All right. Well, hopefully everybody had a good lunch, a little energy going right after lunch. I have the first session there. My name is Scott Perry, and I'm very glad to have all of you attend this particular session I have. So one of the reasons that I decided to have this presentation, I presented the same topic at the The Hyperledger Global Forum in Arizona two and a half years ago, and not too many people attended, maybe one or two. And now I have at least some friends in the audience to double that, but this is a larger audience, and it is a larger topic. And this is a lot more meaningful topic, and hopefully you'll get some out of this, and you could take that back to the organizations that are building blockchains and talk a little bit about a topic that's going to be absolutely key in that. So let me just introduce myself. My name is Scott Perry. So I am an IT auditor by trade. I'm a crypto auditor by trade. I'm a certified web trust auditor, and I audit the traditional use of cryptography in the marketplace with certificate authorities. I audit public certificate authorities that protect the web. I audit digital signature certificate authorities that issue higher level security credentials to U.S. government contractors and agencies for their purpose for high level communication. Seven years ago, I started a journey, just like a lot of all of you did, in moving into other uses of cryptography with the advent of Bitcoin. How can we take advantage that, especially in the use of digital identity? How can we solve the user ID password problem on the internet? Because I know that the digital credentials that were issued with traditional PKI didn't scale very well, and it was run by governing authorities that were fairly rigid. And so I wanted to get more involved in the governance side of that, so it's fair and can be more globally introduced. And so my journey eventually led to the Trust Over IP Foundation, where I'm now a steering committee member as part of my new organization, Shellmen, which is a global compliance certification and audit firm. And so if you want to know more about the Trust Over IP Foundation, I'll be talking a little bit about that, but we have a place upstairs on the third floor, and we can more than happy to talk about some of the things we're doing. We're also having a mini summit later this week as part of the open source summit that's going on here in Dublin. And so I've also been involved on this topic for quite a bit, and I've written some things. I've contributed to a book that's on the bottom that was authored, and the main contributor is Drummond Reid, my co-chair at the Trust Over IP's governance stack working group. And so he is speaking at this conference, and so you could also touch base with him. He's also someone very knowledgeable about the topic I'm going to talk about today. But here's the deal. So why is this topic relevant? So you've done all your proof of concepts, and I've been basically a very lonely person in this space. I've been waiting and watching all the proof of concepts and the evangelism taking place on the technology, and I'm waiting for the teeth. And the teeth comes in when governments care, when world-class applications, when they see the tech that's valuable to their jurisdictions and marketplaces, that they have to take notice. And that's a good thing, and that's happening this year. So I've been actively involved in moving forward with accreditation schemes in a number of countries, the US, Canada, the UK, small monarchy in the middle of Asia, and others that have been talking to me about governing authorities and governance and how do you manage the tech here. And so the tech is involved around how do you manage governance, which unique about blockchain is in its decentralized properties you need to cooperate under a governance framework. It is critical. You don't have essential authority dictating certain things. You need to come together and you need to have a process where by which those governance standards make sense and it addresses risk. And then it can be actually you can build in accountability of those that are participating in blockchain networks for risk mitigation. So I'm a risk guy. And we're going to talk a lot about risk in this presentation. So as we look at why this is important, and there's lots of talks about whether it's Web 3 or Web 5 or whatever it is, our internet is evolving. And the risk profile of how we're using the internet is changing. We're moving from just getting information, that's a low risk read-only type of things, to collaborating with a global population and then moving now with actual digital assets of value exchanged. Risk profiles are increasing. We need to manage the risk associated with the issuance of these credentials, the transference of these credentials and the verification of these credentials. Plus, as we move to more verifiable digital identity, we want to have accountability of the transactions that are happening in the marketplace. And those players that are involved in the verification of digital identity have to address those digital identity risks associated with it. So at the Trust Over IP Foundation, our main, we have presentations on what we call the stack. The stack is an architectural model that is broken into two halves, a technology end where you have multiple players in a variety of different layers. One including a data public utility layer that includes blockchain if that's what the option is in the particular area. This is where a blockchain can reside. And then you have the wallet layer, peer-to-peer communication. Then you have the famous triangle, the issuer, holder and verifier within the exchange of digital credentials. And then you have the oversight over ecosystems and how all the governance and all of the participants in this network can play. Now what's nice about this is that the Trust Over IP Foundation is recognized that we have to match all of these layers with governance at each layer because the governance of a public utility is going to be different than the governance of the issuers and the verifiers, okay? Different rules and different structures in order to mitigate risk at different levels. So it's the risk that happens at different places. And you need to match your governance structure to manage and mitigate that risk. Now at the public utility layer, obviously you see that blockchain has a role here. It's not the only role. We can deal with decentralized file systems. What we're trying to do in this particular environment is to get the links out to public keys. And now that we have a new W3C standard on decentralized identifiers, we're going to get there quicker. We needed that endorsement. That's a major movement into endorse this technology. Now we have structures associated with that, but we don't have governance, okay? We don't have standards associated with governance of blockchains or other decentralized file systems. And that's what we're going to talk about today. We need to govern all of the roles associated at this level. I mean, we have governance authority for blockchains. We have stewards and nodes. We have the operation of the ledger. All of these things need to have structure to address risk. We're going to talk about those risks. So let's talk about governance. And let's talk about a governance process because all of you, I assume, is not governance experts. And they're just trying to get knowledge of what is this topic about governance. This is the model that's the most best, I'd say, the most generally accepted model for governance. And it starts with risk. What's risk? Risk are what could happen to your blockchain network or what can happen in IT processing in general? And they're broken up to the likelihood it happening and the impact of it happening. And both need to be considered. And it's a doom day scenario. Forget about any governance requirements or any controls that you have in place or any of the cryptographic controls that even exist in blockchain. You need to consider what could happen in general. The use of blockchain and the reason why I've been so advocate about attending and being involved here is blockchain, the structure itself mitigates risk, which is a great thing. But it doesn't do everything. And that's a challenge that I hear is we could just press automated controls, but automated controls are run by humans. Humans define them. They have to establish those requirements to address the risks so that all participants can address the risk fairly and clearly what their role is in ecosystems in a decentralized network. If the risk is high enough, they may want to build in a trust assurance network where they have third party auditors like my firm going out and verifying that organizations are meeting these requirements. And it happens in many different infrastructures, credit card industry and in healthcare industry and government services. You'll see all of the standards and such that you compliance things that your organizations have to deal with. And that's based on the fact that they want assurance that organizations, participants in a ecosystem are meeting that requirement. Now, if they're not, if there's exceptions to the things that organizations are supposed to be meeting and they come up with nonconformance to the requirements, they need to be reviewed to see, okay, is there outstanding risk? What does that mean? Do we drop a node because they're not participating in the way that we're expecting them to do? This is a collaborative government process. This is a dictatorial as we're dealing with a decentralized governance, but it doesn't change. It needs to follow this process and to move. So my presentation is going to go into some of the areas and we're going to start with risk. So my professional society, ISACA, has looked at blockchain and has identified five categories of risk and I'm not going to go into the details of this. My presentation is available and you can review that, but it starts with governance. How are you managing really all the oversight guidelines of how it works, the choice of consensus algorithms, the acceptance in a permissioned ledger of nodes to the network? How are you managing that? What requirements are you putting on these nodes so that they participate? If it's access rules to add records to the ledger, what are those rules and are those rules transparent and does it effectively manage the risk of the data that's exposed within the blockchain? So governance is key. The infrastructure supporting the activity within the network has risks. How the operation of a consensus mechanism or the management structure or interoperability with other blockchains, as we've talked a little bit at the conference today, is it going against standards and are they operating it? Does all of the nodes have appropriate software vulnerability management in place? Can we trust it? And that's what relying parties and jurisdictions want. They are looking for an organization that is managing their risk and managing the things associated with it. How about the data itself? How is off-chain and on-chain data interacting? And is the data treated as a source of truth for a business purpose? Is there proper evidence in transactions? Some things can be on-chain, some things can be off-chain, but the overall view of both pieces need to be considered. Key management, we're dealing with keys in a blockchain environment. How are you managing keys? As well as since we have the novel opportunity to use automated controls in a smart contract within blockchains, how are these smart contracts operating? We're going to go into that in a little more depth. So in blockchain governance, I'm just going to point out a couple of pieces. We're dealing with another one that's not on the list is that a consensus algorithm is insufficient to detect the protocol and smart contract changes. So these are technical level governance risks that deal with the operation of a blockchain. And these are key. Some of these are, you know, they could be catastrophic, okay, to an organization. If you have a hard fork, that could be catastrophic. So maybe it wouldn't have