I think it's best that you use the mighty ones, also be recorded and so on. So I celebrate the rupture, intellectual and creative practice, rather than try to suggest any kind of relationship between them. And so I'm going to, here's what I'm going to do. I'm going to read from this book that I wrote. That is a scholarly book that came out this year, 2017, called Writing in the Modern Stage, Theater Beyond Drama, Cambridge University Press. Costs like $100 copy. So your local library is a great source for this book. And then if the timer's going to go off, then I'm just going to switch and start reading from a play. OK, practice. In his 1999 book, Certain Fragments, director Tim Etchells describes, quote, the spectacle of new playwrights at a 1997 conference in London's Royal Court Theater. The writer's biggest, almost only, topic of conversation seemed to be long quantifications on the understanding of a comma. Hard for me to understand, he continues dryly, having never much cared for punctuation, never cared much for playwrights. Etchells is the founder and artistic director of Forged Entertainment, the United Kingdom's highest profile experimental theater company. He's also a writer, and the essay that contains these remarks on performance writing expands on the kind of text that might ultimately make those pedantic playwrights obsolete. This is theater's newfound, quote, gaveling voice composed of scraps and layers, Fragments, quotations. In this thing, the essay makes a case for the theatrical power of writing, something Etchells's subsequent work has never stopped exploring. And yet he seems to dismiss the playwrights for taking the writing of writing its literary mechanics too much to heart. How directors and actors can't understand a comma these days, the terrible shame of it. The implication, of course, is that directors and actors have more important and exciting things to worry about. If a writer wants to hang with theater's advanced guard, she better put down her MLA guide and jump into the fray. As a fan of Etchells, but a playwright myself, I come back to this passage now and then with mixed feelings. Its relatively good humor dig caps off a century of related gestures, often more evident, for artelal playwrights were human snakes. And a number of other artists and theorists have offered their own variations on the theme of dethroning, demoting, or outwitting the playwright, thereby setting theater free. By the turn of the millennium, this trajectory had collapsed into common sense from the Berlin artistic director rolling her eyes at the text theater to the U.S. grantmaker explaining that putting on plays isn't normally considered an experimental practice.  In America, they keep on streaming through MFA programs and their work finds appreciative audiences in regional theaters throughout the country and off Broadway. But rightly or wrongly, there's not a theater that often gets called experimental and it's not a theater that tours internationally on the circuit where forced entertainment and other European artists cross paths with downtown New York companies like the Worcester Group Elevator Repair Service and Nature Theater of Oklahoma. Well, I don't want to contribute to the reification of this divide and at the risk of aligning some real innovations. I think it is still accurate to say that the theater of big budget American plays is largely though not entirely governed by a realist dramaturgy that evokes the storytelling norms of movies and TV. This means that young artists who feel alienated from mainstream cultural production and deeply attracted to the self-conscious experimentation of the last centuries avant-garde are likely to find themselves drawn to the other fields of theater, even when they are writers. Anyway, that's what happened to me for a while in my 20s in New York and more briefly in Berlin. I tried characterizing the things I was writing and directing as performance pieces, vaguely hoping this would affiliate me with the avant-garde companies I admired, but no one was fooled. Their plays, I still stand by the claim to affiliation, but I stopped pretending not to be a playwright and someone who does care a lot about comments, and I've learned that Gertrude Stein cared a lot about them too. This book is an attempt to understand what it can mean to be an experimental playwright now by investigating what it meant for certain writers at the beginning, middle, and end of the 20th century. More broadly, however, this book is about the relationship between theater and literature. It's my contention that the study of theater today would do well to turn toward the literary, not least because the suggestions sound so perverse. How could this be anything but a critical regression? The recognition that writing is just one of theater's many materials has been getting brought home to us with such force and for so long that it's hard to imagine seriously thinking otherwise. But theater discourse still seems to suffer from its own version of the medial panic Rebecca Schneider has observed among performance artists in the world of visual art who, quote, go out of their way to say that their work is not theater and not dance. Ironically, we in theater keep doing something similar, continuing to reiterate that real theater is not literature. Writing may still have a role to play, but will repeatedly be reminded that the text is no longer in charge. Such accounts of contemporary innovation have met with criticism from scholars who challenged the assumption that dramatic theater or any theater could really have been dominated by text in the first place. In drama between poetry and performance, W.B. Worthen points out that he teaches at Columbia at Barnard, I guess, well, quote. He points out that, quote, this vision of post-traumatic theater, which is to say contemporary experimental theater, begs the question, is a text always or ever staged in this way, translated in some direct manner into speech and depiction, defamation and illustration? In other words, could theater ever have been sort of subordinate to a theater text? And he argues that the answer is no, that a play text can only ever be in an agency, as he says, or tool of performance, and performance will always exceed and support the written word it draws into its event. Dramatic theater was never a fundamentally literary form, so it makes no sense to conceive a post-traumatic break from literature. Worthen reads a series of canonical plays showing how they algebraize the fact that text is something performance uses in this vision. Performance subverts, exceeds, and outpaces text that every turn as a specific kind of doing that lives outside the text and cannot be kept captive to its writ. It's hard to overstate the importance of such interventions amidst a critical discourse that often seems to privilege automatically whatever work does not begin with a writer or take a dramatic text as its basis. One feels that arguments like Worthen still haven't quite been heard as they should. In this book, I'll take a different tack, however, prompted by an equally striking convergence that joins scholars like Worthen and Bennett to other post-traumatic critics that they all emphasize what text doesn't do. Our field now seems to require the gesture of diminishing the script, as if the best reply to complaints like Echols or Artos were something like, don't worry, the playwrights know they aren't really running the show. In order to refute the notion that text theater is inherently outdated or conservative, its scholars assure us that in theater the text does not come out on top. They share a vision of theater as something that inherently eludes or exceeds writing. It's a vision I want to challenge. This book is about writing as a disruptive theatrical force in its own right. In the following chapters, I examine 20th century texts that do theatrical work on the page. I don't just mean that they are especially crafted for performance, although many of them are, or that they engage with the subject of theater, although all of them do. Rather, I'm saying that these words, posit, simulate, and situate themselves in moments of theatrical performance in order to discover the rifts and insufficiencies of those moments. They enact a heightened negativity. A specifically utopian response to the heightened actuality of presentness that has often seemed to distinguish performance from other kinds of art. In doing this, they turn the theater into a place where the determining force of how things are here and now can be confronted and shaken. They do so not by presenting an alternative world, but by variously attacking, exploding, hyperboleizing, and contesting the present as such. This possibility depends on the reference to performance. It's only in relation to the prospect of theatrical enactment in a concrete space and time that the texts can work this way. But in performance, their writtenness is never superseded. It's as writing that they make theater logic a complaint against the here and now. What these texts share is a perception that writing can pollute in the theatrical project of contesting the present as such, wielding a negativity that attacks itself as what is. Space thinks something, something, something, Macwellman writes of theater. Time thinks this will kill that. As we'll see, well, I mean, I probably won't, but as we'll see in James and Stein, Henry James and Bertrand Stein, theatrical space can attack the something, something, something of time too. Such assaults take place in the name of something else. And what will this new sky look like?  