a revelation, a revelation of hope and an impartation of hope into the people of God. So Romans chapter 15, verse 13, it says, and now may the God of hope fill you with all joy and peace as you believe, so that you may overflow with hope by the power of the Holy Spirit. So Lord, today we lift up your church in this city, God. We lift up the different churches, Father, that you have brought together to be your body in Kalamazoo. When we ask Holy Spirit, Holy Spirit today, would you release joy and peace in their hearts that there would be a fresh revelation of hope? God, we stand in the gap as intercessors this morning and we rebuke a spirit of discouragement. God, even in our own hearts, even in your own heart right now, if you've been agreeing with discouragement, agreeing with the gap, can we just even rebuke discouragement for ourselves this morning? God, thank you that we are a people of hope. Thank you that we're a people of hope. We're a people of faith, Lord, that we have confidence in the name of the Lord and today, God, as we stand in the gap as your sons and daughters, Father, we rebuke an assignment of discouragement over your people in this city and we ask, we ask for hope and faith to rise up on the inside. God, hope in faith, hope in a God who is the finisher of our faith. Jesus, you're the author and you're the finisher of our faith, Lord, and you are faithful to finish what you started. So, God, today we ask, God, for hope for the hopeless. God, hope for the hopeless. Faith, God, for the discourage. Those that are beat down, Lord, that have had worst case scenarios. God, worst case scenario of playing in their heart in their mind. Lord, as they imagine a future without you, a future without you, you coming alongside them. God, I ask today that there would be a download of hope and faith from heaven that would displace discouragement. Holy Spirit, would you do it in our hearts and do it in the city today? In Jesus' name, would you do it today? So, enjoy. Specifically, pray against. God, assignments of discouragement and depression. Pray against assignments of discouragement and depression. Lord, as the enemy and the accuser of the brethren. So many, so many believers, Lord, in cycles of discouragement. I ask today, God, for breakthrough, breakthrough over cycles of discouragement and depression in hearts and minds. God, those in the city, Lord, that have felt stuck in their faith that there's just been a heavy cloud, a heavy presence over their hearts. God, I ask this morning that something would shift. This morning that something would change, Lord, as they're at home with their kids and there's just been a heavy presence over their house, I ask in the name of Jesus that light would shine, that light would break through. Lord, for the man at work, God, who just felt numb on the inside. Holy Spirit, wake him up right now to your presence that there would be a touch from heaven on his heart that he would know that you're with him, that he'd know that you're for him. So Father, today we rebuke discouragement and depression. We rebuke assignments, God, of the enemy that would bring heaviness and distraction. And Father, let your light shine in the darkness. God, let joy displace a spirit of heaviness today in Jesus' name. God, let your light shine. I need some break through to our city, to families in our city. I wanna have a moment. Just a minister in the room. I just sensed the Lord is just doing this, even in hearts in the room right now as well. And so right now we're a family as radiant staff. If you're joining the prayer meeting, we're a spiritual family. We're so glad you're here today. And I just wanna have a moment. Just a minister, hope, joy and peace to each other. Hope, joy and peace. So if you felt like you've been in a season of discouragement, you've been in a season of discouragement where there's even things in your heart, things and promises in your heart where you just sense like gap, a disconnect between your present situation and the future and you've just felt stuck. I just sensed that, the discouragement of feeling stuck. The discouragement of feeling like, how am I gonna get from point A to point B? I just sensed the Lord just wants to, again, impart joy and peace and hope again today. So if that's you, would you just raise your hand to surround the room? Just raise your hand. And what I wanna do is we're just gonna lay hands on these guys and we're literally just gonna pray hope, joy and peace. It doesn't have to be this crazy prayer.  But we're just asking for an impartation of hope, joy and peace. That the God who started the work in you would bring it to completion.  He's gonna meet you. The mom that's watching in your living room with your kids, the Holy Spirit's gonna meet you in your living room right now with just a download of hope, joy and peace. So Holy Spirit, we ask right now in the name of Jesus, that the substance, the substance of hope, the substance of joy, the substance of peace, more than an emotion, Lord, but an overflow from the heart of God would well up on the inside, would well up on the inside. In Holy Spirit, we rebuke. God, we rebuke the accuser and we rebuke an assignment of discouragement. Lord, an assignment of discouragement to keep your people stuck. Lord, and thank you. Thank you then in the gap. Thank you then in the disconnect. You're still working. You're still working. So we're gonna continue just to pray for these guys just for a minute. The prophetic spirit, the narrative of heaven. Because your will is a good father you'd love to, to break in with hope. Father, I ask for an increase of the prophetic spirit, an increase of the prophetic spirit to displace, to displace narratives of fear, narratives of abandonment. Lord, that your spirit would be stirred up on the inside to speak, to speak a better word, to release. Release what you're doing. So Father, in our midst, in our community, we ask just for an increase. Let's sing this out together. We're gonna shift back into intercessions. We're praying for ourselves, but also for the city.  Break in. Let's sing this out with one voice in unity. Asking God to do what he's already said he wanted to do. To reach for this. God, we agree with you. We agree with your word. And we keep knocking. We keep asking Lord, do it. God, in this room, but in the city. We ask for joy that would abide. Joy that would abide. Not joy that comes in a moment, but joy that would remain, that would last. Holy spirit. Let hope, joy, and peace come. Mark our hearts. Mark our hearts that would abide on the inside. Lord, we love you and thank you. In Jesus' name.  Turn our eyes vertical for a few minutes and continue. One voice. As you receive your glory. Lord, the sound you long to hear. The sound you long to hear from Kalamazoo. Holy spirit. Would you stir up a people, redeem a people under yourself that would sing songs to the Lamb. Sing songs to the Lamb from our city. Or from the North, the South, the East, the West. That there would be a song. A song, a new sound from Kalamazoo. The people of God singing the songs to the Lamb. Holy spirit in our hearts today. In our hearts today, we give you all we are. I want to spend us a few minutes we have remaining. I just sense there's just a deep work the Lord is doing in many of us. And what I'm sensing is that there's areas that you thought you trusted the Lord. That many of us thought we trusted the Lord. That he's exposing you really didn't. But there's areas that have been hidden that have been held back. That to be wholly devoted, wholly given the glory he's looking for is actually in some of those places that he's exposing. That is God is shaking. God is shaking hearts and exposing areas of new trust and new worship. I just want to receive that just for a minute. The Holy Spirit is just speaking to you. I just encourage you just to receive. Even if you're watching on the live stream, I just encourage you just to get your journal out. And just write down what the Lord is calling you to do today. Holy Spirit, Holy Spirit, we invite you to test us. Lord, to shake us. King Jesus, we want you to receive the glory. Receive the glory from our lives. Lord, receive the glory from our marriages, from our kids. God, from our relationships, from our future. God, would you receive the glory? God, even from the gap, the places where we, where there's a disconnect, there's disappointment. Whole soul, our whole mind, all praise of just our words, not just the fruit of our lips, God, but our heart fully given. Fully laid down, Lord, we ask that you would be lifted up. God crowned from the center of our city this morning that we would continue to make a throne for you from this place. Holy Spirit, we ask again, God, just for hope, joy, and peace in every heart, in this God, every heart. Lord, that even now, God, hope, joy, and peace would spring up on the inside. Holy Spirit, you would carry the substance of the kingdom. Lord, to those around the city, Lord, we love you. We thank you. God, we honor you today. Jesus' name, Amen. Thanks for joining us, everybody online, five times.


President Obama gave his annual State of the Union address February 12th and discussed his plans for the military in the coming year. As long as I'm Commander-in-Chief, we will do whatever we must to protect those who serve their country abroad, and we will maintain the best military the world has ever known. We will ensure equal treatment for all service members and equal benefits for their families, gay and straight. We will draw upon the courage and skills of our sisters and daughters and moms, because women have proven under fire that they are ready for combat. We will keep faith with our veterans, investing in world-class care, including mental health care, for our wounded warriors, supporting our military families, giving our veterans the benefits and education and job opportunities that they have earned.


