Hello everyone, welcome to this video lecture, myself Deepali Vardhakar working as assistant professor at WIT, Sallapur. In this video lecture, we will study photodiode. At the end of this video lecture, student will be able to examine working of photodiode. Student will be able to draw the characteristic of photodiode and student will be able to state applications of photodiode. The photodiode it is the special form of p-n junction diode that produces current when junction is exposed to the radiation. This is the symbolic representation of photodiode. Here inverted arrow represent its exposure to light. This is the real appearance of photodiode. Here the p-n junction is placed inside the glass material. This is done in order to allow the light falls on this p-n junction. Because only p-n junction is exposed to the light, so other portion of this glass material is painted with the black color or it is metallized. Again here two electrodes anode and cathode. Types of photodiode, basically there are four types of photodiode, p-n photodiode, short key photodiode, pin photodiode and avalanche photodiode. The materials which are used for the manufacturing of photodiode and their respective wavelengths in electromagnetic spectrum, silicon, germanium, indium gallium arsenide and lead sulphide. So these four materials basically used for a manufacturing of photodiode. The photodiode consists basically three layers. One is a p-region, n-type semiconductor region and in between that the p-n junction. So this p-n junction is exposed to the radiation. Now photodiode basically offered into two modes. One is a photovoltaic mode. In the photovoltaic mode, the photodiode is unbiased that is no any external connection or external supply is applied to the photodiode. So here dark current which is flows to the photodiode that current is very very small. So in the next slide we will see what is that dark current. Next mode of operation of this photodiode that is the photoconductive mode. In photoconductive mode, external supply is applied to the photodiode. So photodiode works in a reverse biasing mode that is the positive terminal of the external DC source is connected to the cathode and negative terminal of external DC source is connected to the anode. So basically photodiode works in a photoconductive mode. Now next the working principle of photodiode works in a reverse biasing mode that is the negative terminal of external DC source is connected to the p region or p type semiconductor and positive terminal of external DC source is connected to the n type semiconductor. So when battery connected in this way and when the certain reverse biasing is applied to this photodiode, due to this negative terminal or negative supply, the minority charge carrier that is the electron which are present here p side they experience a repulsive force and these minority charge carriers repels towards the junction. Similarly the minority charge carrier holes which are present in a n side they also experience a repulsive force due to this positive and they repels towards the junction. Due to the movement of these electrons and holes minority charge carriers very small current flows through the device that current is called as a dark current. Now as these minority charge carriers flows through the towards the junction, here the holes electron recombination takes place and they generate a deflation region. So once the deflation region generated here after that the current flowing through the device restricted. When light inserted on the deflation region or p-n junction the temperature across the deflation region increases and the positive and negative ions in that whatever the valence electrons present they gains the energy from this incident photons and they separate out from their parents atom. So here the electron and holes separation takes place. So as these electrons are negatively charged these electrons attract towards the positive terminal of the battery and as these holes are a positive charge they will attract towards the negative terminal of the battery. So at light intensity increases more electrons and hole separation takes place and large amount of electrons flows through the device. So due to this reverse current whatever the generated that current is used to drive the number of circuit. So this reverse current is depend upon the intensity of light. As light intensity increases the reverse current is also increases. So this is the basic principle of photodiode. Now photoelectric effect, photodiode is works on this photoelectric effect. What is that photoelectric effect is emission of electrons or other free carriers when light heats the material. So whatever the electrons emitted due to the insertion of light these electrons are called as a photoelectrons and the current which flows due to this movement of this photoelectron that current is called as a photocurrent. So how this emission of electrons takes place the actually electrons which are at the depletion region they are present in a balanced band. So whenever the photons are incident on this depletion region these electrons gains energy from this photon and they get excited and their movement takes place at the conduction band. So the vacancy of this electron that is nothing but hole also generated here. So in this way for each insertion of photon the hole and electron pair generated at the depletion region. So this effect is called as a photoelectric effect. Now the VI characteristic of photodiode here on the x axis there is a reverse bias voltage and on y axis reverse current. So at the initially a very small current flows through the device due to the minority charge carrier that current is called as a dark current. As the reverse voltage increases and intensity of light increases the equally spaced of the reverse current also increases. So after this reverse current is completely independent on the reverse bias voltage and only depends on the intensity of light. So as the intensity increases reverse current is also increases. Now question what is the basic difference between the LED and photodiode? Pause the video for a while and think. One of the function of LED that is it emits the photon due to the electron hole recombination and the function of photodiode it provides the energy to electron and holes by exposing itself towards the light radiation. It's operating principle for LED, electro luminance and for this photo conduction. The biasing which is used for LED it operates in forward biasing mode. For photodiode it operates in reverse biasing mode. For LED converts the electrical energy into light energy while the photodiode converts light energy into electrical energy. Now the application of photodiode the one of the most important application of photodiode that is in object counting. So this application mostly used in the industry. So what is that? Here the object which are placed on a conveyor belt that object are get counted by using this photodiode. Here the LED light source is used to continuously focus light on a photodiode. Whenever the object passes through this light beam it will interrupt this light beam and at that time the current flowing through the photodiode becomes zero. And this object get counted. So in this way the photodiode is used in a industry for a counting object. Now next application of photodiode that is in security system or in alarm system. Here the light source is placed on the doorway. The detector is placed on the another side of the doorway. Current flowing through reverse current flowing through the photodiode is maximum till the light source focus the light on the photodiode. So whenever person passes through this doorway the light beam get interrupted or get broken and due to this the current flowing through the photodiode becomes zero. And it will make alarm on. So in this way the photodiode is used in a security system or in alarm system. Some more applications of photodiode it is used in compact disc players. It is used for smoke detectors applications. It is also used in a space applications, medical applications such as computer tomography. It is used to analyze the samples using optical communications also. It is used to measure the extremely low light intensity. The advantages of photodiode its sensitivity is high and its gain is large. Disadvantages of photodiode it generates high level of noise than PN photodiode. These are the references. Thank you.


