Welcome back ladies and gentlemen to Bitcoin daily in today's video We're talking about the question that we've been getting so much in the last few days Maybe even weeks about XRP's airdrop. So we're gonna be talking about, you know, what exactly is the airdrop and how to get the airdrop and What might happen with XRP's price? before During and after the airdrop. Hopefully you guys can grab your free airdrops and make some money that way Please make sure to hit that follow hit that subscribe hit that notification bell because we do on most occasions post five videos a week, you know anything from market analysis Tutorials trading tutorials market news stuff like this about the airdrop and and trade setups This is type of stuff we do all the time every single week weekend week out So let's jump in guys. Let me go ahead and move my face out the way. I'm all right So let's jump into it guys XRP airdrop So it's gonna be a lot of reading XRP holders will be excited to know that by simply holding tokens from ripples cryptocurrencies arm They will be entitled to a new token on a one-to-one basis This is this new token known as spark comes out as a utility fork of the XRP Blockchain the people behind the this new token are from the new decentralized network that is bringing full smart contract functionality to the XRP ecosystem called the flair network flair is the first Turning complete federated Byzantine agreement network and incorporates the ethereum virtual machine That is a mouthful geez The function of this new network is to allow any existing ethereum application to be deployed on flair including decentralized finance spark is flair's native token and can be used to collateralize the trustless issuance of FXRP a fully trustless representation of XRP on flair because FXRP is minted on flair from XRP on the XRP ledger and can be settled back to the XRP ledger There is something to look forward to for XRP fans and holders spark is being handed out only to the people who have an XRP balance at The start of you know GMT on 12 12 20 So that's what in what they said it today is a tenth so in about two days less than two days The amount of XRP dictates the amount of spark that a person will receive Well, yeah, so basically what what what this is, you know XRP holders are gonna be getting Spark on the one-to-one basis spark is gonna run on the flair network, which is a Part of the D5 space right is going to be handed out on December 12 2020 so what is a the spark token right currently XRP's main utility has been Towards cross border payments and internal banking settlements as this is the aim of ripple the power the parent company However, spark token is quite different from this and actually has nothing to do with ripple The spark token comes from a new company called the flair network, which is a Distributed network running the avalanche consensus protocol adapted to Federated Byzantine agreement and leveraging the theorem virtual machine This allows a new network to deploy existing a theorem applications on flair and allows a network to be integrated in decentralized finance The role of the token is to collateralize the trustless issuance of fxrp on flair These tokens will also be used to generate useful data on flair through an oracle system And they are also used for network governance and spam prevention When there is an issuance of fxrp and the oracle system is used There are opportunities where a level of cash flow can be provided to spark token holders the spark tokens do have their roots in XRP though as Fxrp is minted on flair from XRP on the XRP ledger and because of this it can then be settled back to the XRP ledger Jesus like I hope you guys aren't getting as confused as I am just reading this right now But basically To try to simplify everything. I just read right there. The main thing is that you know spark Comes from XRP, but it's it has nothing to do Really with XRP It's just a way for them to get in the DeFi space basically And it's gonna be doing something completely different than then what the XRP project is doing So, you know, you guys could read a lot more about that, but it's just way too technical for me guys. I'm just a trader and And then if you want to go and do a deeper In-depth, you know dive of research then you guys are free to do so I did my job by putting it in front of you guys and then telling you guys from the my trading aspect, right? So how many spark tokens will be given the issuance of spark tokens will be given to those who currently hold XRP in the form of an airdrop this means that this means of distribution Indicates that the creation of spark tokens airdrops will of course closely mirror what is currently available in XRP The current circulation supply of XRP is around 45 billion However, there is a set of amount of spark tokens that will be created and that figure is 100 billion this means that with XRP having 45 billion 45 billion out of a total of 100 billion sparks Will be airdropped to XRP holders just under half of the tokens the balance 55 billion sparks will go to the flare networks Limited and flare Foundation the final figure to be determined by the airdrop will become clearer when a snapshot is taken on December 12 When it will be determined how many sparks one will get based on how many XRP they hold so Yeah, it's a one-to-one ratio On the airdrop as you guys can see now that is a lot of tokens guys XRP already has a lot of tokens, so if Spark is gonna have double the amount of tokens. That's pretty insane. So that just leads me to believe That the this, you know the price of and the value of spark is gonna be very very cheap If it's already talking about doubling XRP's amount of tokens Then you can already just start just guesstimating that, you know cut the value in half of whatever XRP is, you know minimum To start off, you know around what the value might be so if XRP is currently at 60 cents We're talking about You know spark is gonna be under half of that So if XRP is at 60 cents Spark, you know just to kind of have an idea of what each coin might be worth Definitely gonna be under 30 cents so Just based on the amount of tokens that it's you know, it's saying that they're gonna be putting out All right, so how much is the XRP fork worth? Because many people will be receiving this free token airdrop by the simple virtue of holding XRP there will be a lot of questions about its value at launch and Even how its value will change after the airdrop in terms of a starting price when it goes live And it is available to the general market. The prediction is quite speculated Speculative currently as there's no set price the official website claims that there is no fixed value for spark token But there is evidence of a number of exchanges supporting this project, which will mean a market a market should bloom for it, right as has happened with forks in the past The price of the newly forked coin is bound to be a lot lower than the token. It was forked off Currently XRP is experiencing a big price surge Thanks in part to the spark announcement and it's trading around 62 cents more or less Looking at the role of the token and its place in the ecosystem There is certainly room for a utility token that bridges to Ethereum and offers another path to DeFi the DeFi space has exploded in 2020 and looks to be finding its foundation going forward Spark token and the flare network could well be a solid choice for DeFi going forward Which would drive price the price up. So so this is basically exactly what we just spoke about You know, there's nobody really nobody knows not even the team itself knows what the value of Spark is gonna be But it's obviously going to be, you know Less than whatever it's being the coin.  You know what I mean? How much will I receive while the price of the spark token at its airdrop time is unknown But expected to be less than the price of XRP the amount that would be airdropped is known It has been made rather easy by the fork causing a 1-1 drop of spark to XRP This means that for every XRP in circulation, there will be one spark token distributed and on a more micro level It means that depending on how many XRP tokens an individual is holding on December 12th Means that they will receive the same amount in spark This is a free token airdrop that is determined on how much XRP one holds and as such It makes sense for believers in XRP to buy up and hold as much XRP as they can for this event In fact, this has been clearly seen as one of the main reason XRP's price has been spiking in the past few weeks XRP fans have been clearly buying up as many coins as they can in order to benefit from the fork Which will result in the equal amount of spark tokens as well So we already spoke about all this how to claim the free spark token So this is probably what everybody wants to know right? There's probably why every single person clicked on this video today because you guys want to know How do you claim the free spark tokens? So the idea of an airdrop and especially one based off of a fork Will have a few people confused as how they receive these spark tokens And would like to understand more about the distribution of the tokens to all XRP holders Essentially anyone who holds XRP and self-custody services can participate in this airdrop And will be eligible to receive the spark tokens However, actually claiming spark will require some work and will differ depending on the type of wallet or exchange That you're using. The main way to claim spark is through the XRP toolkit You can claim spark by adding a message key representing a flare address to your XRP ledger account By doing this you are now affecting security message keys are only informational Your message key will be public on the XRP ledger and used by the flare network to determine where to distribute your spark tokens The flare network uses the same address format as a theorem network You you use an address from an Ethereum wallet to produce a message key and claim spark tokens The same address will later be used on the flare network to access your spark tokens. That was a lot of information guys I know but the main gist of it, which is basically what I do after reading all this mess You got you guys have to set this up in the XRP toolkit And and we're gonna go over the steps on how to do that and then I'm gonna tell you Another way that you can do it That's probably a lot easier So this can be done in the following three steps step one get the wallet It's important to first get an Ethereum wallet such as MetaMask as well as ledger devices By doing this you will be able to use those wallets with coming flare network interfaces Similar to Uniswap and ledger live to view send and receive spark tokens You can use other Ethereum wallets that are not MetaMask or a ledger device But you just need to make sure that you have a backup of the secret key or recovery words Also, if your wallet that you use is actually not incompatible with the flare network There's an option where you can use your secret key or recovery words to migrate your claims spark tokens to a new wallet step two Copy address having now set up your Ethereum wallet to which you hold the secret key or recovery words You will need to copy the address. It is probably best to use a new address one without any other assets Here's an example of how to do this with MetaMask first open the extension and click on your address, right? So here's a picture copy. Do you see that? Regardless of the theorem wallet you use just make sure that you copy the theorem address that you'd like to later use On the flare network your tokens will be distributed to this address on the flare network after launch Step three third step guys Set the message key. The final step will have you setting the message key Once you have copied your flare address go to the XRP toolkit and connect your XRP wallet This will need you to go to the properties in the account menu and paste your copied address in the message key field XRP toolkit will offer to convert your flare address to the required format for storing it as As a message key on the XRP ledger click on the suggested format then click the update button to proceed Having clicked update you will be required to review the transaction Take some time to review all the transaction details in your connected wallet and only confirm if the message key Corresponds to your intended address once you have signed and submitted this you are ready to receive your spark Distribution so Coinbase supports airdrop. I understand a lot of countries don't