the likelihood of it happening is small, but its impact will be great and both pieces need to be considered. And as we look at the infrastructure, you know, I focus a little bit more on the permission side because permission in itself is a control and you want things, you want controls associated with giving permission. What are those controls? We're just going to give permission to any entity that wants to operate or do they have to meet certain governance standards? Okay, so the risk is that we're just willy-nilly giving access to an organization that doesn't play by the rules. Okay, and we want to make sure that the, you know, from an infrastructure standpoint, the system is available, it's secure, maintains privacy, things, you know, PII is not included on the chain, so off the chain, and other types of infrastructure risks are a set of these controls. Now from a data standpoint, we look at what's actually on, you know, from a data standpoint, what's on the chain, what's available and is it privacy preserving? And when, you know, since blockchain can put in a source of truth or a permanent unchangeable link, is that data good? Because the key thing in this particular slide is I can sign and put on the blockchain a lie. Okay, just because it's on the blockchain doesn't mean that it's the, that it actually is the source of truth. It, maybe it has an imperfect evidence supporting the data in, and that could be a very key risk in this area. We want to make sure that if we're putting records on an immutable source of truth, that is the source of truth. Okay? And in key management, obviously, you know, as we're dealing with cryptography, the protection of the private key is absolutely critical. And, you know, if we're, if we're extending private keys to people that are not familiar with the careful consideration and management of those keys, that's a high risk. So who we, who we giving control to key management to, and are they knowledgeable in doing that? And we want to make sure that, that they're appropriately managing the risk that they have within this infrastructure and the technology. Finally, within smart contracts, the key things around smart contracts and the risk is the lack of business regulatory and legal enforcement. Governments don't understand smart contracts. They don't know if it's enforceable. And so it's very key to have a transparent need of what are the smart contracts? How does it operate? How is it being controlled? Because the key thing is having smart contracts written and not having, you know, the governmental approval and endorsement of those situations, contracts, agreements, as well as as we, let's say we find errors, we don't want to put smart contracts out without it to make sure we want to have them error free. What are the controls associated with, you know, putting out smart contracts to make sure that they're at least as error free as they can be. And if changes are needed where you have a new contract to be moved forward is, do you have the appropriate change control to manage that change as well? So if we look on the governance side, what is available in the marketplace to give guidance? ISO has put together a technical specification. This is not a standard. I want to be clear about that. Sometimes they have advisory reports, sometimes they have specifications. So ISO has technology governance as part of standards and technical specifications. They, you know, ISO looked at blockchain and set aside some governance considerations around the management. And so if you want to pay I think 280 some odd US dollars, you can go and access. This is a valuable piece of information. But I think if you don't want to pay for it, there are other governance standards and models. So my associate that works with me within the trust over IP foundation is leading the IEEE blockchain governance standard. Her name is Savita Faruki. And Savita, they're just ready to publish a governance document on blockchain. And IEEE is a valued source of information and a body to be listened to.  It's the people, it's still a people managed process initially, people process, policy and practices. These are the standard set. When you're right, when you're addressing risk, they're driven by that. But what's neat about it, she calls it the four P plus I is there is incentives in a blockchain network, you need to consider how the incentives are built in. The other novel thing that IEEE has done is they've, they've talked about how governance gets applied to the different components of a blockchain. Okay, whether it's addressing ecosystem or life cycle system process system standard, life cycle management, as well as the individual tech. And, and they focus some area around what they call targets of governance. And so as, as the process, the governance standard that they're building will evolve, they'll be focusing. And in the trust over IP foundation, we've taken on this idea of governance targets to look at major aspects that need to have specifications associated with it. Okay. And, and, and we want to add individual rules to mitigate risk of these various areas. And they are a lot of them. Okay. And you look at this and obviously, if you're, if you're developing system, blockchain systems, you're touching all these things and you need guidance. And that's what that standard is driving. Now in the trust over IP foundation, we've come up with a meta model, a governance standard, which is really what I'd say started with a table of contents of things to be considered when you have interoperable trust. When you have a, an ecosystem that others outside of your ecosystem is depending on, you need to identify the key controls and, and, and aspects of what your governance framework is, is, is driving at. So for a governance framework, this is the table of contents. And these are subsequent other pieces of information that need to be considered when you're developing the governance rules. Okay. You know, who's the authority? Who's administering it? What purpose do you have for this? What is the overall scope, the boundaries of control? What are the objectives of the blockchain network? What are the right guiding principles driving, driving its operation? And then what is the general set of requirements and the detailed set of requirements that are set out in different sections that have different aspects that need to be considered for reliance? Now part of this is a risk assessment. Okay. And a risk assessment process is, is something we've, we've in the Trust Over IP Foundation, we've advocated a process and we have templates and, and guides to help you develop a risk assessment using some of the risks that we've, that, that I've mentioned previously, as well as a trust assurance or certification guide. If you want to demonstrate that you're, that you're, you have a process in place to, to hold the players that are participating in this governance framework accountable. And there's also a guidance document to explain the very, the varying means of, of trust assurance. You could self-attest, you could have third-party auditors, you can have a, an ISO certification built in. There are different degrees based on the risk that you're trying to mitigate. So basically at the end of the day, from a governance standpoint, you have a constitution and the constitution needs to be available, transparent, so that those that, that are looking to rely upon it understand its rules. Transparency is key. And that's what I don't see in the marketplace today. I see a lot of very innovative blockchains, but I don't know what their underlying governance is, is trying to move forward. How are they mitigating risk? How, why should I trust it? It needs to be transparent first. And then the, the set of governance documents need to be available in a package to create a constitutional set of rules that organizations can follow as well as a, a certification process. Now this is starting to happen. One of the first things that happened when the UK issued a digital trust framework is they said we need an accreditation stand body associated with it. And we need to institute some cert, a certification bodies and auditors around individual, individual companies that want to add to our identity infrastructure. And so my firm is one of the first audit firms that will be auditing in the UK, the identity proofers, the certificate issuers of, of, of identity as well as those that manage kind of the orchestration layer, layer underneath it. All right, so once you have your governance framework established and you want, and you, and the organization, administrative authority and the governing authority views that there is enough risk in the marketplace that you want to institute a third party risk mitigation strategy, then it needs to organize with audit accreditors that set aside that, that will accredit auditors that will, will audit governed parties, participants in the blockchain network against the governance framework and attest that they are meeting the requirements of the governance framework. And, and for the items that are not, they will be included in a compliance report so that the residual risk that exists from nonconformants can be considered. That's part of the governance project process in a feedback loop that brings back whether the organization is, the, is trustworthy as a whole and is mitigating risk appropriately. So the trust assurance framework, you know, there are variances around that. Well, what is the scope of it? Okay, are we dealing with, you know, what are the roles that would be audited, the players, the nodes of the blockchain network, you maybe self auditing the governing authorities, a jurisdiction wants to make sure that they're having governance processes that are appropriately mitigating risk. Is there levels of assurance that we can provide in tiers? Maybe, you know, we're issuing credentials that have a variety of different, you know, means in the marketplace. For example, a digital identity credential that's used extensively like driver's licenses may be, you know, the level of assurance we need to know about that person, that person's identity is more than a credential issued for a membership at a gym. Okay, so we really need to understand what is the risks associated with, with the issuance of data records on a blockchain associated with a, with an ecosystem around digital trust and are, are the players measured against the level of assurance that, that would meet their needs. And when that is, when that's done, we have governance framework and we have trust criteria that governing, governed parties need to ascribe to, okay. And the marketplace, your companies are dealing with a lot of compliance frameworks and they have to assert that they're meeting certain criteria. That's what that is. You know, if you look at PCI, they have a set of criteria that organizations, you know, you'll have a third party auditor audit against that criteria. And the process of managing, you know, the audit process, you know, getting data from auditors, evaluating the results, feeding back the process to see if, if there are improvements that are required by, by, you know, organizations that are not conforming to certain criteria. The US government is very tough on that. The new, there is a new accreditation scheme called CMMC and it deals with the controlled information from the US government. And there are auditors that are going into government contractors and will, will evaluate how they are managing the, that controlled information. And if there are certain controls that are not being met, there are going to be processes associated with, with fixing that in a, in a, in a quick amount of time or you would not get access to government contracts. I mean, that, that's, that's one instance of a very tightly managed trust assurance framework. So in the marketplace, what guides, you know, the development of IT for the last 30 years has been an organization called COSO or the sponsor, the committee of sponsoring organizations. And they had developed a long time ago internal controls for financial reporting, which was the embodiment to the United States Sarbanes-Oxley