This session is culling during standards for free software. Our speaker has been programming for the last 30 years with a particular interest in free software for the last 15. In 1907, he started a company with friends called Catalyst IT, which worked with free software. He quit that in 1908 and started working on DAV iCal. Can we please welcome our speaker, Andrew McMillan? Yeah, that was a Y2K bug there I quit in 2008, of course. But these things happen. Some software just can't cope, particularly some wetware. So yeah, I'm going to talk about calendaring standards for free software. And the first question when you talk about that is why do we want standards? So, you know, if we don't have standards, we can't inter-operate. Well, we can have de facto standards. But particularly, I think, with calendaring, we want to not just coordinate our own work, but to coordinate our work and other people's work. So the part of the point of having a calendar is to know when a shared event is going to happen. So we need standards. So during this presentation, I'm going to talk about... Firstly, I'm going to talk about various standards used in calendaring. And then I'm going to give some sort of light review of the various open source software that's available for calendaring as well. Now, if you've got any questions, I'd normally love to have them during the presentation. But in this case, we want to run around with microphones and so on. So if we can save them for the end. And I'm also committing another sin of presentation here, being an organiser of the conference. And as well as speaking at the conference makes it a little bit disjoint. And I haven't practised this as much as I should have, so... But maybe I'll get excited as I once heard someone say, before a very, very fine presentation, so we can hope. So yes, along the way, current standards software will mostly be covered at the end. First of all, the standards. And the main standard that is used in calendaring currently is defined in RFC 5545 or which replaces RFC 2445. And this is the standard that defines the iCalendar format that contains a vCalendar block and then vTimeZone and vEvent and vTudu and vJournal. You know, people look at it and... It was invented quite a long time ago, which is often the case with standards. Email looks pretty clunky these days. And iCalendar looks fairly clunky these days.  But when you actually dig down into that standard, it's not as bad as you might think. It's containers within containers and it actually maps pretty well to a structured, you know, a modern sort of structured standard. And it's supported very widely. It works well for interchange. Everything does it. And so it's gonna be around for quite a while yet, although there are moves to replace it with something else. Alongside RFC 5545, we get RFC 5546, which is the iCalendar Transport Interoperability Protocol. It's a standard for moving iCalendar data around sending messages that are iCalendar data. And this is what your email client sees when you get invited to a meeting if you're using a mail as a transport for calendar data. Again, it's maybe even a little more clunky because it's trying to do things remotely, sort of like a protocol that copies a payload across and then runs in batch. Did you want to say something, Ben? So, Outlook, yeah. So Ben's asking whether this is related to what Outlook and Exchange use for messaging events. And Outlook will send emails containing ITIP messages. So if somebody using Outlook invites you to a meeting and you get it via email, where that transformation happens internally, I don't know, it might happen in the Exchange server. It might not happen if they're using an exchange, you know, if it's an exchange to exchange communication, but certainly if it goes outside the organization, that's what you'd expect to see. There are definitely interoperability issues with Microsoft products. And in particular, the open source software uses Olson, Timezone name convention, and Microsoft use different time zones. So maybe we can talk about that a bit later, but... So this is supported widely via email. I don't think there are really any other transport mechanisms that are heavily used for ITIP. Another format that's sort of more recent design is Colab format. This is used in a number of open source products, some of which interoperate with Exchange in particular. It's an XML-based format, which is all fine and good, but it was sort of invented without the benefit of a lot of the experience that went into the iCalendar format over many years, so it misses out on, you know, they made some mistakes in this. In particular, scheduling repeating events that happen in a particular time zone does not work. It's a particular problem with repeating events. If you have an event that is scheduled weekly at 10 a.m. in Berlin, and that crosses a daylight saving boundary, you can't simply say, oh, we'll just store all the times as UTC. It's, you have to actually retain that time zone information, so. And this standard doesn't do it. And I don't think it's incredibly heavily used. Another RFC that you'll find is 3283, which is a guide to internet calendaring. I really don't think this is a great use of RFCs, but it sort of gets outdated too quickly, so I wouldn't really bother reading that one. Other things that people work on are free busy time, so knowing when people have an appointment, how you can work that out, there is a standard for free busy within the iCalendar standard, and that is used for querying free busy regular but the ways of inquiring free busy for people who are not using the same server as you, the standards are sort of limited availability, but there are some moves to improve it as we'll see shortly. So one of the standards for sharing calendars that sort of appeared in the 90s and early this millennium is using web dev to store calendars. And whoever did this first probably did it the wrong way because they just said, there's a web dev server, I'll put my iCalendar file on there, and it's a vCalendar file with lots and lots of events. And if you've used a calendar for a couple of years, one of these files gets to be two megs, three megs, five megs and so it starts significantly impacting the network and you run into major contention issues with who can modify the calendar, you haven't got control over who can modify individual events and so you get a lot of contention problems and it, Microsoft must love it. After that, somebody came up with an improvement on that which is WCAP, this is a lot better. This is nearly good enough I think. And what this does is instead of storing all of the events in one iCalendar file, it stores a whole lot of little files, each one with an event with all of the necessary metadata associated with it like time zone and so on. And this is basically, it requires the client to do a bit more work but it, so I mean, you can't use this in the same way that you can use webdav calendars which effectively is just adding a, oh goody we can fetch the file from another server layer onto having it on a local file system. But it really does have a lot of advantages in terms of bandwidth use and so on. Yeah and CalDAV is a much newer protocol released in 2006 or 2007 I think. And this is like WCAP, it has some additional report functionality so clients can request events across a certain range. So it's got some extensions to DAV that apply specifically to calendaring. And this is, I guess this is what is reasonably widely used. There are quite a number of servers that support CalDAV, exchanges noticeably absent from that of course but many of the other servers do support it and it's starting to get better over time so CalDAV appears to be the standard that people will be using going forward and we're adding extensions to it to improve it to add sort of new functionality to it but CalDAV is the basis that those things are being built on and in particular the extensions that we're adding are extensions for coordinating meetings among work group calendars so adding the ability to straightforwardly query free busy for other members of the work group to be able to delegate access to other calendars within the work group