So one of the unfortunate things about having to deal with fractions is having to deal with something called a mixed number. And on the one hand, this isn't too bad. On the other hand, the mixed numbers can lead to a lot of confusion later on. So what's a mixed number? Well, it's an expression that contains both a whole number and a fraction. So for example, something like this, we have our whole number, portion three, we have a fraction, portion five eights, and it's called the mixed number because you kind of mix them together in this sort of hodgepodge number. Now, what does it mean? In general, you should always read and rewrite a mixed number as a whole number plus a fraction. So this three five eights, you should immediately rewrite this as three plus five eights. And the reason is that now that it's an addition, all the properties we have for the addition of numbers come into play. So this means commutativity and associativity and everything else. And that's extremely useful because it means that we can handle mixed numbers like we handle whole numbers and like we handle fractions as opposed to having to do something entirely new with them. So for example, let's consider a typical problem. We're going to add two mixed numbers, 17 and five eights to 11 and three fifths. So again, it's very useful to rewrite these mixed numbers as whole numbers plus fractions. So this 17 and five eights, I'm going to split that 17 five eights, the 11 and three fifths, 11 and three fifths. So I split them up into a whole number plus a fraction. And the thing that I can rely on is I know how to add whole numbers already. So associativity and commutativity, say I can rewrite this, I can get the whole numbers together and I can add 17 and 11 immediately. Again, strictly speaking, we can actually go from this expression over here at the 17 and 11 gives us 28, five eights and three fifths are left over. And well, that's a fraction. So five eights plus three fifths, I can add those. I could find the common denominator and then combine them. And one last note is that this is actually an improper fraction. The numerator is greater than the denominator. This is 49 40th. So I'm going to split that up. I'm going to split that into 40 40th. And I know this is equal to one and then I have my leftovers. So that's going to give me one and whole number addition. I can do that. Not a problem. That gives me 29 and 9 40s. And then finally, here's an important idea. The final answer that you write should be expressed in the same dialect as the problem. What is that? Take a look at how the problem is expressed. So we have this 17, five eights. And this is an expression as a mixed number. So what that means is that the question is asked, first of all, it is a mathematical question. That's the language. But the actual dialect is the dialect that includes mixed numbers. And what we want to do is we want to write our final answer in that same dialect. So we start with mixed numbers. We want to end with mixed numbers, which means our final step is we take this perfectly usable expression, 29 plus 9 40th. And we mash it up as 29 and 9 40th as a mixed number. Now the importance of this particular example is that mixed number addition is really addition of whole numbers, addition of fractions, and we can treat the two parts separately. Also, anything that we did to add or subtract two whole numbers or two fractions, we can also apply to the addition or subtraction of mixed numbers. There is no difference in the arithmetical operations of mixed numbers and the arithmetical operations of whole numbers and the arithmetical operations of fractions. So, for example, let's consider the subtraction, mixed number minus another mixed number. And one of the things we did with subtraction is to break the subterhent apart into its two components. So here, this is 15 and 2 7. So I'm going to rewrite that as the mixed number 15 plus 2 7s. But I'm subtracting 8 and I'm also subtracting 3 4ths. So I'll rewrite this problem 15 and 2 7. So there's my mixed number rewritten as a whole number plus a fraction and then minus 8 minus 3 quarters. Now, if you remember our trades before method of doing subtraction, one of the things that we did that made our lives a lot easier is we set things up so that we could just do the subtraction immediately. And so 15 minus 8, not a problem. But at some point I'm going to have to subtract this 3 quarters from something and I really don't feel like doing a subtraction of two fractions. And that's a lot of work. On the other hand, thinking trades before, if I set this up so I can subtract 3 quarters from something, my life will be much easier. What's that something going to be? Well, what I can do is I can split off a 1 from my 15 to help me do the subtraction. Well, so now I have a bunch of whole numbers and I have some fractions that I'll have to deal with. So I'll rearrange things a little bit. I'll subtract the whole numbers 14 minus 8. I can do that, that's 6. And now I want to consider the subtraction 1 minus 3 quarters. So I'll rearrange that and again, 1 minus 3 quarters. Well, that's something I can do without really having to think too hard about that. That's just going to be 1 quarter.  I have a whole number and then I have to add these two fractions 1 quarter plus 3 7s. So I'll apply my common denominator, get my fraction. It's a nice proper fraction, numerator less than the denominator. And again, the dialect the problem was asked is the dialect that includes mixed numbers. And so the final answer that I want to give is also going to be expressed in the same dialect, 6 and 15 28s. Now it's worth keeping in mind that this is just a operations on whole numbers, operations on fractions. And what that means is anything we did to subtract using whole numbers has an analog when dealing with mixed numbers. So let's consider this subtraction problem again. So one of the problems that we had with subtraction, one of the ways we had of solving subtractions was to use this notion of equal add-ins. And the idea is that I don't really want to subtract 8 and 3 quarters. I'm going to increase this by something to make it easy to subtract. And I have to do the same thing to the other number. So let's see, that's 8 and 3 quarters. If I increase this by 1 quarter, that takes me up to 9. So my equal add-ins, I'm going to increase both of my terms by a quarter. So there's my 15 and 2 7s increased by a quarter. 8 and 3 quarters increased by a quarter is 9. Mixed numbers rewritten as a fraction plus a whole number. And I can handle 15 minus 9, my whole number subtraction. And then finally, I have this fraction to add, 15, 28. And again, I arrive at the same answer. Or there's another way I could do that subtraction. Again, same subtraction problem. But here's one where counting up might actually be easiest to use. Because here I have 8 and 3 quarters. And so I'm going to go and count up from 8 and 3 quarters up to 15 and 2 7s. So let's see, easy step. If I increase by a quarter, that takes me to 9 plus 6 takes me to 15 plus 2 7s, takes me to my final answer 15 and 2 7s. And how far did I count up? Well, it's 6 plus a quarter plus 2 7s. And once again, I have this expression here that I can add as a set of fractions and get my final answer, 6 and 15, 28s.


