Welcome back. We're going to continue our continuing our look here into linear regression really to cement our understanding of deep neural networks. I want to apologize again for all this banging that you're going to hear. They're building a neuroscience centre right side of my door. They are here very early in the morning. They stay until very late. So even recording these before work recording these after work does not matter. The banging goes on every time I come to my office. If I have a free moment here, I almost have to bring ear plugs.  So if you hear all the banging, nothing I can do about that. The reason behind these videos, remember, I want everyone to get involved with using deep neural networks to solve health care problems. I'm a surgeon. Doesn't matter. I know about deep learning. I can use deep learning in my research and I want everyone to be able to do that. I want people with domain knowledge in health care or those very interested in health care to reach out and work with people in computer science and mathematics who are already doing deep learning. I want us to work together, but it is us with the domain knowledge with the interest that really we have to bridge that gap. We have to learn about deep learning. There is no excuse. The time is now to make the effort and to learn about this. Now these videos are not only for health care professionals or those involved in health care. Even if your interest is well outside of that and you only want to learn about deep learning, these videos will serve you properly as well. Now, as I mentioned in the previous video, this is RPUBS, an RStudio document using Markdown that I've published on RPUBS. I will write about it on Twitter. I will mention it on LinkedIn. These videos on YouTube, they are available here on RPUBS and the actual files are available on GitHub. So subscribe on YouTube, follow me on Twitter, connect with me on LinkedIn, look at all my files here on RPUBS and also download the files for your own use on GitHub. I really want to spread the word about learning about deep neural networks. So in this video, I'm going to continue this looking at linear regression just as an example of the basic concepts behind deep learning before we get into any models. I'm going to use linear algebra and multivariable derivatives in this video. Don't run away. I'm going to make two extra videos just on the very basics of linear algebra and the very basics of derivatives calculus just to show you what it's about. You really don't need to understand it though. You're going to write a simple line of code and the computer is going to do that all for you. But I think it's worthwhile at least just to watch those two, just to remind yourself if you've seen it before or just get behind understanding it before you're using it. I think it's worth the effort, although a real trade is not absolutely necessary. Now, if you really want to know about linear algebra and you really want to know about multivariable calculus, I have two playlists on YouTube. I'll link to them. They each have, I think, over 100 lectures in each of those playlists. If you're wondering about linear algebra or multivariable calculus, watch my videos on that. Now back to linear regression and how that is going to help us. I'm not going to read from this. You can read this all on your own in case you don't want to read it and you want to hear my voice explain a few extra things. Continue watching this video. Remember that we are trying to predict some outcome called a target variable. We can also call those actual values the ground truth. We're going to try and predict those ground truths by creating some model. When we have only a single input variable to predict the target variable, this is how we can predict it. This is a mathematical model of that. So given any of the input variables, if I multiply that by some unknown called beta sub 1 here, and I add to that some other unknown beta sub 0, it's going to give me a prediction of what it thinks the target value must be. And remember, if I added an error to me, I'm going to get the actual value. And this model is a model of a straight line. Remember from school, y equals minus a half x plus 2. That is the slope and that is the intercept and that's exactly what this is. Beta 1 is a slope and beta 1 is a y-intercept. It is a model of a straight line. My model in predicting an outcome variable, a target variable, the ground truth, if I only have a single variable is the straight line. As simple as that. We've looked at this before where we look at the error that I make every time. So if I whatever predicted this y hat sub 0, given any input value minus the actual ground truth value and I square that, we are now going to call that this error and we're going to call it something else. We're going to call it a loss function. So if my target value is a number and my prediction is also a number, I can subtract those two. So my loss function is just the difference between two. And I remember I square it because I don't want negatives to all cancel out if I sum over all of the errors. But I'm going to call that a loss function. If my prediction was something else, it was, you know, is this a malignant nodule on a CT scan or is it not? My loss function would look different. This would not be the loss function for that. So every kind of problem that we are going to develop the deep neural network for will have a different loss function. It just depends on the very type of variables that we're dealing with. This is not a CT scan. These are two sets of numbers and number I'm predicting in a real number ground truth number. So this would be one loss function. Every problem will have its own type of loss function. Now, some people make this distinction between the two. Some say loss function cost functions is the same. You know, it's a new field. There's so many terms and there's no real standardization of what these terms are. So I'm separating these two terms out just for clarity's sake. I'm saying this is my loss function. But remember I have more than one sample. So I've got to somehow combine and express all the errors in one and one way to do it is this. I'm going to sum up all my errors. So sum up each of these over each of the i's in the sample. I'm going to sum all of them and divide by how many they are. And I'm going to call this my cost function. So the cost combines all the individual losses. So what this is, what is it? Well, it's just the average of all the individual losses. And you get other cost functions. So this cost function is particular to this problem where I have a numerical output and a numerical predictor. A numerical target, which is predicted by a similarly numerical value. So this would be a cost function. In this instance, other loss functions will have other cost functions and we can look at them. And the computer code in the end, it's going to be very simple. They each have names and you just type in the name and the computer knows what to do. No problem. But I want you to understand the concept. Now this L remember was this. So if I plugged in this into this equation and the Y hat was actually that. If I plugged that into that and that into that. This is what I'm left with. This is the full thing. So the cost function, given some of these two unknowns, beta sub zero and beta sub one is this thing. I'm going to do beta sub zero plus beta sub one. They're going to stay the same over all these I values, sample one, sample two, sample three. But I do that multiplication. I do this addition. I subtract that from the real value. I square that. I sum of all of these. I divide by how many there are. And that's going to give me the cost. Now, let's put this into action. What we're trying to do though here is we're trying to get values for beta sub zero and beta sub one. So we have this very best line to make the minimum error. My cost function has to be the value of all of this has to be as small as possible. And if I pick the right value for beta sub zero and beta sub one, I'm going to have the smallest possible cost. That is my aim. And to put it that way makes it very easy to transform that into mathematical equations. And that is really what we want. So let's just create a contrived example. I'm going to have five values 1.3, 2.1, 2.9, 3.1, 3.3. Those are my feature variables. And I'm going to just add some random noise to that. You can look at this line of code so that I have a target value based on the feature value. I know that there's some connection between the two. And right here is where we plotted. So here's my first one. The input variable was 3.9 and the output variable is 0.7. It was 2.1 for my feature variable and my target value is 2.2. For this one, it's 2.9 feature, 3.4 target, 3.1 feature, 1.9 target, 3.3 feature, 3.5 target. And I can actually just write them here. You see the 1.3. I have to create something that will predict 0.7. I have a 2.1. It has to predict 2.2. Given 2.9, I want to predict 3.4. Given 3.1, I want to predict 1.9. Given 3.3, I want to predict 3.5. So let's plug that in into this equation that we have here. This equation is just the sum over all of these pairs that the x, y pairs that we've got here. And we see them here. Each of these are x, y pairs. There's the x, y pair. So let's plug them all in. So there's the first one, the 1.3 and the 0.7 is the true value. 2.1, my predictor, 2.2, the true value. 