Welcome for the part 2 discussion on galvanic corrosion. The part 1 discussion on galvanic corrosion we raised certain issues of like can we predict galvanic corrosion or not if you have 2 metals. If you can predict can we determine the galvanic corrosion rates and if these 2 questions are answered then we said that you will let you know what are the factors that control the galvanic corrosion. And if you know what are the factors or parameters that control corrosion that are applied corrosion then it is easy for us to propose methods to avoid or to prevent the galvanic corrosion of the metals. We also need to look at the evaluation of the material called application against the galvanic corrosion. We have seen the first aspect clearly in the earlier class. Can we predict if 2 metals will undergo galvanic corrosion or not? What is the criteria for that? What is the criteria to show that ok I have given you let us say stainless steel and maybe a steel between these 2 one will be galvanically corroded. What is the criteria for that? It is a potential. It is a potential. What is their potential called? It is a galvanic potentials or the corrosion potentials. So, we seen in the last class that the galvanic potential is the primary reason for making one metal as an anode the other one as a cathode. We also just started discussing on how do you really predict the rate of corrosion. We look at that is the Evans diagram alright. We look at the Evans diagram taking an example of a clearly a noble metal and an active metal. We took for example, I think the platinum I think right. We took platinum and then and then used the Evans diagram to find out what happens if I if you can couple them galvanically with the other active metal you know. We gave only schematic thing there. We did not give really actual values. I think we used for steel I suppose steel iron is talked about. Now, we also said that in the case of platinum the the the the equilibrium that we deal with there is the we I would say maybe H plus H H equilibria or maybe oxygen and hydroxide or water equilibria for example, we are not really concerned about the platinum iron and platinum equilibria because too far from that and then we also looked at the equilibria of what? The equilibria of of the active metal in this case may be iron and iron ions and the corresponding taffle lines and and see how the mixed potential theory will ultimately lead to the the ecore value of the platinum and the steel when they are coupled. What is the corresponding ecore value? How does you get it? The same the mixed potential theory is valid here the total amount of cathodic reaction on the system is equal to the total amount of what is that other reaction? Ionode reaction. So, that is the criteria. If that is the criteria then you know what is the corresponding ecore and icore values. We also said that if you are going to shorten platinum versus steel the ecore value of the couple I mean the ecore value of of the iron goes up and and so the anodic dissolution increases. We also say that the hydrogen evolution on steel or iron decreases whereas the hydrogen evolution platinum significantly increases. So, these are observations that we made. In practice we do not normally see a noble metal being shattered with the active metals. We normally see metals which are generally active in nature we are not talking about it ok. Say some examples practically you will see you know you may have let us say steel you may have stainless steels or you may have cupronic alloy you can have steel and you know we were talking about one of the prevalent place of galvanic corrosion is what is the heat exchangers. In heat exchangers you can have a steel shell the stainless steel tube you may have cupronical tube and steel as a shell you can have we can also have titanium and you can have steel titanium stainless steel this kind of combinations are quite common ok. And so you are going to talk about really two active metals when they are involved how does the corrosion takes place. Now I am going to now talk about here between two metals which is let us say I have called iron here which is somewhat like steel I talk about a steel combined with zinc. In practice it is not the situation here you have a galvanized coating but I do not think zinc is used as a structural material you know there may be some zinc digas things but otherwise structurally zinc is not used as a good material of construction. I taken zinc for one important reason to show that Icar is not important in the galvanic corrosion you have two metals like a steel and zinc if I have assumed that the steel has got high corrosion rate and zinc has got low corrosion rate that is not going to decide the galvanic interaction what is going to decide is the galvanic potential that decides which is going to be made anode which is going to make it a cathode. So that is the reason why I chosen to illustrate how the galvanic interaction occurs between say iron I can call a steel and the zinc. Now how do you proceed with you proceed in this very simple similar manner like you draw two Evans diagrams right the Evans diagram for what Evans diagram for the steel the Evans diagram for zinc which is first you need to make them right but when you making this be clear about what you what in the Evans diagram what are the things required you need what are like exchange condensity required tough lines are required tough so required the equilibrium potentials are required okay these are the things that are required actually. So what you can do is you can construct Evans diagram for zinc and iron separately or independently and find out between these two which will undergo more severe corrosion and when you shot them when the galvanic interaction occurs right what happens to these two metals okay and so I think you can you can work independently now actually listen you can start drawing the diagrams but keep in mind the one important factor what is the difference between zinc and iron we discuss I think which will undergo more corrosion zinc will undergo more corrosion or iron will undergo more corrosion let us say in analysis solution which of the two or maybe in a let us say in a soaring chloride solution where the hydrogen reduction reaction is the cathodic reaction okay other is the metal oxidation you tell me which of the two metals you expect to corrode more iron why yeah so the exchange condensity for hydrogen equilibrium with H plus on zinc is much lower as compared to the exchange condensity for H plus H on iron it is about 10 power 3 times difference okay so so then you can now we can draw okay a typical in or I would say a schematic difference diagrams representing iron and seal and show how the corrosion taking place I think you should draw parallely and and see how you are you are getting this these things now. So I am just going in a very simple manner and there is nothing very complicated here right so I represent now the the tariff aligns for hydrogen reduction reactions okay I will do that so which is what which one corresponds to iron and which one corresponds to zinc the right one corresponds to the exchange condensity for Fe 2 plus Fe and and zinc and zinc 2 plus are almost the same 10 power minus 6 or so so it is not going to change much actually so I just drawn a you know kind of representative diagrams okay which one will corresponds to zinc which is the one corresponds to iron lower so this corresponds to zinc right I naught zinc 2 plus and zinc and what is this this corresponds to now you can find out what is the corresponding corrosion rates right and this is the zinc right what corresponds to iron the iron comes somewhere here see please again label that because you have to label these things otherwise it will confusing you corresponds to and this corresponds to electrons right and these two are corresponding to what this is corresponding to arrow here this corresponds to how do I proceed further how do I know when you do a galvanically shorting them what will be the resultant corrosion rate of iron and zinc how do you proceed I have add the oxidation of both the oxidation curves and I have add the reduction curves corresponding to both the metal surfaces right so I do that okay so what you can do is you can just add this to this corresponds to what this corresponds to hydrogen evolution on both zinc and iron correct and similarly I can do this corresponds to total anodic so what is happening now it is this intersection point of this the mixed potentiary is now is valid right so I draw a line connecting all of them and I draw this line what is this potential curve this is of E car iron and zinc couple right this is the I car of iron zinc couple total corrosion rate is increasing actually right I hope this lines are clear to you now so can you tell me that means what happens I take a zinc I take zinc and I take iron here I determine this corrosion potential of that corrosion current of this now I put them together I just shot them like this when I shot it will the potential of iron and zinc will be similar or different the similar because is conducting is conducting highly conducting so the potential of these two are going to be similar right that potential of this corresponds to what is given in the event diagram as E car iron and zinc this is what you are seeing this year at that particular potential what is the current that is flowing on steel and zinc is given by this diagram now can you can you get from the diagram the diagram what is the one that corresponds to the dissolution of iron what is the one that corresponds dissolution of iron and what is the one that corresponds to the dissolution of zinc can you people tell me in this what is happening there yeah so the line the potential line intersects now where is intersect it intersects all the lines it intersects the cathodic reduction curve of iron zinc anodic current of iron and as well as zinc right so that particular intersection point gives you what is the corresponding reduction reaction oxidation reaction in both cases ok so what happening now now what is happening now you see what is happening to hydrogen evolution on zinc on zinc the hydrogen evolution on zinc is getting reduced to this value am I right it is reduced from here to this is values getting reduced right the hydrogen evolution is decreasing from here to here but what is happening corrosion the corrosion of zinc is moving from here to this value am I right so zinc is now getting oxidized more so this is your this is the icorr of zinc when when coupled with iron right no I am sorry nothing wrong actually yes it is wrong actually right yes correct only yeah I am sorry it is correct yes correct so it is that of the zinc here is correct right so this is the zinc dissolution rate given here and this is the dissolution rate of the this is the dissolution rate or icorr of zinc actually right so the iron corrosion rate is decreasing from from this point to this point am I right and the zinc corrosion rate is increasing from here to this ok so what do you call this process you discuss about one protection before the electrochemical protection of a metal right what do you call this the sacrificial protection it is it is a cathodic protection of the metal by sacrificial action zinc is getting dissolved at the expense of iron right the iron is getting protected here ok so look at these diagrams it is a very busy slide I would say busy diagram actually you have several information that you can draw from here if in fact you understand this you understood the mixed potentiary in completion I do not think you will have problem because it is the most complex events diagram that you can think of actually ok now you know that the the the dissolution of of of iron is is is getting reduced from here to this zinc is increased from here to this ok is increasing here ok no sorry zinc is it is moving from here to this actually ok so so so this is what happens now you you you look at the the kinetic factors that influence the corrosion of zinc what influences the corrosion of zinc in this can you just tell me more each of them influence other one right iron influences zinc zinc influences iron right you have iron has got two table kinetics one is the anodic kinetics corresponding to iron dissolution please understand you have a cathodic kinetics corresponding to H plus giving rise to hydrogen iron has got two kinetics for the zinc to dissolve which of the two kinetics influence very severely yeah hydrogen evolution iron is severely affecting that means the beta C the beta C of hydrogen evolution and iron is severely affecting this agreed then look at from the zinc point of view which the kinetics of zinc is affecting the galvanic corrosion of zinc zinc has two kinetics couple kinetics one is hydrogen evolution on zinc right other is a zinc dissolution zinc to zinc 2 plus right two double slopes beta C for zinc dissolution and beta A for the I am sorry beta beta C for the hydrogen evolution on zinc and beta A which is the oxidation of zinc taking place beta is ok so the beta A of zinc is getting influenced more please notice the beta C of the noble metal I can generalize it when I say noble I mean relative noble so the beta C of the relative noble metal beta C of the relative