Through their negative theatrics, these texts strain against the world as we have lived it, as we are living in. This study tries to trace their furious blossomings. Oh, great. Got time remaining, so I'm gonna strip ahead to the second half of the book. So the writers that I talk about in this book, Henry James, Bertrand Stein, Sandra Beckett, Susan Lerner Parks, Macwellman, who I just quoted, and then in the middle of that, there's a little passage on the Elevator Repair Service show, Gats, where they performed and read the entirety of the great Gats view, Fitzgerald. So I'll just read from that for a couple of moments, because I think, I feel like the chances are that of the six of you, maybe more of you, have experienced that work than any of the others that I'm writing about, so here we go. The silly word faithfulness, Gats. When ERS performed Gats in Zurich in 2006, a favorable review appeared in the Togges on Sydom. Its headline proclaimed the rebirth of textual fidelity, in the body of the review, however, the critic, Toby Müller, who has also worked as a dramaturg at Berlin's Volksbühne, puts the matter differently. The silly word Beck-Toyer, or faithfulness, it doesn't exist, every step on the stage is a step away from the text, this is Müller talking. So the silly word Beck-Toyer, open parentheses, it doesn't exist, every step on the stage is a step away from the text, closed parentheses, is it once slavishly fulfilled and again contested by the production he writes. That Gats could move a reviewer to paradox is perhaps less remarkable than its power to summon the discredited concept of faithfulness to the text at all. Indeed Müller hastens to disavow this Beck with notion before he's even finished the sentence that both invokes and contradicts it. Could it be that his parenthetical self-interruption betrays a certain critical anxiety which undercuts the common sense certainty, which undercuts the common sense certainty as contents would convey, Jesus. Silly word, faithfulness is just a fairy tale proclaims the grown-up critic a little too loudly. So Gats is a staging of Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, not a stage adaptation in the familiar sense but a marathon performance in which we hear every word of the novel. The show is set in an anonymous office where a man who can't get his computer to start played by Scott Shepard discovers the novel in his Rolodex. He starts reading it out loud, eventually all 13 performers embody characters from the story and speak those characters' words while Shepard takes the part of the narrator, Nick. Unlike ERS's The Sound and the Fury in which a copy of Faulkner's novel circulates between performers and Gats, Shepard has the paperback through almost all of the show while other performers speak from memory. It's a staple of downtown war, however, that after years of touring, Shepard, quote, actually knows the whole book by heart. A fact the company confirms on its website. The phrase, by heart turns out to have a particular resonance for what seems to be going on in Gats. Multiple reviewers have described the piece as an exercise in love. Did I just say the pizza? What is that? Yeah, it's okay. Alexander Kedves in the Noyos issue at Sightwing refers to the company's, quote, stormy affair with the novel. Jason Xenoman in The New York Times describes the show as, quote, a rather earnest love letter to the book. This critical tendency is all the more remarkable considering that Gats is hardly dominated by Emery's affect. But you'll never know what. So now I'm gonna read from a current play that I'm working on, that we're working on, a company, my theater company, Minor Theater. Whose other members are, Ashtabeni Haas, Sutter, Ben Williams, and Jenny Seastone. We are working on this play, which I am writing. It is an adaptation of Fedra by Rossine and also some other favorite plays. I'm gonna read from some monologues and some scenes, and when scenes occur, I'm gonna be joined by Hannah Novak, herself something of a star in a downtown theater scene. But I'm just gonna start by reading what I think maybe would be the beginning of this play. Oh, I should say it's Fedra, but it's also, it's a teen drama, like Pretty Little Liars. Not like Big Little Lies, but like Pretty Little Liars, or Heathers, maybe, or Hopes, Jesus, that would be cool. All right. So in this early scene, a woman named Rosario, middle-aged woman, sitting on the couch watching a stand-up comedy special on TV, and we hear the comedy special, and this is what we hear. Imagine that I'm a man, like Ben Williams or some other man, okay.  Wait, wait, I know. So I went to this wedding, guy's wedding, good guy, and it was in a country wedding out on the lawn, very pretty, we all stayed in cabins and scattered laughter from the crowd. I know, okay, but what really got to me was the way everybody was, like, all night long, just talking about their feelings.  So there they are, this wedding, everyone making speeches and crying and going on and on about how wonderful and how important you are to me and I thought, oh, it'd be my turn, you know? When will it be time for the crowd to attend to this black thing, this melting lobe, this cancer? And I thought, if they think they know love, if they think they've felt the arrow of their respectable careers and their memberships and their friends, if you still have friends, then you're not in love. If you can brush your hair and wash your face and step out into the sunlight and tell everyone that it's not love, you've never known it, you're too good for it and if it comes to you someday, you won't be ready so you'd better hope it never comes. Okay, so this is a scene. So in this play, the kids that go to high school it's in like the desert Southwest, like El Paso or something. They're doing, they're working on a performance of Phaedra in French class because in all teen dramas there's always a performance of the play. So this is my translation of Russine's text as that thing. Okay, so this is Phaedra and when it's act one, scene three from Phaedra. Stop, oh it's in her stamina, let's six beats per line. Stop, I can't, my eyes. If I take a step I'll be sick, I'll go blind. When I try to throw up, my eyeballs start swelling like crazy, they'll explode.  It's nighttime, right? It's dark, but is that because we're indoors? I'd like to stand in the sun one more time before I hang myself. I always thought I'd die in the summer. Why don't you tell me what's bothering you? You'll feel better. You've found that right in my face. Try me, it's too awful. Then I don't know what to do. You're making it impossible. Not just for me, but for everyone who cares about you. They wouldn't care if they knew. If I told you the truth, you'd time my news yourself and take away the chair. Come to think of it, you may need to do those things anyway, I don't have to worry with all. Don't hold your breath. Right, you'd be too busy barfing. It's not nighttime, it's noon, there's the sun, look. Phaedra looks at the sun. She stares at it. Winon gets worried and pulls Phaedra's face away. It's him, he's under my eyelids. Who? My, oh, clever. Clever?  