have a sense of questions and we can start with the session. Welcome everyone to another session where we do revision. So today I just want us to concentrate on hypothesis as well. So we might pick the whole two hours to do hypothesis and tomorrow we can do the last two sections that are left which it will be your chi-square and the regression where we use the template. Let me share my entire screen. So if you're voting can still use assignment for questions. So left, right. Describe hypothesis testing so that then we can remind ourselves of the concepts that we want or we need to learn in order for us to answer the question related to hypothesis testing. So in terms of hypothesis testing like with chi-square there are three sections that you need to remind yourself of. Right? It's hypothesis testing for the mean when the population standard deviation is known and for the mean when the population standard deviation is unknown therefore it means they have given you the sample standard deviation and for the proportion and for the proportion. With with all hypothesis testing there are several things that you need to always remember that you need to remember the six steps of hypothesis testing where step number one is to state your null hypothesis and your alternative hypothesis. There's always two things that you need to remember at the beginning to state your null hypothesis and your alternative hypothesis and that also helps in terms of determining what you need to do with the rest of the statements. How are you going to make a decision? How are you going to find the critical values? How how are you going to find the p-value as well? It has so many things bearing on that. So the second step that you also need to remember is to state whatever you are given in terms of your alpha. So you need to state what alpha value you are given because it's also going to help you in determining your critical value, your p-value, how you make a decision and so on. Your alpha value, your sample size, you give it and sometimes you need to determine whether you are given the population standard deviation or you are given the proportion and that is very important because by identifying these things as early as possible will guide you in terms of whether do you need to use the hypothesis for the mean or do you need to use the hypothesis for the proportion and based on that it will also help in terms of determining the formulas that you are going to be using. Step number three, you need to find the critical value. Remember with the critical value as well depending on whether the population standard deviation is given or whether you're using the proportion or you're doing a one-tail test or a two-tail test you need to be able to determine where you will locate your critical values. So those things are very important whether you're going to be using the t-tail test or you go or sorry the t-table or whether you're going to use the z-table whether you need to divide your alpha by two or not those are very important. Step number four, you need to actually there is another step that I missed earlier on before step number two is the step number three should be state the test statistic that you're going to be using. So whether you're using test statistics whether you're going to be using the z or the t and the step number four you will find the critical value based on that whether you're using a test statistic or a t-test statistic and step number five it is when you need to calculate your test statistic. Calculate your test statistics and this your test statistic and this is based on whether which z value you are calculating and step number six is to make make a decision and conclude. So those are the six steps that you need to remember and know you must also bear in mind that in the exam the options can be the six steps and I haven't even touched on the p-value as well so those are the six steps that you're going to use if you are using the critical value. If you are using the z value there are also those similar steps step number one up until step number three when you get to step number three you come to step number four and calculate the test statistic and then you find the p-value and that we will look at it as we go on with examples. So how do you state your null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis? You state your null hypothesis on the basis that your null hypothesis always contains an equal sign so with your null hypothesis there is always an equal sign so it can either be I'm just going to use this slide here on this side it can either be equal sorry your null hypothesis will be equal or less than or equal or greater than or equal or it can just be equal because in your null hypothesis there is always an equal sign your alternative does not have an equal sign and your alternative will be not equal greater than or less than that's how you will state your alternative so this will be your null hypothesis how you state your null hypothesis and this will be how you state your alternative and also remember that your hypothesis statement we always use the paramita paramita therefore it means you're going to use the mean or you're going to use the proportion that is how you state your null hypothesis so if it says the null hypothesis you will state it and say the mean is equals to 100 or the mean for your alternative it will say the mean is not equals to 100 you cannot use x bar you cannot use the sample statistics when you state your null hypothesis those are very important things to remember so when you state your null hypothesis and your alternative hypothesis it also comes with different things it tells you what type of a test you are doing so if it is a null equal therefore it means you are doing a two a two tail a two tail test if your alternative remember only your alternative statement is the one that we're going to be using so in your alternative if it says less than or greater than or less than this it means you're doing a one tail a one tail test it is very very important to remember that that in your alternative hypothesis if it says greater than or it says less than that's how you will find your original projection and how you will find your critical values and how you're going to make a decision okay so when you do hypothesis testing for the population let's assume that we do it for a one tail test so when we do for the one tail test i'm just gonna repeat all this on this side so for a one tail test therefore it means there are two things to remember here so it's either your alternative is less than or your alternative is greater than so if we do for a one tail test you go into state whether you have your alpha value of um 0 comma 0 5 or 0 comma 1 0 or whatever the alpha value they have given you you go into state that you go you're doing a z test because this is a test you're going to state the critical value so now when you go find the critical value for a one tail test regardless of which site it is so you will find your critical value by using that alpha that is where you will find your critical value if you are doing a two tail a two tail test which means there is a not equal you will also find all these other things that you needed to find because we're doing for populations than a deviation where it's known it is a z test for a two tail test you're going to find your critical value by using z alpha over two all right so when you calculate your z test statistic for the z it you just use your z stat which is your normal z score value calculation from the sampling distribution which will be your sample mean minus your population mean divide by the population standard deviation over the square root of n and that's how you will find the test statistic you're going to use your test statistic and the critical value so depending on your test right so let's assume that the first one that we're going to use is for the less than in order for you to find the to make a decision for the less than you go into draw a normal distribution calf that looks like this and because it's a less than therefore it means your region of rejection will be on this on the negative side so you're going to have your negative z alpha there if it is greater than let's say your alternative was a greater than then your region of rejection will be your z alpha if it's a two tail then your region of rejection will be on both sides it will be on the z alpha divided by two on the negative side and on the positive z alpha over two that's how you will find and make a decision so if your z that statistic falls in the white area you do not reject if it falls in the red area for a less than you reject if it's greater than if it falls in the red area shaded area you reject if it falls in the white area you do not reject for a two tail when it is not equal if it falls in either side the shaded area you reject if it falls in the not shaded area you do not reject and that's how you will find the or you will make a decision based on the information that you have just want to give you some space so I can have enough space on here okay so let's also look at when the population standard deviation is unknown therefore it means they have given you a sample standard deviation for a one tail test when it's less than and for a one tail test when it's greater than you're also going to follow the same format and when it is not equal for a two tail test so yeah you're going to state your degrees of freedom you're going to find your degrees of freedom which is n minus one because it's going to help us because if I've already found out what my n is I can calculate my degrees of freedom I'm going to test the hypothesis and say oh my test statistic yeah will be a t test or t test statistic that will be step number three step number four finding the critical value for a one tail test it will be t alpha and the degrees of freedom and for a two tail for a one tail test so for both of them it will be t alpha and the degrees of freedom you would have already calculated what the degrees of freedom is for a a two tail test it will be t alpha over two and the degrees of freedom right so that's how you will find your critical value to and then you will calculate your test statistic which is t stat which is the sample mean minus the population mean divided by the standard error yeah your standard error will be for the sample it will be s divided by the square root of n which is almost similar to what I'm doing making the decision you're going to look at the side in your alternative hypothesis if the sign is less than then you're going to follow the same your original projection will be on the minus t alpha and the degrees of freedom sorry my hand is beating out it will be t alpha and the degrees of freedom if it falls on the shaded area on the negative side then you if it falls on the left hand side then you you you reject your null hypothesis if it's on the greater than side you also do the same you're going to determine what your t alpha and the degrees of freedom is and if it's a two tail you're going to find on both sides nothing changes it's still going to be on the t alpha over two and the degrees of freedom and on the positive t alpha on over two and the degrees of freedom so you're going to make a decision based on the original projection based on whether you're doing a one tail test or a two tail test now when it comes to the proportion similar thing happens you're going to do for one tail whether it's on the left hand side or the right hand side lower side upper side or when it is not equal and when it is a one tail test because this is that so the only thing you're going to find is alpha and the n and the proportion and remember for the proportion if they didn't give you the things that you're going to stay there if they didn't give you the sample proportion you're going to find your sample proportion by using observation satisfying the outcomes of the sample divided by the sample size and that will give you the sample proportion you will define what your level of significance is and so on and here you're going to state number three you're going to say you are doing a set test because for the proportion it's also a set test also similarly to what we did previously when it's one tail whether it's on the left or on the right use that alpha and for two tail you will use that alpha over two and it means you're going to have two regions of rejection and your set test will be calculated using the proportions which is the sample proportion minus the population proportion divided by the standard error which is the square root of the population proportion one minus the population proportion divided by n and that will be the set test that you use for the proportion and the same story happens for a one tail if it's less than it will be on one side if it's greater than it will be on the greater than side if it's a two tail you will have two regions of rejection so it will still remain the same negative alpha z alpha positive z alpha and