noble metal and beta A of the relatively active metal decide the galvanic corrosion rate can you say that actually the beta C of the the act of the of the relative noble metal beta A of the relatively active metal decides the galvanic corrosion rate right similarly the I naught of the I naught for the cathodic reaction of the noble metal is more important than the I naught of the cathodic reaction of the relatively active metals similarly you talk about I naught of the metal oxidation to metal reduction you talk about it is more for the active metal than for the relatively noble battles so this this this diagram this diagram what you see here this diagram see here it talks about what are the governing factors for controlling the galvanic corrosion can you predict the corrosion rate can you do it if I give you this these all the double parameters exchange currency is it possible for you to calculate by solving the equation what will be the corrosion rate of of of iron before coupling with zinc and after coupling with zinc is it possible to do that by solving the equations are not possible to do that I want to answer from you possible possible so it is possible to calculate the corrosion rates based on the mixed differential theory based on the Evans diagram what will be the corrosion rate of the galvanic couple okay in two different metals are existing at all all we need are the independent governing equations yeah that is right you can add one more complication what happens suppose I have also in the system it is unique question when when metal is corroding in water you still have so you need to add one more complication to that right add one more to this you can solve the equation right you can write algorithm and solve it it is not that difficult for you to do this in fact people do it is not that in academic exercise people do in the field how the corrosion are taking place in the galvanic conditions right so it is possible people do it because there are practical problems existing in the field okay so they use these governing equations to solve the galvanic interaction between the two different metals are done actually okay to say then what kind of a life is possible all this you can do this with this equation I hope you are able to get this clarity in this Evans diagram if not you please have a look at this go through more closely if you have any problem you please do let me know okay if you understood this Evans diagram I think you have understood almost all the complex Evans diagrams that are possible in the corrosion processes of metals whether galvanically taking place taking place by correct process fitting process all all are following the Evans diagram the kinetics of that actually okay if you are clear and if you have any questions we can move forward okay anybody has any questions please let me know yeah how do we get the line corresponding to the total anodic reaction in the given graph huh what do you do see the current varies with respect to the potential right so what I do let's take the case here let's take this one this corresponds to what this corresponds to iron dissolution this is the equilibrium potential when I move the potential to higher value suppose I move the potential I move it to here for example I move to this place okay this corresponds to this how do I get this the travel line right eta is equal to plus beta log I by I cannot I can calculate I know equilibrium potential I know applied potentials I can calculate right so I get this line I get this line now at this given potentials suppose let's take this particular potentials I know this is the amount of current for and dissolution this is the current for zinc dissolution there is a total current I am going to get suppose I take iron and take zinc together and pass current apply same potential by using a meter that is a total current I will get it so I simply added these two okay and in a graphical way but you can also do it by solving the equations by applying various potentials right you know the equilibrium potentials you can keep on at different potentials you can able to do that okay so graphically you can do this you can also do by having writing a proper algorithm and and getting these values without any problems okay so that is what I have done it okay see I have not added here please see here below this is only one current and above this only the current goes up right so I have just done a simply a simple common I would say should understanding that how this will work at all actually yeah see please here this is a log scale the log scale this is you know may marginal means it is a log value right assume that it is 10 power minus 4 and this 10 power minus 3 you added what happens so you will be you know 10 power minus 4 10 power minus 3 is going to be a thousand thousand one for example okay so so in graphically speaking it is a log scale if it is a linear scale you would have just pushed equally right so it is a log scale here that is why you are getting this small variation otherwise it is a significant variation that you are seeing that okay of course compared to this this is small variation no doubt because a log scale at all okay so please notice that this is a log scale that is why we we have added here okay only small in fact if you look at more closely you may not even go to this valley it must be just touching the line only because you know it is 10 power 10 power 3 times higher so he is going to go into that the third decimal point so it is going to be less only actually okay so basically you know it is a log scale that is what it is yeah there is a cell you move okay so this is how you understand and you can predict the calculate the the corrosion rate of of of the of the metals let us make it a little bit more complex assume that the system is passivating you know the passive systems are you know can you give an example of a passive passive system stainless steel in maybe in sulphuric acid okay titanium cannot be okay let's make the the case of a stainless steel in a natural solution it is derated it is not aerated so what happens in that case it undergoes what it undergoes active passive transitions you've seen somewhere before but is different way of interpreting today okay so stainless steel the aerated acids I am not talking about pitting at all just talk of passivation okay let's take this what I am going to do okay so this is corroding here the metal is undergoing this is let us say I naught H plus H on stainless steel okay this is an active passive dissolution and you guys know that it is it is an I car this is your to make it pictorially I say take in a material acid they say sulphuric acid they will do sulphuric acid stainless steel so this is the car if I measure with a reference electrode and I get this e car and if you carry out polarization diagram all you get something like this actually what I will do I am going to now insert a platinum and I am going to short this what do you think will happen now in order to know what to do happen what you should do now I should draw platinum so I should do one for platinum what I have done for this I do one for platinum okay I do something so what do you do you just some of these two so what do you think happens now corrosion decreases right the corrosion rate significantly decreases because of the galvanic action right so you can see that that the corrosion rate moves from there to this is due to what it is due to I car of stainless steel understood for some reason assume that the line is going to line somewhere here assume that line is going to somewhere here what happened what will happen increases so depends upon what extent the exchange condensate is increasing the exchange condensate is not increasing adequately you could have a situation where the corrosion rate could increase right let us go to the situation here now is moved from here to this does it does it reflect something we discussed earlier is it cathodic protection is the potential is moving cathodic it is moving anodic right the potential is moving anodic so it is similar to anodic protection in anodic protection you are applying an external current by a by a by a potential stat here you just use a platinum the platinum can enable okay the the fascination of metals possible I am not saying doing but it is possible that you can do if this current is adequate enough to cross the nose of the right nose of this particular particular polarization curve that does of course is critical right so it is possible to do this okay and this is happening in order here this happens in the case of titanium and platinum it happens in the case of titanium and platinum we can take a titanium the reason is that the EP is quite low for that is very low the critical condensate for titanium to pass version becomes very small so you do not need so much of so much of current required okay so the platinum it does help so titanium platinum is a well-known example of industrial use industry it is used really obviously used industrially I just give a different okay people do this called as titanium platinum alloys okay here small quantities of type of small quantities platinum is alloyed you make an alloy the metallurgy is no right you take titanium put platinum to that you melt it and this undergoes persuasion how does it go I have let us say okay and I this is your titanium alloy and I have very small amount of platinum that I have how does it work initially in this case okay as I told you before I have this initially what happens you get something like that now as the titanium dissolves what happens platinum gets enriched okay now what happens as a titanium getting enriched what will happen to this this line this line will start alright this will move as titanium gets corroded and platinum gets enriched so what will happen in this case at beyond certain point the platinum will spontaneous beyond certain point the titanium will spontaneously pass it I do not need to pass any external current okay because of this so you do not put too much of platinum in the beginning you put small platinum okay as the titanium dissolves enrichment of platinum occurs and and so the the cathodic curves are shifting towards right side and ultimately need to pass fashion corrosion right isn't it with mechanical action the titanium and platinum will go together right it do not remain platinum also it just get knocked off because platinum is noble it does not dissolve it remains on the surface and so it gets enriched okay so and this is called as this is called this term for this is called as noble metal alloying mostly sulfuric acid reduction reaction is hydrogen only in sulfuric acid right what is reduction reaction is a hydrogen reduction reaction actually right yeah yeah of course you can you can put a platinum and I just simplified all this actually okay so this you can say if you want is called as a noble metal alloying and so this the principle is like this only so what do you need to look at here is analyze the situation okay how does the galvanic interaction works okay it could work if it is going to be purely noble metal and active metal two different active metals or you can have a noble metal and a passive metal the passive metal and the active metal you know you can have all kind of combination they do not have to worry we just have to draw the immense diagram and then find out what is the resultant galvanic corrosion can happen in the metal actually okay so that is the way you should proceed in calculating computing the corrosion rate of the galvanic couples okay is it is it clear to you okay so far we have seen the influence of electrochemical factors on the galvanic corrosion of two dissimilar metals if I can summarize what are the factors that one should look into when you are computing the galvanic corrosion I think that will be very useful the following factors electrochemical factors we have seen three different cases active metal and a noble metal two active metals in another case a passive system and a noble metal combinations if I summarize okay what are the governing kinetics in each case we can say that the cathodic kinetics of what metal you think which of the two the noble or active metal will will influence the galvanic corrosion the cathodic kinetics of which one the noble metal okay of noble metal to the anodic kinetics of which of the two okay I will put it as active or I called as relatively active that way you can even call this noble or what you call it or relatively noble right noble or it could be relatively noble when you say this kinetics what do you mean by that what are the parameters you think the broad right kinetics means what are the parameters you think what are the things that will take into account the kinetic parameters are what one the exchange current density to what is that it is the equilibrium potentials or you may even call it as a corrosion potentials what else third table slopes right. So, so you if you can look for these informations with respect to the relatively active metal and relatively noble metal and you get these parameters you can you can calculate what can be the galvanic corrosion rate of the relatively active metal right. So, that can be can be done without much of a difficulty any any questions here okay.