The one thing I want in the world is to help you and protect you. It's what I'm good at. Well, things have changed. There's nothing you can do for me now. That's mean. Mean? I don't know, I'm losing track. Winon tries to look up at the sun, she can't. Are you in love? Love? With who? Phaedra looks off across the garden. Winon follows her gaze and gags. Okay, so now we're back to modern times. And the play is a bunch of things that includes a lot of scenes of grownups basically preying on children. I mean, I just sort of gave it away. But anyway, this is an early scene, so not much is gonna happen, don't worry. But this is, I'm Rosario, I'm the grownup woman and Hannah's gonna play a young man named Alan, who's 18 years old. So, we're in a hardware store and Alan works there and I'm a customer and I'm hunting around in my purse. And this is not Xamarin. Oh man, I know they're in here because I put them in this morning. They're in like an envelope. Hang on, how's your day going? Not bad, that's good. She rummages. How's Betsy? Who? I'm sorry, is not your dog's name? I don't have a dog. Oh, oh, that's, it's the other guy, sorry. I think Horny has a doperman. No, no, I was thinking of the kid who works at the Albertsons. He's got a dog named Betsy, nice dog, like a hunting dog, a hound. I don't know him. No, I know him. And I know you, that's the connection. Jesus. He looks like me? Yeah, he does.  Let me see your hands. Why? Just hold them up. Yeah, nice big hands. He's actually not so, he's got one of those uni browns, otherwise good looking kid, but you know, my money's on you. What? It's just an expression. Shouldn't you be in school? I finished last year. Really? Congratulations. Thanks. Did you have a key uni?  Rosario starts taking things out and putting them on the counter, a bottle of pills, a paperback book, a phone, a small handheld fan. Finally she finds the key inside of all that paper towel and a score. How many? Just one. Actually no, three. He turns around a shriek of the key cutting machine. She watches, he makes the second key, shriek of the machine. Actually, I think just make five. Five? Yeah, because you know, these Connie wants to give them to her friends. He makes three more keys and hands them to her. Thanks. No problem. Have a nice day. Do you want one? What? Do you want one of these pills? I just, they're either relaxing. I mean, not for right now, not for having a machine, but I just got a refill, so there's. What is it? Xanax. Oh, that's okay. What, what did you want? Something else? I have other stuff at the house. Nah, what's it called? Oh, not podium, but it's light podium. Is it fake podium? Oh, what's it called? That's okay, ma'am. I really, yeah, sorry. I don't know what I'm, just, you've been so patient. I wanted to show my appreciation. It's my job. Well, it's good to be good at your job. She gathers up the stuff and puts it back in my purse except the fan, which she forgets. Thanks, Alan. See you next time. Alan turns on a fan, turns it off. Turns it on again and tries touching the blade while it spins. Ow. I hear more ancient stuff and more modern stuff. Raise your hand for ancient. Raise your hand for modern. You like that's modern, okay? We're gonna be modern. So now I'm the same person. Now she's a kind of a mean girl named Clara, who's friends with my daughter. Okay, we're in a car, driving in the desert. Thanks for the ride on Soilo's mom. You can call me Mizzaro. Sorry, the heat's not working. There's a blanket in the back. I'm fine. You sure your parents are okay with you meeting your boyfriend out here? Totally. They know about the Star Map. My mom was gonna drive me herself, but I messed up the scheduling. You can totally call her and ask her. That's okay, my mom kind of scares me. She's the one with the really good nails, right? Yeah, I just messed up the scheduling. You girls have a lot on your minds. No joke. Those teachers have you running around like Mexicans. Yeah. Your parents bugging you all the time about college? Not really. Well, kind of. They want me to do activities. Like volleyball? No, that's Millie.  Sorry. Well, activities, you know, it's not a bad idea. Not just for college, but for your own mental hygiene. I like Sudoku. Oh, wait, the numbers? I know, it's really dorky. My grandma got me into it. She was real good at it. She's dead. That's sweet. You're right. Well, thanks for the ride. No problem, any time.  I don't want to keep you. You've been really nice, Rosario. I don't feel right leaving you out here alone. It's okay, no one ever comes here. There's mountain lines. Oh, I don't know. I think there's like one and it hangs out by the kindergarten. There's never just one of anything, but I think you've learned about that in bio. Bio's next year. What's his name? Ted. He's in your year. He know. Yeah, but he goes to Los Anizos. The girls there all like bleach their hair, which is super dumb, I think. Like, no one thinks that's your natural hair.  So we like, he was like, I like your hair. And that was before I cut it. I think it looks good short, you know, guys like long hair because they can grab you or whatever. But he was like, I think it's cool that you're proud of who you are naturally. This family is really religious.  Ha ha, yeah. But it's nice too, because he's like gentle. My last boyfriend, I don't know if you met him. He was not. But Miss, Ted, he's an artist. He does creative nonfiction. What's that? Writing about yourself, but it's like poetic. Well, whatever you're into, it doesn't matter what anyone else thinks. It's a personal choice. I know, yeah. Consuelo's really lucky. Why? Oh, thanks, Millie. I'm Clara. Of course, of course, I'm sorry. Guess I'm a little stressed out too. It's okay. I'm sorry about your husband being in jail and stuff. Does Tony talk to you about that? Well, we're really close. She never brings it up at home. I figured she must have more interesting things to think about. She seemed really freaked out when she told me. You never know what that one. Where's this Ted? Hey, do you ever do like rituals? Come again? Oh, just like invocations, pottery should. Do I do invocations? What made you ask that? It's just something I think is interesting. Do you do it? Oh no, I don't know how to make anything happen or whatever. That is very powerful stuff you're messing with. I'm not really. I was just curious, just asking. I don't ever do it. Well, that's good because you shouldn't. It's incredibly dangerous. How did you learn? Everyone knows that. I don't, I ask. I'm sorry. Don't apologize. It's not your fault. It's this place.  Ha ha, yeah. That's what Mr. Goder thinks. Who? Ted. I mean, no, someone else. Does Ted make you call him Mr.? No, it's someone else. Clara, is Ted a teacher? No. Oh gross. I said no in your howl. I turned 16 already. It's the age of content. We looked it up. You're not pregnant, are you? No.  God, I'm not pregnant. Damn. I don't know. Please don't tell. I should just take him home. What? No. No. He'd be really worried and freaked out if I'm not here. He really cares about me. He's really nice. That's great for you. What about me? Um, what? What do I get if I don't tell? What? What do you want?  I have one minute. Is that corresponding? No. I'm going to read a little monologue that is adapted from the play again. This is favor talking. Oh yes. And I still burn for him. But not the way he is.  No. But how he was before, a dog at his side, gun in his hand, eyes done empty except for the thing they seek, the way a shark swims after a newborn whale all night, a wolf chases a rabbit through the snow. You're like that, a perfect hunter.  How you find it, how you run, how your back is straight when you stand, how your eyes get colorless, how the things you say are simple and hard. Where were you when we showed up on our shores that night? Why weren't you standing next to him then, holding the leash? You would have whispered a joke in my ear and pulled me aside and shown me the map of the stars that you keep in your pocket, holding it up against the sky. I wouldn't have let my sister go to the movies with you. I would have broken her nose if she'd come anywhere near to you. I would have made it easy. You can have me, I'd say, or you can have no one. Thanks. Best of all this year. Thank you so much to Julia for being here and sharing some of her work with us. That was great. If you want to talk to her about it, I think she's working on it. You might find her out and about. Right now, we actually need to do a very quick change of her in this space for the next piece. We're running a little behind. But if you want to wait outside the El Vashlabi for just a few minutes, you can do that. And we'll be back with you in about 15 minutes. Thank you so much.