have access to Coinbase, and I'm sorry I'm sure there's there's other ways But if you don't have access to Coinbase, you know, you can use the previous Way to receive these tokens if you do have access to Coinbase, then you could just put your By you know put your XRP in Coinbase and eventually you will you know receive Your tokens Coinbase supports airdrop So this is what Coinbase wrote on their blog or I don't know if it was a tweet or something but this is what they wrote if you aren't an Allegible customer holding an XRP balance on Coinbase or Coinbase pro on the snapshot date and time of December 12 2020 at Midnight a.m. Right UTC you'll receive spark tokens from Coinbase at a later date after the flare Network launch the amount of spark you'll receive depends on how much XRP You had in your account at the time of the snapshot send and receives will be disabled before the snapshot time and resumed Shortly after the snapshot is complete Additional information about the airdrop will be available in the coming days I checked and there's no additional information Currently as of the making of this video But as you guys can see with Coinbase it's as easy as just having XRP in your account and Then they will put it on the only thing is it's gonna be at a later date that who knows when so if you know the spark launches in exchange and starts trading and let's say it opens up at like 20 cents It you you'll probably you still won't have access to yours So it could drop to like 10 cents 5 cents 1 cent who knows and you won't have any access To sell your spark. So that's the only down part about doing it through Coinbase But it is the easiest way to do it now spark airdrop and XRP price It has already been seen that the news of sparks integration along the XRP rails has had a Role to play in the price of XRP the price of XRP climbed by a hundred and twenty three percent in just 30 days Around the announcement of this airdrop, but there's also other factors at play So you see the high here was about 75 cents. I believe Something around there 78 maybe the price of XRP is also often determined by the health of the cryptocurrency market And that is determined about by how Bitcoin is doing as it stands Bitcoin's trying to topple over 20k And is driving the entire market up, but the XRP market will use this and probably grow even more before December 12 as Is often the case Speculation and price movements are known to move on rumors rather than full events So in the lead up to December 12 There's likely to be much more XRP price action as more and more people try to buy up XRP in order to receive more spark XRP has its own price barriers and resistances and the major one is the one dollar mark If XRP is able to come close to that in the coming days before spark There's likely to be enough by an interest that the one dollar mark could be breached and even that XRP could stay above that as spark also adds more as Add some more legitimacy and utility to XRP the airdrop of spark token to XRP Holders might then encourage them to use the protocol how this works is holders can deposit Their spark tokens onto the flare network, which then trustless Lee mints F XRP on the flare network, which is more or less similar to the actual XRP token and has the same value except that it is interoperable with the ETH and other blockchains that utilize the Ethereum virtual machine So the XRP trading strategy now we're getting into the fun stuff, right? With this event lined up and expected to move the price of XRP around a lot in the coming days leading to it and even Afterwards, it's important to have a strategy as to handle the XRP price and also to decide what to do with the spark As mentioned above the growth of the XRP market will probably continue until the 12th of December as more and more people will buy XRP this is also going to be dependent on the Bitcoin price and crypto currency markets So you always got to remember that crypto that Bitcoin is king Bitcoin will You know move the market Bitcoin will move mountains. So if Bitcoin decides to suddenly drop Regardless of how many air drops there is on XRP XRP is also going to drop so Assuming that the height of the X of the price of XRP will probably be just before the air drop Investors can start to make strategies around that once the event has happened history dictates that the price will likely see a fall as an incentive to own XRP on the in the short term will be over and Many people will sell at the new heightened price causing a quick collapse. All right guys, so This is just based off of history alone, right a Lot of the times what people like to do is buy the rumor sell the news, right? So this is also the same thing in the stock market as Here with in the crypto space and it's happened many times over Where once something like this gets announced people start buying it and buying it and buying it and buying it and Drive the price up what happens as You know, you get closer and closer and closer to the air drop Some of the people that have a that had a lot of money in it before You know like as soon as the news was launched that they bought the rumors They're gonna start selling as cuz they they know that now, you know, all the retail investors Which means people like you and me that you know are just trading for ourselves and stuff like that That don't have like millions and millions invested into this or billions invested into it all these people these whales are gonna start selling and That's gonna that could cause the price to drop 10 15 20 percent So this is something that's happened in the past with a lot of coins During air drops during these events the coin will go up in price up in price And then like either like right before it happens or on the day it happens or during the snapshot Whatever the case they sell because they don't really care for the air drops They just wanted to get that, you know that that ride up and they want to sell that news That's what that that's what you call selling the news You don't really care for the news You just want to you just want to ride that wave up with the hype in the in the news That catalyst and then sell right before at that top that top price, right? so This is just letting you guys know. This is what's happened a Lot of the times right So this isn't much this is very much about timing Accumulating XRP before the event goes live and while the price is still rising It's a good it's a good way to get cheaper coins and benefit from the spark airdrop But then one needs to be mindful to sell just after the airdrop when the price will likely plummet so If you do hold on You know for during the snapshot to make sure you get the airdrop You just have to be careful because right before or right during the airdrop people could that don't care for the airdrop Could just start selling Then again, we'll spark tokens have value the spark tokens value is uncertain at the moment But it will have value when it's released that value is Expected to probably climb in the long run because the spark token is addressing DeFi and a key and key utility cases in this arena There is a use for it more so because it is based around an established blockchain and forks from XRP It holds a lot more legitimacy The bottom line the spark token airdrop is a major event in that it is a new utility token That will offer the opportunity to grow out of the DeFi space It is also a major event for XRP as the fork will come off of the ripple Blockchain and have a role to play them in terms of traders This has already had an impact for them as the price of XRP has more than doubled since the news broke of the spark token So well that went dark So that's pretty much it guys I Think I pretty much covered everything here's also the the news in the coinbase blog that I told you about You know The way I'm playing it I'm still deciding to be honest. I want to see what happens with XRP in the next day And then I'll probably make a decision whether or not I'm a hold or sell I'm probably just gonna hold it and just write out, you know, the the dip, you know And if it does dip then buy some more because I do believe long-term XRP will continue up And if this project is as legitimate as they're saying then it could even add more value to XRP And more legitimacy. So I'll probably I'm most likely just be holding XRP and then You know trading the volatility So if there is a lot of volatility during this time I'll just be trading it to get more XRP, right? So that's pretty much it guys appreciate you guys watching this video. Sorry that this video ran so long But I had to make up for missing all these other days, right? So if you guys have any questions drop them in the comments if you guys like this video Just hit that like bow if you guys You know liked how I sounded and how I looked in my hat then just hit that subscribe and if you guys You know, you want to be notified as soon as I post every single video then just hit that notification bell and That's pretty much it guys I'll see you guys tomorrow for this the week's recap and market analysis and some trade setups for the week To make you guys my beautiful followers some profits peace and love I'm out


We're glad to know you're still there. It's still the breakfast and like the song somewhere last last, everybody go job breakfast. It seems that is what is happening to us in Nigeria right now. Everybody seems to be struggling to make ends meet and because of that the NLC is threatening nationwide strike and they're demanding the reversal of petrol price among other things. That's not just the only thing that they are talking about. We're glad to have today the chairman Ratau Lagos State and the PRO NLC Lagos in the person of Comrade Ismail Adejumo. Good morning and welcome to the program Comrade. Thank you very much for having me on your breakfast show. It's my pleasure to be here. Okay, federal government is asking for more time. Labor is saying it has to be second of August. Let us know what the mind of NLC is regarding the issues that have been tabled before the government and the call from the federal government that you should give them more time. Thank you very much. I want to first and foremost appreciate the general labor congress leadership and the workers in general and the masses for these long-time patients. We have been quite very patient with this government and you agree with me that prior to the first increment that came up that labor threatened to embark on a strike and a protest but it was averted because of the intervention of very senior citizens and veteran comrades who believe that it is still early in this administration to start the government without any form of confidence in the leadership and that was the part we told but unfortunately the committee that was set up by the government to work out the palliatives and the social interaction committee that we cushioned the effect of the removal of the subsidy as it seems to have been abandoned. It seems to have been abandoned because the government now you know are going in a bit different direction which is giving the masses and the civil society and all other well-meaning Nigerians concern that this pain is too much. We are being pushed almost to the wall. The workers cannot survive anymore to commit from your place of work to back to your home becoming very difficult and even to sustain feeding on the daily basis for a worker not to even talk of people who don't have a pay job is becoming so strenuous and is becoming unbearable. It is at this very critical juncture that the leadership of Nigeria Labor Congress arising from a central working committee meeting head on Tuesday took a decision that there is need to give government seven days notice at least to reverse this last increment. Let status quo until remain based on the initial agreement to go into dialogue work out the implementation framework for this subsidy remover and at least pushing the effects in the interview before the increment in minimum wage and all other palliatives. That is the position of NLC is very simple and if you feel the pulse of an average Nigerian today everybody is agitated and we don't want Nigeria to be thrown into chaos or a situation whereby the government that just came in on a renewal that we so much believe we're going to deliver on his mandate are being frustrated with agitation. So we are not people. Nigeria Labor Congress in particular disposed to constructive dialogue engagement with the government that would bring a fruitful resource that will be beneficial to not only the