you get to a solution. Maybe it might take you a few hours, maybe a few days, but eventually, you will get to a solution. These problems are called obvious. Obvious doesn't mean I will know straight away. It means if I sit down, then I will know. Some problems don't work like that, so you don't really know how long you will take to get to a solution. You might take weeks. You might have a few false starts. And those are non-obvious problems.  And these other problems, well, you don't even know whether there is a solution. Maybe there is a solution, but it's not optimal. Maybe you have trade-offs. Maybe you have to try something different and see what happens. You have to experiment. Maybe you can try a few different things and just settle for the best that you find.  And I'm going to talk about a deep problem today. But first, let's talk about refinements. It's a feature introduced in Ruby 2. You probably know about them. In case you want the big picture, let's look at what refinements are for. What is the problems that refinements want to solve? So why do we have them? Well, in Ruby, you can do this. Most of us know. You can reopen a class that already exists and do stuff inside it. For example, define a new method or redefine a method that already exists. Here I defined a new method, shout, on strings, and now all strings have this method. Some people call these open classes or dynamic class scope. But most of us just call it with this vaguely negative term. We call it monkey patching. What is monkey patching for? Which is not an obvious question because if you show monkey patching to somebody who works, I don't know, with Java, they will think it's crazy. So what are the use cases for it? I can think of a few use cases, probably so can you, like five or six. But there are maybe three use cases that are very common. I will go for the classic examples. One is DSLs. Once again, textbook example from RSpec. Not the latest version of RSpec, an older version. Here we have something that is meant for testing. I want to test integers. So I'm saying, I'm describing fixed nums, the class for integers. They can be added here, two plus two should equal four. And the interesting side of this is that it looks so nice. It reads like it's a language that was designed for testing, but it's not, it's just a Ruby. So that's why domain specific language. And if you look at this, you cannot do this without monkey patching. In this particular case, for example, should is a method. So somebody had to add this method to at least two integers and probably to any object. So this is one use case of something that you can only do because of monkey patching. There is another one that is maybe less compelling, but at least as common, which is once again, textbook example, convenience methods. I imported the library and thanks to this library, I have these beautiful little methods like hours and minutes and I can do time calculations and they look really smooth. And in the Ruby world, we pride ourselves on writing code that is beautiful and this is beautiful. It's not like it's necessary, okay? I can get away with having just normal functions there, hours, which take a number, but this looks nice and looking nice is important for us. Then there is another use case which is usually not mentioned, but actually I feel it's important because it's so common and it's method wrappers. The idea here is that instead of just replacing a method, I'm adding more code around an existing method. In this case, I'm renaming the method first then monkey patching it. The mechanics are not important. The important part is the fact that I can wrap code around the length method in strings. So now when I called length, I'm relying on the previous length to do something else. Incidentally, this also shows why monkey patching is evil and dangerous because if you run this code, then you're in the context of a larger program, then your program has just a few milliseconds to leave because you just broke Ruby because everybody's relying on the length method in strings to do exactly what it does now, and if you change that, then you're dead, essentially, which is okay in this case because it's pretty obvious, but in a large system, it might happen and you don't even notice. It might happen and you don't even have control over it. Maybe you just, I don't know, required two libraries that monkey patch is the same method on the same class. So they step over each other and unfortunately these things do happen. And the problem with this is that they are global, right? Monkey patches are global. We don't like global stuff. It brings bad luck in programming. So we would like local monkey patches instead. And that's what refinements are, local monkey patches. So let's see how they are, not how they are implemented today, but what the original idea for refinements was. A refinement is very simple, a two-steps process. You define the refinement, you use the refinement. Define it. You need a module. Modules are used for a lot of things. In Ruby, they are used for mixins to add methods to your chain of ancestors. They are used for namespaces to organize your constants. Now they are also used as homes for refinements. So this module will carry the refinement. And the refinement itself is in here. You say, I want to refine a string. It's a method. And you pass a block to this method.  For example, you say, let's add the method short. That's it about defining the refinement. There is essentially nothing else to know. Or very little else to know. Then you use it. Let's say that you want to use the refinement in here. I gave this module a very long name just to avoid confusion with the module that is containing the refinement. To use the refinement in here, you use the method using. And then the refinement is active. And now you can use it. That's essentially all there is to know about using a refinement. A few details. The refinement is active from right after the using to the end of the module. The module can be a class. A class is just a module. There is also another use case. You might decide to use using at the top level of your file instead of inside the modular class. If you do this, then the refinement is gonna be active from right after the using to the end of the file. And that's it. Apparently, we are done with refinements. But there is more than meets the eye here. There is some weird corner case that then kinda explodes in your hands. Let's look at that. We define the refinement, recapping. We use the refinement in this case inside the class. Now we said that in our Ruby, you can re-open a class, right? You have this dynamic thing. So what happens if I re-open the class? In here, I'm inside the same class and there is a refinement in there. Will the refinement work? Simple question, right? I mean, it's in there. A slightly more complex case. What if I inherit from the class instead? Once again, it's kinda like the same scope, right? The scope of these kinda like the scope of C. Will the refinement work? And one more case. Because Ruby allows you to do awesome stuff with scopes. You can re-open scopes in many different ways. And one way that is quite common is by using a method that is called class evolve or module evolve. It's actually the same method. If I use class evolve to get back into the scope of the class, will the refinement work? Doesn't look like much. It looks like a corner case, but let's assume it does. Because in the very beginning, at the original idea, as the original idea or refinement went, yes, it does work. It does work, which makes sense. I mean, it's a scope, right? I get out of the scope. I get back into the scope. I find all the stuff that I left in there, like class instance variables, instance methods, constants, and refinements, why not? So it's supposed to work. But the problem is that once you do this, you open a can of worms. This is called the dynamic scoping. This is what we are used to with Ruby. We close scopes. We are open scopes. Some people noticed, for example, in particular people from the JRuby team, Charles Nutter, that if you do this, then you have a few problems that might get you. Now, this is the part of my presentation where I wish I had a couple hours because it's actually quite a lot of stuff. But I don't, so I will have to be fast. And if you wish, you can approach me later and ask for more details if you're interested. But all I can do now is give you an artfully complicated example here that I created just to show you what might happen. Here it is. I'm defining a method named add that is taking two things, probably two numbers, and using the plus method on them. And then I have two classes, some class and some other class, and I'm calling add in the context of these two. And then I'm using some kind of refinement that the documentation says is refining fixed num plus, and then I'm calling add again. Now, with dynamically scoped refinements, you might have a situation such as this one. Look at the three results in the three cases. In the first case, some class is not refining anything relevant here.  