Hey girl, welcome back to another video. We are going to be getting into an amazon hall. We are going to be talking lifestyle gadgets beauty Fashion and health so make sure you stay tuned so you know what to add to your next amazon cart So let's get into it So first things first i want to get into this to go cup it is a glass Cup and it has a black sleeve and recently i've been drinking green juices every single day with collagen So i really like to take these to go with me if i'm in a rush and i just think it's super cute and the sleeve keeps my Drink cold and i really love the bamboo touch and it comes with a straw super secure Super cute and i just love taking this with me on the go So next i have this water bottle i think the pink and the green looks so cute together it's just fun and i love that it has time stamps on the bottle And motivating words just to keep me motivated to keep drinking my Water and it does come with a straw a straw just makes it easier for me to drink things because i like to nibble on it I don't know and it does have a handle So it's so easy and convenient to take with you on the go My most recent purchase that i'm most excited about from amazon is this bag organizer because i recently Just got this huge bag and it has so much space and it's so slouchy And i really love that this bag organizer keeps its structure. It has so many pockets it did come with a Zip lock pouch that is velcroed to the inside So i like to keep my makeup in there and then i just go ahead and individually put things in each Pocket and it just keeps my bag super organized And it's just aesthetically pleasing to look at honestly when i'm looking in my bag And it just fits a whole bunch of stuff. It's so convenient for travel Work Whatever if you're a girl that likes to just carry a lot of things you need a bag organizer Especially if you have a huge one. So yeah, I just keep all my items in here And yes, and it also keeps my bag structure, which i really love Next thing on the list is this drawstring makeup bag I've recently been just carrying carry-ons and when i stuff my makeup in my makeup pouches They it literally is so hard to pack my bag. So i'm like this drawstring bag will just make it flat So that's why I invested my money in this is so affordable And i'll just lay all my makeup in there and drawstring it up And then once i'm ready to use it when um I get to my destination I just lay it out all flat and all my makeup is there it's so convenient and it's not all bulky and stuff In my suitcase. So i really like that Right first time basically i'm saying either way I don't know what it is, but this weather grow it is being scorching hot And I am a sweaty girl. Okay, and I just can't be lacking So I recently just been putting fans in my bag and y'all don't know how many times my fans have come clutch So recently I just picked up this black one a handheld one And then I've been had the lash fan because my lash tech put me on that It's super flat and convenient compared to the handheld one But I really just want to keep both of me because a lot of people have asked me can I use my fan? So yeah, I just recently picked these two up and I don't regret it So this next item is something I never knew I needed So these are portable vanity lights to help you be able to do your makeup or anything like that when you're in Terrible lighting. Yes girl. So, you know when you're on a girl's trip and it's girl hogging the the mirror You can stick these anywhere and take them off and they're reusable And the adhesive has been working very good so far I haven't had any complications when taking off the led lights from my mirror or anywhere I'm trying to do my makeup So yeah, these are super convenient to just be anywhere with to have good lighting This next thing of course I had to pick this up. This is a Clamp led light to your phone and has so many different lighting settings. Of course being a content creator I have to have the lighting always So this was just uh obvious purchase for me. So if you're a content creator girl, you need this. Okay So these next items we are going to be going into health. This is the neutral fold Woman's hair wellness from within these are hair growth capsules So if y'all have been following my blogs, my mother and I Have recently went to a hair doctor because my mom was had COVID and she suffered from hair loss from COVID So she's been trying to find something to help her gain her hair Growth back. So these have helped so much on her hair girl is back full And I'm now taking them you take four a day four capsules with food And yes, this is just essential for the girls that just want, you know inches Next is a beauty essential. This is my ice roller.  So these are heatless curler Alternatives this one first one is a rod.  What are you doing? You're a zero So this is the tool of skincare protect and glow daily sunscreen gel spf 30 and y'all I've been using this down every single day Um when you use sunscreen you should use two finger strip full So this sunscreen of it just makes your skin like extra glowy and it's a spf So you cannot go wrong with this It's a thriller So this next product is also spf, but this is something I carry with me. This is the cooler refreshing water mist I'm obsessed with it. So during the day if I feel like I need a spf Touch-up, I'll just go ahead and spray this. So yes girl. I really like this and it smells like suntan lotion I don't know. I just really like Spray my face with this during the day So what these workout sets y'all from amazon are ahead y'all been blowing me up And I'm so happy to finally be showing y'all that these sets that I've been wearing are from amazon Yes, so the pink one is definitely my favorite. I love the plunge broad top. It's so comfortable I work out in this lounge word set but workout set at the same time And this is a size medium And then the purple one is a little bit Tartar it is a small they're just super convenient sets to just wear on a daily and so affordable So these next glasses I really don't intend on wearing like out at all is literally for a picture I've spent so much money on designer sunglasses just for a look girl, baby I'm just gonna just go over to amazon. So these are the balenciaga dupes. They do not fit my face at all But like I said, they're just for a look. So yeah, I'm super excited to style these glasses for a picture But if you're a girl that likes these I would definitely highly recommend the quality is decent for the price So these next sunglasses are the st. Laurent dupes. They do not fit my face at all either I had some hope but nope But I feel like these are super cute for somebody who really just loves a casual every day Chic pair of glasses just because they don't look good on me.  I got your back So the next items we're gonna get into home I have this lint remover from my couch because I be having these Little lint balls on my couch and I don't like how it makes my couch look So in order for me to keep it up to par. I have this lint remover And the last thing on my amazon list are these centerpieces from my table bringing my Little dining area together And the little short one was blue But I spring painted it black because these can be so expensive especially at the high And furniture stores, but I found these on amazon so affordable and it just Makes my dining room area. Like I said come together and very modern. So really love these So that is it for my amazon haul. I hope you guys enjoyed Please let me know what you'll be adding to your amazon cards in the comments down below and I love you all so much And I'll see you on next one. Bye


Yes, Magnus Ice, I come to you, two hundred and fifteen pounds strong and ready to get diced to the socks and during my training, for my training, all about my training, I got the new Captain America Under Armor.  Let me tell you something, first of all it caught my eye right away. As soon as I went to under armor, I just decided to go to under armor, I'm waiting for my magneto to come in by the way, but until magneto comes in, I'm gonna review on this. Now, when I went to the website, they were all sold out, I wear a large, all they had was XX3XXLs left. It was the only one that was sold out like that.  You know what I'm saying? Anyway, so I like to fit, love to fit and one thing that I do, a lot of guys will wear their under armor on the inside of their pants and you know, I don't like that like that, like inside shirt, I wear mine on the outside, you know, I don't tuck it in, but I like the way this rolls down, it stays where it's supposed to be. Can y'all see that? See, like, it got the belt, the Captain America belt right there, it's right there, it stays right where it is in the majority of the time I'm working out. I only have to pull it down a little bit. The other ones that I bought, the two super mans, the spider man and the beast, that cobra, that one, they ride up a little bit more. Now, it could be the shirt or it could be, I'm wearing a little bit different pants, it could be the pants too, maybe my other pants was a little bit too slick. Anyway, I think, I don't know, I think this might be my favorite one. It's between this one and the man of steel joint, okay? So, yeah, if y'all want one, y'all know where to go. Under armor, goddammit. And every once in a while, stuff is sold out, you can run on the eBay, you got other people selling it, Amazon too, you got other people selling it, but I love it.  You know what I'm saying?  Like, man, final justice. Boom! Soldier, you know what I'm saying? So, by the way, a Marvel, if you are watching this, okay, I know that, look, y'all putting a lot of minorities in your new films recently. For what I hear, Miles Morales may be in the new Spider-Man, the reboot, you know, you got Falcon. Falcon also becomes the new Captain America. Look no further, I'm already an actor, okay?  I will have a huge following. So, this is the business deal, you know?  Okay, that's all I'm gonna talk about with that. Alright, if you think Magnus should be the black, Captain America, hit the like button right now. If you don't think so, hit the like button right now. Magnusites, let your voices be heard. One million subscribers. Woo!