and to use the ITIP format to send messages from calendar to calendar without using an email transport underneath so that the CalDAV server actually does the communication with itself effectively. So you end up with calendar inbox, calendar out box and some of the calendar clients are starting to support this, this is a RFC draft, I hope it's gonna be out this year. It's been quite a long time in the making and I think it's getting very close now. Certainly the Apple clients support it, Mozilla Lightning supports it and there's been a little bit of rumbling about maybe adding some support to evolution for this so it'll be good to see those things. Moving on from that, the next standard under development is iSchedule so this is taking those scheduling extensions and then allowing communication from one calendar server to another so this provides a protocol which is quite similar in a lot of ways to email and given that it's 2011 now, we hope we don't wanna get spam calendar invitations to meet me and get two million US dollars or something like the text message I got yesterday and so this includes quite a lot of reference to newer email standards as well so a lot of the iSchedule work which is still early days really I think it'll be a year or two but before the standard is finalized. It's using Decom for sort of strong authentication and it mandates TLS for transport and those sorts of things and ways of approved senders, receivers for calendars. So it does get a lot more complicated though. So along with calendaring, the standards that you need when you start scheduling the events for other people are address books. I guess that's why they've sort of gone in the same way but VCard is the standard for address book information much like VCalendar is for event information and so CardDAV is a standard for address books that is very similar to CalDAV in a lot of ways. Similar in the way that CardDAV is much closer to, well the storage of VCards on a web drive address book is much more similar to WCAP and then CardDAV reports to that and that is a nearly finalized standard which is waiting for finalization of VCard version four before it will be released. So another issue with these calendar standards is people seem to want to transform them to XML. So there is an XML XCalendar standard which is very close to development, to finalization and it is essentially an XSLT kind of transform of the iCalendar format and that's the intention is that it should be completely compatible with iCalendar. With CalDAV now actively in use in quite a few places is starting to see performance issues that get highlighted once your beautiful design meets the real world. So a new proposed standard recently is web dev synchronization which CalDAV is still a pull protocol effectively you have to query the server to see if there are changes to a calendar and so in order to minimize the amount of traffic that happens in that situation there's web dev synchronization which simply maintains a version number effectively for each calendar and you can request is there a new version of this calendar and if there is then you'll get a bunch of data about it. So that's a lot of CalDAV servers are keen to use this and I expect that'll be finalized in the next two or three months because it's not a particularly complicated standard that one but it's still pull synchronization and it would be nice to get push synchronization. So no particularly strong standards for push synchronization yet. There's kind of been some work by Apple to do push synchronization. So the Apple client does implement an internal sort of pre-RFC document and I think we'll see something come out of this using XMPP seems likely to be the way things will go. It may just be that more clients will start to implement the Apple version which is not an uncommon approach and my own CalDAV server does the same supports the push that way. So in order to make it easy for people to use things like CalDAV we want to encourage setup of a client to be easy so that you can just open your device and type in maybe your email address and your username and password and you'll be able to connect your calendar program will be able to figure it all out. So some of the newer things that are being used in CalDAV and CalDAV in order to achieve that goal there's been some SRV records defined for CalDAV and CardDAV and there's also use of a relatively new RFC which specifies the use of slash dot well-known slash something or other for what's called well-known URLs so that that can be a standard place on servers that you can hit and you'll get redirected to wherever the real thing is. And that's only very recently been finalized but pretty much everybody is starting to use that now. The SRV records of course define a server in a port once you've got a domain name and then once you've got the server in the port you kind of need to find the home URL so this is how you do that. There was a lot of debate about whether you should need to that SRV records were supposed to let you find the server and you don't need a URL then you just look at the server but a lot of people don't want to run their calendar and the root of the server or I don't know seems silly to me but then anyway there's lots of free software clients for particularly for CalDAV Lightning is the Mozilla plugin for Thunderbird and there was a standalone calendar client for Mozilla but the reason we recently stopped working on that that was called Sunbird but it's kind of died now so there is no standalone calendar that's lightning is it and you get your email at the same time. Evolution of course is the GNOME one likewise that's everything at once and both of these support events and to-dos Evolution also supports V-Journal for notes being stored on the CalDAV server. There's various options in KDE latest versions of KDE I believe Akanadi has a plugin for the does CalDAV there's also a K-CalDAV and a K-CardDAV kind of resource something or other but I've never managed to build those so I can't say too much about them. Mulberry is a project by Sirus Dabou and he's one of the main authors of a lot of these calendaring specifications he works at Apple on their calendar server project that's pretty clunky on Linux but looks a lot prettier on OS X Horde has some support for CalDAV now I believe RoundCube has patches available I don't think it's in the trunk of it there's a thing called A-Cal which is not quite released yet that's been my project for the last three months is writing an Android CalDAV client and there's a project called Chandler which is an interesting project from the Open Source Applications Foundation and they have a companion server to that so Chandler works with CalDAV but it's sort of designed to work with their companion server that's pretty good and then we have other client software so people are often interested in what proprietary software is available that supports this so EM Client is a Windows software that does CalDAV, CardDAV and that's pretty full function Apple, iCal does all of the CalDAV, CardDAV stuff well, Apple address book does the CardDAV bit and Microsoft Outlook has a free software plugin which has about 40 pages of configuration for it making it rather difficult for people to use in an enterprise environment as I understand it but I haven't got a copy of Microsoft Outlook so I can't say how easy it is to use the server status is kind of similar I guess, free software Apple Calendar server is probably the biggest, most fully featured CalDAV, CardDAV server it's obviously an Apple project but very much open source it's BSD licensed I think and it works well, it's written in Python it uses extended attributes in the file system to store metadata I believe they are switching that to using Postgres for a database because of performance issues with it there's DaviCal which is my main project I've been working on since 2005 that's Postgres back end database and PHP application not really a web application, more of an HTTP application Sogo is a project out of a company in Canada and Zimbra is a, I think they are owned by Yahoo or something but it's a free software, VMware, right Zimbra, there's a commercial version