negative z alpha divided by two and positive z alpha divided by two on the other side and that is if you're using the critical value to make a decision what happens when you use a p-vehicle this is only applicable when you're only doing a set test but for the set test any test hypothesis test that you do and you are using a set test so therefore it means for the mean and for the proportion when the population standard deviation is known for the mean and for the proportion you're going to be using the p-vehicle to make a decision how then do you make a decision based on the p-vehicle so there are three scenarios that can happen especially when you are using the p-vehicle now we will start with the one tail when it is less than so you will do the first step you state your null hypothesis and your alternative the same way as we stated you will state what you are given alpha your n your standard deviation your by all um your sample proportion whatever you are given there that's step number two step number three you will state that it's a test statistic you skip the critical value because we don't use the critical value you go ahead and you calculate your test statistic and you find your z step by using the formula that we have been using so you will use that formula to get your z step now in order for you to go find the p-vehicle the p-vehicle it's also known as the probability right it is also known as the probability veil what we know from chapter four on the not chapter four chapter six or study unit six on probabilities you remember the same logic if your p-z the probability of a z value less than a value we find that probability on on the table if it's the probability of z greater than a value we subtract the value we find on the table from from one right so the same concept you know the same things that you still remember you're going to apply here the z test statistic is your z value looking at your alternative sign if your alternative sign says it is less than therefore you need to say if my z step you keep the two decimals regardless of whether it's in the negative or the positive remember the table has negative or positive you're going to find the value on the table so when it is less than therefore your p-value your p-value will be equals to the value you find on the table that is the same the same very same concept that we use right so that is if it your z your z value it's less than right in your alternative you had that the alternative is less than then the p-value will be the value on the table if it is greater than therefore the p-value would be one minus a table value if it is greater than if your sign says in your alternative says greater than then your p-value will be equals to one minus the table value regardless of how much the z state value is your p-value will be the value on the table now come the two-tail test when it is not equal when it's not equal there are two scenarios that you need to take into consideration when your z value is positive let's start with negative when your z value is negative when the answer you get when you calculate your test statistic if that answer is negative then the following scenario will happen your p-value will be equals to two times the value you find on the table only if your z value is negative if your z value is negative you are going to multiply the table value or the value you're going to find on the table by two or you're going to add the two that value you find on the table to by to itself again if your z value if your z value is positive let's make it equals to positive the same way as we made that other one is equals to positive then the following will happen your p-value will be equals to two times one minus the table value those are the things we remember it's a mouthful the hands I said just there on on Monday last week or when we had the session last time to say it's gonna take us wrong to remember all these things we will need a session on hypothesis on its own if you can remember all this then it will be as a b c or x and y and z or as easy as pz to answer any questions in the exact because this just summarized what you need to know about hypothesis testing on the summary note that we also shared on the drive if you go to study unit nine you will find all this other information that you need to make sure that you know including also like theory information that they will ask you in the exam that you need to know everything that I just explained remember that that in your alternative we only use the population parameter we only use an equal sign we don't use the sample parameters and in your alternative there is no equal sign and all those things that I just mentioned what I didn't mention is the type errors you just need to remember what the type error one is is to reject them through null hypothesis and a type two error is when we we fail to reject a false null hypothesis and so on and all the things are here all the steps the six steps that I just went through with you there are the six steps you just need to know them the how to find the critical values we just went through this are those pictures that I just through just now in terms of how do you state your null hypothesis remember I said you can either use the greater than or equal or you can just use an equal side what this important is the sign you put in your alternative because it tells you whether are you doing a one-tail test or a two-tail test and it also guides you in terms of where is the origin of rejection if it's greater than the origin of rejection will be on the upper take which is the left hand side and this is just giving you an example of how you do the hypothesis testing in terms of the p-value which is something that I didn't talk about I just gave you an example of how you make how you find your p-value but remember that once you have your p-value you're going to make a decision based on your p-value and your level of significance which is your alpha if your p-value is small you reject the null hypothesis if your p-value is less than your level of significance you reject if it's greater than or equal it's exactly you do not reject the null hypothesis and that's how you make a decision based on the p-value and here is an example of how do you find the p-value if your if your z is negative and it is a two-tail test that whether it's a negative or positive sorry that's the other thing that I didn't cover on did I oh I did I did I did if it's negative it's just the table value times two if it's positive then we say two times the table value and remember this is only for when it is a two-tail oh yes I did cover that when it is a two-tail we just take the value we find on the table we add them together or we multiply that value by true to get to the p-value and then you just make a decision and this is just additional information so you will just follow through all this document to help you so if you have this and you use this in your exam it will make your life easier so let's answer the questions and answer the questions based on that information unless if there is a question is there a question do you have a not sure now Lizzie but they will be okay only guys can I get the summary okay they are on the site we we published I will share the link again on the chat later on okay so let's answer the questions in a sample of 36 the sample mean is 85 it is also known that the population standard deviation is 60 you are required to use this information to test the hypothesis where they gave you that the null hypothesis states that the mean give me a second somebody is not muted please make sure that you are future Elizabeth the other Elizabeth not me so that so they gave you the hypothesis the null hypothesis states that the mean is less than or equals to 80 and the alternative states that the mean is greater than 80 so based on the information just that we just learned no no no not so long ago not so long ago this information you should be able to identify certain things that be able to tell yourself what is it that you are given in this question so for example already here they're telling us the sample it's that step number two stating where what is it that you are given sample size n of 36 the sample mean of 85 the popular what is very important is that weight population standard deviation is 16 therefore our sigma is known and when it is known i'm gonna use the z the z test so those are the things that you need to think about based on their six steps remember all those six steps so if it is known then i'm using z test i'm giving all this other information and you are able to and state which one the null hypothesis and alternative they've stated it can i identify which one am i doing a one tail or am i doing a two tail so looking at you ignore the first part because that has nothing to do with what we need to state we look at that compact which is your alternative you look at the sign and it says less than oh sorry it says greater than therefore it means i'm doing a one tail test and it is an upper tail test right because it's on the right hand side then in my mind i need to think or in terms of a decision if i'm going to make a decision it means my original rejection will be on this side because i'm doing z z alpha because it's on the one side so as you can see i'm already thinking before i start answering the question about those six steps including all the other additional information that i will require so it will make my life easier to answer the question and find out which one of these statement is incorrect looking at this i'm assuming i'm going to be answering all six steps let's see question a or option a it says the test statistic is so here i'm just going to ask you to calculate what the test statistic is so we're going to use the formula as a z-spect is your sample mean minus the population mean the population mean is always given in your hypothesis statement divide by the population standard deviation divide by the square root of n so you just substitute the values your sample mean we found that was 85 minus the population 80 divide by the sample standard deviation of 16 divide by the square root of 36 do the calculation and tell me what the answer is what is the answer 7.25 i have two answers 1.875 1.875 also getting one i also get 1.875 so that is correct so then it means the number a is correct so please check how you did calculate i didn't put it in the field i'm sorry all right i saw my way my mistake was thank you that's good um and then number two it says we need to find the p value now if our z-stat is 1.875 to go to the table we need only two decibels so we going to be using z of going to be using z of 1.88 because we need to round it off correctly it's going to be z of 88 now let's go back to the p value the p value says if it is less than we're going to go to the table value if it's greater than we're going to take to take one minus the table value if it's inside it we look at whether it's negative or positive and then otherwise so now let's go back to our question sorry i bet our question our z is 1.88 but our hypothesis therefore it means we shouldn't even have used the equal we should use the greater than so how do we find the p value so if i need to find the p value of this because the p value is the probability we've been doing this and the p value we go to the z table and we go to the positive side of the z table and we're looking for 1.88 so we're going to find 1.8 and 8 at the top and where they both meet that will be the table value it's not the p value it's the table value it's zero comma nine six nine nine go back and you say one minus zero comma nine six nine what is the p value 0.03 the p value would be one minus zero point nine six nine nine did i also get the right value yes it's nine six nine nine the p value is zero comma zero zero comma zero three zero one i don't know why they have a four there so the answer here is zero comma zero three zero one i'm gonna put the question mark there because i'm gonna assume that that is correct or not correct but let's or incorrect because one and and four might not be the same thing let me just double check the other statement for my sanity so the next statement states that at a at a five percent level of significance the null hypothesis is rejected so we can either use the p value and the level of significance so the rule says but that's the rule say the rule says if the p value is less than alpha we reject the null hypothesis so let's look at this what is our p value our p value is zero comma zero three zero one and our alpha they told us that it is five percent which means oh sorry i should not put the sign first must put my value zero comma zero five so looking at the two values i will say the p value is less than zero comma zero five therefore we're going to reject the null hypothesis that is the statement that we should be making c says at five percent level of significance the null hypothesis is not rejected and what we just said is going to be rejecting it