Welcome to Access to Trader, the number one community for those who are committed to taking control of their trading in order to achieve success, profitability, and longevity. Thank you for joining us. Here's Dan Shapiro to help you find your edge, master your process, and own your future. Hey guys, giving everybody welcome to another edition of the access to trader dot com nightly wrap up show. Hope everybody is doing well. If it sounds like I'm screaming, I don't know if I am some reason I got something stuck in my ear and I'm trying to get it out all afternoon. So if it sounds like I'm screaming, I apologize, I have to take a hot shower clear out my ear later. Hopefully everybody is doing well. Just a quick little announcement this coming up Saturday. A lot of people always ask me what's the dimensions of the live webinar. I would say 5545 either direction equity versus options. This Saturday, May the 11th at 10 a.m. Okay, kind of save the day for all you guys. There is going to be a five trader panel that are going to answer all your questions for all you guys who are interested in trading options or do trade options via the pivots. They're very, very kind enough to allocate their time. Again, as everybody knows, I am the most complete novice when it comes to trading as far as options goes. I'm an equities guys, but they do trade pivots via the ps60 theory and they will show you how all these gentlemen are within different stages of their career in trading as far as experience. Again, they're very gracious to allocate their time. So this Saturday for all you guys, for all you guys in the access to trader family, it will be available to you and if you can't make it, you can't make it, it will be recorded. So just kind of a heads up. So let's talk about today. So yesterday on the weekend video, the extended weekend video, we talked about two scenarios. We talked about the cues really reclaiming the five day moving average, which is super, super bullish. But at the same time, we talked about over the weekend how many names, right? The big high flyers were really coming down and showing a lot of weakness. And again, you could have easily made the case while stocks don't go straight up. These stocks just resting or you can make easily the case that, well, people just don't want to chase hot money anymore and be starting to be a little bit cautious. And today was a perfect example of you could be both right, right? You could be absolutely right with your theory. You could be absolutely right with your bias. You could be absolutely right with both cases of the scenario. Sometimes you could just actually be right. And that takes a perfect example of that. And the way we started watching the market, especially towards the end of last week, we saw them guessing out. We talked about on the weekend video how Amazon was setting up to the downside. How Netflix last week started breaking below the 450 area on the five day moving average. How important that level was. We talked about how names like ZM, like BYND had their big runs, right? Had their majestical big runs. And they were just very, just a day away from kind of giving it all back. And today was a perfect example why indexes mean absolutely nothing. We've been saying this for years. It doesn't make a difference. The market could be up 10,000 points of the day, 3,000 points of the day. As long as your process is being highlighted, you have a punch of chance. And that's all we ask for as traders. Just have a punch of chance. And when you look at the final numbers today, and again, big, big futures gap up in the last couple of days yesterday, we will close celebrating the Memorial Day holiday. But the futures were surging because he started seeing a lot of news come out that there are soft tentative date for June the 15th. For all the mom and pop, non-essential businesses that were closed through this whole time and really, really suffering, they're going to start to open up. And the market is, again, just fueling, more fuel to the fire, more gasoline to the bull case. And again, it's very, very tough to be a bear, a long-term bear, when you have the prospects of a global reopening all year round for the rest of this year. And again, what happens next for a possible second wave of corona, that's a whole different story, again, cross our fingers, hopefully it won't escalate again. But for the case of trading, that's exactly what fueled the fire. The problem was, most of these names were gapping right into supply. A lot of these names were, you saw Amazon gapping the supply, you saw the Qs. You could clearly tell where Qs got rejected. They got rejected right into supply. Tesla, I thought it was definitely going to be the day for Tesla. Again, came right back in. Netflix kept on confirming down Roku beyond. And you started seeing what we talked about last week that the market, again, is not going to tap you on the shoulder and say, hey, by the way, we're going to pull the rug. They're going to pull the rug. And if you look at the scoreboard today, the final numbers, they don't paint a picture at all. Because if you ask me today if the market was up or the market was down, I would tell you the market was down. Because again, if you look at the Dow Jones industrial, you're talking about only 30 stocks, right, of 500 points. They're up, I think, as much as 700 points of 1.2% move. And if you look at the Qs, we were right. We were absolutely right. And this is the proxy where I look at strength and weakness in the market. Again, it's not really that hard to get the market moving up, right? Especially with these Dow stocks. Boeing, right? You've got a $7 move on Boeing. You've got Deer, right? You've got Deer. You've got Caterpillar. I mean, how hard is it to get the Dow Jones up 3, 4, 5, 6, 700 points? And that's kind of the whole point. Very, very deceiving that the news outlets were going to, and I'm sure they still are, are going to highlight how strong the market is. If you look at the Qs today, very, very aggressive road pull, right? Right from the time they opened up, they hit supply and yada, yada, yada. Again, big, big sell-off into the close. And again, it's very, very hard for me to turn around going into tomorrow's session saying, well, I'm very, very bullish on this. If somebody could show me a bullish chart, especially in the beta world, I will be more than happy to look at it. But if you look at what the market actually did today, when I mean the market, the QQQs, you see, again, here is my point of market leaders got tired, put in their blow-off stop. Again, as soon as they confirmed the five-day moving average, you can go through all these beta names. You'll see exactly the same thing. Amazon confirmed the five-day moving average. We talked about this big, big move down. Again, you can just see the one by one. We talked about Zoom. We talked about BYND setting up. I still love. Nice move today on BYND. I still love BYND for tomorrow to the downside. And the video looks like it's like one day away from gassing out. You see this, guys? One day away from gassing out. You got Apple turning around. Another one day away from confirming the five-day moving average. You got Netflix, again, confirmed the five-day off that 450 pivot last week. Again, it looks like a magnet, right? It looks like a magnet here to this 407, 408 level for tomorrow's session as well. Even Facebook, they had this really, really ridiculous run. Big inverted hammer. Again, if it starts taking out this level here, it should test this rising five-day moving average as well. So it's very, very simple to kind of have a naive mind and just keep on listening to media how strong something is or how impressive something is or how explosive something is. But if you look at how the market rallied today, and again, there's nothing wrong with a big macro rally, especially stocks that got punished, right? So the financials did very, very well. Citibank, Bank of America, American Express did very, very well. You had your tractor supply companies. Your deer, your caterpillars did incredibly well as well. Airlines, right? Airlines, everything's opening up. Crew ships, everything is opening up. Disney resorts, everything is opening up. But again, we don't trade everything.  