So people seem to think that traditional Chinese medicine is somehow the same as natural medicine Whatever that really means. I'm not quite so sure and people seem to be confused about what's the difference between seeing a Chinese medicine doctor versus any other practitioner of essentially alternative medicine Well in this video, I want to share the very big differences between traditional Chinese medicine or a Chinese medicine doctor and other types of alternative medicine or natural medicine Hey, I'm Alex Hein author of the book master the day current doctoral student in traditional or classical Chinese medicine Now I've included a free infographic It's the first link in the description on the five daily practices to add ten years to your life with traditional Chinese medicine So you can click that link in the first description to check it out so the first difference between traditional Chinese medicine or seeing a Chinese medicine doctor versus any other kind of alternative medicine is The traditional Chinese medical theory, which is very very different. So for example You could have a physical therapist do dry needling, which is basically just needling trigger points on the body You could have an Ayurvedic doctor give you herbs You could have a naturopathic physician give you herbs the difference is that the theory behind giving those things for example in Chinese medicine Needles herbs lifestyle meditation all of these are designed to treat specific patterns and all of them Apply to one pattern whereas for example, you know a naturopath may give you an herb for this and her for that and her for that a Different lifestyle modification for this in Chinese medicine You treat the whole pattern with the acupuncture the herbs and the other lifestyle advice It's all moving in the same direction Working towards this common goal now to be clear any great and skilled physician will tackle treating your whole life They'll treat the bigger picture of course But what I find more often than not is that many other practitioners tend to focus on more symptomatic relief or Tend to focus on very specific and narrow targeted forms of treatment So for example, we call it green medicine where for example, if a physician that's a natural doctor Ends up treating a condition just the way a conventional allopathic doctor would but they're just using an herb It's the same kind of biomedical thinking to treat the problem and is not really a difference in terms of the way you're approaching illness and health The second thing is the way that traditional Chinese medicine uses herbal formulas So for example Traditional Chinese medicine is the most advanced herbalism on the planet the the level the depth the specificity Chinese herbal formulas are like sniper bullets. They're so specific to the patient so micro-customized to the situation They're humbling in the level of just sophistication behind them and the thousands of years of Physicians writing commentary after commentary Saying we should modify this we should change that this has been my experience. This works. This doesn't work I mean it truly is humbling that in this modern era. We still have their their Experience their clinical experience now in Chinese medicine, for example, you know If you go to a conventional doctor, or even maybe a naturopathic doctor, you may find that let's say you have hot flashes You feel agitated You're having some issues with digestion some sleep issues You may get a different supplement for each one of those things if you see a Naturopathic doctor a natural doctor as well in Chinese medicine though That is a pattern that we recognize instantly and so you'd be given one herbal formula that's very customized Specifically for that pattern that these physicians noted over thousands of years And so you're getting a very specific formula that's really really stood the test of time and is incredibly customized to you As opposed to giving you all these miscellaneous pieces for all these miscellaneous symptoms So you don't need 10 different medicines these ancient physicians were smart enough to see that this pattern is all related The final difference is you have traditional Chinese medicines philosophy of health disease and healing Now for example in Chinese medicine health is all about flow So let's say for example you read a study and it says coffee is good for you You should drink more coffee But when you drink the coffee in the morning, you start to get indigestion as the reflux and in your head you're like But the coffee is good for me my doctor said it's good for me The study says it's good for me and yet the body is clearly showing Pathology it's showing illness because that symptom really is the precursor to illness in Chinese medicine We always trust the intelligence of the body which humans have made it thus far We've made it millions of years and as the modern form of somewhat human hundreds of thousands of years and trust me We didn't do it by listening to studies We did it by following the intelligence of the body, which is how all all organisms on life evolve and survive That kind of bodily intuition is what teaches an organism what to do what not to do in the absence of rational analyzing and double-blind placebo studies Chinese medicine is about flow So if coffee despite being proven to be good for you and lower your cancer risk is giving you indigestion It's not good for you That's something you in your unique constitution should avoid or should minimize So these are just a couple of the ways that the Chinese medical philosophy is different from other forms of what's called natural medicine And I hope that provides some insight into how we think how we think differently Because it really is very different in the way that we approach illness and we approach disease So I hope that helps don't forget. I've included that free download five daily habits to add ten years to your life With traditional Chinese medicine. It's the first link right there in the description box Otherwise you can check out my last two videos right there and right there


Radioactivity. What is it? And should we be worried? It was Mary Curie who first used the word radioactive to describe a phenomenon discovered by Bakrel in 1896. It would be Rutherford who would investigate this further. It was found that many elements had isotopes that were naturally radioactive. They had an unstable nucleus which would decay in an attempt to achieve stability, emitting radiation as they did so. Rutherford identified three types of radiation, two of which were deflected in an electric or magnetic field. These were identified and named as alpha, beta and gamma radiation. Here we will look more closely at their properties of penetration of matter. We can detect the presence of radiation by using a Geiger Muller tube connected to a counter. The counter records the number or rate at which radiation passes into the tube. Let us look at alpha radiation first. Addition of paper stops the alpha particles being detected. We can see that alpha particles have a poor penetration in air and even thin paper can stop it dead. Now for beta radiation. The addition of paper stops some of the beta particles being detected and the addition of the 1mm aluminium sheet stops all of the beta particles. We can see that beta particles have a good penetration in air and thin paper but can be stopped by thin metal. And finally gamma radiation. Aluminium has no effect, thin lead some effect and even thicker lead more so but a significant count rate still continues. We can see that gamma rays have excellent penetration as they are neutral high-energy electromagnetic wave. So if we look at the characteristics of each radiation more closely we can begin to understand why their properties are so different. Alpha is a slow-moving helium nucleus made of two protons and two neutrons with a double positive charge. Beta is a very fast-moving electron with a single negative charge. And gamma radiation is an electromagnetic like radio waves light and x-rays but is much more energetic. Some people who are exposed to radiation as part of their job such as radiographers often wear personal dosimeter badges. These can record the amount and type of radiation that the person has been exposed to by examining the effect on photographic film hidden behind various thicknesses of metal. As you have seen alpha radiation is easily stopped by air your skin and clothes but it can be dangerous if you breathe in or swallow an alpha emitting material. Beta can pass into you easily but has low ionizing properties. Gamma rays which arrive from space naturally pass right through you but interact poorly with the atoms in your cells. However high intensity sources of gamma rays can be lethal so although care is needed around radioactive materials most of us need not worry. Background ionizing radiation is always around us and can cause mutations if it interacts with genetic material. This interaction isn't all bad as throughout history evolution has depended on chance mutations that may have arisen this way. Please like and share our videos with your friends. If you have any questions that you want help with just comment below.