Calvin Magic in peppers Somebody else take it For the ball just go anywhere like it literally goes anywhere on the pitch. That's the car. I know But that's why debo is just like Too short, dude. Have you ever seen me run a sea route and it like works? Yeah, I don't see think this formation is like So good try to block these dudes. Are they that good? All right, you got one man and streamer You don't want to have dinner with give me the one man streamer. You're not having dinner with No matter what least least man streamer on the list me.  What? Okay, lie. I'll take I'll take I'll take I'll take Journey, I mean, you know Now journey cool journey show Earl dude Earl would have coms Do I cry chat? Do you guys take me as a crier? Am I a crier in Madden? I mean during the game. I might cry I might cry during the game But after the game I fly be over with it But then I feel like the dentist is eating like steak and potatoes for dinner. No salt. No pepper. Just taking potatoes Just like whole potatoes. I feel like gulf fox might just eat a whole potato baked potato like not even like open it up Just just eat that Full playbook diversity. Why is what I'm asking like why? So what you want me to do is use the plays that don't work No, I'm serious. I'm like this is serious question cuz y'all the ones that watch the stream like Magic in peppers Somebody else take it For the ball just go anywhere like it literally goes anywhere on the pitch Where's the RSA a lot of plays work? I mean, yeah, but why would like my point is like why would I run that one that don't work as well? You know what I'm saying? I want that hard flat to guard that wheel. He's on a zero I didn't run that at us or one step and got fried. No, but like what what plays do you run? I'm having a serious conversation. I mean, he might be trolling and just being toxic, but like once he motions out No, it's really I mean football is just like kind of a scheme and like the same concepts out of different formations different motions Things like that, you know at the end of the day people run a streaks and slants really Oh, you understand the best plays like no trolling but like But hard flight there nice the best plays kind of have an option for every defense, you know God, it feels so good when they cheat the other team, don't it? Oh We're gonna put a mid read here. I don't know what he's just all the way to the shade outside here Mid read is glitchy boys start using it. Watch it work. Watch it work. Watch the mid read work I don't know where he's gonna go, but watch them work. Just watch them work man coverage channel point redeemed We're saying fraud fraud. I thought they would disengage a little bit more Stuff, I mean, that's tough. Yeah, what was your first gamer tag first gamer tag if you were six five What was your first name? I know it was corny Everybody had a corny name. I Am speed a little cutie ripping dip. Okay. That's hard ripping dip Hard Oscar boy punish your Tim. What do you watch out for punish your tip? I really think my gamer tag was always dubbed out. W. I swear to God because I've when I played real life It was like my nickname.  Let's go 87 Man coverage is way too good. It's one game.  Have you guys been watching it? Can we get open bro?  It's just I'm like man is OP. It is. I mean, it's dude just literally start going He really started going eight. Yo, what happened in this game right now like literally what happened? All right. All right. Let's dial it in. Let's dial it in. Oh my god It was 20 to zero and I started trolling and he just went nuts harder to screen shake stuff Oh for real I mean, dude, if you didn't bump into the guy some other deep blue six times, we've been cool Dog, it definitely happened though. I think part of me is playing for fun here Do you think I played this game for fun? Like do you think I boot up and play this for fun? Come on, dude, John Elway all sides getting all sides getting all sides Feet feet feet you gotta get your feet in there. Come on chat. God. You'll never cheer for me or nothing Y'all got hella jokes.  You have no like nothing.  Can we fight somebody here? Please All this man coverage is looking so OP right now dude. It really is Keep knock out. Nice. There we go. There we go boys fourth of one What has he got just night train just gets left a man coverage is so good, man I they should patch it. They should definitely nerf it. It's way too good Man coverage is way too good, man Elway is so good. How do y'all like how do you expect me to ever use them a homes a blood So I will run the same when it's cover three when he audibles if you guys notice When he audibles out of the huddle his safety goes to the middle gives me a single high look cover three That's the player running against cover three beaters. He's been manning people up. He's been making adjustments He has not yet adjusted to that play until you adjust to that play I will gladly take the free touchdown that he gives me, you know, all right. We got play some defense here boys. Let's go Hey pick pick. Oh my god. We've had so many ops for picks boys dog Will we get an interception? Will we get a pick chat fourth down? Oh my god. No I just like these dudes are getting just just dominated like dog tie law is getting absolutely Killed man. Like just like dude. He doesn't have a prayer to stop We will make us a switch next time, dude. We are putting night training. I can't wait to have two damn inside shades I just can't just do right at my face on that fourth down As it literally covers six it does cover what you call it again But you're right, you know, I should not run the same defense every play.  Oh, he stopped. Oh Calvin stopped, but he called it for the game I playmaker them. No, you saw it.  Oh, come on, man. We've been in the lab, man We've been in the lab for two pointers No, because I was wet. He had a yellow zone. So I had to wait for oh my gosh This dude is like low key open. Turn this, you know why? Because we got to I wanted to pitch it but there it is. There it is That guy turned up on me, bro. After I trolled he turned up.  Can't lie I mean he low key could have milked a little bit more though Like low key he could have milked more Or he couldn't get the field goal, but he scored a touchdown which I don't blame.  Everything is an option here boys You know, so right here. We're just looking for a sea route third and ten This is big. I got to get this now. Now. I'll show you I'll show you a glitch Listen, one thing, you know when he's not blitzing on 335.  He's not blitzing He's not man. He's not I mean, there's a tons of tells but as soon as that linebacker pops out like that He's definitely in all zone now. He's been putting 30 yard clouds So I don't know if this guy's in a cloud or a deep blue out here Tyree Wuland But like he's once he turns his back. I'm I'm I just think this is deep blue all the way Right and but the thing is you got to get a good animation. So it's not knocked out by the deep knockouts Beautiful animation right there big third big fourth down there third down right there Here we have everybody. We're actually waiting. This is a really good throw Elway is so good, dude. He really is so good.  I started liking this this this Wide trips I mean, we're gonna have the corner out. Yeah, it's just match.  But I see this I really thought it was covered too, but I see this and he's gonna get over the top or I hit this guy He you know what I'm saying Elway again under the rest just makes a beautiful throw This is what I mean, bro. This is what I mean about this is how you get away from knockouts Like and people don't About knockouts, but this is really what you do Like if I just hold y there or racket, I drop that click on Bring them back to the football hold y and you create instead of catching a ball where he could touch you Pause you you're catching the ball yards in front of them so that lights up and it doesn't affect the play That's what you have to do against knockouts. You have to get good at user catching like for real I should have went out of bounds right there.  I don't need to worry about the time anymore. I didn't use the time out yet I literally could get out of bounds But I was I'm just gonna keep the clock running because time is not that big a deal I said I'm gonna go ahead and just take just keep the clock running I thought he might call time out there But I said, you know what I'm gonna run the ball one time maybe pop a run Which honestly, this is too good a run defense. You should never run against this run defense But I thought I might pop one, but we just get instant shredded and you know I'm gonna use the time out there to try to conserve a little bit of time And here it's it's pretty simple, man. It's just when you motion over to this side You get all four people on one side. It won't be match coverage. You know, it's just gonna be straight zone This is straight zone. We got a high low. This guy's running off the deep blues. Erts could be a touchdown I didn't really want to mess with a 30 yard flat once I see the play develop Right, I see it's his user pretty much in the middle field now What I should have did was make sure this is Debo and then Mike Williams is running this post So he's way open with short end Debo has short out. So he's not going to light up So he's not going to get as open as Mike Williams would So that's what I should have did In hindsight So once I see this I'm like, I'm just picking between y and x really and you see Debo not that open Mike Williams would have been wide open in this little kuchi spot right here And I really didn't realize that until I ran to play two players in a row This time I just takes what's there really because like the one thing you got realizes Yeah, that's definitely a cloud flat. I think over here on the right. Yep So he's got like a 30 yard cloud here 30 yard cloud five yard purples a couple man coverages Just take this Make a miss Oh, we actually got his stick there. So we got a fourth and one Let me see if I have anybody else Why was kind of open right here? Maybe this guy knocks it down But he but I was just really I like bro. He's giving me the whole middle of the field like And we use our time out and now I know I can pass as long as I get rid of ball fast I'll have four plays here. So soon as something's not open. I'm just throwing a ball away bang Then this play I worked on a lot on I worked on this play a lot But why is normally never really this open but he presses them and he beats them I might be able to throw this without a high ball But you know