workers but the cities in general. So that's the position. Yeah the position is clear but your demands are numerous a lot of them one of them is on the fuel subsidy removal at the palliative and all that to revet to the old pump price which if you ask me is not in the hands of the government anymore. There is this deregulation which means that the government has no hand in this is the private sector that is driving this. How do you want the government to remove the price and return it to the status quo as you're calling it when it is out of their power. In a completely regulated economy as you know I don't think even the NNPC have the power to go about fixing the price. If truly we have been completely deregulated the forces of demand and supply will determine what the pump price will be and of recent after the first increment that led to negotiation for government to you understand the government have licensed some other people to import fuel into the country with the view to break the monopoly of NNPC. NNPC cannot be the seller and the buyer they understand that is the position of NNPC there is no transparency in that let all dark players in the industry compete and will be able to at least assess the flow of importing and exporting. But the bottom line when labor is concerned is the area of our revenue. If our revenue are working even if it is two is one of the conditions for the suspension of the last strike. If the protocol revenue is working optimally and maybe worry revenue this will have pushing the the effect of importing and exporting which is taking the price out of the reach of an average Nigeria. We can be a high producing nation and will be suffering because of poor management of our revenue. The fourth national revenue are in comatose and we have been promised that by the end of this year what I call a binary will come on stream. If that come on stream then it will leave the body look at recently now from the price up to about six something in some states and that is how it will be going. But if the local production is well managed it will reduce the burden of import and export which is putting more stress on our foreign exchange. So that is the portion of the labor. But labor also asks for 200,000 naira minimum wage and we know that 30,000 naira has not been implemented at least by a lot of states. How practical do you think or practicable do you think that might be in this economy. We're struggling that's what the government keeps saying that we don't have money in this country and that's one of the reasons the fuel subsidy was removed. So now how do you think that will be attainable in the situation that the government finds itself. Thank you very much. The issue of minimum wage is a matter of law. Every five years it is statutory for governments to review the minimum wage of workers in line with the current economy reality. The current economy reality of Nigerian today is that 30,000 is no more feasible. Everybody knows that. Both the public and private sector employer knows that you cannot go to market with even 30,000 and get a bag of rice today. So therefore the minimum wage review is due next year. But the situation we find ourselves now is that the government become imperative of government to remove subsidy. Good. Removing the subsidy it has to come with some palliatives and these palliatives should have been rolled out in churches at least to start with before the outright remover. What the labor is saying is that it's like want to give somebody an injection. You don't just carry the needle and shoot it like that. You need to rub the surface, make it soft in a way that when you put and put the needle it will go softly and the person will not feel too much pain. That is the position of the labor and all the citizens read that the subsidy of a thing is what we believe to go because of the corruption and the shady deal that is engulfed with the whole process. Now it all comes to a clear hand. We want the government to engage the labor in this very issue which is ongoing. But it seems the government have deviated and abandoned the committee. But as of yesterday we heard that the government have invited the union leaders because of this notice to come back to the table and dialogue and resolve the issue once and for all so that Nigerians we understand will overcome this pain. This pain is too much. It's too much. People are dying. Some are dying of hunger. I must confess to you. It depends on the area you are.  So the injury to one is injury to all. It's not only the working class. Everybody is affected, both the public and the private. So the minimum wage of a thing, if the governors who are collecting new allocation now running into billions cannot justify by paying the required minimum wage that's approved by law, then the citizens who are voting them and electing them should check themselves. But the Nigerian government at the national level have been very, very magnanimous. Have been coming to terms that the governors who are collecting allocation, they are not being properly checked through the state assembly and necessary agency to collect allocation on their part. Nothing is really impacting the lives of some of the states. So if they fail to pay 30,000 minimum wage, I wonder what will happen now. As some of them, the last allocation for the month of June, running into billions, about triple or I don't know. Yeah, almost triple. Almost three previous months. How is this going to impact in the lives of people who are hearing that they are giving 8,000, 10,000 as the case may be? What can you do with 10,000? You can't feel 8,000. You can't feel, you can't buy a 10-liter of fuel with this new rate with 8,000. Okay, let's look at this. Before we wrap up, let's look at this. All the demands that you've had, yes, they are good. But what if the government cannot implement these demands at the time you want them to implement? What are some of the most pressing you think should be addressed before maybe if you are giving time to the government, you can give time to the government? Like they say, what are the lowest-hanging fruits that you want the government to pluck before going further to do other things if they cannot implement everything at the same time? Thank you very much. The Niger Labor Congress in Lagos State arising from our State Executive Council meeting, I'm talking for Lagos, on Tuesday, we have resolved through a communique sent to our working governor, Governor Babaji de Saoulu, who is a listening governor, to look into the area of transportation, subsidizing the mass transport in Lagos. At least the BRT Calricard can now be subsidized and be given to workers and the citizens in a subsidized manner to enable them to commute easily from their place of work back to their various homes. We have also proposed in our communique that in the area of food, stable food items, the government should acquire and resolve to the citizens and workers at a subsidized rate to cushion the effects of this subsidiary mover. This will go a long way. We have also equally demanded and proposed to the governor of Lagos State to look in the area of cash grants, at least minimum of $3,000 because Lagos State is a peculiar state. This is a city, we are city workers and we deem itself city weight or city package. If other states are proposing $10,000 or $8,000 as the case may be, Lagos should at least be looking towards $50,000. That is our at least minimum proposal to the governor. I would believe governor of Lagos before the government even increased the last peculiar allowance, he has given $20,000 increment to the workers' salary in Lagos because he understands the pace of Lagos workers in terms of house rent, in terms of school fees, in terms of transportation, the cost of food items and the social needs in Lagos are very exorbitant and the government is so sensitive to quickly do that. So other states should follow suit and do the same thing. We are not having much issue with our government in Lagos State because it is a listening government. He believes and understands the pace of Lagos and the workers in Lagos and we always come to terms through a proactive policy to cushion the effect of all this likely policy that will affect an ordinary citizen. So we still want to implore the government to engage the labor movement, the workers, the workers representative, Niger Labor Congress in particular in Lagos through the social dialogue and policy that we bring direct circle to the workers and the cities. We are ready to support the government. The so-called rail transports in Lagos, we want the governor to fast track it. This will enable easy movement of people within the city and we believe soon as all these things will come to lamb light. So those are the points we are making in Lagos. We don't have much issue with our government in Lagos. We are only trying to let Lagos be a model to other states to follow suit. I'm glad you have passed the vote of confidence on the governor of Lagos State. I hope that every other person will see the government of Lagos through the same eyes as you because otherwise there will be impatience in a few days if these things continue the way they are continuing or the way they are happening right now. We do hope that solutions will come and we'd like to thank the NLC for being proactive and making sure that the government sits up to do what they need to do. Comrade Ismail at Dejumo, thank you so much for coming on the show. Thank you very much for having me. It's my pleasure to be in the first show. Thank you. Well, Comrade Adejumo is a Chairman Ratau Lagos and the PRO of NLC here in Lagos State. He was talking with us. We are going to take a short break and when we return we go to other issues. Stay with us.


All right turkeys, I need you guys to pick a dollhouse board Pick any board. I'll turn it into dollhouse boards for you. I'm sorry, which one? isn't right here excellent choice madame whoo That was some good warm-up for woodworkings. I just made a cutting board This was just a leftover piece of the floorboards man. Look how nice that comes out Mahogany's so nice when you oil it or wax it. I oiled that was coconut oil I wonder if I can coconut oil a dollhouse. I don't know. Maybe that doesn't need any oil anyway Go up and start up the wood machine All right, we don't need the cutter yet First we're gonna plane.   Don't go faster than you're comfortable with She's doing pretty good. Hey, it's not a bad start right there. That's pretty cool. That's awesome. I love it Oh, you want a cup more? Oh, all right. Well, let's go make dinner first


President Balai Tinibu has informed the Senate of his intention to present the 2024 preparation bill to a joint session of the National Assembly tomorrow, Wednesday, November 29, by 11 a.m. Tinibu's letter was read by the president of the Senate, Goswylak Pabiu, during Plenary on Tuesday. In the letter, President Tinibu craved the indulgence of the lawmakers to present the 2024 budget at a joint session of the Senate and House of Representatives. Before a preparation bill, I crave the indulgence of the Senate to grant me the slots of 1,100 hours on Wednesday, the 29th day of November 2023 to formally present the 2024 preparation bill to a joint session of the National Assembly. While I look forward to addressing the joint session, please accept, distinguish, serve President and Distinguished Senators, the assurances of my highest regards signed President Balai Tinibu. So, tomorrow, Wednesday, we'll have a sitting earlier and then we'll join Mr. President by 11 a.m. Meanwhile, President Balai Tinibu is asking the Senate to concede and approve the approximately 8.7 billion dollars and 100 million euros external borrowing plan to ensure gross implementation of projects. The projects, according to the president, cut across all sectors with specific emphasis on infrastructure, agriculture, education, water supply, employment generation and security. Quite a prover is in the sum of United States dollars, it's 8,699,550, 168,559 dollars. And for the euro, looking at a total of 100 million euros. Projects and programs in the borrowing plan, including employment generation, skills acquisition, support towards the emergence of more entrepreneurs, poverty reduction and food security, to improve the livelihood in all the 36 states of the federation has become imperative that we resort to prudent and external borrowing to bridge the financial gap, which will largely be applied to key infrastructure projects, including power, railway, health, among others.