2.9, 3.4. We subtract that. We square each of those. We sum and we divide by how many there are. And there's my cost function. Now you can do that all on paper and you'll see it comes out to this. There's my equation. My cost is 6.55 minus 4.68 beta 0 plus beta 0 squared minus 13.1, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. This is an equation in two unknowns, beta sub 0 and beta sub 1. And I can graph this in an equation in two unknowns. I can graph this and this is going to be some shape in a two-dimensional space. Two-dimension because I have two unknowns. And this is what it actually looks like. It looks like this equation. It looks like this. And how can I minimize this cost function? C is here on my z-axis, my up and down axis. Well, it will be a minimum when these two values, beta sub 1 and beta sub 2, gives me the lowest value on my z-axis. My z-axis goes up and down here. And somewhere along this curve, you can see from left to right, it curves up and it curves a little bit there. Some way there's a value for beta 1 and beta 0 that will make C on my z-axis the lowest possible. And those are the values I'm after. I'm trying to learn what these two values should be, beta sub 0 and beta sub 1, so that my cost function is at its lowest. That will give me the best lines, the best values for my parameters, beta sub 0 and beta sub 1. And remember, I can use those as slope and intercepts so I can draw a line through these points that will minimize the error. Because remember, if the line goes here for a given input here of 2.1, it might predict 1.75 right here. And there's a difference between 1.75 and the actual 2.2. But I want all of these errors along this line to be minimized. And the way to do that is to change it into a mathematical equation. Here we have two unknowns. It draws a shape for me in three-dimensional space. And I want where this value, what value for beta sub 0 here? And beta sub 1 there will give me a little point here somewhere. And I want it so that it is the lowest point on the C on the z-axis. How do I do that? We do that through taking what we call partial derivatives. Now I'm going to make that little video on partial derivatives for you so that you can just, if you want to know where it is, if I take the partial derivative of C with respect to beta sub 0, I keep beta sub 1 as a constant. If I do the derivative with respect to beta 1, I keep beta sub 0 as a constant. And there I get the two derivatives. Now what is a derivative? It is a slope. And I'm very interested in those slopes because at the minimum my slopes are going to be 0. I'll show you later on down. I'll give you a better explanation for that. But they are my two partial derivatives. And I want to set each of them equal to 0. So there's the first one. And there's the second one. And I'm just setting them to 0. I want where the first derivatives are 0. So what I can do is this minus 4.6, take that over to the other side. The negative 13, I can take that to the other side. So I'm left with these two equations. This one, it won't draw. This one here and this one here. So there's two equations and two unknowns. I can write that as an augmented matrix. And that's why we need linear algebra. So we need both derivative calculus, calculus of derivatives, multivariable derivatives. And we need linear algebra. I can do elementary row operations and reduce this to reduced row echelon form. And again, watch the video on that, which gives me a solution for beta sub 1, which is beta sub 0, which is negative 0.5, and beta sub 1, which is 1.1. And there we have beta sub 0 is negative 0.5 and beta sub 1 is 1.3. That's the intercept and the slope for the best possible line because by putting the slopes to 0, don't worry about it. It'll give me the values for the best possible line. Let's cheat again using linear models here inside of R and I give it a little formula for that and we see the two values there as predicted the minus 0.5 and the 1.1.3 for my intercept and my slope, no problem. That's the basics of it. How did it do that? Let's just reduce this instead of this three-dimensional space because we have two unknowns. Let's reduce this to a single variable. So we have two-dimensional space and not three-dimensional space and I want to make it so simple by this very simple equation that you must have seen at school, y equals x squared. There it is. For every x that I put in here, I'm going to land at 1 there because 1 squared is 1 and 2 squared is 4. So I'm going to land up with 4 there, et cetera. Very simple. Now don't get this x and y confused with what we had above the y being the target and the x. No, no, no. I'm using something from school x and y, but remember they represent on this just a beta 1. In fact, the x here, I'm just going to use it to be beta 1 and I'm trying to find where on this beta 1 line, this x line, where must I go on this x line to get this curve that my model created, just as my model created this curve up here, this three-dimensional curve through my lost and cost functions. Imagine that my cost function is now, just this thing I want to know where on the x-axis is this thing at its minimum. Now it's very easy to see. The minimum is right down here where x is 0. But imagine it's a convoluted shape as we had here. It's not easy just to see there where the minimum is going to be. And as we go with more and more and more predictive values, feature variables, it's going to be this convoluted shape in multi-dimensional space. You wouldn't know where to start to get to the minimum. And that's that minimum where we're after. Now one way to go about it is what is called gradient descent here, as opposed to what I used up there to do it. And the gradient descent says, let me just blindly start anyway. Let's start here at negative 2. What is the slope here of negative 2? Well, I've got to take the derivative of x squared. The derivative of x squared is just 2x. Watch the video on derivatives if you can't remember. And at negative 2, 2 times negative 2 is minus 4. So if I draw a line that just touches this point here where x is negative 2, or I should say beta 1 in our analogy here is negative 2, it'll be the slope right here and the slope is negative 4. You can see a tangent line that just touches the minimum would be a slope of 0. So we're trying to get to a place where the slope is not negative 4, but 0. So how do we get from a point? Again, as I say, just looking at this is easy, but imagine in multi-million-dimensional space it's not that easy. But I can use this slope here to get closer to this idealised point where x is 0. And the way that I do that, I take this negative 4 and I multiply it by a tiny little step called what we call a learning rate. Say that's 0.01. So I'm going to take 0.01 minus the negative 4 and that gives me minus 0.04 but I subtract that, I add a negative 2 that which gives me plus 0.04 and that is my step. So I'm going to go from negative 2 using my slope which was negative 4 there and I'm going to step to the right 0.04 places. That's going to bring me right about there to negative 1.96. At negative 1.96 I'm going to get the slope again. I'm going to plug that slope in here, multiplied by the learning rate and subtract that from where I was before at negative 1.6 which is going to bring me closer down. And so I'm going to go closer down, closer down, closer down, closer down and every time I'm going to see my slope getting closer and closer to 0 until I approach this spot here where the slope is 0. I've used gradient descent by using the derivative of each point to get to a lower and lower and lower point. And just look back, just think about it at the moment. I can construct a cost function no matter in how many dimensional space I can then use this idea of gradient descent to go down on this slope. As I say, as we go up and up in dimensional space we have to use these partial derivatives not just a single derivative here. I said the derivative of virus with respect to x is 2x I have to use partial derivatives and I have to walk in each direction. So if I go back up here, if I just randomly started at a point and that's what we do, we randomly start at a point I look at, I walk in this direction and I walk in that direction and if I combine these two separately so I work from here to here I hope you can see the cursor and then I walk from there to there that would have been the same as just walking straight that same as walking straight down there but I'm still walking straight downhill but instead of one single step I take two steps one in this beta subzero direction and one in the beta one subdirection and if I had multi-dimensional space I would combine separately all of those and all those steps together would eventually be somewhere lower down the slope and I'll use through all the partial derivatives in all the directions I will combine all of them and walk further down the slope and further down the slope until I get to a point where the slope is zero so think about it, you're standing somewhere in a valley close your eyes and you have to walk down the valley what you need to do is to pick a direction and just in that direction just a straight line through your feet which way goes up and which way goes down just through your feet so you'll take a step in the direction across that line, straight down you'll turn 90 degrees orthogonal and draw another line through your feet and at that line which is now perpendicular to the first one just draw a line that line see which direction is up at the slope and which is down, just take a small step down so combining those two little steps you took would have been just stepping across once now again draw a line again parallel to the very first line you had and decide on that line which side is up which side is down, walk a little bit down turn that line 90 degrees and again, is it which way is up and down take a little step down those two combines will be down and so you can combine these two these steps at 90 degrees with each other say left, right, left, right, left, right and so you can work your way blindfolded to the bottom of this valley just thinking where you're standing and which way is down, which way is up but in two different ways if you were being able to live in multi-dimensional space of course you would have to do this for each for each dimension that you are that's what we're doing here with partial derivatives we're just looking at a single direction take a step for that one take a single direction, take a step for that one and for all of those combined would have been one huge leap and that's what we're trying to do and simplifying it here by just showing you how we step down using the slope, the partial derivative on each of these and eventually we're going to get to this bottom and that minimum that minimum is where the values that we are after, the parameters that we are after is at its best where the prediction is going to be as close as possible to the ground truth so that's it we really looked deeply now into linear regression and how that fundamentally in our head makes us understand that we can create this cost function and we can minimize this cost function in a way so that we walk down this slope of this cost function to get the very best values to minimize our error and that is what we're going to do with deep learning we're going to create this model and we're going to have in some of these there are millions of parameters not just beta sub 0 and beta sub 1 there are millions of them and we call them weights in deep learning same thing, we're going to have millions of them and we have to optimize them so that all of their values are at their very best so that in the end our cost function is at a minimum at the error that we make in our prediction is as close to the ground truth as is possible and there you have a deep learning so from here we're going to start looking at deep neural networks themselves but hold on tight to these very basics watch the video on linear algebra and the video on derivatives they will help you out you don't have to, as I said if you really want to get behind this doing some research really on deep learning itself as opposed to apply deep learning which we do in healthcare, we apply it to a problem then you've got to understand multiple calculus you've got to understand linear algebra and I've got those videos out, I've made plenty of those lectures you can watch them and I'll put the links down below I'll speak to you again