Good morning everyone. So, we have here left right and center right. So, it is not the your political alignment, but it is because the way you are sitting here. So, I call them left right and center you know. So, this environmental studies course is a very interesting course and when I and professor said to start looking at the slavers which is given on the UGC in the UGC that what is the slavers. We realize that actually whatever is given in the slavers even we do not teach that for our masters. We do not even teach it even for our undergraduate students who have civil land or orientation that is huge that is very vast. So, in fact then comes the question that why this is designed in the way it is designed. Why supreme court has to you know intervene and say that ok we need this kind of slavers. We have to compulsory teach this environmental studies and then what and so on and so forth. And similarly it is also interesting that first of all supreme court has to ask us that we should teach this course and our prime minister has to say start a campaign which is called Swachh Bharata Bihar. So, I ask to my students other day that are we dirty people are we really dirty that our prime minister has to say this clean area what are you doing dirty. So, many of they were yeah I do not take bath on one day and sometime it happens three days four days. Then I ask them the question you know that what your mother tells you every day do not make this dirty do not make that dirty do not make that dirty that is always every one of us tells to our kids and even our parents tells in this age as to us then do not do ok. So, that is for sure that we are not dirty people right are we no. Then the question comes is why our country is not so clean then ok and why its prime minister who has to say it as a prime minister and why the supreme court honorable supreme court has to say it from there ok. So, that is the question that everyone of us should answer and that also answers that why the slavers is kept in a such a wide domain that probably everything related to environment is covered. That means we have to consider the different issues which are under different communities under different places which are related to environment and focus on that. So, basically it is good that any students objective of any student is to pass the course there is no denying in it I cannot deny anyone cannot deny that is fair. But in addition to that this is not only a course which is for understanding thermodynamics mechanics etcetera this is also a course to make sure that our country as a our communities are cleaner and environmentally friendly and they know what are the issues. So, for example, issues in in this part in the northern part or the right part may be different in the southern part. So, I personally think is that it is not a bad idea to tweak your course in the way which is more appropriate for your state for your area etcetera. So, that is why it is kept open ok, but nevertheless we have to always cover the syllabus make sure that it is you are not covering the syllabus because otherwise student will fail that they will forget what the environment first you are failing in the course that is the another thing. So, how we have so I have taught this course now almost for let me see for 5 years now it is a fortunate and unfortunate that when you join a faculty related to courses of environmental engineering in IITs this is the you have to teach it sometime compulsorily sometime likening and likening also ok. So, once I taught this course for 2 years as a complete course of 40 lectures which probably many of you do or in many of others who will come to a center will do, but now I am teaching it as a crisp module which is just 5-6 lectures which we are doing here at IIT Bombay. So, what I realize is that students sometime are very interesting to know something which is which they are not knowing, but at the same time to understand this it is a very interdisciplinary course we cannot make it very technical also ok and at the same time we cannot make it very simple. For example, if I tell to student that you know if you produce more waste then there is a more problems. So, everyone of them knows it right, but then if I just tell them there is a pyrolysis there is a technology to produce energy which is cost this produces x kind of component which probably is creating y kind of problems which is beyond their understanding because ultimately they are not expert becoming expert in ornament study. So, we have to make a kind of balance in weighting. So, that it is not too technical and the same time it is not too simple also you do not want to make your to make it as this kind of course which probably everyone knows ok. So, that kind of balance need to be done. For example, I remember one student I asked him something he said as we are learning this course from the class 5th I was really surprised. So, I asked him you mean to say that what I am teaching you it was told in 5th class yes sir at least not in 5th and 6th standard. So, you cannot make it that simple also that means you know then they lost interest what you are talking about I know it upfront, but at the same time you cannot make very difficult also. So, it is to sensitize the issue to make sure that the people start thinking in terms of environment, but at the same time give them a really good technical know-how or technical thought so that they can implement it or they can think a little bit. For example, I cannot I shouldn't say that if we produce energy from waste the whole world will change. All coal power plants will be gone that is too much, but I should realistically tempt them ok it is a few megawatt we will produce, but that is also useful energy. So, you shouldn't make it you know sometime what we do is as an environmentalist or sometime working on this. So, we make a lot of everything if I do not use this paper the world will change, world will not change in that way, world does not change in that way. So, do not sensitize is to extend that it becomes I know I know every do you telling the same thing, but make them something to understand realist in realistic terms. What if I reduce my waste by 10 percent what is good why it is so good to segregate it everyone knows segregation right for example I am almost of what solid is everyone knows it the why we are not doing it because people do not think beyond what happens after segregation and why this segregation is so important that if I do segregation the whole problem largely is solved because we never told them you know we will tell everyone please segregate your waste put it into dry and wet wind etc ok. So, that they know right I don't think in India with this TVs and all that there shouldn't be any person doesn't know it then why we are not doing it because we don't understand in realistic term that what can happen if I segregate it and what are the virtue of segregating it ok. So, sensitization is one thing take it simple because of it is interdisciplinary they are not becoming expert in that and also tell them something which is technical and realistic also ok. So, this is what I understood in telling in 6 years. So, what I will do is I have I will cover a module which is on solid waste management and I keep on interacting and I will try to do it in the way I do it in the class but because I understand that you are not students. But then I am just trying to tell you that how I deal with this and please feel free to interrupt and tell me that how collectively all you and me can deliver it to a larger community which is more teachers and then probably they can deliver it to the more students. So, we have to decide in totality in I and you that what is the good way of communicating this course or let us say this module to the students and the faculty this is what I am expecting from you guys interrupt anytime say anything you want to say because ultimately it is not that I want to teach you but I am just telling to try to tell you that how I deal with this and if you will find it said so silly sometimes it is not so important but I am doing it this way if you say that this is not the proper way I will change it ok. So, we start. So, I am initially like my office is just at the centre this building just in behind this it is called centre of environment science and engineering professor said he is also there. So, you know there is centre of environment science and engineering ok. So, basically if you find that in other institutions in your institutes probably this environmental engineering is largely with civil engineering and sometimes with the chemical engineering or sometime in biochemical or biotech etcetera. But with with us we have a independent centre on that. So, we are little bit lucky in that sense ok, but by the way in tri-training I am a civil engineer. So, I will talk about solid waste management and as I mentioned the way I teach in the class and my classes sometime are so funny that you know what happened is one time I was teaching this course and I always tell the stories because I know that students are so intelligent they can read it and in the exam also they wrote the stories. So, what is this? Sir you always tell the story. I told you story is the view to make understand it not write story in the final paper ok. So, that is really interesting then I have to tweak and reduce my story things. Now, I am little bit more in teaching than stories. So, what is solid waste and do not expect that I will teach and you will be happily meditating and listening I do not allow my student to sleep I am little bit of cranky teaching that sense. So, what is solid waste then? Should I ask someone from left right centre? Ok the person who is in the maroon shirt. So, I am sorry. So, most of you have taught this solid waste management course already? Yes. Yes. Ok that is why that is fine then there is nothing to teach we just discuss. Yeah. What is solid waste sir? The day to day life we are what we are wasting the municipal waste. Ok very nice. I thought when I say solid waste you say the waste which is solid nature that is what many of my students says. Who do you asking sir this is going to question you yeah. So, it is basically a waste which is solid in nature, but if you see the waste coming from industries etcetera that is also solid ok. Many types of waste we generate either can be solid, liquid and gases, but many of them is solid in nature even from industries. So, in this particular course or you know this ES 200 largely what I teach this is the name of course we teach here. We do not largely talk about the industrial waste because the simple reason is that waste which is generated in industry is little bit far away from municipalities. We largely talk about the waste which is solid in nature and generated in the municipalities. Ok. So, municipalities everyone now probably lives in municipalities there are many less people living in villages nowadays of course in terms of total population thought not that less, but when I say that the waste generated here the solid waste which is generated inside the municipalities and that is why I call it as a or we call it as a municipal solid waste. And then there is agriculture, industrial mining etcetera waste that has some specific characteristic we largely do not talk about that or we especially in my class I have not talked about that. When this solid waste is there you talk about all industrial waste also. What is in the syllabus? Only municipal solid waste, but UGC syllabus says waste solid waste right. Give a classification of waste. We should give a classification of the solid waste ok that is what you do. Basic classification how is industrial solid waste is being disposed after that we will be concentrating purely on municipal solid. That is what you do in the class? Yeah. Ok. So, basically you talk about that in hazardous, industrial and miniscule. Miniscule everything how is basic things. Ok. One lecture we will be completing everything then we will be concentrating entirely on the municipal solid waste. Very nice. How many lecture you take on solid waste? Usually some 10. 10 lectures? Yes. Ok. I just take two. So, yeah that is a little bit too crispy here. So, 10 lectures on solid waste ok. Very. Because in our syllabus actually environmental engineering last module is purely on municipal solid waste. So, ok. But what is your university actually? What is the name of your university? Mahatma Gandhi University. Mahatma. But is it same for everyone by the way? So, it is it is 10 lectures I am I cannot. Ok. So, let me ask someone else how many lectures on solid waste? For three only. Four? Three. Three and how about you do in three lectures? So, in that we will discuss mainly the classification first. Classification means hazardous. Yes. Ok. Best run the sources. Ok. Second one we will discuss about the sources. The sources. Ok. Later on we will discuss what are the effects regarding to the solid waste. Impact. Impact. And lastly we will discuss about the control measures of to manage the solid waste. Ok. So, three lectures. Yes. 10 lectures. Three lectures. Who else here? It is one course on solid waste? One course on solid waste. No, but I am talking about environment studies course then. We have all the students. Environmental studies generally 3 to 4 lectures. 