so based on this it may see the incorrect statement and that's how you're going to validate and find the incorrect statement number g says at five percent level of significance the rule is to reject the null hypothesis if the test statistic is greater than or equals to zero comma uh it's equals to one comma six four five five now let's find that out this is based on the critical value because this is a critical value and the test statistic so we are basing it on this it says if our test statistic is greater than or equals to we do not reject or we reject if it's less than if it's if it's greater than we reject the null hypothesis so let's test that scenario so we know we need to find the critical value and we are doing a one-tail test so our z will be alpha and if i need to find z of zero comma zero five then i must go on to the table the other thing i need to go back to the summer to just give you the critical value versions that you need to always remember so these are the the values that we always always use so if we're going to use only z alpha then it means we're not dividing our alpha by two right we're using it as it is if we are dividing it by two that will give us the value that we are looking for so now going back so you can use on the summer table you can use the z alphas that you see on here so if i must mention something here because that's what i'm going to be using on the other side if you think about it in terms of the z values so the answer you get here of z alpha over two will mean something so in terms of the 80 percent which is zero comma eight zero your alpha value so we should have you should have a table with your alpha value your alpha value here will be zero comma two zero the alpha value here will be zero comma one zero on here it will be zero comma zero five on here it will be zero comma zero two on here is zero comma zero one but you also have your alpha i'm gonna put here your alpha over two values which means it's half of this value so this will be zero comma one which are the alpha values that we used here the probability values here will be zero comma one zero zero comma zero five zero comma zero two five and so on i'm just making that an example as an example now looking at our value here that we are looking for i can go to the z table and look for this z this value on the table i'm gonna make an example on the table and also using the z table so i'm going to tell you right now that we're going to use that value because i'm looking at z of zero comma zero five which is the same as alpha over two of zero comma one zero right which gives me the same answer so how do i find my z of zero comma zero five i will find it by going inside the table looking for zero comma zero five inside the table now this is one of those special cases where the difference between the two values will always be equal so zero comma zero five will be somewhere between those two values that we always have and that is one of the only special cases that way we use those two values where we use one comma six four five because the difference here is five and the difference on the other side is five and we end up having one comma four one comma six four five and that's how i know that this is correct the rule says if the the rule is to reject the null hypothesis if the test statistic is greater than one comma six four five because then your original rejection we did go and validate and find it it is one comma six four five if it falls here we reject the null hypothesis and that's how you will know that this statement is correct and that's how you will validate that and upper tail z test is applicable with its date that in the beginning there right there so i think with this one with the exception of this difference between four and one we can assume that the pv was correct at the beginning are there any questions are you still confused no questions no comments so we move on suppose the calculated test statistic for a one-sided tail test is minus 2.66 suppose further that the population standard deviation is null what is the p value for this test so here they are telling us that they calculated the z test and they found that that z test that they calculated is minus 2.66 and there is the other information that they have given us they say suppose this is for the lower tail test so what is the p value how do we find the p value and go back to the notes and remind ourselves if it's a lower upper and today how do we find the p value and what is the p value nobody knows how to find the p value we go to the table we go to the table which side of the table the negative the negative side we go to the negative side then we look for minus 2.66 and at the top six where they both meet and the answer is zero comma 0039 is it right if they would have said two take two sided two tail test if they would have said that how would we find the p value what will be our p value for our two tail it would have been two times zero comma zero three nine and that would have been equals to zero point zero zero three nine times two it would have been zero comma zero zero seven eight just add one and it will be zero comma zero zero seven seven eight and if it was a one tail it would have been zero comma zero zero three nine it do not change which one is which now how would I if for example they would have asked you to make a decision so for this one it's a one tail lower one tail lower so therefore it means the decision that you would have made would have been if your p value is less than that value you reject right so this would have been zero comma zero zero three nine the rule will remain if your p value is less than alpha you will reject your null hypothesis that will still stay but how will you find the hypothesis there how you find the p value will differ based on whether it is a two tail or a one tail ah sorry I made a mistake if it's one tail upper do you see where my mistake is at it's on this I supposed to say one minus it will be one minus zero comma zero zero three nine the only difference will be how you find the p value so one minus zero point zero zero three nine will be equals to zero comma nine nine six one zero comma nine six one and that's how you would find the p value in different ways so for a one tail lower the value on the table if it's a one tail upper you subtract from one if it's a two tail you multiply the table value by two that you need to always remember okay moving on to the next question consider a two tail or a two sided hypothesis with 10 percent level of significance which means your alpha of zero comma one zero and the degrees of freedom which then it is your degrees of freedom of 30 if the population standard deviation is unknown we already know based on the degrees of freedom it means our population standard deviation will be unknown what is the critical value for this test so we are doing a two sided test are we going to use t alpha and the degrees of freedom or are we using t alpha divided by two and the degrees of freedom using the first one or the second one we're doing a two tail are we using the first one or the second one which formula we're going to use to find the critical value without with previous three and the nodes yeah for a one tail we use for a two tail we use so my question is the same since it's a two sided test therefore it means it was a not equal which one are we using the first one or the second one you need to be able to identify these things because the minute you use the wrong formula to find the answer you're not going to get it right so we're using a two tail which means we divide alpha by two because there are two sides when it's one side we just use alpha when there are two sides we divide alpha by two to share the alpha value in the two areas so you are told your t alpha is zero comma one zero divided by two and you are told what your degrees of freedom is state so your t of zero comma zero five and thirty it means you need to go to that with table guys are you sleeping or maybe my mic is muted you're not talking to me let me see oh you are here you are here oh okay it's too hot which table are we using if i'm going to the t table right we're going to the t table the minute i put t there it means it needs to also indicate which table i'm using remember for when oh let's go back there before we go to the t table remember for when the population standard deviation is unknown and they give you the degrees of freedom like i explained there you should have these things in front of you and use them to check as i'm saying it or as i'm reading the question and say oh df degrees of freedom it means we're doing this we are on this column this is how you're going to identify things in the exam if you are not following me right now and following the things that i'm telling you and using them as your guide you will find it difficult when you are on your own because you need to to check your understanding as well so when i ask your question say it so that it makes you not to repeat the same mistake in the future right so talk to me let me charge my laptop the battery is almost finished okay so we know that we're going to use the t table right so we go to the t table critical values of t and we're looking for 0 comma 05 at the top and the degrees of freedom of theta 0 comma 05 and where they both meet that is the value we are looking for which is 1 comma 6973 1 comma 6973 and i can see yeah they only have two decimal places so therefore i can estimate it to 1 comma 70 and because it's too silent remember when it is too silent we have this area and we have this area this side is positive and the side is negative so it will be negative 1 comma 70 and positive 1 comma 70 and it is plus or minus 1 comma 70 because it's a two-sided if it was a one-sided you look at the sign the less than will be on the negative the greater than will be on the positive it's not always that but that's how you can assume the things will be happiness are we good are we good oh are we great yes we're okay i think more practice is what we need yeah and we get a very long question so various literacy group recommend a reading speed of 152 width per minute wpm for grade four learners a grade four teacher is convinced that the average reading speed for his class is more than the recommended reading speed in a sample of 36 grade four learners the average reading reading speed is 157 width per minute with a standard deviation of 22 width per minute okay now based on this information there are several things that we need to get right all we need to deduce from this so let's find out if you are able to identify things on this that can help us answer the question because the question is more about you are required to test the teacher's hypothesis that at five percent level of significance is great for class reading speed is more than recommended reading speed choose the correct statement from the list below and it looks like all this are more about the decision so there are certain things that we need to do in order for us to get to those decisions so the first one it says we reject the null hypothesis we cannot reject if we didn't do certain things if we didn't follow all four steps or five steps until we get to the conclusion which is the sixth step so it means we need to do all of them we reject the null hypothesis and conclude so it also is step number six so you cannot get to step number six without doing other steps we do not reject the null hypothesis we do not reject the null hypothesis there is not enough information all of them are about step number six and it means we need to do step one up until step five in order to get to step six so let's follow all the steps i'm going to ask a question you're going to respond back and we're going to do all this together not me all of us togetherness so let's start with step number one let's state the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis step one what is my null hypothesis and what is my alternative remember there's no right or wrong answer i'm going to tell you and i'm going to correct you and we're going to move on so try based on the information given here right so let's first start by identifying the things before we start with statement one and statement two to help us because those are the things that help us jog our memories in terms of what we need to be doing what is the 152 weight per minute that is your population mean um i'm gonna ask what does the more than mean is it the less than or is it the greater than it's the greater than it is the greater than um in a sample what is 36 36 is our n and what does this mean the average reading speed is and this is from the sample of 36 is this the population mean or the sample mean the 157 in a sample of 36 the average reading speed is 157 with a standard deviation of 22 is this the population or the sample sample mean it is the sample mean and with a standard deviation of 22 is this the population or the sample it is very important to recognize these things as early as