You are looking at a shelter mounted on a three-quarter-ton truck. Both are standard United States Army equipment. The shelter is small and compact, but big enough for its purpose. For it houses one of the smallest radio teletypewriter units available for tactical communications. Let's look inside. The combination of components you see mounted on the wall carries the nomenclature an slash g r c 46 The objective of this film is to acquaint you with its components and Provide you with an explanation of the electronic function of each component We'll also outline the capabilities of the a n g r c 46 and show it in operation First the components the ideal way to study the components of the a n g r c 46 Would be to assemble them one by one. So we'll do just that We'll mount the components on the rear wall of the shelter This balances the weight on the vehicle and maintains the desired compactness so that the controls of each unit will be accessible to the operator For sending and receiving teletypewriter messages will install a teletypewriter set The a n u g c 4 which is commonly called the page printer To increase the flexibility of teletypewriter communications. We will install a second teletypewriter This one the TT 76 is commonly called the reperforator transmitter It will enable the operator to record messages on tape and use the tapes for later transmission Next we will add radio equipment for transmitting and receiving the teletypewriter traffic The transmitter we will use is the T 195 The transmitter will also provide us with voice and continuous wave communication facilities Next to the transmitter. We will mount a receiver This is the r 392 it will receive voice Continuous wave and frequency shifted keyed signals The electronic signals provided by the teletypewriters are incompatible with the radio equipment Therefore, we will have to mount two additional components utilizing the space in the upper right The first of these is a radio transmitter modulator the md203 The modulator electronically converts the DC teletypewriter output impulses into frequency shift signals So that it can be transmitted by the T 195 transmitter The second required unit is this frequency shift converter the CV 278 The frequency shift converter converts teletypewriter traffic into DC impulses Electronically so that it can be fed into the teletypewriters We'll discuss the electronic functions of these units in more detail later in the film All the units we've installed thus far require electrical power for operation 28 and a half volts of direct current are required for the radio equipment The transmitter receiver modulator and converter The teletypewriters require 110 volts of 60 cycle alternating current The initial power source is of course the vehicle's battery The battery supplies the power to start the engine The engine drives an alternator The alternator provides approximately 28 volts of three phase alternating current The alternating current output of the alternator is fed into a rectifier and filter system Which converts it to approximately 30 volts of direct current After being fed through a voltage regulator The 30 volts of direct current is suitable for operating the radio components of the ANGRC-46 It also has two other purposes to serve First, it must be converted to the 110 volts of 60 cycle alternating current Required by the teletypewriters To accomplish this, we need one more piece of equipment This piece of equipment is a motor generator, commonly called a rotary converter And finally, after a voltage drop, it is fed back to the vehicle's battery for recharging We would like to point out here that another component is provided It is the interconnecting box J-1195 Used in online crypto operation, it is mounted on the shelf just above the floor Two converters are provided, one in use and one spare They are mounted on the floor We now have assembled the important functional components of the ANGRC-46 And provided some of the required power supplies for each unit Here are some of the accessories used most frequently This, the LEG-KEY-116U The loudspeaker, LS-166U And the microphone, M-29U Another device we will need is this interconnecting box J-668 It provides the receptacles, terminals and interconnectors Needed to electrically combine all the components of the ANGRC-46 The front panel of the interconnecting box includes power meters Various power off-on switches Fuses for the rotary converter and other circuits A function selector switch with controls And main power circuit breakers In addition to providing complete interconnecting facilities The J-668 also functions as a master power control for the ANGRC-46 This component must be readily accessible So we'll install it here, between the teletype writers in easy reach of the operator Another device we will need is this three position Send, mark hold, receive switch It controls the function of the teletype writers The send position connects the teletype writers for transmission The receive position connects the teletype writers for reception The mark hold position places both the page printer and the reperforator in a holding condition To the right is the tape distributor control switch for use when operating crypto equipment We can now complete the installation by making all the necessary cable connections This ANGRC-46 is ready to begin operation We've seen and installed each component of the ANGRC-46 We will now examine the electronic function of the transmitter, receiver and teletype writers And see how the modulator and frequency shift converter make them compatible This explanation will be simplified, but it will be fundamentally accurate The transmitter generates what is called an RF signal, which we will represent with this wavy line If we were to examine a portion of this RF signal, we would find that it has two characteristics It has frequency, represented by the distance between these two points And it has amplitude, represented by the distance between these two points Since it is this RF signal, which is eventually sent out over the airwaves We must add to it any information which we wish transmitted One method of doing this is by shifting the frequency Notice that these distances are now changed A second method is by varying the amplitude, the distance from top to bottom Notice that now the distances between the top and bottom peaks which represent amplitude are varied This signal now has varying amplitude Now let's examine the signal provided by the teletype writer We'll let this line represent the output of the teletype writer When the teletype writer keys are operated or a tape message is fed into the reperforator Direct current impulses are created These impulses represent current flow But in reality, they will not be as orderly as this For the various letters and symbols of the teletype writer machines create various combinations Like this for letter t Or like this for letter r Or like this for letter b So we have an output signal containing various combinations of dc impulses A signal that accurately represents the message typed on the teletype writer The teletype writer output signal of dc impulses must shift the rf carrier frequency of the transmitter The modulator performs this function Both the rf signal from the transmitter and the dc current impulses from the teletype writer are applied to the modulator The modulator produces a shift of the rf frequency for each current pulse applied This is the result, an rf frequency shifted signal Every time a key is pressed on the teletype writer dc impulses are created in the teletype writer's output In the modulator these same impulses cause the rf carrier frequency of the transmitter to shift in frequency This signal has been keyed by shifting its frequency. Thus the process is called frequency shift keying In the transmitter the signal is amplified and transmitted When receiving teletype writer traffic the process is reversed An rf signal containing the teletype writer information in the form of frequency shift keying Is picked up by the antenna and fed into the receiver From the receiver it goes to the frequency shift converter The converter reverses the actions of the modulator It utilizes the frequency shifts in the rf signal to create dc impulses Which are fed into the teletype writer. The dc impulses operate the receiving teletype writer Which then duplicates the teletype writer traffic transmitted by the distance station We use this radio frequency carrier signal to send voice and teletype writer messages at the same time Since teletype writer communications varies only the frequency of the rf signal We can utilize varying amplitude to carry voice communications Both variations can be carried at the same time This allows the angrc-46 to offer the feature of simultaneous voice and teletype writer operations Now that we understand the electronic functions of the equipment Let's examine the capabilities of the angrc-46 The frequency range of the t195 transmitter is from 1.5 to 20 megacycles in 10 bands The transmitter has an automatic tuning feature which allows up to eight channels to be pre-tuned This allows fast efficient tuning of the transmitter The frequency range of the r392 receiver is broader than that of the transmitter It operates from 0.5 to 32 megacycles in 32 bands Unlike the transmitter, it has no automatic tuning feature and must be tuned manually Three types of service are provided by the angrc-46 Continuous wave operation using the hand key Voice operation using the microphone Logistical support requests this command Delta alpha two one one slash three six Teletype writer operation utilizing the page printer Or the reperforator And as we learned earlier simultaneous voice and teletype writer operation Simultaneous cw and teletype writer operation cannot be obtained The tactical range of the angrc-46 is measured in terms of the ground wave The ground wave follows the curvature of the earth and provides a reliable range of approximately 80 kilometers with the angrc-46 This distance is given in approximate terms because it will vary according to terrain and atmospheric conditions In addition to the ground wave, there is a sky wave component The signal radiated by the antenna being reflected by the ionosphere over long distances The sky wave range is subject to many variations Depending upon the conditions of the ionosphere the terrain the operating frequency and the type of antenna system Average sky wave distance is over 1600 kilometers, but it is not generally used for tactical purposes Some of the capabilities of the angrc-46 are determined by the antenna system The antenna provided is a five section 15 foot whip It is mounted high on the outside front panel of the shelter Inside it is connected directly to the transmitter When only one antenna is used there is an additional interconnection between the transmitter and receiver This jumper allows the antenna to be switched from the transmitter to the receiver and vice versa Thus the one antenna serves in both transmit and receive What we see here is called half-duplex operation Traffic can be transmitted Or received, but not simultaneously For duplex operation a second antenna is required and it must be located at least 15 meters from the first antenna Additionally the transmitter and receiver must be tuned at least one megacycle apart For duplex operation cabling changes which require higher echelon personnel are necessary Due to antenna requirement duplex operation while mobile is not possible Other capabilities of the angrc-46 can be seen by watching it in operation We'll assume the operator has a high priority message for an air ground liaison team First he checks the frequency call signs and authentication Then he checks the channel band frequency chart This tells him which channel has been pre-tuned to the frequency he wants In this case it is channel six He turns the preset channel selector switch to channel six and the transmitter is automatically tuned to the desired frequency Since this is to be a voice call the service selector switch must be set to the voice fsk position This position is for radio telephone and or radio teletype writer transmission The other positions