and there's an open source version So Zimbra have what they call an open source version but all the useful bits, also known as the bits which are hideously painful and broken are not open source they have their patched, Postfix their patched, MySQL their patched everything but there's no real reason for those the bits that are Zimbra are all in the giant Java blob that they don't give you source for Right, okay, there's Radicale which is a Python based project I believe it uses MySQL back end or does now that's still very early days for that one I think it's under development Cosmo, which is the companion to Chandler Cosmo is a Java program which is I guess it was very early Kaldiv server and unfortunately I think it has suffered from quite a lot of code rot and it's Kaldiv support it implements various old sort of standards and it gets a few things wrong and it does a lot of its communication with Chandler it's not done by Kaldiv and so that particular path doesn't get tested very well There's Mod Kaldiv for Apache that is a very lightweight Kaldiv server I think it's got some significant limitations as to what it can do in terms of Kaldiv and there's an interesting one called DAV Mail which is a single user Kaldiv server which allows you to use evolution via Kaldiv and on your local machine to to a exchange server in the back end or something peculiar along those lines There's also been some work in the SAMBA project with the Open Change to do an implementation of the exchange exchange interface in free software I don't know how well it's working has anybody tried that? It implements mapping which Microsoft declared was obsolete or obsolescent as of exchange 2007 they've now moved to a new protocol which is HTTP and SOPA based called Exchange Web Services we are currently putting together an evolution back end which supports that So there's various other server software, Microsoft Exchange which we've talked about a little bit that's obviously a very, very widely deployed solution Sun Calendar Server which is now owned by Oracle Oracle Beehive which is another So Sun Calendar Server and Oracle Beehive both do support Kaldiv support significant Kaldiv and Lotus Notes which does interoperate with iCalendar but it doesn't do Kaldiv or anything like that There's no doubt thousands of others out there The EM client people also have a server that supports Kaldiv for example So yes, further reading I don't have any of that Yes, if you have any questions I'd be happy to share with you Yes, if you have any questions I'd be happy to talk about them Do you know if Nervol Group Wise does iCal? I mean, I should know this given that you work with Nervol products but Group Wise I'm sure you can interchange iCalendar with it, but Yeah, I'm not sure And just on DevMail It's basically an exchange gateway, so from Exchange 2003, they're working on making it work on 2007 plus Yeah, and it's pretty awesome But it's a personal gateway, right? Yeah, it's a personal gateway Or you can actually set it up to be a bit of a server for multiple people, I think I haven't done it that way I usually just run it on the desktop Thanks I run a mail server and it's got a group web server as well The biggest problem that I find is clients not interoperating with each other they supply date formats incorrectly and do a whole lot of horrible things and then, so if you read it with one and write it with another you get very bad results Do you see that changing? It's I guess you know, it's always going to be a problem I'm a member of the of the calendar and scheduling consortium and as part of that I get involved in interoperability testing for various bits and pieces of calendar software, I try and put whatever interoperability testing things I can so I know, for example, that Oracle do test interoperability with and and I certainly test against all of the so with my android client I've tested so far against Beehive Sogo, you know pretty much all of the ones I have access to which is about seven different test servers and then you know, I run a lot of testing for client software so you do what you can, but you know, there's always going to be some interoperability issues it just takes time to get rid of those, I think but I mean, if you speak to Mr. Allman, I think he'll suggest that they still happen 30 years on with email. I believe that Chandler and Cosmo are fading out of the way, there's no more funding for Mitch Kapoor, no expert maybe somebody knows more than I do, but I think I read a report of that recently The source code is free and in the community so I think there isn't funding but there isn't funding for a lot of these projects Chandler I think probably will survive much better than Cosmo will because there are much better alternatives to Cosmo you know, it's a resource hog, it's kind of old it doesn't implement modern standards and I haven't looked at the code but I think it's a long way from really being a good thing to use in production I was involved in one site where Cosmo was replaced with Davacal and there was 1000% or so performance improvement I think you mentioned there was like an Android app are other mobile phone manufacturers and operating system producers actually following the standards process as far as you can see well, the iPhone has support for Caldev and CardDev built in, Apple are very keen on these particular standards so the Apple products do support Caldev, CardDev and often support interesting extensions to Caldev and CardDev as well and it's not an embrace and extend strategy so much as these protocols are still under development strategy so the people involved in some of the standards work are particularly on the calendar server team so they are quite involved in this and they do want to see these as standards and they do want to see adoption of them so that's a good thing in terms of the Caldev stuff, Apple is the most important client in existence it seems but open source clients are also getting more and more use particularly cross-platform ones so, yeah Are they doing much towards standardizing the date format you mentioned before that there's a lot of problems with that? Somebody mentioned before there were a lot of problems with that the date format is part of the iCalendar standard and rfc5545 perhaps clarifies that a bit further but I can tell you exactly what dates should look like in an iCalendar file perhaps there's some software that doesn't always get that right What about programming, I don't know if this is mentioned programming libraries or languages in which there's strong support for this kind of thing Yep so there's a Lib iCal which is a C library which is pretty extensively used the source of that is on Sourceforge and it's got some weird name like Free Radical or something like that I forget the exact name of it but it's Free Association thank you there's a there's a Java iCalendar library iCalfulJ that's pretty comprehensive we looked we used that for a little while in the android project but ended up ripping it out it's target was it's target seemed to be files that contained many events and we were writing a Caldav client where we had many individual blobs and the performance didn't seem to be too good from our point of view but we may just have been in too much of a hurry and not able to learn it so we ended up writing our own so I guess that will be available reasonably soon when we put iCal out there's libraries in Python and Perl and that are reasonably comprehensive I believe I was looking at some code the other day using the Python library I'm not a Python coder so I can't say exactly but seeing the Python code that was dealing with the iCalendaring stuff the vEvent I think it was using a vEvent library that seemed to be very sane and once it was being driven correctly it started producing the right code so that was actually the code that's in ZooKeeper for the conference system so hopefully the iCalendar feed of the conference schedule is now valid which it wasn't on Monday you mentioned that Apple is using extended attributes for their server Radicale uses I think it's just flat iCal files they were using extended attributes for the metadata so they were using flat files they