Navalny's body stolen. There is evidence. Media Zona Media Outlet found out that on the night of February the 16th to the 17th, a motorcade of the Federal Penitentiary Service was driving along the road from the town of Labit Nangi, the nearest town to the colony where Russian oppositionist Alexei Navalny was kept, towards Salikard. Journalists assumed that this motorcade could be transporting Navalny's body. The journalists gained access to the CCTV cameras between Labit Nangi of the Settlement of Karp, where the colony is located, and Salikard. As the journalists explained, in winter these two towns, lying on opposite sides of the Ob River, are connected by an ice crossing and if you exclude the helicopter, this is the only way out of the colony. Around midnight on February the 16th to the 17th, a motorcade consisting of two traffic police cars, one leading and one trailing, a grey sedan with civilian plates and a UAZ, Bukankar, minibus with two green stripes appeared at the crossing. According to the journalists, these are the vehicles of the Federal Penitentiary Service. The convoy was travelling much slower than other vehicles at the crossing, the journalists said. After crossing the river, it moved towards Salikard, but it was impossible to trace its further path. The website did not see any other similar convoys on the cameras over the previous few days. Journalists assumed that this very motorcade was carrying Navalny's body from the colony of Salikard and that it was deliberately hidden from his relatives.


I saw someone they were okay look at this I've been collecting the red boost yeah this is really cool shall we try to kill something I think I think we should let's try to kill stumps now let's just see how much damages does so my attack total right now is 1850 wow so these do 37 damage which is a lot it's so cool you get like infinite focus wow 248 240 get some super crits this is so much fun so hard to get all I like how they go up over the field that's all I'm gonna say red is just gonna be okay this is really high critical chance look at this the super crit 33 critical chance 70 poggers attack I alright so that's what it's like with 50 precision v's I think we shall um oh wow look at all this purple so yeah you won't ever see anything like this in main game you really won't that's the thing like this is so much so it looks like super crit does not work for attack so much beams oh my god this might be a good way of farming ability tokens I don't know if it's like more or if these actually even count towards ability tokens but this is insane yeah you'll you'll never see something like this in main game that's for sure but these purple numbers are so cool yeah it's so cool oh wow so what's this this is 43% super crit alright so I'm gonna lose my super crit so I think there's one thing that we should do next let me just put together a quick little attack hive and we'll see we'll see what we can do so I'm gonna go for like 10 spices probably if I can get if I can get them how come it it's almost like if you want well if you want one mythic you just don't get it like when I was rolling for all these all these precise bees I can tell you for a fact I didn't get four in a row alright so I'm just rolling for this last bee now but I think I've put together an attack hive I didn't use spices because okay I got the rage so my base attack right now is 1983 and I also don't have a lion so let's see how high we can get our crit chance they're all going up they're all going up at once oh my so um I'm really excited to see how this like changes red hives because in its in their current state you need a lot of Riley bees but these make so many boost tokens that you're not gonna need Riley's like you're gonna need one for the thing well maybe I can get some crit chance from beans I don't know if they still give it but maybe the super crit dynamic so right here we can get 83% critical chance that's insane imagine 83% critical chance while boosting that would be actually broken but once again go for some more critical chance with jelly beans oh yep okay so I'm at I should be at 86 if we can get in three precise marks all the tokens every single one look at all these so many precise marks geez it's too bad that super crit doesn't work with attack but I guess it makes sense why it doesn't let me just say it this is by far the coolest bee ever it seriously is it's so cool really excited for this to come to main game like I'm a white hive but um like this this will work in a white hive too oh I got a lot of stuff there a lot of super crits it's hard to get all of it at once because if they're too spread out if you don't have haste you just can't all right I got nine times I'm getting really close to 10 sometimes you just have a bunch of bat batches of um these critical precise marks all right so I'm I think I'm gonna call it here that's my video on having 50 of these new super cool like I can't stress it enough these are so cool and oh my goodness my my attack total is high right now um yeah this is these are super cool bees like seriously they're they're so cool thank thank you for watching


this is our forearm stand. And for forearm stand we obviously need to feel some decent range in that positioning over head, taking the shoulder 인 definedosition. However because Iím on my forearm's the position is far more challenging to then compensate elsewhere in the body like you tend to find your doing a hand stand where you can then maybe go into a little bit more of a banana back to hide any sort of limitations of ability. So give this one a go weíre going to setup on the ground First of all, just going on into a forearm plank. So I'm going to take my forearms down, hands flat, and if I just bring my hands across to my elbows, that's going to be the correct anatomical position for us to begin in. And then all I'm going to do from here is take the legs back and hold the forearm plank. From here, now what I want to do is start to walk the feet up. I'm trying to go as high as possible and then walk them back down again. And that's just setting up that base position. There may be some limitation in your shoulders which is then making your hands spin in a little bit. And what you can then do is actually mix up the grip so we can try interlacing the fingers, pressing the palms together, walking the hips up.  You're going to wrap the shoulders and push down. The next variation is maybe palms together feels better for you. So, again, press the palms together onto the forearms, lift the hips, walk up, push down. So that's just that starting position to see, first of all, can I make that shape with my shoulders and my hands on the floor and then can I get my hips high enough? If you're really struggling to set up one of those base positions and you want to have your hands down, you can use something as simple as a book or a yoga block and just place that between the hands. And now from there that's going to stop my hands spinning in, you're going to be able to add a bit of resistance by squeezing that book between the hands as well. So then lift the hips from here. From there I'm going to raise one leg up and think about pulling this bottom foot off the ground.  You don't have to be able to go into that full hold straight away and just find which grip you prefer for the base of that forearm. So then to go in, set that position, lift the hips high, tuck the bottom leg in, push down and find that forearm stand. Maybe just one leg tucked in or maybe going all the way to the top. So that's our forearm stand. Have a play with any of the variations of the grips that we went through to find that positioning and obviously as we're going up we can actually try just tucking one leg in to find that little bit easier essentially and then bring it up to both legs being up and overhead. Just remember to really push and wrap through the shoulders, push down as hard as you can into the floor, grow nice and tall and have fun playing with your forearm stand.