There's no way you can get value in 8,500 stocks.  And we saw it coming. We kind of saw it coming towards the end of last week how these beta names were getting tired one by one. We looked at the five-day. We saw them get pulled one by one. And the moral of the story is, again, it's all about your individual process. And again, what's saying to me tomorrow is unless something miraculously happens in the beta world, again, how can you turn around and make a case we're going higher tomorrow? But again, as this George Costanza market is and as I just kind of like joked around on Twitter, I said, look, I'm literally 100% cell bias going into tomorrow. So logically, with this George Costanza market, the money flow will come back in all these stocks and everything will be at all time high. So obviously take everything that we think is going to happen for tomorrow's session with a lot of grain of salt. But again, you have to have an opinion. You have to have a bias. You have to have a plan. Now, again, it's not about being right. It's about confirming what our research is telling us for tomorrow's session. So if you look at the pivots today, right, you'll see there was literally one name that confirmed to the upside, literally. All the value today was to the downside. We started going one by one by one. So here it is. Boeing, I like those pre-market highs, 47 and a half, 148, never got there, right? Obviously. Tesla, 835, huge area, pre-market high, never got there, right? So we sit in there and they're like, well, listen, if something doesn't go up, it must go down. And this is kind of where sometimes common sense really raises his hand and say, look at me, look at me, look at me. And this is exactly everything played out. We got stuffed. Most of these names got stuffed at 60-minute supply and you just started seeing them turn over one by one by one. Again, Netflix continues to be just a destruction in price per share. 450, again, last week was the monster pivot. And today we talked about 427 held twice daily support. If the market comes in, again, if, right, when the market was up 650 points, if the market comes in to a big level to confirm to the downside, Netflix got killed, absolutely killed. So here was 427, right? Here was the low here, 427. The low here, 427. It gapped up today, right? Broke the 427 and went down to, went all the way down to 413. I still think there's a shot. It goes to 407, 408 for tomorrow. So Netflix got destroyed. I really like this NOW on the long side. Again, never got up there. Again, that's kind of the theme that played out today. Just never got up there. I like NVIDIA to the upside. 369 rejected three times pre-market needs to build. The video came nowhere near 369. Again, we started seeing things getting slower and slower. Less gas for the upside, for the bulls. And again, common sense, whatever doesn't go up, must go down. ZM got hit pretty nicely. I took this trade, caught about $1.50, $1.60 on my runner, which was fine. 168, 20, 168. If it builds below, it can flush. Actually, the second entry was with 67. I was waiting for that second entry. So beautiful trade. It came back down, confirmed lower, when actually as low as the 64. So again, all the higher flyer names that really did well with the stay at home movement, those are the ones that got hit. NVACs, a pretty aggressive move down. NVACs held 52 twice. If it builds below, it can flush, experience traders only. Here was NVACs. Here was the 52. Here was the 52, which just got destroyed, went down to under 47. Again, you can see value over and over and over again to the downside. Again, perfect example. Amazon 2470, huge supply to the upside, needs to reclaim. Didn't come close. Didn't even come close to anywhere to the 2470. So again, we started looking back to the downside, and you'll see the pivot there in a second. Again, Netflix destroyed. BYND, again, we'll talk about Amazon a second. BYND, green to red. This is not a watch note. This is not a pivot. Just momentum. It needs to build 134. And beyond got wrecked. And I still like beyond for tomorrow. BYND took out that 34, went green to red, took out the 34, went down to 3150 area. I think there's a shot in the next couple of days if the market especially pulls in. There's a shot against 125. So I still like this trade here for tomorrow as well. Roku, again, Roku didn't go down a lot. 108, 30, 108 went literally down to like 107, 30s. It actually held up for one day. But again, the stock has gotten beaten up pretty aggressively. Beautiful pivot on, beautiful pivot on ZM. Roku, again, only went down like 70 cents or so. But there was actually a pivot to the upside of Roku. 110, and here's kind of what I was looking at just to give you guys an example. So this whole channel here was 11050, right? 11050, 11050, 11050, again, you guessed it, 11050. And I said, look, if this thing keeps on getting rejected at 11050, it needs to build. And here was actually one of the very few pivots to the upside today. So here was 11050, right? 11050 here and spiked right almost to 112. So nice little spike there on Roku. Amazon went perfectly 2440 if it builds below can flush. Right, so here was Amazon. Here's the 2440. Right, here's the 2440. It broke the 2440 when all the way down, and you can see here it went all the way down to this 2413 level. I still like Amazon for tomorrow as well. Again, take on the way down. Take on the way up. Beyond, again, 13445 key level went only down to 31.5. And again, this little stock, and actually not little, but VTIQ, that's what we say all the time. You don't need to trade beta to trade pivots. VTIQ had nothing to do with beta. VTIQ 28 needs a new base to spike. Here was VTIQ. Strong move on VTIQ. Here was the VTIQ pivot right over here. Here was the whole 28 area and spiked to 2964. Nice move there. Take on the way up. FIA, that's right. Boeing Boeing 145 went to like 14570. He's not a big move. Tesla never got up there. I said here, look, take on the way down. Friday's low is 2430. Could get to 2421 and got to 2413. And yeah, here's the 24 on deck. Blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, waking up. BY&D's getting smacked. Yada, yada, yada. Look, it was good value today. Definitely good value today. I think tomorrow, again, unless something dramatically changes, again, I personally am sell biased for tomorrow. If we get a gap up, that would be fantastic. If you look at the cues, look, I think the cues, if they start losing this five day again, right around, you know, 2870s to 2870s, I think you get a pull all the way back down to 2750 and if 2750 confirms, you can see a move down to the 26 areas. So guys, hopefully everybody is doing well. I'm going to go take care of my ear. Again, if I was screaming through this, I apologize. Again, I can't hear for one ear. Guys, have a great night everybody. God bless. I'll see you on the field tomorrow. Take care, guys. Congratulations for putting in the time to take control of your trading. You're one step closer to owning your future and achieving the success you desire. Want daily trade ideas directly from Dan? Straight off his personal watch list? Unlock our free PS60 Vault where you'll get nightly updates on pivot opportunities we're watching for the next day's session. Click the link in the description to get started today.