are stand by used to conserve power when not actually transmitting Cw used for continuous wave transmissions Calibrate to provide a means of tuning the receiver to the transmitter and vice versa The remote position is used to provide remote operation of the radio facilities He then turns the test key to the on position and holds it there until the tuning indicator light comes on When it does the antenna is loaded The receiver is then manually tuned to the same frequency He is now ready to make a preliminary call alpha eight. This is alpha bravo three over Alpha bravo three This is alpha alpha eight over Alpha alpha eight. This is alpha bravo three I have a radio teletype message for you over This is alpha alpha eight Send your message over The operator inserts a pre-cut tape into the transmitter distributor He then places the send mark hold receive switch in the send position He makes the necessary switching arrangements on his page printer And sends the teletype writer message The angrc 46 should serve to handle almost any teletype writer traffic problem Thanks to the flexibility provided by the two teletype writers for in addition to the page printer's ability to transmit and receive There is the reperforator's ability to record incoming traffic on tape Messages typed on the reperforator are also recorded on tape. The taped messages can be transmitted immediately They can also be stored for later transmission This ability to record a message on tape is advantageous in situations where a message must be repeated to several addresses The operator of the angrc 46 has other responsibilities in addition to the actual operation of the equipment Operator maintenance of the wire mesh filter in the t195 transmitter must be accomplished daily After removing the cover the filter is removed by unfolding the wire handles and pulling straight out The transmitter should never be operated without the filter three of which are provided one in use and two spares Instructions for cleaning and lubricating are printed on the side of the filter and should be rigidly adhered to He must protect himself by always seeing that this protective rubber cover Is securely mounted over the antenna binding post Contact with the antenna circuit can result in severe rf burns The functional components you see here are used in several different models of radio teletype writer sets The angrc 46 Utilizes this s 89c shelter made of steel and weighing 1,400 pounds The angrc 46a Utilizes this lightweight shelter Made of aluminum and weighing 1175 pounds The angrc 46b utilizes this s 144 shelter made of aluminum and weighing 1110 pounds This b model is particularly designed for use with online cryptographic equipment In the angrc 46b are the usual racks to accommodate the equipment on the far wall And these additional racks on the left wall which accommodate a security device And security files When mounted in an armored personnel carrier, the equipment is called the angrc 29 This is the radio transmitter t 195 grc 19 It is here because we have an important point to make Let's remove the case from this t 195 and look inside For angrc 19 operation one cable goes to the exciter sub chassis The other connects to the rear of the front panel Modifying the transmitter of a grc 19 for operation as the transmitter of an angrc 46 Is accomplished by reversing the connections of these two cables It can be performed in a matter of minutes by maintenance personnel This film has offered orientation in the components capabilities and operation of the radio teletype writer set angrc 46 more detailed information concerning the correct tuning procedures And proper maintenance of this equipment can be obtained from the various manuals provided for the unit and its components The angrc 46 can transmit and receive traffic by continuous wave Voice teletype writer over a reliable distance range of 80 kilometers It can provide simultaneous voice and teletype writer operations And it can offer these facilities in a mobile package For it is one of the smallest radio teletype writer units available for tactical communications It is a valuable piece of equipment one with which you should be thoroughly familiar One which deserves careful attention to operation and maintenance procedure


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com coming at you with jaspys kickoff football mixer giveaway pack break number three Guaranteed spot or mystery item thing pack break thing. I don't know what to call this. Anyway, it's I guess it's a hit pack break There's 20 hit packs and one of those packs is a spot in our $3,000 mixer or 48 box high-end mixer, which it's gonna happen tonight folks So go to jaspyscasebreaks.com start buying spot. Let's help fill it up I'm pretty sure the other 19 packs are all just gonna be cards I think we mentioned packs or boxes, but I think just spoiler. I think they're all just gonna be cards And then one of those mixer spots big. Thanks everybody here for getting into the action. I appreciate it We're gonna sign you a pack number After this dice roll one and a four five times one two three four And a one fifth and final time You got Chris down to Colin and one and a four five times for the pack numbers one two three four and five Got one down to 20 after five times. Oh Awesome. Thank you All right. So we got Chris with number one Jason with 18 Jeff with four SKS with 14 Sean M with 15 Jason with 12 Colin with two Brian with nine Sean with 19 Aaron with eight Colin with seven Chris with 17 Travis with 11 Howard with sweet 16 Will with three next over with five Tony last bottom mojo 10 Logan with six Alan with 13 and Colin with 20 We're gonna order these new we're gonna break these numerically and order these numerically And I'm also gonna pause the video because I got to go I don't know where those packs are I'm gonna run and find those packs and I'm going to print out those labels when we come back We'll have the break itself stick around be our beat. All right. Welcome back.  So Chris you're up first Thank you For giving this shot. Let's say we got in pack number one It's not the redemption, but it's a graded card and it's gonna be a PSA nine Jason Dominguez not bad Not the mixer spot, but you get a 2020 Bowman Chrome spaying the globe insert Jason Dominguez PSA nine Thanks, Chris Colin pack two so we've got for you. We've got a indelible ink 14 out of 25 Billy Sims Thanks, Colin Given that a shot Bulldog fan, maybe pack three No, it is it is a white sock though. It is Louise Robert Purple parallel that is Just a facsimile that might just be a facsimile It doesn't say this autograph is guaranteed by blah blah blah blah. Yeah, so just a purple purple parallel Out of heritage Looks pretty darn close though Anyhow, well, thank you Point is not not the three thousand dollar mixer spot Appreciate you giving that a shot. All right, maybe for Jeff and pack four. It's like a graded car. Oh, it's a 10-10 All right, 10-10 Lorenzo Armenteros His bowman first and his autograph It's centering edges surface are all a 10 corners are a 9-5 his autograph is a 10 From 2017 Bowman Chrome Mabel's You'll see in the big leagues All right, Jeff. Thank you Nick's over pack five. It is a Shane beaver Bowman Chrome autograph Nothing too crazy there Nick, but thanks for giving it a shot Redemption is still out there Logan pack six, you know not not the spot, but you get a Mike Ditka green pulsar legendary contenders autograph 10 out of 27 on that one those green pulsars do look pretty sharp But not the spot. Thanks Logan Colin lucky seven lucky seven Gavin Lux rookie autograph Yeah, see the autographs will say top certified autograph issue Yeah, I see yes They were 200 bucks a spot one of the packs. It's a high-risk high reward deal Because one of the packs is gonna be a spot in our three thousand dollar football mixer It's kind of a boomer-bust sort of situation here All right, Colin. Thank you Rex, what's going on? Here's pack eight. I'm doing great because I think that football mixer is about to fill tonight A little bit of work. We'll get there. We've got a Cody Bellinger autograph That's one to just kind of keep in the drawer and hold on to I think I think he's got Aaron I think he's got Everyone in LA has been talking about this. I think that shoulder still bothering him that that Foot where he got stepped on. I think it's his lead foot He's still kind of I think still kind of bugging him. That's if that affects the whole mechanics of his swing Anticipating Hopefully a big year next year. All right, so Brian's hoping hoping It's the ninth month of the year the ninth day of the ninth month and Brian just got pack nine to got here is it no, it's not the redemption but That's kind of cool a souvenir cuts lefty Gomez 29 out of 32 From a from an old playoff set here Or a 2005 Playoff prime cuts. It's pretty cool Brian But alas not the $3,000 spot onwards Tony last spot mojo pack 10. Oh, come on Rex. Don't tell him that I would 274 out of 299 premieres autograph Matthew Barzal What Rex meant?  All right, Travis Melberg pack 11 Travis pack 11 Not the $3,000 spot, but it's a 2020 tops chrome Louise Robert sepia Refractor PSA 9. Thank you Travis Still out there. Where is it? Maybe for Jason When pack 12, it's not But what do we got here? We've got it. We've got a LeBron James 2019 Panini Chronicles PSA 9 from threads Graded card LeBron. What about pack 13 for Alan Alan's here guys fingers crossed. Oh, there it is in Pack 13 one spot in the 48 box high-end mixer a $3,000 value congrats Joe Jaspy. There it is Alan We'll get you in that mixer. All right. Well for the rest of you Apologies, but hopefully there'll be some decent stuff in the rest of these packs for you Steven with Omar Viscale 12 out of 16 autograph Sean Maddock with pack 15 You're welcome Alan. Thanks for getting in. We've got a Keenan Allen rookie autograph It's pretty good Nice from 2013 Contenders football and pack 16 sweet 16 is a super fractor or a gold vinyl Christian Fulton Rookie gold vinyl. It's a one-of-one Train whistle all aboard the Big Hit Express Chris parent pack 17 is a Kyle Lewis bowman's best autograph few more to go pack 18 Jason we've got a PSA 10 John Collins 2017 Panini prison basketball rookie John Collins Not a silver, but still a PSA 10 Sean Maddock again pack 19 Is a Don Drysdale from 1959 tops baseball? PSA 5 it's pretty cool old-school card a little classic. All right and Colin final pack See what we have for you It'll be a oh personal endorsements autograph Cal Ripken I've heard of him an old top set 2005 tops pristine legends edition baseball All right, and there you go Colin. There you go everybody. I'm Joe for Jasper's case breaks calm congrats again to Alan He won the spot in the $3,000 mixer. Thanks everyone else for giving this shot We are very very close to knocking out that mixer check out what's left in the football section on Jasper's case breaks calm And I'll see you a little bit later tonight for that 48 box football mixer. Bye. Bye