how the game is you got a high ball like we're second and goal. I don't got to risk it You know, so I high ball it and it you know Do you think I throw this without a high ball? I don't I don't think I can throw this without a high ball I probably could but it could get picked so High ball. So I say, you know, I like what I got, you know, he got open And this is why the game kind of sucks, right? Because I got that was my short end guy He got hurt and look how many people I have on the bench that come have short end here Here go taste and he'll get in the game Right same ability for zero AP fries off the press High ball it again. We just get a better animation. It's all about animations, you know He's got his outside of somebody in a cloud flat out there, but he's playing so shallow He's not up there, you know, I really didn't want to go for two. I didn't think we'd get two But you know, why not same play same coverage really this time tasting hill is bad Running back is kind of bad. He guards x is anybody actually on x that he had to double team him Oh, nobody's even on x. So yeah, he's got to guard x all the way I see calvin right here winning. I see him winning all the way I see him on x even if he turns right away. He's not going to be able to run with calvin All calvin has to do is beeline. I see this guy right here. I can't throw it too early I'm just I'm thinking to myself calvin. Let's just keep running and you got a big void right here past this spy And then right there he stops right here But luckily there's nobody in the middle of field. He gave they give me him the playmaker and I gotta trust them right here, right? I gotta trust them Free form all the way to the left getting in front of this guy and make a tough catch And this is what I mean by with no knockouts without short knockout You're just not gonna get that knockout. He almost lit up. Maybe he's got secure tackler Yeah, that was adrian wilson. That was adrian wilson. So that was secure tackler now to knockout It really wasn't a good game, but we trolled and made it a good game and then he went


for me at least what it seems like selfing the biggest thing is is because most of the things that we have are our individual cuts and not seed lines anymore yeah it allows you to see what else is in the genetics besides that one expression yes you know if if if you had you know a hundred seeds of what og kush came out of and it was males and females you'd have a line yeah but if if you have a cut then how do you how do you see what it is pure not out crossed yeah so a lot of times I mean Caleb talks all the time like if people are looking for consistency in seed then the way to go is some of his out crosses yeah a lot of the feminized hybrids yeah a lot of the feminized hybrids and if you're looking for specific phenos but you're willing to tolerate more junk yeah go to the s1


Very good morning to everyone Tuesday 3rd of September and it's already begun in terms of the price movement this morning the pound sub 120 and obviously that's a Symbolic and long-lasting Technical level of focus and support given that was the kind of double bottom that we printed immediately after the initial e referendum back in 2016 and then we tested 2017 and here we are this morning Having a look just below 120 session low printed in cable this morning. I just changed my charts over here You can see This morning as UK and European participants have come into the market. We had a little test seen at first Kind of entrance around 6 6 30 this morning then we broke through At about 7 7 30. We've had a brief retest and it hasn't the low point that we've had so far 1979 has come back up to trade at 96, but sub 120 for the moment, so Increased speculation of course of a looming general election given a speech from Boris Johnson yesterday and the options The lack of options almost to the left for parliamentary members as they return today Reopening of the lower house of Commons, so we're going to discuss all of this of course in more detail Shortly, but certainly the pound capturing some attention this morning the DAX Also seeing a little bit of movement quite a nice technical level of support though It's just running into at the moment after this initial quite staggered fairly Normal characteristics really of the DAX future When you see these kind of impulses of movement it tends to be quite staggered and since the Cash open in the last several minutes or another wave of selling pressure just breaking through the Asia Pacific low point That's taken us right down in the daily pivots to the s1 And as you can see an area of support that we've seen over the course of the last two or so sessions, so This again DAX quite typical of the kind of speculative nature of the product You tend to see then people targeting using these daily pivots and technical levels being quite key areas to kind of Manage actively the trade any break of below that level. I'll probably be looking down around the 30th of August high that will come in and around 11 a 80 And then the lower bound the s2 starts to bring in then some of the respective highs that was seen on 29th And some of the low points thereafter. So yeah worth keeping an eye fairly fluid situation this morning other asset classes gold and T-notes a touch higher up six dollars and three ticks respectively overall then given that slight shift to a flight to quality bid With the US 10 year coming up to just keep an eye there technically on the the R1 Which was also encapsulating the the high point from yesterday late afternoon session obviously Very quiet just given the fact that US participants will be returning to market today after their Labor Day extended weekend Excuse me So my moderate risk off as I said safe havens a little bit higher Equity index futures a little bit lower this morning the main global issue has been headlined still Regarding the ongoing trade war apparently sources have suggested that Chinese and US officials are Struggling to agree on the schedule for a plan meeting this month to continue trade talks after Washington Rejected Beijing's request to delay the tariffs that kicked in on Sunday. So apparently according to unidentified sources China had put in a request to delay that of which obviously Trump has ignored those Tariffs went into action on Sunday and the oil levy retaliation from China also took place But the point being is now they're struggling to actually pin down a date for them to talk. So still more political fallout but Excuse me, I'll try not to cough my way through the briefing But the pound another staggered move to the downside again fresh lows So as I'm going through this briefing do keep an eye here because point being when it comes to the long-term levels for the pound this is a daily continuation in the futures and This was that key area, of course that we've been looking at for such a long period of time Now we've got this credible threat of a general election and obviously Boris came in and around this if I just put a square here On the right-hand side. So we've had a significant repricing from Really towards what where we were trading around run 30 handle all the way down 10 points lower as the Prospect of a no-deal is increased given the stance that he has put forward But just looking where we are at the moment. You can see I guess his trend line at Sam may have had on kind of scaling down from originally the Post or this was actually the the e referendum That was actually the first uttering of the words hard Brexit from Theresa May at the Tory party conference of 2016 We had the retest in Jan 17 So any break here technically there's not a great deal of support and we were looking at the spot price This is obviously what I'm showing you the futures and Sam was saying that support really got to go back to 1985 And looking around a 116 handle. So that's quite a fair distance Obviously four points below where we're trading at the moment this trend line here would come in I guess in the interim period, but then you'd be looking more psychological to 115 110 certainly as downside levels. That's not to say we're gonna get near there today But again the breach of such a long-standing and such a symbolic level here of focus Could well open up a decent runner of at least a point or two today. That would not be Holy surprising I would say and as I'll discuss in a second for me That weakness at the pound all plays into Boris Johnson's hands and I'll explain more my reasoning of why I think that this is Absolutely his strategy On that point, let's get into this Brexit situation. What exactly is happening? So Brexit fight raises prospects of a new general election. It's the headline story You can see the little red flash of the fact the pound is broken down Through that 120 markers. We've just seen on the charts now Prime Minister will risk losing office rather than back down. He gave a public address yesterday But the conservative rebels say they're determined to stop a no deal. So let me just show you this This is the best summary. I can really see this morning from the press It's from the BBC and it encapsulates the five points of which is really what's happened yesterday Puts us in the best possible starting position to get ready for what could happen today So point one Boris implored his own MPs to back him over Brexit and reject what he said was another pointless delay being proposed by Labour, this is very important as part of the strategy I think from Dominic Cummings is trying to trying to muster up, which is this the people versus Parliament It's those parliamentarians that are stopping the will of the Democratic vote It's a miscarry as a misjustice of Democracy that these politicians are not fulfilling their mandate to deliver Brexit. This is what the strategy I believe is from Boris Johnson is trying to really Put across that message and hence the wording that he's using pointing to the opposition party is delaying what he feels is The the will of the people number two Downing Street told journalists the government expected to table a motion to hold a general election On the 14th of October if MPs voted to take control of business in the House of Commons later today I will run through exactly What this means in a second So we're all crystal clear, but essentially there is a Something called a standing order 24 which is likely to be an action when Parliament gets underway later this afternoon, which will allow emergency debates to happen, which is where then the opposition Parliament MPs in Parliament are going