Some other class is apparently doing some psychotronic casting. It was probably written by a JavaScript developer. So it converted numbers to strings and then it concatenated the strings, okay? Just because. And float point math is deciding that it will never return integers. It always returns floats. So it's returning a float from the operation. Think is, if you look at this code, how do you know what's gonna happen? I mean, these three operations look exactly the same. The only way to know what's gonna happen is to know exactly what is happening inside the classes. Whether any of these classes is using any refinement via any possible way in your entire system that changes the behavior, not of add, but of any method that is scald by yet. Now, some people say this is very confusing. Some people say this is terribly confusing. Some people say, oh, it's just a ruby. I mean, you can already make a mess, right? So there is no consensus on this actually. I don't know what to think. I don't have a strong opinion personally. It's very hard to predict what would happen in a real system. Some people say this is implementation leaking into your interface. Now, you cannot trust anything to be what it looks like. Anything can change in the space of a single line of code. Well, the other camp says, yes or what? The first camp, the side of people who worry about this also say, wait a minute, this also slows down Ruby. I won't go into the details again. There are technical details because of the way Ruby interpreters are implemented. That mean that for many interpreters, if not for all of them, these features slows down not only the code that uses refinements, but every piece of code in the system. Essentially, just like you do, you have to check whether there are refinements active in your code. The interpreter has to do the same. It cannot just trust things to be what they look on the surface. It has to go in and check whether there are refinements active before it can execute code. Once again, some people say, this is a disaster. Other people say, well, let's just optimize, huh? Another problem is that when you don't understand your code, you are also vulnerable from a security point of view because now you don't understand what is happening and I can trick you into executing code that looks harmless, but it's actually dangerous. Once again, no consensus. I was talking to André yesterday because he had the presentation on security and he was like, well, I can already trick you into executing code that is dangerous. I can monkey patch code and then monkey patch it back to what it was and you will execute it, guaranteed. And, well, yeah, maybe. One final problem with this implementation of refinements is that there are a few corner cases that might catch you off guard. Again, I won't go into all the details, but just to say one of them, if you execute this code in a common line interpreter such as Pry or IRB, this last line will not work, actually. Will not work like this. The refinement will not be active. If you execute it in a file, it will work. The reason for that is a very sound technical reason, but as sound as it is, it will still catch me off guard. It will still surprise me. So to cut it short, there was some drama. There was a lot of debate. If you want to wrap it up, there is one hugely good side about dynamically scope refinements. They fix the monkey patching problem. They fix the global monkey patching problem. On the other hand, they come with a few strings attached. They make your code potentially confusing. They probably slow down the language. They might have security issues and they have weird corner cases. So there was a debate.  And the core team had to decide are dynamically scope the refinements worth the effort and the risks. And for now, they decided no, they are not. They're not. So the refinements you have seen, the dynamically scope the refinements are not the refinements you have now in your Ruby. Let's look at those. They look pretty much the same, okay? Same stuff you have the one-two process. You define the refinement. You use the refinement exactly like you did before. But this use case, where you reopen the scope, doesn't work. Neither does or you open in the scope by any other means. With the class keyword, with inheritance, it doesn't reactivate the refinement. The refinement stays there, okay? It stays there where I have that small mark from the point where you use using, right after the using, to the end of the module or the end of the file, or the end of the string if you are creating a string that contains the refinement and passing it to eval. But it stays there. This is called the lexical scope. It's lexical because it's about text, right? It's like, it's literally there in that piece of text. It doesn't leak out. No other code from the outside can see the refinement. So in this example, again my artfully complicated example. What happens now? Some class class eval, I don't mind whether some classes are refined or not. The only thing that can happen there is that I get a two. Because even if it is refined, I will not see the refinement from here, from a separate scope. And the same is true of some other class class eval. But this one, what happens here? Will I get two, or will I get two dot zero? I'm taking bets on this one. Matt, so you don't need to reply. So, okay, I tried it. Why is it two? It's two because this is purely lexical, okay? Remember what it means, it's about text. And if I say add here, and nobody's refining add, I will get whatever add retires. Somebody is refining plus, which is called by add. But the call to plus does not happen after the using. The call to plus happens there in the second line of the code, up there. And up there, no refinement is active, okay? It is kind of surprising. But once you know how it works, frankly, it's okay. But it can catch you off guard once. It already did, so it won't do it again. This means that this code has almost no, no confusing part to it, okay? Almost. But let's look at the three use cases. So you remember why we introduced the refinement in the first place, right? To replace monkey patching, and monkey patching had at least those three use cases. So let's look at the use cases again. The first one is domain-specific languages. What's the point here? The point here is that you are passing a block to a method named it. Let's add parenthesis, so it's clear that it's a method. And inside this block, you have a new method named should. So there should be a refinement in there that adds the should method to, I don't know, object, basic object, fixed num, the kernel module, something. But this cannot work now. It cannot work with lexically scoped refinements, right? So this does not work. So this use case is not covered out of the box. I can cover it if I had a using right before this code. And in fact, that's probably one of the reason why our spec moved to a different syntax that doesn't require refinements and minimizes monkey patching. Convenience methods, will these work? Not out of the box, no, not straight away. It cannot work because once again, I'm reopening a scope and expecting to find some refinement stuff in there and it's not there. It cannot be there. If I reopen a scope, it's not gonna be there. I can fix this, this would fail and I can fix this by adding a using. But I have to add the using. To every model class, for example. And now it's working. It's not very dry. The third use case, method the wrappers. This one is good. Refinements have another very nice feature. If I call super from inside the refinement, I will call into the original refined version of the method. So refinements are actually great for this specific use case. This works, it stays local. It doesn't leak out. It replaces monkey patching just fine. Still, if you look at the entire thing, if you take a step back and look at big picture, refinements today, lexically scope the refinements, do not fix monkey patches. Not in general, not in the general case. And they still have a few surprising corner cases. On the positive side, they do fix monkey patches in some cases, or at some cost, like the cost of repeating your using into every file where you want to use the refined methods. They do not make the code particularly confusing. They do not impact performance. They do not impact security. And this is crucial, I think. They pave the road for something more in the future. Maybe more powerful refinements. Maybe something similar. Maybe something we are not expecting. This got me thinking about the problem. So, look at this code. Once again, it's what we in the Ruby community consider beautiful. It reads smooth. It's expressive. Whether you like our spec or not, the syntax of this is quite neat. But if you look at this code, there is a white can exist. This is because of a number of features in Ruby that frankly do not make that much sense when taking on their own. Right, the fact that, like the fact that I can skip parenthesis. I mean, we're used to it, but we're never, I don't know, when people say, why does Ruby have optional parenthesis in method calls? The usual answer is, well, Mets liked Perl. Singleton class is a metaprogramming. Why do they exist? Well, Mets likes small talk. And you have to wonder, was Mets thinking about this? I don't wanna know, okay, Mets? But was Mets thinking about this when he decided for Singleton classes? I would bet he was not. I mean, Singleton classes in the first versions of Ruby look like an implementation detail, right? And then people started to abuse them and we came up with this, and it's pretty awesome. It's actually, there is some serendipity to this that is pretty awesome. So this is the thing, that language design, you cannot just sit down and design a language. That's not how it works. Oh, you can probably do it. You end up with cobalt. But if you want to build a beautiful language, that's a deep problem, right? It's about trying out things and see how they turn out. I believe, I'm starting to believe. So in particular, dear Mets, I have to say, when I looked at refinements, dynamically scoped the refinements, I was pretty scared. I'm still kinda scared somehow. And, well, we met at the conference a few years ago and I told you in private that this language that you created, it changed my life.  That was a very Mets' thing to say. And it's a big responsibility indeed. I think it applies to all of these rooms. I don't have a lot of time anymore. And one thing that I was considering, I was scared and the reason why I was scared is that I'm a bit of a wimp. That's why I do not design languages.  You and the core team. I'm so glad that you are still willing to make experiments, right? To see what happens, to put a new feature in the language and see what happens after a few months once people start to get the hang of it. And, well, that's what made the language, I guess. I guess that I'm trying to say thank you. So, thank you. And thank you all for buying this book. I hear it's good.


The World Heart Federation's annual World Heart Day and AFib Awareness Month have been successful in raising global awareness about cardiovascular disease and its related complications, including atrial fibrillation. The two campaigns have seen significant success in terms of digital engagement, with World Heart Day reaching more than 1.005 billion impressions and AFib Awareness Month garnering 41.89 million impressions. However, the latter campaign has not yet reached the same level of global engagement as World Heart Day, which has seen greater participation in Africa and the United States. In order to further increase the reach of AFib Awareness Month, it would be beneficial to collaborate with other organizations and leverage existing networks to spread awareness.