were using flat files for the calendar event data but when you're processing the calendar event data for reports and so on you often need to have metadata about it for example the calendar object itself doesn't say what its permissions are necessarily so you have to have various metadata and the file system metadata typically is not sufficient to define the metadata that you need to respond to various report requests and so on that CalDav defines I think that's where Radicale might run some trouble in the future because it wasn't made to use a database several passes of that and one thing that they did was to put SQLite databases in each folder and use those for storing the metadata and that's a faster answer than using extended attributes and then beyond SQLite databases looking at Postgre as far as I understand it and that again is going to offer bigger performance improvements can you quickly describe the implementation of Davicale like is PHP and PostgreSQL yeah okay so Davicale is a PHP application um I don't know essentially it goes big in PHP at the top and code happens and all of the data is stored in the database with as little massaging as possible so it doesn't use file system at all for data storage the blobs are stored in the database the metadata is stored in the database and I use PostgreSQL essentially because I like it I like its date handling capability it's very strong in that area I used PHP just because I know it um and uh yeah I don't know I can I can go chapter and verse on it if you want but it's not really it's not really the thing to do in front of a room full of people I think to analyze the code it's probably better sit down with it and point it but all the documentation is online PHP doc kind of formatted I try and maintain all that stuff as well and some people are scared of PHP I have had it audited by somebody who does that for a living so that's good too any more questions okay let's put our hands together for our speaker on behalf of LCA I'd like to present our speaker with this little present I think he probably knows what's in there by now thank you thank you


happy Monday. Today's Monday, June 18th, and I'm headed off to buy a weight rack. My husband found a weight rack on some website somewhere, and he wants me to go pick it up for him. So my dad and I are going because we have his truck right now, and we're going to go ahead and pick that up. It's already hot. I put ice in this water bottle, and it's already dissolved. Melted. It's all the way from 15 to 65. Hey guys, so we just picked up the rack, and my dad is out there kind of tying down all of the weights to make sure that they don't roll out of the back. And then we're headed home, and I don't know if we're going to be able to unload it into the garage or anywhere, because it's really heavy, so we might have to wait for Scott to get home. But we are dog sitting, our neighbor's dogs, dog. And so I'm going over there every couple hours, just kind of letting her outside, letting her play.  So as soon as we get home, I'm probably going to go over there and just let her outside and let her play for a little bit, and then go home and just hang out. I really wanted to go to Hobby Lobby today, but I don't think I'm going to be able to go. And I have to meet with my team tomorrow. So I will take you guys with me to do that. And so this should be a fun little vlog. So Cash and I are at home. We got the weight rack all taken out of the car, and it was really heavy. So I actually had to leave it out front until Scott gets home, because I couldn't lift it. My dad couldn't lift it. So he and a buddy are going to be the ones moving it from the front of the house to the gym. Cash is awake. And he's over here. I'm eating lunch. So he's just hanging out with me. Are you on patrol? Are you on patrol? He's been enjoying these little teethers from Happy Baby, and they just dissolve, and he really likes them. Here you go. Yum, yum. So we're just hanging out. I'm actually getting ready to trade my old MacBook Pro in, and I'm also going to turn in my other computer to get a new one. And they have a they have like a little trade-in program where you can put an old device and trade it in and you can get a gift card toward a new device. So I think I'm going to do that. So right now I'm just trying to download everything from this computer onto my hard drive so that I have access to it, everything still. And then I'm going to completely wipe this computer and then send it to Apple. And they said that I should be getting about 200 bucks for it. So that's really good. Then I'm also going to send my other computer, my current computer, the MacBook Pro Air, I think is what it is. And they said I could get about $650 for that. So that's like $850 towards a new computer, which will be like that'll cover more than half of it. So I'm really excited for that. But that just means I'm going to be out of the computer for a while. So Scott will probably let me use his and then all of my videos will probably be filmed on my phone and uploaded from my phone. So get ready for some terrible quality. Are you listening to mama talk? He's just sitting here listening to me. Are you listening to mama talk? This guy's going to go down for another nap in about an hour, maybe two.  We're going to go swim swim. We got in this cute little pool for the backyard. So maybe we'll go in there. You want to go swim swim? You want to go swim swim? Yeah, okay, we'll go swim swim. Guys, so Cash just went down for his first or second nap of the day. I'm watching Grey's Anatomy and I'm going through this old computer trying to get as many files off of it as I can. Fingers are crossed. Hopefully it will all work out and be good to go. Oh, I was going to go outside and grab. I had to like leave his diaper and stuff outside when we came in because I didn't have enough hands to pick everything up. So I'm just grabbing this enormously swollen wet pool diaper. It's amazing how much these things can actually hold. Knows I like babies, but a baby is not a family. Isn't that a fact, said father? A family is for everybody all together. Thanks how lucky Gloria is to have a sister like Francis, said mother. I agree, said father, and I hope that Gloria turns out to be as clever and good as Francis. With a big sister like Francis, she will turn out fine, said mother. But you missed your family when you're away. I will be home soon, said Francis, and she hung up. Good morning, everyone. Happy Tuesday. So it's 7.40 already and Cash got up around 5.30. So we just laid him down for his first nap of the day, which is way earlier than normal. But Scott got called in to work so I wasn't able to go in, which is fine. So I'm just hanging out here and I'm getting ready to watch some Grey's Anatomy. But I'm filling up my big water jug because I've been trying to drink most of this every day and I think it's 3 liters. Yeah, it's 3 liters. So I'm just going to fill this up and then I need to eat breakfast. A lot has happened since I talked to you last. This guy took another nap, we played, he just woke up, we just ate. Did you just eat? Did you just eat?   