Thank you. So, yeah, today we're gonna learn about virtual environment and I have to make a confession This talk is marked as a beginner and which is true that I'm not expecting from you any kind of previous knowledge But we're gonna dive in quite deep into the Python interpreter and its implementation details. So It's gonna be a bit dense to make it a bit more sweet. I did brought a few nice pictures of My yosha terrier puppy. He is silky. He's just a five-month-old and This is basically he's just asked her he got home his first picture with a tennis ball in his mouth so similar to him will Get on to a course to actually discover how virtual environmental work underneath Okay So just a quick intro. Who am I? Yeah, I'm the maintainer of the virtual tool Which hopefully would make me quite competent to talk about this subject I'm a member of the pi Python packaging authority and I'm quite active in the open schools page and you can find my contributions on there this github handle Gabber burnout and I'm also maintain of the talks tool which heavily uses virtual amp This is one of the main reasons I became Maintain of the virtual amp tool a lot of talks tools talks box are kind of like virtual amp box So might as well fix it there and I'm also a software engineer at Bloomberg working. What's that data in just some pipeline? Inside the company. So what is the virtual environment? Luckily, I don't have to come up with the definition the pep 405 defines it very clearly It's an isolated Python environment that's had access to its own side package shared success to the host building standard library option isolated from the system side packages and this is the point Like whoa, what are all these kind of random definitions that you're throwing out and why what what do we want to do here? And in order to understand this better less step Let's take one step back and actually cover So how do we actually get hold of a Python module Python is this famous language in which you can do pretty much everything by Some package that has implemented and you can get hold of our some module But how do you actually get hold of that module and the answer is basically in this case CD? slide which buildically means if you want to build to use anything all you need to do is basically imported like that so The thing is in the way you get something is by importing it So how does the importing system works? Well, pretty much you just specify import you specify what you want to import and then in the next line You can already magically use it, but the question is what actually happens under the hood when you say that import that says, okay? And Another kind of like complication around these that not more not all modules are equal for example If I look at that says I can see that even if I print the representation. This is a built-in module if I look at the OS Module you can see that that's kind of like has a file inside that oped Python 3.7 blah blah blah dash OS that pie Similarly the .csv this is more interesting because it's actually you can see this implementation is a national file Which is kind of like a DLL for on the windows Then you have Python will be a different location or I can have like here pi 5.7, which is even a different location So as you can see just by the fact they're living different layplaces They are considered different type of modules like this one is a built-in module though S1 is a standard library module. This is the modules that come if you install it If you just Python built into the standard library and then we have also standard library model by dynamic module these are modules that are are Would be slow to actually implemented within Python. So what the Core developer team does they implement the actual underlying implementation inside C and then they just create a A slight front proxy to that that's why in this case you can see this is actually underscore csv I'm not csv because the csv is basically just a slight proxy the actual implementation the performance implementation is the underscore one And that's available under some actual binary code Okay, and then we have this import Python will and this is a global site package And it differs from the user site package in a sense that this is actually available on the system path While this other one is basically available under a user site path Okay, like you can see this user's burnout that dot local which is kind of like users home Okay, so the next section is okay now that we know that we import things How does the importer works and this is something that has evolved throughout the pythons life But this is how it works in 3.7. It was similar on Python 2 But the only difference is that there you could not modify this it's not as easily exposed So we can actually inspect it. But the idea is that Python doesn't know if something is importable or not It just basically goes with the principle that try first as for beginners later so it tries to import all the actual packages and It has a list of importers if knows and you just ask in order each importer. Hey, can you give me this? Sys if yes, it's gonna return that it's not gonna follow our inforter to the further imports The first one can can return it in the order. That's the one that Vincent actually provides that module for you So the we have the built-in importer This is the first one built-in importer imports Element which are literally compiled within the CPyton binary and or like the Python binary and in this case.  Then we have frozen importer By default Something simply like everything can be put straight into your Python binary And the way you do it is Billy Q freeze it and the freezing means I take your Python code I compile it into the something machine code and I literally attach it into the Python binary and Because this is no longer lifts anywhere on the file system It's not so not on the no namespace of the built-in. It has this frozen importer Which couldn't know at which location inside that binary. I'm gonna be able to find that element or my final option At least in the default is the pet finder and the pet finder as its name kind of like in chat. It basically looks at the operating system File system and we'll try to find it somewhere there Okay, so let's investigate later. The pet finder is basically just give me somewhere on the file system and and It doesn't operate it has its own configuration and the main configuration for this is gonna be actually the information that you find in the sys.pet Okay, and the sys.pet is basically a list of locations where this importer will try to look and find if that package is there If in any of and this again, we're gonna do it in the order and the first one is gonna find it That's what's gonna be returned to you. Okay So we have you can have multiple elements But this is like a list of default that I get on my macbook For example, you can see this third one is basically a zip file like we can even import from zips itself This is the first place it's gonna look then it's gonna look in this sender library directory Then we have this lib-dial which basically where we store the c extensions for the sender library Or we have the user size package or global site package. Okay So now that we know all this we can actually interpret this definition So a virtual environment is just a isolated Python environment that had access to its own site package So it must have something else besides what is there Okay But the system one is basically has access while it has access to the sender library pass plus the user and the global site package the Virtual amp may or may not actually have access to the global one So like in this case, you can see it has the first three They are the sender library locations and the fourth element is basically its own site package Or if you configure it to also have access to the global site package It's gonna append to end of this list the user and the global site package Okay, so virtual environment is nothing else just a Python executable that