Everybody forced here by 2022 NT in prison football hobby two box make sure number three show the results I will also scroll down in the second to show the bottom half there Find him anytime late sports cards calm there is a Lincoln chat scroll down now All right, I guess so all breaks are full tonight grab your 10 bucks Tuesday break spots Rich is also live on fanatics at noon Noon on fanatics, I might watch a London new recruits. We've got a purple ice in your white Raiders Numbered 205 out of 225 Chaco Lloyd No, Jonathan as you oh boy Silver fireworks McAfrey Niners blue wave Kendrick's Vikings to 199 Dobbs and Anderson Silver Bernie Kosar Browns with a cave on tip it oh Giants rookie Silver auto mere white Louis C Blue wave Mike Evans for Tampa Bay out of 199 Quo new spiller Emergent Garrett Wilson hyper Stalback Cowboys out of 175 Rodriguez Drake London. God loved it in the pack Nice Silver Brady bucks with another auto Titans Vince young Stingley and Alante Taylor Yeah, I've anyway hostess cupcakes are pretty fire Silver Antonio gauge Chargers Purple Ray Lewis color match to 125 Ravens 16 of 125 well season big color here the autos are both base autos That's pretty solid breeze hall Jets rookie hyper color match 146 of 175 Jones is a pretty base Silver new recruits Kenny picket Steelers rookie purple ice to 225 Terrell for the Falcons Hyper Trayvon digs to 175 Dallas Silver or not silver, but a prism flashback George pickin Steelers Red wave Jamal Williams for the Lions to 149 See who's only given us people that would trade him Pokemon stuff At a after practice the other day he was giving out autos to people that would trade him like Pokemon stuff That was it No Williams Silver rookie Ritter there we go Falcons Orange to 249 Seahawks no offense Jamal and David Bell. All right, not the best box there. We need to see some something big in NT right right here right now Whoa We do Stabbed the box that my hands stabbed something mess with the Crabbo you get the stabbo I'm talking about yeah, I'm talking about you got a rookie to 99 Saints treasured rookies Olavé first number or there's one with a dog has it in the mouth of a Labo in the Sabbo 349 Christian Kirk Jax Practice yeah, it's a 99 Jersey card Houston mr. Brandon cooks Number to 99 just the Brandon cooks To color patch card to 49 juju's mr. Chiefs rookie dual Jersey to 99 is tyke one Thornton Patriots Printing plate dual patch Browns David Bell You got David Bell now. They got Ronnie Bell. Yeah, that's why like every time I heard Bell. I'm like, isn't that baby bells next There you go cheese, you know colossal Jersey auto Eagles Devonte Smith to 49 Very nice nice on card as well Good stuff birds second-year Devonte Smith Broncos on the auto to 99 of Jerry Judy. That's pretty nice out of 49 is a Tampa Bay John Lynch National Archive signatures 21 of 49 John Lynch On-card auto for the bucks and rookie material signatures five of 49 Lions Aiden Hutchinson Sweet Hutch three colors on the RMS That will do it for the break. Thanks again everybody. We're on now to number four


Hi there and welcome. I'm the Technician Project and today's tutorial is going to show you how to export out of Handbrake. Handbrake is a bit of video codexing software that allows you to compress your files down but keep the quality of the image at the same time. So I've downloaded Handbrake and I want to boot it up from my dock at the bottom. As soon as you boot it up, it will ask you to select the file you want to compress down. So I'm just going to select my one file. Now Handbrake has all these extra options. We're just going to leave the top couple of options the same. We're going to click on video and we want to change the quality conversion quality to 25. You can then select the frames per second and we're just going to stick with 30. But you can select it to anything you want to change it to as you can see in this drop-down menu. We're going to leave all the other settings the same. I'm just going to click browse at the bottom and we want to select the folder in which we want to save the reduced file into. And what Handbrake does is Handbrake will compress the file down from a large two three gig file to a four five hundred meg file. And you need to press start at the top. And you wait for that to happen. Once it has happened you go to your folder and the completed file is for example this one here and it's showing it as a very large gigabyte file three gig and then what Handbrake does is Handbrake will reduce that file down to a 245 megabyte file, but yet it still keeps the same quality file as I'm going to show you now. So the quality is still the same, but the file size is a lot smaller. There we go. Same file and you can I can't tell which one is the larger file which one's the smaller file. If you enjoyed the video today, please leave a like rating and subscribe for more. Thank you for watching and see you next time.


Good morning everybody. My name is Fiona Farr from the University of Limerick and I'm here this morning to give you an update on the Digital Literacies project or as we now call it the Digi Languages project Which is a little bit more catchy than our original ten-word title or something like that so we're at the end of a full calendar year for the project really and it's been a very busy year but We think it's also been a very productive year in terms of what we've done on the project And that's largely due to a great group of people that we've got working on the project across a number of partner institutions So there are six partners involved in this project The Limerick partners as we call them on the top here from the Shannon consortium institutions And then we have NUI Galway and two Dublin institutions involved as well Dublin Institute of Technology and Dublin City University and that gives us a nice geographical spread around the country as well In terms of the project the dissemination the integration and the development So just to give you a little bit to remind particularly for those of you who might be new to the project to give you a very Simple overview of what the project is about the idea behind this project is to develop a framework for the enhancement of digital literacies specifically for language learning and teaching in the Irish higher education context and Once that framework had been developed and it now has the curation and the development of a number of supporting resources to help students and teachers to develop those literacies Within their own teaching and learning contexts. So a number of open educational resources So far the first I suppose in my own head I always think about the project in three phases the first phase of the project was very much about and Needs analysis and research to see what was needed among the stakeholder groups So we spent the first three or four months of the project at the beginning of The last last calendar year talking to our students talking to teachers seeing where the gaps We're looking at some of the curricula that are in place in the third level institutions and also talking to colleagues internationally as a result of that consultation and research we have been Building the portal to host the activities and the design and the development of that portal is ongoing Hopefully the panel have had an opportunity to have a look at it. It's still very much under development But has moved Quite a lot in terms of its development since we last spoke We have had a number of national events last June. We had an open educational Resource Fest which was here in Dublin and we had about 45 Participants from right across the country language teachers language tutors those interested in teaching languages And they are a group of people who many of whom have now become part of our content development group And I'll talk to you a little bit more about content development in a few moments So the second phase of the project from June really or July Until December was very much focused on content development So as part of our project, we are curating and developing quite a lot of content across a range of six languages for two groups of users teachers and Students language teachers and language students That content development is ongoing and will be and not just to the end of the project We see this as a much longer term Initiative we've also started the piloting and the evaluation of some of those resources and the portal Pre-Christmas, but most of that piloting and evaluation is happening now in phase three of the project along with the finalization of the technical development of the portal and the localization project around the Irish language And we have been having ongoing meetings with stakeholders within institutions showcasing the portal and we've had a huge number of Dissemination activities. This is something that we've been very conscious of not just nationally, but internationally At a number of different events and I'll mention some of those later So coming back to the content development at the moment. We have developed approximately 500 hours of content Across that's not per language. Sorry. That's in total across the three themes on the portal So if I were a student or a teacher wanting to use that it would it would be quite substantial in terms of what's in there and We plan to develop quite a lot more over the course of the coming months And that's taken us really quite a lot of time over the last six month period The content has been sourced from a number of different For as opposed our workshops our open educational resource Fest Student student teachers and language teachers and and we've also employed a number of people as content developers For the project and they report to the plenary group members We have developed and obviously are maintaining an activity database And this is something again, which is quite important for and the sustainability of the project post-funded period and The project website has been developed in the portal. So with lots of help files frequently asked questions, etc Now one of the things that we were conscious of over the last two presentations that we've had with the International evaluation panel. We've had some really useful feedback, which has helped us to direct the activities In a way, which I think has been to To the advantage of the project. So in general, we've had some nice positive feedback We did have to grapple quite a lot with the structure of the portal and and the project and the framework Because of the number of target user groups and the number of languages Six languages and two target groups as I mentioned already. So we've done quite a lot I think to simplify that it's simplified visually. We now have multiple access points on the portal and the content is searchable and Lots of filters for language level, etc And I think the piloting and evaluation between now and the end of April will also help us to refine that structure even further So that it becomes as user-friendly as it can be by the end of the funded period of the project And we've had a lot of student involvement and this is only growing at this point in time So students were very much involved in the initial research stage they have been involved in the piloting that has taken place so far and Student teachers are a particular area of interest for us and a growing area of interest actually This is something that we hadn't quite anticipated and would be as beneficial to the project as we are now learning It will be so we have a number of teacher education programs and the Participants on those teacher