Despite multiple agreements and negotiations calling for the rebel group M23 to stop their hostilities in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the group has continued to be on the offensive. Massive amounts of casualties and large-scale displacements have been caused as a result of the group's actions. The group is active primarily in the eastern region of the DRC, bordering Rwanda. Kambali Musavili from the Center for Research on the Congo talks about the history of the rebel group, the forces backing them, and why has this violence continued through the decades despite multiple peace treaties? When we discuss the M23, it's really important to really know the historical trajectory of the DRC from 1996 to present. The M23 often is discussed as a new rebel group. Most people who enter the Congo now to understand why are people being displaced, they will not know that the M23 that we are discussing today were called AFDL in 1996. It's really the same rebel group. What happened in 1996? There was an invasion of the DRC by Rwanda and Uganda supported by the United States and the United Kingdom, because they are a US-LIN, a British ally on the so-called war on terror. When the 1996 war started, we know today over 6 million communities have died in the conflict. The IRC estimated from 1998 to 2007, 5.4 million communities have died in the conflict, half of them being children under the age of five. We're talking about over 3 million children under the age of five died in the conflict. What is this conflict about? It's to get access to Congo's resources, it's to displace populations from places where resources are and continue to keep the Congo in the so-called production chain of the capitalist world as a place where it's used for plunder of resources and that the human beings that live on the land, who live on the land are not considered as human beings. They are considered as colliderals. That's what we've had millions. The M23 today is not as much different as the M23 1996 when they were called AFDL. It's not as much different as the so-called RCD rebel group in 1998. It's not as much different as the rebel group called the CNDP in 2009 and then in 2012 they changed the name to M23. As we speak right now, they don't call themselves M23 anymore. They call themselves ARC, our main revolutionary corollais, which is revolutionary corollais army. So in a few years we'll be referencing them as ARC. So they keep changing the name, but the commanders are the same. Sultanim Akemga, a former Rwandan soldier, was leading the CNDP, was leading the RCD, was leading the AFDL. It's the same rebel group. So why are they stopping? They will never stop until there is accountability for the crimes in DRC. This is something that every corollais know. There is a culture of impunity in DRC. What does that mean? We've had over 6 million people dead. Who has been held accountable for the killing in DRC? Be it an international level or local level? Who has been really held accountable for the plunder of Congo's resources? So when we look at the framework, militia groups are behaving in a way that is exactly the same as the culture of impunity. As long as there is a culture of impunity, there will always be crimes. So there is a body in East Africa, the East African community. Congo is not a member of the East African community that has met multiple times. They have created a path to peace in DRC through an Nairobi communique and through the African Union, the African Union has appointed Angola as a mediator and has had the presence of Angola Lorenzo, also engage in it. And there is a further route, as they call it, from the Lwanda calling for parties to not support rubber groups. Calling on Lwanda actually to stop supporting rubber groups and calling on the M23 to stop taking over town after town. They have also even sent troops in DRC, the East African community. There is a military force being sent. When this military force was sent in DRC, the Congolese society was really clear that it would not work. Why? We've had military solutions for a very clear political problem. There is a political problem of Congo's neighbor invading the Congo, looting their resources and not being held accountable. To solve it, we're going to a praxis force, asking the praxis force to stop. When the UN clearly showing that Rwanda is arming the rubber group, so how will the M23 stop when the M23 is financed back from Rwanda and Rwanda is not sanctioned? So until there is bold diplomacy, we know what will stop. The cultural impunity needs to stop. What does that actually mean? A clear sanction from foreign institutions to Rwanda. I'm not a fan of unilateral sanctions from the United States to other nations, but I'm in support of African nations looking at the situation in DRC and saying due to the death toll, due to the killing, Rwanda should not either be part of the African Union, should not be allowed to use a so-called image polished by Tony Blair and Bill Clinton around the world as a miracle success story based on lives on the blood of the Congolese, that there is a consensus around the world, just as we had a consensus around apartheid. That apartheid is a crime against humanity. When it comes to the millions of dead in the Congo, the world must say that there is a genocide happening in the Congo and we should hold those perpetrating these violence, these killings accountable. How will they do it? On October 1st, 2010, the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights in Geneva published the UN Mapping Excesses report. This report says that what's happening in the Congo are war crimes, crimes against humanity, and possible genocide if proven in a competent court. They specifically added the if proven and competent court because of actually Rwanda's blackmail, the initial report actually just say end genocide. After Rwanda putting pressure on the United Nations that if they don't change the sentence genocide, they will remove the troops for UN peacekeeping missions and that's something for people to know. That's why Rwanda's role in the world is to serve as proxy of foreign interests or Western interests. That's how the troops are in Haiti, in Mali, in Central Africa, Republic and in Mozambique. So that's a while. If you do not change that word, we are going to remove our troops. So it's changed. So the report say war crimes, crimes against humanity, and possible genocide if proven in the competent court. So if we have to prove it in the court, we need a tribunal. And the same report proposed that there need to be an international tribunal for the crimes committed in the Congo. The Congolese support this initiative. This is why the Nobel Peace Prize winner, Dr. Mukwege, who has done tremendous work with the people of the Congo, especially the women who have been affected by war in the U.C. by treating them there, in his Nobel Peace Prize speech, he clearly said that justice is not negotiable. That was his speech, his acceptance speech at the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony. And he said that it is time for accountability for crimes and for the creation of an international tribunal for Congo so that people in the Congo can try those weapons that are portrayed. That's the solution. So when we create a tribunal, which will have international jurisdiction, we can hold the perpetrator of violence accountable. But it is not what's being proposed. What's being proposed is a military force. So we've had the East African community send its soldiers, right? And when the soldiers arrive in the Congo, what have they done? They've actually created a buffer zone where the Congolese army cannot enter and where the M23 is operating. And the buffer zone hasn't stopped the M23 from taking over town after town. And this has angered the Congolese population because we are asking ourselves, what did the Kenyan forces come to the DRC? What did the Burundian force come to the DRC? What did the Ugandan forces come to the DRC? And we also have random soldiers, officers also in the operation operating in the DRC when the M23 is not being stopped and moving from town to town. So we are clear that the military solution is not going to work. We've seen the military solution from the Monusco, the UN mission in the DRC. That has not worked. We saw an effective action by the Sadek community in 2012 where Sadek nations actually send their troops in the DRC as part of the FIB, the force intervention brigade. And they were successful at stopping the M23 a decade ago. A decade later, the M23 reappears with the backing of the same nation. So as long as we don't hold Randa and Uganda accountable and that they actually held accountable with reparation, with justice, because we know the people implicated in the killing. The names exist. They are in this report. As long as that does not happen, tomorrow, next month, a year, we will talk about the M23. We may talk about the ARC or we may talk about another rebel group. So the path to peace in the DRC goes through justice. That justice will exist with the creation of the international tribunal for Congo to try those accountable, be it in the DRC, be it in the region, be it on an African continent, and not only that, be it at the international level, from the Bill Clinton's to the Tony Blair.


This study presents a literature review and taxonomy of machine learning interpretability methods, with links to their programming implementations, to serve as a reference point for both theorists and practitioners in the field of explainable artificial intelligence, XAI, which aims to develop new methods that explain and interpret machine learning models. This article was authored by Pantelus Leonardo's, Vasilis Papastophanopoulos, and Sotiris Cociandis.