controls. Now they did a look at blockchain. They said, well, blockchain is coming up. How does what we have in place within generalized IT management controls apply to blockchain? And so these are the common sets of, of, of activities that is needed for any IT organization. They took a, you know, dissected those and applied that information to blockchain. And so if you Google this, you know, COSO blockchain internal control, I think this is a valuable piece of information guidance and on at least some aspect of things that you can consider in adding and making sure at least from a readiness standpoint, does your blockchain meet these core IT related control sets. Now what I see in the marketplace, there isn't a blockchain standard that you can just, you know, get a trust mark on, but there are other associated compliance schemes that are active in the marketplace that many blockchain organizations are subscribing to. Another one was NIST for cybersecurity. I remember that crypto.com was saying we got NIST for cybersecurity, but these are generally accepted schemes in the marketplace that many blockchain organizations are subscribing to, especially in SOC. SOC doesn't have necessarily specific controls on blockchain. You can take blockchain controls and apply it to the trust services criteria that is demanded in order to get that trust mark. And so CSA STAR is a cloud security alliance standard, high trust deals in the health industry, combination of a number of different standards that hospitals are now demanding of hospital service providers. And certainly you're all familiar with ISO 27001. So all of these can be implemented to demonstrate that your organization is committed to meeting certain trust criteria to address risk. Now, you know, when I did a survey of what could I as an auditor use in the marketplace to help in audits, I came up with a lot of crypto stuff. So in the cryptocurrency marketplace, there has been a demand for tools to be used, interrogation tools on data that's either on chain or off chain. And so that's where a lot of things are. But the conversations that we're having this week doesn't necessarily fall into this. But these tools could be used on that. But I'd like to see better set of tools related to the blockchain environments that you're building. Because this is very focused on the DeFi crypto side. Not happy there. Now on the smart contract audit.  And right now in the marketplace, if you want a smart contract audit, you get very detailed interrogation of the execution of smart contract audit. And these three are tools that smart contract audit organizations use. I mean, I don't know all of it, but I, you know, I am working with my vulnerability assessment organizations because they get down into the code. And smart contracts, you're going to have to get down into the code. But what I feel that is needed in the smart contract audit space is not only just getting into the technical side, but are we addressing the risk? And we're also doing, you know, the change management appropriately around smart, around smart contract issuance and any change that's needed in the marketplace. So this will evolve as more smart contracts move out. And if there are other risks associated, that is required by governing authorities. So my final slide is this, just a couple of action steps for people in the room and your organizations. So if you, if risk assessment is a new term in your environment, learn about it, take the slides here, contact me, do a risk assessment. If risk assessment drives the accountability and the viability of the, of the services that you're bringing to market. So do that, make sure that risk is appropriately identified and built in within governance frameworks and any trust assurance frameworks that you have. Make sure that if you, you know, if you have governing objectives, make sure that it's meeting your current operations. Okay? Sometimes the people that are running your, your, your network are different from the people operating it. You need to have some synergy around your operations and your governance to make sure that they're both in, they're both consistent with the objectives of each other. So also make sure that all of your, all of the participants are accountable for actions that you expect them to make. What are the measures that you're placing to get assurance that players are accountable for the absolute, the must statements, the requirements that you need within your blockchain network? And make sure that those policies and those procedures are appropriately addressing the risks that you identify. And finally, you know, assess your network practices against your current and existing audit schemes. Do you need a tighter audit scheme? Do you need third party assurance? Because that's going to give you credibility to the jurisdiction that you want to participate in. Basically, it's a demonstration that we have our house in order and we are self managing any issues that address your concern government, the risks that we're taking here. We're managing it for you and this is how we're doing it. And that is a key demonstration to reduce their concerns.  How are you making sure that it's legally enforceable or at least enforceable from a, from the standpoint that you're trying to get it executed in? And make sure that you have feedback loops to, to make, to ensure quality goes back in and you're learning from the activity that's going on around your governance process. So I just about have a couple of minutes for a couple of questions. Anybody have a question for me? Yes, sir. Thank you. Thank you. So how can you tie in to the existing, let's say accreditation infrastructure that's already in place? Right. That's already a lot in place in terms of accreditation infrastructure. I think it's good to just tie into that infrastructure. Absolutely. I mean, don't recreate the wheel and part of, you know, if the guidance that I put together in this trust assurance framework does a survey of existing regulations and controls, it is best to tap into them as, as, as best as possible. Most organizations are just going to take that, because then you don't have to recreate a ISO 27001. That, that automatically includes a set of controls that may meet your needs. And how do those existing parties or react to such suggestions? Positively. Are they open to it? Positively. They react to the same way as I'm saying, because they know that those processes are tried and true, as opposed to a, a trust assurance scheme that gets built up, that they don't know if it's even viable. An organization with a certification body and an accreditation body and certified auditors already built in for ISO is something that they, they can trust the trust assurance process, which is very, you know, that's what governments are, are accepting of these days. Matter of fact, the UK government that I'm talking with, I mean, they want more of that. Yes, sir. Yeah. So I got a question for you. You know, one of the slides, yeah. Yeah, we need that because of the virtual people. Sure, sure. So in one of the slides, you know, you had mentioned about those risk, regulated risk and, you know, and the compliance risk that drive the technology, you know, which is the requirement per se. So I'm taking a, you know, step back and another way of looking at the same problem, which is over enforcing the, you know, criteria by any of the regulators in the industry where you are approaching blockchain as a potential solution.  So now the blockchain is a technology which is evolving, you know, it has started with a certain, certain criteria, certain versions and now it has come to a level with that over demand. And if the technology is not able to sustain that demand, in that, in that case, what is your perspective of looking at the problem, you know, and the risk. Well, that's a risk. I mean, it has to be scalable, right? It has to implement. And that's a concern that regulators have, you know, I'm trusting technology for, for, you know, millions of transactions. Is it going to be available when I need it?  Yeah. Yeah. But, you know, what I'm saying is that blockchain is a different perspective of looking at the problem solution.  Blockchain has a certain construct.  That was the way I was looking at. Well, the other key thing that, you know, we're dealing with an environment where, where the people overseeing the technology are uncomfortable with the technology. And it's important to have transparency and education. We need to now educate. We've done the proof of concepts. We have a technology that we think can scale and can chain, transform how we act digitally. Now we need to prove that in a transparent way to jurisdictions so that they are comfortable. And that's part of what this process is. So thank you very much for your time today and hope you enjoy the rest of your conference.


I know what you're thinking great, another firefighter coming in trying to take our money. I've actually been looking into this for close to a year. I've been bugging Chief Lawson about it for a long time and he's taken me out to Dorset. Hey, go get the spark tank people and get this one for us. So what is this other drone? I didn't know about it until about a year ago. I had no idea. It's actually just like a normal commercialized drone that has a camera on it with him for a capability that is connected to a high-strength testable cable to a base station on the ground. So it comes with a command module, a tablet. All the drone does is go up and down to a max height of 150 feet. It offers almost all the applications that a traditional drone can use other than actually moving around. It doesn't require any licensing or training.  So like you did on Colonel Jensen, the sustainability is going to be a lot easier for us with this compared to the traditional drones because we don't have to have any reoccurring training. Again, it's the input ability. It's super easy to use, one-touch operation, and it's completely autonomous. So getting into the why, it allows a snapshot of real-time conditions from an overhead view. That information helps as a commander's on scene determine how bad is this incident, how big is it, what resources do we need, is our response mitigation efforts being effective at the moment. We need to adjust what we're doing. One of the big key elements in this is it has a video streaming service that allows you to take exactly what the drone and the operator are seeing and display that imagery to a tablet, a device, somewhere else. So extremely beneficial in the EOC. So how nice would that be in the EOC if we had a Hasnaps bill or after events, to be able to look and see exactly what's happening instead of getting information channeled from multiple avenues. You have a real-time snapshot. The EOC director, all of your emergency support functions have a real-time imagery of what exactly is happening on the scene. It also has video recording operations we can use that for after-action assessments, providing information to the public. Hitting and clickability. I put fire first, but we do have other applicable methods for like a street force to brother and some out-of-the-box uses. The first thing I put up there was reconnaissance for wildland. Does everyone remember what happened last night? Pretty big deal. Mesquite heat. We had a lot of wildlands on base and even now we're doing annual prescribed burns to take off all that vegetative fuel off the installation in a safe manner. So this would do if we utilized this drone. We can put the drone up in the air. Your key members can look at it and see, hey, where are our hotspots at? Where is it getting out of control? How is it manifesting this fire? We used for HAVMAT incidents. I put HAVMAT up there because in the EOC we have that software system we all know and love called Kamira that I say uses not really the most accurate plume modeling. I call it theoretical plume modeling. What that does is you have a leak, a HAVMAT leak. It takes the wind, whatever, having this leak in it. It displays where that plume is going that way. Your work is in command. Team can decide, hey, we need to show up to the place. We need