Senator Paul, let me begin with a threshold question for you. This election was not stolen. Do you accept that fact? Well, what I would say is that the debate over whether or not there was fraud should occur. We never had any presentation in court where we actually looked at the evidence. Most of the cases were thrown out for lack of standing, which is a procedural way of not actually hearing the question. There were several states in which the law was changed by the Secretary of State and not the state legislature. To me, those are clearly unconstitutional, and I think there's still a chance that those actually do finally work their way up to the Supreme Court. Hey, welcome back, everybody. So before we get into breaking down this interview, let's just lay out some facts here. First of all, George Stephanopoulos is a former Clinton administration stooge, okay? So he went from being in the Clinton administration to being in the media, and we know the media is Democrat state party media. The man is utterly untrustworthy, and we know this because of his just blatant double standards. You'll notice right at the beginning of this interview, George Stephanopoulos demands that Rampal say that the election wasn't stolen. He wants him to give what I think is called a belief statement. And I only say that because if you remember the video I did yesterday, I was talking about how these far-left extremist groups are trying to pressure public radio into acquiescing to their demands. And one of those demands is that they give these belief statements. Things like, there is climate change and black lives matter. The goal here being to just end debate. I don't want any more talk about any of this. George Stephanopoulos wants Joe Biden's administration to be free and clear. Unlike the last election, where as soon as Trump won, they began casting doubt on the election. All right, we're going to get right back into this interview between Stephanopoulos and Rampal. But first, give me just 30 seconds for this message from this episode's sponsor, Noble Gold. You know, it's a new year, time for new things. With the new administration in Washington, our friends at Noble Gold have all the protection you need. How? By using gold and silver in your own IRA. You insulate it from the markets. If anything bad happens, you're safe and dry. Protect with a gold IRA this month and Noble Gold will gift you this stunning, solid silver Apollo 11 commemorative coin from the US Mint. So it's worth jumping on the phone and calling<PHONE_NUMBER> now. That's<PHONE_NUMBER>. We should get to the bottom of it. I'll give you an example. In my state, when we had a Democrat Secretary of State, she refused, even under federal order, to purge the roles of illegal voters. We got a Republican Secretary of State, and he purged the roles. Senator Paul, I have to stop you there. No election is perfect. But there were 86 challenges filed by President Trump and his allies in court. All were dismissed. Every state certified the results after investigations count. After investigations counts and recounts, the Department of Justice, led by William Barr, said there is no widespread evidence of fraud. Can't you just say the words this election was not stolen? Basically, it's just like I always say. The media and the Democrats want everybody to think that the only legitimate election is one that Democrats win. They have planted into people's heads that any time Democrats lose an election, the country is in flux and democracy is threatened. You see, he just wants him to say the words. Just say the words so that we can carry on like the Biden administration is legitimate, unlike we do for every single Republican administration. Like I said before, it's just the opposite. George Stephanopoulos took exactly the opposite position when Trump won. Instead of demanding that Democrats accept election results, he berated Republicans to admit that the election was stolen by Russia. Does President Trump accept the conclusion that Russia was behind this? This is fake news. I think it's just fake. I would take the news word right out of it. So you say it's fake. Is this a categorical denial of everything in the dossier? And it's a consensus conclusion. He accepts the conclusion that people are hacking all the time. But that Russia was behind it. Russian hacking the election. Russia hacked the American election. Russia hacked and interfered with the US election. Now, election hacking. Election hacking? President Trump's saying he knows things we don't about election-related hacking. Trump seems still sending out mixed signals about whether they believe Russia was behind the hacking of the election. He might start to move towards accepting these conclusions of the intelligence community that Russia was indeed involved in this election. Well, 75% of Republicans agree with you because they were fed a big lie by President Trump and his supporters who say the election was stolen. Why can't you say? Well, I think what you make a mistake in, hey, George. George. OK, I know you all want to just watch this interview, but I've got to interject here again. It's just amazing to me that he can't see how completely hypocritical he's being here. Why can't you just accept that this election wasn't stolen? Why couldn't they accept that the election wasn't stolen? It's just it's astounding that they can't even think for a second that the other side could be trying to hold them to their own standards. It seems to Democrats and left-wingers the idea of holding themselves to their own standards is as baffling as the vastness of the universe.  Instead of saying there are two sides to everything, historically what would happen is if I said that I thought there was fraud, you would interview someone else who said there wasn't. But now you insert yourself in the middle and say the absolute fact is that everything I'm saying is a lie. Well, because, Senator, I said what the president said was a lie because he said, hold on a second. He said the election was stolen. This election was not stolen. The results were certified in every single state after counts and recounts. You're saying that absolutely it was, you're saying there was no fraud and it's all been investigated and that's just not true. I said something that was not true. You say we're all liars. You're just simply saying we're all liars. I said it was a lie that the election was stolen. I premise that you're right and we're wrong. Well, no, let's talk about the specifics of it. In Wisconsin, tens of thousands of absentee votes had only the name on them and no address. Historically, those were thrown out this time they weren't. They made special accommodations because they said, oh, it's a pandemic and people forgot what their address was. So they changed the law after the fact. That is wrong, that's unconstitutional and I plan on spending the next two years going around state to state and fixing these problems and I won't be cowed by liberals in the media who say there's no evidence here and you're a liar if you talk about election fraud. No, let's have an open debate. It's a free country. Look, the fact is I'm no lawyer. I really have no idea what kind of credibility all of these claims have. When Rand Paul talks about that, that sounds pretty serious and I hope he gets to the bottom of it but the fact of the matter is and he rightly points out that George Stephanopoulos has already made a decision. He's acting more like an activist or a propagandist and much less like a journalist. A journalist would really wanna stick their teeth into this story. They'd wanna dig and investigate but these people don't wanna do that. Oh, wait, they did wanna do that when Trump won. When Trump won, suddenly they became these democracy-defending, hard-hitting, just-the-facts journalists, right? But when a Democrat wins, suddenly it's like overnight it all changes and they immediately circle the wagons and they wanna push a narrative that advances the Democrat Party agenda and again, the only criticism or scrutiny you're gonna see for the next four years will be of people like Rand Paul. It'll be of critics and of the Democrat Party opposition. There is no widespread evidence of election fraud that overturned the results. Again, that very well may be true but that doesn't mean you just don't investigate it and you just sort of cover it up and never speak of it again and instead of investigating it, you go out and you try to get these belief statements from people to basically just absolve you, George Stephanopoulos, of having to do your job as a journalist. That's all you're looking for is to be absolved of your duty to hold Democrats and Democrat president to account because that's not your job. Your job is the exact same thing it was when you were in the Clinton administration.   And this is exactly why trust in the media has plummeted to all new lows. In Wisconsin, there were counts and recounts through election results were certified. That's not true. Even that's not true. Even that's not true. Bar said that directly. But there was, yes, he said that, yes, that was a pronouncement. There has been no examination, thorough examination of all the states to see what problems we had and see if they could fix them. Now let me say to be clear, I voted to certify the state electors because I think it would be wrong for Congress to overturn that.  