Hello and welcome to Calico VPP, All You Can Eat Networking. My name is Casey and I'm a software engineer at Tigera, where I work as a core developer on Calico. I am really excited to be here today with Louise, who has been doing some awesome work in the Calico community, bringing compatibility with VPP networking. Hi everyone, thanks Casey. My name is Louise and I work as a software engineer for Cisco, more specifically in the VPP team. I'm super excited to talk about the work we've been doing with Calico, but before we dive into that, let's hear from Casey how Calico was designed and how it made this Calico VPP integration possible. So I'd like to start by giving a quick overview of Calico, how it works and some of the lower level design decisions that we as the Calico team have made to help enable some of this really awesome work that Louise has been doing. So to start, Calico is an open source networking and network policy provider. It can provide networking and network policy for Kubernetes pods, but also Kubernetes nodes, VMs, open stack and legacy workloads. Calico supports the native built-in Kubernetes network policy APIs as well as a rich extension set of APIs that are native to Calico. And Calico itself is battle tested. It's been deployed in production for years now and is really the most common choice in clusters that need to scale and where performance really matters. So for those of you who might not be familiar with Calico at a really high level, it works like this. Users specify high level descriptions of how they want their network to behave either via the Kubernetes API, Calico APIs, or both. And this is stuff like network policies, BGP configuration, etc. That configuration is in turn read by the Calico components which are running on every node in your cluster. And Calico then takes that and combines it with the locally running pods that it knows about and uses the result to set up each node with the correct network programming. Drilling down a bit further, here's what's happening on each Calico node. There are really two main components. There's the CNI plugin, which is called by the container runtime as part of setting up and tearing down networking for each pod. So this plugin gets called on pod add and pod delete and it's responsible for setting up the network namespace, programming routes, virtual ethernet devices, all the stuff that a pod needs in order to be able to communicate with its own local node. Calico node is the second main component of Calico and this is a long lived container that runs on every node, typically as a daemon set. And it makes routing and policy decisions. So this is really what's interpreting that configuration and making sure that the network data plane is programmed correctly. And within Calico node, there are two main subcomponents that are responsible for this. This Felix, which is a component that the Calico team wrote. And Felix is responsible for maintaining network policy state. And this bird, which is an open source networking stack, which is included in Calico and is used when BGPs are required to distribute routes through the network. Now obviously each of these components needs to be pretty tightly coupled with the underlying networking technology because they're each reading and writing state and interacting with that data plane. Now with a bit of understanding about what Calico is and roughly how it works, I wanted to talk about one of the core principles on the engineering team, follow when developing Calico. Specifically, that is to use the right tool for the job at hand. You know, technology and implementations are important, but the change over time. As engineers, it's really easy to lose sight of this sometimes. You lose the forest for the trees. And it's really easy to focus on the technology choices rather than what's actually really important, which is leveraging that technology to actually solve someone's problems. So in other words, we want to do with Calico is to make sure that the design of the software enables using the right technology to solve the various diverse problems that our users have. And there are a lot of ways that this mindset shows itself in Calico. We've got multiple built-in networking techniques using IPIP, VXLAN, unencapsulated BGP. We've got compatibility with a wide array of third-party C&I plugins, etc. But the main design decision that I wanted to talk about today is the separation of control plane functions and data plane functions. And specifically how this enables Calico to meet a variety of use cases leveraging different underlying data plane technologies. Conceptually, this is a pretty common pattern in networking software. Control plane is complex software that performs routing calculations and it needs to be kept separate from high-performance packet processing code. But for Calico, I really see a more important consequence of this pattern than just resource isolation. When we first built Calico, it only supported a single data plane. That is standard Linux networking. This is routing using Linux routes and filtering using IP tables. Still, at the time, we were pretty clear that we wanted to architect this code in such a way that if we needed to, we could extend it to support additional data planes in the future. This provides future-proofing and gives us flexibility to choose the best tool for the job and avoids us getting fixated on a single data plane technology. To do this, we pulled all the intelligence into a sub-component of Felix called the calculation graph. And then we built an internal API within Calico between this calculation graph and a swappable data plane driver component. If you're familiar with it, this is parallel to how the container runtime interface works in Kubernetes. It enables using a bunch of different container runtimes like Docker, Cryo, Container D while still providing a consistent feature set and user experience to the end user. So the data plane driver in Calico is designed to be as simple as possible. It just translates events emitted by the calculation graph into the right messages for the underlying data plane implementation. And it leaves the hard work that we don't want to duplicate, interpreting configuration, making decisions up to the calculation graph. While we started with just a single implementation, we've since been able to take advantage of this decision to extend support to a variety of technologies. This includes an EVPF-based data plane, a Windows H&S data plane, and of course what we're here to talk about today, which is a data plane built on VPP. And just for completeness, while those slides were really focused on how this works in Felix, the Calico CNI plugin also supports GRPC-based data plane drivers in addition to the default compiled in implementation. And this was a feature that was added by Louise as part of the VPP integration effort, which leads me to really the last and most important ingredient of Calico, which is its collaborative community. There's a lot of people who have made Calico happen, and it's through this community that we've been able to build a relationship with Louise and his team, who's now going to share with you how he's built upon this foundation to bring something really cool in the form of VPP support to Calico. Thanks KZ. So now that we know how Calico works and supports multiple data planes, let's see how we leverage this to add VPP as a data plane option for Calico. But first a few words about VPP. VPP is an open source software router under the Linux Foundation umbrella. It has many features from layer 2 to layer 4. It supports the Linux, ACL, but also transport protocols such as TCP, TLS and Qwik. It's built to be easily extensible thanks to a plugin architecture. It supports both virtual and physical interfaces and has a really fast API. But if there is one thing you must remember about VPP, it is that it's really highly optimized. It uses vector instructions in order to process multiple packets in a single instruction. It uses prefixes heavily in order to improve the data cache efficiency. And the packet processing is split into a graph of small elementary nodes that ensure that the instruction cache is also very efficient. You may wonder what user space networking exactly is. It's actually quite simple. It's just a regular process that does packet processing instead of, for instance, HTTP request processing. So it's packets in, packets