to try and table point four on this list Which is a fast-track of Bill in Commons to contemplate a further delay to Brexit until the 31st of January 2020 The other things that are happening here the government is up the ante by threatening to deselect some of the most senior conservative Conservatives in the party if they defied the party whip This is something we discussed in a briefing yesterday and then the fifth point meanwhile across the channel the European Commission has said it was Considering allowing EU countries to apply for cash to cope with the no-deal Brexit using a special emergency fund So EU kind of holding firm for the moment not blinking under the Boris bluff if it is that for the moment And you would say we're not close enough to the deadline yet. So I'd say point five is unsurprising at this point To clarify then why have we arrived at the situation? Where we are at the moment so from the political point of view The legislation to be put forward today in Parliament seeks to tie Boris Johnson had Boris Johnson's hand And instructs him to ask the EU for an extension for the Brexit process until the 31st of January of 2020 Now if the European Council proposes an extension to a different date What this legislation then would do is that the Prime Minister must accept it within two days Unless that extension has been rejected by the House of Commons So in other words the power to decide will lie with the members of Parliament and not the government for the PM this of course is Absolutely cannot happen because he's promised to leave do or die on the 31st of October come what may So it seemed impossible that he would ever accept that and then hence the talk then of an early general election Because that's why Downing Street said if that does happen Which could well be a prospect later on this afternoon then he has no other choice but to call a snap election Now for me, this is absolutely going as planned for Boris Johnson The weakening of the pound only further helps his cause because it makes his argument That the the blocking of Parliament of trying to do what he's doing is causing this deterioration in our currency and is causing more complications for him trying to get the deal over the line and done and so So far so good, and I do think this is heading to the general election So what does that mean? Well, this is the latest poll tracker where we can see the lines Representing the weighted averages across all of different polls that there are because there's obviously lots of different ones and What you can see here is the quite well to two real key political Milestones that we've had in recent history. One is the European election. That was when the Conservative Party got Absolutely decimated. They came fifth. This is the leading party of our government came fifth That is diabolical by anyone standard, you know, and What happened then? Well, that was the kind of beginning of the end of Theresa May at that point Brexit Party was the big surprise. They came out, you know on fire and their performance The only difference is though is that they have zero at this point representation in Parliament and so Hence the reason why we've had this narrative shift into going quite hard Brexit no deal or die situation from Boris Johnson as he tries to encapsulate the risk or counteract the risk Are the fact that he could lose the the conservative vote could could Split and some could be lost to the Brexit Party So in order to make sure that that momentum is caught and that situation does not materialize He needs to talk a very hard game Now Boris Johnson becomes Prime Minister and there is a quite clear and immediate bump up in conservative popularity Labour has done absolutely zero. They've just gone sideways Whereas the Conservatives have really pulled away quite substantially as the Brexit Party has faded Basically after the week or two from the parliamentary election the Brexit Party Nigel Farage has had a couple of LBC radio appearances, but really he's done his job He's got his nice little team around him now Brussels. That's it Farage doesn't want to be Prime Minister And he doesn't want a full government to be sitting in Parliament every week on week And so for him it's done and therefore that's been reflected in the polls Brexit without any PR Like the machine that was underway in May in the lead-up to European elections as that's faded away Basically, Brexit Party has faded with it and as such it's almost a perfect divergence as the popularity fades from Brexit It goes straight into the Conservatives. Why because it's ain't a Theresa May government It's a hard Boris Johnson government And so this is all lining up in addition with all of these Public spending promises that Boris and his yes-men team that he's surrounded himself with are saying and so hence the reason why this is all going as planned for Boris to pull the trigger and by Calculation at this point could come out with a pretty firm majority government of which he can then go back to Brussels and cut a deal so Timings, what have we got to look out for today? I was looking at the parliamentary website What's on the agenda? And it's 230 and really the main chamber of the commons reopens for business remember The whole reason why this is happening is because the very Time frame given the prorogation that's already in place now for Parliament which can happen in the next week And so today is going to be key because today is going to go back to Standing all the 24 and the push for 0.4 on this agenda here Which is Parliament trying to fast track through a bill to push this idea of Legislation to tie the Prime Minister's hands and delay Brexit until 31st of January if that goes through Boris then triggers the election at that point other things then to be aware of on This front is looking at the timings here. A lot of this isn't going to really kick off. It seems it's all much later this afternoon, so I'd say If you got in that short at 120, I'd say you're probably best Keeping that position on I think just you got to sit tight. I'm afraid for the rest of the day It's probably not a great deal of risk around blips in the dollar Obviously, you've got to keep an eye out for any trade related comments coming out of Trump and so on but I think that we kind of know the status quo there The only thing I'd look out for is we seem to be in a negative State in that trade situation. So any positive olive branch type conciliatory comments from either side Could have a meaningful impact on markets given the fact as I said the general cross asset class mix this morning Is one of a risk off moderate sentiment and so a positive trade comment could certainly fire things up in reverse It's a profit-taking on those shorts and equity space in a reversal and golden and T-notes so do be aware of that But yeah, I think overall I would expect the pound to potentially trade heavy into drift south Particularly interested when the US come in Not that they see Brexit as More important than the trade talks, but technically obviously having seen the breach in the spot in the futures at 120 I think people will be interested stateside in this this situation But it could be a late afternoon show early evening if you're going to be trading the pound before we get the real Juicy details what exactly is going to be happening? We could finish the day with a general election being tabled by the Prime Minister that would not be a shock if that did happen Okay, the other point just Finally to explain Some of the the other pressure on the pound. Let's not forget as well economically We had yesterday UK manufacturing activity contracted in August for the fourth consecutive month to the lowest level since 2012 Brexit uncertainty mounting fears of recession deepening business confidence falls to a series record low So whilst all these political Movement that's happening at the moment if you are a business There's no way you can commit any type of capital for an informed investor looking to invest in the UK There's such uncertainties at the moment that There's absolutely no surprise that these types of figures are decreasing to multi year lows That really does again heap the pressure on the on the politicians to get some kind of resolution whatever that You know come what may Okay, let's move on other than the trade talks and Brexit the other thing I just wanted to mention was the equity market JP Morgan Banging that drum like there's no tomorrow. I almost feel like I'm a part-time JP Morgan salesperson But I thought I'd point it out again Because not just JP Morgan Bank of America have also come out with a similar type of note on Friday And JP have said it's finally time to buy stocks despite the trade woes If I just skip down to the bottom of this These are their their points Here are some of the potential global equity drivers cited by JP US Federal Reserve is easing But high-yield spreads or jobless claims aren't spiking Global activity momentum is like to improve going into the end of this year Profit margins in the second half could surprise positively equity valuations on P. E. Basis are Undermined undermining That's a typo there an investor Positioning remains defensive without inflows, which is contrarian bullish signals So we've kind of gone over this before they've been backers of this call for the last couple of weeks But I thought I'd just point it out again a little bit of a division on Wall Street. I'd say Not the biggest names, but UBS legal in general. They'd be much more bearish looking to Rejig their portfolios to position out of to become underweight equity exposure Whereas JP Bank of America seemingly just filling their boots at the moment But I would say as discussed about a week ago. I think that those two All those players in in the market are looking at different time horizons and I think in the short term I think JP Bank of America could well be right Whereas in the in the medium to long term, I'd prefer UBS's strategy in terms of portfolio composition And elsewhere finals thing I'll talk about for a hand drive to Sam We had the RBA interest rate decision overnight. No no shocks there if you actually look at the Aussie Currency it is it has seen a decent bump higher overnight After the result came out They kept rates on hold as expected at 1% There's obviously a very small amount in the market looking for potential cut That didn't materialize and if I look at one of the main phrases that they said they said They left policy unchanged as it waits to see how a combination of interest