This is the Energy Weapons Talk. There's been a few changes. So I'm going to go pretty quickly through here. We're pretty short on time. So there's going to be a chance at the end for any questions you have. If it's a good one, go ahead and interrupt me and I'll try and answer it, but keep it short. The basic idea. We've got how to go here. Starting off with some kind of energy. Probably wall current, maybe batteries. Who knows what it is. You want to do something with it. You don't want to just throw a battery at whatever you're trying to attack. That's not going to do a whole lot. I mean, yeah, that's a kinetic energy weapon. Okay, I admit it. But I'm saved. So you have some effect in mind. Sometimes you just want to disrupt the operation of whatever you're attacking. Sometimes you want to actually permanently destroy it. Obviously disrupting the function of something is easier than destroying it in most cases. Sometimes it's a lot easier to destroy. But you're going to have to get your weapon or get your energy downrange somehow. We've got a lot of different types of energy that you can use in a weapon. A lot of these you're already familiar with. Kinetic weapons. Guns, knives. Let me go backwards here. I did not mean to hit that. So you're all familiar with kinetic weapons. I'm not going to talk about them today. I don't think you need that. Chemical and thermal weapons. You're here in Las Vegas. You know about thermal weapons. Chemical. We're talking about bombs, acid, stuff like that. Who cares about that? But there's sonic weapons. There's a lot you can do just with sound waves. You can... There's current weapons in existence that, for instance, the gut buster. This is... All it does is output a nice loud sound at a low pitch. Carefully tuned low pitch, admittedly. And it makes you nauseous. It's a pretty damn simple weapon. But I'm also not going to talk about that. Lasers, way too expensive. We're trying to talk about doing things cheaply here. Yeah, you can play around with lasers, but not on our budget. So that pretty much leaves us with radio weapons. You can...  Either you're going to bring the weapon itself to the target and use an area effect... Excuse me? Use an area effect kind of weapon. It's going to affect everything near the weapon. It's very wide. You don't really have much choice about what's going to get affected. And you can't deliver a whole lot of energy to a specific target unless you get really close. Directed weapons... Okay, you don't have to be right on top of your target, but... You can't affect a whole range of targets at the same time. We can get energy from a lot of different sources. Molecular bonds, that's slow. You all know about acid batteries. There we've got some almost molecular bonds working there. Fire, you know about that. Electric magnetic fields is really what we're going to want to deal with here. We're talking about radio. Radio is already electromagnetic radiation. Electric magnetic fields, that's right up our alley. It's going to be a really easy thing to work with. And I'm going to spend most of the talk discussing how to manipulate those. Specifically, we have radio waves. It's just another photon, just like light. It's a self-perpetuating field. You can start with one field, an electric field. That's going to collapse and create a magnetic field. That collapses, creates the original electric field again. And that's how it propagates downrange. So you've got to make sure whatever target you're going for, you're going to be able to get these kinds of energy fields downrange. Don't try and go through metal walls. It's not going to work. Neither electric nor magnetic stuff is going to get down there. In order to do a lot of damage once that energy gets down there, we want to have a lot of energy generally in a short time. So whatever form we're starting with, storing our energy, we want to be able to release it quickly. That's the fast release forms I'm talking about here. Batteries are slow. So we can start off with batteries, but we're going to have to convert it into another form that we can release more quickly. Basics about RF radiation. All photons are generated by accelerating some kind of charge. Maybe it's electron, maybe it's proton, maybe it's an ion. Who knows? At some kind of charge, we're going to accelerate. We can accelerate these charges lots of different ways. It doesn't take a whole lot of creativity. There's a lot we can do with it. And we have control over the spectrum. There's a lot of details about the spectrum that I'm going to go into. So how to accelerate? We start off the charge. It's going to flow down a wire generally in our electric circuit. If we bend that wire, then the charges have to accelerate and go around the bend. And as that current flows around the bend, it's going to emit photons. It's probably really low frequency, but they're going to be emitted. We can control the bend, the current, and other characteristics of the circuit to control the type of energy that we're going to emit from this bend. That brings us to antennas. This basic bent wire is the most basic form of antennae you can think of. A lot of you have already seen them. They're called dipole antennas. Start with a conductor going straight and then bend it 90 degrees out. And that bend right there has a lot of effect over how you radiate energy. So it looks like a big T, this antenna. You're feeding energy up the shaft and out along the sides. And the lengths of the wires, what you make the wires out of, is going to control how well you're able to radiate energy. The biggest thing that we're going to look at with the spectrum of a radio signal is coupling. We need to get our energy into the target. The target is going to have some kind of electrical or magnetic characteristics which will control how well it's able to pick up energy. We're radiating energy. The better we're able to match the energy that we radiate to what the target can pick up, the more energy the target will pick up. Basically, when we're coming down, looking at any radio weapon, it's just a big transformer. It's an air gap transformer. We've got a coil somewhere generating a magnetic field. We've got a coil somewhere else which happens to be the target. And we're going to couple energy between those two. A lot of the control for how this coupling works will be the resonance of both the generator and the target. If you're looking at a computer, for instance, we've got motherboards sitting in a case. That case, more times than not, especially in the U.S. with the FCC regulations, is going to be a metal case because it has to. It's going to have ventilation holes in it. We can get radio energy into that case. That nice big metal case is going to resonate at some frequency. That's a cavity resonator. And generally, this rectangular case is going to resonate at a lot of different frequencies because it's not... How many of you have seen a computer in a spherical case? That's really the only time it'll resonate at one frequency. If you look at a cubical case, a rectangular case, anything like that, look at the sizes of this case. The width, the height, the depth. These sizes are going to tell you what frequencies it'll resonate at. And I'm not going to get into the formulas there. It's basic high school physics. Pick up any physics textbook from high school and you can get all the formulas you want to calculate the resonance of this computer case. But these cavities, which resonate for us, they're just special cases of waveguides. If I have a resonating cavity and I open both ends, I can channel energy from one end over to the other. It's guiding the wave, these radio energy, along the cavity. Radar systems typically use waveguides to channel energy from whatever the generator is to your antenna. We're using these big dish radar antennas. Well, there's a waveguide plugging into the back of that thing. And if we're careful, we can use these waveguides and cavities in order to not just generate our own energy, but direct it properly. So I'll get to that a little more when I come to some concrete examples. SNR is a signal-to-noise ratio. Now, signal-to-noise ratio, we have... I spoke about the cavity of this computer case resonating at certain frequencies. For the purposes of our weapons, those resonant frequencies are the signal. We want to get as much of that energy over to the target as possible. Whatever we have on other frequencies is just going to be thrown away. It's wasted energy. So we'd like to be able to tune our weapons to these frequencies, but unless we know the target ahead of time, we aren't going to know its resonant frequencies ahead of time, so it's a trade-off here. Either we have a broad band of energy that we're transmitting, and we're going to waste a whole lot of it, but we'll be able to affect a lot more equipment. Or we're very finely tuned, and we can only affect a few different machines. So, when I direct energy at a cavity, or even an electronic circuit, I'm driving that circuit with my energy. My energy is coming in, and it's going to try and impose an oscillation inside that cavity or in that electric circuit. It's driven resonance, really. Some of you have taken electronics, some of you have taken physics, and you know about the resonance of RC circuits or LC circuits under a driven source. I'm driving a signal onto that, and it's going to resonate at certain frequencies. Generally, that's different from the frequency that the circuit will resonate at if it's hit with an impulse. It's not always different, but generally it is. This is another decision we have to make with our weapon. Are we going to continuously bombard the target with energy, or are we just going to hit it with one big pulse? Now, if we want to bombard it with a lot of energy for an extended period, we've got to be able to generate a lot of energy. That's a really hard thing to do. On the other hand, with really cheap and basically wimpy components, you can generate a large impulse very easily. That's going to be our preferred method. You're going to deliver however much energy you have in a very short time. That's an impulse. You have the same energy, whether you're doing it as an impulse or spread out, but the power is a lot higher. Power is energy divided by time. The shorter length of time I can deliver that energy, the more power is delivered. Now, a lot of circuits, when you want to disrupt them or destroy them, it's really the energy that counts. It's not the power, but you can get a lot more into the circuit by using an impulse, but generally the circuit is going to change its operation slightly when we start driving it. Let's say we have a computer. It's got these long address lines. These are wires. They have corners. They have bends. They're all antennas. If I start driving a signal at it and I manage to couple that signal into