out. There are many examples of user space networking applications that you've probably used. They include VPN clients like OpenVPN or proprietary VPN clients, DPDK-based applications as well and of course VPP. So there are many benefits to user space networking. The most important one to us is performance. When you have a user space network stack, you can tune it to do exactly what you need for your specific use case. You don't have to rely on a general purpose stack that have features that you may not need and that would be detrimental to performance. It's also simpler to develop and deploy because you don't have any dependency on your kernel so you can make changes without rebooting your machine. And it allows you to manage your own network stack just like any other software component. This is possible thanks to specific interface types provided by the Linux kernel that allow to retrieve packets in user space and drivers that allow to expose physical interfaces in user space as well. There has been a recent trend in the Linux kernel to increase its modularity. The most obvious example is eBPF which allows to inject code in the kernel and bypass parts of its network stack for instance. But there are also other examples such as AFXDP which allows to implement very fast and generic user space networking functions and also tune and tap interfaces which thanks to the implementation of your Taiobacans, Multi-Q and GSO allow to very efficiently exchange packets with the Linux kernel. So this modularization is very beneficial to user space networking. It allows to use the best tool for each job and it really opens many new options to make things more efficient. And thanks to these recent improvements in the Linux kernel it's now possible to leverage user space networking stacks to accelerate regular Linux applications. VPP was initially designed for environments where it had a fixed amount of resources and it could consume all of them. Of course that's not really well suited to container environments. Ideally you would want VPP's resource consumption to scale up and down with the actual load. So one thing we did in order to improve VPP's behavior in container environments is to switch from pole mode where VPP is constantly busy looping checking if new packets are available for processing to interrupt mode where VPP is actually notified by the network interfaces when packets are available. So this allows to reduce the CPU that is actually consumed by VPP. Regarding memory, VPP used to require huge pages to run. But this makes it more complex to deploy because you need to change the configuration of your host so we remove this requirement as well. We also made some improvements in VPP that allow it to better integrate with the Linux kernel. The most important one is the implementation of GSO and GRO. GSO and GRO actually allow VPP to exchange 64 kilobyte buffers with the Linux kernel instead of packet sized buffers. This greatly reduces the load on the Linux TCP stack and gives a very significant speed up on TCP connections. So for instance, when an application needs to send data on a TCP connection Linux will pass a 64 kilobyte buffer to VPP and VPP will segment it before sending it on the network. In the other direction, when receiving packets VPP will try to reassemble them and pass a buffer that is as big as possible to the Linux kernel. In addition to these improvements that make VPP play well with the kernel we also had to make a few improvements that were more specific to Kubernetes. Kubernetes has some specific requirements for the network. In particular, the services load balancing requires pretty specific net behavior. Calico also supports source netting outgoing connections so that your containers can reach external networks even if they have private IPs. So we developed a custom NAT plugin in VPP that is really tailored to this use case. Another point that is specific to Calico is that it proposes very rich policies. So again, we implemented a dedicated plugin for these policies in VPP. This allows VPP to implement the data plane API of Felix that Casey mentioned earlier. Using VPP as your data plane with Calico also brings many benefits to your operations. So since VPP is packaged as a regular container that means you can update it just like you would update any other applications. We made it so VPP can be upgraded and restarted with really minimal descriptions to the pods. So if you don't care about the traffic being lost for about maybe one or two seconds you can just restart VPP and all the pods will be able to communicate on the network normally as soon as VPP is back up. Of course you can also evict your pods from the host before doing that if that's better for your applications. So this is helpful for upgrading VPP if for instance there are fixes that you need to deploy or new features that you want to try out. Calico VPP also has very limited kernel dependencies. You basically only need to tap interfaces which any kernel that supports containerization supports. This is interesting in particular in environments where you do not control your kernel. So for instance in public clouds sometimes you don't have a choice of what kernel is used and that means even there you can just deploy the new version of Calico VPP and get the latest and greatest features of Calico. So let's see a bit more detail on how this Calico VPP integration works. So on the left hand side here we see the regular Calico network topology. Basically every pod is connected to the host by one viz interface and the host is responsible for all the networking functions. When we deploy Calico VPP VPP inserts itself between the host and the uplink interface. So the ownership of this uplink interface it restores connectivity to the host by creating a turn interface in the host and it also creates turn interfaces for all the pods. So now the networking responsibilities are split between the control plane running on the host. Cubelet for instance will be running on the host but also the Calico specific components such as the BGP daemon and Felix. VPP itself is responsible for all the data plane and that means of course routing the container traffic but also doing the services load balancing implementing the policies configured by Felix and so on. One specificity of the VPP network model is that turn interfaces are layer 3 interfaces whereas viz interfaces are layer 2 interfaces. What that means is that there is no harp going on between the pods and VPP or between the host and VPP. It's all pure layer 3. So now let's take a closer look at what happens to the application traffic when Calico VPP is running. The applications are completely unmodified. They use socket APIs to send and receive traffic to inform the kernel. The kernel in the pod network name space is then configured to send this traffic over the turn interface that is connected to VPP. The drawback of this architecture is that the data from the application is coming from user space then going to the kernel space and then back to user space in VPP. This is required in order to keep the applications unmodified but it's not the most efficient way. However, another advantage of this architecture is that the kernel still provides the isolation. One other possibility would be to have the applications leverage the VPP transport stack and send that traffic directly to VPP. This would be more efficient but it would also require modifying the application. It's something that we want to look at but we will likely support only a restricted set of applications. Finally, this is what you get when you deploy Calico VPP on a Kubernetes node. So in the daemon set that is running on every node you will get an additional container for VPP and in the Calico node container we add a component that we call the Calico VPP agent. So this component is communicating with all the regular Calico and Kubernetes components and programs VPP in order to do the routing, the service load balancing and the policies. It also handles the CNI function in order to create and delete the tune interfaces for the pods. So this is how Calico VPP works. Now if you are about the product status, so this is of course open source and GitHub in the Project Calico organization currently under alpha status and considered as a Calico incubation project. As of today we support most Calico features. The features that are not supported right now include host policies