education programs have become really valuable resources for not just for piloting and evaluating But for content development as well And lots of those types of teacher education programs in language certainly will have modules around things like materials development And this fits really nicely So we're getting some nice content back from students on those kinds of programs and we will be not just at national level but internationally as well And a focus on staff development has been Very important as well and we've been linking in with a number of other projects and we've been doing quite a lot nationally with colleagues So at this point Shanaid is going to take you on a little walk-through on the portal We had some backup slides just in case that didn't work But we're now going to switch out of this and just take you through as a little demo One of the key asks that we had Wanted from the project was a very clean and simple interface that would easily direct both the students and the teachers To their own pathways and their own activities So within the teacher interface we've split that between cpd activities and activities that they can use in the classroom And then for the students then it just brings them directly then to the navigation panel here at the top Which breaks down into the three themes or the map interface at the bottom, which will bring them directly then to that subcategory and Each of the map and will provide a little piece of information and a link then to bring them to that subcategory if you take them to one of the digital literacies there for example and The hypertext literacy This details what a hypertext literacy literacy is in English and then further down Towards the end of the the activity you can see that it also details that in the different languages so that will Help the student become familiar with the terminology and in their own language in the target language Then within the activity then we also have a little tables which directs it to other activities that will incorporate using hypertext literacies Which the students and that is sorry that the students can perform on their own or can be used for teachers within the classroom So for example here There's a student accommodation one which helps student find accommodation for their mobility programs in Year two, so this would have a number of videos that would help them then with their listening skills and and Within their own language on finding student accommodation and On their arousal program so students particularly like this particular Activity because it helped to them become familiar with Their destination within it through the target language and if they struggled listening to the to the activity There's also links then that will bring them to Helping them with their listening and viewing strategies so that is how the three work packages integrate with each other and Within the activities that are useful for students during their language program Yeah Yeah Okay, so that's just a very quick demo of one of the activities and the the three themes that we have for the development of the content are and Sorry, there we go. So transitions and contexts language skills and practices and digital literacies And as you'll have seen the introductory sections to all of the activities are in English And then the activities themselves are language specific Which we think is quite a nice model as well So I'm just going to Here we go Okay, so just to talk a little bit about National impact and the type of impact that we're starting to have already and we're continuing to work on so We had our national survey and that allowed us already to make quite a number of stakeholders aware of the project and the project aims and Outcomes we have an implementation strategy across the six institutions and any other partner institutions We've run a number of workshops and our OER Fest We have three further what workshops organized and in March and April for April for Teachers and tutors and we have a number of walk-through clinics and which we're organizing for Students to pilot the programs within the institutions We've done a lot of dissemination in terms of conference presentations and we're linguists We like to talk so that's what we do and in total we've had or we will have by the end of the project and Present at approximately 25 papers at national and international conferences We've already had one publication from the project and we have two more Publications which are in preparation at the moment and we've been very careful to try and find a balance between Practice or applied oriented conferences and more research focused conferences So we've also worked quite closely with professional development organizations So the French teachers Association the German teachers Association English language teachers Association and as well as the more research oriented Conferences which I've mentioned so I'm not going to go through all of those in details, but you can see them there So just thinking about Where we're where we're at at the moment and we're working on obviously or we're having regular and ongoing meetings We have quite a nice structure around the project at the moment We have a plenary group with representation from each of the institutions We have an international advisory panel with 10 members from right across the world and We have now got quite a strong content development group as well and those groups might work quite well together And dissemination as I said has been happening throughout the program or throughout the project The integration into curriculum is one of the things that is our strongest Pillar in terms of the sustainability of the project and the exploitation of the materials So at the moment a full review so far to date a full review of all of the language modules In DCU has happened to integrate learning outcomes associated with the project and at the University of Limerick We're just about to embark on a full review of all of the language modules And when I say all we're talking about approximately 150 modules in each of the larger institutions Certainly across all of the languages So we're just about to embark on a large project to map our language modules onto the common European framework of reference Which gives us a lovely opportunity to integrate learning outcomes in relation to the Digi languages project as well And there are lots of other things that some of the partners from the other institutions might also want to mention in a moment And the online platform will be available as an open educational resource We have made the platform available to some colleagues already within our own institutions to get some feedback from them and also to allow them to Get a sense of what's involved so that they might be in a position to contribute some Content that relates to their own teaching as well and the localization project into the Irish language has already begun And that will be completed by the end of the project So for 2017 for the remainder of the the project I suppose obviously the the project management is an ongoing activity and Research and development piloting activities in the partner institutions Data analysis redesigning selected components of the portal curriculum development Content development is ongoing as I say this is never going to come to an end. We would hope and The localization project is is very important for the Irish speaking community And as well as the development of Irish language activities and their two separate work packages We are planning to launch the portal at a national level over the summer will pre-summer break sometime in June or July And we also have committed a we're meeting on the 3rd of March I think and the purpose of that meeting is to start formulating a written sustainability and Exploitation plan for the project and we're very lucky in that Professor Francois Bland who is one of our project team members is Has published widely on the area of sustainability and we've got some nice models and frameworks that we're going to use to have a written sustainability and governance plan around the project and Obviously the ongoing project evaluation is is important in terms of what we're doing for the last phase the international panel and have been Very very supportive not just in terms of giving feedback But also in terms of disseminating some of the work that we're doing two or three of them have also come back to say Can we pilot some of the activities with our students?  Congratulations And I quite like this one There's a similar project about to start in the Belgian context and we're going to work very closely with them Fanny says we'll be starting a similar type of project for Belgian teachers in the next week Or so I'll promote your project as the perfect example to follow and get inspiration from so it's nice to hear that We don't see it has been quite perfect yet, but we hope we're on the on the right road And I think I've spoken about most of these things already the shorter term sustainability organizational practices the longer term sustainability. I'd just like to finish up by saying that there are a number of Actions that we've already implemented into the project which we think will allow the project to be sustainable over a longer period of time There are two things there's the exploitation of the materials and the use of the materials and the sustainability of that is very much We feel through curriculum integration, and that's why we focus so much on that at this point in the project And the other part of it is the content development And as I said a nice door has been open to us in terms of the content development a part of us Apart from the plenary group being committed to the ongoing content development We have a number of teacher education programs which are interested in contributing to the ongoing content development and the international advisory group have also That that has also suggested individuals on the international advisory group have also begun to suggest some Activities that might help us to sustain it on a longer term basis. Thank you