rate cuts and tax relief impact the economy While Sydney property prices already showed renewed strength and remember it's the housing market, which has caused a lot of Concern for policy makers in Australia and as such stabilization there in fact property prices going back higher has been As kind of led to the idea that potentially no further cuts for the moment despite what had been building in Few weeks ago possible multiple rate cuts So yeah, if anything Less dovish than expected rather than being outright hawkish this led to appreciation of the Aussie overnight and that in the short term Outweighing any negativity from the trade situation Okay, as you can see I'm struggling to talk without coughing. So Let me hand you over to Sam and he can finish things off on the tech side. Okay guys. Good luck if you're training breaks at headlines All right guys. Good morning. Yeah pound struggling and it's it's gonna be very very important today It's just to to keep an eye on where we close where we close the day. Is it below 120 or above? However You know opportunity wise from then for the short might be might be long gone the way it's looking at the moment As I said said to answer before the next real key level is from the 80s Somewhere So quite a way down and you got to imagine this stops here You've got to imagine from a psychological point of view now we're below 120 we close the day below there and really It's it has probably got a bit more to go Not to say, you know, this time of six months. I don't think we'll be higher But certainly you got to trade what you see here in below 120 the classic They're not bad to down to the previous load the day not looking too good than euro pound as well We have a quick look over here is just coming up to quite a well You can see the line is still pretty much drawn on here a key point I'll argue it's there. So just around 91 45 and a half in the futures a Bit of a breakdown point that we had on the 22nd again close above there And even the euro which is under considerable pressure elsewhere could find a bit of strength here euro dollar is Drifting as well big data to the downside yesterday into the afternoon bit recovery overnight But again is struggling and and obviously it's on on the lows of the year And so the dollar is is strengthening and like I said, you've got to be aware for any comments today on the trade side And we had a few from I think Trump Was it yesterday or something to do with the trade and and it's just not buying the weaker dollar at the moment So you've got to I think here again go with that flow and looking for opportunities to to go short And I think with you know markets like the the euro here Yeah, you're happy to to stay short short as long as you know trend lines like this hold and Obviously that would looks like it could if it was to come up shortly mark up as well with the the previous low the day at 109 70 Around there as well. So quite a key area maybe into a day happy to stay short You're a dollar as long as that holds and if not then obviously you've got some other key resistance points to come into play But every time we push higher we just met with a big move to the to the downside Over the coming days as well equities we talked For a while yesterday and every other briefing there has been just about the importance of this area here Called it I guess 2950 down to 43 just such a key key zone So just to reiterate again wouldn't really fancy being long like Jamie P. Morgan are saying unless we can close Above that just because the similarity to this trying to trade to October November December last year Is uncanny? So unless we close above not really too interested and if we do I think Medium-term trade to the all-time highs is on the cards. However at the moment We are trading below and again held very well yesterday morning and I guess you could you start to See if there's any trend lines that come into play not really as of yet But you can maybe look to get those third tests around Well potentially just below that s2, which is active is pretty good support As well from the previous high that we had on the 28th as I was talking about a break below there Then some we are drifting down again. It's obviously worth getting the cue from what happens in European equities this morning, but unless we get above that that foot for 2943 And 50 I would remain of the bias that we could be drifting lower similar to the the euro in That you might be happy to stay short today as long as this trend line holds you can see from yesterday's high to this morning To the sorry the the lay the day high to then today's high as well as long as that holds then yeah You'd be happy to go short a break of that and sure you get a bit of a reversal pivot from yesterday and those highs from yesterday morning and Friday afternoon could well be of option gold we talked about yesterday being in two different ranges having broken out the The top part of the bottom part of the one that we held from the 26th to the 29th We're still within that and that's how I would look at this market, you know buyers in charge of 1525 and sellers 1541 breaks either way you could see the push back up towards those highs of the year to the downside Then you know can be even the way gold moves looking at 1500 despite there being quite a lot of Previous levels of resistance to active support below so but gold it for me It's just a case of holding firm on that and waiting for the market to really tell us what's going on Obviously expect the volume to slightly You know increase after Labor Day yesterday as well quick look over at oil As well you can see here not too much in the way of movement from yesterday But certainly and I was just looking again on the longer term chart And we've said this before and in that just waiting for the real move in oil to come And that could be when it breaks out the trend line to the upside or the downside as well Just going back from the the August low We're not too far from a potential third test of that trend and as well from the upside the April highs Not to what we weren't too far yesterday anyway from from potentially reaching the top end of that So this is a daily chart on oil I think there's no harm in just waiting for a break either way to the downside From a medium-term trade. Yes that August the 6th low and then obviously the low that we had back on the beginning Or middle of January and then beginning of June could come into play to the upside if it breaks through Well, you'd imagine a decent run higher towards 60 but similar with those recent highs Do you see two equities who's starting to get that? Correlation coming into play so keep an eye on those two as we go through the day as well The that's just starting to recover and this is a you know We've already had I guess of us put some a five minute a test of that whole area You can see marked up. So so quite key from an intraday point of view What happens around here? Does the DAX decide to hold here and actually equity start to push lower or a break through? And it turns into being a false break and actually this market then pushes higher and equities in the US follow suit So quite a key one to keep an eye on now for the DAX Obviously other things going on certainly in the currency space and just bringing in the The euro as I did this chart for the for the strategy Yesterday, let's move this away Big one to keep an eye on would be the retest of this trend channel again Doesn't look like it's gonna come into play for now But something to just to focus on on any push higher And then you are looking really at the next levels down at 10860 from May 2017 Not completely out the question that they that can come over the next couple of weeks And obviously like the pound again, you'd be keeping a close eye on where we close the day and week as well Any questions as usual, please let us know trading live or on YouTube Looking like it's gonna be a pretty interesting day for the pound Really could be a big movement either way and keep a close eye on obviously where we finish as well I hope you'll have a good trading date and I catch you later on


This is the VOA Special English Education Report. Imagine that you have lost your job. You could start a sewing business at home if you had a better sewing machine and a little money to advertise, but you cannot get a loan from a bank. In recent times, many people in similar situations have received loans from student microfinance groups. Such groups make small loans for business or personal use. 12 of the organizations are part of a national network called the Campus Microfinance Alliance. The alliance provides financial aid, technical advice and training programs for its member groups. Each group has between 10 and 70 volunteers, many of them college students. They have enabled hundreds of people across the United States to launch small businesses. Vanessa Carter is director of the alliance. She says bad economic times have sped the growth of the college microfinance movement. This really got started because students were walking off campus. It was the height of the economic recession. And they were seeing boarded up businesses and the effects of high unemployment firsthand. In Iowa, a student microfinance group at Grinnell College helps people both locally and internationally. The group started in 2007. At that time, Grinnell student Jeff Raider Strong and some friends raised more than $600 from other students. The Saturday night Grinnell tradition of missing a meal to help others enabled the group to make loans through the International Microfinance Organization, Kiva.org. The social entrepreneurs of Grinnell, SEG, was launched. Later, SEG moved toward making loans directly to international partners. But as time passed, the group started helping people in Iowa. Jeff Raider Strong remembers how that developed. It sort of really quickly became clear that there was a lot that we could do in the community, in the Grinnell community. Because you know, the town itself, there is some wealth, but there is a lot of poverty. And it is a lot of rural poverty. Mark Root Riley was another early member of SEG. He says the group recognized that small targeted loans at 0% or low interest could help local residents. SEG money has helped people make car payments so they can get to their jobs. It also helped patients in need of temporary housing near the medical center where they receive treatment. For VOA Special English, I'm Carolyn Presuti. Get more news and learn English at voaspecialenglish.com.