Yes, here. He likes to chew on the end of his spoons. Yeah. We are tired though and we are. I took like a little 30 minute nap, the last 30 minutes of his nap and I feel much better. But I think we're going to go to Target because we need formula and we need rice cereal. And what else do we need? Is that it? Yeah, that's it. But I doubt that's all we're going to get. So we're going to go to Target. It's about 2.30. We've got about an hour and a half before daddy gets home. You think we could get to Target and back before then? You do? Should we go? Yes. Should we go right now? I think he says yes. Hey guys, so we just got back from Target and I did not film because it's hard to film by myself when I have the baby. But Cash is in here and he's drinking his bottle and then he's going to go down for a little evening nap. I'm thinking like maybe an hour. A little hour nap. So as soon as I lay him down, I will show you guys what I got from Target. I also went to Home Goods and I got a little shipment from Lipstick and Little. So I'll show you guys all of that in just a second. Hello. Okay, I'm going to show you guys what I got. Okay, so first thing that I got was baby formula. We have to buy this about every two weeks. I normally would get it on Amazon but I forgot to order it and we're down to like a day left in the other jar. So I just had to buy it. It is actually way cheaper on Amazon. But like I said, I forgot to order it. I also grabbed this baby cereal because we were out and he actually really likes this mixed with like fruit baby foods like purees. So we always get this. And then I grabbed some more gripe water just because he's been teething and with teething comes fussiness and gripe water seems to help him with fussiness. I try to avoid Motrin. I do not do Tylenol. So I just grabbed some more gripe water and then I also grabbed him another webinar. He has this exact same one and he loves this. He prefers the giraffe over any of the other ones because I think it's long and skinny and he likes that. So I grabbed another one so that we could start trading it out like I can wash the other one in the laundry and then I can give him this one. Also grabbed a sippy cup and this is a four month plus sippy cup. And we thought we would just try it with you know water or like some really nice like watered down juice and this is a four month plus so he's totally fine with this but we figured he might enjoy that. And then I found this cute Johnny Cash t-shirt. It's 12 months but it looks kind of big so I think it would definitely fit especially if I tucked it in. Okay the next thing that I bought at Target was this backup slim thing. It's a portable storage like I was telling you guys I needed more storage so I got that and then I grabbed another amazon dot and an echo dot and we're going to put this one in our room. I just put the other one in cash's room so it's actually playing right now. And then while I was at home goods I scored major. I grabbed this flexible phone holder and this is really cool because it has like this clamp and then it's like flexible. I also thought this would be great for using my phone in the classroom and like doing instagram posts and stuff more like a tripod kind of thing. So I grabbed this and it was $7.99 so I actually took it out of the box because I wanted to see and so this is the clamp part that clamps to whatever and then this part is what clamps to your phone and it's really wide so you can like clamp it that way and then this has like a swivel on it so you can really like put it wherever you want. Pretty cool. And then I also grabbed this. I haven't opened it yet but it's just a charger kind of thing. I bought it for our couch because we have a couple of outlets behind the couch and we like to have our phones and devices and stuff on the couch so I just grabbed this because I figured I could plug this in behind the couch and then kind of like feed this through the pillows and this could be like a great place to charge things on the couch and it has this cute little like lip thing that you can put your phone in if you wanted to. Probably won't use that feature but I like how it had multiple USBs so multiple people can be charging their phones at once. And then last but not least I got a package from Lipstick and Little. This is a little gift from Ashley for being an ambassador for her and she sent all of her ambassadors these little gifts and I'm super excited. It came with her Lipstick and Little's card that comes with every package and it says Charlotte, I'm beyond excited for this new adventure and for you to represent me. Thanks Ashley. So thank you Ashley for this. I'm really super excited. So I got the You Are Worthy Pop Socket and that's so cute. I feel like it would look really cute on the back of my phone but I might save this for like a device in my classroom because you guys know how I use devices in my classroom so I might save this or for when this one goes bad because I just want to look at this one forever. And then she also sent us or well she sent me I don't know what she sent the other ambassadors but she sent me this one. She may have sent the rest of us one. Um it's the All-American Teacher T-shirt. This is so cute. She sent me a small which is perfect and I'm probably gonna have to wear this now on 4th of July. If I didn't it would be silly but I'm really excited to wear this. So cute. Somebody does not want to go to sleep since they're crawling around.  So oh my husband is calling so I'm gonna go try and plug this in while I'm on the phone with him. Hello. There's kids over there. So I have Elsa with me. Hello. This is Hannah by the way. We're going to a party. We're just filling up on gas because somebody didn't fill up the car. No husbands. This is her first time in costume. Exciting. But she looks good huh? Thanks girl. Y'all she looks good. Y'all is clean. I can't snap. Really? Did you know that the sound that snapping makes is from your hand hitting your finger? That's what I hear. I'm like no it's not. I don't believe you. It's a very mediocre snap. Okay so we're gonna go but I couldn't not put this in the vlog because that would have just been a nushnish. Hey guys so princess party's over. I've since come home and showered and we're making up some salmon burgers that we got from Costco. Scott's out there looking at something. Um Boogie is playing and we're just hanging out. Um I think I'm gonna go get my nails done later tonight. I think around five. So I'm gonna get nails and toes done. I like the way my hair dried. Looks pretty nice. Watching baseball. Cash has gotten a couple new toys since I last saw you guys. He got this new little walking lion thing. He also got this new little barn toy. He also got the xylophone, the shape sorter, and the rings and he likes this one still. They done? Yes.  So I'm just grabbing my computer and my headphones. I don't know where like normal headphones are. I have to like search a little bit here. Okay so my nails are done and they look so good and I got purple on my toes. I'm not going to show you because they're all the way there under the car but I just went to the grocery store because we um took a bunch of meat out of the freezer and it's not defrosted yet so we can't really eat it. So I just grabbed a couple of things. We're gonna make some chicken tacos but yeah so I think I'm going to end today's vlog here because this vlog is already long enough and I will start a new vlog tomorrow when I get to my classroom and meet with my teammate and everything else. So thank you guys so so much for watching and I will see you in the next video. Bye!


With plenty of sausage, waffles and beer on hand, the German-American Club also knows the Boylston-Schulveren. Welcome the public to its Christmas Market on Saturday, December 4th. Club President Angela D. Martinez is the club, a non-profit that promotes the German language and culture, has been putting on the wine-nax market for nearly a decade. Tim Coleman, a beer distributor who says he came with 15 kegs of beer for the event, told us Christmas markets like the ones found in Germany and here in Walpole helped bring in the holiday season and the start of the Christian Advent calendar. A chance to do some Christmas shopping, a chance to meet up with friends, family members, get some food and drinks while they're doing it and turn it into a family shopping experience. While the imported beer attracted lines, Di Martino says the Glufine, a traditional German spiced red wine, tends to be the most popular item at the market. I used to eat the potato pancakes and what was it? I got the bratwurst. And then we got, yeah, we got some things as well. I got some earrings and some soap and you got something to say. I got a framed picture of the Grinch. Di Martino says the annual market is still young compared to the club, which has been around for almost 150 years, but it's still growing. We started with a very small couple, you know, like vendors and a food tent and over the years we realized there is interest in the local community. Di Martino also told us by the end of the day, 5,000 to 6,000 people usually make the trip to the Christmas market. Reporting for BUTV 10 in Walpole, Massachusetts, I'm James Bailey, Logo Polos.