This is covering the spread part of the Fandall podcast network Week five is going to be a fun one some of this year's most Fascinating teams are in pretty fun games to bet for this week We're gonna break down those games our betting liens on those and get you set to fill out some hopefully profitable betting cards In week number five This is covering the spread right here on the Fandall podcast network and number fire calm My name is Jim Sonnis. I am a senior writer and analyst for number fire calm joined here as I am each Thursday by Ryan Williams checking out on Twitter at Ryan Alexander underscore W Ryan You are in the middle of a move and it you still found time top on the podcast for today to bless the people with Keeping your hot streak going. How you doing today? Yeah, we just we just got to keep the streak alive as long as we can Jim You know, it's it's an early morning here in central time That you're that you ping me for but you know, if I'm able to make it work I'll make it work So, you know, not too many weeks that we get to talk about football as we've discussed multiple times together Jim So, you know, can't pass up on opportunities to talk about some of these best bets. We got to take advantage, man You know, that's that's the way things work right now. So we'll be doing that I appreciate you carving out time for us still despite a very busy schedule for you We'll break down our three biggest games of the week. We'll talk some futures markets as well Do a little a midseason check in with those and also break down Ryan's favorite bets across week number five But first a reminder to make sure you are subscribed to covering the spread wherever you get your podcasts are week six College football podcast with me and Ed Fang is now posted find that on the covering the spread podcast VD is also up on the fan dual YouTube page subscribe to both of those to get our shows as they go live each and Every weekday also twisted tea and fan door have joined forces to bring you a one-of-a-kind Contest series that gives you a chance to compete for your share of thousands of dollars in site credit Introducing twisted teas college football picks a sports betting focused contest series. That's entirely free to play The contest is simple each college football game will be assigned money line is spread in total markets with assigned points Each market all you have to do is make six selections based on those three markets and our points for each correct selection You may that the end of the day your score ranks among the best in the contest You'll be eligible for your share of site credit head to faddle calm slash twisted tea picks and make your picks and reminder Please drink responsibly faddle calm slash twisted tea picks Now we'll break down the big games for this week in just one second But first do you want to do a quick check-in on the futures market because we've had four games the sample on each team so far and That does still give us some wiggle room for some market inefficiency buying low on teams And they have struggled or potentially buying high on teams We think are legit and have gotten off to good start so Ryan when you check out the the futures market right now Anything standing out to you as far as being good bets at this moment Yeah, well, I think one of the things I like to look I mean I look all across the board But I think the biggest thing when you're talking about the macro view of the season is where are the win totals at right now? And what they did and open that and so when you're looking at a team like the Carolina Panthers jump off the page to me right now They're total win totals at five and a half and okay So you're looking at the schedule and like yeah, they were able to eke out one win But looking forward in this NFC South, it's going to be a battle You got Atlanta one of the best covering teams Tampa Tampa Bay Tampa Bay, however you want to call They're catching, you know a little bit of steam here and outside of the division, too It just looks ugly and I'm looking and I'm like, I don't know how they can get you know More than four more wins out of the rest of the schedule and it's plus money on the under So, you know, you kind of look at these things and kind of talk yourselves into narratives like hey Where do you expect things to go going forward for this team? You take a team like the Philadelphia Eagles right now They're win totals at 12 and a half and they have the easiest schedule We talked about this so many times in the offseason how easy the Philadelphia Eagles schedule was going to be at a certain point And right now they're favorite in every game that they have later on the season I know it sounds crazy to have the Eagles at 12 and a half in the 17 game season But when you're looking at it, tell me where the four losses are over four losses that they're going to experience It's just kind of crazy unless they have some let down spot spots down the stretch or somebody gets injured You can take a chance on that Another team that's interesting is the Cleveland Browns. They got a quarterback situation That's gonna come to fruition here later on the season if they can make some headway with Jacobi Brissett and kind of keep things going you're looking at the division for them You're looking at the total team total for them, which is eight and a half I believe so there's a lot of things at this point in time Jim after four weeks when we're a quarter of the Waste through the season or at least it used to be when it was 16 games I'm not sure what that equates through now But pretty much a quarter of the way through the season when you're talking yourselves into narratives Or at least trying to paint the picture from a macro view and saying man If some things kind of go the way that I need them to go like who can be that Cincinnati Bengals from? 2021 like who can catch steam later on the season and the books might not have baked it in because so much is Happening on the present time and what's going on right now. So you mentioned finding the Bengals of last year I think the Bengals of last year might be the Bengals of this year, too Honestly, because they struggled so far and the offensive line has not looked good But continuity on the offensive line is a pretty important thing and they didn't have that coming into the year the further they get into the season that will improve and I feel like we're kind of underselling the upside of this offense and this defense has played well once again I think that the moves they did to make sure they were not content with what their defense did last year We're intriguing. So I look at the AFC North right now and they're two to one to win the division Baltimore is minus 105 and I Mean part of this ties into thoughts on that game. We'll talk about this week I think the Bengals are pretty lively in that game and that correlates to this potentially diving in the Bengals at Plus 200 to win the AFC North I do have them a little bit ahead of Baltimore my power rankings right now, which is Still largely a prior coming into the year Baltimore has outperformed their prior since that he's underperformed there so maybe I am clinging to that a bit too much in the number with what my model says right now, but I Think they're pretty interesting so I would say in the futures market right now the one number that does stand out to me is actually buying into the Bengals you mentioned two to one to potentially win the AFC North and It's not fun To bet against Lamar Jackson that's because that's kind of what that is right now it doesn't typically go well for people who do that but It also I can also view it from a perspective on betting on Joe Burrow betting on T Higgins betting on Jamar Chase and betting on a defense that has looked really good to open the year So I think if I'm looking at the future market, that's probably where I'm leaning right now But Ryan like I said like it's not fun to bet against a a pretty pretty aesthetically pleasing Baltimore team right now Yeah, well and to that point Jim, you know, we talked about this I think we talked about this last week or maybe it was two weeks ago when the Tampa Bay bucks were facing the Green Bay Packers That was two weeks ago I believe and and you start to look at things and do they break your way or the way that you want them to go? So like for example, let's talk about Cincinnati and and Baltimore will talk about that game But just in general like let's say the Ravens who are favored in this game They end up losing this game and Cincinnati looks great. Okay. Now things are changing narrative-wise on the Ravens They're they're gonna drop in their conference price. They're gonna jump drop in the division price And if you do still like the Ravens, I mean, this is it's a divisional game Like there's there's no shame in losing this game to a team that was in the Super Bowl last year And the Ravens could still just find a way to get to that point later on the season So I do like looking at those things where man, is it a tough game for this team? But they can still, you know rebound in and you know The public will be off of them because they just came off of a loss and they're like man They're not legit because they just lost to the Bengals who we can't trust and it could end up being that these are just two of The best teams in the AFC that ended being we'll see what happens with Kansas City and Buffalo as they play each other next week So that'll be fun But but yeah, I love I love kind of just taking it week by week Especially when we're early on this season and when people just jump off of the boat jump off the bandwagon If you feel a certain type of way let those games play out and then jump on their price Right after that because it will drop. What's an inflection point and that's what you're talking about there It's a it's a situation where odds will shift pretty dramatically and that is the case on Saturday night for the Bengals and Ravens I think the Bengals have a decent shot to win that game So that's part of why I think now would be the time getting ahead of that inflection point for them Whereas like you're saying for Baltimore, maybe you want to be behind it see what happens in that game potentially buy them in on Baltimore at That point, so let's talk about another AFC North team dive into our games of the week We got the Chargers at the Browns right now the Chargers two and a half point favorites total is 47 and a half and the Browns have had some Really good moments at times this year, but they also lost to the Falcons and they collapsed against the Jets That's not ideal. So what's your read on this Browns team right now entering a pretty tough game to get to Chargers? Yeah, so it's tough for me Especially with the line moving Jim because this this was at three and I know that there were a lot of sharks a lot of pros Hammering this number on the Browns because they people feel like the Chargers are Fraudulent and they have a lot of injuries going there with slaters out Boses out they've had a tough go and this is a second leg of a road trip for them You know on on the East Coast I believe with the Chargers So, you know, this is this is not lining up to be in the Chargers favor But the Cleveland Browns have had some injuries to report on their end especially on defense I think that'll change. I'm not sure what clowny status is but I know Miles Garrett He had the car accident and had some other injuries that were going on with that He could be healthy for this week, but if those things don't come to fruition, I still do like the Chargers I mean to me on paper like this is the more Explosive team. I think they'll figure it out on defense. I like the coach I trust the coach a little bit more to be aggressive in things that nature and this is just you know This is one of those spots for the Chargers like you kind of are up against it I mean the Raiders are slacking the Broncos will see who they are on Thursday night football But the Chiefs are still there So if you want a chance to get into the playoffs like you got to be gunning for a second These are the games that you need to win I still have belief that Herbert can be going we'll see what the status of Keenan Allen is but they still have you know Great weapons love that Austin Eckler has been getting going down the stretch here or the you know these past couple weeks So I do like the Chargers minus two and a half It does make me a little bit weary taking them on the road on the East Coast But I think that this is a game that we could look back on and and see that you know This was kind of the right number. Yeah, so you touched on all the key things I was going to discuss So I'm glad we're on the same page here My numbers are showing value on the Chargers side here, although it's showing more and more value on the Chargers money line That's minus 138 right now I think I'd be inclined to go that way versus the spread because I've got this game as I think three point something in favor