No, there were lots of problems and there were secretaries of state who illegally changed the law and that needs to be fixed. And I'm gonna work hard to fix it.  That's the problem with the media today is they say all Republicans are liars and everything we say is a lie. There are two sides to every story.  They're not two sides to the story. This has been looked at in every single state and there are two sides to every story. George, you're forgetting who you are.  If you think there's only one side, you're inserting yourself into the story to say, I'm a liar because I wanna look at election fraud and I wanna look at secretaries of state who illegally changed the voter laws without the permission of their state legislatures. That is incontrovertible.  You're inserting yourself into the story a journalist would hear both sides and there are two sides to this story. Come on now, Stephanopoulos. There wasn't really enough time to look into any of these things. And like Rand Paul mentioned earlier, these judges aren't just gonna inject themselves and change overturn election results based on the investigations that have been done so far. It's kind of strange that people in the media that should be wanting to investigate this don't seem interested in that at all. And in fact, what they are interested in is discrediting anybody who may ask questions. And I just wanna point out again that during the last election when Trump won and Democrats were coming out and saying that Russia hacked the election and stole it, instead of the media going out and demanding that these Democrats declare that the election was legitimate and Trump was legitimate, that never happened. Instead of that, they went out and bolstered the conspiracy theories. And for four years, did everything they could to undo a democratic election. So whether there's any truth to any of these claims about the election or not, the media has sown the seeds for this and it's really no coincidence that every time a Republican wins, then conspiracy theories about stolen elections are mainstream and widespread. I'd say that this was a perfect election. I said it was, the results were certified. I said it was not stolen.  You're saying people are liars if they wanna investigate what happened in the election. Shouldn't we investigate the fact that tens of thousands of absentee ballots did not have addresses on them and normally were disqualified, but this time they were counted. Should we examine that? I don't know whether it affected the election or not, but I have an open mind. There can be more investigations. The investigations that have taken place have shown there is not enough fraud to change the results of this election that has been certified by every state. It was stated by the just department and the attorney general. And I accepted the state certifications, but it doesn't mean that I think that there wasn't fraud and that there weren't problems that have to be investigated. And it doesn't mean that the law wasn't broken. I believe in Pennsylvania, they broke the law and I believe that that ever would get a real hearing for the Supreme Court. It was denied for standing. It wasn't actually taken up. If it were taken up, I do believe that the Supreme Court would overrule and say that they did break the law illegally. I asked you a very simple question. Was the election stolen or not? I think there was a great deal of evidence of fraud and changing of the election laws illegally. And I think a thorough investigation is warranted. Senator Paul, thanks for your time this morning. Folks, Trump's election was certified in every state. And don't forget that the Democrats did everything they could to try and influence electors to not vote for Trump when it came time. And despite all the evidence that the Steele dossier, for example, was actually Russian disinformation, the media didn't care. They wouldn't have spread it anyway. And for four years, they claimed that the president was a Russian agent and that his supporters an existential threat.  That's all for this one. Please hit that like button, share and subscribe. If you want to support this channel or follow me on any of the alternate platforms, you can find all those links in the description or pinned comment. Thanks for watching. Keep coming back.


The Keduna State Government says Bandit have killed two more students of Greenfield University, Keduna, who were abducted on Tuesday. Commissioner for Internal Security and Home Affairs, Samuela Rowan, said in a statement issued today. Now, plus TV Africa recalls that Bandit had killed three of the abducted students on Friday, while one member of staff of the university was killed on Tuesday. About 23 students and staff were abducted from the university campus on the 20th of April.


I'm really quite disappointed, but I'm gonna try one more time. Just once more because God, that'd be so much more fun playing against someone online New Zealand.  There's someone here Yeah, New Zealand. I don't want to go New Zealand. Do I want to go New Zealand? Do I? Yeah, I want to go New Zealand. Yes Come on What are you doing? Change team? Who should I go? You know what? I'm gonna go my home team, the Canterbury Crusaders Yeah My home team guys, these are these are my heroes growing up my absolute heroes Like you wouldn't believe Obviously not the same players and playing now, but still We're set for a good one as two teams go head-to-head here at Castle Park This match could easily tip an eye. So they're playing with Cardiff, which is a team in Wales They're probably gonna be pretty similar Stats, which is good. I wouldn't have wanted to go New Zealand because I would have just well, I mean Canterbury's bloody awesome. They've got awesome players so They were coming up fast It's gone out, but not a good kick.  Oh, that's not straight. No, we're near it Okay First strum of the match Is he playing?   Get over a voice No Oh here we go, Puppet turn Puppet turn, got Dag Israel Dag One of my heroes Get over him Are we going to kick or are we going to go?


Hey everyone, welcome to theCUBE's coverage of Women in Data Science 2022. I'm Lisa Martin, excited to be coming to you live from Stanford University at the Ariyaga Alumni Center. I'm pleased to welcome, fresh from the keynote stage, Alex Hanna, the director of research at the Dare Institute. Alex, it's great to have you on the program. Yeah, lovely to be here. Talk to me a little bit about yourself. I know your background is in sociology. We were talking before we went live about your hobbies and roller-drivers and love. Talk to me a little bit about your background and what the Dare Institute, this is Distributed AI Research Institute. What it actually is doing. Sure, absolutely. So happy to be here, talking to the women in data science community. So my background is in sociology, but also in computer science and machine learning. So my dissertation work was actually focusing on developing some machine learning and natural language processing tools for analyzing protest event data and generating that and applying that to pertinent questions within social movement scholarship. After that, I was faculty at University of Toronto and then research scientist at Google on the ethical AI team, where I met Dr. Timney Jabru, who's the founder of Dare. And so Dare is a nonprofit research institute oriented on around independent community-based AI work. Focused really on the kind of lots of discussions around AI are done by big companies or companies focused on solutions that are very much oriented around collecting as much data as they can, not really knowing if it's going to be for community benefit. At Dare, we want to flip that. We want to really want to prioritize what that would mean if communities had input into data-driven technologies, what it would mean for those communities and how we can help there. Double-click into some of your research. Where do your passions lie? So I'm a sociologist and a lot of that being, I think one of the big insights of sociology is to really highlight how society can be more just, how we can interrogate inequality and understanding how to make those distances between people who are underserved and over-served, who already have quite a lot, how we can reduce the disparities. So finding out where that lies, especially in technology, that's really what I'm passionate about. So it's not just technology, which I think can be helpful, but it's really understanding what it means to reduce those gaps and make the world more just. And that is so important. I mean, as more and more data is generated, exponentially growing, so are some of the biases and the challenges that that causes. You just gave your tech vision talk, which I had a chance to see most of it. And you were talking about something that's very interesting, that is the biases in facial recognition software. We'll be a little bit about what you talked about and why that is such a challenge. And also, what are some of the steps being made in the right direction, where that's concerned? Yeah, so the work I was talking about in the talk was highlighting not work I've done, but the work by Drs. Joy Balumini and Tunisia Brew, focusing on the distance that exists and the biases that exist in facial recognition as a technical system. The fact remains also that facial recognition is used and is disproportionately deployed on marginalized populations. So in the