What's up everybody happy new release day today guys, it's Jason here for jazzy's case breaks calm We've got a 2020 one penini prism basketball three box hobby break pick your teams number one All-card ship guys hottest product ever ever Prism day man here we go Kevin got last bubble joe calves I'll be down to Greg with the wizards. I guess fresh case for this one Again pick your team random team cases will all be separate cases All right guys, so three box breaks Okay, they fit them all in here. I think I can so one two three Four and then five under here if you guys can see that or one two three four, so I should say So let's roll a die if I roll a five or six, which is real So one two three and four right here at this one here though three one two three So these are here. I'm gonna write pick your team on them. So that way we know they're part of the picker teams It's a good question Josh, I don't know man. I know someone asked me earlier It's just kind of tough with with prism coming out today But I feel like also, you know definitive baseball or baseball customers are usually a different crowd than basketball But I don't know how we're gonna do that. I know definitive I want to say every time we have it first off. We always started off as like a random hit break, right? It might be a good personal because we can do hit drafts and stuff like that with us, but I don't know I'll try to see if I can get something from Nick today or earlier this morning I'll text him and see what what is our plan with definitive? I don't know if we're just gonna hold it off till tomorrow Or what just because prism is probably just gonna it's gonna be all prism today. All right guys. Good luck Yeah, yeah, I wish I wish like they had just put definitive to like Friday You know But I'll let you know as soon as I know that and if it's already randomly just posted the nickel here and you guys Have no idea man. I first block guys. Good luck Patrick Williams. Yes, Malcolm Brogdon beyond rate and memory memory, sorry Lana Hawks to 49 we got Xavier Tillman silver rookie for the Grizzlies and Miles Turner Daniel Turu Kevin Love and Sadiq Bay very nice for the Pistons Right there.  How's this? It's just like a this is not a sharpener. All right, this is It's like a white outline of him. See that in the front. It's there, but not here in the back late Thompson silver and Doug McDermott for the Pacers White screen Luca Yeah, right. They did. All right Zach Levine And Derek Rose blue for the Pistons nice color for the Pistons so far for a can in a downtown Kauai Leonard silver Lamella ball and I feel like every box has had a Lamella ball At least the boxes I've opened up so far Aaron Gordon George Hill Denny Robert Williams and Desmond Desmond Bain hyper John Morant fearless Precious for the Heat Devin Vassil and Cody Zeller red to 299 and Ramsey Jamius for the Sacramento Kings Buena Ben Joe Harris Juan Hernan Gomez All right next box guys next box guys saving Lee Oh For the Hawks coming up on Yeka. That is a red to 299 beautiful color match Very very nice hit. Look at this card. They forgot to outline the border for Rodney Hood Oh nice paint Pritchard silver for the Boston Celtics Rob with that one. I don't know if you're interested in selling that big duck Big Ducks fan Dorian Finne Finney Smith to 175 Malachi JJ Reddick and Jason Tatum fireworks silver Tyrese Maxie And Nick Richards Derek Jones to 125 I don't know. I thought someone said they were like three four hundred bucks Isaac Acura rookie You got Fred Van Vleet Eric Pashall downtown Luca Well, it's kind of hard to say If it's more loaded than this year's Because you know, you got you got those players as in their second year now And some of these players in their second year have done much better than their first year, you know So tell me this next year When they're all in their second year, I think the Hornets were a thousand bucks in every figure team But I think this draft class is really strong and it could be just as strong as last year's Just got to give it more time, you know, Anthony Edwards Ogiannovi John Collins hyper JD McDaniels And JD McDaniels autograph followed by out of 60 Patrick Beverly Oh, there's one of those LeBron cards. I heard he's only like in the sideways one like this. What a beautiful piece of art Ryan Shackleton DM me a photo of a gold being pulled. Just imagine a gold Halliburton base Kobe white cam reddish Ty's jones james harden J mom green to 99 And Devonte Graham signature series or signatures for the charlotte hornets Prichard Galanari cj levy hyper last box guys Remember the next three box break is on the website. We're already at like seven left I don't know if people have been grabbing picotine spots Looks like we're down to three left in the next random teamer And we're stuck seven in picotine number two, but three left in the random teamer guys Yeah, so if the silver is going for like two to three k raw then this card is probably worth at least what? three four hundred bucks, maybe Around maybe five hundred dollars. That's the one thing like with prism is like yes, of course, we want the big rookies Silvers number cars. I mean you're kind of in the clear when you get those big ones, but There's a lot of value in a lot of other players You know the lower tier rookies the veterans you know So even though prism is very very pricey And that's not necessarily doesn't mean you have to like get a lamella ball to make all your money back Especially when you got like LeBron, Luca, Giannis, Steph second-year players like Zion and Zion and like John whatnot Precious, Vassil Jamal Murray hyper Prism is just such an iconic product now that doesn't matter People will want to collect the rainbow. They're a favorite player We'll be topping And the pony behind her nangamas autograph of the silver signature series Pony for the Mavericks pepperage farm members, Ryan Silver Gary Harris RJ Barrett, uh, red ruby waves are And even Chenzo the 2.99 for the bucks any Cj. Elaby silver rookie downtown Giannis silver Miles bridges her nangomas Lulu Um, it's just I mean Just when it first came out. I mean people love the chromefield type of card instead of like the paper stock You know and it kind of started with like bowman chrome and topped chrome, you know a baseball And then when prism when panini came out with their product prism and select and often, you know Um, you know with that chrome feel I just feel like people loved it and especially now obviously with The big market boom. I mean people think of this as a piece of art. I mean at least I do Right. It's just beautiful colors So not necessarily I want autographs and prism.  Ooh Dwight Howard and Vernon Kerry jr to 60 But obviously with the card market I just feel like And then also too with these last couple year rookie draft losses I mean we've just been pretty blessed with football and basketball I mean people are you know kind of complain how expensive it is now But I mean if we didn't have these crazy good rookie draft classes like You know It's uh It'd be kind of wild Because You know, I don't think we want a bad draft class, right? Is that a throwback? Oh, yeah, that's like an old school prism like 2012, right? That's cool Pelicans it's going to mark I hear he has a redemption again Do I want to say ground do I pull out Lulu fireworks? Jonathan Isaac and a downtown hyper LeBron James Darius Garland fearless Dirk That's right 2012 was the first year The dread double draft class Ilia Silva And there you go guys So nothing super super crazy out of these first three boxes remember these are one fourth case breaks So that means you still have at least three more breaks worth packaging There were two three and four are part of the same case again There are some big teams that were still available in number Number two including like the Celtics including like the Sacramento Kings nothing super crazy Popping out here, although we did get a nice paint Pritchard Silver So you guys want to get another one going? I'm still here till about one o'clock the pony autograph Okay, I'm on green color Halliburne base one of those LeBron base And Daniels Beverly and in the end it was gonna top load as well. Onyeka red silver Pritchard I'll be topping the mellow Ramsey Collins the big bae So I appreciate you guys a lot of cards to be panting season top-loaded This is pick your team number one number two's in the store. Jasper's case breaks.com


Peace has finally returned to the Oyo State Chapter of the APC, as critical stakeholders met on Friday to approve a harmonized election of Oyo State executives of the party. Take a listen. A meeting of Oyo State APC was held at Awushika Residence of former Governor Adebayo Alau Akala. It was attended by Zono leaders and members of Oyo APC Elders Advisory Council. The chairman of Oyo APC State Congress appeal panel chairman Samuel Ubuku was in attendance to authenticate the reconciled list of new state executives of the party. Alau Akala added that he and other persons have no right whatsoever to change the list of winners of the APC Congress. Ubuku, who briefed journalists after the meeting, said anybody who has any grievance came forward such to the party secretariat. We have not actually gotten any dissenting voice from this particular meeting. What we got was a resolution and a motion that was moved by the former speaker of the Oyo State House of Assembly and the present minority leader, supporting that the list of candidates that were elected on the 30th of October at the Liberty Stadium should be the state, should stand as the state executive of Oyo State APC. There's nothing bad that has happened. The Congress committee has submitted a report to the air quarters. Anybody that agrees to go to the air quarters. We, I, as leader of the party, as no power to change anything from what has been written on the 30th of October 2021 and the committee has to submit this report to the air quarters. Those are the people that can change whatever they want to change. Those people from Abidah have no power to change anything from the list that they've submitted. So we want the air quarters of the party to take appropriate action against people who are trying to sabotage the effort of the party in the state. Hopefully, this meeting will yield results that will pacify the different factions. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