1914, the leading nations of Europe prepared to go to war is over, more than 8 million men will be dead, kings and emperors will fall, countries will disappear from the map, will be forever changed. In America, President Woodrow Wilson urges the nation to be neutral in fact as well as name, impartial in thought as well as action. Why is the president so afraid America will be drawn into Europe's war? What is the great danger to our people? If we fight 1914, America has serious problems, massive problems with an industrial machine that has grown too big and too fast for proper laws to regulate working conditions and to protect the working man, Woodrow Wilson has been elected president on a reform ticket. He says no one can mistake the purpose for which the country now seeks to use the Democratic Party. It seeks a change. The president is concerned with domestic reforms. He wants nothing to interfere with his domestic program. He says it would be an ironic joke if foreign affairs would dominate my administration. But across the Atlantic, in Europe, in a country few Americans can locate on a map, a Serbian assassin's bullet takes the life of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria. Austria delivers an ultimatum to Serbia. Serbia rejects it and prepares to fight. Russia mobilizes to come to the aid of her ally, Serbia. Germany takes the side of Austria. France and England prepare for war. In America, President Wilson offers to mediate the dispute. America stands ready to help the rest of the world. But no one listens. These words are drowned out by the guns of August. Europe has been preparing for this war for a long time. Now the mighty German war machine, most powerful army the world has ever seen, moves against France. And because France is heavily fortified on the eastern border she shares with Germany, the German army circles to the west, smashing and invading through neutral Belgium. The Kaiser wires Wilson. Belgian neutrality has to be violated on strategic grounds. The German chancellor sneers that the treaty with Belgium is a scrap of paper. Germany's action stuns the world. Americans are outraged, but President Wilson urges the nation to be calm. The war is far away. American lives and property are not at stake. Wilson reasons. My fellow countrymen, the people of the United States are drawn from many nations and chiefly from the nations now at war. Some wish one nation, others another to succeed in this momentous struggle. The United States must be neutral, in fact as well as name. Most Americans agree this is Europe's war and from the time of George Washington we have been warned to stay out of Europe's conflicts. Let's stay out of it. Wilson continues with his domestic program, but Americans are aroused by newspaper stories and pictures of German atrocities in Belgium and as the German army rolls onward, crushing everything in its path, some Americans become afraid. If France is defeated, if England surrenders, if Germany rules the continent, how long will America itself be safe? Will America act to save civilization from collapsing? Now at the Marne River, a miracle takes place. With the help of reinforcements rushed from Paris by taxicab, the combined French and British army slows and stops the German advance. And while Germany has been winning on land, the British rule the seas. The British Navy begins to enforce a blockade that will strangle German trade. It will not be a short war. Already it has affected the American economy. Huge war orders send American factories working overtime. More and more workers are needed, higher wages result. Europe's war is making America prosperous, but is America truly neutral? Germany sees that the vast resources of the American industrial machine, the food, the munitions, the loans, are keeping Germany's enemies fighting in the field. American goods shipped abroad can reach France and England, but not Germany and the central powers. Trade with the Allies doubles and quadruples. Trade with Germany dwindles to almost nothing. Germany must break the blockade. Germany has only one weapon, the submarine. Striking without warning, German submarines begin to sink Allied ships. Wilson warns Germany, if an American is killed or an American ship sunk, the United States will hold the German government accountable and will take any steps necessary. May 1st, 1915, the luxurious British liner, Lusitania, sails from New York, aboard hundreds of Americans. They ignore a notice published next to the announcement of the ship sailing, a warning inserted by the German government. The sailors sailing in the war zone do so at their own risk. May 7th, 1915, the Lusitania is sunk, 128 Americans are lost. Now there is a sense of crisis in Washington. The President wants to hold Germany accountable, but the Secretary of State, William Jennings Bryan says, this will lead to war. After three days of almost complete isolation, on May 10th, Wilson says, there is such a thing as a man being too proud to fight. There is such a thing as a nation being so right that it does not need to convince others by force that it is right. To many Americans, this is a sign of cowardice. Theodore Roosevelt, the man whom Wilson has defeated for the presidency, says, we are passing through a thick stream of yellow in our national light. While Roosevelt is denouncing Wilson's milk and water policies, the President is preparing such a stiff note to Germany that his peace-loving Secretary of State, William Jennings Bryan, resigns. If Germany rejects the note, America is at war. But the German Kaiser backs down and agrees to suspend unrestricted submarine warfare. Woodrow Wilson has won a major diplomatic victory. 1916, bloody stalemate begin for trench warfare, separated by only a few yards of no man's land. He's never cease. Men go out of their minds. It was the noise, the never-ending noise. Verdun becomes the bloodiest battle in all history. Almost a million casualties. Fighting back and forth on the Somme, England and Germany lose another million men. Meeting the mounting casualists, Woodrow Wilson is horrified by the brutality of modern war. States lead the American people into this war, and they will forget there ever was such a thing as tolerance. To fight, you must be brutal, and the spirit of ruthless brutality will enter into the very fiber of our national life. The only sure way America can stay out of this war is to find some way to end it. Wilson sends his aide, Colonel House, on peace missions to Europe. Pleads for a peace without victory. But both sides have lost too many men. Both sides are bitter. Victory is what each demands. Meanwhile, in America, a presidential election is drawing near. Wilson says, if my reelection as president depends upon my getting into war, I don't want to be president. The Democratic Party campaigns on the slogan, he kept us out of war. They emphasize that Wilson is the peace candidate. They say that Charles Evans Hughes, loudly backed by Theodore Roosevelt, is the war candidate. But secretly, Woodrow Wilson has serious doubts. The rush of events is taking control from his hands. Any insignificant German lieutenant committing an atrocity can plunge this nation into war. American opinion is divided. Men like Theodore Roosevelt, members of the Army League, and the Navy League are for America to get into the war immediately. Women pacifists march with signs, real patriots, deep cool. Cities of German Americans have sentimental ties to the motherland, contribute to the German cause. November, 1916. The presidential election is so close, Woodrow Wilson goes to bed thinking he has been defeated. He awakens to find he's been reelected by a narrow margin. Most Americans want peace, but a substantial number are against Wilson's policies. What shall he tell the people? I know you are depending upon me to keep this nation out of war. So far I have done so. But you have laid another duty on me. You have bidden me to see to it that nothing stains the honor of the United States. And that is a matter not within my control. That depends on what others do. In Washington, the president has once again called for peace. But in Berlin, a decision has already been made. Germany is being strangled by this blockade. Her people are going hungry. If the war goes on much longer, Germany will lose. It no longer matters whether America comes into the war. The German High Command believes America cannot arm in time to make any difference. February 1, 1917. Germany announces all out unrestricted submarine warfare. And while more and more American ships are being sunk, while Woodrow Wilson still holds back from war, and only arms American merchant ships to defend themselves, there comes another thunderbolt. The British Secret Service has intercepted a telegram. The German Foreign Secretary Zimmermann has sent to Mexico. We offer Mexico an alliance. Make war together. Make peace together. For her aid, Mexico is to receive in return, Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. Theodore Roosevelt says, there is no question of declaring war on Germany. Germany has declared war on us. Wilson tells a reporter, for nights I have been lying awake, going over the whole situation. I have tried every way I know to avoid war. What else can I do? Is there anything else I can do? But being the kind of man he is, man of high ideals and missionary purpose, Woodrow Wilson cannot simply go to war out of revenge. If America is to pay the high cost in the blood of its young men, the war must have a new and inspiring purpose. On April 2, 1917, the president goes before Congress and says, it is a fearful thing to lead this great people into war, but the right is more precious than peace. It is to be a war to end war, a war to make the world safe for democracy. It is to be a crusade for the world founded on decency, honor and law. All things German become suspect. Sauerkraut is renamed Liberty Cabbage. Some high schools stop teaching German. The president has promised force. Force to the uttermost, force without stint or limit. Under the leadership of Bernard M. Baruch, the war industries board supervises American industry and production. Herbert Hoover is appointed food administrator. William Gibbs McAdoo becomes director general of the nation's railroads. Felix Frankfurter heads up the war labor board to mediate labor disputes. Under Edward N. Hurley, the United States shipping board acquires large fleets to transport and supply the American expeditionary forces. Domestic reforms, new labor laws are no longer important. Men, women and children work overtime to turn out munitions. The nation's war effort will cost $33 billion, of which two-thirds are raised through the sale of Liberty Bonds and one-third raised through increased income and corporate taxes. Through volunteers and the draft, the armed forces expand from 200,000 men to 4,800,000 by the end of the war. The nation sings the new hit song. Ironically, for a war to save the world for democracy, the Americans will send a Jim Crow army overseas. At first, the nation is so unprepared to make war, the soldiers have to train with wooden guns. Meanwhile Americans train with wooden guns. On the battlefields, the Allied armies are wheeling. On the high seas, German submarines are sinking ships at the rate of almost a million tons a month. When America sent an army overseas in time to turn the tide, June 13, 1917. General Purging lands