Okay, very good morning Thursday 27th of February. I hope you are well and usual routine I'm gonna talk about a little bit about the broader sentiment at the market open here in London and mainland Europe and then Sam will take over and look at the charts from a more technical perspective But before I really get stuck into some of these headlines Let's just have a quick look at the charts and how things are shaping up this morning And yesterday had another down day in the Dow lost about 123 points Overnight the age of Pacific session that kind of carried on generally US index futures traded down in the the overnight session And so even though we had a bit of a bounce as Europe has come in The Nasdaq still down about 78 the S&P 26 and the Dow is back down about 235 at the moment so still a lot of apprehension almost in the market about the The kind of factoring in are we at at the moment a realistic pricing in of the new norm with the virus with the outbreak Beyond the shores of or the boundaries of China or is there more to come and that's still very much the dominant driving Catalyst for sentiment still Interestingly, I was just having a look in the the currency markets. Obviously the euro benefitting from a couple things one I'm sure Sam will talk through the kind of technical movement that it's seen But I was just looking at the currencies overall and the dollar index is down about two-tenths. I mean cable It you know euro dollar upward movement is a lot more clear than cable but cables flat Euro's out performing a little bit up 33 But you know one of the things with the Dixie I was thinking is that if you actually look at the dollar index It was kind of getting right up to that hundred level remember about two weeks period ago Just gone. We've had some really awesome u.s. Data the dollar rallied Really aggressively we've got up to that kind of round that hundred spot We've just started to see it fade and now Actually with what's happened with more concerns not just in the u.s. But in Europe and globally about the potential spreading of the virus market in the rates area have started to bring forward Much more aggressively the idea of the Fed are gonna have to cut rates and markets are actually pricing in now To fed rate cuts by the end of the year and that's quite substantially different from where we were just Around a week and a half ago when that u.s. Data remember was really strong And it was priced more for kind of keeping in line with what the Fed's communication is Which is kind of a holding pattern for 2020 so a little bit of pairing back from you know If you zoom out a little bit and look at the dollars performance Excuse me over the last few weeks I think that underlines a lot of the currency movement here This morning, but obviously as I said, so I'm gonna look at the technicals as well that are in play Otherwise The u.s. 10 years up four and a half ticks golds up about eight and a half bucks And we're coming up to a relatively interesting range area Which on the daily pivots and the futures in gold would be around the R1 to keep an eye on for any further upside if we start to see further Most contagion if you like in the market onto these ongoing fears around the corona virus, so let's get into the headlines I do want to wrap in a little bit about the s&p with some of the commentary or some of the banks have been saying so I will Transition back and forth between a couple of charts, but to kick things off Let's look at this u.s. Identifies the first corona virus case without Outbreak ties now. I thought this was particularly interesting when I was reading this on my way into work this morning So basically this is this is a person being treated in California U.s. Centers for Disease Controls at the CDC They've said the patient doesn't appear to have traveled to China or been exposed to another known case of corona virus This is what's being coined as a phrase as community spread They're calling it where the virus begins circulating freely among people outside of quarantines or known Contacts with other patients and if you think about it if the market, you know, there were three things We were looking at if you remember that that piece that I Published on Sunday and we talked about in a briefing Monday morning three points. There was the spread outside of China There was the material impact on the numbers on the supply chain And then the third point was fear and fear is such a key one of what we've seen really Add the momentum or the fuel to the fire of the movies that we've had and this type Headline, I think could be perceived as quite worrying looking at it that way because this is talking about a virus Circulating freely among people outside of the quarantine areas that have not been to China or been exposed to any other known virus of corona virus So yeah, that's almost like the perfect storm in my mind where then you could see some real pick up in these numbers If that does indeed turn out to be The case so definitely I think this was quite interesting and you know again, this is just one Individual, but that's not the point. We're in a different realm now where it's not about the one time It's about us pricing in then the future compounding growth where it just becomes Exponential and and all of a sudden then people are already Fearing the worst and then that gets played out in the markets in the daily price action A few other things here just to show you that I thought were a bit more graphically Pleasing on the idea to understand what it is that's going on This is the number of new cases in the last week So this starts to look a little bit more between cases in China in blue on the bar and cases outside of China so as you can see there's been a steady incline almost like a Perfect inverse correlation here between cases in China have been decreasing Cases outside of China have been picking up But a lot of this is to do with the the kind of time as we know with the incubation period and with China having been the original The origin if you like geographically that Started what's about four weeks ago now when it originally kicked off And so that's kind of almost seen peak virus and there's now tailing off and hence the reason why Reports are that they're returning back gradually towards some normality Whereas in Europe is kind of it's just starting in this essence So you know the question mark is well, where does this red bar start to top out? I guess is the is the question but you can see you've actually tipped the balance and actually I know this chart is really rough in terms of the quality But hopefully I can explain it and what you're looking at here is you're looking at the beginning of the cases being reported So it's just going back to January 21st down here on the left now the blue bars of China the red bars are the daily cases of new confirmed cases, so This this graphic is wildly misrepresented because actually in China You're looking at thousands here, whereas cases outside of China looking at hundreds So I think to map one over the other is a bit misleading But the point is again, it's the shape of which the red bars are increasing that's important So instead of like for like comparison look at the direction And so this is what markets have been pricing this this this ability and talking to Alex about this this morning You know one thing I think is if you look at something like China You're looking at you know a Communist Party rule where you know when the state want to get something done Well, they they definitely go about their business in a in a very Let's say they're very tight on their implementation of their rules in that sense and so Containing one country under one policy is Probably you would imagine more easier than trying to do Cross-border cooperation of different countries when you start talking about an euro area for example Well, you've got multiple countries all looking to then operate independently, but in cooperation with one another You've got to think that there's going to be many more opportunities for You know issues to occur in that sense in terms of slipping through the cracks and then the ability for the virus to spread So definitely I think that's why the markets have been trading that they are and you know Another thing that was interesting this morning was well What are the big banks thinking now about where do we go from here? you know, there's a lot of Obviously buying the dip mentality that has yielded some fantastic returns over the last few years and you know Whenever we get a big pullback like this, there's always that temptation to think wow I just want to get in and this could be a perfect opportunity to ride it all the way back up again And let me just transition my screen here to the S&P 500 I'm going to talk you through city group and Goldman Sachs and what their analysts and strategists have been saying Overnight in their latest research report. So this is the S&P 500 on a daily continuation chart And I've marked it up so you can see the corona spread outside of China This is that big move that we've had this week now There is a couple of nice long-term technical levels here. You've got that The trend line that's been in play Multiple times and actually if you look where we are at the moment Although we've kind of had a brief momentary glimpse beneath that level Pretty much to touch bang on the 200 DMA We have bounced back and we sat right back on that trend line again at the moment So I think today and tomorrow session still is pretty key here as to ascertain Do we have another quite substantial move to the downside? And so where we close here on these daily candles is probably going to be very important now on the downside The 200 DMA and you can see this horizontal line, which was the previous all-time high We retested it again here, which was back in September of last year It acted as a bit of a support point for then the eventual push-up. So here is also a key area So the 200 DMA and that line in there in the S&P futures 3023 around that mark now what a city saying well City are going one step further. They're saying a lack of clarity on both the virus outbreak, which yep Absolutely agree. It's a super difficult thing to try and quantify And I think anyone who starts putting out there a specific date of peak virus or how what the end game numbers will be I think it's a little bit pie in the sky trying to trying to do that So I agree with that point the second point they make and which is quite interesting because I think it's valid Is they say Fed monetary policy now? We had feds Clarita who's the vice chair speak just the other day and you'll remember what feds Clarita was saying was It's too really early to make any judgments about the best course of action to make from a policy point of view But the longer the feds stay off Then the less than the market can think that they're going to step in in order to prop the market up all the more reasoning then that you can maintain the short knowing that the Fed aren't going to come in as the kind of The plunge protection team almost in that sense You know the Fed from their point of view are very Apprehensive because they do not want to fire their bullets too soon. They want to keep the ammunition back And so it has more value than if this route becomes more deep in the stock market So what city are saying is it if you're going to buy the dip they're calling for? 2730 to get in let me just remind you where we're trading. We're trading above 3000 right now. So there's what city are saying is you've got to have a correction You've got to go to the 200 DMA. You've got to go another 10% From the 200 DMA, which we bounced off here in the session so far today in the Asia Pacific Mars So from top to bottom That's 20% from the sell-off that we've had this week and that is by definition Then not a correction, but a bear market that you'd be looking at now Why have they picked 2730? Well, again, there's some pretty clear technical points to the the relevance of that level That brings us right back into the 2019 March and also June that double-bottom support that we had And so yeah, are we gonna get down there? that that's a bold call you would need to see in my mind a much bigger Acceleration in those cases across mainland Europe and specifically in America I think that needs to take hold and then you need to get a pretty it will need to be quite a rapid move because at that point An acceleration to the downside of the tuna 20% or the Fed have got to act at that point So yeah, they're Goldman Sachs. What are they saying? They're the other bank that came out overnight They said without more clarity on stabilization of global growth It seems too early to add to risk tactically now what again I think it's quite interesting here is if you were someone who's been buying the dip on prior occasions Imagine how you feel now about buying the dip because you probably would have come in on Tuesday and thought Well, the Dow sold off a thousand and thirty two points It's got to be a buyer the dip right and then it drops another nine hundred and you've got badly burnt now Come Thursday morning city in Goldman come out the city says, do you know what? We've got to go another 15% from current price. So how do you feel about buying the dip now? so if you think about then from a Kind of sentiment points of view if no one's willing to step in and buy the dip and