possible is this the population or the sample is this standard deviation coming from the population or isn't coming from the sample i think from the sample it is from the sample because it's from the same sentence there is no breakage in this sentence it says the sample of 36 has the mean of 157 and the standard deviation of 22 so therefore this is also a sample standard deviation if it was not from the sample they would have put their population standard deviation or they would have mentioned it here at the beginning with the mean because i by mean giving you the first point of saying this is the population mean therefore the rest of the you cannot have two population means right okay so based on this information that we have plus the level of significance is your alpha based on this information then let's try and map out step number one up until step number six so i'm gonna say the population mean is equals to 152 because what i put in the null hypothesis has nothing to do with whatever the information they have given us here right really because we're not even going to use that it always has an equal sign the most important thing is what will go in your alternative what is that statement that will go into your alternatives what will that mean be the information is given in the statement already you have that you just need to tell me how do we say it the population mean is come on guys be alive it's greater than 152 because the null hypothesis and alternative we always use the population parameters right so what do we know so far already by doing this we know that we are doing a one tail one tail test right and it will be an upper an upper one tail test so it means there is only one region of rejection so step number two let's state what we are given we are told what the alpha value is it's zero comma zero five because it's five percent our n is 36 and our s because we're not giving the population we're giving the standard deviation is 22 what else we can find also the degrees of freedom or let's not start there let's not go there because I'm not sure what what makes me go to the study let's go to step number three what kind of a test are we going to be doing are we doing a z test or are we doing a t test look at your notes now we covered this at the beginning when we started if the population standard deviation is known we use the z test if it's unknown we use a t test now we looked at this is the population standard deviation known or unknown it's known the population standard deviation is unknown because we are given the samples standard deviation therefore what type of a t I'm already giving you answers what type of a test that we're using or are we doing 30 we're doing a t test we're doing a t test that's step number three step number four we need to find the critical value so we're doing a one tail test so our critical value will be t alpha and the degrees of freedom so our t of zero comma zero five and the degrees of freedom is n minus one what is our n n is 36 so it will be 36 minus one minus one then our t will be zero comma zero five and 35 so it means to go to the t table as we'll find our critical value on the t table where t is zero comma zero five probability and 35 degrees of freedom the t critical values of t zero comma zero five is our table and 35 our degrees of freedom and our critical value is one comma six eight nine six one comma six eight nine six four our critical value s one comma six eight i forgot now one comma six eight nine six that is step number four let's go to step number five we need to calculate the test statistic at number five we calculate the test statistic which is sample mean minus the population mean divided by the standard error which is which is the sample standard deviation divided by the square root of n and substitute into the formula we know that our sample what is your answer i'm getting 155 comma 848 55 yes 155 comma 848 no check your answer okay check that you are doing the right calculation it's 157 minus 152 divided by 22 divided by square root of 36 i get one comma 36 36 i also get that one comma 36 36 i'm gonna keep only two decimals there's no need for me to keep all of them so i get one comma 36 i'm gonna keep one comma 36 that is your t test statistic now we need to make a decision so making a decision it means we need to draw ourselves so step number six i'm just gonna write it here let's find another space i'm gonna write it here at the top step number six we make a decision so we draw the normal distribution because it is a greater than remember based on that therefore this is one comma three so what this is our critical value we use the critical value one comma six eight which is one comma six nine one comma six nine because i kept two decimals i'm just gonna keep one comma six nine that is the critical value which create the region of rejection anything this site going to reject the null hypothesis so now let's make that decision where does one comma 36 394 does it fall in the rejection area change my color to purple so this value where does it fall does it fall here or does it fall in the white area one comma 36 it falls in the white area in the white area in the do not reject area so therefore the decision is we do not reject the null hypothesis you can conclude that we do not reject the null hypothesis based on that information that we have now we can go and find the correct answer so the first two statements said we reject we reject so they are incorrect right so we left with only two statement statement number c or we actually left with three but i can also take away state statement number e because we have enough information because we were able to get all the information that we need to get to the conclusion to step six so c says we do not reject the null hypothesis and we conclude that the average brilliant speed is more than 152 d says we do not reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the average speed is not significantly different from 152 how do we conclude remember our null hypothesis stated that the reading speed the mean of the reading speed or the average reading speed is equals to 152 so it means is the same so which one of the two statements would you choose we will not choose number c because c says it is more than which reads the alternative hypothesis so based on that information we can also actually even eliminate that and the only statement would state that the mean difference is not or is not significantly different from 152 remember it can also be less than 152 as well so c is the only way you will conclude if you're not rejecting the null hypothesis then it means you're stating that the null hypothesis which says that they are not different they are the same it's what you are keeping if you are rejecting it therefore it means you are validating that the alternative hypothesis is correct and that is the statement that you will be you will be saying it's significantly different hey and that's how you answer questions one hypothesis you can see that it is very important to know all this information because if in the exam they only ask you about you making a decision it means you need to know how to find step number one about step number five to make that decision sometimes it also have to mean that you need to also include the p value in how you make that decision as well so you need to know the steps you need to know how to identify whether population standard deviation is given or not whether you are given the sample and whether you're doing the hypothesis testing for the proportion and this also goes to what we did the last time in terms of the confidence interval because there are three scenarios that these things can happen okay so let's look at most second last question and then we will be done with today's session in a sample of 200 the sample proportion is 0 comma 36 consider the following hypothesis the null hypothesis states that the population proportion is 0 comma 4 and this alternative states that the population proportion is less than 0 comma 4 what is the p value and they just need it right there what is the p in order for you to find the p value it means you need to find the z value first but before we do that we also need to identify several things on this question to help us because to find the p value we need to apply certain scenarios so what type of a test are we doing based on the alternative hypothesis are we doing a two-tail or a one-tail and I can hear my voice also like finishing depleting by the time it will be five o'clock my voice won't be there anymore because I'm the only one speaking in this session I can't rest my voice so are we doing a one-tail or a two-tail help me rest my voice I think it should be a one-tail we're doing a one-tail test and since we're doing a one-tail test it will also help us because for a one-tail test it will help us to understand how we're going to find the p value let's go back so that we are away on that we're doing a one-tail test and it's a lower tail test so the value we find on the table will be the value we are using and remember that we only use or rely on the z test and since we're doing for the proportion we're going to use the z test statistic right so those are the things that we need to be aware of so going back we are given the sample size of n we are given the sample proportion so yeah we don't even have to calculate the sample proportion if they didn't give us the sample proportion they've used x over n to calculate the sample proportion so they have given it to us we don't even have to calculate it the population proportion is always stated in the hypothesis testing that that will be less than and since we're looking for the p value I can put it in the bracket and say the sample proportion minus the population proportion divided by the square root which is the population proportion one minus population proportion divide by n that of less than because I'm following what the side is saying what is my sample proportion in 0 comma 36 minus my population proportion which is in the hypothesis 0 comma 4 divided by the square root of 0 comma 4 times one minus 0 comma 4 divided by n of 200 what this minus that value excuse me a little bit more I just want to understand sometimes there's a formula that the user the millimeter is I don't know which formula you are referring to tell me what is the formula okay so previously in some of the exercises or from the assignment or some way they might ask you to find the standard error but they gave you the sample proportion so you just use the sample proportion instead of the population proportion but for the real sampling distribution that's formula to calculate the test statistic we always use the same formula which is your sample proportion minus your population proportion divided by the standard error and your standard error in resistance since you have the population proportion will always be the population proportion one minus the population proportion divide by n and that is the formula that you will have to use and that is the formula that we use in sta if you check other books that might have used a different veil for example if you if you used books that are used by sta 1501 then they use a different formula in terms of the proportion but then they have the sample proportion as a copy and the population proportion as a normal p so you just need to make sure that you understand which one they are using and especially also when you go to the internet or you do you look at other people's youtube to try and understand some of the concept in your module this is what we use yes yes okay so have you found the answer what is your p value your sorry your z value my z value is minus 1.15 minus 1.15 do you also get the same yes the point is same okay what is the next step we need to go to the z table to go find the p value so we go to the negative side and look for 1.15 we go to the top and look for five and the p value will be 0.1251 0.1251 remember i'm not sure if you still have access to your my unicycle assignments so all these are the questions that comes from your assignment questions and remember this is one version so every one of you have different questions that they would have received in terms of question 12 so go and do practice activities based on your previous assignments as well you might have found that some of you have 120 there is the sample size the proportion might be 0.26 or 39 or something like that just go and see if you are able to do these exercises on your own based on your assignment question that you had at that point so these are for all the revisions that we have been doing so far up until now i have been based on your assignment that you did but one version of that assignment because every second student or third student would have received different questions or different data like the numbers might have been different to the one that we are using right now so use those assignment to practice okay so going to the last last last last question