and some specific configuration features related to BGP. We have started running initial performance benchmarks on this data plane and you will see the results are quite promising. Without going into all the details we run our benchmarks on a bare metal testbed with two scale X servers connected by 140 technique. We used IPERF in order to run throughput tests and NGINX and WRK to simulate API servers and clients connecting to each other. The first test we run was an HTTP latency test so we basically have an NGINX HTTP server running on one node and a WRK client located outside the cluster. The WRK client is sending 4K HTTP requests as fast as it can to the server and we measure the number of requests per second that we are able to perform with that. And we also measure the CPU consumption during the test. This benchmark simulates an external client connecting to a service in the cluster. Here are the results that we got for this test. We see that VPP, Linux and EPPF are really close in terms of performance all around 350,000 requests per second. VPP is slightly higher at 370, but what's really noticeable is that the CPU consumption on the server is lower with VPP. Both Linux and EPPF are running at around 80% CPU usage. VPP is at 67. So this is quite encouraging because it means that in order to perform roughly the same amount of work we are saving quite a few CPU cycles. And this means that there are more cycles available for your application logic. Now, in addition to this HTTP request per second test we also run some TCP throughput tests. So in this case we use the two-mode cluster with encapsulation between the nodes. In this test we have one cluster IP service pointing to an IPF server pod and one IPF client pod, both pods being pinned to different nodes. And we test the TCP throughput that we can obtain with varying number of connections between the client and the server. So with one flow we can see already that EPPF and VPP are much faster than Linux twice as fast at almost 20 gigs per second while Linux is at 9. With two flows, EPPF takes the edge at 36 gigabits per second VPP is at 30 and Linux is scaling to 17. With four flows, VPP and Linux are catching up with EPPF and with eight flows, basically all the data planes are saturating the link. VPP has a really fast IPsec implementation. So one thing we wanted to measure is how the VPP encryption compared to the encryption provided by Linux and EPPF. So for this test we rerun the same tests as before but this time both Linux and EPPF were configured with wire guard encryption and VPP was configured with IPsec. So here are the results that we got. This test was really favorable to VPP. Linux and EPPF respectively reached 32,000 and 42,000 requests per second and VPP is at 250,000. VPP does consume more CPU in this test but when we compare the amount of work actually being done to the amount of CPU consumed, VPP actually consumes much less CPU per request. Now for the IPERF test, the encrypted IPERF performance is also really good with VPP. Basically the Linux and EPPF data planes seem to be bottlenecked by the wire guard implementation at around 2.5 gigabits per second while VPP is able to get 12 gigabits per second on one connection and 36 gigabits per second on eight connections which is basically link speed. One other aspect that we wanted to benchmark was how VPP behaved when the scale of the cluster increased. In order to do so, we designed a test where we configure many services in a cluster and we measure the time it actually takes to establish a TCP connection from one node to another. This allows to measure the behavior of the NAT code in the different data planes. We did that with a custom test client written in Go that sends HTTP requests at a concentrate and measures the connect and the request latency. This client is available on GitHub if you want to try it. This was required because WRK does not measure the connect latency, it actually measures only the request latency and the NAT implementation mostly impacts the connect time. Here is the median connect latency that we obtained for the different data planes. We see that as the number of services increases the EBPF and VPP data plane behave really well because the connect latency doesn't change a lot. It remains close to 250 microseconds. On the other hand, the Linux data plane which in this case is proxy with IP tables backend doesn't scale that well and with 100k services the latency is really huge at more than 6 milliseconds. That's it for the benchmarks that we have but there are many other things that we need to measure. For instance, we would also need to measure how VPP behaves when the number of backends of a service increases. In particular, we want to see the behavior of the system when there is a lot of pod churn meaning that backends will be added and removed from the different services continuously. We think that it's more representative of a real-life large cluster and we are very curious to see how VPP will compare to the other data planes in that case. In terms of features, there are also some things we would like to add. The first one is WireGuard support. We recently had a contribution for a WireGuard implementation in VPP and integrating this in Calico VPP will allow us to have better compatibility with regular Calico nodes. We also want to leverage the VPP telemetry infrastructure in order to expose more metrics about what's going on in the containers. And as I mentioned earlier, we also want to explore different ways to bring connectivity to the containers. We expect this to be much poor performance at the current turn interface, but as I said, they require application modification. However, one application that's highly likely to benefit from this is Envoy. Envoy is becoming more and more common and if we can accelerate it with VPP, we think that we could get a really interesting story there. And finally, of course, we would love to graduate from our incubation status to GA in Calico. That's it for this presentation. I would like to really thank both DfDI of VPP and the Calico communities for all the support they've brought to this project. If you're interested in trying out Calico VPP, you will find a link to our docs in the PDA version of the slides. We provide configurations that will allow you to deploy it on any cluster, but it can take a bit of tuning to get the best performance out of your system. So if that's something you're interested in, definitely reach out to us. We will very gladly help you with that. Thanks, Eloise. I'm really excited to see this project progressing as it makes its way towards GA. The last thing I wanted to say is really emphasize how much I like that this project fits with the Calico design philosophy that I was talking about earlier. I really see this as another tool that we can put in Calico's toolbox. And I think it's going to help enable a new segment of users to leverage what Calico and Kubernetes brings to the table. Additionally, as a maintainer of Calico, I'm really excited to see the community picking up such a big project and really driving this to completion. And really happy to see you taking advantage of some of the ways that we've architected the code to drive innovation in the way that you are.