those address lines, the computer's going to crash. It's not going to be destroyed. It's just going to crash. All the computers are operating differently. It's no longer running quake. It's just sitting there. It's doing nothing. And now all of a sudden, that driven signal that I was trying to couple onto the computer very well may not work anymore. So now I'm not going to couple any more energy in there. I've done nothing. On the other hand, if I hit it with a big impulse, then I couple my energy onto that wire and before any protective devices can take effect, they all take a little time to do their job. Before they can do that, I can damage transistors. I can damage diodes. Maybe I can blow some fuses. Who knows? This is going to be permanent damage. You aren't going to get around that. If I blow a fuse, sure. Okay, fine. Somebody can get in there and just replace the fuse. But if I blow one of the transistors on your CPU core, you ain't coming back. So we have... I need to generate some kind of signal that I want to send out when I'm eventually going to send down range is coming from some signal that I've... I'm generating somehow. That's for the purpose of this talk, the transmitter. It's generating whatever signal is eventually going to be converted into a whole bunch of photons shooting out by antenna. We can use a resonance circuit like I have on the left. This is a classic tank circuit. It's... We have a capacitor right there and we have an inductor over there. Really cheap radio shat components. You can get them 50 cents, no problem. The capacitor is going to build up energy in electric field. Eventually it'll collapse, sending energy over towards this inductor, which will collect that energy in a magnetic field. That'll collapse, sending the energy back over to the capacitor, which is going to create an electric field again, and that's going to just bounce back and forth. The size of this inductor in this capacitor and the parasitic resistance of this circuit will control how it resonates. I'll talk about parasitic resistance a little later. You guys saw the frame. Heat good. I mean heat bad. Cold good. That's the parasitics page. So this circuit, on the other hand, I can't generate impulses with it. We've already decided impulses are a good thing. So this is useless to me. If I was a military contractor with millions of dollars to spend, I could use this to do something. But I don't. So I like spark gaps. Spark gaps are wonderful things. I have a wire here and I have some kind of shell coming around it. That shell is not connected to the wire. If I pump charges through this wire, once I build up enough of a voltage, it'll jump across that gap right there. And that will cause the inside of this cavity to resonate. We're back to the resonating again. That energy will be able to come out the open end here. This is a spark gap transmitter. It's a wonderful thing. It's a very broadband device. I can send out energy on a whole lot of frequencies with this thing, mostly controlled by the width of this cavity, not the length of it, the width. So the wider this cavity, the lower frequency I'm going to send out. And if I use really sloppy construction on this cavity, I can send out energy on a whole lot of different frequencies. That spark will deliver whatever I want. All I have to do is send a DC current across that spark, just let it go. And as soon as that spark starts and as soon as it stops, I get a nice big pulse of photons and impulse. So I have to have some kind of power supply. Probably batteries, probably the wall. Who knows what it's going to be? It's going to give me energy that doesn't do what I want. I'm going to run that through some kind of signal generator and some kind of transmitter to generate energy in the form that I like. It's going to be an impulse if I want it to be an impulse. It's going to be a widespread burst of power if I want that. And it's going to have the frequencies that I'm interested in. Then of course I have to shove it out an antenna. It doesn't do much to have the energy and just sit on it. I've got to send it to my target. Antenna design is a very complex subject. It's way beyond this talk. But we can use waveguides, these resonant cavities I was talking about before. All we have to do, go back here one, that cavity there is functioning as a waveguide. The signal is going to resonate in here and come right out the end here. That's waveguide. It's channeling my energy. I'm going to have pretty much a conical beam of energy coming out of this thing. Wherever I point that, that's what's going to get the radio signal that I'm sending. So the military has a lot of money to spend. We don't really care about them. They have too much money. This right here is something Lynn Schwartau likes to tell us a lot about. This is a current multiplier. I send a current in here and I detonate this explosive. The current is going to run through this coil. These and these are all one coil. It's a kind of cross section here. Wrapped around the whole device. This right here is a copper sleeve around the explosive. If I start the explosive burning on this end, it's going to shove that sleeve against these wires and short it out. That inductor, the inductance of this device is going to change as this copper sleeve contacts these wires. But I have the same magnetic field. It's an inductor. It's going to generate an inductor as a device. It trades off magnetic energy with a current going through it. If I know the energy and I know the inductance, I can tell you what that magnetic field is. On the other hand, if all of a sudden I change the inductance, I've still got the same magnetic field, the current is going to have to change. That's how this device works. It's used as an explosive. It's a one-shot device. What do we want for it? This, on the other hand, is a nice cheap device. You can use it as much as you want. This is a resonant cavity made from a standard old copper pipe you can get in your hardware store. I have an automotive spark plug drilled in through the end here. This is my spark gap. The same thing I was talking about before, except I went down to Craig and spent 35 cents, got a spark plug. There's my spark gap. This spark in the cavity is going to generate energy, or I should say it's going to condition the energy that I feed to this spark plug. That's going to bounce around inside this cavity. The size of the cavity is going to control the frequency. I have, once again, a cross-section here. These are coils that I just wound myself. They pick up the energy that's resonating inside the pipe. I send it to a standard old cell phone antenna stuck on the back window of my car. If I drive this wire right here off of the ignition coil from my engine, this is going to sit here sparking.  If this pipe is the right size for cellular phone signals, then I have a bunch of really nasty, noisy, disgusting radio energy coming out of this antenna, and anybody trying to talk it on the cell phone near me isn't going to work. Their call is going to get disconnected. They're going to get a really noisy sound at best if they're on an analog phone, if they're on a digital phone, they're just going to drop. And that scumbag who's in the fast lane speeding up and slowing down with his cell phone pinned to his head is suddenly going to be off the conversation. Where did I go? And that only cost me 40 bucks. But a more interesting example is what we call the radio blast cannon. This is a much higher energy device. The purpose of this device is to make a computer release all its magic smoke, nice little puff of smoke, maybe some sparks. Who knows, it's a spectacle. It's supposed to look nice. This is not disrupting a circuit. This is destroying a circuit. Just in case you didn't know, that cell phone jammer is an example of disrupting. This is destroyed. We have a stack of batteries. How do you get batteries?  Really cheap. Get a lot of energy storage in that pallet of car batteries. This is an inductor. This particular inductor is the difficult part of the radio blast cannon. I'm going to get to that. Right here, we have our old friend, the spark gap in the cavity. In this particular case, the spark gap doesn't exist yet. I have the switch for this whole circuit is to yank this wire here. Pull it out. All of a sudden I have a spark gap, and all that energy in this inductor is going to get pumped across that spark gap in one nice big pulse. More quickly, I can pull that wire out the tighter my pulse is going to be, which means I'm going to deliver a lot more power. If I can get this all in one millisecond, that coil that I've designed is going to deliver a megawatt coming out that cavity right there. Now, it's only one kilojoule. A joule is a measure of energy. Only one kilojoule sitting in this inductor. Now, those of you who know what a joule is are going to say, only one kilojoule?  What crack is he even smoking?  So, once again, coming back to our high school physics textbooks, you can find out what inductance a inductor is going to have. You can sit here and wind your own inductor on a metal rod and get some inductance. You're going to know ahead of time if you've done the math. It's not very complex. You don't need any calculus for this thing. Simple algebra. This particular inductor that I have is a 10 Henry inductor. Henry is a measure of inductance. And that really tells me how strong the magnetic field is that I'm going to generate from this inductor. If I know the current going through there and I know the inductance, I know the magnetic field. With that 10 Henry inductor, if I'm able to put 10 amps through the coil, I have enough magnetic energy there so that I'm storing a kilojoule. I want to emit that in a millisecond so I can get my one megawatt pulse. Now, we've got a problem here. Every circuit has parasitics. I don't care how well you do it. I don't care what ideal world you're in. There's going to be parasitics in there. So you're going to lose some of that energy. Not all of it is going to go downfield. The best you can really manage in any radio circuit is 50% efficiency. It sounds bad, but it's actually pretty good. That means half of the energy that you're trying to emit is actually going to go where you want to go. The rest of it's going to be heat. The rest of it's going to be maybe sound. It depends on how you've built this circuit. There's lots of sources of waste. So if I actually make my goal, I'm only going to send half a megawatt downrange.  