3 to 4 lectures. What is the name of your university? NIT Surat. NIT Surat. Yeah, 3 to 4 lectures. That was we were doing in IIT, Roorkee 3 to 4 lectures. Here little bit is curtailed. 10 lectures, 3 to 4 lectures. What is in other here? We have a course independent course on solid waste management. No, no, but that is different. My question is that under UGC norms. Yes. This is the environmental studies course. Within that we have 4 lectures. 4 lectures. Yes. We have 3 lectures. I am from KITM Kumshetra. And the clearing this environmental study subject is compulsory for all the trades. It is being taught in first year classes. So, I took two lectures for completing this topic. Solid waste. Solid waste management. Sir, you. Thank you. It is a solid waste management. We take a different type of pollution. Okay. There were evasion materials come across over there. So, you talk about all air, solid, liquid, all kind of things. Including noise pollution and even other types of the pollution, thermal pollution also. And then we come to the solid waste management. How do we take up the 2 to 3 lectures over this? And we cover the sources, control measurements, minimizes, and various other impacts on this society. So, if I am taking it in some sense, it is largely 2 to 4 lectures. Sir, Anna University, they have given environmental pollution, sir. Under the heading, Anna, environmental pollution. So, I completed my PhD in solid waste management. Oh, very good. So that. Who was your research? That waste degradation. Dignin, cellulose degradation, everything. Okay, nice. And then vermicomposting. But how many lectures you take? That usually it's a very important area, though I completed my PhD in that. No, that's fine. But how many lectures you take? Four lectures. Okay, four. So, it's largely 3 to 4 lectures then. Okay, that's what I also do actually. So, that means what I will teach is very much relevant in that sense, because ultimately, except those who take 10 lectures, I also take 3 to 4 lectures on solid waste management. Actually, sometimes it's 3, sometimes it's 4. Yeah. Yes. Sir, actually, I will also speak about EVS. Yeah. Our paper, Environmental Engineering 2, it's basically dedicating one entire module. That was the actual reason. So, say again, which course you're talking about? Speaking about Environmental Engineering. Yeah, but, okay, so that's a different course probably, right? Yeah, actually. Yeah, but that's fair. So, I'm just asking about this course. Environmental Sciences, sir, it's around 3 to 400. Environmental Sciences. I was in Science. Three or four. Three or four, okay. RGPV syllabus. They are having the, in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, they are having triple ES, Engineering, Environment, Ecology, Environment, Energy Environment, and Ethics. Oh, okay. Ecology. Yeah. So, it is common for all the branches. Yeah. And in Civil Engineering, we are having that Environmental Engineering. So, water supply and this Sanitary Engineering, we are having. Yeah, but that's different course. Yeah. Yeah. Okay, so how, so we are just here. Please remember that we are not talking about solid-based management as a course or what we deal with solid-based. My question is very simple that under Environmental Science, I don't know, it's what you call it, Environmental Studies and Environment Sciences, how much of your lectures are dedicated on solid-based management? I'm not concerned about otherwise what you do for Civil Engineering or Chemical or whatsoever. So, I see that it's 2 to 3 or depending on the like 4, that's what you do, right? Okay, very good. So, another question which comes in my mind, how many of you are either civil or chemical or mechanical or electrical engineers? Mostly civil? So, largely it's taught by Civil Engineering Department? Okay, how many of you are from Humanities but teach the course? Okay, so in many places it's done by Humanities Department? Yeah, may I ask you, so you say your expert is in literature or something or English? Applied Sciences, yeah, applied Sciences, okay, that's nice too. Okay, so it's largely taught by Science and Engineering faculty then? Anyone who is teaching Environmental Studies or anyone's institution, they teach Environmental Studies but their background is not Science and Engineering? No one, right? That's pretty nice. In a sense that what I teach is more relevant in that sense that, yeah. Economics, okay, but that you see the half of our module is taught by economists and political scientists, et cetera. So, that's fair in also. So, what I have tried to do it is I kept so simple that everyone can understand it. You do not, you just need common sense rather than expertise kind of thing, okay? So, by the way you're right that if it's nice we give classification up front that what kind of waste is solid waste and what's industrial waste? I just speak it up in my class. I just say that there is industries waste, there is a biomedical waste. Biomedical waste I cover in this course and also electronic waste partially covered of course. And but I do not have a formal way of explaining to the students that there's industrial waste this much is greater than hazardous waste because the obvious reason is I have to finish this in three to four lectures and if I deviate a little bit more then it becomes too much, okay? So, that's why I always say that environmental source studies course need to be tweaked the way it is more important as per the syllabus but also how important it is for the city or community also. Please make that point also. For example, if you're living in a very remote area and there is no air pollution so more focus should be on other kind of pollution. That's what I think personally, okay? So, I start with this beautiful pictures, okay? Not taken by me of course and I tell the student that this is what I will cover. I hope it's very much clear that you know I talk about that this is what is happening. See the number of bottles and how you will find the stray animals and in many of our cities we'll find this every time we then go pass through we say chi chi gandai but when no one is looking at us very conveniently we throw our waste also. So, that's the whole idea to little bit sensitize it to tell people that okay chi chi comes from us clean our houses. So, by the way we clean our houses but we do not clean the streets. So, that's a little bit of sensitization thing and then I also tell that this is a nice way of doing it that pictures a little bit interesting and this is the way I start this course. And I also tell them an interesting story that hypothetical story that story is that we will have a party in the hostel, okay? We will have beautiful all kind of good food. And the next day we and at 2 p.m. or 2 a.m. you will sleep of course if the party people sleep late yes and after that we do nothing you go to your rooms. The safaiwala goes to his house he doesn't come back. Next day you go to hostel the cook is there he cooks but do not they don't clean it. The next day same we are cooking good food every day but simple thing we are doing is the one person who cleans our house hostel extra they won't do it. Then I ask them what will happen after 5-6 days? Many of them are still thinking like you thinking what will happen after 7 days? Order will come there all kinds of these flying things will be there and then I tell that then we won't have more more hostels we will have more hospitals because ultimately we will start becoming sick in 5-7 days and everyone has to go to hospital. So everything in hostel will converted to hospital and they say really okay but yeah but that is the point that if the simple thing if we do not clean this solid waste management we do not do it the proper way ultimately most of us get sick right. And then this example of this 14th century Europe when they were not paying much of attention to the solid waste collection disposal okay this was something like a primitive type of modernization people have beautiful houses but not throwing it everywhere. So what happened is this plague started coming there and actually many people died which can be attributed to the solid waste management mismanagement of solid waste. So it's still little bit of sensitization of the course telling that see how important it is okay. Then I say to them that what are the deal what is the deal about solid waste why it is little bit tricky to treat it because if we can have if we can go to where moon to sun even to sun no not yet okay. So what is the deal about solid waste? The deal is what is the deal about solid waste then if I ask this question see if we can have all kind of beautiful technologies what is the new technology now I6 iPhone 6 we can have nuclear power plants we can have supersonic planes etc what is the deal what solid waste then why we are not dealing with the solid waste the way we should deal I just tell them very simply that it's all about segregation okay you see here different components takes a lot different times to to degrade and if I mix them together I do not know know how to degrade them how to transform them they need different technologies for dealing with different types of things okay. So it's not I do not read it here because it's you know not teaching you but basically if I tell you that plastic probably live there forever glass bottles etc we do not know clean aluminium etc it won't degrade for many years actually virtually it's everywhere every time there but food waste will degrade very fast so if you mix them together we have a problematic solution problem we do not know what is the right solution for that okay that's what I do how much of waste you generate every day and that's left for calculation by the students assuming your student today please calculate how much of MSW you generate every day and it shouldn't be that difficult imagine the container you're at your house in which you put your waste imagine the what kind of waste you put you should be able to calculate so can you just please calculate you have this two piece of white papers please calculate everyone that how much waste you generate and then we will have competition who is more generating more waste left right or centre that's way I do it in class also okay so everyone has these two papers to white sheets A4 size yeah please use one of them it's for you just write your name and centre number whatever is instead of roll number calculate how much waste you generate approximately it's not that you're not tested here but just how how good you are in guessing it's like and do not copy huh do not copy from others no one knows how much you generate in your house how much right side okay so you have question or your answer okay fine how much who is who said one kg 50 grams you this much you generated house per person no per day I must per day one kg 50 grams okay go to America that's what they do here we generate very less just joking but are you sure you calculate it correctly 0.5 kg per day okay 400 grams per day it looks like most of you know it so you have put it there 0.5 kg per person really I calculated for myself it's not more than 150 grams and most of them I attribute it to my kids they produce more waste because they throw food they throw everything 225 grams I personally think that those who are saying it 500 grams they know it they are not calculating it pardon so how did you calculate one kilogram sir what is in one kilogram no but can you just put the number then how much paper you waste every day on every okay so this is approximately 400 grams 25 grams and one person from jammu you said from jammu it is one kilogram how many grams one kilo plus 50 