of 3.86 and I just like the distributions better for the the win here So I'm going to go with the money line of minus 138, but with that said, I don't want to bet it right now I'm guessing Keenan Allen will be ruled out on Friday based on is no practice on Wednesday And I'm guessing Miles Garrett will be good to go and cleared Friday when that occurs I am assuming we'll see some more movement towards the Browns. So I've already got Keenan Allen out in my numbers. I've got Miles Garrett in my numbers So I'm assuming that even if it does stay steady at minus 138, which I don't think will happen I would be willing to bet that but what I would do is wait till Allen is officially ruled out wait till Garrett is officially cleared To play and then take a look at the Chargers see where that number is at that point So to me and if it stays at 138 if it stays at that number, I'm still okay with it I'd be fine with it, but I think there's a pretty good chance We get a better number as you said this number did move towards the Browns overnight on Thursday or overnight Wednesday night so that is that is definitely a Situation worth monitoring, but I think we might get a better number, but I want the Chargers either ways It sounds like we're on the same page of this one. It is a bummer about Slater I do have to downgrade the Chargers and my numbers because that because he is the greatest of all time But you know, I still think the Chargers the right side here. Yeah, and the total is interesting too Jim I believe it's at 47 and a half now a dropped a point if I'm not mistaken From 48 and a half and I do think points can be scored here I mean, we know we know what Cleveland wants to do. They want to run the ball and Nick Chubb It's a great matchup for him against this Chargers defense. That's more, you know The secondary is a lot better than the front seven has been So, you know that could force Herbert into a passing attack with with Echler with Palmer with Mike Williams Even with Keenan Allen out We've seen him have the propensity to just target, you know other guys outside of Allen So it does, you know kind of hurt from an on paper perspective But I still think that you know as long as you got Herbert as long as you got Echler on that offense There's still there's still a chance for them to put up points. So I think the total is interesting I think that I'd agree with that as well. Okay, let's talk here about the Eagles at the Cardinals I don't want to talk about the Carles anymore, but we got to do it Eagles are five and a half point favorites total 48 and a half The Cardinals Ryan have gotten up to super sluggish starts each week And they've rallied in most the second half to at least make things Competent at least make things somewhat interesting. It was not the not the chiefs game and not the Rams game But they did play well in the second halves. So like I feel like they have good play in them But I don't think you can afford to get off to a slow start against the Eagles So can they actually keep pace here or is this the Eagles another role for them? Yeah, I don't know how we bet against the Eagles at this point I mean they just have been absolutely stellar and you love the way that this defense is playing I mean you got to get you got to give Hertz a lot of credit because he's the one who's been dragged through the mud and media over the past two years About him not being a guy that you know could could win for Philly, but he's doing that But this defense has been absolutely stellar and they could give you know Kyler problems all day with the pressure rate that they offer in this offensive line for Arizona has not looked great Even Kyler, you know passing attempt. I think he's averaging 5.7 yards per pass attempt, which is only better than Fields, I believe which is absolutely just insane to talk about. I know Kyler I know you're done talking about Kyler. This is the guy that you've talked about a ton Don't talk about who? I don't recognize this name. Who are you talking about? But the other thing I think is just when you look at the coaching I mean the reason I liked Arizona last week was because how good Cliff Kingsbury has been on the road They were going against the Carolina Panthers and they were dogs and Cliff Kingsbury has in 1972 ATS record on the road now. He's at home and he's 9 and 17 at home against the spread So when you you know the numbers there with with Kingsbury, I don't know what makes the difference with these home and roads What's what they do? And so you know in that regard, I just got a look at Philly here You know, especially with under you know under 7 under 6 at 5 and a half It just feels right for Philly to do it now. I will say you know this I've said it before You will get the Philly test. I mean people still I'd feel like aren't buying into this team But yeah, I don't know how much Arizona makes of that, but if they can go in here and win handedly I think that I mean it's move selling for them going forward They got the home games against the Steelers and Cowboys on deck and then we know what it's like in the division for them So yeah, the Eagles are just the truth right now. Jim. We got to back them. Yeah So I did bet the Cardinals plus five and a half It's one of those things Ryan where it's a do as I say not as I do and Like can I faithfully recommend Arizona plus five and a half and like feel like good about it? No, absolutely not But I did so I did do this I have it at 1.73 points and the reason that I bet this because it's not just like a beating my head against wall stubbornest kind of thing I have home field is being a pretty I think I have it as being less impactful than the market does So if I am to Underestimate one side of a team based on that I'm more likely underestimate the home team and despite doing that I still have Eagles as a 1.73 point favorites in this game. So That's why I did it.  No, I I'm okay with them losing by five and and covering here So I've been my money line model has performed better than my spread model so far this year. So I've been more willing to bet long money lines, which we'll talk about later on but like I think here I want to take the point. So I've got Arizona plus five and a half But like I just I dread I dread watching this team every week because I've bet them Every week so far I think and it just like it makes me it makes me sick. But I gotta do it again Yeah, and this this is another one of those games Jim where I know how How much the unders have been hitting this season But when there have been good games to target I've been targeting them And this is another one like the only way the Cardinals stay in this game Like I can't trust the defense enough So the only way I see them staying in this game is if Kyler is able to put up points and force the bill On the the eagle side to to get things going. There's so many Key weapons in this game. I mean you're talking as Zach Erz and Dallas Carter going against each other used to be on the same team Oh, yeah, let's go the revenge game for Zach Erz Hollywood Brown has been an absolute stud. I mean really the reason they any have any chance in these games Is how he's been playing and then you love the fact that like look at futures market And they will get the Andre Hopkins back for whatever that's worth And you see the the ram struggling in prime time. We'll see what the you know, the 49ers I think they have a good grasp on that division. I think it's plus 120 for them to win But you know the cards if they win this game They they control their own destiny if they start to get you know pieces back and and healthy So I think that you know looking at the total here at 48 and a half it dropped by a full point from 49 And a half where it opened I think is some interesting merit because that's the only way the Cardinals stay in this game Do you prefer the total in this game or the Eagles minus five and a half? Which one do you feel better about between those two? um Honestly the way that the Eagles have been playing I'd more I'd slightly go the lean Just because of that under six numbers is just so nice. I'm honestly kind of shocked The way that things have been playing but that just leads me to believe like when I don't feel Great about the number and I still see explosive sides on each offense Like I would still take the I would take the total probably in a parlay bet either on the five and a half You know Cardinals or Eagles side just because this game could get out of hand and get fireworks quickly It's could be one of the best games on the slate.  We take your time man. Once we've on here to sunday night football We got the Bengals at the ravens ravens three point favorites here total is 48 and a half and the Bengals Slow start this year. They did win against the dolphins. Obviously a very odd game though Did you see enough in their matchup with miami to think they can cover potentially win this game against baltimore? I did. Um, you know t higgins being banged up that that's kind of tough. We'll see what his status is But you know, they're gonna get chase going. I think they have no choice, but to get mixing going It was very tough to see him stopped on two goal line stands Um, when they tried everything to get this guy like a three touchdown game and it just wasn't coming to fruition this offense line But this is a team that you know, they they've had some success with in the past under zack taylor Against the baltimore ravens. They throttled them in two regular season matchups last year outscoring him by Around 50 points or above. Um, this this ravens team. I you know, I love them I have so many futures on on lemar on the ravens in general Um, but it's been tough this year. You know, they had the strong lead against buffalo kind of let that up They you know had the letdown game earlier on in the season against miami They've had a hard time holding on to leads So, you know in that sense it really makes me lean the the bingles if they you know This defense like you talked about has been playing stout They haven't allowed more than 20 points per game and I you know, I get it It's a divisional matchup But in that same right anything could you know kind of go either one of these seems favor and the in the three Just seems so favorable. I know it was at three and a half at some point So shout out to those of you who got the hook if you were taking the bingo side Um harbaugh is is very good at covering in in in these situations But um, I gotta I gotta lean zack taylor joe borough and and the boys here at getting getting the three You know on a prime time game. I think this is gonna be Uh, it's it's gonna be one that that will be interesting And I think that so many people are sleeping on the bangles right now That this is a perfect spot for them to kind of wake up and change things And so like you're saying with the narrative of the bangles getting them the win the division two to one Like things could change right on the dime. This is a super bowl team From a year ago and they have what's supposed to be on paper better pieces I think on the defense that's coming to fruition. But this often to line They'll get better as time goes along or at least that's the hope is that this unit just hasn't played enough together And that's why they're struggling. So it's week five They can get to the halfway point and they could turn this thing around very quickly Yeah, I think the the key for this one is baltimore defense like if they can Yeah Finally do something then maybe you could see Uh baltimore being you know a three-point favorite