Commercial radio stations are only a couple megawatts usually. In this thing, with one megawatt going downrange, it's going to pretty much take out any computer you want to look at if it's at the right range. If you were looking at this little laptop here with terrible shielding, I can probably have this maybe 100 yards downrange and this thing's going to be fried by this radio blast cannon. On the other hand, if I look at a really well-shielded commercial machine like the old Macintosh. I'm not talking about the Mac Classic. I'm talking about the original 1980s Macintosh. It's got great shielding on that thing. I probably have to be 10 feet away. Still, I can go through a concrete wall if I want to. No problem. Concrete's not a conductor. Maybe my desktop PC 50 feet, 30 feet, who knows? Who made it? What kind of shell it has? I don't know. If it's plugged in, it's got that shell as grounded. That's going to be a lot closer to being a Faraday cage. It's going to be able to survive this energy a lot closer. But the important thing is I've got my energy. It's going downrange. It's going to hit my target. There's a lot of energy. This inductor, on the other hand, is a source of a lot of problems. Like I said, it's a 10 Henry inductor, and I want it to handle 10 amps. I don't care how small my parasitic is. In fact, in this particular coil, it's 6 ohms of resistance. That's DC resistance. 6 ohms is not a whole lot, but when you talk about sit 10 amps going through that, that's a lot of energy that I'm losing. It's wasted. It's heat. Also, 10 Henrys is going to take a lot of time for me to build up this magnetic field. With my pallet of Costco car batteries, I've calculated it's going to take 4 hours for me to charge up this magnetic field. So, the best I can possibly do with this is firing it once every 4 hours. It's going to take longer than that because these batteries are going to be dead at the end of this.  And this coil is thick. It's got a lot of layers of wire on it. That nice little 10 Henry inductor uses 3 kilometers of copper wire. Now, that's expensive. Why am I over there? That's the majority of this $400. I had to go out and buy a big spool of copper wire. I got a quantity discount, but it's still a lot of money and it's heavy. And in spite of the fact that it's being copper, I had to get an insulator on that wire. Otherwise, I don't have an inductor. I just have a big slug of metal. That insulation means I can't shed this heat, this waste heat very well. So I have to find a way to do that. The method I came up with... They're out of order. The method I came up with is you can go down to Osh and get yourself some nice little copper tubes. Just a quarter inch diameter. They don't have to be very big. While you're winding this inductor and spending a couple of weeks doing it, 3 kilometers, you can put these copper tubes in the coil. The whole point of this is to pump water through the inductor. Now, water's got a problem. It boils at 212 Fahrenheit. So I don't want it to get above 212 Fahrenheit. There's an easy way to avoid that. An automotive cooling system. Go down to your handy-dandy junkyard and get that Dodge Dart radiator for 50 bucks. Hook it up to those nice copper tubes that you have running through this inductor. Fill it up with water. And don't forget your 50% ethylene glycol. And use a water pump. Regular old automotive water pump. That Dodge Dart is nice. It had a separate water pump. It's not going to be open. I can just pull that thing off the car. It's sure it's heavy, but it's cheap. It's a junkyard. All I have to do is hook up an electric motor to spin the water pump. Now I have a nice pressurized water cooling system on my 10 Henry coil. And I have a nice source of batteries that I can run that electric water pump on. So back again to inductors and capacitors. I already talked about we have these inductors. I put a current through there. I'm going to generate a magnetic field. Capacitors are very similar. I put a voltage across it. And I have an electric field. Inductors like to maintain the current going through them.  Capacitors like to maintain the voltage across them.  That's energy in those fields, those electric field, that magnetic field. That's energy storage. And it's got an advantage. These inductors and capacitors, I can dump the energy out of those fields pretty quickly. I can't change the fields very quickly as I mentioned before. There's a four hour charge time on the inductor for that arbok. So it's slow to build up, but I can get the energy out quickly. That's not true of batteries. So I like storing energy in these things. Now that spark gap transmitter that we've been talking about needs currents. That's why I use an inductor in the radio blast cannon. On the other hand, if I had some kind of transmitter that wanted a voltage somehow, I'd use a capacitor. They're completely symmetric. If you want a voltage, use your capacitors. If you want a current, use your inductors. You can treat them identically, just swap current and voltage. So we've got that inductor trying to maintain a current through this spark gap. It's got a lot of energy to work with. When I yank that wire out of the cavity, the current immediately stops. The inductor doesn't like that. So it's going to start pulling energy out of the magnetic field to start the current going again. Eventually, it's going to succeed. And at that point, I have a lot of radial energy coming out of this thing. That spark is my transmitter. So back to those parasitics. We know you always have to waste.  This inductor, it's got resistance. It's generating heat. We don't like that. We're going to get rid of it with cooling. We like that. There are other kinds of parasitics you can have. Capacitances. If I have two wires going next to each other, there's going to be capacitance between them. If I have a long wire, it's got its own inductance. When I run a current through that, it's going to try and maintain that current just on its own, because that current is generating a magnetic field around the inductor. Most of you should have done by now the take a nail, wrap a wire around it, and watch the iron filings line up. That's the magnetic field around this conductor. In most of these nice, cheap circuits, you don't care about the parasitic capacitance. That's good, because they're hard to control.   But the important thing is you're wasting energy, and that's where that 50% is going to disappear. In the arbok, it's the resistance that's killing us. That's that cooling the inductor slide. So I've already talked about where to get a lot of parts. Radio Shack has a terrible selection, but it's convenient. It's got OK prices. So it's got my stamp of approval. Junkyards really have my stamp of approval. They charge you by weight. That's good. Electronic suppliers. Well, you can get pretty much anything you want there. That's nice, especially if you live in a big town. If you live in Bumfau, Idaho, you don't have an electronic supplier nearby. So then you stuck going to electronic suppliers mail order. Well, you guys saw the title slide of my presentation.  You don't want to do mail order. You get on lists. Feds like lists. We don't like lists. So that brings us to electronic surplus. They have a lot of nice fun toys that electronic suppliers have, but no lists. And a lot of their stuff at the electronic suppliers comes from the 50s, the 60s, when people like to deal with big inductors and big capacitors and fat wires. We like that. They're also cheap. Military surplus. Well, you can't get a whole lot of electronic components for military surplus, but that rundown Jeep probably has a radiator in it. Maybe it's got an ignition coil. Or we can look at the radios you can buy from military surplus. Really, if it gets down to it, I have a Yezu FT-50R. It's a little handheld radio. It's only five watts. But with the right target, that's a radio weapon. In fact, if I key up that Yezu next to this laptop, this laptop crashes. Like I said, this laptop is pretty lame, but any handheld is going to emit that radio energy. All you have to do is get the right range, get the right distance, or get the right frequency, I should say, and the right power. That's what's going to do it. I know somebody who will remain unnamed who modified a ham rig so that he could continue tuning it while he was keyed up. So he could push the transmit button and tune it. And he discovered that each of the big three cars, GM, Chevrolet, GM, Ford, and Chrysler have fundamental resonant frequencies in the engine circuitry. We have a spark plug. When that's turned off, it's a capacitor. We have spark plug wires. Well, all cars these days use resistive wires. We have a resonant RC circuit there. If that engine is trying to fire, it's trying to run a particular type of signal, admittedly a real sloppy one, but a particular type of signal along that circuit.  It's not going to destroy the car. It's just going to disrupt it.  And he knows all three frequencies for the big three cars. Of course, there's all these people out there who've gone and changed their spark plugs and their spark plug wires, now using solid core spark plug wires. A lot less resistance. Well, that frequency is going to change. But it just shows to illustrate a standard, very slightly modified hammer egg you can pick up in any store that you can use it as a radio weapon. It doesn't take a whole lot there. That's electronic suppliers. And I can keep on talking. But does anybody have any questions first? Anything that I've glossed over that I've lost you on? Actual physical dimensions. Actual physical dimensions for which? Well, yeah. What? The weight chamber. The resonant chambers. The Arbok uses a big industrial coffee can as its resonant chamber. You go down to Costco, Price Club, something like that. You get the nice industrial-sized 50-pound coffee can. Empty it out, drill a couple holes, you have a resonant chamber. It's cheap. It's sloppy. We like sloppy. In the back there? Solenoids. I made reference to the nail with the wire wrapped around it, lining up the nice iron filings. What I can do instead is suppose that nail isn't tightly attached to this wire. I've got a gap there. And I've got a spring on it. When I turn on this start running current through that wire, I'll set up a particular magnetic field through that nail. If I try to suddenly change that current, we have a new path that the inductor can discharge its energy along. It can still try and restore the current, but there's another path. It's a parasitic path, but in this case we like that. It can move the nail. It's creating ended currents inside the nail, blah, blah, blah, and advanced physics, but that's the solenoid. I can control this current along a metal rod core and pull that in and out. You can buy solenoids from RadioShack. You can buy them from the surplus stores. Some of them are fast, some of them are slow. You have to be careful to choose the one you want, but they say on the package how fast they can operate. And you don't need a very big spark gap. You only need a little tiny gap to stop that current. So you don't have to move it very far. Sure, you can get a slow solenoid and still satisfy all the needs you want. Next, are you right there? Electronic locks? A little bit. Electronic locks that are built by smart companies have a nasty feature.  