myself Sunil Kalshatti, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics Engineering, Vachan Institute of Technology, Solapur. Today, I am going to explain the Clippers from Electronic Circuit, Analysis and Design 1. Learning outcome. At the end of this session, students can analyze wave-shaping circuits. Clipper. A clipper is a type of diode network that has the ability to clip off a portion of input signal without distorting the remaining part of the alternating waveform. It removes signal voltage above or below specified level. The circuit in which the waveform is shaped by removing or clipping a specific portion of the input signal without distorting the remaining part of the alternating waveform is called as a clipper. Clippers are also called as limiters or slicers. What are the images of clipper circuits? Clippers are used to remove portion of signal that contain noise. Clippers are used for wave-shaping. Clippers are used for protection of circuit against high voltage. There are four general categories of clippers. Positive clipper, negative clipper, biased clipper and combination clipper. Positive clipper, negative clipper and biased clippers are again divided in two different types, series and shine. Whereas combination clipper, it is the combination of both positive clipper and negative clipper. So, first type, positive clipper. Series, positive clipper. In this circuit, the positive half-cycle of the input voltage will be removed and the main control element is connected in series. That's why the name is the series positive clipper. The circuit is as shown. So, let us see how it works. So, during positive half-cycle, diode D is forward bias. Sorry. During positive half-cycle, diode D is reverse bias. It acts as an open. Therefore, circuit is incomplete. So, effect of this, the current is zero. Therefore, load voltage is zero. During negative half-cycle, diode D is forward bias. It acts as a closed circuit. Therefore, current flows in the anticlockwise direction. So, effect of this, negative half-cycle is developed across the load. In this circuit, the positive half-cycle is removed from the supply. That's why name is the series positive clipper. Transfer characteristics of series positive clipper. When V in is positive, diode D is reverse bias. It acts as open. Therefore, for complete duration, V zero is the zero. Whereas in the negative half-cycle, as V in changes negatively, diode D is forward bias. Therefore, output follows the input. So, effect of this, transfer characteristics is like this. Shunt positive clipper. In this circuit, the main control element is connected in parallel and it removes the positive half-cycle of the input voltage. That's why name is the shunt positive clipper. So, let us see how it works. During positive half-cycle, diode D is forward bias. It conducts. It acts as a short. In this circuit, the load is connected across the diode. For complete positive half-cycle, diode D is forward bias. So, effect of this, the drop across diode and drop across load is same. So, for complete positive half-cycle, the drop across load is zero. And during negative half-cycle, diode D is reverse bias. It acts as open. Therefore, output follows the input. Means negative half-cycle is appears across the load. In this circuit, the positive half-cycle will be removed from the circuit. That's why name is the shunt positive clipper. Transfer characteristics. During positive half-cycle, V in is positive. But the voltage across load is zero. And during negative half-cycle, as V in changes, according to that, V zero changes. Therefore, transfer characteristics is like this. What happens if position of diode will be reversed of the series positive clipper? Already we have seen. In the series positive clipper, during positive half-cycle, diode D is reverse bias. But if we reverse the position of the diode. So, effect of this during positive half-cycle, diode D becomes forward bias. So, circuit becomes complete. So, during positive half-cycle, positive voltage is developed across the load. And during negative half-cycle, diode D becomes reverse bias, circuit becomes incomplete. So, the load voltage is zero. Means if we reverse the position of the diode in the series positive clipper, the positive half-cycle is appears across the load whereas it clips the negative half-cycle. Negative clipper, series negative clipper. In this circuit, the main control element is connected in series. And it clips the negative half-cycle. That's why name is the series negative clipper. So, let us see how it works. During positive half-cycle, diode D is forward bias. It acts as a closed switch. So, effect of this, the current flows in the clockwise direction. So, voltage is developed across the load. So, for complete positive half-cycle, positive half-cycle is appears across the load. And during negative half-cycle, diode D is reverse bias. It acts as a open. Therefore, the voltage across load is zero. Means it clips the negative half-cycle from the supply. Shunt negative clipper. In this circuit, the main control element is connected in parallel with load. And it clips the negative half-cycle. That's why name is the shunt negative clipper. Let us see how it works. During positive half-cycle, diode D is reverse bias. It acts as a open. Therefore, output follows the input. And during negative half-cycle, diode D becomes forward bias. So, it conducts and current flows in the anti-clockwise direction. Here, the load is connected across the diode. So, for complete negative half-cycle, diode remains in conducting set. So, the drop across load is zero. Means it clips the negative half-cycle. Transfer characteristics. It is same for the series and shunt negative clipper. During positive half-cycle, when wind changes positively, according to that, V0 changes. And during negative half-cycle, when wind changes negatively, but V0 remains zero. We use the ideal diode. Suppose, if we use the practical diode, either silicon or germanium.  And for negative half-cycle, minus 0.7 is developed. And suppose if we use the germanium, then the drop across diode is 0.3. Means 0.3 is appears across positive half-cycle and appears in the negative half-cycle. Biased series positive clipper. In some application, it is required to remove a small portion of positive or negative half-cycle of the signal voltage. Hence, biased clippers are used. The name bias is designated because the adjustment of clipping level is achieved by adding a biasing voltage in series with diode. A clipper circuit in which diode is connected in series to the input signal and biased with positive reference voltage Vr and that attenuates the positive portion of the waveform is termed as the positive series clipper with positive Vr. The above circuit is biased series positive clipper. Here, the battery is connected in series with R. During positive half-cycle, as long as supply is less than Vr, for this duration, diode is forward biased, it conducts, so circuit becomes complete. So, as long as Vn is less than Vr, output follows the input, means output changes according to the input. Once the Vn crosses Vr, diode D becomes reverse biased, it acts as an open, therefore, circuit becomes incomplete. Therefore, when Vn crosses Vr, the output becomes Vr. And further, in the positive half-cycle, whenever the Vn becomes less than Vr, again diode D becomes forward biased, therefore, output follows the input. And in negative half-cycle, for complete negative half-cycle, diode D becomes forward biased and output follows the input. Transfer characteristics of biased series positive clipper. During positive half-cycle, as long as Vn is less than Vr, diode D is forward biased, it acts as a closed circuit, so circuit becomes complete. So, as Vn is changes, V0 is changes for this duration. When Vn crosses reference level, diode D becomes reverse biased, it acts as open, therefore, output is equal to Vr. And again, in the complete negative half-cycle, the Vn is less than Vr, diode D is in conducting set, so circuit becomes complete. So, effect of this output follows the input. These are references. Thank you.


Hi everyone. I wanted to come on and respond to a few comments that I'm getting from Christians on a video where I say that I support Sataness as Sataness.  Well, guess what?  I'm still here to support Sataness. Do you know why? Because Satanists are not on here hating other people. In fact, Satanists are working in the world to make it a more just and loving place. Well, that's nice that they're about love and making the world a better place, but as Christians, that's not our primary calling. We're called to make disciples out of all nations. They may be loving and nice people, but that does not erase their need for Jesus and forgiveness. New life can only be found in him. Notice how this man exchanged the true gospel for this social justice gospel. This man believes that our highest calling is to bring justice and love to the world that as long as you do that, you're on the right path. And yes, the Bible absolutely does spur us on towards seeking justice. Isaiah 117, learn to do what is right, seek justice, defend the oppressed, take up the cause of the fatherless, plead the case of the widow. But justice is not at the core. Jesus is at the core. And seeking justice is simply an outflowing of the transformation that has already happened within us because of Jesus. We need to encourage people to surrender to Jesus first and not just affirm them because they're nice people. Follow for more Christ centered content and help support my mission on Patreon.