to evacuate. But we live in West Texas. Winds can be blowing 30 knots that direction one minute and 30 knots that direction the next. So the applicability for that is a lot more substantial compared to your other software. Some HAVMAT incidents, flooding, fuel spills, and your active shooter hostile event responses. If we had one in this facility right now it would be easy for the command team to set up that drone outside to see exactly where your exit points are at, where we need to stage apparatus, where ambulances can come in. A very useful tool. Security forces brothers can use it as well. They can pass investigations, perpetrator search, and monitoring public events just like the one we had last summer just outside of Commissary with the concert. We can pop that drone up in the air and put one of the monitors in the VDOC and they have continual visualization of that whole public event. Somewhere out of the box uses we have facility inspections, comm inspections, crime scene photography, and even road conditions just like that one or storm we had last month. It helps our command team make decisions on a whole array of quick fly items. So here's a quick snapshot of what the drone looks like. You have your command module at the bottom connected to the base station. See the button automation, you press it. Completely autonomous flight. If you plug it into a power source what we plan on doing is connecting it to one of our fire trucks. We have that key acting 55 all weather rating meaning that those Texas twins won't affect it. Getting a stable imagery and that 4G LCD video streaming service. This is what it would look like. You plug in your command box if you need to. One button automation, the drone comes up, you sync it to your command module real quick. Up you go and you have that elevated situational brightness in as little as 15 seconds. Another close up of this, kind of hard to see with the lighting. On the right side of this tablet you have your altitude adjustment, backside of 150 feet. You have your real time imagery right here and then in the corner you can alternate if you want that red imagery as well.  So getting to the pros and cons, the pros we have that prolonged flight time is almost continuous. If you plug into a power source most of the commercial drones only run for 35 maybe 45 minutes max before you have to swap out batteries and bring it back to wherever you're at. A rapid deployment and it's completely autonomous without any training needed. The only problem we can think of is just the limited input ability. It only goes up and down but still when you're on scene, typically it seems doesn't move anywhere. You can set up in one spot and leave it in that spot as long as you need to. The judges I'm asking you for $40,000, what that's going to get us is that product is called the Photokite Sigma. You're going to get that Photokite drone with two tablets. You're going to come with the view of the charging stations so we can plug it into one of our fire trucks. You're going to get the tabletop charging stations so we can use that second display in the EOC, maybe the chief's office, maybe at your house wherever you want it. And you have to purchase the video streaming service for that as well. And if you want to bring up the video real quick I can speak on a little bit of it. Again this is an accountability situation where it's kind of tough to see in the sliding again but there's kind of three scenarios of where we're going. This scenario is more about the wildland feature. They have the apparatus mounted drone. It comes up connected to that cable, no piloting necessary. You're commanding the module. You can see all the fire fighters down there with their lines. You've got the infrared service on there so you can see the hot spots. See how effective that uses. Are they putting up the fire in the right spot? They need to readjust their tactics. They stay in the same area and they need to back out. Another one for search and rescue. This is actually a scenario I've been on. You can pull up to a regular middle of the night or car accident. There's nobody inside the car. It's 2 a.m. You can't see anything. It's pitch black off the side. So your first thought is where's the driver? Where are all the passengers? You can't see. Now your firefighters can take care of that fire. And now your command team can put that drone in the air and use that infrared imagery to find the person laying out in the field. Obviously you can do radio contact with them at all times. This last view of the coordination is the units in the command you can't be everywhere at all times. Being a firefighter sometimes you get tunnel vision on exactly what you're doing. You get fire in the structure. Your troops are going in. They see fire. They see how they say hey we're going to attack this right now. They're getting tunnel vision. They might not know the secondary and tertiary effects of what's happening. So that's where your firefighters are at. And all of a sudden a secondary and tertiary effect is happening somewhere else that they don't know what's going on. So having this overhead situation right now helps out determine your response after this. Okay good afternoon gentlemen, good afternoon everybody. Kevin Krishford from the 7th District of Swaterin. Let's distract those positions. Alright so to start off I want to take a clap. So to start off I want to talk a little bit about I guess tell two stories real quick. So first one about Uber. So anybody use Uber? Cool. So before Uber there was taxis and they had all the power right. So you had to go chase it down and say taxi and then keep all of them going you know. You had to go to the taxi stands when you got in finally. The clicker started running. You didn't know how much money you were going to be spending right. So you were kind of long for the ride. So they had the power. Then along came Uber. And Uber said you know what? Give the power back to the user. Press a button. The car comes to you. You know how much you're going to spend. Period. You're done right. Pretty cool. Another disruptive innovation there is Amazon. You can use Amazon of course. So in the Ford household this last week we had a situation. Go figure. We started running out of toilet paper. And we got a little nervous. So we did an Amazon order. Toilet paper came in. Everything was good. But let me ask you this. Chief Edmonds how long would you wait for toilet paper? If you needed it right now. Would you wait seven days? No. Okay. Right. You'd go somewhere and buy it. Right. Taylor Moore. Get a taxi. Same day. Yeah. Exactly. Bingo. But let's say your toilet paper holder broke. You didn't have toilet paper anymore. Right. But the weird thing is right now is the DOD does that. We're willing to wait seven days for toilet paper. In the form of my caps. So critical aircraft parts. And then to come here to get our aircraft back in the air. Okay. And we're willing to go and taxi and pay more. To get that toilet paper here faster. All right. So how do we address that? How do we get to the point where we have Amazon and Uber-like things. And the DOD. It starts right here. And dies several days. So set the stage a little more. Supply chains have been all the rage in the last three years. Right. Yeah. A ship gets stuck in the Suez Canal. And it disrupted everything. Like the butterfly effect. Right. Right now the Ukrainian war has disrupted forks and shipping. Which translates to larger or higher container costs. It translates to aircraft truck movements. Right. So this is ripple effect across the supply chains. Is really impactful. Commercial industry started to kind of adjust to what they're seeing. So during COVID, I shop on Amazon more than I should have. So what we saw is an increase in commodity and online spending. That's making the commercial industry adjust. So just recently FedEx announced they're going to be pushing a lot of their movements to third party carriers to deal with what's called deferred shipping. So you're going to wait three days to get your flip flops. Right. That's not a big deal. So that's a lot of movement. And they're going through hubs and spokes. So again, taking a little more time. But here we need our troll vapor. We need it fast. We can't wait. All right. So what can we do to get after that? And why does it matter to us? So for those that don't know, for our aircraft parts sourcing. So where we get aircraft parts from. 50% of those are called lateral supports. They come from Ellsworth or other bases that have B1 stuff. Get shipped down to here. 29% of that comes from DLA or parts support mostly from Tinker. So not too far down the road. And then we wait an average of seven days for freight items. So that's large items. Typically 150 pounds or more or volumetrically large. I'm not talking small things. We wait a while. That's because we have to go contract commercial trucks. Those trucks go to Dallas or Fort Worth. And they get on either another aircraft or they're transferred to another truck and they go to another spot and they do a hub and spoke thing. Because that's the way the commercial industry is best suited to move a lot of cargo. And it may come as a surprise. We don't make up that much cargo for FedEx or UPS or Amazon. So we don't do a lot of shipping. Just west of here, they'll do a million packages a day at the Amazon Air Facility. We don't get anywhere close to that. But ours, I would argue, are pretty important. Because it's about national defense. It's about getting bombers. It's really important. So what can we do? The answer is diversify the delivery options. Let's get more Uber. Let's get more other things that we can do to get our parts in and out and feed the fight. So before I tell the top left, if you can kind of see it, we'll get to that in a second. But just recently, we flushed at the base in awesome event. We saw the aircraft come back in today. Pretty cool. How would we get parts to those places that they went? In an A scenario, right? We got to get off the X. Bombs are incoming. Planes got to go. We got to get parts to those planes so they can keep going, right? Maybe they're going to land and haul them in. Maybe they go somewhere else weird. How do we do that? We rely on hubs and spokes. We rely on taxis to get our stuff there. We have another option. So the first option up there at the top left, that's part of Operation Warp Speed. During the vaccine dispersal, they use civil air patrol. And I'm not talking like high school students, right? I'm not talking about that. These are experienced pilots flying aircraft-owned or air force-owned aircraft. So in the picture, kind of hard to see, but there are two doctors and then about 100 pounds of vaccines and then there are two pilots. Six hundred pounds of cargo. Able to go land in northern cheer bases and drop off cargo and take off again. I'm not surprised you know that the cost per flying hour of the civil air patrol aircraft is about 150 bucks, right? That's pretty affordable. The bottom left here was a mission out of Kirtland to try and do this and similar things. So starting with the NGDS, that's a next generation delivery service. That's how we do it right now. So starting with that as the kind of baseline and then what are the other options that we can do? So through US Transcom, we can do charter and airlift, cost a little bit more, which can get aircraft coming here. We do military airlifts that drop C-130 or C-17 here, put apartments in it off, cost us a lot of money. The city care program is putting an airman with a thing and on a plane to fly out of Abilene to go to Fort Worth to fly around. We do that a lot, all right? Driving, we do that, okay? Civil air patrol is on there, but the goal of this whole project was to say, look at everything that's available, what do you need, when you need it there, pick one, press the button, when it comes to you. Cool. So, can we do this? Yes. Okay. So top left or top right there, this was news to me, so I heard civil air patrol and I thought, man, this is, you're kidding, right? But it really is the thing, okay? Civil air patrol is actually an auxiliary unit to the Air Force. They