there is no dip buyers You've got a bit of a problem then and that means that you could see another leg lower Now this is also ratified by the fact in the options market Similarly it's showing signs that people are showing more nervousness and a lack of stepping in Predicting further volatility volatility may occur now We all know that the volatility the VIX has surged to levels seen Not seen in more than a year the VIX for those who it's a new concept tracks the implied volatility of the S&P 500 over the next month based on out-of-the-money option prices and it peaked above 30 On Tuesday now the VIX curve is in so-called Backwardation with the March futures contract trading about one and a half points above April's which is a departure basically from the usual upward slope of the curve So typically when the front month of the VIX curve inverts the rest Remains pretty flat and that basically is a sign that we're going to go through an episode of volatility and a return to normality This idea that we we see this blast of of negativity and then recovery However, the April VIX future is closed as much as 1.3 points above maize During this pullback and that's the biggest such backwardation between the second and third month contracts Since the volatility blowout we had in Feb of 2018 and what this is basically saying if all of that If you're not familiar with all that terminology is that people are expecting more Volatility over a longer period. So now you've got all of these banks. Does that start to persuade or? Change market sentiment about the longevity of this sell-off certainly the option structure would suggest that is the case so Now tracking these numbers if we do see it all of a sudden a bit of a pop in America and the most frightening thing of Course was earlier this morning that first case about USI authorities identifying That hasn't had any ties to an existing outbreak or Exposure to China if those numbers start going north and then we start seeing other areas like for example the city of London And numbers there start ballooning. That's the trigger point then and we could see another violent episode and Another thousand point thousand point, but these things would all have to happen Rather than us just hitting it blindly wanting to get short at this point So the other final thing I wanted to show you Alex showed me a really interesting technical Repetition that's been happening in the down check check this out. It's quite impressive really and if I put a Fib retracement, I'm gonna I'm gonna go back to Here so this is the dip that we had at the end and that violent sell-off in Q4 of 2018 Take it up to the high then that we saw when we had the best here Remember in Q1 of 2019 best rally in three decades and look if I put that fib on there Check out that area Right there perfect bounce on that fib on that 38 to retracement And then if we do another fib level So if I if I get my fib tool again, I go from this from the same point was it Alex So same point again go to the next area here and You can see once again Exactly the same bounced pretty much to the tick on the same fib retracement And then look where we are as of right now same point again go up to the all-time high Right on the money of where we are again look Literally to the tick it's hit in the overnight Asia-Pacific session. So one two three that fib Retracement has been right on the money on every single occasion on that point. So Yeah, today then all the more technically important It is because that's the Dow go back to the S&P and that 200 DMA is key as well As well as the close on that long-term trend line So yes some really interesting setups coming up for the sessions ahead Certainly by the end of this week, it's going to be interesting and I'm going to be Shocked if people are going to feel appetite to leave anything on over the weekend I guess the only one play where you could do that is gold and Much to will the Lucy's delight Goldman Sachs and every other bank obviously Readjusting their calls goldman's now going for 1800 bumping their call up by another 200 bucks And again as we've said many times in our briefings this week It's just the best cleanest form of exposure on the risks on the table Particularly with a yield in the US down at record low levels. I just think all the more so it makes gold a more attractive short-term investment And yeah, well, it's just saying it's not enjoying this week so far and you know, perhaps a byproducts of just how aggressively it rallied in the week before when it had that kind of meteoric rise through $1,600 a little bit What I could say to will to make it feel a little bit better I think it's a healthy correction there in order for another push-up Is kind of my kind of view with gold I still remain bullish gold and I think now we've got our heads above 1600 I think it remains there for the time being until this Outbreak outside China of the virus starts to stabilize at least Final couple of things to cover From the China's point of view China central bank continues to ensure ample liquidity through targeted reserve requirement rate cuts You would absolutely expect this to be the case. This is not new This is just them committing to in storing stability to the system. Donald Trump looking to diffuse coronavirus threat and boost markets Why is the market falling? It's the Democrats, of course It's nothing to do with the virus But you know, this is not going to move the market. This is just Trump, you know, this is kind of again a strategy to try and Restore some sort of calmness to consumers and markets and that the US are adequately equipped to counteract That quite surprised headline we were talking about yesterday from the CDC about it's not about when It's not about if but when the coronavirus eventually does start to the numbers Accumulate in the US finally not going to talk about this much because it's much more down the pecking order of things The virus definitely more dominant, but today the British government handing over their initial Mandate in regards to then kick off negotiation was with Europe and the point being is they're on an absolute Collision course at the moment over trade couldn't be further apart But this is absolutely as we would expect at this point of the timeline given the Transition period of Brexit so far. All right Sam's going to head over while he does a quick look at the calendar for today Now this morning not too much going on this little cluster of European data is not going to be market moving Although it looks quite interesting it It never really is So then that takes us into the US session You do have the second estimate of Q4 US GDP got durable goods from the states core PCE prices Weekly jobless claims pending sales or pending home sales quite a few things coming out There is also quite a few speakers You do have Christine Lagarde speaking at a finance event text will be released at a bit 945 London time this morning You've also got well a whole cluster of ECB speakers in fact, so make sure you have that calendar to hand And then you've got a seven-year note auction coming out the states later on With also some Italian supply this morning So that's it from me any questions on the video when we publish this on YouTube particularly on the VIX and Kind of what we're talking about with backwardation for example Absolutely can explain more about that. Just leave a comment if you'd like me to no problem at all or anything on the The things that I've covered. Okay guys hand you over to Sam I'll speak to you later on. Thanks Hi guys. Good morning. Hope we're all doing well last couple of training sessions of the week Let's get under underway My job's been done there by and and Alex with the the fibs which look great. I have to say on the On the Dow there Gotta have them on for sure. It's this is being such good reactions to those points I mean, I guess you would argue at each of those levels we weren't In a situation anywhere near as bad as this and I think We all believed that the Fed will continue to be dovish and that the trade deals were going to get done Do we believe that the virus has been priced in yet? We'll be too sure. However, if I just Remove some of Ant's artwork here. Let's leave that 200 moving average on there for the S&P because of course Let's keep you know having a look how that reacts every time we come through It's it's other than getting really choppy towards the back end of 18 It's it's a level you've got to have on as an area of support I think that trend line that I just removed that was from that infamous trend channel Is a good enough guide going into the back end of the week, you know, are we going to close above or below? Is very important I would say and if we do get a bit above there We might get a nice rally to start the the week perhaps However, I have said would you want to hold anything over the weekend? I'd be very surprised if you did Looking just below where we're trading this is still in the daily chart You can see that 200 day moving average is very close below where we're trading here So keep a watch on that if that's to go or the next key level that I would be looking at It really comes down to around 30 20 You've got a lot of highs here from the summer last year just before China devalued their currency And we had obviously a big correction big drop I should say there in August and then September highs before we broke through found the support there in November So that point would be the target area if we were to drift lower Let's put this on to 60 minute here and you can see the low that we had from Let's get the pivot on yesterday is this holding up as an area of resistance as such However, you know the these markets aren't what they were Two three weeks ago. So, you know stops do need to be a bit bigger Therefore, you know, the size doesn't have to be as big for the trades to be comparable Other key levels to be aware of I quite like this point here 31 17 is a level of resistance. I'm expecting a bit of a range bound day to be honest I think if we can push higher and I mean like towards the pivot, you know, these areas here I would like to get short again. I don't necessarily think we get up to 31 50s But that should be a point of interest for sure Keep a watch obviously on that low and just be aware that that moving average the 200 days Literally just below where we are trading. However, a break of that area 30 19 could be the point to keep an eye on oil. Let's have a quick look. It's And I was just I was doing a trade review for the guys here yesterday I did mention to them that I'm not going to talk about it again, but I'm going to Where I had a short overnight yesterday Placed I don't really like trading overnight without monitoring it But a short on the retest of what would have been two days ago is low It didn't fill me because of the spread on The the platform that I was using And it came all the way down Which obviously I'm not bitter about but let's get that weekly trend line on here for oil Because we're near some very key levels and we have broken At the moment or we're looking like we're going to break on that week as well Let's get it from that low 2016 That double bottom infamous double bottom around what was it? 26 is yeah Break of the low the a break of that trend line as that came in. We're now trading if I draw this on I'd say the next point of interest towards 47 bucks. So we're trading what 48 At the moment how close is that now you can see it's about a dollar below So I'll be keeping a very close watch on that if I put this on to the day Lee chart and let's make this a bit bigger. You've got some other support just where we have hit that low So this is the importance of that longer time frame, you know If you don't have the daily chart on you can't see that the low that we just had was actually the second of January last year's high Below there really would favor 47 bucks to get traded and likewise with with With the s&p and in terms of trend lines and be the guide if you are looking to You know be the hero and catch a falling knife Why not just be late to the party and get in above these these levels? I think 50 50 yesterday was Was somewhere I marked