This isn't Hollywood. They don't just open up on you.  A good example is a lot of commercial buildings these days use magnetic locks on the doors, especially on glass doors. They'll have these big, huge panes of glass that are hinged. And up at the top corner, you can see little metal plates. Behind those plates, what you can't see unless the door is open, is a magnet. It's an electromagnet. In the magnetic field, you can make the door open up. Now, energy weapons really aren't the way to do that. How magnets are. Put a car magnet up against there and a lot of times that magnetic lock will release. But we get back to the fire regulations. There's got to be a way when the system fails for it to open up. And it is going to open up. This isn't a lock that's going to stay locked when it fails. And if you can find a way, find a target to hit with your energy weapon, you can make it fail that way. You just have to find that target. Next. In the orange shirt. Repeat the part after sound generated. You actually need to elaborate on the heat and sound. Is that it? Well, the sound is usually generated by capacitance. Parasitic capacitors. And it really needs oscillating signals. This arbok doesn't have much in the way of oscillating signals. So it doesn't generate a whole lot of sound. It can generate sound because if you put too much energy through a spark gap, then all of a sudden you have a plasma ball. And, well, that's fun. It's pretty, just a little expensive. So the biggest part is the heat coming off that coil. I mentioned we have half of our energy is disappearing there. It's 500 joules is being dissipated from that coil. And I have to keep that water running, circulating the whole time, or just like your automobile when the water pump fails, my arbok is going to overheat. The insulation in my inductor is going to melt down, and I've got a short. So, yes, it's dangerous. It's a lot of heat. That's why I've got the coolant there. And this can come into play in anything that you do. In fact, it will come into play in anything you do. Some of you have used Eric's and telephones. When you talk on one of those for a long time, your ear gets hot. It's not because it's cooking your brain. It's waste heat from the electronics under the earpiece. And you're feeling that in your ear. It's uncomfortable. It's a lot of waste heat. Those telephones, those little tiny telephones, they dump out a lot of energy. They don't really have a good way to handle it, so it's uncomfortable. But a telephone, well, sometimes a cell phone can be a weapon, like with this laptop. In the way back there. For which one? The radio blast cannon? Yeah, the radio blast cannon. Okay, the question is, why did I choose an inductor rather than a high-voltage capacitor for the radio blast cannon? And the answer is, first, the current. This is a current-controlled device. The whole point is, I want... I'm going to open up this spark gap and disrupt the current. Opening a spark gap isn't going to change any voltage across the device at all. It's going to change a current. So I want an energy storage device, a fast-acting energy storage device that's going to respond to this current. That change in current is the signal to my energy storage device, hey, dump your energy now. And inductors do that. High-voltage capacitors don't do that. Yes? Concentrated protection or a big metal plate, is that right? Ferticages are really nice things. They're cheap, too. If some of you have heard of Van Eck monitoring, and a lot of you have heard of the government programs to protect against them. Basically, all those government programs boil down to building really nice ferriticages. A ferriticage is just a conductive shell. If I have a shell around something that's a good conductor, there is not going to be any electric or magnetic field inside that shell that's imposed from the outside. Now, I can generate one inside there, but we're talking about an energy weapon. I'm going to be generating this field inside. As long as I can have a good conductor in my shell, I'm going to have pretty good protection. The better the conductor, the better protection. Copper is a good conductor. Steel is a lot better than glass, but it's not as nice as copper. A lot of computer cases are made out of steel, so you don't have as good a protection. But you can buy copper shells. You can buy gold-plated gaskets to run around the edges to improve the contact between the pieces of your shell. You can also not piss off anybody who has a radio blast can. Right there in... Yeah. They'll blow what? Yep. What kind of voltage am I talking about to what? These are just car batteries here. Each one is 12 volts, but I have a lot of parasitic resistance there. So in order to get 10 amps going through there, once again, we're back to the high school physics. E equals IR. The more resistance, the more voltage I have to have to match that same current. In this application, we're talking about 11 car batteries in series. So I've got 132 volts. Car batteries. Some of you think car batteries are full-chain volts. That's only true when they're charging off of a car. By their own, they're 12 volts. So they've got 11 of them. That's 132 volts. And the only reason I have the extra voltage there is for the water pump. Now I don't know yet whether or not that's enough extra energy to the water pump and the coil. I still have to spec that part. That design part is done, and that's the actual characterizing. Well, we get back to changing an inductance. I can make that charge time go down a lot. The question that was asked, is there anything that can be done to reduce... I assume you're more interested in reducing the charge time. Is there anything that can be done to reduce the charge time on that inductor from four hours? The complex... Well, there's two... The both complex, the more complex one, is to alter the geometry of the inductor as I charge it. So if I start off with a small inductance, I can get up to a large current pretty quickly. Most of this charge time here is that the inductor starting off with no magnetic field, and I'm trying to run 10 amps through it. The inductor is going to resist that by taking energy out of this incoming current and sticking it into the magnetic field. So what I do instead is I can start off with a lower inductance. And it's going to be able to build up the appropriate magnetic field much more quickly, because it's less energy in that magnetic field. And then I can change the geometry of the inductor so that as it charges, I build more inductance into the system. And that's one way I can speed up the charge time. The other time is I can vary the current. Instead of starting off trying to run 10 amps through it, which is what I do right now, I can start off trying to shove 100 amps down its throat. And it's going to build up the magnetic field a lot more quickly. And I can't do that when I get near the end of the charge time. I'm going to have to reduce that current. I'm going to build up the magnetic field for what I'm trying to do, and my batteries aren't going to survive. Question there? Okay, the question was instead of having the moving parts to change the inductance, can I have multiple inductors, multiple smaller inductors to work with? And the answer is yes, but the energy storage in inductors in the magnetic field. So in order to be able to dump my full kilojoule when I want to do it, I've got to make sure I've got a single magnetic field. What I'm going to be switching here in that circuit that you've proposed is the geometry of the magnetic field. I'm starting off with three separate magnetic fields and I want to bring those together so that I have a single magnetic field running through these coils. And that way I can have effectively one larger inductor. And that's a hard thing to do. Yes, I can do it, but it's a lot easier to do that electronically rather than magnetically or rather than physically. So I mean, yeah, it's a possible thing. You're getting into raising the cost again. So we're trying to keep this inexpensive. Right there by the projector? Yeah, yeah. What's that? I have fired a weaker prototype. I have fired that. I have not fired the actual radio blast cannon that I've described here. On the edge there, you had your hand up for a while. I was reading some reports and I guess it was a unity test of the energy weapons using large magnetrons of the water. They had some pretty impressive results. What would stop the home taker from using my surplus microwave parts and have a cluster of magnetrons that would be useful to it that way? The question was he's read about the military using clusters of large magnetrons that are water cooled to produce a lot of radio output. And how come the home experimenter can't really use that tactic? Well, there's a couple of reasons. First, the magnetrons are very inefficient devices. Now, a magnetron for those of you who don't know, this is the device inside a microwave oven that generates the energy that cooks your food. Now, it's radio energy, just like everything else we've been talking about today, but it's at a very tight frequency. The magnetron works just like the spark gap in a cavity that I've talked about before. But the magnetrons themselves, that device isn't all that efficient and it's very expensive. I can go out, the cheapest way for me to buy a magnetron right now is to buy a complete microwave oven and just strip the magnetron out. I can get a microwave oven for like $75. What if you go to a garage sailing or go to a food warehouse and you pick up like 10 microwaves for $5 each? Yeah, that's true. That's true. That would work real well. I should add grub sales to my suppliers list. But then we come to the other problem with magnetrons. Magnetrons are very tightly tuned. I can't produce a nice sloppy signal coming out of a magnetron. So if I happen to be targeting a device that's very well shielded at that frequency, I'm going to do nothing to it. Now, on the other hand, if my target is a raw potato, it's going to cook real fast. Because these microwave magnetrons are tuned to the frequency, the resonant frequency of a water molecule. Now, here we are in Las Vegas. It's been real humid the whole time we've been here. There's a lot of water molecules in the air. That magnetron-based device isn't going to do anything but heat up the air. Yeah, some of the energy is going to get through to the target, but not as much as we'd like. Lewis, I remember you having a military test for a bit, and testing results like dead naming, landmines for three miles, and all kinds of crazy stuff. What kind of power were you working with? Have you heard of the test? I haven't heard of the test. I'm just assuming that everything you've told me is accurate. Yes, it's a credible claim. Yeah, the military could do that. But once again, back to slide number four, military has oodles of money to play with. So, they can do it. Right there?  