apply Air Force-owned aircraft. Okay, right now it's mainly citizens. They do have some larger aircraft, and from their end of the spectrum, they would like to have, their current mission is to search and rescue. They'd like to have a diversified thing. So there's actually AFI for this, and AFI, let me say, this system presents a more cost-effective way for the Air Force to carry out its non-combat programs and missions. All right, so we can do this. The Air Force says we can do it. It's a good deal. So who else wants to see this done? AFWORKS, Agility Prime, that's one of their industry-facing kind of challenges. They said, hey, we want electric vertical takeoff and landing. We want you to develop it, and the DOD is going to use it. What they need to see is an alternative way of shipping parts. So they have expressed interest in this project. And then when I was on the innovation team at Tesseract, I had started working this as the innovation kind of coach. And then the guy that was doing it at Kirtland PCS, so it kind of went dead. So I'm thinking about that guy up here. But I've already spoken to the NGDS program managers. We're good to go there. Kirtland Air Force expressed support. And most recently, Global Shrike, A4M, as they expressed support. So they would like to see us for us to do the test, prove that we can do it, and then they're willing to jump on them. Okay, so the proposal. Judges, I'm asking for $1,500. And to member over to the Civil Air Patrol, anything not used will be given back to us. What we're going to do is establish the support window. So we'll do all the paperwork, and we'll say, hey, Civil Air Patrol, get ready. We're going to call you in. And then we're going to look at about a two-week window to identify some parts that need to go either to Ellsworth or come to Ellsworth. Ideally targeting a three-foot-by-three-foot kind of piece of cargo that would normally go pretty slow. We're going to get it there in under 30 hours. This is the goal there. With that, I can't really read it. With that, I'll give you the questions. We either use live victims, which are realistically, they're fine. There's nothing wrong with them. There's something you can't simulate. We use mannequins just like this, which I'm sure you've got through a CPR class. How many times have the lungs been broken?  If you didn't get that feedback that you would have gotten in real life. One of the most common tools that we use in training is Rescue Randy. I'm sure you've seen those all over base. Randy has served our country gracefully for years and years and years, but I'm pretty sure if you've seen one, he's missing some legs, arms. It's time for Amber to retire. Thank you for your service. It's time to move on. It's time to modernize our training equipment. That's where the ALS Simman mannequin comes into play. Let's take a look at some of the things he can do. The biggest thing with the Simman mannequins is you're getting that realistic feedback. All of the interventions that our providers are giving, you're going to get feedback. If you're not providing adequate compressions during CPR, the mannequin is going to tell you that. The Simman will replace five different training tools. The life cycle from the person that provided me with a quote was about five years, but that's in a community college that uses this device every day. It does a couple of different things. We can check vital signs. Me as the instructor, I'm creating a scenario for my students. If my student provides an incorrect intervention, I can make my patient crash. Or if they're providing adequate interventions, their condition will improve. That's the biggest thing. I want emergency responders to develop that muscle memory for severe incidents. When you go through CPR, you're just learning the basics. Dirty to two hundred beats per minute provides inhalations with a back valve mask. I just want to be clear. This is not a fire department pitch. This is an emergency responder pitch. We have been building relationships with partners all over the base. Security forces, last year we developed our first active shooter response where we team up together. I've been training for the last year with the med group in command and control. Units over there at the MCC. Here's the video, it's kind of hard to see. I've done joint training with EODs a couple of times throughout the years. I've had out there training exercise. I don't know if you can tell, but that's actually our buddy Randy right there missing some legs. You notice that's hurting blood? I don't know if you can hear me. I'm providing exercise inject to this EOD operator putting on a tourniquet on the mannequin. He can't see what's happening. So I'm having to tell him, hey, you're throwing that tourniquet on, but it's not helping. What do you do next? So he can't see that. If we had another different tool, he would be able to see that. Now, recently, the days of self-made buddy care are gone. We've moved on to TCCC. There's new threats. Active shooter incidents are on the rise with this new deployment model. We're sending our war fighters downrange with limited resources and issues like COVID-19. We got hit hard during COVID. Without giving away, you know, personal information, when COVID happened, I responded early last year to a patient suffering from COVID. The rest of my crew was new. They were trained. They were certified, but they didn't have that field experience to recognize what was happening to that patient. After I did my initial assessment, I realized it was serious. We got MetroCare in route, but I had to direct my crew members who were trained and certified, but didn't have that field experience to treat this patient. Also, we were able to save her, pass her this dependent onto MetroCare, but she had issues, long-term issues. And it is my professional opinion if we did not act the way we did, then one of our members of Team DICE would have lost the spouse that day. So, it was pretty significant. Now, through purchasing this mannequin, we're going to hit these lines of effort from global strike. We're going to prepare our people, right? Our emergency responders from FIRE, Security Forces, EOD, not only operate and treat our family, Team DICE here locally, but when they deploy downrange with that new deployment model. Engagement, we're doing our part. It's asking that you help us. Mission, same thing. We want to be able to support the mission here at DICE and also deploy locations.


Well, welcome to our webinar. My name is Linda Kallum. I'm the organizer for the webinar series. I am very happy to announce our speaker today. It's Christopher Erdman, who is an author, developer, and experimenter in the areas of digital libraries, visual networking, library UX, interactive technologies, bibliometrics, and data services in libraries. He is currently the chief strategist for research collaboration at the NCSC libraries and has previously worked for organizations such as Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the European Southern Observatory, the Supreme Court of the United States, the United Nations University of Washington, and CNET, and the Smithsonian. And he holds the MLIS from the University of Washington's High School and a BA from the University of California, Davis. So hi everyone. Thank you for the introduction, Linda. I just joined at the NCSC libraries as the chief strategist for research collaboration. Formerly Astronomy Librarian, I started my work at the European Southern Observatory and just wanted to thank one of the people I worked with there, Uta Grokoff, who really was a mentor to me. I think it was important to mention in this series the accidental librarian that it's helpful to have mentors to help you along the way and learn all the things you need to learn in the domains that you cover. So I'm thankful to her. And I also wanted to encourage you to check out the European Southern Observatory just today. I was looking at all the videos that they have of all the work that they're doing. And so they're based in Germany and in Munich. And their telescopes are mostly in the desert in Chile, but they also have some telescopes in the Canary Islands. And a lot of telescopes are actually located in Chile. The second place that I was lucky to work at was the Center for Astrophysics. As mentioned before, the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. And this is a picture. It looks like a transformer, but it's of the giant Magellan telescope, which is hopefully going to be built very soon. These big projects in astronomy take a very long time to develop. But this is one of the new observatories that's going to allow us to peer farther into the universe. So I also wanted to mention Alberto Akamatsu, who is actually the program manager for the NASA Astrophysics Data Systems. And he's also been, in some ways, a mentor, a spirit guide. I always fell back on him for information on all the things I needed to learn in astronomy. So I'm grateful to Alberto Akamatsu as well. So I wanted to start off with, there was someone I used to work with as well at the Astrophysics Data Systems named Mike Kurtz. And he's the senior astronomer that works for the Astrophysics Data Systems. And he used to have this saying that let the literature be the filter for the data. And I always thought that was a great line because it really, as I worked more and more in the domain, it really became like a mantra. And so I thought that was a great place to start for this session is to show you the NASA Astrophysics Data Systems, which can be seen as a literature system, but it really does much more than that, links to the data and astronomy. And so I guess one way to describe it is you could call it the PubMed of astronomy. If you're familiar with PubMed. But it really is the database where all these astronomers really in the world go to do their literature searches. And so just I wanted to try to see if I could do a live demo actually because I think it's just more rich.  But the thing is that it really is an advanced system. This is an old interface that they're moving on from. They're trying to implement a new system that the astronomy community will use, but a lot of astronomers are very reluctant to use the new system. But if you went back and went to Google and you looked down the page a little bit more, you'd come across the NASA ADS search, the beta interface. And this is the one I really want to show in this live demo. And here's the new system just to give you a first glimpse. One thing to mention is that the ADS, the astrophysics data systems, operates under a NASA grant. And so they think about, I believe, once I heard between one and $2 million a year, but I could be wrong by that. But they do amazing things for the amount of money that they get from NASA. Comparable system was Eric, the educational system. I know also receives a certain sum of money. I can't remember exactly, but maybe it was along the lines of $8 to $10 million a year. But I could be wrong on these numbers, but I just wanted to emphasize that with sort of a minimal amount of money that the astrophysics data systems is able to collect all this information from the literature and create this great tool for the astronomy community. So just to start, this first glimpse of the interface here, you can really do a lot. They made it very much like a Google-like interface. And so you can see they have some examples of things you can do. So if you know of an author that you can search by, here's an example, John Hookra. You can search by the first author. You can do all these other targeted searches. And I think the one that I really appreciate is the full-text search here down at the bottom. So you can actually search within many of the journals in astronomy into the actual text. And I think this is something I think a lot of domain still really wish for. Or one thing, one search where you could really search across everything and do it at that level. And it's been one of the more powerful things that I came across when I first joined astronomy when I came from the Supreme Court. I couldn't believe that there was this one source really that I could