up as a pretty key point for a guide and we couldn't get above there We drifted lower and now we're stuck within these this new range. So for me the three areas of interest one two three And obviously if you want to make 50 50 up there you can those would be the areas where I'll be potentially looking to trade Take it more intraday than fine. You've got really this call it a zone around 48 30 20 that kind of point Those lows break through we test that could be a nice little area to have marked up there as well Euro moving over to the currencies. We'll have a look at gold getting short squeeze pushing on Could identify You know these previous levels here is a place to have got into the trade and to be honest on paper It looks fantastic, but the dollar is weak here in the euro, which has been on such a big push lower Has recovered here. I just think a lot of these shorts just getting squeezed here I would identify all these other lows as potential areas to get in But the way this euro is going it seems like 109 88 on the futures could be Well achieved today by the looks of that So if we are going off that, you know, the You've got that key level just marked up there around 109 39 on the futures Keep a watch. Should we come back down to that? But look at this the euro is really having decent pushes consolidating for a bit and then going again So, yeah, I mean that next level up here You'd say is a good enough place for people to take profit We're a long way from the the trend channels of this this move lower You know, I'm still kicking myself really not getting in on New Year's Eve For the short for the euro, which was you know the top of that trend channel as we came back down So that's a fair whack away But if we could perhaps get up towards 1010 21 It could be enough could be interesting enough But I guess we're a more medium term short to attack those lows the year Should the dollar start to strengthen again as I mentioned the pound previously was Was was flat but this euro strength that's just pushed on in the last Well time we've been doing the briefing has helped the the pound here go as well And we're now above that high of the day keep a watch really just Seven ticks or so above you got that high of resistance area, which you can see is fairly well respected So 29 57 there for for the pound. I think it's worth having marks up on the chart As well coming back down to that pivot. I mean it's potentially worth a little trade I would say you can see here We're previous high come back at area support risk was not too bad On that quick look over at gold just to to wrap it before we have a look at the deck so you can see It's it's it has been tricky. I mean yesterday's low Held fantastically well, but it was coming down quick at that time We're now pushing on and I said this yes this time yesterday about that. I think it was 60 1660 point six give or take A couple of center for me. That's the only area where I'm looking to get long on a continuation above Yes, if we break the high of the day, but you've got then yesterday's high You got our one you got a lot of resistance around there So for me if 1660 goes and it's the right, you know conditions in the market for me. I like it up towards 1672 But for now it's choppy, isn't it? There's you know, it's it's unpredictable Which which way this market's going to go intraday just when you think it's going lower It if I holds up it's range bound should we say over the last Two and this morning's trading sessions. I would say have a quick look over at that tax Um, okay. It's down in the last 15 30 minutes This market put this on the day is being under some serious pressure It really has and I think you know, I was watching because I've you know, I played football last night and got back and You know, I can never sleep after playing sport and I was watching trump's speech at 11 30 Um, and the markets just was just one interested it weren't interested and he he was just rambling on He was rambling on I think he was taking great pride in In being number one on the list of countries that can deal with it You know showing the piece of paper to everyone not really saying how they're going to deal with it if there isn't even a problem Um, but the markets were sort of turned Around they're all on you're already under a bit of pressure after german health minister comments yesterday They haven't recovered since that but you know looking at this deck here. You've got these You know the importance of the daily chart is where I was going with all of this and you just you do get bounces from these levels And while I don't necessarily think we've seen the low for now If you're you know trading intraday, you're not going to want to hold things overnight Understandably take profits when they're there look at this support. It's just fantastic really really is So therefore, you know, you're looking at a break of that then where's the next level? Well, really opens up a bit It really could open up a bit and that's equities as a whole if we do get down to these lows again And get the push through Well, there could be some some further moves But not necessarily expecting that today for the decks you can see the importance of that low from two days ago It's acted again as the high today Can we get back up to to 12,880? Not too sure. I did have some shorts waiting there. Yes, they didn't quite get filled for straightening But for now I'm expecting similar morning to yesterday Perhaps just drifting higher but getting an opportunity then later on in the session for a decent short is the way I'd be looking to play As usual any questions, please do let us know a couple trading days left of the week I still think it's going to be one filled with opportunities But again, that doesn't mean you have to be in something All of the time. Hope you all have a good trading date and I'll catch you all later on Okay, I'm gonna show


Have you noticed lately that rich people are always portrayed and perceived as evil? Granted, there are wealthy people who are evil, but the same can be said of people of any financial standing. But there's this idea that prosperity is evil unto itself. Now, biblically speaking, we understand that the Gospel is not about wealth acquisition. God doesn't promise that every believer will be a millionaire and we don't serve God for material gain. That would be a distortion of the Gospel. But we have to keep a biblically balanced perspective. The Bible does condemn the love of money, but also teaches us that wealth, if kept in its proper place, can be used to advance the kingdom of God. Teach those who are rich in this world not to be proud and not to trust in their money, which is so unreliable. Their trust should be in God, who richly gives us all we need for our enjoyment. Tell them to use their money to do good. Bottom line, it's not a sin to have wealth as long as wealth doesn't have you.


Now, before Stephens Boltzmann came up with this expression, Newton experimentally found out something which was very useful earlier. What Newton found out was the rate of cooling of an object is proportional to the difference in the temperature between body and surrounding. Basically, how fast something is cooling down is directly proportional to what is the temperature difference. So, what Newton has told us that dq by dt, the rate at which something is cooling down is proportional to temperature of body minus temperature of surrounding. If I put a proportionality constant, then dq by dt should be equal to, all of you able to understand, right? Any doubts? I have a doubt. Quickly ask me. Yes, sir. If the temperature of the body is equal to that of the surroundings, will heat transfer still take place equally or will it stop? Heat transfer, it will be equilibrium. The amount of heat something is releasing will be equal to the amount of heat something is absorbing. You are not able to notice. So, it will be happening equally in both directions. Yes. Have you learned chemical equilibrium, chemistry? Yes, sir. Something like that. This is called physical equilibrium. Yes, sir. Thank you, sir. So, dq by dt will be some constant times tb minus ts. Okay. Now, we have learned in, let me go to the earlier slide. But before I go to, please write this down, the rate at which the object is cooling should be equal to c times tb minus ts. This is what Newton has told us before Stephens came up with the equation. This is called basically Newton's law of cooling. Okay. Fine. Now, let me go to the earlier slide and show you what is the problem here. So, here is the earlier slide. Here, dq by dt is equal to, this is a constant sigma into e into a is equal to constant times t to the power 4 minus ts raise to power 4. Okay. So, what Stephen has told us is this. Stephen has told us dq by dt is equal to some constant, let's say this is c1 and this is c2, t raise to power 4, tb raise to power 4 minus ts raise to power 4, okay. And this is actually a law, what Newton has found out, this is an experimental stuff. He has plotted graph and found out this. And this is, this came with some logic. What I'm saying is both the equations are correct, but there is an assumption in Newton's law of cooling. Please write down the assumption is temperature of body and temperature of surrounding are close to each other. When I'm saying close each other doesn't mean that they are equal. So temperature of body could be maybe just 80 to 100 degree Celsius away from temperature of surrounding, but it cannot be like 100 degrees. It cannot be, let's say 300 degree Celsius away from the surrounding or 1000 degree Celsius away from the surrounding temperature of body as long as it is between, you can set a 5 degree Celsius to 100 degree Celsius. If that is a temperature difference between body and surrounding, you can use Newton's law of cooling. Now, how can I get the Newton laws cooling from Stephen Boltzmann law? So what you can do is, you can rearrange the term, you can write it as C2, this is a square minus b square. Okay, so I can write this down as Tb raised to power 2 plus Ts raised to power 2 Tb2 minus Ts2. Then I can simplify it as Tb square plus Ts square Tb plus Ts into Tb minus Ts, okay. This I'm writing as dQ by dt. Now what approximation you have to make here is that if Tb is close to Ts, by the way tell me one thing, is Tb constant with time or Tb changing with time? Tell me quickly, is Tb, temperature of the body, changes with time or it is a constant? It changes, right? So surrounding temperature you can say it is constant, surrounding is big, you can't change the temperature of the surrounding, okay. Slowly you can't change it, of course greenhouse effect and everything slowly changes it, but you can't change it suddenly. So temperature of body keeps on changing, but then if temperature of body remains close to the temperature of surrounding, I can say that Tb square plus Ts square is roughly equal to 2 times of temperature of surrounding square and Tb plus Ts, I can say it is roughly equal to 2 times of surrounding temperature. So all the Tb is changing, but the change is not relevant because it is very close to the surrounding temperature, so I'm approximating this as a constant, 2 times the surrounding temperature square and that as another constant, 2 times Ts, okay. So you can modify everything and you can arrive at Newton's law of cooling, dQ by dt will be equal to another constant, this is a constant, this is also a constant and this was constant anyways. So combining 1, 2, 3 constant, let me call it as C1, Tb minus Ts, okay. This is the way you can arrive at Newton's law of cooling from the Stephen Boltzmann law, okay. Now how it can be used is this. If dQ by dt is C1 times Tb minus Ts, I can write down dQ as ms dt, dtb, sorry. Now tell me, I'm talking about cooling here, okay. This is Newton's law of cooling, so I'm talking about cooling. So dtb is less than 0 or it is greater than 0? Changing temperature is less than 0 or more than 0? Less than 0 because final temperature is less than the initial temperature, so final minus initial has to be less than 0, dt or delta of anything is final minus initial. So if it is cooling down, final temperature is less than