It's going on everyone Sam here. Oh, that's bad Sam here at late in sports cards have been 23 Pneumaculate baseball hobby 8 box full case break number 14 a random division style There is a look again at your random results as always can find those on the website under the results tab As well as the link in chat Um, I'm gonna grab some gold packs. There's another box. Um, I think that might the open one. Yeah. Yeah There's another box Oh Uh, yes, yes JT contender's optic one pack for box one auto A couple of numbered cards sometimes a couple of inserts as well four gold packs Good luck everybody getting a roll of dice after seven times the top four names. We'll each get a gold pack one two three four five six seven Uh, drew our jonathan p brian g and lin F. We'll each get one. Uh, so congrats I'll put them right there I'll turn camera destroying that, uh I should see me back in the day. I know dude when one of top loaders and their prime man Scary site. All right. Good luck everybody. Congrats to those winners. So let's keep moving After you pee with a spot a maculat luminance of elite patches as well. Let me grab you guys the link to mosaic fast break 11 left on sale 11 ago Yeah, I guess that's it's a valid stat Very valid stat line nobody else is hitting No, right Like hey How do you feel you let down your draft kings owners today? Oh, I don't know man. I went one for four royce louis All the runs in the twins game, but I guess I can't do that So not great Thanks jonah Shout out to you my man All right starting off n l east AJ smith schauber Nice one there again for the uh n l east one of 99 Nice one here is going to be a bobby miller jumbo jacket signature is going to the nl west nl west on bobby miller Redemption Later in riko have a go on buddy nl west we got a Kobe mail one of one printing plate nice one there Congrats on that one This will actually go to the ale central on majority Uh six of 25 jim tome bob feller warren spawn satchel page That's cool, man That's really cool again tome feller and satchel pager all cleveland. Let's make sure that's The right one Hold on What's up wane How we doing buddy going on We doing how we doing Yeah, so that'll be yeah, because I mean in boston braves is I think do revert to the guardians anyway Um, so yeah, no, no, I guess not but still that'll go cleveland That will go cleveland So ale central uh ale central again is robin ventura 7 of 49 Mark s with a immaculate and mixer spot christopher p with a mosaic fastbreak and shroy with an encased division tomorrow That was good. No compliances. I like to hear wane and one of five nl east is james wood like I said nl east Down to ten to go in mosaic fastbreak everybody Yeah, I know Jose Ramos two of ten going to the nl west uh, oh and murphy going to the nl east three colored prospect patch auto 99 We've got uh, brian rocchio that is 45 out of 49 I think he made his debut this year that'll go to the ale central and the clearly auto clearly prospect auto Go to the ale west hodge hodge rodriguez nice one there Congrats on that ale west on the jersey car 215 and he's nice one here going to the Uh ale east one of 25 alfonso soriano I'm going to send an empty box and wrap her with that jimmy the intern got his glazed donut fingers On the top on the uh serial number in there, so jimmy the intern bro jimmy come on jimmy Whenever there's a damaged car it's always jimmy the intern did something classic jimmy that's what i'm saying and then a jordan walker 15 of 25 nice one there and alcantral recolor patch shot of course in the mlb Let me say there's there's one time tani's like how isn't jimmy gotten fired after all of these uh These mess ups and i'm like his dad owns the company jimmy finini. Yeah jimmy america It's not about how i lee kyle it's about how you lee to 49 You got that one or not It's not about how i lee about how you lee Going to the nl east Nepetism nepotism at its finest We've got uh another bobby miller that's going to the nl west immaculate material signatures prime nl it's funny man. It's good comedy. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know what to say Uh alcantral that is daniel espino recolored prospect patch otto We're fucked up almost the one here's worst boss ever 13 of 25 johnny bench Game used bat going to the nl central uh alease kate dowdy three colored uh or two colored patch otto kate dowdy And then nl s 21 to 25 jordan lawlor three card patch john b with a mosaic fast break we are down to nine to go everybody Toronto sold their soul for a raptor's championship and won't win anything else until on the 80 Brian be with the mosaic fast break. We are down to eight to go on that one everybody's a good championship It was it was Now that was exciting. I I did enjoy that uh that raptor's run That was a lot of fun We've got a zack netto 235 ale west Recall our patch Got five of five dylan lesko To the nl west very nice Mason win nl central made his debut this year three color patch like that you would be a dylan lesko guy now That's going to the nl west by way of the padres is mike piazza Nice one there congrats nl west Mike piazza as a padre, which is interesting got a rafael palmero that is at 28 of 37 going to the nl west Rafael palmero I can make this last one. I would say two of five true jones Three colored prospect patch auto congrats to the nl west Very nice Kyle does appreciate the schticks more than shawn. Shawn just gets mad What i'm saying man should be Also, everybody who's watching the stream has gotten jingle today. Just so you know Joe angles is all over the thumbnail tonight If you are watching the stream you can consider yourself jingle Sorry about it I don't make the rules I don't make the thumbnails Up next is jayce young al central two color patch. We've got nl west is gabin stone Gabin stone nl west I refuse to excel out there in the stream shane so you did get jingled unfortunately Has has happened That is going to the al central on hel martinez kind of 25 triple patch auto Hi, if you guys don't join it hit that like button for sure. Appreciate that jackson amaryll 16 of 25 on the three color patch going to the nl west We've got evan carter nice one there going to the al west 33 of 35 Vito your jingle well vido uh overturned Vito overturned That is five of 25 brooksley vido denied going to the al central brooksley By way of the twins jumbo bat signature Your jingle too You have a stream off Oh, let's go to a magic game this year That is a cam collier 13 of 15 Either scott picking up a pristine spot for tomorrow or the next day whenever we have pristine next jackson amaryll Going to the nl west prospect patch autographs nl west by a way of the padres got jersey auto of gabin williams 26 of 99 al central Eddie matthews nice one there. That is a five of 10 for the. I'm assuming he's a milwaukee brave Let me double check that This one says milwaukee brave. So yeah, that'll go to the braves Rick roll everybody. That'd be awesome. Put rick assley on the thumb now. I like the uh, the kevin james you put on Yes, that's fine. That was good uh al west Tyler sotterström Congrats on that al west on the Uh fielding glove material and one of one going to the nl west that is mike piazza On the two-color patch auto mike piazza as a los angeles dodger At los angeles dodger kody w with a iMac and iMac lumenant spot jeremy j with a mosaic fast brake down to seven Oh Okay, brooks lee for the twins al central al central again is gabin williams gabin williams al central Nice one here is michael burrows. That is one of 49 three-colored patch auto going to the nl central By way of the hyrax We've got a Tyler sotterström jumbo patch for the al s 24 of 36 That's three colors evan carter Three-color patch auto the ray killer 38 of 49 Just want to see how long it would take this one there al s And this is sick for the al central all marva scale in eddie murray eight of 15 dual jersey auto They marry rarely as a uh cleveland guardian and then oh marva skell the guy who stole all derrick jeter's gold gloves i'm gonna get That's all i'm gonna get so i beat y'all to it Beat y'all to it. I'll never forget when i pulled the pope francis uh cut I uh when i said xbi instead of 16 and uh i went on our instagram and like as soon as he posted it I'm like i put it all like in quotes in all caps How does he not know xbi was 16?  That is going to be paler sodar strum 31 of 49 and nice one here again for the al west jack later on six of eight on the prospect button patch auto Grats on that al west All right, no random we have to do I don't believe uh, let's do a quick recap I'll steal the gerryms from All right, just audit not safe You're good, um, we've got ken grippy jr. Uh warming burnabelle tyler sodar strum michael burrows tyler sodar strum again Brooks lee eddie mathews cam collier evan carter omar baskell and eddie murray Uh, Gavin williams jackson maryl jordan lawlor Uh bobby miller daniel aspino how you lee jordan walker ryan rocchio hosey ramos james wood robin ventura coby mayo bobby miller and a j smith schauber Smith schauber uh, yeah Tyler sodar strum jack lighter gabin williams, uh, brooks lee We've got evan carter joey weimer gabin stone On hello martinos jc young jackson maryl rafael palmero mike piazza mason win a dylan lesko jack neto k dowdy johnny bench ponzo soriano a drabriguez That is oan murphy and the quad Our mag cards. We will we had the sodar strum that didn't fit into a top loader slash sleeve Drew jones to five for the nls and the name mike piazza one of one And our west as well that'll do it for the break guys. Thanks again for the fill up next 10 bucks


Cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light, NfL, is a biomarker for neurodegeneration that can also be assessed in blood. Here the authors show in a validation study the potential for plasma NfL as a biomarker for several neurodegenerative diseases. This article was authored by Nicholas J. Ashton, Sharina Janalitz, Ahmed Al-Qlifat, and others.


Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Jonathan Greenert and Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Mike Stephens Recently talked to sailors at an all-hands call in Norfolk, Virginia about women in combat Women have been in combat for some time. So I'll speak to the Navy first. I know that much better. I studied it women are in every mainstream Unit type model series aircraft and ship type that we have today women are not in submarines But we're moving to that and a deliberate man and you probably saw all that and they're doing fine The women that are on a submarine now They've been on now for over over a year and they're qualifying They're doing great the crew response is good because they get voted if you will in To serve certain watch sections when they get exams and stuff like that We provide support to the Marine Corps in certain units of course Cormann chaplains medical Thing called Angelo Anglico. I'm sorry like that which is support for air ground and they they're opening that up So it's just a matter of how many women want to do it. How do we integrate it smartly? It's not a matter of do we integrate it, but literal combat ship is designed for women You know, they're on Arleigh Birks. You know, they're on cruisers. You know, they're on carriers So we're pretty much there when it comes to special warfare That will be up to the special warfare commander as to whether women should serve in direct contact Billets and all that and and he'll work that he's committed to doing it It's just that what the specifications will be and what women want to serve in that regard Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta officially lifted the ban on women's serving in combat positions earlier this month from the Defense Media Activity I'm petty officer Amara Timberlake


Freedom! Today, I wanted to talk to you about clickbait versus clickworthy. Recently, I put out a video that had a pretty sensationalist title about hidden features here on YouTube. Um, Julius, can we put, like, something on screen demonstrating what I'm- Okay, thank you, Julius. Alright, so, um, I saw these comments, and immediately I was triggered. Thankfully, when we look up the definition of clickbait on Wikipedia, which, since it's a web word and hasn't made it into Miriam Websters or any of the dictionaries like the Oxford English Dictionary, we can see the general consensus is that clickbait, Julius, help me out here, only happens when you don't deliver on your promises made in the title or other miscellaneous promotional materials. So, let's see, did we deliver? Are were these, in fact, hidden features that people didn't know about? Ah, let's turn to the comment section. Now, I didn't make this video just to defend myself for that video, but I did think that it was a really good way for us to go ahead and look at clickbait versus clickworthy. What's the difference? For the most part, clickbait happens when the user or the viewer feels betrayed in some way. They feel that they have not gotten the value that they clicked for. Now, in our example previously about these hidden YouTube features, which, if you want to check out, should be in that eye, no, that eye. You know, I should probably put a golf ball somewhere in the studio so I know where that eye is. There should be an eye on screen right now. If you want to go check that video out, there may be some things there you didn't know about, but as with that, we did in fact give a value to a subset of partners, and I even included a warning that if we'll go ahead and roll it now. Just so you know, just so you understand, this is sort of the base level stuff that some of us probably already know. So please try not to jump down my throat saying that you know all of this stuff. This video may not be for you. That's right. That video probably wasn't for everyone, but as you can see the comments that we rolled by earlier, you can see that we did in fact give that value. So that leads us to ask, if that wasn't clickbait, was it clickworthy? I say yes. Some people, as we've demonstrated, say no. In the end when it comes to something that is clickbait, versus something that is not necessarily over sensationalized, but sensationalized to get people interested, you have to ask yourself where this line is for you. And I leave it with you because it is an opinion piece. It's your opinion versus everyone else's. For your channel, where do you draw that line? Do you draw that line when something is or maybe isn't where you don't deliver on that promise? I don't know. Let us know in the comment section down below what you have to say about clickbait versus clickworthy. And maybe I'll do a little bit more of a structured video in the future so that you can see what other people said in maybe a week or two. Anyway, till next time, don't forget to like, subscribe and do all those things that make us love our jobs. Also, be awesome to yourself and amazing to each other. Bye, Freedom Family.


Hello everyone, this is Alice Gao. In this video, I will discuss greedy descent, our first local search algorithm. This algorithm has many other names, hill climbing, greedy ascent, and iterative best improvement. I will refer to this algorithm as greedy descent since our goal is to minimize the cost function. Greedy descent works as follows. Start with a random state. At each step, decide if we want to move to a neighbor. If at least one neighbor is an improvement, that is, the neighbor has lower cost than the current state. Then move to the best neighbor, that is, the neighbor with the lowest cost. If no neighbor is better than the current state, then the algorithm stops. At this point, the current state is one of the best states in the local neighborhood. This phrase describes the intuition behind greedy descent nicely. It is modified from a phrase from the Russell and Norvig textbook. Greedy descent is like descending into a canyon in a thick fog with amnesia. Descending means that we are trying to minimize cost by moving to a neighbor with a lower cost at each step. The thick fog suggests that we can only see the immediate neighbors and we're not considering any other states beyond the immediate neighbors. Finally, amnesia means loss of memory. Greedy descent only remembers the current state and it has no memory of where it has been. Let's look at some properties of greedy descent. Although greedy descent looks simple, it performs quite well in practice. Greedy descent often makes progress towards the solution fairly quickly. For the second property, let's consider the following question. If greedy descent has unlimited time to explore the search space, is it guaranteed to find a global optimal solution? The global optimal means a state with the lowest cost among all the states in the search space. Pause the video and think about this question for a minute. Then keep watching for the answer. Unfortunately, the answer to this question is no. When greedy descent terminates, we only know that the current state is the best state among its immediate neighbors. This state is a local optimal. We cannot improve it locally. However, this state might not be the global optimal. If a problem is challenging, then its search space often has a large number of local optimals. That's everything on the greedy descent algorithm. Let me summarize. After watching this video, you should be able to do the following. Describe the greedy descent algorithm at a high level. Describe properties of the greedy descent algorithm. Thank you very much for watching. I will see you in the next video. Bye for now.


We'll have a moment of silence, we'll have a moment of silence and let the Divine presence be with us. The talks for me were very inspiring and also the interviews Nada did, for example, and I realized that our people's experiences and their subjective lives, their subjective truth, is really what inspires all of us. And everybody has their story and in fact this subjective life experience is what binds us truly. And I was happy to be asked to come and share my, let's say, connection to Cherubindo, mother Auroville, my awakening, let's say, my becoming aware of her presence, and I realized that people's subjective experiences and spiritual experiences and people talking here is actually not about us but about the mother. So in that sense I am happy to lay it all out. I've never shared my experiences of those first years like that, but I'm happy to do it because I feel we share this and it unifies us and it's very beautiful. Whenever I think about it, it inspires me still.  I don't know how long it took, but you go back and what are those moments? Those moments are, let's say, could be delight. It could be an insight in a certain subject matter. It could be an exchange suddenly with a teacher where there is a moment of inspiration and there we are touched. I mean, my schooling I consider quite boring and a waste of time, but there were moments like that with teachers. I consider that also moments of being touched. There was a moment in the sea, I mean I had been in the sea before, but never with waves. As a young child I was ten and the foam of the sea and the salt and they're like bubbles and the sunlight and the sand was perfect. It touched my face and the drops went up into the sky and there were moments like that with nature also. These are moments when you look back, we are touched by this what we call the Divine Mother, but later there was a more intense awakening. A friend of mine visited me in Auroville when I first came and he was asking me what is the Mother, what is this all about? And I would tell him that whenever you have moments of intense delight or you feel uplifted or there is some growth and you're moving beyond yourself, that is the Mother. And the Mother is also the answer to the call to our aspirations. Now when I had this crisis, it's quite an intense story which I would like to share. But in that crisis there came the aspiration, and from desperation came an aspiration and then there was an answer to the call and this answer has always been there of course. Yeah, so first there is a kind of suffering in my case. We went back from a country of these beaches and the sun to Holland and Holland to me was quite depressing, like a little Lego land as flat as this table and I didn't find joy first of all in the nature, missing that and so I was rather already a bit depressed. Of course there's also the obvious cruelty and humanity and things like that and you know, but I also excelled in certain things. I did very well in certain things and I also had a great joy in my life but there was a moment when I kind of gave up. I started giving up on school, I thought this is not worth anything and you know, so I withdrew and more and more the only thing that interested me was art, maybe music and art and so yeah, there was a withdrawal and I started using marijuana for example and there was the partying I mean just fooling around and inside me I did not feel comfortable with this but nevertheless I went on and so there was a feeling of guilt growing in my being when I was 16, 17 and this guilt started growing and as you know guilt is the enemy of our lives, guilt is truly the enemy of everything, of health and everything and there was a moment when I had a sentence this really was my perception, my experience there was a phrase that came into my ear and it was really like oh now you've done it now that's it, it's finished and that went in and something in me took it in also and I felt extremely uncomfortable and I withdrew I put it in a can in the cupboard somewhere in the back of my subconscious I put it away but I could not hide from it eventually I thought I would like to study this or study that but it was a compromising choice so I went to study but not really interested and after a few years when I was 21 I think I felt something strange in my neck these not good and so I went to the doctor and too sweet immediately to the hospital the biopsy was done and I was lying on the bed after this biopsy and I remember my family was standing looking at me rather you know how it is we all had the feeling of calamity it was very heavy and then from my side comes in a doctor or a young student doctor thing Asian it doesn't matter but Asian fellow that I did not know and he came to me and I turned to him and I asked him how bad is it and he told me yeah you're going to die that's what he said can you imagine and he walked away also so it was