tap into to do all my work with. And I really leveraged that particular aspect. And I'll talk to you more about the full-text searching that I did in using the NASA ADS. The other thing I wanted to highlight, too, is that they have this area here, the citations, references. There's really this rich graph of information that the NASA ADS takes advantage of. So they can link you to all the citations and references. So you can sort of traverse the literature, discover all the related information to a particular paper that you're reading or a set of papers that you're reading. And I'd like to highlight one thing that was extremely valuable was this review section. So review papers tend to be very rich in information for early career researchers in astronomy. And for those of you who get questions from astronomers, this is something I really recommend. It allows you to do a search across all these articles and find some that can really help some of these early career researchers really get started and learn more about the field as a first step. And I guess the other things I'll point out, too, there's a lot of information here. You can go down below and you'll see this Learn More about searching the ADS. They have a help page that really walks you through all the different things that you can do. So I encourage you to look at that page. And then they also have an API. So if you are a developer, you can tap into the API and do some sort of automated programmatic ways of searching the corpus of information that they have available to them. So I wanted to do just a quick search just to jump you into the regular interface here. So you can see already that the full-text search is working automatically. So you can actually see the snippets of where actual planets is showing up in the system. And just want to kick back to something in my presentation. I wanted to describe something that you might be seeing already. There is something called a bib code in astronomy. And so the ADS, when it first started off, it started off in the early days, I think in the mid-90s or so, when the web was young. And to create these sort of unique identifiers for the papers that they were receiving, they created this bibliographic code, these abbreviations. And they're just the unique identifiers for the papers that they were receiving in their system. And part of that bib code involves journal abbreviations. And so I wanted to first show you that if you search on Google for bibliographic code abbreviations in astronomy, you'd find these lists of journals, all the journals that you need to know in astronomy, all conferences. And it really is a great guide if you're starting off in the domain of understanding all those abbreviations. That was extremely difficult for me to get my head around initially. All the abbreviations that were out there, I remember people saying, oh, you can find it in MNRIS. And I remember scratching my head and saying, what is that? And it means monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. So this tool was really a great, helpful tool for understanding that. And just to move on to, here is sort of the example bib code at the bottom of the page. You see the 1992 app J, that's the astrophysical journal. And it has sort of the volume and issue numbers of the journal. And it has a page number and the author, the first letter of the last name of the first author. So you can see up above it has this abbreviation. But just going back to the search, you can see the bib code in action here. They list it out. And oftentimes astronomers will sort of share those bib codes with each other in sort of unique ways of sharing these papers. And it also gives you a quick glimpse into which journals it's coming from. So here I know that this is new astronomy. It's new A. But I can go back to that list of journals to figure out what does this abbreviation mean to get a better understanding of just what's going on here. And just to move down a little bit more here, I just wanted to explore the interface a little bit more. So one thing that you can see on the left side here is that you can navigate between the authors. And you can see what collections things are coming from. I think some of the more interesting things are these keywords that are being pulled from the journals themselves. When I was at the Center for Astrophysics, we were looking at helping with this in a more unified way. So we had a project called Unified Astronomy Thesaurus. And so that project is still underway. And hopefully at some point that will help with navigating this interface a little bit more. And you can navigate the publications so you can see, again, more of these abbreviations. So again, you can look those up. And you can see the bib groups. These are bibliographic groups. And I'll speak a little bit more about that later. And then you have all these object searches you can do. And it's not opening up right now, but you can do these searches from other services to really enter objects that you're looking at and navigate the system that way. So astronomical objects, vizier tables, or these are data tables from these publications that you can also search by. So you can search by optical and other particular aspects here. And then grants is another thing where you can search through the grants that are referenced in these papers. So that can be very helpful for grant review. Agencies and other things like that. And then you have finally publication types at the bottom here. So it's really advanced interface. You can also see that you can see the number of papers by year, the citations, the reads that these papers get, and sort of metrics that are produced by the system. One other thing I want to note here is that in some cases you can actually go to the article and see an image, a graphic from that article itself. And so it gives you an idea. You can sort of peer within the article before you even get there. And another great thing about the astrophysics data system is it links the preprint, the freely available article with the publisher article, with other articles that might be free as well. So you can see all the different links that you can navigate to. And it has the abstract information, all the things that you're probably familiar with, and some other things, metrics about the paper itself. So you can see how well that paper is doing and the references associated with that paper. A whole host of, like I mentioned before, the graph is pretty rich of all the data that the ADS links you to. So just to go back to my search, and I wanted to note one more thing. If any of you are familiar, it's something called ORCID. So this is an author identifier, and it helps you disambiguate authors. So, for instance, author names like John Smith are very difficult to track. The ORCID project is really taken off more so lately of helping with this author disambiguation. And one of the things the ADS does is tap into that project and allow authors to claim their papers. And so one thing I can do is start claiming some of these papers that belong to me. So I can log in with my Google account, and I can start seeing the papers that I've associated with ORCID. And so it's a nice feature, and I know that in certain countries like Italy or Portugal, they've started using this a great deal now because they're required to do this. And so I just wanted to share with you that nice feature. Maybe some of your members of your community want to use that, or maybe it's a great example for how you want to integrate ORCID into a system that you have locally. So let me go back to my presentation. So as I mentioned before, I worked for the European Southern Observatory and also worked for the Center for Astrophysics at Harvard. And at both of these locations, they have a number of facilities, like the European Southern Observatory had the very large telescope, BLT. They were working on a project called the Extremely Large Telescope, which is like the Giant Magellan Telescope. It's one of the bigger observatories that's set to be launched soon. And actually, the European Southern Observatory was working on the overwhelmingly large telescope. I'm not making this up, by the way. These are some of the sites, but in some of these sites, they even have instruments that are on the telescopes and then that astronomers are using. And I thought one thing to mention to everyone is this WAS, another acronym for the American Astronomical Society Facility Keywords. And it's just this great list of all the facilities that are out there. I'm sure there's some missing, but at least it always felt to me like one of the more comprehensive lists out there. And I thank the American Astronomical Society for keeping it. So it's a great reference if you're looking at all the facilities out there in astronomy. You can look at this and see what is out there and be overwhelmed because there are a great number of them. But just to back up a little bit and say when I was at the European Southern Observatory, I was sort of tasked with this job to look through the literature. One thing we were doing there before I landed was going through the journals and sort of physically just flipping through and reading to see where the mentions of the facilities were of the instruments. And I had a programming background and I decided, you know what, we can do this better. We can sift through the literature using the astrophysics data systems to really track all these mentions of these facilities. What you're seeing here is a screenshot of the workflow of sifting through the literature using the tools that we created. And at the time, this is about 10 years ago maybe. We used PHP, MySQL, just off the shelf, open tools to develop the system. And we tapped into the ADS, which was an open service to help with sifting through all that literature. So this allowed you to sort of triage, pick out all these mentions, the system which we call Telbib and the full text. I can't even remember what the acronym means, but Fuse, we called it Fuse. But it was the full text search tool that allowed you to capture all these mentions. And so it was like a librarian curation dashboard. And as you can see here, walking through the system, you can see that the librarian was able to sort of tag all these mentions in different ways. Often through the program IDs, program IDs ended up being the links to the data. And so on the next screen, I have a screenshot of that. So the ESO, Telescope Bibliography, the European Southern Observatory Telescope Bibliography, has these sort of links to the paper, links to the data through the program IDs. And the astronomers use this to go back and forth between the literature and the data. So at the end of the day, you would end up at this archive. And I'm not sure if any of you are pulling your hair out right now. But this is where an astronomer would land and would have to sort of peer through all this to grab the particular data sets associated with a program ID which was linked to a particular paper to get the raw data for that observation. One of the things is that I know in general that people often say that astronomy has got things worked out with linking to data, with open data and all these kind of things. And I think there's still a lot of work to be done in sort of this interlinking of literature and data sets. I wanted to mention here that oftentimes astronomers use a file standard called the FIT standard, flexible image transport system. And this was really developed a long time ago when the great observatories were starting out. Some of the names you know of like Hubble and Spitzer, these are some of the great observatories where some of the NASA scientists really felt like they needed a way to share their data. And I think one way is this is where astronomy is lucky because I go to big data conferences and often hear scientists saying, what standard are you using and trying to work with the different standards that are out there. And astronomy has been lucky that it has really won standard. I shared a screenshot of sample FIT files. I think the one interesting thing to mention here for librarians is that FIT files have this header which is text. And in some ways it resembles maybe a mark data format of metadata. So at the header of each of these files is metadata about the particular observation that the instrument that was used and all the calibration and other things that an astronomer might find useful. But it's not perfect these days. But I wanted to also tell you that it's not just astronomers that are using FITs, interesting enough, the Vatican library. The Vatican uses FITs to help with preserving the material that's in their collections. I think the reason why for this connection exists is that there is a Vatican observatory. And I believe the monks at the Vatican observatory were working with FITs and probably worked with the library, the archives, and telling them about the FIT standard and its benefits. But this is just sort of a recent announcement about how they're using FITs in the Vatican as well. And just to go back to FITs, a good place to maybe read about this if you're so inclined is the Astronomy and Computing Journal. I know when I was leaving the Center for Astrophysics and joining NCSU libraries, there was some debate in the community about whether FITs was the right standard. And there was sort of a back and forth debate about this. And so some domains like radio astronomy don't necessarily want to use FITs. And so there were, I remember an article called FITs in the Crosshairs, and I was trying to find it before this talk. But there's some debate in the community now about this. But I think, again, going back to how lucky astronomy is for having essentially one standard to work with. And I also wanted to highlight, I mentioned before that you sort of got a glimpse of how you could traverse into the data from the ADS.  