in France at the head of the first American division, the site of the fresh American troops. The realization that the Yanks are coming by the tens of thousands stiffens Allied morale. Realizing the threat from America, Germany goes all out. In a series of hammer blows, the Russian army is routed on the eastern front. Russia collapses and soothes for a separate peace. It's take place in Russian cities. Germany is now able to send all her troops in the east to the western front. Now the Americans go into action. At Sellerwood, at Chateau Thierry, they prove they can fight. Simultaneously in America, Woodrow Wilson fights a war with words. January 1918, Wilson announces 14 points for a better world. The 14th point calls for a League of Nations to perform to preserve world peace. Trudely, he drives a wedge between the Kaiser and the German people. America has no conflict with the German people. Germany launches an offensive and is stopped by the Allied armies with the help of fresh American troops. Now for the first time, the Americans go on the offensive. I'm a lieutenant. Right. The Americans have annihilated two of our companies. They fight like devils. Born out now from four long years of war, realizing it can no longer win, the German will to fight collapses and breaks out in German cities. The Kaiser flees for safety to Holland on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month. In November 1918, for the first time in four years, a stillness falls on the battlefield. Men go mad with joy. They are alive. They have survived more than 8 million, have not. American losses total 48,000, while the nation returns to peace. Woodrow Wilson realizes his battle is only beginning. For the first time in history, an American president goes to Europe during his term in office. Woodrow Wilson sails to fight for his 14 points. The president is confident he can handle the Europeans. But men like Clemenceau of France and Lloyd George of England burn with a hatred of the Germans. Soon Clemenceau and Wilson are no longer on speaking terms. Talk to Wilson. How can I talk to a fellow who sings himself the first man for 2,000 years, who knows anything about peace on earth? Wilson imagines he is the second Messiah. Out of the wreckage of the old Europe, the men who make the Treaty of Versailles create a new map. New nations are born. Decisions and national boundaries are made so hurriedly. Mistakes are bound to be made. Wilson is discouraged, but he has salvaged his 14th point. Now he returns to America to get Congress to ratify his great idea. But the president has been away six months. He has lost contact and control of the country. And Wilson's enemies are furious because the president had not invited a single Republican to help make the important decisions in Europe. In Washington, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge and old foe of Wilson's ties up the motion to join the League of Nations in endless debate. The president takes his case directly to the people. He travels thousands of miles, makes speech after speech, in city after city, telling what the League means to the world. Wilson is weary and discouraged. But despite failing health, he refuses to give up his great crusade. On September 26, 1919, he suffers a paralytic stroke. Back in the White House, Mrs. Wilson tries to protect her sick husband. She refuses admission to visitors. She makes important decisions. Men begin to whisper, A woman is running the country.  He feels that if America refuses to join the League, the whole war will be fought for nothing. Opponents of the League bring witness after witness against the peace treaty. Men remember and quote George Washington's advice to stay out of Europe's wars. The League of Nations is defeated. In 1920, the country elects a president who promises a return to normalcy. Only with a passage of time and the threat of a greater conflict with thoughtful people ask themselves, had we helped win the first world war? Only to throw away the peace. The restless decade, the roaring twenties, the era of wonderful nonsense. But was it something more? A time of growing conflict between those who could accept change and those who would not. Between those whose minds were open to modern ideas and those who clung to fundamental beliefs. Between those who could accept the complexity of the 20th century and tried to cope with it and those who rejected the new and tried to return to an America that was past. And in the struggle, America frequently became a battleground. American soldiers begin the journey home. For America did they leave? What sort of America will they find? What sort of America do they want? They left in America led by President Woodrow Wilson spurred on by noble words to a great crusade to make the world safe for democracy. They had been plunged into the most bitter and bloody war in the history of man. A war that cost hundreds of billions of dollars. And left over 8 million dead. Now they return to an America changed forever by the experiences of war. The country rejects world leadership and refusing membership in the League of Nations. It attempts instead to go its own way. The nation is granting women the right to vote. America goes dry and embraces a new puritanism under prohibition and the Volstead Act. It is an America in which some have gotten very rich from the war. But most have not. Working men are caught in the wartime inflation and the rising cost of living. A rash of strikes occur after the war. Strikes of steel workers seeking a reduction in the 12 hour day they work in the mill. A general strike throughout the entire city of Seattle. In the city of Boston police find they can no longer support their families on a $21 a week salary. They strike for higher wages and petition to join a union. With the police on strike the city is defenseless. Hoodlums have a field day. Wide spread looting takes place. Governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts says there's no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anytime, anywhere. Coolidge brings in the National Guard. The strikers are fired. Almost a complete new police force is hired. In three days the strike is broken. But these strikes and this agitation at home is connected in the public mind with the revolution taking place in Russia. And threatening other countries of Europe. Is America itself in danger of a communist revolution? Small communist parties have been started in America. Their members are few. But Americans remember that a handful of dedicated Bolsheviks have overthrown the government of Russia. Fear leads to repression. Repression leads to greater violence. Bombs are found in packages mailed to John D. Rockefeller and other rich men. A massive bomb explodes inside a wagon on Wall Street. 30 people are killed and 100 hurt. The bomb has such force it not only rips up the street but wrecks the officers of J.P. Morgan and Company. No one knows who made the bomb. But to many Americans this can only be the work of radicals. Attorney General Palmer rounds up known radicals. And even those innocently attending radical meetings.  Government tries to deport some of them. College graduates call for the dismissal of professors suspected of radicalism. School teachers are forced to sign oaths of allegiance. Hysteria reaches a new high. Thus in 1919, only a year after the armistice, America is no longer confident of saving the world for democracy but afraid that the nation will be overturned by a handful of extremists. Americans are frightened by scare headlines and the growing wave of disorders sweeping the country. And if the police can't defend the public, other organizations will take the law into their hands. There is a resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan which now begins to gain supporters even in the north. Mask figures parade openly on the main streets of northern towns and even in the nation's capital. Race riots break out in Washington, Chicago and other cities. And with the Klan comes a rising wave of anti-needro, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic prejudice. In the climate of the times, foreigners and foreign ideas are suspect. There is a fear that hundreds of thousands of starving Europeans and Asians will immigrate to the United States to escape the suffering of the Great War. Harsh new immigration laws are being enacted to exclude Asians and reduce the number of immigrants from eastern and southern Europe. The new policy rests upon the policy of Anglo-Saxon supremacy. After two decades of constant change, the country wants a rest. What it wants is best summed up by a Republican Senator from Ohio, Warren Harding. America's present need is not for heroics but healing, not revolution but restoration, not nostrums but normalcy. Back to normalcy. Printed in newspapers, the phrase sweeps the country. The Senator from Ohio becomes the Republican candidate for president. And on March 4th, 1921, with an ailing Woodrow Wilson at his side, Warren Harding drives down Pennsylvania Avenue to become the new president. Seldom have two men been more different. Wilson, the visionary, the idealist, the man of great speeches and great crusades. Harding, the man who has no plan, no purpose, no mission, whose greatest desire is to be liked. Warren Harding takes the oath of office. The progressive era is over. America enters the age of normalcy. But what is normalcy? The word itself did not then exist. Is it modern industrial America with its huge steel mills and great dynamos moving confidently into the future? Or is it rural America? The America of comfortable, sleepy small towns, clinging to past values. The president himself describes the American small town where he grew up and says, What is the greatest thing in life, my countrymen? Happiness. And there is more happiness in the American village than in any place on the face of the earth. But the small town that Harding remembers is changing. The horse and buggy is vanishing, replaced by the automobile. Henry Ford's Model T sells for less than $500, within the budget of most Americans, and is the prized possession of some families who can afford no other luxury. Ask why her family owned a car but not a bathtub. A farmer's wife replies, You can't go to town in a bathtub. Other women agree. We'd rather do without clothes that give up the car. I'll go without food before I see us give up the car. Will Rogers says, Good luck, Mr. Ford. It'll take a hundred years to tell whether you've helped us or heard us. But you certainly didn't leave us like you found us. New towns springing up along America's highways, enjoy the beauty of the city. For a new prosperity, the automobile is changing the manners and morals of young America. Young people now travel halfway across the state to attend a sporting event or dance, and on the way back they can park on chaperone, traveling through life faster than their parents, listening to the new invention, the radio, bringing new ideas, a new culture, seeing motion pictures glorifying defiance and rebellion. Young people are in a ferment. Parents find themselves confronted by children who want to live faster, enjoy more, experience more deeply than their elders. It is a time of rising prosperity, a declining idealism. Like his most important writers, like F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway, feel so cut off from their roots, their society, their country. They