until we are done with the session and we are done with hypothesis testing and i hope at the end of this session at least there is some light in terms of how you answer questions related to hypothesis testing so the last question most of the school reported a decline in the number of absences following the educations department's lana transport program and school nutrition program in a sample of 200 schools from umzinyati district municipality 72 percent reported a decline in the number of lana's absentee the district manager is adamant that the true population proportion of the schools that reported a decline in the number of absences different in the number of absences is different from 78 percent formulate the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis and conduct a the hypothesis test for the true population proportion and a five percent level of significance we need to find which one of the following statement is incorrect that's what we need to find the incorrect statement so there are different things that we need to record 200 is our sample size 72 is our population proportion 78 is your sorry it's your 72 is your sample proportion and 72 is your population proportion because that's what they said they the true population proportion that reported a decline the absence is different from and the weight different means not equal right different means is not equal it is different okay so based on this we need to find what if the test statistic is correct the p value is correct the null hypothesis is rejected whether the alternative hypothesis is correct or incorrect and we need to make a decision so then we are back to square one we back to doing six steps of hypothesis so let's start the the first step of hypothesis first step your null hypothesis and your alternative hypothesis the population proportion is equals to zero comma seven eight the population proportion is not equals to zero comma seven eight because that's what they single ask from that set we are doing a two tail test step number two we state what we are given we know what alpha is our alpha is zero comma zero five the rest I've already highlighted them the population the sample proportion is zero comma seven two so our p if they didn't give us our p would have calculated it but they gave it to us so it's zero comma seven two step number three what kind of a test are we doing we doing proportions so it is obvious as a test step number four looking at this we are going to be using a p value so there is no need for us to go find the critical value so I'm just going to go ahead and calculate the z test that's that your sample p minus your population proportion divided by the square root of your population proportion one minus the population proportion divided by the square root of n let's substitute into the formula zero comma seven two minus zero comma seven eight divide by the square root of zero comma seven eight times one minus zero comma seven eight divide by n of two hundred if you get populations you just tell me how much seven two minus point seven eight divide by the square root fraction point seven eight times one minus point seven eight those bracket going down two hundred and I get minus two point zero five if I hand off correctly plus two point zero five that's step number four step number five we need to go find the p value we're doing a two table test a p value based on the information we had previously it's two times the table value because my z test is negative let's confirm that if we're doing a two tail test and your z value is negative you just take the z value is equals to two times the table value that's what I told you previously so I'm not lying to you right when I when I give you all this so it will be two times we need to go to the table value and find the table value from the z value of minus two point zero and zero five so go to the z table on the negative side we're looking for minus two point zero five so it means we're looking for two point zero here and zero five at the top where they both meet which is zero comma zero two zero two zero comma zero two zero two and that is equals to zero comma zero four zero four and step number six we make a decision and conclude oh because we're using the p value so the rule the rule says if the p value is less than alpha we reject the null hypothesis so let's conclude our p value is zero comma zero four zero four our alpha value is what they gave us what it was five percent right zero comma zero five zero comma zero four and zero comma zero five it's less therefore we reject the null hypothesis and state that the number of absences is significantly different from zero comma seven eight now I can answer my questions in the exam you don't have those negative I just want to show you all the steps and then we can come and answer the questions let's see if we can answer and find our incorrect statement the test statistic is two comma zero five we said it is negative zero comma two five let me change my color back to rate so we have our incorrect statement but let's validate our p value is zero comma zero four zero four that's correct the null hypothesis is rejected yes we are rejected the null hypothesis it's correct we can conclude that the proportion of school that reported the decline in the number of absence is significantly different from the number of absences is significantly different from zero therefore that statement is correct the alternative hypothesis is that the proportion is not equals to 78 the alternative that is correct so it means I've used that that and that as you can see that you have used all six steps of hypothesis testing to answer this question and that's why it is very very important to know all your steps of hypothesis and that on that note it is three minutes to five it concludes our session for today and that's how we conclude the session are there any questions any comments any query any anything you want to ask content related before I stop the recording and we can have general discussions is it possible whereby I can see uh the full video of the session at least I can see how do you come to more specialty that uh p gail whereby it's equals to two times the table I didn't understand that so I just want to get the full video I can see what's all about okay no problem any other question which is content related not administrative issues are we good are we happy with hypothesis testing I'm gonna stop the recording and we're gonna have a general discussions


From a cost perspective if yes, how long will it take for the product because you come from a manufacturing time point to be cost neutral with respect to an IC vehicle without the subsidy being sought from the government. Hi, my name is Raja. I'm from Guy Motor Works, Private Lintel. We are into electric three-wheelers. So we are manufacturers of electric three-wheelers and also set up the ecosystem that is required for charging these at the customer's location. Our customers mostly include people like BigBasket, Flipkart, IKEA, Amazon. So that's a specific segment that we have chosen because the profitability is already there. When you compare an electric vehicle to the cost of, you need to look at the cost of operation, the total cost of ownership and not just initial cost of the vehicle. So in terms of initial cost of the vehicle, we are at least another 50% more costly compared to an IC engine. But when you translate that over a period of four years, which is the life cycle of the vehicle, then the cost of ownership is quite low. So for a petrol powered vehicle it's about 5.5 rupees per kilometer but for an electric three-wheeler right now it's at about 2.8 rupees per kilometer. So that's a significant savings. It's half. So total cost of ownership is almost half for an electric vehicle. So what this includes is the initial cost of the vehicle, the maintenance cost over a period of four years, the operational cost over a period of four years. We are at a point where electric vehicles are cheaper. So if the question is why aren't they widespread? The simple answer is convenience and performance of the electric vehicles. So we have focused on high performance electric vehicles because most of the delivery guys, the timing is key. So they want to deliver on time. So our vehicles can travel up to 55 kilometers per hour speed compared to other e-rickshaws which are 25 kilometers per hour speed. So first thing is the Indian mindset, they require acceleration of the vehicle compared to the other models which are mostly coming in from China or other places. They would want performance, speed, acceleration, timely delivery. So those are the key aspects that are required to make people adapt electric vehicles. And right now it's already economical without subsidy to switch to electric for the fried segment. Convenience can be provided in the passenger segment which is what some mobility and various other players are working at. And I think even passenger segment it will be the next one year you should be at a price parity where people will start adopting electric vehicles there as well. I would like to ask Mr. Goldie who's operating smarty in the last mile connectivity segment. While we've been audience to news from the government, fame one and then fame two and there's a lot of push, there's a lot of media buzz in terms of push for the electric. And what is that specific gap which still exists between government and private players to make that transition to electric actually happen? One word for that, procrastination. Why I say this fairly bluntly is because smarty as India's first electric mobility company came into being in 2014. This was a time when the IPI was still not formed. This was a time when fame was not there. This was a time when the only reference to electric mobility was Tesla. It was the only global technology. And smarty came into being back then with a business model that worked even in absence of fame or government push. So we have been a firm believer of the fact that when people stop procrastinating and believe that A, there is business sense. And B, that there is tremendous amount of social good that needs to be done. By social good I don't mean in a fancy corporate social responsibility field but social good in a sense of really tackling the public health crisis that all our major cities in the country are facing because of the air pollution. When you combine both of those two then in my mind there cannot be any excuse. So from a smarty perspective we are fairly pleased with whatever the state government have done so far. What the state government have done so far, there are the steps in the right direction. There are wishes that more and more players have both supply chain side, demand application side, services side, what they are doing. I want to invite insides from India to understand from open motors that how does a VC look at auto tech because it's a heavy Kpex. The gestation periods are quite long unlike a technology aggregator business where there is a clear path. So how does a VC look like and how does capital raising activity happen here because that's essential for growth and expansion. So I'm a team founder and CEO of Open Motors from Silicon Valley and actually that's a very interesting question. VCs are a little bit weird sometimes especially in the valley but they are okay to also burn a lot of money. For example I was recently at the Micro Mobility Conference. There were all the top VCs that invested in these companies like Bird, Lime and also the CEOs of these companies were there. And we were talking about how they burned all the money like hundreds of millions of US dollars and they realized that they had a shitty asset like an e-scooter that just last one month. And with a very bad total cost of ownership, TCO. So basically they realized we have an amazing service that is growing faster than Uber and this is what VC is like. When you see a growth of user adoption that's their sweet spot. And they said okay we need to deploy a lot of these vehicles for a dollar per ride. And they bought it from my, actually I have a friend working there. Anyway they do it for Xiaomi as well. So all the e-scooters are manufactured basically from one company. Anyway they realized after that that was a very heavy capex and very bad TCO decision to use this. They realized that this asset was basically a toy grade asset. So in the end this was surprised actually because they were very okay to have lost so many, to have burned so much money. And said okay we burned hundreds of millions but we realized that people like it. You know this type of, still growing very fast. So now the only thing that actually I think is related to mobility in general is we have to fix the TCO. We have to optimize the TCO which will fix automatically the business model. So to fix the TCO basically you have to engineer better the asset. Design and engineer better this. Because even cars, I mean for wheeler, we've been doing cars for Volkswagen, Maserati, super fancy, beautiful things, super performance. In the end it's all about perceived obsolescence and planned obsolescence. We know that people will drive maximum two hours a day on average. We don't want to make cars less lonely because we want people to buy more cars. Actually the same thing for the e-scooters, they're using the same principle. And now services are using this with a completely different approach. Usually ten times look more than a normal private usage. And so VCs are really into now understanding what people want first. Second it's okay to lose money is a big test for the first rounds. Whoever can fix the asset then it might be the leader. So they bet on teams. But I believe actually this is an interesting thing that the CAPEX problem goes beyond investors. Right now in the four wheel space we know that Uber, Vola, Grab, DD all together combined. Combined they need several millions of cars that are engineered for services. Many companies are trying to do this. We are also trying to do it. But combining all these numbers together and multiplying for an average cost of $10,000 or $15,000 per vehicle, it's a trillion dollar problem. Even SoftBank, Vision Fund, they don't have that money to support this CAPEX, right? So these companies are trying to find different source of capital, not only from VCs. You have introduced these new age vehicles to India. We never had these miracles, right? And neither did we have those goods. What business opportunity is how do you see that this segment is going to pan out? Till now we've been only used to two wheelers and three wheelers. So people who have been to China, they will not be surprised seeing a miracle.  