like he came pounced those words at me and left that moment to me was like a hit it was like a blow and from that moment on I turned inward there was nothing else and that was like I would say 24 hour a day occupation everything else was like a mirage or a dream there was sadness of course there was a lot of dealing with this and this went on for three months that I thought I was going to rot away in a bed full of tubes and stuff like that it was very very heavy and during that time there was only questioning why me, why me, why me, why me layer upon layer question, answer, question, answer and a lot of fear and what is fear I would ask anyway so after three months I met a very good doctor he was the best in the country an elderly man and he assured me that they had the means to get rid of this after all it had not spread very far and I was a young man and so immediately by meeting this man there was a faith in my healing and that meant well it meant eight months chemotherapy and one month radiation and now this sounds all terrible but it was not the same direction anymore of rotting away in a bed being insecure now there was a path where I was quite sure of my healing now these injections were very intense I mean I don't have to maybe go into detail maybe I should but yeah there was chemistry, chemicals very destructive, very aggressive but I took it like I said I had turned inward and I took everything intensively and I had the support of my family and there was financial it was okay and I mean after those shots I couldn't go to the study anymore because I remember sitting there and I couldn't read the lines properly and I told myself you know what just leave it just like I had done before with many other studies I didn't care, what was I going to be I didn't care I didn't care too much about the world as it was and I was not interested so then started my process I would meet the physiotherapist of the rugby team I played national rugby under 21 for Holland and I met him again and he met me and I was wearing like tattoos on my face for the radiation machine I had to wear that for a few weeks but after a while I thought okay I don't care it was like that and I met him and he told me oh this is karma I have to help you I said karma, what? so I went along with him and he helped me get rid of toxins through my body and he explained to me this major orbit through the body, the meridian and he said yeah you breathe up a river of light, you breathe out a river of light is going down and you do this whenever you want and I went for it, I did it I was bored and so I had this experience of this flow of prana and in my crisis because it was still crisis I had many dreams many vision dreams and I would sketch them and I lost those sketches but very powerful, very symbolic stuff and my apartment became a spaceship an art gallery I would fool around with things dip in the pond of new age let's say a bit of Taoism a bit of Sufism a bit of read a bit of this read a bit of that and there was a moment when my questioning stopped because after every question why me, what is fear, what is guilt what are the gods I didn't know anything but after every question came an answer and it would not stop and then it stopped I had a moment when there was real silence I don't know how long it took but it was silence I wanted to say quietude but I think it was silence and it was luminous after that I had an experience within unmistakable awakening that was divine I can only say it like that I didn't know it like that yet but there it was and then things started happening in a rapid pace I had a friend who I met through a friend who had a bookshelf that I never looked at and indeed I took a book it was called the Divine Materialism or Mother and this book became a friend to me it was like a fairy tale magical land and I read it intensively and for me this was really like my only friend during that time, really yeah so that happened let me see, yeah then this friend he was very much into Sunil's music and Savitri I didn't know that, he never talked about it and one evening I said I'm interested in that and he said, yeah okay and he played me a few lines of Savitri this was the destined meeting place palm tree singled by a lake jewels what is it sorry I'm a bit nervous now a moon touched palm tree singled by a lake pale waters ran like glimmering threads of pearl that whole scene but it was not a scene for me it was not a listening to poetry for me I was transported to that place I was in that place and that will never leave me that was a moment yeah, so then Savitri started and then I took another book from his shelf this was the adventure of consciousness like so many people were touched by this book and I had to study by now I had started another study because I wanted to know myself I started studying massage this was a very serious the only real study in Europe that's five years for massage it was at that time and I was supposed to be studying anatomy I didn't like these things now for me it was like I was more interested in experience and I was very keen to learn about myself so I always used to go to the library of the law faculty in the university to study so then you have all these boys and girls with their leather books and me with my anatomy book but I would set it aside and read the adventure of consciousness now there in the middle of the library I was like halfway in the book I had this experience it was like a downpour actually it happened to me before once this descent we call it afterwards that first one I had was when I was really like I had a small photo of Shiro Bindo from this friend of mine from Bresson I put it far away on the wall and then I was like ok I've had enough now let's see what this really is about I would take my chair I would sit it down and I would concentrate on this photo and then I had a big shock I mean the shock the descent came and that was the entire space was just like that that was another milestone in my life but the second time in the library was a straight arrow to the ashram in Pondicherry and Orville it was like an arrow there was no doubt I dropped everything immediately I sold things I rented out my rented apartment to somebody I told my father I said dad you have to give me this amount I'm missing this much I need it now give it to me now and he was like oh ok what are you doing where are you going I'm going to South India and I bought the ticket and I flew out this all happened very quickly so that was the rude awakening but I tell you that time of crisis and red chemicals and radiating machines was one of the most beautiful times in my life yeah yeah it was like that filled with wonder you know the sense of wonder and miracle and you're just open and just it's like opening up opening up and then I came to Orville and I remember a small leather suitcase linen shirt, linen pants linen shoes not knowing anything I arrived in Orville and the moment I arrived at the visitor center the taxi dropped me off there comes this friend walking to me because I knew they were here they were just finishing their visit here actually I knew they were here a few people were here and there he comes walking towards me as I am walking on the path and it's so amazing and this hello and then he told me yeah you come you go there so I stayed in the Matraman Deer camp in a hut in the heat and put my things down and said hello to him and he said yeah you go there say where yeah the Matraman Deer yeah you go there okay I go there and it was it was open at the time right it was not yet the disco not yet and I walked along the garden and two elderly Tamil men with their cloth over their heads and their mantis and it was really a moment very wise men yeah and they said oh devotee devotee I said I don't know devotee what I don't know I went into the Matraman Deer and there was nobody maybe it was lunchtime I don't know but there was nobody I walked up into the chamber and there was nobody and I spent like four or five hours there alone so I was sitting down I was standing I was lying down it was four or five hours and I walked out and I came back to the Matraman Deer to the hut my friends and they all said that like I look like a ghost like fully removed you can imagine and that's when the adventure began and so I stayed in the Matraman Deer I helped polish the marble a little bit I had these beautiful people there I mean Dorothy, Lakshmi Narayan that kitchen and all these very simple things and for me that was very magical very magical and I'm very grateful to the people around me because they they didn't talk much about yoga or anything I remember once a friend he was sometimes very kind of blunt and was very good Dutch people are blunt like that sometimes but it was very nice he just said be quiet go and sit in your room be quiet and go and sit in my room wonder sense of wonder wondering what's happening to me reading little books Savitri was becoming a serious part of me and then they moved out and I stayed for a while and then I went to stay in the ashram at the Parcast House also met beautiful people I would have wonderful moments there sitting on the rooftop of the library I don't know if that's the library today but there were two palm trees I was sitting in a chair and there was nobody around and I had this big the big edition of Life Divine the books I would be reading and it would be it would not be reading it's an experience yeah that was it and I mean the ashram also the people there it was like like a repose like a finally arrived like feeling yeah there were for example the dining hall I mean for me this was all new right I had no idea I felt very special and the movie night in the sports ground and watch a very Walt Disney simple movie silly movie for kids kind of and while I was under the stars you know and while I was watching I went out of my body I went out of my body and my head it happened to me I didn't do anything I had my head on a Sadakas lap elderly lady wearing a white sari and I only woke up out of it afterwards I had a deep rest deep all my nerves all my emotional baggage it was all and after the movie I look back at her and I see them and it for me this was such a very beautiful you know and then the Dachan you have a Dachan the first time you don't know what's what waiting long time early in the morning and you walk past mother's mother's room you walk past the portrait and you think okay yeah all right you get ready you know trying to prepare yourself okay and it was a very short moment so that surprised me also I didn't know a very short moment yeah okay and the moment I step out there was a wooden door frame it was like blueish and the moment I put my foot out on the street I had a I had an experience I'm sorry I mean I'm sure you know I'm not the only one but I just want to share this with you because this is my life this is what this is I'm a very beautiful and that was a touch of bliss I had a touch of bliss and afterwards you spend your life looking for this it becomes more more mature afterwards but this is the period of awakening and the magical and the touch but she has always been there of course it's I met all these characters and their stories and I would go back to Auroville and I had my some classes and I had an experience of the chi again through what became my art my practice and I knew when I had this experience on top of the roof of Pitanga with beautiful people around me I had this experience of health and I knew I didn't know I just it was again narrow and I knew where I had to go because I had to go home after three months it was time to go home I didn't know and finally I found what I wanted to study and this was the art of chi a lager du chi and Tai Chi Chuan Chi Kong and from Stevanovic method and I had the opportunity to go to the south of France first it was in Portugal I again told my father I need this I have to go and he said okay and I met my teacher there and they helped me out fully to make it happen and I spent three to four years with them at the school it was a I lived in the in a very charming broken down castle farmhouse kind of thing and you go to school every day for the classes so that was my life for three years that put me back into my body you see that made me healthy and it improved my ability to concentrate and but Auroville and Savitri and they never left me they were part of it it was every day I had it under the pillow so to speak and there was a moment when it was really