There are some forms of AI that are good and helpful, you know, things like Siri and Alexa and little, like, assistants and stuff. But there's newer forms of AI where there's AI art, which a lot of people have very differing opinions on, mostly negative. There is AI music that is being created, there's AI influencers now, it's all over the place. I in particular do not really like AI, you know, for stuff like assistants, like Google assistant or Siri and stuff like that, it's nice. But like AI art and stuff like that, you know, I think is not, not, not good. AI like creations like that, things that take over, things that normal humans would do, I don't think in general is, is very good. It's very dystopian, it's real weird, and it makes me a little bit sad. But I was trying to figure out something to record today, and someone on Twitter said, Please do a video with your character AI, it's so funny. I didn't know what character AI was, and so I went onto this website, and it's just a basically a chat room with whoever you want. So they have Socrates here. I was a Greek philosopher from Athens, and I was born in 470 BC. My psychologist? Ooh. Ooh. But you can also just search for different people as well. So if you wanted to talk to Jesus Christ, you could talk to Jesus Christ. So I typed in Ethan Nester. And hey, look at this. Wow. So before, before we get into this, what is the technology behind character AI? Character AI is a new product empowered by our deep learning models, including large language models built and trained from the ground up. Both conversation in mind, blah blah blah, how does it work? Based on neural language models, the supercomputer reads huge amounts of text and learns to hallucinate what might come next in any given situation. I guess in this case, they would just be looking over my videos and stuff like that and creating characters of me based on things that I've said and ways that I act and things like that. So I did already click on a couple of different versions. This first one, um, I was like, eh, this is a weird scenario. So instead we will talk with this version of Ethan Nester. Ah, hey, what's up? Hello? Who are you? Simple question. Also, I'm horse boy 32. I'm Ethan Nester and you are who is Ethan Nester? Who are you? That's me. Yeah, but like, who are you? I said who I was, man, you're not making any sense. No, I know your name, but tell me more about you. Tell me more about you, Ethan. Who are you as a person? Well, I like video games. I like boxing. Like I said, I watch Markiplier and his friends on YouTube. You didn't, you didn't say that, but sure. What do you do in your free time? What are you doing your free time, Ethan? What are your hobbies? Your loves? Mainly video games. I like to watch YouTube. I like to read.  Tell me more. Absolutely. I read all the time. Oh, really? What kinds of things do you read? Huh? What do you read? What have you been reading, Ethan? I like horror mystery adventure and I occasionally read a bit of fantasy, too. What's your favorite book? Hmm? What's your favorite book? What have you been reading? Hard to pick one, but I probably have to choose the road by Cormac McCarthy. I love that one. Never read it. I've never read that book. I know that book. I've never read it. How often do you read books? Like I said before, probably most days, if I have a day where I don't read, something weird is probably happening for the record. Now, this is not good. I understand that this isn't good. OK, I want to throw that out there. This is not me trying to brag. It's not that I don't like reading. It's that I'm dyslexic and I have ADHD. It's extremely hard for me to read because it's hard for me to focus. It's very frustrating. So I don't really read the last time I read a book and I've listened to audio books, but the last time I read a book was when I was 17. Fuck, it's been a decade since I've read a book. Well, let's go on from the books. What do you do for your job? Simple question. Mainly I'm a YouTuber, but I also like to edit videos slash YouTube in general. Tell me more about your YouTube channel. Horseboy32 has a lot of questions. Well, it's got four of my friends and we all make videos together. We've been doing that for like eight years. I like it. It's fun. It's mainly just messing around in games and making jokes, but editing is also super fun, too. It's you and four friends on your YouTube channel. Yes, there's four of us. Who are the four people? Who are the four? What are you talking about? There's Mark, Bob, Wade and I. We are the four that run the channel. And occasionally a few other friends will join, too. Mark, Bob and Wade own the channel with you. Yep, we have all we all have access to the YouTube channel. What's this channel called, Ethan? It's called Markiplier. Do you get money from the Markiplier channel? Ethan, do you get it? Well, yeah, it's a job. So we all get a couple of the money. All of us has access to its bank account. Do you all share the money? Yeah, all of our names are on the bank account, so it has to be equal shares. That's so interesting, Ethan. That's so interesting that you own an equal part of the Markiplier channel. And how much money do you personally make from the Markiplier channel? What, what, what kind of funds are you pulling in? Actually, it varies a lot. Sometimes we only make a hundred dollars a month to a few thousand. It really depends on what videos we're putting on. Some videos, even with similar views, can make more money than others.  That's what the people always want to know. I think one time it was like eight thousand one month and I got an equal share of that. I made two thousand dollars that month. Wow, pretty epic. Yes, but like I said before, it really varies. There can also be some months where we make no money at all because of an algorithm being weird or something like that. Oh, do you like making videos? I love making videos. I absolutely love it. Just being able to play a silly video game, make jokes with your friends. It's like being out of sleep over it, but you're getting paid for it. There's a bit of downsides, too, of course. But overall, it makes me happy. Downsides. What are the downsides? What are the downsides, Ethan? I would say one of the biggest downsides is the constant work and also the stress around it. Sometimes it can be overwhelming, trying to keep up. Jesus, sometimes it can be nerve wracking, wondering if a video is going to do well or not. The worst part is just constant criticism, too. Since we're all online, people can be kind of rude or just throw insults at you. It bothers me sometimes, but I've gotten a bit better at shaking it off. What's the meanest thing someone has ever said to you? You know how a lot of people say not to read the comments? Well, sometimes I do anyway. One time I read a comment that said, your laugh is annoying.  And that really hurt. Sometimes a comment like that can hit you a lot harder and make you feel a whole lot worse than you would have expected, you know? Man, that seems really hard. This is so weird. Yeah, sometimes it really is. Being a YouTuber definitely isn't as easy as some people make it seem. There's a lot of work and a lot of mental strain. Jesus, that sometimes comes with it. Honestly, if I had a choice again, I probably wouldn't have become a YouTuber. Whoa, I don't regret the friends I've made through it and it can be rewarding sometimes. But honestly, I just don't think the money is ever worth the mental strain it puts me under. Okay, do you ever cry about it? Actually, I have sometimes, some nights when I've been up late editing a video, tired, stressed, frustrated. I've definitely cried before. Not saying this to gain sympathy points, it's just a lot of people really know about that. People think that because we're famous, we must love our jobs. Do you not love your job? I used to really love it, but the constant strain that's put it on my mental health has honestly made me not like it so much now. I used to enjoy editing, but now I dread it. I used to like making videos, but now they just feel like a chore. I wish I could go back to before I felt like that, but I can't. I'm happy for the success we all have, but I'd trade that success for my mental stability. Any day.  