choose to live abroad. Bertrand Stein says of them, You are all a lost generation. Writers who stay at home feel alienated too. Sinclair Lewis and H. L. Minkin express a growing dissatisfaction with the lack of direction and purpose in American life. In a changing America, President Harding finds his job immensely more difficult than he imagined. He complains to a friend, John, I can't make a thing out of this tax problem. I listen to one side and they seem right, and then I talk to the other side and they seem just as right. God, what a job. Unable to understand the problems that confront him, Harding ages in office, suffers a stroke and dies. A small town man who only wanted to be well liked, he is genuinely mourned. But only a few months after his death, scandals in his administration are revealed. His Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall, is convicted of having leased important naval oil reserves to men who gave him huge bribes. Yet the country is prosperous and many people do not want this prosperity questioned or to see the confidence of the American people disturbed. The senators who reveal the Harding scandals are denounced. The job of the new president is to maintain prosperity and not rock the boat. Vice President Calvin Coolidge, who broke the Boston police strike in 1919, becomes president and says, this is a business country. It wants a business government. The man who builds a factory builds a temple. The man who works there worships there. It is felt that in this booming America, anybody who applies himself can become rich. The number of millionaires doubles. The automobile is stimulating other industries. Tires, paint, glass, nickel, steel, petroleum, and road building. Expanding use of electricity is creating labor saving devices for the housewife, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, refrigerators. Housewives have more time to spend and many of their husbands are earning more. Yet while the country continues to be prosperous, there are weaknesses in the economy. Much of the prosperity is based on easy credit and installment buying. More and more Americans are mortgaging tomorrow for what they want today. People gambling on the stock market risk their savings, hoping they can get rich quick. Meanwhile, the American farmer is suffering. Spurred on by wartime needs for huge crops, many farmers had borrowed money and taken mortgages to buy marginal land. Now there is no longer a demand for all the food that can be raised. More and more farms are being foreclosed. The president says, the farmers never have made money anyhow. And troubles at home are reflected by dangerous signals abroad. Defeated Germany has a runaway inflation. In Germany, the mark becomes so worthless, it is used to paper walls or the light stoves. Riots start. These disturbances facilitate the rise of radicals and help the cause of an Austrian corporal named Adolf Hitler, who wants to overthrow the Versailles Treaty and restore Germany to her former power. In Italy, a fascist dictator, Benito Mussolini, has already taken control of the country. Meanwhile, at home, the split between those who accept modern America and those who want to return to the past widens. In 1925, the issue of the old fundamentalism versus the new science makes headlines because of a trial that takes place in a small town in Tennessee. Tennessee is one of several states that has passed a law declaring it illegal to teach the theory of evolution. A young teacher named Scopes determines to test the law. He teaches his biology class the theory of evolution. To the newspapers of America, this becomes the monkey trial. An attorney from Chicago, Clarence Darrow, comes to defend the science teacher. William Jennings Bryan, who rejects science and preaches a literal interpretation of the Bible, proudly agrees to help the prosecution. The courtroom is so hot, the judge sometimes moves the proceedings out of doors. In a curious carnival atmosphere, the trial reaches a climax. Clarence Darrow puts William Jennings Bryan on the stand. Do you agree with most scientists that the world is millions of years old? I agree with my Bible. The world was created in 4004 BC. Do you say you do not believe that there were any civilizations on this earth that reach back beyond 5,000 years? I am not satisfied by any evidence I have seen. The trial underlines the split in America, but settles nothing. For another 40 years, it continues to be illegal to teach the theory of evolution in some states. While the Scopes trial has been going on, another case that will drag on for almost seven years reflects America's suspicion of foreigners, anarchists, and agitators. In Dedum, Massachusetts, two Italian immigrants, Niccolò Sacco, and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, are on trial for their lives. The prosecution contends they are guilty of robbery and the murder of a factory paymaster. The defense says the men are innocent and are victims of the red scare that followed the war. To many intellectuals, this case becomes a symbol of unreasoning prejudice against people who are different. They work to free the immigrants, raise funds that continue appeals on the verdict for seven years. After the men are executed in 1927, they quote Vanzetti, if it not been for this thing, I might have died a failure. Now we are not a failure, never in our full life could we hope to do such work for tolerance, for justice, for man's understanding of man as now we do by an accident. The country is prosperous. America has 40% of the world's wealth. And there is a continuing search for new sensations, new thrills, like flagpole cities, sports heroes, like Babe Ruth. In 1927, the country finds the perfect hero in Charles Lindbergh. First man to fly the ocean alone in a single engine plane, Lindy glorifies the new science of aviation that is making the world smaller and bringing men closer together. But at the same time, he personifies the old American values. He is a trail blazer, a pioneer in the tradition of Daniel Boone and the men who opened up the West. The continuing clash between the new and the old, the conflict between the big cities and rural America reaches its climax in the presidential election of 1928. The Republicans nominate Herbert Hoover, born of old stock American parentage in a small town in Iowa, a self-made millionaire who is critical of Europe and a firm believer in rugged individualism. For the first time, the Democrats nominate a Catholic, Al Smith, born on the lower East side of Manhattan, a man who speaks in a raucous New York accent. Smith of Irish descent is not only the leader of the immigrant-based Democratic Party, but he is suspected of believing in racial equality. Unlike Hoover, he is for repeal of prohibition. Made a national law in 1920, prohibition has proved unenforceable. In an America that has 18,700 miles of border and coastline, there are fewer than 3,000 agents. Congressman Fiorella LaGuardia says that to enforce prohibition, the city of New York alone would need 250,000 police and another 200,000 to police the policemen. The most respectable citizens frequent illegal speakeasies. There is a growing breakdown of respect for the law. The leading bootlegger and gangster of the day says, I call myself a businessman. I make money by supplying a need. If I break the law, my customers are just as guilty as I am. Ironically, Capone is never convicted of the murders he and his gang commit. When he finally goes to jail, it is for not paying his income tax. Prohibition and prosperity are the key issues in 1928. Hoover is for continuing the noble experiment, and he promises a chicken in every pot and two cars in every garage. Smith carries the 12 largest cities in the nation. To rural America, he seems a symbol of a wicked city. Small town, rural, Protestant, dry America is overwhelmingly for Hoover. He even carries some of the normally solid democratic states in the South. As he takes office, Herbert Hoover says, I have no fears for the future of our country. It is bright with hope. Already, there are signs of danger ahead. Stocks are dangerously high, inflated beyond their true worth. Thursday, October 24th, 1929. The market is flooded by a sudden wave of selling orders. Stock prices drop. Millions of shares change hands. The result, a seller's panic. Friday and Saturday, things look a little better. But on Monday, when the market opens, there is another wave of selling. And on Black Tuesday, October 29th, the bottom drops out. Almost overnight, the value of stocks drops more than 50 billion dollars.  Little investors have their savings wiped out. The shockwave from the crash rolls on and on. Many businesses are forced to close. National income drops to less than half. One out of every four farms is sold for taxes. By the end of 1930, there are four and one half million unemployed. By 1932, there will be 13 million out of work that have begun with America rejecting world leadership. It was a time when the country became hysterical about foreigners, suspicious of anybody who was different. A time when many Americans tried to return to a world that no longer existed. It was a time when the country was prosperous. Much of the prosperity was based on easy credit and installment buying with the crash. And the years of depression that followed came a new move. The country did not yet have the answers to the problems it faced. But it knew it had to face them.


Clark Laramie, starring Raymond Burr as Captain Lee Quince, specially transcribed tales of the dark and tragic ground of the wild frontier, the saga of fighting men who rode the rim of empire, and the dramatic story of Lee Quince, Captain of Cavalry. You're in as of now, Gorse? A lot of little sounds, but not the moaning. Might be he's dead, Captain. Might be. This is where his horse came out this clear, and he shouldn't be much further in, dead or not. You a hand to see in the dark, are you? Not much, no. I can always light this lantern, you know. You want to be seen, do you? Well, if he's dead, he won't see no lantern. If he isn't? I still can't see in the dark. How's your hearing in the dark? I heard that all right. Just a head, Gorse. You can light your lantern now, hold it closer, toward his face. He looks kind of young, Captain. Kind of wild, too.  Do you speak the tongue of white man? I speak. Our camp is back by the river. We'll carry you there. You, you kill? No. Got a canteen, Gorse? Yes, Captain. Have him a drink. You'll mind the lantern? I'll mind it. Can you lift your head up to it? Oh, no, no, no drink. What's the matter with you? You shot up for fair, you must be burning inside. You drink some of it, Gorse. Oh, thank you. You see, engine, good water. Now you drink it. No, no drink. Looks like his right leg, Gorse. A couple of nicks crosses belly. What kind of show I got to put on to make him drink? Drink some more. Captain, I swill down three cups of coffee before he comes back. Another swallow or two, and I'll go ahead.  