grams very interesting number 1.05 okay sir 1.1 yeah better than jammu okay from where are you from who else 350 grams from from Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu were doing much better okay approximately 1 kg per person per day okay very good so this okay so that is I personally think many of you haven't calculated it properly but this is a good exercise to do and I calculated it for my house for a month it's approximately 150 grams per person per day okay so probably I produce less okay and once I tell this I asked tell the students also that how much is generated in terms of average in India it's in small tons it is 100 grams per person per day if you are in medium tons it's 300 to 400 grams per day and it's in larger tons 500 grams per day per person per day in average they it says 0.3 to 0.6 you can say that for rough estimations 0.5 half kg per person per day the question then I ask is why the small city people produce less why generally this is the India trend right they do not eat packaged food habits lifestyle okay when I was young I never eat eat pizza I never went to a restaurant for many days except I do not once in a year kind of thing but that's not the case now right okay you want to say something yeah from Balgamy so you're from Balgamy Karnataka okay so a group of students I took so I conducted a survey like questionnaires we have taken like how many family members are residing and what is the per capita income and what is the type of food whether they are consuming vegetarian food or non-vegetarian so it also depends and whether they usually go for restaurants or what so like this for one month average we have taken so for our city it is coming round about 350 grams per capita okay very okay yeah go ahead if you won't tell yeah so far what I do in this course it takes little bit less time because I always run little bit less time I sensitize this issue I make the students to understand little bit and start thinking that what they are doing okay it's not that once I start or my students start thinking that what's happening they will change their lifestyle they won't right even if I know that I am producing one kilogram I don't change the next day and start producing 200 gram it won't happen you agree with me the whole idea here is to sensitize this issue is they become conscious they become conscious in terms of environment in long run probably right they won't change their lifestyle yes sir what do you want to say yeah especially in the class in my class we have around 20 students 20 students yeah so I conducted a kind of survey what my colleague just said but in much more simpler manner and we got to know which is very shocking is that majority of the waste solid waste generated by them is actually food waste food waste which is related to either vegetable fruits or say any kind of which is related to food and they themselves were pretty much shocked that majority of the solid waste generated by individuals is related to very interesting sir very interesting so most of the waste generated from our houses largely that we did it sorry without a hostel ever right is a food based right you agree with me and not many students comes with this answer because they have never done a survey but you know you start thinking a little bit more that's the whole idea of having this large exercise okay one more point yeah and also we observed that for developed areas in a city also if I'm going to take like how we have got Hiranandani or Posh area in Mumbai likewise in Balgambu we have got what is known as Hanuman Nagar something like that so likewise we have selected the areas and we found that the Posh areas are generating more amount of waste absolutely very nice excellent so I don't get these answers from my students hello sir because they are not expert right you right yeah okay so I don't want to go into detail of just on this 5.5 and all these numbers but the whole idea is because the answers you guys are giving because you're expert right students are not students have not even thought for many days of this so wonderful that's what I always explain to them most of the waste is food waste and rich people have more waste that's why you will find that the 12 countries right 12 countries US Germany all these 12 countries generally have more waste as compared to us so whole idea is to and the answers you are giving that's answer I have to give to student because they don't know it okay so I don't want to yeah I just take the last question because it's it's not the part of yeah actually the standard of living is directly related to the solid waste produced per person very nice yeah that's what in US they produce 2.5 kg whereas in India it is even less than half kg yeah so this that's what I explain to them that it's related to lifestyle most of our you will see the next slide what what I tell to them I will come to this little bit later because you just did with took it far but it's everything is related to the lifestyle it's related to the income also if you try to correlate with the income because you're saying that high-end people have more ways it's related to income okay so also I tell that thing and I also tell that you know the most of our waste generated is from larger cities if it is 6 if I just take 6 mega cities my 18 percent or that kind of waste is coming from 6 large cities and the next 17 percent is coming from 101 million plus cities less than 100 cities and then if I include the 500 other cities which are 1 lakh plus cities that is coming 37 percent or so so basically your whole problem if you see the 72 or 73 percent of waste is generated in larger cities okay the problem is concentrated that means it's concentrated on the larger cities and I also have to tell them all the stories about related to income why 12 countries have more waste and I also ask them are we going on the same path as of US or as of Germany that means is development always means that we are moving towards more waste generation or should we backtrack sometime should we say no this is not the right path so this is more about sensitization and give them some numbers okay and how much urban local body spend this is a little bit old number telling that most of our money actually is gone just for the collection and transportation we do not have lot of treatment money we do not spend sorry urban local body do not spend much money on the treatment little bit telling them that actually there is no treatment happening okay so this is all idea of this is so far sensitization and give them some numbers if you talk to any scientist and engineer they are very interested in numbers Ketna okay that's always the question you cannot tell them high low no one believes in science in high low and then I show this interesting say that how per capita generation is increasing and then it's someone has done it from 1947 interestingly and I also tell them it's increasing after 1947 so now you you should also have within your mind why in 1947 yeah so we became independent we thought generate more waste yes that's what is happening it's not like that economy per capita income lifestyle etc is leading to change so this is what I tell to them okay and after that I tell the total waste generated it's it's just a little bit of forecast but approximately less than 100 million tons in totality you can argue that its number can change I also tell them that these numbers are not so accurate yes yeah it's it's forecast okay and also the figure that you have shown in the two slides before to this yeah that looks that it's per day yeah but that 1.5 it maybe the present figure must be much higher it looks like that is 98 yeah that's what I tell them it's not accurate yeah 98 99 pardon that 1.5 1.1 million tons yeah it's much much higher than that we don't have a good number that came from I think in 2000 and 2.6 million yeah yeah we can have different numbers but I also tell them if you see even to estimate how much waste we're generating is not so accurate because our pollution control about etc sometime are not doing a very decent job for example how much waste we generate in Maharashtra or let's say how much waste we generate in Mumbai who is from Mumbai okay how much waste we generate in Mumbai it was in Hindustan times okay no idea yeah so so they say 7000 tons the same time they say 10,000 tons sometimes it's 12,000 tons it's it's somewhere in between even actually a little bit more than that so the numbers are not so accurate and it depends how they are in public domain okay it's not that if I know from municipality I can just quote it it should be in literature somewhere it should be printed in printed form okay it's 12,000 so these numbers are it's it's not so accurate let's keep on changing it's not what number it's all about telling that how much actually waste is generated and how much area is required to dump those waste okay how much landfills are required and if you calculate the the cost of this land for the city like Mumbai or for the cities like coming from you will find that's really high the cost is really high okay you're talking about a precious land which otherwise can be used for some purpose is just used for the dumping of solid waste and that's what I want to tell them in this slide then comes what characteristics of the waste what is in my waste different cities have the different thing someone from Assam told me that our most of our part of waste is food waste but if you include the waste which is coming outside our houses like streets and etc etc so there is a lot of residue material which is inert in nature for example street washing and sometime even construction and construction and construction debris also okay so basically you are very right most of our waste is biodegradable in nature largely food waste and when I include the street sweeping etc a lot of my waste is inert in nature that means dust and dirt etc so why I tell this I tell them that now we have to think about technology to process it and the technology will depend upon what I generate what are the characteristics of my waste okay so that's the reason of telling this I define what is solid waste management I don't have to tell it here this is a little bit interesting definition and then I tell how these different components are linked to this okay started from generation collection and transport transformation this will for you guys it's not interesting but you should tell your students that this is how it is done okay that's the whole idea I have so this one what's that yeah yeah the color coding etc is okay I don't tell them this color coding things I just tell them there is a two things you have to do and that's bare minimum dry and wet organic in organic what I will call it dry and wet that is the bare minimum you have to do now you are doing at home probably nothing just you have one bin at least have two bins okay even you know maybe knowing it but I also tell them that you know even having these two bins is all about 50 percent of problem that means what largely food based dry means remaining if I can segregate this 50 percent 45 percent which is coming from houses my half a problem is actually solved you know that's why the segregation has so much important role to play in all waste management forget about very good bad technologies if I can segregate it my half problem is gone and for that I just need two beans actually I can have four or five color coded bean etc that's gonna be okay but even this little bit tweaking it's very little tweaking right I have one container at home everyone has one so if I just have two half of problem is solved separate dry sometimes people ask what is sir what is wet waste for example this polythene or this milk