like I have to go now then again this arrow came of clarity there was no deviation from such a decision it's just like the whole alignment is clear there is no deviation possible it is what it is and again I had the opportunity to come to Auroville for ten months and I told myself look you stay here and you will know don't question anything so I stayed for ten months wonderful time and then I knew after ten months I knew and I wanted to live here and so I went back home for the visa thing and everything and my father had stopped his work early and there was a kind of inheritance going on in my family it was not so big but this inheritance turned out to be the right amount for the house that was given to me in Auroville given to me as in I walked in somewhere and I thought oh this is so beautiful a very small place I learned after later that this would be available the lady was leaving so I told her oh I'll be happy to take it you know and she said no no there's too many people forget it there's 15 people on the list you can't forget it so I forgot it and then three months later she calls me are you still interested and this money was the exact amount it was chak chak it's I had a place she gave me a place and we still live there now I live there with Saumya and our son Ahran and that is my time of awakening and connection to Auroville to the ashram my life in Auroville is very much now taking care of our son and my wife's clothing companies iBiscus heroes it is also I teach I've always taught my art my art is my Auroville life for me the art of movement with the body the concentration education this has been my share in Auroville and it still is and it probably always will be and here we are I feel like that most of the time here the sense of wonder I feel a great smiling presence every day I can't help it I feel this place is special it has this smiling presence and about Auroville in general and about Auroville now the situation we are in it was very interesting to me that the galaxy plan the model let's say the picture of it it was never so much in our consciousness in the beginning I was here 98-98 it was more like we just decided that it was a great symbol a great exercise of life ongoing change very powerful and then I realized by going in a little bit I met Roger a few times only but it was never I always felt some connection to these models and the work that was going on but it was never so strong and lately the situation through this situation I'm very grateful because I've learned many things for example this plan for our city how amazingly beautiful that is how much things have been thought of and how much well mother no she mustn't forget who mother is she already knows anyway there are so many elements for me it was really an awakening to this plan how it's a gift to us as our this plan is a gift all we need to do is start that align ourselves to that for me it's also amazing that there is a real sense of urgency on a material plane I'm not talking about my feelings or my insights you and I might have but there is really an urgency and I don't think anybody can deny it you just look at the encroachment and the land development I mean it's obvious and if I may humbly say something about the situation and this is from a perspective of healing and love it really is I believe that the second generation of Aurovillians and the third also there is an obvious there is a trauma there there is anger and resistance can you imagine being born here or being brought here by your parents and being told how special you are and what a special place this is I mean we come here we are touched but they are either born here and told by people these things very often and that must be a great trauma somewhere and leads to a lot of anger and I believe that these generations because of circumstances have not really passed from childhood into adulthood the initiation into adulthood that you see in other societies that are necessity through survival or crisis here they are they didn't have this passage it's like a childhood that just goes on and it's quite a reasonably comfortable life except that there is this anger and it expresses itself I became aware of this only through my own life in Auroville my own experience that is when I arrived in Auroville I was a little bit in touch with all aspects of Auroville society all kinds of people maybe because of my giving workshops or becoming friends all kinds of people and I noticed that amongst those born here or growing up here or also the ones that inherited the pioneering spirit of planting trees they also are part of this trauma that I was never quite accepted and I didn't understand why I thought ok then I realized that oh I need a kind of initiation to join a kind of no but the problem is I was also interested in here in Savitri Bhavan also I went to studies I went to courses, lectures I studied Sanskrit for a while and so this was not accepted by the circles the tribes because they rebel it doesn't mean that they don't live a life of yoga they may or may not I don't know but they will not accept words like Divine Mother or because I was speaking about that all the time I didn't feel religious about it at all it is my interest my profound interest still today but I've learned to kind of I was feeling awkward not allowed to express that because it's for them it's a fight and we have not looked at this strangely a love is not a place where we express ourselves at all in fact out in the world it's done more than here so this trauma is deeply rooted in our society and the first generation unconsciously I believe is covering this up because they might feel guilty of being not good enough for their kids or wanting to keep their children happy instead of having this initiation into adulthood there would be a status quo and I believe this is what happened there is an anger towards the city also from this trauma and now what happened is helping not to look at that trauma so you look at the youth center and the youth center was not necessarily the youth only the youth for me is under 18 mother actually has a place for people in this plan for people, youth that they are no adults she was wise, she is very wise you know and the youth often had opportunities to find their place but this youth center place was a mixture of what I'm speaking about the youth and the elderly and everybody trying to feel better without going to that essential trauma and so it has become a habit in our society not to talk about mother it doesn't help also that people put up huge portraits everywhere where they shouldn't I mean mother also had these clear things to say about it in public spaces and yet we do it yet we insist and they are hurt and that hurt feeling is there that expression of resistance and now it has come to an end because of the urgency we have an urgent situation here maybe humanity also I cannot say clearly but we have an emergency urgency and now this opportunity has come but it was not taken like an opportunity because of this resistance you know for a long time in these circles of which I'm still more or less part of but not really because I won't be allowed in there fully and I understand they have a right to be you see but the new people were not really allowed in not really and this has become a kind of signature of Auroville the past 20 30 years that new people it's not a city consciousness city consciousness there are new people coming all the time there is knowledge and research coming exchange all the time so I think this mindset is now being challenged it's all out of love and we are all part of this place everybody here is part of this place and it has a connection to the charter in their own way and we should have the goodwill to pass beyond our own thing and realize that this trauma is there by the way that's number one it's a and we should all realize it's there and many of us are acting from that hurt space reactive angry emotional still now it's going on after many months and when you are reactive and emotional you cannot have your subjective it's a world where facts are I had the experience two people for the same subject have completely different perspectives not from their intuitive space because that is not much visible nowadays more facts emotions, anger, facts proving mother's quotes they have completely different perspective and both of them are proving themselves right but yeah so how to harmonize and balance I think this is why I want to mention this thank you very much


Welcome to lecture 4 incompressible fluid flow related to fluid drive. This is under module 2 fundamentals of fluid flow and properties. Control volume method is applied in analysis of fluid power in general. This is because the movements of fluid particles in a space are not much of our interest as in general fluid mechanics based on Newtonian theory rather we are interested in the movement of volume of fluid through the conduit. Now let us consider conservation of mass. The rate of mass flow into the control volume equals the rate of mass flow out plus the rate at which mass accumulates inside. Now let us consider a control volume. Fluid is flowing inside this volume and then we consider a velocity in normal direction at a point on the volume which is Vn and obviously which is having a straight component V. Now mathematically we can write rho Vn dash is equal to minus dm Cv by dt is equal to minus d by dt integration of rho dv. Now in this case As is the normal surface area rho is the density which we have already discussed. Vn is the normal velocity and this normal velocity it is importantly is positive when directed outwards. That means the direction shown is positive. That must be equal to time rate of change of accumulated mass in control volume. m Cv is the accumulated mass. Now this means that the minus sign is given here. The reason is that if the mass is accumulated inside then Vn will be in the opposite directions. If it is going out then it will be minus. That must be equal to the elemental mass of control volume. We should consider the rate of change of elementary mass of control volume. Now application of this conservation of mass or momentum theory is that let us consider a vessel with a conduit. Now flow in to this control volume through the left side where the area is A1. V1 is the velocity and the area surface area of this vessel is At and height of a datum line is L where the area is A2 and velocity is V2. This means that along this line when the flow is going in velocity is V1, flow is going out velocity is V2. Area of this outlet is A2. Area of this inlet is A1 and At is the surface area of this vessel and L is the height from this datum line. Now for steady state condition we can write rho V1 A1 is equal to rho V2 A2. What does it mean the steady state conditions that there will be no change in this volume where L is not varying. Now for unsteady flow into tank that is this vessel L will vary and the expression becomes rho V1 A1 minus rho V2 A2 is equal to rho A2 DL by DT. This means DL by DT is will be positive if this height is increasing and this is automatically it will be negative L is decreasing. Now conservation of momentum the rate of change of momentum of the system in any direction is expressed as the sum of the rate of change of momentum of the material inside the control volume which we have considered as a VA small VA in the same direction. And net rate of outflow of momentum through the control surface in the same direction it is expressed as Fx is equal to D by DT integration of rho Vx DVA over the volume VA the control volume VA this Vx is the velocity in x directions plus rho integration of rho Vx Vn and Das it will be in the y directions as you look into this equations only we will considering here the expression is same velocity in y direction and here also we consider the velocity in y directions similarly in z directions we consider velocity z here and also here for steady flow first term of right hand side is 0. If it is a steady flow then there will be no change in this whereas there may change in this surface area and accordingly this equations will be reduced. Now steady flow example let us consider another tank it is a closed it is having an inlet and a outlet.  