The reason we went with that thesis, we thought that, just like my colleague said, that Uber, Vola, Grab, DD, they are looking for a new type of vehicle which is created for shared mobility. And we realized that problem early on where we were clear that our country will never need those standing scooters, that toys went for sure, not built for commercial grade. And those activists and Hondas and schoolies, they probably also have their own set of challenges. They're not created for shared mobility. So we spent close to nine months of pregnancy to figure out what is required for this country's electric mobility to happen. And we found several interesting products, theories, frameworks, and finally liked the product which we sold. And you'll be very surprised that consumers are very happy to see that, to ride it. More than that, my ops team is also very happy that they're saying, okay, there's no maintenance. This is like practically nothing to be broken. And this is where I think the argument of TCO comes into picture. Where we are not basically into a race of bringing a cool looking fancy vehicle, but also it should last long. It should be easy to maintain. And our approach was actually driven from the fact that we'll bring one SKU and get the huge volume so that we get economies of scale in buying it. And then post that repair, maintenance, supply chain of that is very expensive. So we actually have been able to find a sweet spot. So we're very happy about that. And we think even in future, probably that will be the template that will work for us. So it's a matter of time. People will say, yes, it is not awkward. In fact, nine out of 10 people when they say miracle, they say, wow, this is cool. And this was one big risk we took as a company. What if people say that, hey, this is a toy or this is some old school stuff. So we did some interesting stuff on that. And I think it's a mindset change. People probably will figure it out that this is most practical thing, which makes EV mobility possible in a practical manner. Profitable business model, because from what I know, the current two-wheelers are very low in the right-side segment, are probably very low on utilization of the asset. Because probably of the nature. Throw us some insights on how do you create a path to profitability in an over-crowded two-wheeler segment. So I'm Padmanabhan. I'm the co-founder and COO of Vogo. Vogo is a two-wheeler shared mobility platform, which is operating out of Bangalore, Hyderabad and a few more cities in Karnataka. So very interesting views shared by Tim and Amit as well. So first of all, on Tim's views, investors in the valley I think put a lot of money and see what happens. But I think Indian investors are not that very generous. It would have been great if they were. So the kind of demand that you see for shared mobility products beat any form factor. I mean, we'll go to the TCO later. But for that, the demand that is there in the city because the city infrastructure and public transportation in any of the cities in India is broken, right? B-tier 1, tier 2, tier 3, it is completely broken. If you think about public transportation, there is a bus which are flying in the cities and then there are metros that are coming up in the cities today. And if you think about the price point of a bus or a metro, it's at 2, 3 rupees a kilometer, right? And if you think what is the next best option for a customer in terms of not owning his vehicle is an auto which is upwards of 15 rupees a kilometer and then no taxis and cabs which are 25 rupees a kilometer. So now between 3 rupees a kilometer and 15 rupees a kilometer there is a huge wide space, right? And people need to commute. And 70% of all trips in India are less than 10 kilometers, right? So these are all commute short trips. So how do you get people from point A to point B if essentially everything is broken, right? So then people basically came and that's why two-wheeler market exists in India. I mean, India sells 2 crore two-wheelers a year. So that is exactly why the two-wheeler market exists and the two-wheeler kind of works out, you know, on their average use is 06, 7 rupees a kilometer. That's why people buy and they use. But do we need so many two-wheelers in India? No, right? Like in the sense that Bangalore alone has 50 lakh registered two-wheelers, right? 50 lakh registered two-wheelers. And Bangalore alone in a day some 30-35 lakh two-wheelers apply in Bangalore transporting 35 lakh people. But 6,500 buses in Bangalore transport 55 lakh people, right? So I mean, you have congested the entire city just because we did not have the right infrastructure in place between those price points. And that is exactly what shared mobility is trying to solve, beat any form factor. Could be a two-wheeler, could be a miracle, could be an auto, an auto rickshaw, whatever it is, right? So I think the pent-up demand in each and every city in India is very, very high for this product. If you think about it, India does 350 million trips in a day, right? That's the market size of this business, the transportation business. Out of that, Ola and Ober put together two, three million trips. That's just one percent of the market, right?  But you're saying that the rest 342 million trips are still broken. So that is really the market size that you're actually trying to solve. And that is why I think shared mobility is going to be a huge driver of anything and everything in a city and in India, right? So then having established that now, we're wrong about, okay, what is the total cost of ownership? Why aren't all of the business getting funded? What is the problem? I mean, like in the valley, yes. In India, not so much, right? So I mean, I think Indian startups in general, like the valley has given a lot of return on investments for any startups in the valley, right? Like every startup would be for Facebook. Anybody has grown out of it. But Indian startups have really not attained that kind of, you know, fame, right? Like they've not converted so much in the Indian scenario. So India has more time, right? It needs more time, startups needs more time given how we are as a country. So having said that, so the money is also very hard to come by. Otherwise, we would have had 15, 20, 30, 40 shared mobility companies funded today because given the size of the market and the opportunity that is available, that is supposed to have happened. So I think that is one of the reasons and Indian investors, I know this because I've tried raising money with the rest two, three rounds of money to now. And typically the Indian investors are very, very smart. They realize that this is an asset-based business. They know that if the asset were to give away, the business goes kaput. And there is nothing that anybody can do. As you said, you need trillions of dollars to solve the problem and even Softbank question fund might not have that money. So Indian investors do realize very, very clearly that asset-based businesses if the asset is not sturdy enough, then the business does not make sense. So that is where they start the entire conversation. So I think that is really the reason why you don't see a lot of startups funded very easily because the asset question in itself is a big, large question to answer. And then asset questions are not answered over a meeting or in a day. It is answered over a period of time. It is answered in a year. It is answered in two years. It is answered in three years because the asset will sweat it out and then prove for itself at scale that it lasts on that. We need a strong, sturdy product and a good supply chain support so that mobility shared mobility, connected mobility can be let's call it successful. I want to invite Akash to get inside from you. How are you approaching this? I am sure you are also exposed to similar problems or challenges for the lack of a better word. Thank you everyone. I am Akash. I am the co-founder and CEO of Mobisi. Very interesting discussion so far. One thing we have to realize that electric mobility that what we are talking about it is happening in India it is a new age industry. It is a generational leap that we are all taking. Even government is pushing over the next three years that the entire fleet of two-wheelers should be electric. So it is a big generational leap that we are talking about. And we being startups obviously we are the ones who are solving problems. That is why there is a startup. And the beauty is that while there is China which is a little ahead of us but most of the rest of the world is moving electric as India is moving electric. So yes there is a problem of hardware. Yes there is a problem of software. Yes there is a problem of battery swapping charging. We don't know the answers yet. There is a lot of government support or subsidies or policies that are all claimed for. But yesterday I was having a similar discussion where when we tried to pinpoint that what is it that we need right now. Nobody had a clear answer that we need this today because everything is in motion somewhere or the other I think there are more such forums happening on electric mobility called by government where the transport minister of a state or city is calling all the stakeholders in a meeting or Mr. Amitabh Khan from Neethi IO calling all the stakeholders that we need to go electric what do you guys need. And they are taking notes. They are creating WhatsApp groups that what are the things that are needed for us to go electric. So there is intent and there is definitely a lot of questions being thrown at different levels. But if you ask me since it is a moving wheel and we are on that wheel so we are solving the problems because we need to move in that direction and we cannot leave that bus right now if we sit down and then take two years and then create the best of vehicles we don't have that liberty because otherwise we will be left behind. So yes it is interesting space where we are in and which is all exciting that country has a challenge to move electric and why electric. Because as Paddy rightly said that there are so many trips happening 300 million trips out of them I would contextualize to our last mile problem. So there is you know 150 million trips which are less than 4 km. So about 50% of those trips are less than 4 km and these are metro to office office to home delivery folks do that you know the food delivery guys and all of that. How can we convert these trips which are half of the trips which are happening into electric possibly. And if you are able to do that at least there will be less congestion which is definitely needed. The AQI levels are where you know these are hazardous you know in other countries it would be a red alert but we have Indians we are religions. I mean we have tendency to you know recuperate in each and every form of factor but yes that is why electric is needed that if we don't do it today then tomorrow is going to be really difficult from a survival standpoint right. So that's my two cents on this that we need to go electric we need to do it in the shared way because that works makes business sense and that's what customers also need we've seen that how Olas and Ubers people have moved from car ownership to you know the right share or you know shared mobility so yeah exciting times and hopes are all you know happening here.