Either it's good water, or I got a taste for drinking poison. Now which will it be? Oh, no, man, you drink. I'm not thirsty. You need a drink, take it. You don't, leave it be. Good, drink. You born contrarier, you just come along that way. Good water. Good. Good. Did not tell you? What's your name? Charlie. Charlie. Fine. Charlie, you got one good leg. We'll help you up on it, Gorse. What? What kind of engine name is Charlie? Good American name, Charlie. You can't argue that with him, Gorse. Charlie. Come on, let me camp from here. He's sleeping, Captain. He's bound to, he lost a lot of blood. Would you watch him eat? You'll gain back his strength in no time. Did he do any talking? Mostly he ate, and smiled. Except asking everyone to call him Charlie. Good American name, Charlie. What do you think about him, Captain? There's not much to think about him, Mr. Savage. Takes pain well, he smiles. He eats a lot. I mean the way he rode right up to our camp alone. Road right past the pickets, without any fear at all, apparently. And got shot for his trouble. Yes, wouldn't you think you'd expect that, Captain? I'd expect it. You would. Maybe Charlie's different. You'd think him and pre-boss, they both swear he made no move to fire back. Just rode like the devil for the woods. You redoubled the pickets, Mr. Savage? Yes, sir, I did. I guess you think maybe Charlie wasn't alone. I told you there's not much to think about Charlie right now. If he wanted more than food and a good drink of water, he hasn't said. I can't take the chances alone. The tourniquet stopped the bleeding. Then maybe we'll know more about Charlie tomorrow. You gonna cut the bullet out tomorrow, Captain? I'm gonna cut at least three of them out. Three, Captain? But Tinkham and pre-boss said... Charlie was wounded before he got here, Mr. Cybertz. You come as a question, Captain? How do you feel this morning, Charlie? Charlie, feel fine. Legs feel bad. Yeah, I'll bet it does. All right, if I look at it... You look. Charlie, do you drink whiskey? Whiskey? Know what it is? Like water? Like fire water. Whiskey like fire water? Just like it.  Mm, burn. From mouth all down to belly. Make cough, make sick. Make bad head. That's it. What do you like? You've got three, maybe four bullets in that leg.  If I do, it'll hurt bad. You want whiskey for the hurt, you can have it. Leg very bad. That is. Here's the water you asked for, Captain. Brought it right from the fire. Thanks, Gors.  That's up to Charlie. You bring whiskey. Now, where am I gonna get whiskey? Leg very bad. Over there, Gors, in my bed roll. Yes, sir. I suppose I gotta take a couple of gulps for you. Figure it's safe to drink, can't you? You got bad leg? Only bad thing I got's my temper. Give Charlie whiskey. Charlie takes for pain.  Go on, Charlie, drink it down. Let me know when the leg doesn't hurt anymore. White Captain, good friend, bring Charlie whiskey. Mark the day, Charlie. It's the last whiskey you'll get from this white man. I'll need more boilin' water, Gors. Miss Sargent's got another pot going. Oh, very good to have leg very bad. Never mind the talk, just drink. He sure ain't gonna need no settin' on, Captain. We'll happen it down at that rate. He'll be helpless in sight of five minutes. I'm countin' on that, boys. Let's go outside and leave him be. I sure never seen the lack of him. He's not cut on any pattern nine or other. That leg's bad just overnight. It's real bad. He say who shot him before we did? There's a long list of things he's not said. Time for talk will come later. That's a quarter whiskey, Captain. Whoa! Beautiful. It was a quarter whiskey, Gors. Well, you... You ready for surgery? You got a mind for it, sir? I got a mind, but not much stomach for it. Let's get it over with, Gors. The runner's still around, Mr. Sabertz? Yes, sir. He's having something to eat, Captain. When he's through that, he gets his rest. He was asking about a fresh horse, sir. He won't need one. There's no reply to this message. Time he's ready to move again, both him and his horse will be rested. Do we have new orders, sir? Major Daggett will be here tomorrow with a platoon from G Company. We're to wait for the rendezvous. The message says to keep Pete Hazen here till the major arrives. Yes, and I'd do that if I'd laid an eye on Pete in a month. I thought he was scouting up in the Bighorn country. Last I heard he was. I guess the major's counting on reports from that area. Maybe we'll be moving up that way. Are they talking about Charlie, Captain? We're not going to find out sitting in a tent, Mr. Sabertz.  Sergeant! Yes, sir. Well, it happened too quick, Captain. I couldn't stop him. The man can't walk yet. How could it happen too quick? First I saw him. He crawled most down to the creek. His horse was tethered down there with others, and you saw the rest of it. He just propelled himself up on that horse. And from the offside, the right side. Indians don't know any better, and now they do their horses. They always mountain the right side. You want me to go after him, Captain? No need. He's coming back. I swear, Captain, he's putting on a show for us. Yeah, they ride all over a horse. On his neck, his sides, under his belly. Either of you feel like much of a horseman now? With one bad leg. You don't think he got hold of another jug of whiskey, sir. I'll break the man who gave it to him if he did. Captain? I guess he's played himself out. Charlie, good rider, yes?  Leg very bad. White Captain, sorry, leg very bad. Your leg's a sieve. But it's your leg. You can break it off and throw it away if you're of a mind. Leg very bad? Good friend. Bring Charlie whiskey. I told you, Charlie, that's the last whiskey you'd get from me. Charlie rides very good. Charlie's show white man, Indian trick. Uh-uh, no whiskey. No whiskey. You, other man, you have whiskey. Not me, Charlie. Yeah, and don't look at me with your sore leg. I'll give you nothing. Poor Charlie, hurt very bad. Slide off that pony I want to talk to you. Oh, leg so bad.  Mind his horse, Sergeant. Mr. Cybert, see the camps made ready for Major Daggett's arrival? Yes, sir. You were kicking that bad leg around real free. Can you bear weight on it, as far as my tent? Whiskey and tent? You want two bad legs? Charlie walk. Yeah, I'll help you. Let me see that leg. Charlie, do a bad thing to ride? It should have killed you.  Looks fine, Charlie. It's got no right to, but your leg looks fine. Oh, Charlie, who shot you? Before we did. White settler, he shoot two, three times. Why? Oh, Charlie tries to steal horses. You ought to be shot for that. Ever lived on a reservation? One time, short time. Charlie not like reservation. Nothing can do. Charlie like steal horses. You steal horses all alone, do you? Sometime alone, sometime with Cheyenne brave. Charlie find horses. Tell others they come with steal. That makes you a Cheyenne scout, then. Charlie like steal horses. Also, hunt. You're not Cheyenne, Charlie. What captain can tell? Charlie not Cheyenne? More like a crow to me. Yes, crow. Charlie little bear. All blood, crow. Sue, Cheyenne, Rappahole. All drive crow people from land of father. From Big Horn. Charlie like Big Horn. Charlie live there. Even with Cheyenne. There's no Cheyenne reservation in the Big Horn? No reservation. Just Cheyenne brave and Charlie. Like steal horses. Hunt.    Charlie friend. Got name from white man. What white man? Many years, many years, when Charlie live with own people, white man come. For hunt, furs. Teach Charlie speak tongue of white man. Then he die. Charlie take name of friend.  If you stole horses, you broke the law. You put Charlie reservation? I might. Might put you in jail too. I might do almost anything with you, Charlie. Except give you whiskey. Now the last word we had from Hazen, the Big Horn was as peaceful as Sunday church. Now, all through these valleys here, settlers are complaining of increasing Indian raids. For horses major? For horses until the last few days. Runners are reporting a band of marauding Cheyenne. Burning, massacring as they go. Through here you say. Long stinking water? That's the Shoshone River captain. The Indians call it stinking water. Well we're going there. Doesn't much matter what the Indians call it. Might matter major. How's that? We can't wait for Pete Hazen. If there's a Cheyenne camp in the Big Horn, we'll need a scout to find it. That's right. Charlie a little bears an Indian. He can't pick a trail to the Shoshone River. But he'll sure know one to stinking water. From what you said, this must be his band of Cheyenne who's responsible for the killing along the stinking water. He's not about to lead you against his friends. I mean, Charlie's a crow. I've never heard a crow boast about his scalps. You're saying then that you trust Charlie? I'm counting on him being a crow. That's all major. I'll just look at that Charlie little bear captain. Smiling, riding easy. I think he was out on a happy hunting party. I'm looking at him. You call him a scout? I could have got us this far by myself. You know where the Cheyenne camp is, Gors? No, sir. Well, I don't either. But Charlie does. I'm hoping he'll lead us there. This cause you fixed his leg, Captain? Just because Charlie doesn't like killing, Sergeant. Charlie? Yes, Captain. You saw the last two ranches, Charlie, fired, burned to the ground, stock runoff. I saw no killing.  This is your country, though, Charlie. This is the work of your Cheyenne friends, isn't it? Charlie see many Indian sign. Yeah, Cheyenne. But no killing. There's another ranch ahead, Charlie. Now, how's your leg holding up? Oh, good. White captain fixed leg very good. Charlie, not forget. Patrol! Dismount. Search the premises. Dismount. Sergeant, report anything you can find to me. Anything. Yes, sir. Blood here, Captain. Dry blood marked the ground. And trail of it leads up to the cabin. Or what's left of it anyway. And many pony, Cheyenne pony. You've been here before, Charlie? Not here. Old man live here, not many horses. Was that the old man? Or can you tell? Hard to tell about old man. Too much had gone. Can't do much for him now, but bury him. He was old man like white friend who gave Charlie name. Charlie friend die in peace. Captain Quince, out here, sir. Find something, Gorse? Yeah, bundle of stuff on the far side of the cabin. Funny collection, Captain. Relics. This thing, Gorse, made of skin and buffalo hair. Two arrow for hunting, two for war. This marking the hat of skin and hair, this all sacred to Cheyenne. There's an old man dead inside the cabin, Sergeant. Fall in a very old detail. Yes, sir. You sing death song for old man, Captain. We'll just bury him, Charlie. And hope he's found his peace. This day is old. Sun dies, too. We'll be making camp soon. Charlie not like killing. With tomorrow's sun. Charlie lead you to Cheyenne camp. Fort Laramie is produced and directed by Norman McDonnell and stars Raymond Burr as Lee Quince, Captain of Cavalry with Vic Perrin as Sergeant Gorse. The script was specially written for Fort Laramie by Kathleen Height with sound patterns by Bill James and Ray Kemper, musical supervision by Amarigo Moreno. Featured in the cast were Lawrence Dobkin as Charlie, Jack Moyles as Major Daggett, and Harry Bartell as Lieutenant Cybertz. Detention. Dismiss. Next week, another transcribed story of the Northwest Frontier. And the troopers who fought under Lee Quince, Captain of Cavalry. With the Far East as a backdrop and with intrepid correspondent O'Hara right in the foreground, you're sure to have an exciting adventure every Monday night right here at the Starz Address. If you like your mystery on the fast-moving side, be sure you're listening to CBS Radio each Monday evening when another thrill-packed episode of O'Hara comes your way on most of these episodes. The next episode of O'Hara comes your way on most of these same stations.