Three, two, one. Hey guys, welcome to Rotorat. I'm Lajrib and this is J-Bird FPV. You might know him for some of his amazing one take shots. Small America shot was next level. Definitely check a link in the description to some of his videos. It's incredible stuff. Most famous is the bowling alley video. That's right, we got the bowling alley pallet right here. You guys had to have seen that video. We're gonna be doing a lot of different tactical stuff and explosions. So being able to get these drones in dangerous situations where you can't get other cameras, it's really nice to use the Rotorat setups because if something goes wrong and a drone's out, like the pre-builds are something that you can get up in the air right away and then immediately when you're on set, you can be shooting at a comfortable level. Well, we're just honored that you're flying the quads and showing all them what amazing things that you can do with it. FPV drones is just such an amazing technology. We've come out to gun site in Arizona, trying to get the drone in some dangerous places where you couldn't get a human filmer and try not to incinerate the drones here. I'm really excited to share with you guys kind of what it's like to be behind the scenes with a pro FPV drone filmer. You make it look really easy, but there's a lot of work that goes into it. And when I say there's one more take, I mean there's five more takes. We're having a nice range difficulty here where our very start point, it's not gonna get us fully to here because the signal is not gonna go all the way from the gate to here. So I could be in the car for a shot. What if you're in the car, we go under the gate.  And then come up here and just kind of work its way towards the range. Okay, you drive, I'll hop in the front. Yeah, feel free to buzz through. Like obviously don't, you know, go at reasonable speed, but just feel free to. Three, two, one, zero. Oh, that was a good shot. Oh, I love that. Wow, I love that. And then we veer off right here. And then we drop on into our range. And then we wanna maybe get all the way around. Yup. And you wanna spend a little bit of time there, get close to the people. Yeah, and then they'll be kind of shooting from like right here. No, they'll be a lot closer than that. Oh, they'll be like, they'll be like 20 feet from the target. Boom, right there. So we kinda wanna just work around this. And to get to our next spot, we can just hop up, go to our next spot. Yeah, so okay, so that's what I like. So this one will come from behind the shooting. And then for this guy, what we'll do is like when we approach it, we'll come from behind and we'll be right in the line of fire when we approach it. We're gonna have the two ranges set up where we're gonna coordinate two different drills on each. And then we're gonna have the drone be able to get in front of all the muzzles and see what we can get on both ranges in one shot. The countdown. Drone's up. Almost hit a second. Ah! Holy. Being president and founder of Viridian Technology, we build products. So laser sights, weapon-mounted lights, holsters. You know, we've organized this with some of our key industry partners. We're out and all together here at Gunsite. Gunsite Academy is the oldest, privately held firearms trading academy in the world as far as we know. It's been in existence for 46 years. It's really anyone that has an interest in doing firearms in a safe, responsible way, learning from the experts. And this is the place to do it.  Exactly so. You got the equipment. We offer classes, anything from one day to five and six day in-depth programs. The federal is one of the largest ammunition companies in the world. They're very innovative. They do all kinds of stuff. So they're excited to be partnering with both Viridian and Springfield on this project. This is gonna be a pretty crazy video. Yeah. So I'm actually a competitive shooter, but today I am going to be an add-on member to the security team. We'll have some dynamic moving and shooting that we're gonna be doing, which will be pretty cool. So hopefully they'll be able to get some cool shots of that. And that's something that you'd actually see to bring that experience of what it would be like to be on a world-class range like this, to somebody sitting, you know, watching that at home. We're waiting for part of the crew to get here at the Fun House. That's this little knife-edge gap. Bobby thinks he's gonna go for it. I'm gonna screw around two in the Fun House. Well, I'm gonna screw around more and have more fun. I'm gonna screw around. I'm already plugged in. What are you doing? I'm not. Where they're gonna go, no shooting yet, but basically this one will give us a little timing matchup. So when they actually have the bullets out, we'll be in the right place at the right time. So from the scale of nah, da brah, what are you feeling? Full scent. Full scent. This is like for FPV pilot, this is like as good as it gets for a dynamic window. And then for scouting it, you just hop up to the top and get a look. The take, it's all down to this. All the practice, all the setup, all the anticipation comes down to this moment. Unless he messes it up and then we'll do another take. The stakes have been higher, but... All right, they're setting up for another exercise. And this exercise actually will be very quick, but they're filming with a high speed camera so it's gonna be ultra slow motion. So Jay switched to a thick, which is a larger drone, X8, seven inch props, basically a drone that can carry a heavier payload because he's carrying a bigger camera, the wave. So Freefly, if you're familiar with like the Alt-A, Alt-6. Freefly made that camera. Oh, okay, I didn't make that connection. That's really cool. So Freefly made this and it's their first camera ever. They make the Mobi Pro, so they're in cinema enough where they're like, let's just make a high frame rate camera that's small enough to go on a drone and also durable enough where you can have this thing get hit by sand and rocks and it's still like compact because there's no screen on it, right? There's no... It's just a fan and you have to HDMI out, just to monitor to it. But it's got an internal two terabyte SSD on it and honestly, it fills up fat. So you're like constantly offloading footage from there onto a laptop or something? Yeah, you have just your SSD with you. So if we have like a money take, you'll just right away get that off there so you can format it and start again. But yeah, it's the idea that like the coolest shots you go through like sand or dirt and Johnny's Porsche film used this camera. So like he definitely put it to the test with like getting stuff shot up at it. So like you could probably go through a lot of lenses but the camera itself will like sustain all that. Seems like a tank. By the bullet though. I didn't shoot it. No, by the, it's fine. It's by the shell. Oh, it's just the ricochet? It's just the shell. We're good. Hit and record. Hit the red button on top of the camera. Camera's not damaged, there's no lens. Oh, but the optics are fine. Look at that. We took that all across. You got some scuffs with the carbon back here. It was on your side. It was coming down. It broke your rubber. I think this drone is done for the day. Yeah. I know this is actually the best case scenario because we're like, we did our, we did our dangerous shot and technically the only thing that needs to be fixed is like just a little repair on this but the camera's totally fine. So shout out to the Free-Fi Night Wave. So next we're going to the explosions. Explosions. We got three explosions. Explosion number one, we're gonna do a clean take with the expensive camera trying to get nice slow motion. The next two explosions, we wanna maximize the chances. Lots of drones. We wanna maximize our chances of getting something so lots of drones, lots of angles. Big, big explosion. Big boom, boom. So the boom is gonna be right on the other side of the white truck there. That's pretty close. We're gonna be posted up right here and then the guy detonating it will be with us and so that way we can know in our shot when the best time for him to blow it up. So I think with this, I almost wanna get in the blast radius and then as I'm pulling out, just have it go to smithereens. Bubby, I'm gonna go straight through the ball. Okay, fire. I'm just gonna go straight through the ball. Fire. I'm just gonna send it. I'm just gonna go straight through the ball. I wanna chase it up. So I'm gonna start low and as it blows I'm gonna try and go up it. Straight through it. Straight down the range. Straight down the range. Okay, I'll come from the left side. Freaking insane. Did you, wait, the quad was still flying like that or did you crash over there? No. Oh, I was about to say. But look at it. It's like completely charged. Did you go right through the fireball? Yeah. Oh, wow. These props were purple. Damn. Oh my God. Oh my God. You melted. And your quad was still flying or not? I just went down. It's fine. Dude, I gotta save these guys. Oh my gosh, the battery. This is a brand new battery. That's crazy. The air unit. This is a brand new battery. The air unit. Look at the props. That's crazy. The GoPro's still alive, man. The GoPro's still rolling. That's all that matters. How often do you do a shoot like this where you have to use so many different types of drones because you use the Cinewup for the close quarters. You use the five inch for the long take where you kind of cross more of the campus and you broke out the thick to carry that super high frame rate camera.  