And he was excited about the recent exoplanet discoveries and thought, okay, you know, are the people that did this doing things like other projects in science where they share their work in a notebook. These Jupiter notebooks that are becoming more popular for sharing code and data and allowing people to sort of play with the science that's going on. And so he was hoping for this, and he decided he couldn't find a notebook. And so he started traversing the system and just started ranting about all the things that were wrong of trying to find this data. And I highly recommend looking at this because it really gives you a glimpse of how difficult it is still to traverse all these things and to work with astronomy data. I also wanted to mention a project that I think does a really good job of connecting the dots here with the public in case of Brian Keegan, the universe projects which came out of astronomy as a way to sort of catalog all the images that they had. The universe project started with Chris Lintot. And now it's really blossomed into something else, something bigger, where you can use it for doing other projects in science. So if you see on a page, there's something called Snow Spotter even. And then the other projects like Discover Wildlife. So the universe project allows scientists to grab a set, to collect a set of data that they're hoping for more insights and to make it available to the public to do sort of this additional work on. And so I hope that more of these projects are coming online these days. And I think in the case with Brian Keegan, Planet Hunter is another one where it could have helped maybe making these connections. So if any of you are thinking about citizen science projects and the universe projects, it's a great place to start. So I want to go back to the ADS and go back to saying why, I think at the end of the day, why we were doing the curation at the European Southern Observatory to link facilities to papers. So in this case, the facilities, the institutions did it for benchmarking for bibliometrics. But there was always this added side benefit of all that curation work helped the astronomy community with the faceted searching that you see in the ADS. We provided all that data back to the ADS. And so when you're using the ADS to search for literature, all those data links are really there from all the curation activities that are happening behind the scenes. And so in this case, thankfully, because of all this, I as an astronomer can do a multi-wavelength search. So I can search across the Hubble Space Telescope images, so that's optical. I can search across the Chandra X-ray Observatory. So as you see there, it's CXC in the search on the screen. And so I can search in the X-ray. And then I can also search with Spitzer, so in the infrared, so I can really do this broad search that I think would be impossible with all this work without the ADS. And it really makes their lives dramatically easier, I think. And I've heard quotes from astronomers saying, without the ADS, quoting the ADS is an important tool in astronomy is like quoting the air that we breathe. And so they really, I think they acknowledged that, that the ADS means a lot to the work that they're doing. I wanted to highlight again, too, like if you see to the right of the screen, hopefully, as the search that the sample search that I have of a multi-wavelength search. And you can see this database icon. I think it looks like the usual database icon above the title at the right corner. And it's the link to the data. So if you clicked on that, it would bring you to the data sources, what I showed you before, to that European Southern Observatory screen where you see the links and the data connected and then to the data archive. So this is a great example of all that work, tying everything together. And just to give you an example, I think something you can look at later that helps you sort of understand what I was describing there with multi-wavelength search. The World Wide Telescope view all these things in different wavelengths, all this data, and really allows you to explore, allows you to toggle between the freely available data sets in astronomy in a sort of visual way. And so I highly recommend that as someone on the public science side, seeing things through World Wide Telescope really helps with understanding, visualizing it. That's a freely available tool, thanks to the American Astronomical Society. Again, second time, I think, but it really started out of Microsoft, and so now the double S is taking it on. So just to also provide an overview from one thing that people, going back to that idea that people sometimes think that astronomy has got everything covered as far as big data, doing all these things differently in the way that we maybe want to do things. You can say that is the case. In some ways, the astronomy community is lucky it has these major archives and astronomy that I listed here. So the ESA Science Archive is one that I mentioned earlier, MAST is the Hubble Space Telescope Science Institute's archive. So this is the optical, mainly the optical, but it covers some other things that. So this is one of the major archives in astronomy. And we also have HESARC, which is the High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center. And so like data from the Chandra X-ray Observatory are going into HESARC as another place where data is being archived for the future. And really these places have minimal budget sometimes to keep these archival systems going. And so that's why Brian Keegan had all the trouble that he had trying to navigate these systems because really they're on shoestring budgets, trying to maintain these massive archives. And the other one too was the ESA infrared, so that's also Spitzer as an example. But in general then you go off into the long tail of astronomy data where oftentimes you'll find data sitting on servers or other locations you don't want to think about. And oftentimes astronomy is still working when it's sort of tape drives being shipped back and forth from ground-based missions and that's something that's still going on. Some big projects on the way here are the large synoptic survey telescopes. So this is a survey that's going to be running of the sky basically and just taking these scans of the sky on a consistent basis for years. So they're talking about the big data. Big data for astronomy is often tied to large synoptic survey telescope. This is one of the things they're trying to understand, how do we scale up to manage that kind of data. And then the other one is the James Webb Space Telescope. And I like this image here, like sometimes you can go see the JWST as it's called on a road show. For instance, that's out by Southwest. You can see it in full scale of what it's going to look like. But it's really just the transformer in space that's going to sit in one of these Lagrange points and really, I think, help us. One of the things they say with the JWST is help with exoplanet research. And so that's coming online soon, hopefully, too. One thing that I also want to mention, too, is the ADS, there's all that work that we do to tie the literature and the data. Really helps astronomers with metrics and navigating the resources. So here's sort of an example, how I as an astronomer could find out all the, you know, on a particular search, a keyword search, I could find all the authors involved and find all the papers that they're working on. And so that's one thing that helps the community. But like I said, one thing that we do, the librarians in astronomy, is these telescope bibliographies allow us to benchmark the observatories. And this is just one example from a friend, Jill Lagerström, at the Space Telescope Science Institute. And she did this work to understand where all of the literature in our bibliographies was pointing to. And so this really gives you a good example of most of the astronomy literature, at least from our perspective, was sitting in relatively few amount of journals. So I can list this out, the abbreviations, it's Astrophysics Journal, the Astrophysical Journal Supplements, the Astronomical Journal. And those are all by the American Astronomical Society. So 51% of the literature in our telescope bibliographies pointed to those journals. And then there's the Astronomy and Astrophysics Journal, which is run by EDP, and that's about 25%. And the monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, this is sitting at 16%. And then there's the other. So the long tail of all the other journals that we're tracking. But there's really this core, we always talk about this core set of journals that are really important to us. And one of the things to mention here in astronomy, these journals have really relatively low timeline to when they become open. And so nowadays I think it's even being pushed back for astronomy and astrophysics to six months, even online immediately and open access. And so that's really fantastic, I think, one of the great things about astronomy is that they're doing that. And besides the point, you can also go to a preprint server called the Archive, which allows you to see sort of the earlier version that the astronomers post. So you can see almost the science in real time. And here's just another graphic to show you. This is from my colleague, Ann Jill Lagerström, who really gives you a glimpse of the usage of the archives. So this is the mass archive that I mentioned before at the Space Telescope Sciences. You can see that the current science, the not archival data, is keeping steady. And then you see this increase in usage of the archival data. So we often point to this as an example of how important archival data is to astronomy, too, like going back and looking at the data in different ways. But it's very difficult to do this because of money and the curation that is needed. So we know that as librarians. Another thing, too, I wanted to show you is a paper I worked on with a group of people called How Astronomers Share Their Data. And we mined the American Astronomical Society's journals for links to data and found that disturbingly a lot of these links were starting to break. And so you can see the percentage of this. And so it really emphasizes, again, that we need to do more in preserving and archiving this data. And I think a great example right now is the Data Refuge Project. If you've heard of this