Now rho 1 and rho 2 may be equal for incompressible fluid if there is no change in temperature. Now for this type of flow you will find that if we do not apply a load this will move because this velocity obviously will be higher than this and a force will be generated here. Now to balance this for equilibrium we apply a load fx and therefore the relation we can write inflow of x momentum is equal to v 1 rho 1 a 1 v 1 that is equal to rho 1 a 1 v 1 square is it clear this is the volume flow rate and with the velocity.  Now equating we get the external force fx is equal to rho 2 a 2 v 2 square minus rho 1 a 1 v 1 square this means that we have to apply this force for the equilibrium of this body.  I think I have made a mistake it is not pressure conditions the pressure conditions remain same for which rho 1 and rho 2 remain same here I would like to mention the pressure remains same as well as temperature also remains same. So that we get rho 1 is equal to rho 2. Now unsteady flow example how the pressure difference p 1 minus p 2 is related to rate of change of flow rate of a frictionless incompressible fluid in a uniform tube of length l. We have considered a tube circular tube and we have taken a segment of length l this is of uniform cross sectional area a and the tube is also rigid. Now flow in is q 1 and flow out is q 2 and we also for generality we consider that density here was rho 1 and density this side is rho 2 pressure is here p 1 and p 2. We consider that pressure is changing maintaining continuity we can write rho q 1 is equal to rho q 2 again in this case we have consider rho 1 is equal to rho 2 that means density is not changing in most of the fluid power analysis for small conduit if length is not very large and if there is not too much change in pressure and the temperature then we may consider rho 1 is equal to rho 2 this simplicity is required to avoid the complication in the calculations and in most of the cases the error will be negligibly small. Therefore, we can write q 1 minus q 2 is equal to 0 this is for incompressible fluid.  So, rate of change of mass minus the mass in now this gives clearly p 1 minus p 2 into a that is the force is equal to rho a l d by dt q by a if you equate this we will arrive here and this gives clearly rho l d q by dt as a is constant this a will cancel out this means that the force net force available due to this flow is mass density into length into time rate of change of flow this q is flow rate. So, this is time rate of change of flow rate.  If you think of the centrifugal pump then you will find that entry at this towards the centre and outlet is towards the outer periphery. Now in fact it works on hydro kinetic energy in that case when the impeller inside is rotating with the volume of fluid initially there is air then this fluid mass gets momentum and it is discharged outside in turns it creates a suction pressure at the inlet. Anyway after let us consider it is pumping an incompressible fluid in that case let v t 1 is the tangential velocity at radius r at entry this means that if I consider a circle at the entry then tangential velocity of the mass of the fluid. Again let us consider a control volume now same thing when it is being discharged the tangential velocity is v t 2 at radius r 2 then we can write the ideal input torque is equal to t is equal to r 2 v t 2 minus r 1 v t 1 into rho again density into the flow rate. Now let us consider one dimensional frictionless incompressible streamline flow with area change. Now in this case again we have considered a conduit which is having inlet area is a 1 outlet area is a 2 in this closed vessel or closed tank. Let us consider at the inlet the u 1 is the intrinsic internal energy per unit mass of fluid. Now this is a little difficult to have the concept because inside the fluid the internal intrinsic internal energy may change while it is flowing from one side to the other due to addition of some external energy or going out the energy from the inside of the conduit or the control volume. Now this one again having a density rho 1 velocity v 1 pressure p 1 z 1 is the height of this fluid from a datum line and w is the weight flow rate of fluid. In outlet side also we consider u 2 rho 2 v 2 a 2 p 2 z 2 and w clearly this in this case what we have considered in the system that z 1 is equal to z 2 because this is a horizontally placed we have neglect that part rho 1 is also is equal to rho 2 because there is the change in pressure not changing the density or whatever change is there that is negligibly small and also u 1 and u 2 that means there is no change in intrinsic internal energy. Now then simply we can develop these equations and we can neglect also z 1 and z 2 as they are equal of these equations. Now these equations is very well known equations Bernoulli's equations and with this equation we will see next that if we now add some energy then what will be the changes in these equations. Now here as I have told this is a frictionless that means there is no friction between the fluid and the conduit we have neglected that part that that is there always there in a conduit there will be friction but we have neglected that one and again this is we are what we are developing this equation that is for the incompressible streamline flow no turbulent flow also then equation will be different only thing there will be change in area. Now what we have done we have added some external work so that is symbolized by this say let us consider that we have a fan or impeller is being driven and it is a energy being added there now also we are adding some heat and there is also this is the heat flow inside now why we are considering such things the in fluid power usually this external work will be there on the fluid and this heat is automatically generated due to the temperature rise due to the change in pressure due to change in internal energy that we can consider in this form as well in some cases heat also added from the outside. So what will be the equation now we introduce the energy equation and using the control volume concept then what we find that the same equation which we are consider earlier we consider this u 1 and u 2 we consider that there will be change in this in changing energy as we are working on that we are also adding the heat and we have we have also kept in this height term here and then the energy added is written in this form this is the work added to this minus decrease by dt divided by w by g. Now w s is the shaft or shear work done and q h the heat flow to control volume the here the question is that if we why it is negative the heat flow in actually reduces the this energy. Now if we do not add any external work to the system then dx by dt is equal to 0. Therefore the total equation will be reduced in this form. Obviously we have considered z 1 is equal to z 2 and we can write dq by dt is equal to w by g u 2 minus u 1 is equal to w by g c h t 2 minus t 1 whereas c h is the specific heat t 1 is equal to temperature before heating and t 2 is equal to temperature after heating. Now we consider frictionless flow through nozzles and orifices. Now here we have considered again vessels or large reservoir and where we are having a small hole which is an orifice. Now this is known theory to you you will find that oil will flow out and you will find that the stream will have a little less area than the orifice area at a certain distance and then again this area will increase. Now the minimum area as you know it is called vena contractor. Now for this one we can write the equation in this form. Here the velocity at the entry we may consider 0. We are considering this area a little away in the left side from the orifice and then we are considering the velocity v 2 at the vena contractor. Then this equation can be written in this form that means velocity here we can write 2 by rho p 1 minus p 2. Therefore the mass flow rate can be written in the form of rho into q is equal to rho a 2 into v 2 because a 2 is the area here is equal to rho a 2 square root of 2 by rho p 1 minus p 2. Now the a 2 is the area at the vena contractor which is not known it is not it is neither we can measure the area there. Now to take care of that what we do that rho q into c d into a 0 square root of twice rho p 1 minus p 2 where c d is the coefficient of discharge and a 0 is the area of the orifice. Now again you know that coefficient of discharge is equal to the area contraction coefficient and another coefficient of velocity. So combining this c d we use for fluid flow. Now in case of fluid power with incompressible flow for a suitable orifice normally this c d value remain more or less constant. Of course that depends on the orifice area in most of the calculation in fluid power particularly in oil hydraulics the c d value may be taken as 0.62. Later when we will come to valve flow I will show you that how c d can be taken more or less constant for fluid power analysis. Also a care is taken to make the orifice there will there are various type of orifice in fluid power components starting from a circular hole to the variable area. But the care is taken so that c d more or less given constant. The final equation here 2.4.24 is q is equal to c d a 0 square root of 2 by rho p 1 minus p 2 this we should remember because very often we need to use this equation. Other equations which I have shown normally when we analyze the inside flow in a valve then it will be required. But normal cases this equation will be more useful. Now viscous flow through the capillary passage. Now here one important factor we consider which is Reynolds number.  Now this is the this is kinematic viscosity already we know that this is dynamic viscosity by density. Here of course we have used in other form normally V is rho. Now U is equal to the velocity of fluid in conduit. Now normally this Reynolds number becomes very high where d we consider d is equal to hydraulic diameter that is equal to 4 into flow section area whatever may be the area we consider 4 into flow section area divided by flow section perimeter. Let us consider it is a circular one then what we will do 4 into pi R square divided by 2 pi R 4 into pi R square divided by 2 pi R. So this becomes 2 pi R that is equal to pi d. So this is hydraulic diameter. Now in case of fluid power we consider a reduced Reynolds number which is expressed as R star is equal to U L by sorry this is not rho nu into h by L whole square. Normally you will find this is much much less than 1 and where the L is the length of capillary passage and h is equal to height of the gap or capillary passage. This is for an example even in a pipe we can consider L is the length and h simply the inside diameter of the conduit. But this is more useful where the flow between two parallel plates or some capillary passage. Now with this I finish this lecture and this note is prepared based on this two books the control of fluid power by Martin and McLeod and Blackburn, Rathoff and Shearer by fluid power control. Also I have followed the another book hydraulic control system which is by merit. But most of the equations that I have followed from these two books. Thank you.


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Once I'm everybody Jason here from Jaspies case breaks.com This is our last filler to sell at the last eight spots in the diamond dozen break guys This is a 2022 benign capstones baseball one box break number 51 random teams now again guys No veteran common ship at the end of the break will re-randomize the names and the top eight will win a spot in the diamond dozen So again guys here we go dice roll One out of five six times. Good luck. Here we go six times one two three four five six six times Coverman down on the coal one two three four five Rockies out of the Mets All right guys again stick to what you got of course. No trading The yeah, I gotta do the next one now. All right guys. So again quick little filler box Here we go guys your dong 1099 and Jake Myers auto for Houston Houston you want to de cons? And the pucky to 25 for the New York Mets Hold on Breggy Peak relic a lot of Houston in this box. There you go guys switch scenes now Let's do the main giveaway eight spots top eight getting us eight spots roll Another five and a one six times All right, we got five and one over here too, right? No, we got a one and a five this time It's five in a one so six times here guys top eight are in one two three four five and six Boom six times six Good luck guys Jason Parker you are in Jake de cons de cons Ryan Oliver Chad and Nicole There you go, congrats guys top eight are in and we're gonna paste your guys's names Right here and coming up next is the break it's up. Thanks