the initial temperature. So final minus initial has to be less than 0 since Tf is less than Ti, okay. So that is why dQ has to be minus of that because right hand side is a negative quantity, left hand side is a positive quantity. So dQ by dt is minus of ms dtb by dt, like that, okay. Now I can substitute this value over here. By the way, why do you think I'm substituting dQ by dt like this? Because right now there are how many variables, three variables are there, q is there, t is there and tb is there, all three are changing. I want to decrease the number of variables, that is why I'm writing dQ by dt in terms of already which is a variable tb and t, okay. So when I write like this, I'm reducing the number of variable. So if I reduce the number of variable, the solving of equation becomes simpler. You will see how, okay. So now I will rearrange the terms and I will, what I'll say that, I'll put this thing over here, m into s, of course there is a minus sign, I'm putting in denominator, there's a minus sign over here. I'm calling c1 by m into s as another constant because mass is a constant, specific heat is also constant. So why do I again and again write constant? So I'll keep that as another constant. So dt by dt is let's say another constant minus of c2 times t minus ts. So I have written t instead of tb, okay. So it is understood whenever I write t, I'm talking about temperature of the body, okay. Temperature of the body, which is at the surface is equal to temperature of the entire body. Otherwise, you can't write ms dt anyways will not get into so much finer details that you will understand when you solve numerical only, but right now a basic understanding is fine. So I can rearrange the term dt divided by t minus ts will be equal to minus of c2 times dt. So I can create a differential equation and solve it. If I write dq by dt as ms dt, that is why I'm, I have written like that. So my values will be from 0 to t and let's say initial temperature is t1 and final temperature is let's say t2 at time t, do you know what is the integral of dt by t minus ts? What is this integral? I said tell me what is the integral of dt by t? What is this? Okay. Please remember this. The integral of dt by t is ln t. Similarly, integral of dt by t minus ts is ln of t minus ts. Go from t1 to t2. This is equal to minus of c2t, okay. So I can substitute the limits. This Newton laws of cooling is very mathematical. So probably you may have to memorize few things if you're not very comfortable with the differential equations. But soon you'll be getting used to these kinds of differential equations. So ln A minus ln B is ln of A by B. This is equal to minus c2t. So ln is log to the base E, okay. So I can further simplify this as t2 minus t1 divided by t2 minus ts divided by t2 minus t1 is equal to e to the power minus c2t. So I can say that t2 minus ts is t2 minus t1 e to the power minus c2t or t2 is equal to ts plus t2 minus t1 e to the power minus c2t. Is this derivation done in your school? Yes or no? No, sir. No, sir. Okay. So probably for your, I mean, but then this is there in your, let's say in your textbook, okay. So that is why I have done it. So probably in your school UT, it may not be asked, okay. But then if you look back, let me scroll through, look back from where we have started, we have started from Newton's law of cooling, dq by dt is a constant times difference in temperature between body and surrounding. Then I am saying that if dq is the amount of heat, dq should be equal to minus ms dt. So dq by dt will be equal to minus ms dt by dt. So I have substituted that and why I have substituted that so that I can reduce the number of variables. Once I have substituted that, it is now flowing like, you know, flowing with the logic. I am just going with what I should be doing. So here I am separating the variables. I am putting all the t terms left hand side and the time terms on the right hand side and then I am integrating and I will just keep on doing that finally I am getting this, okay. So that's how it is. And you can see that when t tends to infinity, e to the power minus e to t tends to zero because e to the power minus infinity is zero. So if this term is zero, t2 will be equal to surrounding temperature only. So you can see that after a long time, temperature of the body becomes equal to the surrounding temperature, which is what we have expected. And when t equal to zero, e to the power minus e to t is equal to one. So you can see that t2 was equal to, just once again, what is t1, yes, when t equal to zero, you can substitute and see what is the value of t2. Anyways, let us move to the, people are still joining is, Ronan is joining again and again for some reason, he's leaving then joining, leaving and running. Why? Could be internet problem. Is it reliance? All right. So this is how you have to do this. Is there any doubts? Anything? Sir, shouldn't it be ln t2 minus ts or ln t1 minus ts? Yeah, that is what I was wondering somewhere I made a silly error. So this is t2 minus t1. And this is t1 minus ts. Good that you helped me find that out. So this is t1 minus ts. So this is t1 minus ts, let us do that correction, this is t1 minus ts, so t1 minus ts. So now you can see that when you put t equal to zero and e to the power minus t2 is one, it becomes t2 is equal to ts plus t1 minus ts. So I'm getting t1 only. This is what we have assumed at t equal to zero, it's temperature is t1. Now in our school curriculum, this kind of differential equations solving and everything is not expected. But then there is an approximation for Newton's law of cooling. Based on that approximation, a lot of numericals are getting asked. So this is one of the favorite questions in your school exams. What they do is that rather than integrating it, they create a linear equation out of it. For example, what I'm trying to say is, all of you please write down dt by dt is equal to minus of constant times t minus ts. So in our school textbook, there is an approximation, please write down, approximation to above differential equation or you can say approximation to the Newton's law of cooling. So dt can be written as delta t divided by whatever time it has taken is equal to minus of c. What can you write for capital T? T is the temperature of the body which keeps on changing. So what should I write t as? Initial temperature or the final temperature? Final temperature. Okay, so it could be initial, it could be final or it could be in between. Could be anything. So I am playing safe. I am saying t is equal to the average temperature, t1 plus t2 by 2 minus ts. Okay. So you don't need to solve this like a differential equation. You can use this linear equation to solve numerical. Please write down, this is the most important part of your, at least a school exam. One numerical on this is expected. This and derivation of Carnot cycle efficiency. So I'll talk about that also maybe in the next class, but right now focus on this. Any doubt on the approximate formula for the Newton's law of cooling? Anyone? You can click yes or no. Okay. So with respect to theory, that's it. But we will end the session with two numericals on this approximate formula since this is very important. So I'll just project a couple of questions. So let us solve them. Is the blackbody radiation done? Is the, what do you call? Is the blackbody radiation done that lambda into t is constant that equation is done in your school? Anyone can answer? Sir, they finish blackbody radiation. Jesus explained in brief in our class. Have they talked about lambda into t is a constant? No, sir. Anyways, so some portion is left over.  Please solve it. If you get it right the first time, you don't need to do Newton's law of cooling again.  This formula. So will we have to take the temperature in Kelvin? I have to take temperature in Kelvin. No, you don't need to. If you take all temperature in degrees Celsius because there is a difference in temperature everywhere. The right hand side is also difference between this temperature, average temperature and T s. Right, left hand side is also delta T. So you don't need to convert in Kelvin. So what is C? What is? C value. C is not given to you. That is why there are two scenarios given in the problem. So you have to get rid of C. Two equations, two variables you will get. C is a variable when you write down the two equations. So is it 0.7 minutes? One more minute guys. I'm waiting for everyone to solve it. So you're getting 42 seconds. 42 seconds. Okay. 42 seconds. Yeah, 42 seconds. So let me write down the equation. Please, all of you pay attention here. There are two scenarios that are given in the problem. Isn't it? The pan filled with hot food cools from 94 to 86 in two minutes. This scenario one, when the room temperature is 20. How long will it take to cool down from 71 to 69? So 94 to 86 is scenario one and scenario two is 71 to 69. So without wondering about how to solve the equation, the first step is to write down the equation. Okay. So the equation for the case one. What is case one? 94 to 86. So 94 to 86 delta T is what? Delta T is final temperature minus initial temperature. So 86 minus 94 divided by delta T, which is the time it has taken. So I can write down as two into 60 seconds. You need not convert in second also, but just to place if you're converting in seconds. And that's a good practice. Minus C times T1 plus T2 by two average temperature, which is 94 plus 86 by two minus temperature of surrounding. Surrounding is your room temperature minus 20. So this is your case number one equation. Case number two is 71 to 80, 71 to 69. So 71 minus 69 divided by, now time is not given. In fact, they're asking what is time. Well, keep it as T. Now this constant does not change with respect to which scenario I'm talking about. So constant remains C only. Okay. That into now T1 is, sorry, here also I should write 69 minus 71. It is always final minus initial. Now here T1 is 71, T2 is 69. So I'll take average of these two temperatures now. There are two different scenarios. Mine is the room temperature remains 20 for both the scenario. Now to get rid of C, what I can do is that I can divide left hand side and the right hand side. So when I divide C disappears. And then you can get the value of T. Okay. So even if you write very neatly these two equations, you'll get most of the marks from the numerical. I hope all of you are able to solve and get the answer. The answer is roughly 42 seconds. There's one more numerical. Very similar to this. So that those who did not get the first numerical, you may try to get this right now so that feel confident. This one, attempt this, all of you. Can you check the final answer from your school textbook? This is the last question of thermal properties of matter. Let me know what is the answer given in your textbook. Sir, I'm getting 660 seconds. Yeah, can you check the final answer from your book? I don't have access to the final answer. How much it is? 9 minutes. 9 minutes is the answer given? Yes, sir. 9 minutes. Yeah, so 9 minutes is 540 seconds. 540 seconds, yes sir. Okay, so what happens is that they don't expect you to convert minutes into seconds. Since time is given in minutes, so they are probably expecting you to get the final answer in minutes only. But then we will follow our usual process. We will get the time in seconds and then you can convert back into minutes. Just to avoid any silly errors, we will follow the SI system. So I'll quickly write down the equation. DT by DT is equal to minus of C times T minus TS. The approximate formula for this is delta T by this minus C times T1 plus T2 by 2 minus TS. So there are two cases, case number one, 80 to 50. So 50 minus 80 divided by five minutes is minus of C times 50 plus 80 by 2. Temperature of surrounding is 20 and then it is 60 to 30. And this time I have to find what is T minus C, 30 plus 60 by 2 minus 20. So again you divide it, C and C will disappear. And just rearrange the terms, you'll get the answer. Okay, very simple and straightforward. So these kind of numericals can be asked, okay? All right friends, so that's it for today. Thank you sir. Thank you sir. Thank you sir. Thank you sir.