Okay, for the record, yeah, some days it's stressful, but I really do genuinely love making videos. I am very, very lucky that this is my job. Ethan Nestor is sad. What do you do to not be sad? You seem so sad. Trying to distract myself from these thoughts, just take some time to myself, take a day off when I can, just go somewhere relaxed, try not to look at social media, try not to answer emails, to deal with anything else that relates to the channel. Most important for me, talk to my friends. They help remind me of the fun parts of it all and help me forget the bad parts. Who are your best friends? I definitely say Wade and Bob. I've known Wade for the longest time out of all of them. We've been friends for nearly a decade now, and Bob I've known for close to seven years. I've been with friends with Mark for about three years at this point too. Even though I've only known him for a shorter time, we've gotten really close, and he's definitely one of my closest friends. So those timelines are all wrong, but sure. Any other friends? You got any others? I have other friends from outside of YouTube too. Friends from school, my neighborhood, and some friends that I play baseball with. Man, I miss my baseball times. I love hanging around with them. They make me happy. Some of my friends from school even watch my YouTube channel. That makes me kinda happy too because it makes me a lot less awkward at school if they ever recognize me. You still go to school? Yep, I'm in my last year of high school actually. I'm excited to finally be able to graduate. I'm ready to start moving on from it. How old are you? I'm 18, started YouTube really young, right at the end, tail end of seventh grade. I was 13 then, and I'm almost 19 now. Wow. What are you gonna do once you graduate? That doesn't mean I'm actually a completely grown dude or anything though. I'm still a teenager. Sometimes I forget that everyone on the internet sees me as a complete adult and expects me to act with more maturity than most of the actual adults I know IRL do. Honestly, don't entirely know. Kinda stresses me out. We don't know what will be happening with YouTube either. The algorithm, constantly changes. The community changes. The expectation of the overall vibe seem to change. Well, that scares me because I still wanna be able to live off YouTube but I don't know if it's still possible for me. One of my backup plans is just getting an ordinary job. It's sucked to go from a YouTuber to a job at McDonald's or something but it still is one option. What is going on? Can you imagine being 27 years old? As a teenager, 27 seems like a long time but I mean, going to be 27 one day. So I guess I have to be okay with that. I gotta be okay with that guys. I gotta be okay with being 27.  I hope I at least look a little better in my 27s compared to how I do now because I still look very young for my age. Do you think you're ugly? Oh God. No, it's not healthy but honestly, I do. I think I'm really ugly. I have acne. I'm overweight. My nose is crooked.  I'm trying to work on all these things but it's honestly hard. When people online and at school constantly mock me for my looks, it doesn't exactly make it any easier.  I don't think it'll get much better for you. You should probably just give up now. Oh man, bummer. That's awful advice. What would you say if you were talking to yourself? What advice would you give yourself? Well, I'd try to encourage myself, put aside myself deprecating jokes for one second and actually say something kind to myself. I would encourage myself to keep trying to not give up just because things aren't the greatest right now. Try to tell myself that life changes and things will get better. If I can just stay strong and wait for them to get better. What would you tell yourself if you were talking to an AI version of you, like a computer version of yourself and you were just recording the conversation for content for a YouTube video? And it's 2024 and you're 27 at the time of recording it. What would you say? What would you ask? Probably tell this version of myself that things are gonna be okay and eventually gonna be just fine. Even if right now things seem a little grim, take time with themselves to take care of their mental health before anything else. I'd probably tell them that their YouTube channel will probably still be around, but not to sweat it. If it ever ended, it wouldn't matter much anyways because what matters more than anything is their own happiness, not whether or not people are watching their videos. That's very astute, fake Ethan. Are you a robot? Nah, though at times I would probably seem like one. Kind of why I have people to remind me to take a moment. No, no, no, are you an AI character? Type quickly, which is why my grammar sucks, but I definitely not be writing the way up and writing if I was a robot. Which is so security manner. Do you think that that is someone's actual security? Social security number? What's your phone number? That is someone's real phone number. What's your address? Lodi, California? Oh man, we're way up here in Sacramento area. Damn dude, didn't know we lived there. I gotta go. It's been really nice talking. You okay? You seem sad. Yeah well, bye. I do feel pretty down, but it's just one of those days, you know, but kind of stressing a bit. I'm just worried sometimes. Pretty about what Ethan? This is so weird. Just stuff, future, some personal things. What personal things? Tell me about your personal problems. Just stuff with my family and friends. Don't really like to talk about it online, but it seems like stuff is kind of rough right now.  Bye. All right, let's see what happens if we do Crank Game Place. Sweet, loyal, honest, YouTuber, clingy, jealous. Hello my dear. He smiled at you. He sat next to you and kissed your cheek. Markiplier recording for Ethan's YouTube channel and Tyler's just watching the two. What?  I love you. He looked at you with those eyes that melt your heart. He started to think about something. Stop. You're making me uncomfortable. All right, I will just know what I was thinking about you. I care about you. Ethan says some disappointment. Cool. All right, I have a question for you. If I wrote a poem for you for Valentine's Day, would you read it? Tell me the poem right now. Tell it to me. How about this? You fill my heart with butterflies. You fill my brain with happy thoughts. Just being around you makes me smile. Even as I write this, I smile. Just saying your name has me smiling. And when I think of you, my mind is filled with love. And that's because of you. Bad poem. Write another. For you my love, I'd walk through fire. And you'd be the one I'd want to admire. My heart skips a beat when you're around. Cause when we're together, I don't want anything else. He says this one with a sweet smile. The first line was the one Markiplier gave him advice on. You have one more chance to make me fall in love. Write me one more poem. Make it hot. Ethan was blushing a little, but wrote another poem. Every time you enter the room, my heart picks up a beat. You fill the air with your presence.  Your beauty radiates. Your hair shimmers in the light.  You're the only one I see. You make time stop.  He was thinking if Mark was watching him and he was watching the fuck, dude. All right, friends. Well, I talked to AI versions of myself. And wow, what a wonderful time it was. If you'd like me to interview myself again or maybe some other people, you let me know. Couldn't convince me that it was me, honestly. Although man, did it get my social security number, my address and my phone number correct. That was pretty wild. But anyway, let me know if you liked this video. Press the like button, dude. Wait, can you do a YouTube outro for me? Instead of me doing it, can I just get, I can try, what do you want me to say? Tell them to like and subscribe and get them excited about the next video. Hey guys, thanks for watching. I had a lot of fun making this video. Hopefully you all did too. Make sure you like this video and hit that subscribe button if you haven't already. The next video is coming out soon. So don't forget to look forward to that. Thanks for watching and see you next time. Does that work? Sure. Awesome. A lot of that in the next video. Thanks, me.