US, that means black and brown communities, that's where facial recognition is used disproportionately. And we also see this in refugee contexts where refugees will be leaving country and those facial recognition software will be used in those contexts and surveilling them. So these are people already in a really precarious place. And so some of the movements there have been to de-bias some of the facial recognition tools. I actually don't think that's far enough. I'm fundamentally against facial recognition. I think that it shouldn't be used as a technology because it is used so pervasively in surveillance and policing. And if we're going to approach that, we really need to rethink our models of security, models of immigration and whatnot. Right, it's such an important topic to discuss because I think it needs more awareness about some of the biases, but also to your point about some of those vulnerable communities that are really potentially being harmed by technologies like that. We have to be, there's a fine line. Or maybe it's not so fine. I don't think it's that fine. Absolutely, I think it's used in an incredibly harsh way. And for instance, there's research that's being done in which, so I'm a transgender woman and there's research being done by researchers who collected data sets that people had on YouTube documenting their transitions. And already there was a researcher collecting those data and saying, well, we can have terrorists or something take hormones and cross borders. And you talk to any trans person, you're like, well, that's not how it works.  And so that's, you know, whereas researchers in this space were collecting those data and saying that, well, we should collect these data to help make these facial recognitions more fair, but that's not fair if it's going to be used on a population that's already intensely surveilled and held in suspicion. Right, that's the question of fairness is huge. Absolutely. Were you always interested in tech? You've talked about your background in sociology. Was it something that you always, were you a STEM kid from the time you were little? Talk to me about your background and how you got to where you are now. Yeah, I've been using computers since I was four. I've been using, I was taking apart, you know, my parents' gateway computer. Oh, you're one of those kids. I love that. Yeah, when I was 10, going to computer shows, slapping hard drives into things, seeing how much we could upgrade computer on our own and, you know, ruining more than one computer to my parents' chagrin. But I've always been that. I went to undergrad in triple major to computer science, math and sociology. You know, and originally just in computer science and then out of the other two, I'm more interested in things and understanding that I was really interested in this intersection of tech and society. And I think the more and more I sat within the field and went and did my graduate work in sociology and other social sciences really found that there was a place to interrogate those, that intersection of the two. Exactly. What are some of the things that excite you now about where technology is going? What are some of the positives that you see? I talk so much about the negatives. It's really hard to, I mean, there's, I think, some of the things that I think that are positive are really the community-driven initiatives that are saying, well, what can we do to remake this in such a way that is going to be more positive for our community? And so seeing projects like that try to do community control over certain kinds of AI models or really try to tie together different kinds of fields, I mean, that's exciting. And I think right now we're seeing a lot of people that are super politically and justice literate and they know how to work and they know what's behind all this data-driven technologies and they can really try to flip the script and try to understand what would it mean to kind of turn this into something that empowers us instead of being something that is really becoming centralized in a few companies. Right, we need to be empowered with that for sure. How did you get involved with WIDS? So Margo, one of the co-directors, we sit on a board together of the Human Rights Data Analysis Group and I've been a huge fan of HRDAG for a really long time because HRDAG is probably one of the first projects I've seen that's really focused on using data for accountability, for justice. Their methodology has been called on to hold perpetrators of genocide to accounts, to hold state violence perpetrators to account and I always thought that was really admirable. And so being on their board is sort of kind of a dream not that they're actually coming to me for advice. So I met Margo and she said, come on down and let's do a thing for WIDS and I happily obliged. Is this your first WIDS? This is my very first WIDS. Oh, excellent. What's your interpretation so far? I'm having a great time. I'm learning a lot, meeting a lot of great people and I think it's great to bring folks from all levels here, not only people who are super senior which they're not going to get the most out of it. It's going to be the high school students, the undergrads, grad students, folks who, and you're never told to be mentored. So you know, finding your own mentors too. You know, it's so great to see the young faces here and the mature faces as well. But one of the things that I caught in the panel this morning was the talk about mentors versus sponsors. And you know, that's actually, I didn't know the difference until a few years ago at another women in tech event. And I thought it was such great advice for those panelists to be talking to the audience, talking about the importance of mentors but also the difference between a mentor and a sponsor. Who are some of your mentors? Yeah, I mean, great question. It's going to sound cheesy, but my boss, Tenezebrew, I mean, she's been a huge mentor for me and with her and another mentor, Meg Mitchell, you know, I wouldn't have been a research scientist. I was the first social scientist on the research scientist ladder at Google before I left and if it wasn't for there, they did sponsor, but then they all also mentor me, you know, greatly. My PhD advisor, Pam Oliver, huge mentor about it. And I mean, lots of, you know, primarily and in peer mentors, people that are kind of at the same stage as me academically, but also in professionally, but are mentors. So folks like Anna Lauren Hoffman, who's at the UW, you know, she's a great inspiration and collaborator and co-conspirator, so yeah. Co-conspirator, I like that. I'm sure you have quite a few mentees as well. Yeah. Talk to me a little bit about that and what excites you about being a mentor? Yeah, yeah, I have a lot of mentees, either informally or formally. And I sought that out purposefully. I think one of the speakers this morning on the panel was saying, you know, if you can mentor, do it. And that's what I did and sought out that.  No one person does. You only get to those places if you have a large community. And I think being smart is often something that people think comes like, you know, there's kind of like a smart gene or whatever, but like, there probably is. Like I'm not a biologist or a cognitive anything, but you know, what really takes cultivation is being kind and really advocating for other people and building solidarity. And so that's what mentorship really means to me, is building that solidarity and really trying to lift other people up. I mean, if you know, I'm only here and where I'm at in my career because many, many people were mentors and sponsors to me and it's only right to pay that forward. I love that, paying that forward. That's so true. There's nothing like a good community, right? I mean, there's so much opportunity that that groundswell just generates, which is what I love. We are, tomorrow is International Women's Day. And if we look at the numbers, you know, women are 50% of the workforce, but only less than a quarter in STEM positions. What's your advice and recommendation for those young girls who might be intimidated or might be being told even to this day, no, you can't do physics, you can't do computer science, you can't tell them. Yeah, I mean, so individual solutions to that are putting a band-aid on a very big wound. And I mean, I think finding other people and working to change it. I mean, I think building structures, solidarity and care are really the only way we'll get out of that. I agree. Well, Alex, it's been great to have you on the program. Thank you for coming and sharing what you're doing at Dare, the intersection of sociology and technology. It was fascinating. And you're Roll the Derby. We'll have to talk more about that. Yeah, for sure. Excellent. Thanks for joining me. Yeah, thank you, Lisa. For Alex, Hannah, I'm Lisa Martin. You're watching theCUBE's coverage live of Women in Data Science Worldwide Conference 2022.


Hey guys, today we've got video eight for you in our spread the love with art resin Valentine's Day Challenge. And you know I'd really encourage you to head on over to Instagram and punch in the hashtag spread the love with art resin. That way you'll get to see all of the original entries by the artists to find out why they entered the artwork that they did. But it's totally up to you. Don't forget to vote below. You've got 24 hours to place your vote.