So I thought that was like really interesting. Is that a common thing you have to deal with? Well, yeah, sometimes. But for this, it would surprise me because originally we wanted to set this up and incorporate as many things as we can in that one shot. But it really looked like when we were scouting that the best setup would be to take each place and really just make that scene unique in its own way. So, yeah, having the speed on the Vanny or the safety on the Cinewup and also getting the slow mo on the wave, making sure to spend time incorporating all the three different types of drones is somewhere now we can go into post and we've got a lot of different looks. It amazes me how little was damaged in the last couple of days for sure. Of course it was the most expensive drone that had to go down though. Thankfully, the damage was very minimal and it was just a bent lens hood. I think you bent it back. It's good as new. It's probably better now. You can have better light blocks. It's fine, it's fine. Well, I hope you guys were not only impressed by the amazing shots they were able to pull off, but also gained an appreciation for how much work goes into it. It is not easy flying and filming at the level that you're at. For sure. And honestly, I had you guys helping me so like the sun didn't go in my goggles or your nose. Watch out for that. But yeah, it's cool too. Cause like a lot of times people wanna see that feed. Like if you have a client or anybody nearby that they're watching the drone buzz around but they wanna be on that same experience you're on to see that view. So being able to have the extra goggles to show the people on set really helps cause once they see that and experience that the first time they're so sold on like, yeah, we'll do another take. Or yeah, what do you need me to do? So making sure that they get the same visual of you as you are getting is huge. Well, I know the clients and the sponsors are stoked about the shots. Are you happy? Did you get what you wanted? I'm super stoked, fam. Dude, thanks a lot for letting us come out here, follow you around and share with them what it's like to be on set with you doing some of these productions. I think it's not something that a lot of people really have seen before. So like what it takes to do these types of shots. Thank you so much. Absolutely fam. Guys, hope you enjoyed this video. If you're new here, hit the subscribe button. We post videos every Monday. Smash the bell so we can spam you. You don't wanna miss one. If you had a good time, hit the like button. Guys, I'm LaDrib. I'm Jaybird. We'll see you next time on Rotorad.


This message is from serious contamination prevention limited and concerns a dangerous disease breaking out in your area. This disease spreads through physical touch or through contact with bodily fluids. As such you should stay isolated inside. This disease can stay dormant for many years before showing external symptoms. People in your area are now showing symptoms they may have been infected a long time ago. You may have even been infected long ago without being aware and it is therefore essential that you stay inside to avoid spreading the disease. The early symptoms of this disease include confusion, insomnia, lethargy, emotional detachment and hearing a persistent ticking noise. Other symptoms may include a sharp tearing pain throughout the body, intermittently, over the course of several days to weeks. Outwardly, no symptoms appear. An infected individual appears healthy and unaffected by the disease in any way. Internally, various organs, bones, and other internal structures are slowly replaced by hardened and otherwise unusual structures. The exact nature of these structures is undergoing investigation, but if unchecked the whole body is replaced by these unusual transformations. Full bodily transformation can result in an individual becoming irritable, emotionless, apathetic, and distant. If you believe yourself to be infected, please travel alone to a processing center set up outside your town or village. If you are unable to make this journey, please contact Serious Contamination Prevention Limited for a home visit. Thank you for your attention and cooperation, Serious Contamination Prevention Limited.


Hey everyone, I'm joined by one of Freddy Lindgren's mechanics John O'Berks. Now from experience I know that a mechanic is more to a mechanic than just turning spanners and working on the bikes up Johnny, you've been with Freddy for a few years now. Four or five years? Yeah So what's the process just a little bit of the process when Freddy comes in the race? Who's he kind of who's he's go-to person and what's that process all about? Either I think all of us But I tend to step away from the bike a little bit and the guys tend to deal with the bikes with the tools more I spend a little bit of time with Fred. It seems like we've got a good connection and we tend to have like a similar opinion on stuff You know, so that's really nice. So probably myself maybe but also, you know Dave and Emile as well are as much involved as what I am on the setups I know it's a big team and it obviously helps we hear the riders say how important it is Is Freddy kind of very is it always down to Freddy and he makes all the calls or does he like to bounce things off you guys? No, definitely bounce things off as I think you know But you know end of days an experienced rider he's been doing it for a lot of years It's probably one of the most experienced like riders in this pits, you know, so he's been doing it a lot of years So if he does have something in his mind and he feels it's right We always you know try and push him to make that decision because that's very important as well That he's confident in what he's doing and what about those times where perhaps Freddy's not having such a great night I know from experience me back in the past when my mechanics said I can tell you've got a good meeting the minute you're walking a bit or not. Can you see that in Freddy? Yeah, definitely, you know as and as the season goes on you tend to know where he is and what you know what place he's in So definitely a for sure you know if it's gonna be if we're on for a good and all not You know, I feel that definitely and it's a real tough one But if Freddy comes in and is known about the bike, but you guys are like, maybe the bike's okay But you're not quite riding right. Yeah, how do you kind of tackle that this direct with it? It's gotta be like that and but no Fred's very good with that You know, he knows if it's him or the bike that we are also very honest and very direct with him if we feel It's a little bit to do with the right. He just goes on. Yeah No, I agree guys and then we crack on as a team and move forward So there's you know, it's no sense to change the bike if it's not the bike's problem Because all we do is lose a race by doing that So we better to be honest to each other and make sure that we continue with the setup that we've got and maybe Slightly change track position or he's riding on the track. I know you all work together. You have to it's like a family There's that connection there but GPs we hear what the riders about the pressures, but you guys are under a man's pressure now I know there's a rider in a league meeting how Frustrated and confused I can get trying to make the self choices for you boys as well There's a lot of pressure on you because you're gonna advise him a certain way Do you feel that pressure when it comes into? Yeah, definitely 100% You know, and if we make a decision that's maybe more based around me Dave and Emile Robin and something that Freddy's decided to do, you know, then obviously the pressure You know is even more on to you. So as they're going out to the track, you can really feel that little bit You know intensity or whatever you want to say, you know, and lastly when you see the other boys in the pits I keep saying about this connection and almost like a relationship. That's something new boys have got solid I'm sure when you walk up and down the pitching some of the boys They've not got that connection and you can really see that place dividends when it comes to the track Yeah, I think so and for the whole season as well, you know for how, you know There's a lot of traveling involved, you know, there's a lot of logistics involved So we have to trust and believe in each other to make it work for the full season That's massively important as well for the GPs and Lee Grayson Thanks for talking mate. Hope you boys get the sound right and go well. Thank you. Cheers, mate