in this game But I I'm not as sold on the defense specifically like the offense. They're sick. Uh rishad bayman didn't practice Wednesday, but um Sounds like he might be okay. Uh, he did sit out. I think most I think the entire fourth quarter Last week, but weird weather there. You probably don't want to be on a bad foot on Uh, uh, weird surface there. So I think he should be okay to go But the bangles money line is plus 150 in this game I think I'd prefer to go that way versus the plus three and minus one oh four And now you mentioned the three and a half with the plus three being minus one oh four right now I think there's at least a shot a shot We get to three and a half once again if that were to get to three and a half You have not gotten the money line yet Then I would go with a three and a half but with the being three right now I think I'd go with the money line at plus 150 their implied odds of winning at that number are 40 percent whereas I've got their odds around 48 percent right now So that's a pretty big gap Again, I think my numbers might be a bit too low on the baltimore offense but Eight percentage points gives me a lot of wiggle room to be off and still be on the right side versus that 40 number So I do think that the bangles are the right way to go with this one The money line specifically plus 150 where I want to go there, uh with this bangles team I did I bet plus three earlier this week. I forgot about that I should have done the money line But if I'm giving it from an advice perspective, I think that the the money line is the preferred way to go with this one Let's open up the board here ryan anything else standing out to you across a fan dual sports book in week number five Yeah, I got a got a couple fun ones for you. Uh, so let's see. Where do I want to start? Let's start with the Steelers um 14 point dogs here uh against buffalo who's coming off of that great comeback win from Josh Allen against the ravens and you know just with Everything that's going on with the buffalo bills on on defense the injuries that they've experienced and and just how Much it took out of them. I feel like to to get that win Against baltimore there to be able to win by three Then you look ahead and I was always as I was saying we got rematch from the afc championship with the Uh, yeah afc afc divisional. Yeah divisional round. Yeah, just bangles chiefs. That's right. Yes, right It shouldn't have been that round, but it was yes, exactly Exactly afc divisional round rematch in week six that's coming up for the buffalo bills So this is a you know, a huge spot where I could feel feel let down, especially when you're looking at double digits there Tomlin has a great, you know record as an underdog against the spread an underdog In general, so looking at the the stealer side, excuse me getting 14 points there I absolutely love that and then the tampa bay versus atlanta game the under 47 and a half I believe that's still where it's at on the fan dual sports book like i'm absolutely hammering this That potentially there's no cordial or partisan for atlanta There potentially might not be a cow pits for atlanta who just magically wasn't at practice the the other day In the the bucks even though they're coming off of this game where they allowed 31 points to the chiefs They hadn't allowed More than 14 points to all of these other opponents, which are you know, dallas new orleans and green bay atlanta outside of you know without cordial or partisan and without cow pits I really don't know where the offense is coming from drake london's been banged up marcus mariota is not passing the ball Pretty much at all, you know taking like less than double digit attempts in these games Uh, you know, I just think that this kind of shapes up for the buccaneers to kind of just You know be able to win this game handedly their team totals like 28 and a half, which is interesting I think but I don't know how atlanta gets their team total of 19 and a half So i'm looking at the under in that game as well So I want to go back to your first one. I mentioned earlier that there was a long money line that I bet It was the Steelers plus 640. It was a half unit on that and uh, let's go You know, it's not one you feel good about ryan. We talked about a couple of those this week, but man So the implied odds of plus 640 are 13.5 percent So as long as you think the Steelers win odds are higher than 13.5 percent, you can bet it and my numbers have the Steelers 18.5 percent to win so 5 percentage points of value I bet nascar a lot if I were to have a guy 18.5 percent to win a race and his implied odds were 13.5 percent I bet him every time without without a segment of doubt So I kind of feel like I got to do it here and I did I again, I don't feel good about it But like you said a lot of defensive injuries It's a more volatile spot with kenny pickett starting because we there are a lot of unknowns with kenny pickett I don't have a super high opinion of kenny pickett from like a an nfl perspective because He wasn't a big standout in my in my prospecting model, but He felt deep in the draft too, which dings him Quite a bit and that model as well because it's pretty dependent on draft capital So my opinion of him is not great But my opinion of him is higher than that of michael trabisky I didn't change things drastically from a an offensive efficiency perspective because there are so many unknowns Like there is a chance that that there is this I didn't even like factor in the kids city thing next week Because I forgot that was happening next week. I've not looked done look at lines yet But like plus 640 is uh, it's a lot. So that's enticing. I put a half unit on it. I think let's roll Let's roll, baby. I don't know if I can back you that that far about it But I'll take my 14 and a half and you get that money line. Um, and that's great. No I mean these these are any given sunday, right? This is why they kind of play the game These are, you know, things can be shocking bill's mafia would absolutely riot Um, and they would have no, you know, that would be an interesting way to see what the line is in the in the Kansas City Buffalo team if this team goes out lays a duck against the Steelers within kenny pickets first full official start There there would there would be some hell to pay. Uh, but that's that's an interesting one No, we always got to look at I mean, especially when you're talking about five to one anything over five to one It's always worth a merit of just, you know, looking at it dabbling that whether you go half unit quarter of unit Whatever the case may be. I mean, these are kind of things that happen They happen all the time and people just don't realize and and look at it and you know Always sitting there on sunday night being like, man, how did I not see that coming? And this is why we take the shot. So I like that, Joe You mentioned the Atlanta thing too. My numbers agree with you, uh, where I've got them I've actually got them with lower win odds than the Steelers for this week. So very skeptical of Atlanta Very skeptical of their offense specifically in that situation I I know that the buck struggled against Kansas City, but like who cares it's Kansas City. Um, as much as I love Marcus Mariota He's not Patrick Mahomes. So I'm not gonna fret about that too much So I think we're pretty aligned across the board for this week, which feels good adding into this one That's all we got here for this week five nfl podcast. I think it's a pretty fun card I feel Despite having some gross bets I still feel good about my slip for this week and we'll see uh, how it plays out Across the entirety of this weekend back once again on monday to talk some monday night football We got the cheese and the raiders coming up then but also our prop preview is coming up for tomorrow Make sure you are subscribed to covering the spread wherever you get your podcast and also over on the fangirl youtube page Ryan good luck with the rest of your move and we'll talk to you once again very soon Sounds good. Jim. I appreciate it, buddy. Good luck. Everybody get that money All righty find ryan on twitter at ryan alexander underscore w I am on twitter at jim sonnis. You can also follow the fan dual podcast network at fan dual podcast big Thank you to everyone for tuning in for this week. Good luck to you with your nfl week five bets We'll talk to you once again tomorrow talk about some player props for this week This has been covering the spread right here on the fan dual podcast network


I'm here with Ingo, that's right, from Grafina. Can you tell us a little bit about Grafina and your company and your products? Yeah, sure, absolutely. Grafina is a company that was founded five years ago and our main objective is to produce a graphene. We use two different methods of production. One of them is what we can see here is chemical vapor deposition we produce film. Here I'm showing you this is a film deposited on silicon substrate. This is made using copper foil as a catalyst. We will throw it there and then we transfer it onto the substrate. The other method of production that we have is chemically exfoliation. What we get is graphene oxide. Here, after reducing it, what we get is a powder format. This is reduced graphene oxide in powder format. It has different applications from the other kind of graphene that we do. This is more oriented for electronic, optoelectronic and sensor kind of applications. This one is more for composites like with polymers, thermics and also for printed electronics. What sort of products do you see these in the future moving forward? In the new future, probably in three years time, the first product that we will see hitting the market will be composites, either polymers or thermics and also printed electronics. What do you think the opportunities for the market and what's your view on the graphene industry at this point in time? Right now, graphene is still focused on research for most of the effort and the money is put into researching. Obviously it's moving slowly but in a good sense to developing. So now there are some applications that are having good results and they are trying to have prototypes that work in a real environment and after that it will come the commercial applications. There are other events out there that host graphing conferences and trade shows and networking opportunities. How does this event compare to maybe some of the other ones you've been at and how are you planning this event? For us, graphene, as I said, we've been five years in the market. We have traveled around the world. We have seen many different events. There are ones who are very scientific and are very interesting but from the point of view of business we think graphene life is the best one that we've been attending for the last four years in California, in Santa Clara and here in Berlin and we are always very happy with the kind of attendees and contacts that we do here. And how are you finding the synergies of the different emerging technologies at our event? I think it is very interesting the way that the organization is focusing on this because they put together different industries but they have synergies, as you said, among them. So people who are attendees who are really interested in one of them are interested in the other. So people who are looking for printed electronics are very interested in what is developing with graphene, for example. Thank you very much and we hope you have a great event here in Berlin and we appreciate your feedback and comments. Thank you.