packets right many of we are having this milk which is now comes in packets right so is it a dry or it's a bit how many is it dry okay how many say dry milk packets dry dry dry dry okay how many you say that very less it's basically a dry waste because it's a plastic right and that has created a lot of problem then for example I also tell this story about this segregation of dry and wet waste in IIT in IIT we are doing it in some places right but what happens because of this actually the nature it looks like wet waste right it has some milk remaining some water remaining everyone is putting that into wet waste and then if I want to take it for biodegradation that's not a good idea because ultimately I'm putting plastic into that by the way that comes in dry waste okay so that's a challenge also is it not a challenge ultimately I want to put it in dry waste but then eventually everything becomes wet practically so no one wants to put your plastic this milk plastic bag into dry waste because ultimately it's dry waste will be spoiled okay you know that what I'm saying so what should we do with them with those waste those plastic milk plastic packets here recycle is okay but for them if I just two bins I don't want three no that's after you you are not understanding I'm saying that I have just two bins dried first and who will do it in the house right no one want to do that that's a little bit tricky challenge I'm saying it's a dry waste but actually it's wet and I cannot say people first have a dryer instead of putting on a hair put in that it's practical problem I have identified it in our campus itself no one wants to put them in dry waste that's why that kind of things need to be told and then you know different kinds of interesting bins litter bins these mechanical sweepers probably now these small cities and large cities are also buying these sweepers we have in Hiranandani area these mechanical sweepers cleaning collecting dirt etc from the streets okay so far so good what else you tell in your class what else should I tell in my class rather than this yeah suggestion yeah it will come after of course oh we will yeah that comes certainly after but so far in terms of generation etc yes please I'm Arnadesh Kumar from BIT Meshra so I start I'm teaching this paper for last three years yeah so what I do first thing I start to start with a diagram yeah and then I ask these two what's the diagram by the way it will just a dump site dump site dump site okay dump and then I ask them just now imagine what are we adding and what are the impacts it is going to create and how we are going to solve that that is what you're going to learn in this paper very nice yeah okay then that once the ball is set in then it rolls on its own okay so you think it's not rolling here I'm just joking yeah that's okay yeah I see what you're saying that's also a very good idea telling this is dump site and how you're dealing with nicely okay I tell about this door to door collection someone comes to your door it collects and then they have this kind of this four tire wheeler this vehicle they take it there the problems is in some communities for example the what you call them in in slum areas in all city doesn't have slum areas but in Mumbai we have a lot of slum areas 60 percent 60 percent of population lives in approximately I'm not please do not quote me but they live in slum area and so on so far so how do we collect waste there that trolley etc cannot go right there's no space there is you cannot ask people to collect and keep it inside their houses also because also are not so big that's another challenge okay and you know sometime I also tell my students that this is a new business you have to think on you because you may be knowing this IIT Bombay is very popular in having entrepreneurs right we have so many startup companies I tell my students now you should have company on waste management thinking of different aspects of waste management it's a few thousand crore business you may be knowing it right it's a thousand crore business so that kind of thing I tell you and I also tell them what is little bit bigger beans the communities having those beans okay so all by here I am talking about is the generation and the collection right and then this larger beans not in India we have more or less discarded these kind of beans these community beans are gone from India why because our streets streets are becoming narrow especially in cities like Mumbai there's no space to keep these community beans okay in smaller places in smaller towns you will find there are community beans also okay so that's an interesting way that what you do is every time when you go morning outside your house you put this in the community bin but you may you know why we have discarded or discontinued community beans why three animals and then people have a tendency to throw it okay so how do I throw it right so this is a bin for example right so I'm going very fast I just throw it like this and it goes outside so the second person was supposed to come closer cannot come closer now so he's throw from here now okay so he throws it here and then the third person a little bit farther so everything becomes dirty and then we say okay so that's that need to be told to students also that you know to sensitization is also important here and after that types of collection systems there's stationary and haul container systems largely we have stationary container system that means we are not actually transporting the container in some cities in some countries they actually take the container along with there is a hook to the container they take it but that we are actually not using this anymore in India actually okay so basically we are not using station we're using stationary container not hauled container system then these are big big trucks compactors have you every city has compactors now who is from jammu jammu wale kaange you have compactor in your cities to collect waste this type of compactors everyone has compactor in their cities or still you're using trucks only trucks only trucks so why do we need compactors that is very interesting I don't know why do we need compactors okay what is the density of waste very nice who said 160 okay why not 150 yeah around 150 to 160 yeah so you can increase to almost is 452 you see very nice so that's what I tell them you know if we have big like plastic bottles or plastic containers and even sometimes packing materials if I have to just put them in a truck without compaction I need to transport need lot of trips additional trips yes and but if I have this compactor I can do increase my density two to three times that means I have to take less trip to the disposal site we may not do perfect compaction the dumping site also yeah so thereby I could store so many so much in the dumping operations in this okay so you're helping you're saying even if you're helping in terms of landfill sites also landfill site also actually that's that may not be true for all city at least compaction is happening in dumping sites you know you see that we big big wheel kind of system is used it's largely because the density of our waste is much much lesser we have cardboard we have high volume but less density so we want to compact it so that we can transport more what is the density of water yeah don't worry about that I asked them my students yeah you don't have to answer no don't worry I asked my students what is the density of water start thinking I also show this slide you can see it after that what is the density and why you will find that the density of waste in 12 countries is less than even in the developing countries why it is so less food based less dirt and dust okay they have more cardboard paper and plastic etc I also tell them so I stop here except that treatment disposal which you are mentioning which I will talk a little bit later what else do you teach in your class the very nice idea came from BIT Mishra that we should tell them how come that that can also be included in your classes to make it a little bit interesting also what else what else do you teach after this whatever you have taught us I would like to tease the impacts of solid waste generation on our society on our environment and then after how can we manage this solid waste by different ways okay very good yeah we will come to that after yeah anyone else at this influencing the generation factor influence generation rate someone already told that I told them it's ready to economics it's a lifestyle if I eat more pizza I have lot of cardboard if my mother is cooking I have more food based it depends from and it also varies from one pocket of city from another pocket for example if I go to Hiranandani the waste unit it is different from the IIT campus that thing I tell but it's not in my slides you know the gentleman told everything actually that's why I don't want to repeat it sir mainly we teach a hierarchy for waste management yeah that comes after I have all processing and etc I do that too so far so good yeah sir can you also suggest the business aspects so we can business models we have to talk about that after after this class and you have to give me 10 percent of whatever business you do after yeah I will tell them I will tell what what is the business model okay all right so any other thing well whatever is remaining we will teach of course I will tell in the next class yeah so what is the technology interface in the solid waste management technology we will do after I mean that's what I will do after 11 30 or so yeah thank you sir yeah so we how to minimize the base don't generate it yeah three hours recycle reuse and recover yeah we will talk about that yeah at least I suggest to I tell you what we should do I should answer it we should just do what our grandfather our grandmother told don't do what the new people are telling us when our grandfather grandmother when they were in our age whatever they were doing was the right thing what we are doing is not right that's what is happening to involvement just follow your grandparents sir I normally teach to the student that waste is not a waste it is a resource so we should use in that way yeah we can convert into energy bio fertilizer yeah we also tell that but we also tell them actually it is a waste because that's why it's waste sir yeah sir I teach to the BTEC first year students common to all branches so the most difficult thing is to make them understand the first question they ask us are okay let the waste there be what is the problem why how are we concerned with it okay so the basic problem is I think if you tell them the story that yes yes yes we have to I we have a party we eat whatever you want to eat and then don't clean it for 10 20 days and you live in the house that was very good even if you can live in two days in the hostel which is not clean be my guest forever then it's not our problem this is the basic challenge that first of all we have to get them realize that why this is a problem for them yeah that's the basic that's what I sense ties it from from the hostel yes sir that that's that we will have party you are all my guests but the only thing I won't do is not clean your host the problem I also had faced when I was conducting programs in Godrej so one day what we did we took all that time these were school children we took them to dumping ground okay and showed them that see this is what is happening and now capacity has exhausted where will this waste go further okay so when they saw that waste dump they really like now they could get feel of it that oh really this yeah if I if you are dealing with true and children it's very easy they are obedient they are not realistic they are truthful not us no even sir