All right y'all, so this week I put out a tweet asking for y'all's questions about gambling, hot takes and everything in between. Our first question, what sport is the best sport to bet on? I like to bet football, but I would say 162 game baseball season is probably where you'll make the most profit. Here is a hot take. The Knowles beat Miami soon. Soon? Hmm. I don't know. Miami looks pretty good. Although I might have to take them this weekend. Sorry, Cammie. How does a gambler who goes 0-7 in NFL correct course? Okay, so one, everyone goes through cold streaks, we all go through slumps. Anyone that tells you they haven't is lying to you. Secondly, I can't tell you whether to quit or not to quit, gamble responsibly. Next, does he deposit more money into a certain sports book? Don't deposit into that one. Deposit into fan duel. Always be sure to know if you are betting pitchers or action.  So true. If you're handicapping around a particular pitcher and that starting pitcher scratches, make sure you know whether you took pitcher or action so you're not stuck with a bet you don't want. What are some bad beats? First one that comes to mind. January 20th, 2019, NFC championship game, Saints versus Rams. Here is a hot take which I don't think is so hot. Joey B, Joe Burrow will be an NFL MVP, Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Famer and no, I'm not a Bengals fan. He's just the real deal. I support this message. Is betting parlays a sucker bet? Personally, I like parlays when I can create some value with them but maybe I'm a sucker. Will you be on hammered on with the boys? I would love to if they'll have me. And obviously we can't have a making money with Megan without a pick. I'm telling y'all to lock this one in early. I like it. I'm taking the Seattle Seahawks and I am laying the points. Let's go Seahawks. All right y'all, that's all I have for this week. If I didn't get to your questions, I will probably do another Q&A soon. Hopefully y'all enjoyed it and let's make some money.


The Phil Harris Alice Faye Show. For your enjoyment, here is the Phil Harris Alice Faye Show.  Last week, Phil and Alice almost had RCA as the sponsor for their radio show. But due to Julius' interference and Frankie's mismanagement, they lost the sponsor and unwittingly signed to appear at a burlesque house. Alice's brother, William, has just heard the news and is terribly upset. Oh, my poor sister. Signing to do a bubble dance under the name of Boo Boo Faye. Alice, this is the biggest scandal it's before in the Faye family since you married Philip. Took us nine years to live that down and now this. What do you mean scandal? I'm the best thing that's happened to the Faye family since Alexander's ragtime ban. The marrying you ruined her career. It wasn't for you, she'd still be in pictures. I don't wanna be in pictures. But, sis, I could have gotten you the lead in Sunset Boulevard instead of Gloria Swanson. Yeah, yeah, I heard about that. They tell me it was a toss up between Alice and Clara Bowles. Oh, I think Alice would have gotten it in preference to Clara. Well, I don't know, she said that the Clara was... All right, boys, break it up, break it up. What are you, a couple of wise guys or something? Look, Willie, Alice ain't going into burlesque. Do you think I'd let my wife appear as a bubble dancer? What man are a man you think I am? I got her another job. She's doing a one nighter at Joe's Seller Club. And that reminds me, the boys in the band are waiting to rehearse your number, honey, so let's get on to the rehearsal hall. Gosh, Phil, I'm afraid to go into rehearsal.  Don't worry about it, don't worry about it. How would they know? Nobody knows about it except you and me and Frankie. And Frankie's the soul of discretion.  They'll never know. Just give the boys a big hello. They'll never tumble. Come on. All right, fellas. All right, you can break it up now. Slow it down a little bit. Let's get this thing started, huh? Good morning, fellas. Hi, little blue. Oh, Phil, they found out. What'll I do? I'll start it. Now, just a minute, please. Now, just a minute, you guys. Who do you think you're talking to? I'll rehearse, boo-boo. What number? Hit it, fellas. Phil, this is embarrassing. They found out about me. Frankie, did you tell them? Oh, perish the thought, boo. Don't get so familiar. Use her full name, boo-boo. Frankie, there's a limit to what I'm going to take from you. Now, let me handle this, honey. Remly, who told them to play that tune? I did. You did? Look, I'm in charge here, and I won't tolerate such insuburbination. Don't forget, I'm the leader. Correction, you were the leader. You've been replaced. And may I ask who replaced me? I'm not in a position to say, but from now on, our theme song opens with a rippling guitar. Left-handed. Frankie, you do a thing like that to Phil after all the things he's done for you. It wasn't my fault, Alice. It was a choice between me and Curly, and the boys voted me in. However, I will say this for you, Curly. The vote was very close. 29 to 1. Well, at least I got one vote. Somebody was loyal to me. Who is he? I'd like to shake his hand. Your two ladies no longer with us. Sorry to see you go, Curly. Frankie, I'll pick up your drum, and I'll give you a letter to Guy Lombardo. How can I get to the bottom of this? Why don't they want me? Because you haven't got a sponsor. Does nothing as humiliating as working for a guy who ain't working? Now, wait a minute. Let me talk to these guys, huh? Fellas, why don't you want me as your leader anymore? Because you're an old man. I'll step aside and make room for the newcomers. What newcomers? Kids like Isom Jones, Paul Wakeman. All right. Look, Artie, one more crack out of you, and I'll paste your curls on again to fill Spitalney. Now, look, you guys, I'm still in charge. Now get up there and play for Alice's tune, and I want it to sound good, so don't get too close to your instruments. I don't care if the sun don't shine. I get my love in an evening time when I am with my baby. It's no fun with the sun around, but I get going when the sun goes down, and I meet my baby.  Don't ask how many times we kiss. At a time like this, do keep score, so I don't care if the sun don't shine. I'll get my love in an evening time when I'm with my baby. So I don't care if the sun don't shine. I get my love in an evening time when I'm with my baby. It's no fun with the sun around, but I get going when the sun goes down, and I meet my baby.  Don't ask how many times we kiss. At a time like this, do keep score, so I don't care if the sun don't shine. I'll get my love in an evening time when I'm with my baby. Don't ask how many times we kiss. At a time like this, do keep score, so I don't care if the sun don't shine. I'll get my love in an evening time when I'm with my baby. Don't ask how many times we kiss. At a time like this, do keep score, so I don't care if the sun don't shine. I'll get my love in an evening time when I'm with my baby. Don't ask how many times we kiss. I'll get my love in an evening time when I'm with my baby. Don't ask how many times we kiss. At a time like this, do keep score, so I don't care if the sun don't shine. I'll get my love in an evening time when I'm with my baby. Don't ask how many times we kiss. At a time like this, do keep score, so I don't care if the sun don't shine. I'll get my love in an evening time when I'm with my baby. Don't ask how many times we kiss. At a time like this, do keep score, so I don't care if the sun don't shine. I'll get my love in an evening time when I'm with my baby. Don't ask how many times we kiss. At a time like this, do keep score, so I don't care if the sun don't shine. I'll get my love in an evening time when I'm with my baby. Don't ask how many times we kiss. At a time like this, do keep score, so I don't care if the sun don't shine. I'll get my love in an evening time when I'm with my baby. Don't ask how many times we kiss. At a time like this, do keep score, so I don't care if the sun don't shine. I'll get my love in an evening time when I'm with my baby. Don't ask how many times we kiss. At a time like this, do keep score, so I don't care if the sun don't shine. Don't ask how many times we kiss. At a time like this, do keep score, so I don't care if the sun don't shine. I'll get my love in an evening time when I'm with my baby. Don't ask how many times we kiss. At a time like this, do keep score, so I don't care if the sun don't shine. I'll get my love in an evening time when I'm with my baby. Don't ask how many times we kiss. At a time like this, do keep score, so I don't care if the sun don't shine. I'll get my love in an evening time when I'm with my baby. Don't ask how many times we kiss. At a time like this, do keep score, so I don't care if the sun don't shine. I'll get my love in an evening time when I'm with my baby. Don't ask how many times we kiss. At a time like this, do keep score, so I don't care if the sun don't shine. I'll get my love in an evening time when I'm with my baby. Don't ask how many times we kiss. At a time like this, do keep score, so I don't care if the sun don't shine. I'll get my love in an evening time when I'm with my baby. Don't ask how many times we kiss. At a time like this, do keep score, so I don't care if the sun don't shine. I'll get my love in an evening time when I'm with my baby. Don't ask how many times we kiss. Talking to him is like carrying on a conversation with a pneumatic drill. Come on, let's not waste any more time. Alice, Frankie and me will go get Julius and we'll meet you at Mr. Phillips' office. Well, Remly, we're in the market. Now, let's go in and ask Julius to come down with us. No, wait a minute, Curly.  