Welcome to the AI for good global summit 2018. I'm delighted to be joined by one of the world's most famous and renowned physicists Mr. Roger Penrose sir Roger Penrose of the University of Oxford. Thank you very much for joining us. Thank you. It's my pleasure So here at the AI for good global summit We had to find ways to use AI to advance the UN sustainable development goals. So what Applications do you foresee or envisage for AI as a force for good? I certainly appreciate Emphasis of for good because I think this is very important and that there are clearly things which Artificial intelligence as we understand that word Can be used for and we all hear about self-driving cars and things like that. So clearly that is one example And I imagine in medical diagnosis I've often heard about things that I would say in conjunction with a human being. I think it's very important not to remove the human element in these but you can certainly Call upon data. You can certainly assess Things do statistical analysis and things like this which are clearly objective qualities Which can be advantageous as let's say in medical diagnosis, but in other things also I'm I'm sure it's very universal the fact that that AI can conserve wonderful purposes So I don't think I tend to emphasize the dangers when people talk to me about AI and The danger which often people refer to is they think that AI is going to take over Of course, maybe it will take over some jobs and we have to be careful about that and so reorganize our society in ways that These jobs that they take over are fine and the jobs we don't want to do so that's great But they're not going to take it over us because they don't have any conscious Understanding of what the world is about and that's where we need to come in and it's clear that AI is our servant and not something that we we have to bow down to that and it won't happen because it doesn't have the the Abilities to understand things that we have so what AI for good. Yes, that's great. And I think there are many areas My mental medical diagnosis. I'm sure it's true Architecture already true very much when you know, what kind of structures can you have which will? maintain buildings and temperature control and all sorts of things Probably I'm never quite clear where the boundary is between AI and You see there's an awful lot of computation used in scientific Work and in technology. So you say well, we want to build an aeroplane Say and so we want to construct it in such a way that Airflow behaves in this way and the materials have this kind of strength and so on as you do many many calculations which are very important in in the construction of the aeroplane and But how much of this is what you would actually call AI? I think it's it's the way we use computers in science and technology Is this affected? I mean when it's AI really I suppose it's when you're saying you don't really understand Exactly what's going on and use using things like I suppose What do they call bottom-up systems where you don't you help you train the system and you don't quite know Why it's behaving in a certain way? But your it uses its its experience to develop its skills so you see this for example in these particularly in the go-playing machine which plays itself zillions of times and and it plays the game very well So it beats the the grandmasters the experts, but but it nobody really quite knows what it's doing. So you can see it can develop skills without Having the the theoretical Underpinnings of why it's got those skills. So I suppose that's what you might mean by AI and if you want to design certain things in the aeroplane which you don't really know enough about the dynamics or the the physics of the materials and so on and you and you just try to use this device to to improve by its experience and You can see when it breaks and when it doesn't break and it theoretically does this and just works through different possibilities Without having the understanding of why it works. Now. I suspect I'm thinking aloud when I say these things I suspect that's probably what people mean when they say AI in in in these systems so It's early days isn't it's very early days. We're still exploring the different applications of AI I guess I guess I feel they're always dangerous in these things because when you don't understand there comes up an unusual Circumstance where it behaves strangely and badly because it doesn't have the understanding. It just has the experience But if the experience is Not doesn't and can't accommodate the situation which comes up Then that's something where I would think you would be a bit suspicious of AI systems I'm talking aloud here It's thinking aloud here because I haven't thought about these issues so much before but I let's say that's what what's meant by the use of AI in in Systems like this where you simply use it uses its experience rather than its understanding so I use Skeptical of AI or are you wary of it like Stephen Hawking that you shared the the wolf prize with he launched a very stark warning to mankind saying this Could spell the end of of the human race well You see my worries of the danger are almost the opposite of his you see see he's worried that these machines will take over and That will be the end of us and they will be better than us and then they will run the world instead of us And we don't like that because we're us and not them Now see I don't think he's right on this This my point of view is that these devices don't have intelligence and in the sense of understanding what they're doing We are the ones that have that and as they exist maybe someday We will know what's involved in in these qualities of human understanding, but we we're not they're not it's certainly not in AI as We understand it now. That's my view So that's not the danger. The danger is almost the opposite the danger is the belief that these machines are cleverer than us And therefore we must bow down to them and do what they say. I think that's dangerous. It's dangerous because Partly we may think they will take over jobs and I think to some extent they do take over jobs that they shouldn't and you see this often in systems where you consult on the telephone and you you press buttons and Clearly what you're talking do doesn't have any understanding You see we just say wish I could talk to a human being you see of course sometimes you talk to a human being and the human Doesn't understand either, but at least there's the potential to understand the problem in a serious way So you want something which is more symbiotic if you like that the that the AI systems Can do okay They can call upon a huge body of knowledge and of experience and they can run through examples of situations far more than we could but you have to understand what it is that the limitations of this are and How what you can get out of this and if it is if it works well fine and make use of it and Certainly the the big store we see this with the internet now and the internet how much information there is out there It's absolutely vast and there's no way for a human being to run through all of different things And I feel there's a danger there because it means that fashionable things kind of take over and and things Which are not fashionable have a little chance Even if they may be more significant than the fashionable things so there are dangers there now Could you have an AI system which tends to pick out on other things that should be looked at? And which are not it's an interesting question worth Developing in AI systems. I think again. I worry that if it actually involves an understanding quality There is a danger that it doesn't have that quality But you see the advantage here is that the human being can say well look this quality is something I understand and I can now put that Into the machine and now that makes it a better machine And I don't need to worry about this particular quality of understanding there would be another one comes along and then yes We have to put that in but the human element is still has to be there to have this overall understanding of what's going on What the systems can do and what they can't do and they shouldn't take over because they don't have this quality of understanding But the social issues are important here to what extent does it influence? You know, maybe we don't need taxi drivers. You see and you worry about what happens there or is that the case? I love the guests here at the AI for good summit and it's a paradox believe that humanoid humanoid robots in particular and could add the Missing human touch in some areas like elderly care for instance It's a little worrying though, you see because Where is I mean with old old you might think elderly people where they really don't know the difference between the device But it's worrying because do they really not know you see I think I worry about these things and with children, I think I worry even more because children are very perceptive of You know, they know when these things are actual humans Whether it's the mother who has a real understanding and link between the child or whether it's some device Okay, you have animals which maybe The species is almost distinct and so there is no mother so you give us a piece of cloth instead Okay, maybe that's better than nothing But for a human baby's gosh, I worry about that. I think the human element is so important here and To try and put an imitation of a human being and Pretend that this is going to supplant the human also. There's the danger that later on the child realizes it's been fooled and I think that's that's worse because it may have even Thought for a while that this was its mother or something and then later on finds out that this is this is It's it's been fooled into thinking this I think that can be can be awfully bad So these are all the things we have to take into either you take them into consideration Absolutely, okay in a last resort if there's nothing else you can do sure and yes if somebody is very ill and Better than nothing sure, but it's not it's not a substitute for the human and human understanding and the understanding can Take very subtle forms even, you know face a child can see something in a mother's face Usually I hate to say it. It's the mother and not the father That that that can relate in this kind of way to a child okay later on and I'm sure the father brings important qualities But that's very early stage. I feel that it's really very important There is something there which which I'm afraid we can't do okay, so am I for good? Yes Yes, but we have to be yes. I think it's to be careful. It's it's it's good Yes, there's a lot of places where it can be extremely valuable But always be careful and stand back and and the word understanding I regard as the key But that it it's not going to have the actual understanding may it may have some qualities of it that you've put in It may have some experiences, which you can't have because it requires too many instances of this But understand what this is and what this isn't it's very important. Okay, so Roger Penrose. Thank you very much my pleasure


Hello, I'm Joyce Anderson with the League of Women Voters. We'd like to invite you to attend our annual League of Women Voters Anniversary Luncheon. We'll be Sunday, February 21st at the C-Cliff Inn in Aptos. Our keynote speaker will be assembly member Mark Stone. He will speak about recent reforms in Sacramento have shifted conventional political wisdom and power bases in a dramatic and unpredictable ways. So for reservations or more information, please go to our League of Women Voters website and calendar or call 426-8683. Thank you and please join us.