our b-tech students they are doing some project on like that they are calculating how much waste is generated in koimatur and they go to dumping site and there are some measures taken by municipalities so they they have done that and they have done one documentary if time permits I can show that sure yeah yeah we can start directly with the MSW rules 2000 what is the main requirement in that yeah so we can start insisting on this the rules you have to follow something like yeah yeah we I talked about that little bit in shorter time having the last part we can start these are the mandatory requirements in MSW 2000 yeah starting with so what happens is I tell them then I say we don't follow them this is a one very beautiful program that was telecasted on TV in Satyam Evjatesan 3-4 months back yeah very good business I also tell them to see that movie that Satyam Evjatesan episode also excuse me management has come you have to tell about the supreme court rule so when the supreme court have to rule because our empowered committee have to tell about the empower committee and pilot study very nice I think so here is the catch here is the catch is that here is what I think about different things right and in addition to that it's a course in which the student has to pass number one and I have to deliver the whatever I have to deliver in 3 hours approximately right 3 lectures you mentioned right so I can tell them everything on the earth and actually even if I start talking to you guys we will find some solution also right but they are students and they have to pass also so what is the idea is to give them the bare minimum sensitization little bit and after that let them sleep because since you can sensitize everyone then everyone will be in J for example I cannot sensitize my my son just to read hard if it doesn't read it doesn't read right you understand what I'm saying so sensitization is okay but at the same time it's a course also so there are three aspects of sensitization because supreme court want to tell to everyone and at the same time to passing them so if you can just try to balance it I don't know how okay that's fair fair enough excuse me the data which we have collected from the survey of the per family capita generation of waste but the data is if it involves the data which is produced during the various ceremonial processes and various ceremonies festivals that is much more than the per family capita data of course it is so another thing I also tell about this characterization like characterization and quantification actually the quantification characterizing so difficult you every one of you knows to and probably don't that it's almost impossible to have accurate number survey only tells about the the generation of this solid waste per family only okay but that is very a lesser amount than the which we generate during the functions and various other organizations or festivals and all ceremony ceremonies very good so in fact you know it's like I can see that everyone of us wants to do something on solid waste management but it's nevertheless it's just a course right and of course many of you are researchers so that's why your researcher is coming out on exchange I can do this I can do that thank you very much so we meet after this break


Welcome to the Contour project update. We're going to be talking about Project Contour, what's been happening recently, and particularly highlighting some of the really great community contributions that we've had lately. So let's get started. My name is Sanjay Bhatia. I'm one of the maintainers of Contour. I'm an engineer at VMware. And here we have. Yeah, my name's Nigel. I am a developer advocate at Intuit. And I focus on community things around Contour. All right, so let's get started off with just a little bit of background just for anyone who's new to this space. So what is Contour? Contour is a Kubernetes ingress controller that uses Envoy. If we're kind of not super familiar with Contour or not familiar with ingress controllers in general, here's a little diagram about generally how Contour is set up in a Kubernetes cluster. So we read configuration from Kubernetes resources. Envoy and Contour are set up to securely communicate over the XDS protocol. And typically web clients can be other types of traffic as well. Connect to a single IP address to get access to your back end services, typically using a service of type load balancer. And then the configuration that Contour sends to Envoy routes traffic to your apps based on different paths, different host names. And yeah, I'm sure people have seen in various talks in EnvoyCon here at KubeCon on Monday. But Envoy is a super powerful tool. It's kind of become like a de facto standard for proxying and service proxying in Kubernetes especially. So here's some reasons, I guess, why we use Envoy as a data plane. Super well maintained, well tested, performant, observable proxy that the Contour has been built around since its inception. And we're super happy to be involved with the Envoy community and build a product around it. Yeah, another reason that Contour is a great tool to use is that it's not really a new project. And it's something that is being used in production scale at VMware and other companies. It's been an incubating project since 2020. And it's got a robust feature set around it and active maintainers to help drive the project forward. So a little bit about the history, the first instance of Contour back in 2017. And as we've gone through time, the Gateway API conformance was a big moment for us in July of last year. And just last month, we had our V1.27 release. But yeah, we've been implementing a lot of API Gateway features and are more and more conformant with Gateway API as time passes. So it's been in GA since November of 2019, being used at scale in many production environments. And yeah, the last three minor releases are supported. And we've got nine months of support for each. And then a lot of back ports for CVEs that come through and high severity bug fixes. Some of the features that Contour has, you can see on the screen the path header query-based routing, TLS termination, a lot of other advanced features that are implemented in most API Gateway implementations. And yeah, earlier I alluded to the Contour reading resources from a Kubernetes cluster to allow you to configure your routing in Ingress. So Contour supports multiple configuration APIs. So our own CRD, HTTP proxy, we support Gateway API, as Nigel mentioned. So Gateway API is the next generation of Kubernetes service networking APIs. We're fully conformant with all the core Gateway API features and many of the extended features. And of course, we also support Kubernetes Ingress. The kind of a great way to get started with Ingress. And if that's what you need, you don't need anything more advanced than path routing and a little bit of TLS, then it's a great way to go. Yeah, so Contour is a community-driven project. And we want to talk about how you all can get involved and also just highlight some of the awesome things that members of our community have been doing. So all of the features that you see up here were proposed by community members and had implementations who were folks who were submitting feature requests. We've got a public roadmap. And we're open to hearing how you all want to move the project forward. And we wanted to call out a few of our contributors here. So the HTTP proxy IP filtering support, we've got the exporting request tracing date at open telemetry. The open telemetry request was made pretty early. And then, yeah, it was implemented by a community member. And, yeah, other features for HTTP proxy, Gateway API, GRPC, route support. So thank you to our contributors. And this was in v1.25, which we talked about back in KubeCon in Amsterdam in April. But in our most recent release, we have some other community contributions that we want to call out again, or we'll call out for the first time. A lot of Gateway API support from some of our community members. We've got improvements for listeners and clusters, and then more HTTP proxy. And then the big Kubernetes 1.28 update support for that. Yeah, I just wanted to have a great thank you to all the community members. We've seen a really great increase in the quality and the size of community contributions lately. And we're really excited about that. People taking features all the way from an issue that they need a new feature in contour to a full really well-written design document all the way to implementation going through the review process. So we've seen an uptick in that in the last year, I feel like. And so we're really happy with the direction the community is going, and hopefully being able to give people the latitude to do the work that they think is important for contour. And we're always open to these kinds of new changes, big changes, and supporting the community. So if anyone has feedback on how we can do things better, that would be beautiful to hear. But yeah, I just wanted to call out the community has been really great in pushing contour forward. But yeah, just highlighting some of the features that were driven in contour 1.26. A big one is in Gateway API support, previously we only supported two ports per gateway. So basically you could only configure an HTTP and HTTPS listener on a gateway. So your gateway listeners may look something like this. You have HTTP 1 on port 80, HTTPS on port 4 for 3, kind of standard HTTPS traffic. But now this is kind of a requirement for Gateway API conformance. But you can configure many ports on a Gateway API listener. So you can kind of interleave different things that you might want to support. So we also added support for TCP route, which is kind of a generic TCP proxying mechanism that Gateway API provides. It's kind of been a longstanding feature request in contour that people just want to be able to say, hey, give me a port. I want to afford TCP traffic through Envoy, get all the nice metrics and stats that Envoy can provide about that. So that was a big feature in contour 1.26. And this is a feature that was provided by a community member, HTTP route, regex matching, which is kind of an interesting thing that didn't exist before in contour. It was maybe a little bit surprising that matching on paths and headers with regexes was not supported. But this was kind of a community member how to use case that needed this feature, and they were able to show up and contribute this. So it was really great to see. Yeah, we can go all of these features are also documented in the contour release notes, which we kind of push contributors to write detailed release notes so that other users and these kinds of things can be self-documenting as well. So you can find more details about these features in the contour release notes on the GitHub page. Now to the most recent contour release, just calling out some of the contributors and what they've brought to the table in contour 127. So we had a pretty important bug fix from Soteris from Reddit and kind of a table stakes thing that hadn't been implemented before in endpoint slice support from Clayton as well. I'm sure people have also heard about the recent HTTP2 rapid reset CVE, so we implemented some fixes for that, including the envoy features that envoy provided to help mitigate that CVE. But quite an interesting contribution from a community member is the improved cache warm-up logic that we've been able to have as supported in contour. So it takes advantages of some of the improvements in Client Go that were developed recently. Being able to have events that, in former events and event handlers internal to the contour controllers, actually propagate when those events are fully handled