Yes, I'm leaving, leaving. Hey, what's up, YouTube? I'm Zeke, and welcome to the Dream Green Show. Today, Mark week eight of me tracking AMD. Can you guys believe it's already been two months?  I'm gonna track AMD over the next 52 weeks a full year to see if tracking their price, news, their competitor news, looking at their earnings report and also doing market analysis on the graph. I'm gonna see if tracking that one company just focusing and narrowing in on that one company will have any benefits of me day trading, swing trading or playing options on AMD over the course of this year. And this week I actually made a little bit of money. So you guys stay tuned to the end of the video where I do my market analysis. But before we dive into my Robinhood account make sure that you guys hit that thumbs up button. It helps out this channel more than you even can imagine. Just take one second out of your day just to hit that thumbs up button. It helps me out tremendously. But enough talking, let's go ahead and pull up my Robinhood app. All right guys, here we are inside my Robinhood portfolio. I'm currently sending that $24,063.90. On the week, not much happened. I'm up half a percent, $118.86. So that's how my portfolio played out over the week. Let's go ahead and pull up AMD right quick. Okay, here we are on AMD. AMD is currently sending that $81.25. It went down 4.5% last week. So I'm glad I did not buy it at the top. I told you guys in my last video I was gonna wait for it to pull back a little bit. And it's looking like it's continuing to pull back. I'm gonna tell you what I'm gonna do this week at the end of this video while I'm doing my market analysis. So guys, don't miss out on that on my market analysis for my players that are coming up this week. If we scroll down a little bit, I still have 47 shares of AMD worth $3,818.75. My average cost of AMD is $33.43. And my total return is $2,247.68. Up 143%. So that is amazing that I got in on AMD so early. Right now AMD is still underneath $100 billion market cap. They're at $95.45 billion to be exact. So they're not a $100 billion company consistently but they're still on the cusp. They're still right there. So AMD is no longer a small fish in a large ocean. They're more like a big fish in a very large lake. A very large lake, okay. They're still at underneath $100 billion in their market evaluation. So scrolling down a little bit more over on Robin Hood, there's 36 analysis saying that 42% buy, 50% hold and 8% sell. So if you already hold AMD, 50% of them is saying hold on to it and 42% of them are saying, go ahead and pick up some more shares of AMD and 8% say sell it off. That's why 8%, I believe AMD will continue to rise up to be a $100 billion company again in the long-term and stay above $100 billion. So let's scroll down on my gains for the week. I did a AMD put credit spread at a price point of $77 on August 14th and I ended up getting $8 credited to my account for AMD. That's gonna bring my grand total over the last eight weeks to $39.62. So that is my grand total for the last eight weeks. I am just happy that I'm not in a negatives. I am in the positives with AMD. I'm still new to this. And if you guys have been watching my journey over the last eight weeks, you will see that I have been having success over the course of the last eight weeks by playing it smart and super safe. Before we dive into the news, let's take a look at Intel. Now Intel is down over the last month, 16%. Okay guys, it's at $48.89. They're a direct competitor with AMD. And the reason that AMD is doing so successful it's not just because they are a great company and they're doing good things. It's also, they have grown so much over the last month is because Intel has been underperforming over the last month due to their delay in that seven nanometer CPUs. If we take a look, Intel is still the king on the block. Intel been around for a very long time. Even after a 14% dip over the last month, there's still a $207 billion company. The market cap is $207.93 billion. So there are no small, they're not small. Intel is gonna bounce back pretty soon. If not this year, then next year to give AMD a run for that money. Well, AMD is giving Intel a run for that money, but Intel is still king when it comes to CPUs. But right now they have been underperforming which allows AMD to get a competitive edge on them right now. And with that being said, Intel is at $48 while AMD is above $80. While Intel is a $207 billion market evaluation, either AMD is overvalued or Intel is undervalued. So keep that in mind. Don't just bash Intel, they are the king. There are the remaining king on the block. Don't just say, don't just go all in on AMD because they're doing very well right now and thinking Intel is gonna fail as a company, as a business, they're not. So let's go ahead and dive into the news that I've seen this week so we can get more in-depth on AMD. All right guys, here we are on the news on the week. I found four different articles. Okay, this one is saying that Intel is gonna come back soon. Intel is developing their next gen graphics cars. It's called the XE and they're planning on giving Nvidia in AMD, Big Navy a run for that money. They're gonna call it the XE graphics. It's gonna have ray tracing capability. And so they're gonna be competing against Nvidia which I don't think they're gonna match Nvidia and they're also gonna be competing against AMD that has been making great graphics cars at a great price for the last couple of years. The addition that is for the gamers, which is the most important, that's the one that really pushes the company to sell GPUs. It's gonna be paired with Intel Next Gen Tiger Lake CPU chips. And it is gonna be called the XE HGP for the gaming GPUs. It's expected to have a speedy DDR6 with, whoa. Okay, GDDR6 is pretty fast and to be a scalable GPU meaning it could be used for multiple tiers of graphics card. All right, so Intel is looking to take some of the market share of the graphics card area when it comes to gaming. Also, the graphics cards is gonna be for data centers and for a supercomputer. So they're trying to look to get into data centers using this GPU. So they're trying to not get left behind and develop a very good GPU to compete in the market space through to that. But what's the most important to me is the gaming since I do game. It's the XE HPG for the gaming computer. So, although it has not been released yet or reviewed, it is expected to come out in 2021. So that's when you can expect to see Intel starting to bounce back early next year, mid next year when they release their new CPUs in graphics card. Now keep in mind, their new CPUs are still gonna be 10 nanometers. It's not gonna be seven nanometers, but they do gotta trick up their sleeves to try to compete with AMD seven nanometer chips. Okay, so here goes some more good news for AMD. AMD can make even more billions by scrolling down. They have hit 10% server market shares ahead of schedule. So AMD has hit double digits in their earnings from just being in the server market by putting their CPUs and GPUs on the servers that different companies can use like Google. They have accumulated from over 20% work of their earnings from their last earnings report just from being in the server. So like right here, the company's generated over 20% of the second quarter revenue from data centers produced as sales of the Epic server processes more than double from the prior year period. So they accumulated over 20% worth of their company profits from being in data centers and servers using their Epic server processors. So AMD is killing it. They're ahead of schedule when it comes to their market share in the data center area and they're looking to expand even more. They reached that goal a lot faster than I thought they would. That means that they have a lot more room to grow because they're going to produce a lot more of these Epic server processors to get more than 10% in the data center industry. So that is very good for AMD. If they make 20% from there and they grow even more I could see them being a dominant force in the data center industry. All right, so here goes some big news for Intel. Intel is coming up out with their Tiger Lakes, a Levegen CPUs on September 2nd. They're expecting to roll out September 2nd. Now single threaded performance they're looking to outperform AMD but when it comes to multi-core performance AMD still remain king. In fact, if you guys want to get a laptop at a very reasonable price that has multi-cores AMD is still the way to go. AMD has a core is powerhouse if you want a three pound laptop or so but when it comes to single core performance Intel is the way to go. Even though