around the country to rescue data so that it's not lost. And I think the important thing to point out here is that this was already happening, that the data was already starting to be lost because people just linking to data and not thinking that it would disappear. And so I think this is an important, another example, how we leverage the ADS in astronomy to understand how we're doing. And I think it's also a great point to also talk about how important the ADS and that work that I mentioned before, how I thought about librarianship. And I wanted to point to a program that was sort of inspired by my work in astronomy called Data Science and Strength for Librarians. It was running at Harvard for about three iterations and then it moved to Copenhagen and there have been about two of them. And you can see the videos of these training programs on the Data Science and Strength for Librarians site for DTU for Copenhagen. But really all that curational, that programmatic work that I was doing inspired me to launch this program with a bunch of other people. And in general I reference it because it was a gateway for me to also connecting with the astronomy community around culture and programmatic things that they wanted to do. I think just to start the DOT astronomy community is a great resource for how sort of early career researchers are learning how to code and learning how to do all these creative things, but also to create that culture, right, of changing the culture and astronomy. And so there's other projects that I've listed, science writing for young astronomers, which happens in Europe and is sponsored by EDP Sian. And Astra Statistics at Penn State is something that is run by Eric Feigelsen as a great resource for the astronomy community to gear up and understand how to use code in their work. To become more productive and efficient in the work that they do. And Python Astronomy is another one which is going to happen in May I think. And again another option for astronomers to learn how to program in Python. Astra Informatics is something coming up in June and it's the Informatics community, you know, again linking all this information together so you can create a seamless environment or a seamless discovery environment for the astronomy community. And then there's Comps Icon, which was actually started at Harvard, which again goes back to this culture of trying to change the culture and astronomy and really addresses that challenge of communicating science. So I worked with some of the people in that community and that Comps Icon has really spread and they had sort of a side spin off project called Astrobytes, which allows, it's graduate students in astronomy that create bite-sized nuggets of papers so the public can possibly read them. So it's expanded to Ken Bites and there's, I think one of the things to cite here too is that I'm a fan of the, of Arfon Smith on Twitter and he just took on a role as the, I think, head of data science at Space Telescope Sciences Institute. And he's always doing some really creative things with what we're talking about here and someone to follow on Twitter if you can. But I know that we're likely to see some pretty amazing things from him in the near future in his group on linking data and software and the literature. And he used to work at GitHub but he also has roots in the Zooniverse project, so he's working with Chris Lenton as well. So I'm a big admirer and I suggest that you look into Arfon's work as well. So these are some of the links that I gather from my presentation that might be helpful. But if we want, we can open this up to questions at the moment. Yeah, thank you very much. This has been wonderful. It's interesting. I'm a data librarian in Social Sciences. It's interesting to see the overlaps in the conversations. I think more so now because I think a lot of these things are of interest to all communities. But I think one thing that I found is that we were so lucky in astronomy because we had all these things in one, you know, we had all this literature in one source, one place that we could tap. And the ADS. So I keep hoping for something like that to appear. One thing I keep my eye on is something called Science Open, which appears to be maybe something like that. Yeah, we're definitely not there yet. That's for sure. Yeah, so if anybody, thank you very much, Chris, for doing this. This is wonderful. Definitely an area that I am not at all familiar with, so very helpful to be able to do that. If anybody has any questions? Yeah, I also wanted to mention something in the news similar to this in a way is a project called Meta. And that was this Chan Zuckerberg big purchase. And they're really after sort of the artificial intelligence of trying to make the literature more help with discovery and help with the literature being more accessible because everyone is in overload right now with all the amount of literature that's out there. And so I would also recommend keeping an eye on that project, Meta. Yeah, I guess the one thing to mention too on my slides was if you have questions about the NASA ADS, then Alperta Kanmati, who I listed his Twitter handle before, is a great reference for understanding some of the things that you might need to know. So, you know, he's an amazing resource. I couldn't have done what I did in astronomy without him. And Luther Gropkoff at the European Southern Laboratory. And so how big is the NC State's astronomy program? Or do y'all have an astronomy program? I assume you would. Well, see, this is an interesting presentation because my focus now is broader. And it's kind of like a little bit of a step back in time for me because, you know, there's a smaller group of astronomers here, not too big. And so more of our work is in other domains now. And so taking what we did in astronomy and thinking about how we could do that here as well is something, I think, why they hired me. I said, you know, some of these ideas could be applied in some of the other domains. I think one of the issues that we run into, so for the government documents, government information librarians, one of the issues we run into, and I've run into this in deselecting some of our... So we have those data sets on CDs and DVDs in our collection that, especially at this point, I'm reluctant to let go. And trying to figure out how to, you know, match that to what is available online because there's been so many people who's gone off and they're... You know, they've taken that data and gone off in their directions with it, but is it the same as what was issued by the government in 1995? It's hard to say. And so I don't know if there are kids in the community. Oh, all the time. I think data at risk is going to be... You can call it. I think this is one of the big challenges in our community. You know, like, besides born digital, what I mentioned there of all the links and data that was on websites going, then, you know, the other side of it is, as all the stuff we have sitting on ourselves and locked away. And I remember when I was at the Center for Astrophysics, one of the astronomers got really interested in this and said, you know, I've got all this data. And people should know this is a big problem that we need more money to do this, you know, to cure it, to preserve this information. And, you know, it's a hard thing to come by. All that, you know, at least the funding to make this happen. But I know there's some cases where people are able to get that money to make data available. But, you know, when we were doing this project on how astronomers share data, you know, I would frequently come across astronomers that said, you know, like, I've got all this data sitting in all these binders. You know, you can help me put it into a more accessible format. And I just, you know, we didn't have the resources. Yeah, yeah. So it's so difficult. And so I wonder, you know, like, at least I guess in astronomy, we at least have with the major archive some data that's preserved, right? But there's a whole lot of data that's just, this is a funny story actually. The very first time, my first or second week that I landed at the Center for Astrophysics, someone asked me for Skylab data. And so I had to search around the center for anyone who might have squirreled away Skylab data. And so the chain went around for the longest time. Do you have some on the, you know, are they stored on the server? And eventually we couldn't find it. Oh, my Lord. Yeah. So, you know, there was someone who was just looking for it because they found it in a paper. Yeah. And so I'm sure that's happening all over the place. Yeah. I'm not sure there's much we can do about it except for the fact that, again, I applaud these projects like Data Refuge, which, you know, one of the things if you go to a Data Refuge event, you start off by first identifying something to a source to the Internet archive. And so at least you've got some mirrored copies of these things, you know, preserved links to some degree. But we're going to have to go back and curate all those links, you know, like that off-breaking and hope that the Internet archive was our savior and got, you know, got some of these. But I have a feeling that Brewster Kale at the Internet archive is very happy to see now that there's this interest in using the Internet archive for science purposes. He always, I had a conversation with him once saying that he's always been interested in science, you know, Internet archive having connections with science. And so it's good to see that happening. There was something in the chat about NSF. There was an update presentation. NSF saying that they want data to be preserved at the institutional level, not the department project website level. I think the comment to make about that is that the NSF sponsors, you know, funds projects that allow, you know, that these projects to set up archives in particular domains. But the sustainability part is the big challenge because they'll give that initial seed funding and you'll have something working for a while. But then they want to move on or, you know, like they want to fund other projects. And so you're on the hook for supporting this. So I think one thing in astronomy, on my way out, the American Astronomical Society was getting more involved with getting more interested in trying to help with this preserving data and helping with, like, setting up an archive for astronomy and helping with that sustainability. So they were working with people in Arizona, I believe, with the I-Plant initiative. So I don't know where they're at now, but that was, I think maybe at the society's level, that's a great another place where this can reside. There's a lot of data, but we have docs that go back to that era and without a program that makes sense to, you know, do we keep them here at our level? In our library, just from that, I mean, never mind the agency aspect of it, but I've been digging through a whole lot of astronomy reports. We are marking for weeding, unfortunately. Yeah, that's another thing, too. So we often hope that other institutions are taking care of this. I remember when I was at Harvard, we had a Harvard-MIT meetup between science librarians. And the science librarians at MIT said that they had ditched some of their collections because we had listed things in the Harvard Library catalog. And we kind of looked at each other and said, we hope we have it. Yeah, because what's represented in the catalog is sometimes not representative of what the true story is. And so I think you have to be careful with weeding to some extent. You know, I think one of the things we were hoping for is there would be that communication. You know, you would also contact the library so you think of it and see what the situation is on the ground. Yeah, I mean, luckily with the docs system we have to offer for the most part, but it can be a little bit tricky. It's definitely painful, is right now. It is very painful. You definitely feel like a hoarder. Alright, well guys, we are here every time at this point. Thank you very much Chris for doing this. This is wonderful.


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