by those controllers, by those event handlers. So we can more accurately start up the contour XDS server and start building configuration only once the existing state of the cluster has already been warmed into contours internal cache. Something that many controllers actually, for a long time, have probably been technically getting wrong in Kubernetes. So big shout out to really AK12 and also the, I believe it might have been John Howard and others who worked on contributing to Client Go to help fix this. So yeah. Again, we wanted to just really give a huge shout out to our community because this doesn't work without you. And we have something in all of our release notes for every PR that's merged for every contributor that submits bug fixes or features to the project. We give them a shout out in the release notes with a link to their PR. But we also just wanted to take a second to put some names of the screen of some of our other contributors to say thanks for all of the help with contour. And this list may not be fully fleshed out, but these are the ones scraped from the release notes for significant changes that warranted a release note. But there may be others and maybe other people in this room, I don't know, who contributed other things and just want to say thank you. All right. And yeah, just a quick chat about upcoming stuff in contour. So we can see the plans for the contour 1.28 release in the GitHub milestone. Should be able to see that on our GitHub repository. But here's just a highlight of some of the things that are currently planned for the release. We're planning on supporting Gateway API v1.0, many of you may have seen that announcement here at KubeCon and on GitHub as well. We're planning on implementing some of the more extended features in Gateway API, so HTTP timeouts, back end protocols, being able to configure what back end protocols using service fields and having that work properly with Gateway API, and also possibly most likely back end TLS policy. Any and all of these things are actually things that are open to the community to contribute, so you can get your feet wet with Gateway API, get your feet wet with contour. It'd be great to have community contributions for any and all of these things. We're planning also to migrate to using endpoint slices by default in this release, but still giving you an option to revert back to endpoint support if you absolutely need it if you encounter any issues. And yeah, here's some of that kind of future more general roadmap stuff that we'd like to talk about as well. Yeah. Again, like I was saying, this is a community driven project, and so we're continuing those initiatives. We are also working diligently to expand maintainership, and we have all of the explanation of that in our governance stock and the repository. You don't have to start writing code to contribute. We're looking for reviewers as well. We want to hear your opinions. We have community support and Slack, which is a good way if you are experienced in contour and you want to help other people out and reduce the support burden on the maintainers to get yourself on that path to maintainership, that would be awesome as well. We're also working on the website architecture to overhaul that, and then working with partners who are running in contour and production. If you are running it in prod and we don't know about it, please let us know. We want to work with you to help improve the efficiency, improve the observability, improve your experience with using contour, and then, again, continuing to be fully conforming with Gateway API, and then to get some parity between the HTTP proxy CRD and the Gateway API offerings. We have been doing ad hoc community meetings as an issue arises that benefits from time, you know, synchronously communicating. We hold meetings like that, and as they become more frequent, then we'll have a regular release cadence again. But one of the things that we ask is that if you want to chat with us, let us know. We're very happy to set up a meeting, and we're looking for a community help to put together learning path and content for general networking and networking with Kubernetes, especially so people can start understanding more about how Ingress works and what contour, Envoy, what Kubernetes even does. Yeah, so yeah, that's my big ask, please get involved. Some stats about contour. We've been around for a while. A lot of image pulls, a lot of releases. We've got Twitter, GitHub, a YouTube channel. So yeah, if you need to reach us, we're very easy to find. I am at Nigel and the Kubernetes Slack. Feel free to ping me. And I think I'm at Sanjay Bhatia. I forget what my handle is, but yeah. The contour channel on Slack, we love to have people ask questions and also answer each other's questions, right? We have a few maintainers, but it's really great to see when community members are answering each other's questions. That's one of the great things we want to see, so yeah. GitHub Slack, if you're interested in contributing, please drop us a line, yeah. Thanks so much for coming to the update for contour. If you have any questions, we have some time to take them. And if you have feedback, there's a QR code. Any questions? Hi, I'm Cannon Palms from Influx Data. We're using contour in production. One of our biggest pain points so far has been with the, at least as documented, the four phase upgrade process. I noticed that, so we only recently began using contour in production, but I noticed that there was an operator that was then deprecated that I imagine had, I don't know if it actually did solve some of these problems, but at least had a chance to solve some of these problems. Is the upgrade process as documented on the website still the best and sort of only way to get through these upgrades of, you know, apply the CRDs, then apply the search in job, then apply the new and so on and so forth, or is there a better way and is that something that we'd consider as a upcoming roadmap item for next year? Yeah, I think, so on the operator we, that kind of has fallen a little bit by the wayside just because the community contributors to that kind of stepped away. So we had, that's kind of been deprecated just also because the contour gateway provisioner component is kind of, I guess, replacing that, you could say, for dynamically provisioning contour. So for upgrades in general, I believe, yes, so installing contour as a standalone with the YAML as documented, that is currently the recommended approach, I guess, but with the contour gateway provisioner, we have kind of like you've alluded to the chance with the operator to improve that experience and kind of do a bit more operator-like work with that component, and that can be used, not just with gateway API, that can be used with just HB Proxy or Ingress as well if you're interested in that. So yeah, I think that's definitely something we can work on improving on the gateway provisioner component for sure, and yeah, if you're interested, let us know and we can try to prioritize that. Yeah, what I would say is let's have a discussion about if you open an issue in the repository and then we can talk to other folks about their upgrade, like PANES. I know this is a big conversation in the Kubernetes space right now, especially with working group LTS spending back up, but yeah, if there are any sort of friction that you have with upgrading, we, yeah, let us know and we'll see what we can do about improving that process, but yeah, please open an issue and we'll have a discussion from there. Thank you. Hey folks, first off, thanks for all the work you do on Contour. We use it heavily at Reddit. It serves production traffic every day. We love it. You're doing a great job. One feature I was kind of curious about if you get much feedback on or desire to expand that I've used for years now is the ability to get a dot output of the internal graph in Contour and then, you know, I think the docs probably have you like pipe it through Graphbiz still to get some kind of visualization. It's really cool and really helpful in trying to understand where links might be missing in regards to like downstream or I guess in proxy terms, upstream dependencies. Do y'all get like much desire or feedback on desire to like expand that out? Have you seen cool stuff in the community that tries to like scrape that data and provide more live up to date visualizations? Just kind of curious what you've seen. I don't believe that I've seen too much personally with people doing a lot with that, but I think it's an area that would be interesting to explore because it is a bit, it's not the easiest I would say at the moment to debug why your routing may not be working, right? We have status on HTTP proxy. We have status on the Gateway API resources so we can kind of show you, okay, your service is misconfigured. You've typoed this cert, secret name or something like that, but the kind of logic for precedence rules of how routes are ordered in on-vote configuration, you kind of have to go look at the on-vote config dump at the moment or kind of parse out the DAG output yourself. I think that's an area actually. We talked with some folks from Reddit who are interested in kind of changing or turning different options on for how routes are sorted in the Contra DAG and the output to on-vote. So I think that sort of operating, that would be something that we'd be interested in just to make Contra easy to operate, easy to reason about, and also be able to give different kind of personas the ability to reason about what's going on with the routing, right? Like we could have a Contra operator, the administrator of Contra, they have an RBAC access. They have access to the Contra pods, possibly all this stuff, but an individual HTTP proxy owner or an individual site owner doesn't really have that access to debug that. So that's definitely an area we can improve and yeah, we'd love to work with y'all on that. Yeah, and if you have any recommended visualization tools or any recommended workflows, if you let us know, then definitely want to take a look at that. I think that could be fun. Yeah, and definitely not, if you're not super familiar with Kubernetes controllers, but you're interested in other areas, right? This is kind of one of those things where you can get involved with a community without having a high level understanding of how Contra works, how Ingrid works will help, but this is an area where you can kind of get your feet wet but starting with a different technology maybe than a Kubernetes controller, so yeah. Yeah, thanks for the question, Josh. Do we have any, oh yeah. Yeah, this is more of a basic question. I'm stuck on an older version of Kubernetes in order to use the Gateway API with Contra, I need least Contra 122 and then Kubernetes 124, is that right? Yeah, I forget the exact version compatibility of Gateway API nowadays of the latest releases, but I believe like the latest releases of Gateway API are supported up to Kubernetes 125, but we have a, we can send you or show you a link to kind of the compatibility matrix that we have on our website. I should show kind of the compatible versions of things. All right, thank you. Yeah, all right, is that all? Thank you all so much for coming. Yeah, oh wait, we've got one more. Sorry, you clapped prematurely. I just wanted for it to be on record, thank you to the contributor who added endpoint slide support. It's awesome, thank you. Yeah, thank you to, I think it was Clayton that read it and did that, so thank you very much. Yeah. Okay, you don't have to clap again, but thanks so much for coming. No, no, no, no. Yeah, thank you all for attending and hope to talk to you. Yeah, enjoy the end of KubeCon, take care y'all, bye.