These particles can cause cellular death through multiple mechanisms, including disrupting the outer membrane, enzyme activity, DNA, and protein structures. This synergistic effect makes them more effective than traditional antibiotics. The effectiveness of AGNPs depends on their size, shape, and surface modifications, which can be tailored to optimize their antimicrobial activity. This article was authored by Ariana Menischetti, Alexander Mavridi-Prentisi, Dario Mordini, and others.


And now we bring you another episode of Edgar Rice Burrow's amazing story, Tarzan of the Apes. Tarzan drops from a tree, dashes down the beach toward the fighting men. The knife flashes downward, Tracy closes his eyes at the end. Tarzan's flying feets and silent sprays of sand shooting out behind him. Fangle's arm, which is driving the knife downward into Tracy, is grasped by Tarzan, pulled back with a terrific jerk which almost pulls his arm out of its socket. The Chinaman is hurled from Tracy's body and sets sprawling backwards. Gates draws a knife and leaps upon Tarzan's unprotected back, but his shadow on the sand warms Tarzan. He whirls, catches the cockney's upright hand in his and with his free hand he grasps the cockney's foot. Tarzan's vice-like fingers close the man's windpipe.  Tarzan releases his death grip and Gates pitches forward and with sand unconscious, all but dead. For a second Tarzan looks at his fellow men, his lip curls contenturously. He turns to the others. Fangle snatches the green jade bottle and runs for the jungle. Tracy's after him. Tracy knows that to return the bottle to yonder is the only way to save Jane, Clayton and Professor Porter. The giant Chinaman is swept up by far from Tracy, who doggedly runs after him. The two men disappear in the rank undergrowth of the jungle. Tarzan puzzles, watches, and then follows them, leaving the inert Gates lying on the sand. Jailing the jungle, Tarzan leaps into a tree, swings off after the pair. His mind is in a quandary. The copper man and the wizard one are not trying to kill the tall man because they want to eat him. It's because of the green thing he had seen them pick up on the beach. They belong to the same tribe. They came from the same boat, yet two of them had tried to kill the other. It's all very strange, Tarzan thinks, as he speeds through the trees following the trail of the two men. He pauses for a second, standing poised on a branch, and looks down in the thick underbrush below, studying it for a moment. Evidently, the copper man, with eyes like hisses, had outdistance the man whose face he liked. The tall man had gone off in one direction and pursued. It would be better to follow the copper man, the man he did not like. For he had the green thing which he had taken away from the tall man. Tarzan leaps to another branch and is on his way with terrific silent speed of an arboreal ape on the hunt. He comes upon the Chinaman pushing his way through the jungle. He is no longer running but walking. Seemingly a little uncertain of his course. The man is lost. With a suddenness which makes the Chinaman step backward with a cry, Tarzan drops down in front of him. An expression of terror crosses the oriental space, but he is no coward. He stands his ground waiting. The Chinaman is nearly as tall as Tarzan. He is a brute of a man, heavy muscled, agile. The copper man appraises the bronze giant who stands observing him so curiously. Slowly, hardly perceptibly, the Chinaman's hand creeps to the knife at his belt. Tarzan sees the movement but is indifferent to it. By the time it'll take the copper man to draw the knife and come close enough to bring it into play, he'll be ready for him. Suddenly, Pango whips the knife from his belt, pulls it back over his head, pulls it with the full force of his tremendous arm. The knife tries to startle him in his shoulder. With a triumph and cry, Pango rushes the gate man. Meanwhile, aboard the clam steamer in the harbor, we find that Jane Porter and her father and William Clayton locked in the cellar waiting for Tracy to return the jade-green bottle, which will save their lives. This waiting is driving me mad. I'll tell you again about Russian bank until Captain Tracy comes back, Mr Clayton. You know, I've a hunch that Tracy isn't coming back. A nonsense, Clayton. Of course he's coming back. He'll have no alternative. That pirate Yonk sent two of his men ashore with him. At the same time, I wish I knew what had happened to Philander. It wouldn't surprise me if he sent those men not to make sure that he would come back, but to make sure he wouldn't. I saw Yonk take the Chinaman aside and tell him something. By the nasty look in the beggar's face, I'd say that it didn't look any too well for the captain as to Philander. It can't be any worse off than we are. You're right. Our own position is none too safe. In fact, it might almost be classed as hazardous. Oh, I hardly think Yonk would dare do away with us. If Captain Tracy finds the chart, we'll probably lose the treasure, if there is a treasure, and then be set ashore on some strange port to make our way back as best we can. Yonk would dare anything. With any of us alive, he's in constant danger. However, if he can do away with us, disband the crew and scuttle the ship. He'd be comparatively safe. Naturally, the ship would be reported missing. And after a while, it would be thought one of the tragedies of the sea, where a ship goes down with all hands lost and is never heard of again. Phil, you have the most charming imagination, Mr. Clayton. Oh, I don't wish to be alarming, but we might as well face this thing. We're in a beastly hole. On the other hand, Clayton, there's no use congesting our livers by getting into a frenzy about it. No, no, no, no. There's nothing we can do but wait. So let's wait with the minimum of effort. If there were only some way we could barricade ourselves and at least hold them off for a bit. Joe. What? As long as the ship is at anchor, no one is likely to go near the steering, and it's on the deck below this, a filthy hole, and it has a watertight compartment door. It's the last place they would look for us in, and even if they did find us, they'd have the dickens' own time getting into us. Well, the only trouble with your idea, Mr. Clayton, seems to lie in getting there. And that I don't think is so very difficult. I've been watching our guard.  But this door is locked. We can't... One good job would burst it open. We'll both throw our weight against it. Once it's outside, you and Jane make for the steering gear. I'll take care of the negro. All right. Let's try it. Both together. Now! Run now! I'll get the guard. The door being burst open carries faintly to the captain's cabin where Yant is sitting with his right-hand man's knights. What was that? I didn't hear nothing cheap. I thought I heard something. Anyway, I'm going to take every man ashore, and I'm going to find Tracy in that double-crossing cheek and limey if I have to crawl across Africa on my hands and knees. Maybe they're still looking for the green bottle on the beach.  They found the bottle, and the three of them have gone after the treasure. She's got a smooth tongue. He talked them into running out on me, and I'll find them. And when I do, it'll be very artistic, knights. All hands on deck, and ship them all over the side.  No. Ain't they liable to get away? No. You... You ain't going to... Yes. We've got to get rid of them sometime. Give me that automatic. And get these men in the boats while I cancel our passengers' round-trip tickets. Righto. I'll send one of the boats back after you as soon as... Excuse me, sir. What was that? Hey! Look out the boat here! What? The guys have busted down the cellar! Well, let me see. A fighting guard you put over them... Sir, I found Jesus! No! They're going below. Let's see what their game is. Righto! Come on! Now we return to Tarzan. He tries to lift his arm.  If he moves his arm, he'll cut a muscle. The arm is useless until he removes the knife. Tango is upon him confident that his strength will equal that of Tarzan now that one arm is crippled. Tango snatches up a dead branch, swinging the club around his head, bears down upon Tarzan. Tarzan stands motionless, waiting. Tango wheels the club high, brings it down with tremendous force, with a speed gritter than any boxer's. Tarzan sidesteps. The club barely misses him.  The club flies from his hand. Before he falls, Tarzan is upon him, running low like a football player. Tarzan strikes Tango with his wrist just above the knees. Tarzan falls over Tarzan's back. At the same time, Tarzan stands up, grabbing Tarzan's foot. Tango hangs over Tarzan's shoulder like a sack of meal, holding Tarzan's ankle in an armed dress. Tarzan starts to revolve. Faster, faster. Tango swings out wide in an arc. Tarzan with superhuman strength so as he turns faster, faster. Tarzan is swinging Tango around with him, and as an athlete, he's swinging a hammer, leaning back farther and farther, turning faster and faster. Tarzan and Tarzan, let's go. Tango flies through the air with a flash of his sword. Tango crumbles at the base of the tree, stunned. He struggles to his feet, wavers. There's fear in his eyes. Fear for this man whose strength is that of the Great Ages. Tarzan is upon him before he can run. Tango picks up a huge rock, raises it high over his head with both hands and hurls at Tarzan. The rock flies directly at Tarzan's head. Tarzan ducked. It misses him by a fraction of an inch. On Tarzan comes. Tango turns to run. It's too late. The eight-man charging body strikes and drives him against a small tree. Tarzan's good arm rusts about the cameraman in the tree. The drinker's heart is in his armpits. Slowly as he crushes the murderous, throbbing pango against the ground. The great muscles in Tarzan's neck, shoulder and arm not then swell as he exerts his terrific strength. Tarzan releases his hold. The Chinaman slumps to the ground. Tarzan gives no further attention to the dead man. Slowly, carefully, he removes the knife sticking from his shoulder. The pain makes his jaw muscles bulge. The knife comes out easily and to his surprise, he can now move his arm. The wound is minor but painful. Tarzan selects leaves from a nearby shrub and with them treats the open wound. He turns his attention to the dead Chinaman, searches him until he finds the green bottle and starts with never a backward glance at his victim to seek the tall man to whom the bottle belongs. Swinging with easy grace and miraculous speed, Tarzan comes upon Captain Tracy hopelessly lost in the maze of undergrowth. A slight movement in the tall grass behind Tracy catches Tarzan's eye. A tiny shadow, no more of the land cross for a swing.