it's still a 10 nanometer chip AMD is working on a seven nanometer chip. So when it comes to laptops I think AMD is going to dominate that area but when it comes to gaming, gaming alone Intel is going to outperform AMD when it comes to gaming. They always have and I believe they always will. Okay, let's AMD got some tricks up their sleeves. If we take a look at this other article Intel has added a super fan. It claims that that super fan which will be used on the Tiger Lake processors and Intel's first discrete GPUs will deliver 17% to 18% better transistor performance than what Intel's first 10 nanometer transistor delivered. So even though they're still working on a 10 nanometer chip they're expecting with the super fan technology to increase by 17 to 18% performance. So they still can remain the gaming kings when it comes to which CPU to buy for a gaming even though they're working on a 10 nanometer chip. Now that we have looked at the news let's go ahead and do our market analysis so that we can see what we're going to do this week on AMD. All right, here we are on the market analysis tickle symbol AMD. We're on the four hour 180 day chart. Let me every bar that you see on here is worth four hours of the trading day of AMD. I drew this line out last week. I thought that it would bounce around the last support line. It did and it continued to rise up. But as you guys can see here this was a high and then this was a high and got rejected. So it's making lower highs. Now we have to wait this week to see if it makes a lower low. If it's making lower highs and lower low I can see AMD coming all the way back to a support line around these 180 day simple moving average which is the green line right here. So it could come back down here unless it makes higher lows right here and continue to rise up. Now I do see $87 being its resistance line. So I believe that AMD will play somewhere in this channel over the next coming days maybe the next coming weeks. I can see it trading sideways until it catches up to the 180 day simple moving average. If we look at the RSI it's not overbought or oversold. So in the market the buyers and the sellers are pretty much saying that it's at an even right now and that MacD is not crossing. It's going completely sideways right now. That's why I think the market's gonna go sideways next week and if we look at the one hour 20 day chart it is still riding the 180 day simple moving average. And if we draw an arrow right there on the side of the 180 day simple moving average. Let's say this green line right here. If we draw an arrow right there put an arrow right on the end of that line. It's pointing up right. If we put an arrow right on the end of this line right here, all right it's pointing sideways. It's pointing sideways right there. So AMD could trade in between this resistance and the support line for the next couple of weeks. If it does come back down this is the last support line. And I think it will use it on the four hour 180 day chart. I believe it will use this line. So let's draw this out as it's support line. And this line as the resistance line and trade in that channel for the next coming days. Unless some big news come out. Let's Intel rose out September 7th with some big news with their new Tiger Lake CPUs and gaining their market shares back then I could see AMD bouncing back to this 180 day simple moving average. If it does that I'm going to buy a lot more shares of AMD. All right, so with that being said I think AMD is gonna trade in between those two channels that I drew on my market analysis. So I might do another put credit spread on AMD not thinking that it will fall any further below $75 again for this week. So that might be my plan of the week. AMD was down 4.5% last week. So it might be a good buying opportunity if it does recover. But other than that, if you guys stuck this far to the end of this video go ahead and leave a thumbs up and subscribe to the channel so you don't miss out on any future videos. If you guys like the AMD series go down below in the comment session and let me know what are your plays on the week on AMD. But other than that, I'm Zeke bringing you the dream green show and I'm out peace.


So once upon a time there were no containers and Applications were precariously bundled by developers with lots of hope as wars and er's Were executed directly on virtual machines or bare metal servers, right? everything changed when docker introduced the application deployment through self-sufficient and Portable containers and then the helmsman with the name of Kubernetes emerged and the cloud world was never the same I'm Nina Singh I'm very excited to be here and very proud for Red Hat to have the opportunity to be a diamond sponsor at this very first Knative con event and for the next few minutes I will take you on a journey to show you the serverless evolution and the future of Knative the rising name in the world of application deployment First let me take a moment to congratulate Knative project for its 1.0 release and its acceptance into CNCF as an incubating project It was a long and arduous journey and each and every member of the community played a part So my sincere gratitude and heartfelt congratulations Serverless contrary to its name. We have learned that relies very much on servers what it actually does is let you worry less about the servers and It's easy and practical good for all sorts of applications and be it a microservice API or your one-off business need serverless journey could be charted into phases and Serverless 1.0 phase one we can say that when we started to hear and talk about functions the small snippets of code Running on demand for short duration of time and AWS Lambda is the first one that comes to mind Though it was pivotal in making it popular and enables variety of use cases It had its own limitations around the choices of language the execution time and local developer experience and The next bit stop in this journey is when we realize that the same serverless traits and benefits could be applied to containers and This leads us into the phase which we can call 1.5 and one solution started delivering serverless experience on Kubernetes with an abstraction layer that sitting on top of it also known as Knative and Red Hat is one of the founding members of Knative and still one of the top contributors By opening up Serverless to containers users were not limited to language and runtime choices or framework or not limited by the execution time And these containers were scaling up and down back to zero We can say that it's not a stretch to say that Knative democratized serverless by leveraging the portability of containers So now you can move across any cloud or on-prem And now we are entering phase 2 where container full functions For code to cloud capabilities integration and state come into play Phase 2 of serverless will focus on serverless Handling the complex orchestration and integration patterns With some case with some state management phase 2 is also focusing on advanced messaging capabilities with the breadth of Enterprise ready event sources for developing event-driven applications with 2.0 serverless will essentially become a feature of your platform and Because in practice most organizations would be running the combination of serverless and non serverless workload monolithics modular monolithics micro services functions all connected through events and Giving users an option to choose the best tool for their job I'm going to take a pause before I show you the future as to how combining serverless Capabilities with other open-source technologies we can unleash even more so Combining the serverless capabilities with the cloud native performance of quarkus integration with events Across your hybrid cloud through chemo K doing stateful orchestration with Kajito and securing and managing your serverless and non serverless API and the reliable event bus with Kafka we can Create solutions for almost any use cases and now back to the future The K native future is to be on every Kubernetes platform to blend in with your past and with features like request-based auto scaling Concurrency controls traffic splitting capabilities out of the box telemetry is to make Kubernetes platform a Kubernetes plus plus platform K native future is to connect all your services across all your clouds through events K native future is to be used in every industry vertical and K native future is to enable That fairytale ending for developers where they forget about the servers and can focus on solutions and outcomes the end Thank you for your time. We do have an open shift table outside. We are out of swag But please drop in to say hello. Thank you