We'll have to force him into going to Phillips with us. Yeah, you're right. Hey, look, I got it. Let's stand at the vegetable counter and pretend we're buying something, and then when he comes to wait on it, we'll grab him, throw him in the car, and oh, we go. Curly, don't they have a wonderful display of vegetables here? Mm-hmm. These look especially delectable. Get your clammy mitts off of me, Rudolph Beggins. We're just shopping. We were gonna buy some. Well, just look at them. I just contaminated the whole stand. Hey, gosh, bring the spray gun.  Lovely child. Yeah, he has all the charm of a sucked lemon. Now look, Julius, we want two pounds of this stuff. Wrap it up and carry it out to the car for us. How do you like that? They come in here shoplifting, and they want me to carry their loot. I'm not shoplifting. I'm gonna pay for it. What? I've got a charge account here.  As soon as you get a sponsor, we'll reopen negotiations. Oh, yeah. I'll get a sponsor, and if I can't get a sponsor on radio, I can always get a job on television. Are you kidding, Mac? You're too old for television. What do you mean, too old?  Yeah, yeah, yeah, we wanna buy something. I'd like to purchase this burlap sack. Okay. What are you gonna put in it? You grab him, Frankie, and take him to the car. That's a goby, eh? Grab him now. Frankie's making an awful racket. What should we do? Start singing, Curly. That'll drown out anything. Possibilities, possibilities We're living in a world that's full of possibilities Ain't no miracle Too impossible to anyone that sees the possibilities If you recall your history, then you will find That all our famous men turned out to be The kind of men who never stopped to look behind They looked ahead to see what they could see And they saw possibilities Possibilities They never overlooked a single possibility Proven naturally Opportunity is for the one who sees The possibilities Each time you try to solve a new phenomenon The skeptics say it's just a dream I know But after you're a hero and the job is done Then you can tell them all I told you so Yes, there are possibilities Possibilities If you will only make the most of your facilities Folks will idolize Even eulogize the little guy who sees The possibilities Christopher Columbus proved the world was round He met Queen Isabel when he returned She said, now tell me, Chris, about this place you found He said, well, Belle, as far as I'm concerned It sure got possibilities Possibilities I tell you, Queen, I've never seen such possibilities And I really feel we should make a deal Before somebody sees the possibilities When little Abe was growing up in Illinois To be a big success was his intent He studied so much harder than the other boys Till one day he became their president He saw the possibilities Possibilities He always tried to make the most of his facilities Proven naturally Opportunity is for the one who sees The possibilities I guess by now there ain't no doubt About the point I'm bringing out So if you'll open up your eyes You are bound to recognize The possibilities Possibilities We're living in a world that's full of possibilities Ain't no miracle Too impossible to anyone who sees The possibilities Well, here we are, Remly Let's carry Julius to Mr. Phillips' office Okay, I'll let him out of the truck rack Hey, you know something? Hmm? I ain't heard a word out of that kid for ten minutes I better see if he's all right Hey, Julius! Hey, Julius, you all right in there? I'm making such a racket Hey, Curly, give me the key and I'll let him out Okay, Remly What? I lost the key Oh, you're just saying that No No Yeah, turn that exhaust off What did we call it? No, I'm on the level I've already had a blown the key somewhere Well, look, let's don't worry about it If we can't bring Julius up to Phillips We'll bring Phillips down to Julius Come on!  A guy like we had last year, Scotty Who did nothing but getting my hair All right, Frank, wait a minute Just hold it quiet What's wrong with Scott?  How are your $3 bills going this week? That things were to stand still I'm having a little trouble with the government They're trying to stop me Because they found out I'm making money Oh, look, Grogan They're persecuting me Because I'm underselling them Just saw heads Hey, Grog Look, the government's the only one Allowed to make money Yeah, that's just it They got a monopoly That's un-American True But there's nothing you can do about it That's what you think The government stopped me from making money So I stopped them How can you stop them? I got an injunction against them Till the case is settled The government can't print another bill Alice ain't gonna like this Of course, I ain't worried I got something else going for me in the meantime I have become a writer Wow I'm glad to hear that you're in a legitimate profession What kind of writing? I got a check forage and service If you guys are still interested in signing them With a sponsor, you know, I can help you Who can you get us? Anybody you want Just name a sponsor and I'll forge his name to the concert Now, okay, never mind that, Grogan With my talent, I can get a job on the air Without forging a... You know how to spell Phillips?  Look, Curly, it's got a trigger on it Put that gun away! Thanks very much, Grogan But we don't need your help Come on, Remli, will you please? I like that, Harris He's my kind of guy I'm gonna help him whether he wants it or not I'll just tag along after him Hey, Curly Where do we find Phillips off? Right down the hall here Now, when we get in there, Remli Don't do no talking Oh, Phil, where have you been? I have wonderful news I've just been in the office and RCA still wants us All we have to do is sign the contract Oh, honey, that's wonderful Let's go in and sign with Mr. Phillips Oh, by the way, dear Mr. Phillips isn't here anymore There's a new man in charge And guess who it is I don't care who it is As long as he pays the money every week Let me in his office How do you do, sir? Hello, Harris Scotty! Oh, Frankie, isn't this wonderful?    I don't beat my wife I don't! I don't! I don't! All right, you don't I just took a wild stab at that one anyway So you're the one I ought to take you in I ought to... Now, take it easy, Scotty Well, I ought to... Frankie, Frankie was only kidding Hey!  What was that? Oh, nothing, nothing at all Don't mean a thing No, that's just a name she uses in burlesque Lanky signed a contract Lanky! Did you... Did you sign a burlesque contract? Well, Mr. Scott, yes, but you see I... You can't do this to me I've just signed you to do a radio show And now you tell me you're in burlesque Oh, what did I do to deserve these characters? Every time I get a good job They come along and louse it up Scotty Alice had no intention To go and...  That's all I said I am not gonna...  Well, there's a... Well, there's also... Keep him covered, Grogan You can't force Mr. Scott to sign us Keep on it, Miss Blondie Now, sign That's all All right, Harris You've got me with this road company Humphrey Bogart Here's your signed contract I like your cooperative attitude Mr. Scott, now that it's all set We're back on the air for our CA Very well We'll sponsor you But if you dare to mention our good name on your show Even one We'll sue you for everything you've got Well, you mean we'll have a sponsored show But we won't be allowed to do any commercials Oh, that isn't cricket Oh, that isn't cricket Frankie Do you think people will listen to a program without commercials? Let's try it for a while and see It's liable to start a fad Who knows, it might even bring back radio Folks, Los Angeles starts rolling tonight The Legion is here And we want to add our welcome As this city greets the great 32nd annual National Convention of the American Legion A big hello to National Commander George N. Craig And Mrs. Craig Coming up, tales of the Texas Rangers Then theater guild on NBC