It only takes a dozen milliamps to stop a heart. That's it. But you've got to get it to the heart. Skin is a relatively good insulator. Blood is not. Blood is a great conductor. So, that 10 amps, if I'm going to try and run 10 amps through my body, yeah, it's going to mess me up real bad. It's probably going to kill me. Come down to an amp, that's still going to kill me. And it's going to be painful to boot. But if I can drop this whole circuit down to maybe 200 milliamps, 300 milliamps, that's fine. And that brings us to the cell phone jammer. That's where that operates. In the back, the striped tie-dye. If I think what? It sounds like you're asking, how do you tell if a computer has been damaged while it's been turned off? Is that true? Well, the radio blast cannon, my intended target is computers that are turned on. Because they have more sparks. But the... when it's turned off, I can still damage it. And, yes, unless something critical happens, I mean, really critical, letting a lot of magic smoke out, you aren't going to know it until you try and turn the computer on. And it's a lot easier to damage a computer that's turned on, because we have CMOS circuits use transistors. Or use CMOS transistors, which are controlled by a gate. There's a capacitor there. And these circuits, these transistors are going to turn on and off, changing their conductance. If the computer's turned off, then those transistors aren't switching for me. So I can get to more places in the computer while the computer's turned on. Right there? Yeah. Right. Okay, the question was have I done any experiments as to the effect that changing the geometry of my resonant chamber would have on the effectiveness of my device? The corollary assertion he made is that my spark gap is spitting out energy at a lot of frequencies, which is absolutely true. And this resonant cavity is going to accentuate some frequency, so I'm losing a lot of the energy that is being produced by my spark gap. It's not going to go down field. And it's absolutely true. Some of my energy is going to be lost that way. But we get into plasma physics here. Some of that energy is going to be reabsorbed by the spark, and it's going to have a chance to be re-emitted again. So I don't lose as much energy as you would expect. Plus, I have a nice sloppy coffee can. So I'm getting a lot of energy out at different frequencies, which is precisely what I want. A tightly tuned cannon. With the cellphone jammer, I did a lot of experiments about changing the geometry. I changed the position in the size of that pickup coil that I had around the spark gap. I played around with grounding the shell of the resonant cavity or leaving it open. A lot of different things about that. And yes, that can have a very large effect. But once again, it's tuned to a specific application. As long as I know what my target is while I'm designing the weapon, yes, I can tune the weapon to that target and produce a much better effect. But the radio blast cannon I'm trying to hit a wide variety. So I really can't tune that ahead of time. I want it to be as sloppy as possible. Right there behind the right here. Thank you for asking that question. I wish you were plant. The question was, what are the laws that affect energy weapons of this kind? And that brings us into the whole political issue of the whole experimenter. We all know, well certainly all the Americans here, remember way back when a certain congressman's cell phone call was recorded and broadcast and re-broadcast and re-broadcast and he didn't like that. So we have some laws on the books now. Not only is it illegal to listen to cell phones, it's also illegal to produce a device which is capable of disrupting cell phone communications.  You can't even produce the device.  And of course we have FCC licensing things. The FCC license frequency ranges and if you transmit above a certain power within those bands then you can get in trouble from the FCC.  Who wants to deal with that kind of stuff?  So there's other political issues involved here as well. All of this information I've presented is from high school physics textbooks. Now if you look at the popular press if there's any popular press president they actually choose to discuss this seminar they're going to talk about these evil hackers who are using all this arcane knowledge it's not arcane at all. This is basic high school elementary physics. They can get rid of it as soon as physics is no longer taught in high school and I sure hope that's not going to happen. People will try to limit things like that. A whole keeping track of who checks out books from libraries of certain sensitive subjects things like that and there's a lot that the government can do to make your life miserable without worrying about the law. Yes, well let's see if there's somebody who hasn't asked a question yet. Okay, go ahead. It depends. If you have a really good Faraday cage it doesn't need to be grounded. It's a conductor, that's all that matters. So I can get into the, now for Faraday cages, yeah we have to talk about calculus unfortunately. Talking about integrating Maxwell's equations across the surface and the volume of the Faraday cage and that's evil. You don't really want to be dealing with that. If you've got a nasty poor shield, then a lot of times it does indeed help to ground it because you've got a Faraday cage which is this big metal object I hit it with a lot of radio energy some of that energy is going to couple into the shield, into the cage. If that can't be dissipated then some of it is going to be re-radiated inside the cage. And the big deal about that is the sheet resistance of the cage. Gold has a really low sheet resistance. Steel has a relatively high sheet resistance. Illuminum has a huge sheet resistance. And the higher that sheet resistance, the deeper those charges when I impose energy on the Faraday cage free electrons in that metal are going to start moving around and the higher the resistance the deeper those free electrons are going to move. If they get to the inside surface then I have radiation inside my Faraday cage. The higher the resistance the thinner the cage the more energy I impose on the cage the better the chances those charges are going to get to the inner surface where they can re-radiate. If I ground the cage then I can slough a lot of this energy off down through the ground into the planet. And the planet's a great conductor. It's wonderful.  So I can shove a whole lot of energy down there and that protects those electrons so they don't have to get deep into the cage. They aren't bouncing against each other as horribly. Anybody next? In the back there. What was that? Yes. Radio weapons can generate biological effects on human beings. Human beings are electronic devices. We have a nervous system. We have a blood system. It's a really good conductor of the blood. And these each neuron is controlled by the voltage between the surrounding fluid and the inner fluids inside that neuron. If I can change that I can change the action of that neuron. Now of course with this kind of stuff that I'm talking about here you don't have any pinpoint control here. You can't say that neuron fire now. But you can disrupt a lot. There is an effect that most of you should have experienced. I'd be really amazed if any of you haven't. It's called a phosphine image.  And they're totally fake. They result purely because the change in phosphor permeability of the neurons in your optical nerve bundle right back here. You press on your eyes you're increasing the pressure you're changing that. I can change it as well with a whole lot of radio energy. So if I hit you with a bunch of radio energy I've changed the voltage across those neurons. The phosphor conductivity is going to change. You're going to see phosphine images. I don't know how much it takes. I don't know what frequency it's going to really want. I really don't want to be the target of something like that. So the answer is yes, the theory is there to say that you can produce a whole lot of different varied biological effects with radio weapons. As to whether or not you'll ever find somebody who will admit to experimenting on it I'd say no. Right there. I've heard there's actually that's researched out of the easiest way to learn this. Okay. Are you ready? Well, it's a lot of... It wasn't really a question. The statement was that he's heard of experiments with... Were those radio weapons or sonic weapons? It's an ultrasonic. Yeah, I can believe that. It was about energy weapons that can mess with your inner ear. Specifically, he was talking about ultrasonic weapons. And it would make you lose your balance, maybe fall over things like that. And yes, absolutely. It's completely credible. The whole point of the ear is to couple sonic energy. That's why it's there. And it's really good at doing it. So if I shove energy, sonic energy down your ear canal I can make all sorts of different things happen. And your inner ear is right there. I've got some bones around it. Bone is also a good conductor of sound. I can do all sorts of stuff with... Well, I'm saying I in the hypothetical generic sense here. Do all sorts of things with those kinds of ultrasonic weapons. And it's just like the buttguster. All we're doing here is we're trying to impose a sound which is resonant with your gastrointestinal tract. And it works. It's not too hard. It goes from close to 16 hertz, but I didn't say that. Okay. So I just got to... I can only really take one more question before we have to start going to the next seminar. Right there. Okay. You're asking about the radio reflectivity of the average human body. Okay. Well... There has been a little bit that I'm aware of, but mostly it's at exotic frequencies. This kind of stuff that I'm talking about is pretty low frequency. It's regular old radio stuff. We're talking about hundreds of megahertz, things like that. But the few little exotics experiments I've heard of about actually trying to get a radar cross section on the human body are pretty up there. We're almost talking daylight here. So it's good that you can get a really great radar cross section on the human body with ultraviolet light or infrared light or a purple light bulb or this laser pointer. It works real well. But down here at the really easy light radio frequencies, no. The biggest problem with it is that down at the radio frequencies, human beings are tiny. If an object is smaller than half a wavelength of the energy, you get really terrible coupling. And okay, if I'm going to signal at you it's 40 meters long, and a couple much. So I have to get up to some size where you are large compared to that signal.  So, that's it.