Hey everyone, welcome back once again to more nPyScreen module library learning within Python. Cool. So in the last video we were checking out forms and that was one of the three kind of crucial and essential aspects of our nPyScreen applications. We see here in the documentation they talk about form objects, widget objects, and application objects. So I'm kind of going to go out of order here just because I think that's better for your learning kind of going to step it away from the book in this case but I want to show off application objects and how we're going to better our framework now. In fact in our code we're going to go entirely object oriented and that sounds pretty crazy. I know but that's what we're going to do So I'm going to save this as 03.python and you guys might want to do the same if you guys are keeping these files as notes or something or I don't know leaving comments for yourself. That's probably a pretty cool thing to do. But okay, let's get into apps and applications. You can see these application objects and actually the next section in the documentation. I scroll down and we're at the very bottom of the page here. It's going to take us to our application objects page. So here I'll read through some of this and we can get a better understanding for it. NPS app managed provides a framework to start and end your application and to manage the display of various forms that you've created in a way that should not create recursion death problems. Unless you have exceptionally good reasons to do otherwise, NPS app managed is probably pretty much certainly the best way to manage your application. Now there is another one the NPS app class, but unlike this one NPS app to manage you don't have to write your own main loop. NPS app managed will manage the display of every single form on your application so you just set up the objects and then call the run method and you're good to go. So there are different of course functions that do all these really cool stuff with and we'll get into more of those real real soon. There is of course the run function and that's what we're going to be using to actually start the program. And we'll read through a lot more of this documentation as we read our code. So let's try to gather my thoughts here down at the very bottom of the page. It explains more of the NPS app class. So that's the other option that we have when we're working with our application objects. But it says here to use this NPS app subclass you have to subclass it of course and provide your own main function definition. When you're ready to run the application you call run and your main loop will be executed. Now this provides the maximum flexibility but it's in almost every other way inferior to NPS apps managed. So don't use it for projects and kind of regarded as an internal base class only. Okay so that's kind of a clear indicator to us that the developer and the documentation everyone kind of wants us to be using this NPS app managed class. So let's do that. Hop on over to our code here and we'll kill this simple function because we don't need it anymore and we'll call we'll remove our simple wrapper call. So here we go let's create a new class because we want to subclass our NPS app to manage class. So I'll just call mine app you can of course call yours whatever you'd like and you're going to need some parentheses because we're inheriting and subclassing and pi screens class. Now remember we're using NPS app managed I'm assuming NPS stands for and pi screen. And we'll just pass right now we won't do anything with it but let's actually go down to our our our main call here and I'll show you how we can get it to work. So we'll create a new object remember I'm using a lowercase a for the object and a capital A for the class. So app create the object and it said we can run dot run right down here right and that'll start the applications main loop. This will activate the default form which should have given the ID of main. I don't really know what that means yet but let's let's see what our code will do right now if I say app app equals app then run create the object and we run it. We can print out object oriented programming is the best framework even though it may or may not be depending on your ideas and what you're actually writing.  Lots of lots of garbage that we don't know and understand because it's all about how the library works it tells us key error main. What is that of course we just saw me in the documentation last next act of form equals self forms self next act of form. Huh OK let's take a look at that we go back to our documentation and it tells us here we start an NPS apps manage application with the main loop it activates the default form which would have been given an ID of main. OK so I'm sorry here I want to show you how this works I want to show you what we're missing out on now that we have our application object we of course need the same form that we had earlier so I'll call mine class. Npy screen underscore form or we want to call it doesn't really matter but form object and I'm using camel case here with the capital F and capital O so I guess not camel case but uppercase. And we're going to inherit of course from the end pie screen dot form object we're going to subclass it now. So we of course created an end pie screen form earlier when we called form equals end pie screen dot form but now we're actually going to try and make it our own we're making an object out of that predefined class for us. So there are some certain functions that come with this class and the ones that are called by NPS managed are the ones that we want to know because of course this app manager is it's going to manage our form. If we check out the documentation one more time I'll scroll down a little bit more. I want to know what it does with certain forms right. Will it tell me in here. OK it looks like it doesn't tell me on this page but it does in the next one for the form objects page so that's kind of a good segue getting actually into the new form objects page. I'm going to skip over some of this right now because I want to show you the actual method that we need to act as our constructor and actually initialize things so form dot create. This method is what's called as pretty much by the forms constructor it default by default sorry it does nothing and it's there for you to kind of override in your subclass which is what we're doing right now. It's best to set up all the widgets on a form expect this method to be called to be full of self dot add method calls so when we're adding widgets to it. OK cool so all of that jazz was just for me to say we need to type in define the function create. Of course it's an object so it needs a self keyword and we'll just have it pass right we're not going to add any widgets just yet but now we'd add it to our application manager or our app object. So what does it do how do we connect the application object manager and our form object. Now if I go back way down to the previous page in the documentation it was talking about the application objects. We can of course add forms this way and that's pretty much what we're going to have to do this is the function we need to call we need to add a form with the form class or the form ID. But since we're an object oriented programming what do we do that in it's not like we can just do it really nearly in the class we need a function. So doing a little bit more reading and kind of looking around a little bit more at the documentation. OK here we go additional services offered by nps apt manage these are usefully overridden by subclassing the class by default they do nothing. The one that I want to look at here is nps apt manage dot on start this is the function that you override to perform any initialization pretty much this is where you set up your forms. So that's what we're going to do define I've got caps lock on on start notice that always lowercase and s is capitalized. We'll say the self keyword because this is an object and for our self for our object we want to run that function we saw earlier add form. Cool now what do we pass in as arguments and back over to our documentation check it out ID ID what is that ID should be a string that uniquely identifies the form. Well is that is that our object name it's not like we're creating the object we haven't created all we've done was created an app object. So here's where I'm getting at that error that we saw earlier key error or main is what we need to pass in there a string as referring to the main form of the main screen that we're actually looking at. You'll notice run what we're actually calling at the bottom of our code here to get the main loop to begin. It starts a managed application in the main loop and it method will activate the default form which should be to have been given an ID of main. So hey that's exactly what we pass in here pass in main as the ID and I need to know what form is this so we'll say form object. And any of the arguments that you pass in after this are arguments that will be passed to the object or the form objects constructor. So we'll give it the name here we'll say n pi screen form now when I run this let's see what happens. On the code hey cool n pi screen form it's being displayed for us it's pretty nifty I'll hit enter to I'll hit enter to get out of the program. But it doesn't get out of the program why is that what's it doing come on come on program right. Okay you have to use control C to break out of this right now and I'm using this again as another segue to transition to the next tutorial where we talk about the next active form. And that's what we can use to kind of leap from this concept to the next concept.  But hopefully you guys understand now we've got our object oriented programming framework with our application object and of course our form object. Yeah of course we haven't gotten any widgets yet and it's pretty much useless so far but we're still learning it's that's part of the meat and potatoes of all this stuff. Alright thanks again guys I'll see you in the next tutorial.