Good evening everyone. Thanks for joining. Happy to see you all here. My name is Rithvik. I'm currently working at LinkedIn. You can know more about me and my work at the given portfolio link here, which is Rithvik12.github.io. Before we start, I would like to give you all a minute to think about AI. What comes to our mind when you think about it? If you all are currently thinking about it, so was it smart, intelligent, or just a well-trained agent using data? Let's start from the very beginning of AI when the term was itself coined. The whole idea of AI was based on the cognitive abilities of the brain. Most of the AI and ML frameworks works either on training or data provided to them. All algorithms revolves around the idea of learning by an AI algorithm rather than cognitive and intellectual growth. Now just try to imagine if an AI can listen to a language and learn it, if it can read a book and reason it. Do not just memorize the knowledge, but also have an ability to apply that knowledge just as a human would do. How great that would be. If you think about it, it takes years for a person to learn about a subject and then apply that in research and development. This can be done simply by having an AI which can reason and brainstorm with the person the same way our research partner will. We know so little about this universe, how it was made, why things are in a certain way. Human lifetime is so small to explore this vast universe. By the time someone is near to something productive from their research, usually their time is up. That's sad to hear, but that is true. Very few scientists were able to do something extraordinary in their life. And that is also because of their peers or ancestors or earlier scientists who made it possible. With their work and with their learnings, they were able to do and continue on their research. Very, very few will be there who were able to start something and compete it in their whole lifetime. Otherwise, it takes centuries for some theory to be proved. Think if we had an AI who can read all the books or research papers ever written. If we can pass on all the knowledge to an AI in just few minutes or few days or even few months will work. Rather than a person who is studying and reading about all the knowledge from their research paper and books for years and years and trying to understand how things work. In that we will only have to ask the right questions to the AI and we can get many answers in very short duration of time. The closest we have ever been to human intelligence in AI is in the form of artificial intelligence, artificial neural networks. Though there are big differences in that approach too. Let's talk about human brain alphabet. Human brain consists of different parts, mainly the four lobes. The frontal lobe, which is associated with reasoning, problem solving, planning, movement, emotions. The perietal lobe is associated with recognition, orientation, perception of stimuli. The occipital lobe, which is mainly responsible for visual processing. Temporal lobe, which is there for memory, speech perception and recognition. If you think about it closely, information about the world is gathered through senses such as vision, sound, smell, touch or taste. Whereas when we talk about AI, in neural net, the neurons are just numbers in the code, typically ranging from 0 to 1. The connection between the neurons also have numbers associated with them and those are called weights. These weights tell us how much the information from one layer matters for the next layer. As simple as that, the value of neurons and weights or the connections are simply the free parameters of the network. By training the network, we want to find those values of the parameters that minimize a certain function called loss function. So it's really an optimization problem that neural nets solve. Think about when a baby is born, what do we expect from them? I guess nobody from us will be expecting them to be like this. So they don't need books or us to teach them how to breathe, cry, eat or drink. There are some things that they get from their genes as part of heredity. The moment they are born, they are able to breathe, cry, move some of their parts and they can use all their vital organs which are essential for living. So there are things that we don't need to teach them and there are things that we need to teach them. The moment a baby is born, they start using their vital organs as normal as just an adult will do. Few organs will take some time to develop but there isn't any knowledge or anything to pass on to use those organs. But when it comes to an AI, we solely depend on data. Think of telling a child about a dog. We can show the photos of different dogs or we can just take the child near a dog. A child needs to see only a couple of times to grasp main features of a dog. And the next time they see a dog, they know what it is and how to behave or act around it. Whereas an AI needs millions of examples of dog photos as data. Without it, it can never understand what a dog is. To an AI, everything works as an object. It tries to grasp main features from the images and then tries to depict from what it learned with those millions of photos. There could be times when those images consist of backgrounds. For assumption, an AI might classify a wolf standing in snow as a dog because the data given to the AI for training consisted of dog images standing in snow. So the AI thinks of snow as an important feature of a dog and predicts anything closer to a dog such as wolf or jackals in a snow as a dog only. That might look like a confusion but to an AI that was what we wanted it to do. Let's look at this. This part is controlled by an AI which came up with the design of legs and then figured out how to use them to get past these obstacles. But when this experiment was set up at Google Brain, they had to set it up with very, very strict limits on how big the AI was allowed to make the legs. You can see here that few of the agents or boards are having longer lengths, few are having very short lengths. Because without that, the AI actually did what we asked it to do here but in an astonishing way of its own. The danger of AI is not that it is going to rebel against us, it's that it is going to do exactly what we asked it to do. Most of humanity is afraid of advanced AI as it might be the cause of humanity's self-destruction. As soon as it can think and reason like us, in a way this could be true but only if we let it. Because we just saw that the current AI does not do things on its own but tries to do exactly what we asked it to do. Developing an AI which can have cognitive capabilities is like growing a child. It depends on what we feed to it and how we do it. It ain't gonna just pop up from somewhere and start doing bad things for no reason. Let's talk about approach. The fastest man-made object which we can think of is NASA's Parker Solar Probe. It can travel as fast as 140,000 meters per second, which is 535,000 kilometers per hour. It can do that with the help of Sun's gravity. Without that, it won't be able to attain such a high speed. That's blindingly fast, right? Yet, it is the only 0.05% of the speed of light. No matter how hard we try, it is gonna take us very long time to reach near the speed of light with the same approach of engineering and science. The same goes for the true AI which we seek. By getting better data or lots of data, we are not going to get what we want. We will have to think about totally different approaches. One of the totally different approaches that we came to was artificial neural network when we tried to think about human intelligence, how it works, and try to know more about the brain. While improving the current best approaches that we have, we also need to look for different approaches. With that, we might be able to attain what we seek for. I know that a lot of people might already be working on it and some day, somewhere, someone will do it for sure. So with that, have a good day, everyone.