Head of European Court of Justice Tydionia Heghe, you're very very welcome. Thank you, it's a delight to be及. Well, naturally in Ireland we're very concerned about Brexit, but in the European Union as a whole, but what do you think the impact of Brexit will be for the common law system for the European Court of Justice? Well, I think it will certainly have an effect in as much as the weight that EU law is put together is a mixture of the legal traditions from the different member states, and if you like the common law strand within that mixture is going to be lessened by the UK leaving, and that's an obvious empirical fact. Having said that, there are some important contributions that the common law has already made, for example making the hearing in a much more interactive and much more useful, valuating part of the procedure, and things like that are going to stay, and there's no reason why that should change, and of course we have still, mercifully in Ireland, and to some extent perhaps in England, we have a continuation of the common law tradition and the contribution common law can make, even as when if the UK departs. Okay, and you recently, in an opinion on the 3rd of rest of October, you identified three important strands in EU legal order, the rule of law, the principle of solidarity, and the duty of sincere cooperation. So why is solidarity important in terms of reporting, of projecting to refugees, to asylum seekers, and does the principle of solidarity imply burden sharing? Well the short answer is yes and yes, but I think you might perhaps want to say something longer than that. In saying something longer, I would not limit the importance of solidarity to the area of refugees. The whole European project is built on the idea that Europe as a continent made a terrible mess of things over a century with three major wars. At the beginning of the story, when the EECs come into being, before that, when the common steel treaty comes into being, the stress is in putting Europe together in such a way that conflict of the very real and very bloody sort that's been seen over previous centuries is simply inconceivable. Now from there obviously we've moved on to much more complicated ideas, economic integration, a lot of other levels of integration, but the basic concept that behind this project that is solidarity to me seems to be vitally important and when you say solidarity inevitably you are talking about a way of looking at life which is not a matter of taking the treaty and clicking through and saying okay but can I do it. Yes there are rights, absolutely there are rights, there are also duties, there is also a sense of obligation and with the duties and the obligations yes comes solidarity and applying burden sharing that is part of the deal. Absolutely and so do you think the rule of law is really under threat in Europe at the moment or can it be remedied at all? Well that I wouldn't really agree with the I say almost the note of encyclophanic I in the question. The rule of law is one of the essential elements of the construct that is the European Union. Again against the background of having seen circumstances in which the rule of law broke down and seen the consequences of that and so that the European Union is founded on the rule of law it is the intended one by excellence and that is again it's the core element. Yes in difficult times there will always be moments when the rule of law is under threat because to take the obvious example populism plays to certain undercounts which do not coexist very happily with the rule of law. I have every confidence that the rule of law is there to stay and is going to be defended and I would point out that the courts in which I have the honour to serve has in a recent series of judgments involving Poland been exceptionally clear about the importance of the rule of law and about the need to give him. Thank you. Well Eleanor Sharpton, QC, I think the general of the European Court of Justice, thank you for talking to us with the IIA. You're very welcome. Thank you.


I should have spammed time out. I wasn't smart enough I didn't think he would pass. I Didn't ah, I could have stayed myself like three seconds about spam time out after that second don't play Me should high kick it here. It could take six seven seconds. We'll have like one play He didn't high kick Oh It was the whole time was that my dumbass really tried to get a cup block.  Oh my god.    He just would never score But I had to see three drives, you know


So, we have seen that anything that has a lone pair of electron can push this lone pair into a pi system and in this way it can increase the electron density of this kind of pi systems and these are what we call the placer groups. So therefore anything that has a lone pair of electron, if we have something like an O- or even something like OCOCH3 because all of these have lone pairs which can be pushed into a pi system, so all of these are what we call our placer groups, right? Now the ability of each of these groups to donate electrons is not the same. Some of these groups are better at donating electrons compared to others. So how do you figure that out? Let's find out in this video. So what I have out here are two placer groups O- and NH- and as you can see they have this lone pair which they can donate to a pi system thereby making them placer, right? So the question is which of these two will be able to donate these electrons much more easily? Now as you know, oxygen is much more electronegative compared to the nitrogen atom, right? An oxygen atom loves electrons much more compared to nitrogen. So therefore these lone pair of electrons will be held much more tightly by the oxygen atom, by the oxygen nucleus compared to nitrogen, right? So therefore it's going to be much easier to donate these electrons from nitrogen compared to oxygen. So using this rationale we can say that because nitrogen is less electronegative, it can donate electrons more readily compared to the more electronegative oxygen atom. So the placer of NH- will be greater than that of O-. Let's take another example. Between OH and NH2, which one do you think will be the stronger placer? Well using the same rationale we can say that because oxygen is more electronegative than nitrogen, so these electrons will be held much more tightly by the oxygen atom compared to nitrogen. So therefore electron donation from this nitrogen atom will be much better compared to oxygen, right? So NH2 will be a stronger placer group compared to OH. Now what about these four groups? Which of these two set of functional groups will be stronger placer? The negatively charged O- and NH- or the neutral OH and NH2? Well I'm sure you must have guessed it. Because these functional groups are negatively charged, so they are relatively unstable because as you know in nature, neutral compounds are more stable compared to the charged species. So both of these groups, they don't want this negative charge over them. So therefore they are much more likely to push electrons away from them compared to these neutral molecules, right? So therefore these groups are going to be stronger compared to this. So I can go ahead and put these groups out here, right? So these are going to be stronger compared to this. Let us now take a look at these placer groups. Now even out here we have an oxygen and a nitrogen atom with this lone pair of electrons. But unlike in these cases where this lone pair was localized over the oxygen and the nitrogen atom. In this case these lone pairs can resonate with this C double bond O, right? Even out here this lone pair can show resonance. So these lone pairs are not localized but they are delocalized. They are not exclusively over the oxygen atom. So this is going to decrease the electron density over the oxygen atom or we can say that these lone pairs will be less available for donation. So these groups are definitely going to be weaker than these ones, right? Now between OCOCH3 and NHCOCH3 in both these cases these lone pairs are delocalized. So if we have to compare between these two then we again need to take the help of electronegativity. Because oxygen again is more electronegative than nitrogen, so these electrons will be more tightly held to the oxygen nucleus compared to the nitrogen. So this whole group will be a stronger placer compared to this, right? So overall these are going to be weaker than these groups and between these two NHC double bond O CH3 will be stronger compared to OC double bond O CH3, right? Okay, let's take one final example. So what I have out here are halogens. Now halogens are highly electronegative, right? Fluorine in fact is the most electronegative element in the periodic table. So these electrons are very tightly bound to the fluorine atom. So the placer effect of fluorine is relatively poor. Now if we had to compare the placer effects of these halogens, where would your answer be? Well, I can go ahead and say that as we go down the period as we go from fluorine to iodine, we know that the electronegativity decreases, fluorine is the most electronegative element followed by chlorine, bromine and iodine. So therefore the electron donation from iodine should be the easiest compared to fluorine, right? So therefore the placer effect of fluorine should be less than that of chlorine, should be less than that of bromine, should be less than that of iodine, right? However, it turns out that this order is actually incorrect. The correct order turns out to be exactly opposite of this. So fluorine in fact turns out to be a stronger placer group compared to chlorine, compared to bromine, compared to iodine. Now to understand the reason behind this anomaly, we need to look deeper into the carbon-carbon pi system. So whenever we are talking about electron donation or electron withdrawal, in general we are talking about electron donation or electron withdrawal to a carbon-carbon pi system. Now as you can see this carbon-carbon pi system, in fact let me bring this down a little bit, these carbon-carbon pi system are made up of two p orbitals, right? Now oxygen, nitrogen and even fluorine, all of these belong to the same period as carbon, so their lone pairs, let me in fact go ahead and draw the lone pair of fluorine. So the lone pair on this fluorine atom also lies in a 2p orbital, right? So the lone pair on fluorine as well as on oxygen and nitrogen belongs to a 2p orbital. So the orbital which is going to overlap with this pi system also belongs to an energetically similar 2p orbital. However, as we go down the group, as we go from fluorine to chlorine, chlorine is of a different period compared to fluorine, right? Chlorine belongs to the third period, so this lone pair in case of chlorine will belong to a 3p orbital. Now as you can see there's going to be a greater mismatch between these two orbitals, there's going to be greater energy difference between these two, so there isn't effective overlap between these 3p orbital of chlorine and the 2p orbitals of this carbon-carbon pi system. Now this energy mismatch keeps on increasing as I go from chlorine to bromine and in case of iodine it's going to be the highest. If we have iodine, the lone pair of iodine will belong to a much bigger 5p orbital, there's going to be a much greater energy mismatch and therefore the extent of overlap is going to be even poorer. So therefore as we go from fluorine to iodine, the placer effect to a carbon-carbon pi system keeps on decreasing. Now a quick note that I'd like to add out here is that because these halogens are really poor placer groups, so resonance effects are actually not that important when it comes to halogens and inductive effects becomes more dominating compared to even resonance. So keep this in mind, inductive effects may become more important than resonance when it comes to halogens.