whenever it starts up. It's magically gonna Make available its own site package folder and may or may not disable the global one. Okay quite simple So the question is why do you want to do this and the reason for why is because this will allow you to actually Install packages our system administrator right because we saw everything else other than user side package was available Only modify a ball by the system Python. So if you don't have admin, right, you might not might be installed it the You also have the option that you can create easily and reproduce test environment You don't have to reinstall your entire operating system just to test your package You can just create a virtual environment and it's gonna be exactly the same as you would have done that And it's also easier dependency management and the way this manifest is that in practice you would have multiple dependencies and if Two tools if you would install everything in the system a single global size Site package you may end up in the situation when two of the site packages have conflicting dependency requirements and this would mean that basically by just installing a new packaging to that environment you break another one Which was already there. Okay, and it is also just allows you if for as more like as a testing the ability to easily test against multiple dependencies easily without even have to Go too hard about it. Okay, so Let's see how this actually works. Okay, so in the next we're gonna try to look into I told you already that basically What gonna determine what is a module is gonna be this is dot pet where something gonna be loaded is the sees dot pet Okay, now this is that pet The question one could ask. Okay, but not but who comes up with this is okay Like this is just magically made up or and what more if you start up in a different platform It may well be the case that not real mail be technically for sure gonna be the case that you can have a totally system Totally different type of layout here or you may have more or less element. Okay, so The question to this is before at the moment at least there is different location where the standard library is identified And there's a different Location where the other side packages are inside all the standard library discovery happens straight into the python binary so this is kind of like a built-in logic and then Inside whatever customizes the global side packages is the side of pie This is at least the most of the case you can Delabel the side of pie. We're not gonna cover that case too much But in that case the built-in interpreter gonna fall back into some built-in logic But this is very rare in practice. You're most often what's gonna happen is that on your machine in the standard library They're gonna be the side of pie, which is gonna magically customize and they come up with the global and user side packages okay, so If you can look at it, you see there's some commonality in this and all those other packages which are outside of the Virtual emphasis on side package and the user home side package all these other ones start with this magic prefix called opt python 3.7 and this is a good reason because the way this list is generated is basically By using some prefixes. There is these two Variables that you can change but they go to metal gonna have some same defaults This prefix and sees that exact prefix and this is basically what's gonna determine where the python gonna try to find this thing these packages, okay now obviously Python doesn't Just magically come off it. Yeah, it's right here. It's like a very hard-coded version It's actually dynamic and what ends up happening is that there's a different Algorithm that comes up with this logic and this is actually available Mostly in get-pad.c this has changed quite a few time as the C Python corp team for example started optimizing startup And they needed to move around thing to make things faster But the rule of thumb is that if you set the Python home, we're gonna use that for C's prefix So this is a great thing if you want to break someone's environment You just set the Python home environment for able to something that doesn't exist and everything's gonna be broken So but otherwise if this environment variable doesn't exist We actually are looking for a landmark file and the landmark file chosen. He's actually this OS dot pi so the Python gonna Start from its own executable. We are the Python executable selfies I'm gonna start going up and at each level going to see can I find this Leap Python X dot epsilon OS dot pi file if I can find it that is what C's prefix will be Okay, and another Otherwise it's gonna be like a built-in hard-coded value But this more like a fallback most likely will not work because this is whatever the compile whoever compile your Python set is gonna be exactly that one and There is a different logic for the exact prefix which is basically the C extension modules the only different hill that in this case It's not gonna look for the OS dot pi File instead is gonna look for the leap download element. Okay folder and wherever it finds it folder.  So how we created This environment in order to have shared access to the host We just need to make sure that whenever Python starts up is going to resolve the standard library element by having available those Two landmark files the file and the folder. Okay, if you want to actually create we want to Have the system side package added or not This is just a conditional logic in the side of pi the side of pi automatically get loaded before any code gets Excluded at the startup of your Folder so if we do any changes here whenever the user will get the interpreter will already have Modified C's that that's gonna work for him and similarly adding our own virtual environment side packages It's building just just some logic that we can tossing into the side of pi. Okay, so What are the changes needed to actually have a virtual environment? So I just take a python executable and I want to not use the system one. Well We just need to meet keep track of the host so I can actually find this global Standard library. We just need to know where that was available So I can set the C's prefix according to that and just some flex into the side of pi for anything Now according to the path I will say this configuration information is actually sorting is this pyvm.cfg And this is something that Python 3.3 or later actually already will parse and read and the way is gonna Set the standard libraries for the standard libraries C's that prefix is gonna be that basically gonna look at whatever that home value is Okay, if that home value points to something from where it can find those landmark files You're gonna be happy. It's gonna resolve the correct system side packages And otherwise just the fact that should we add the include system side packages it's just this second argument that includes system side packages equals false and The fact that should we add the virtual environment side of pi or not is basically just done by is this file exist then yes, if not We're should not bother with that. Okay, so quite Simple and straightforward in that sense Now there's one more thing if you create a virtual environment The it's gonna be not gonna be much of a use if you can't install packages in it So the first thing that you'll have to do once you create a virtual environment. You want to be a want to be able to put Pipe into it now this is kind of catch 22 because usually when I wear someone's I'll install a package You just go yeah, I use peep to install it But in this case we don't actually have at this point any peeping that package yet so how do we install peep without peep and the way we resolve this question 22 is basically We put we have a wheel of the whatever we're going to install or as if file of the peep and we can actually put this onto the c's dot pet and This basically gonna mean that for that invocation People gonna be available. We're gonna be lookable by the importing system So it's gonna be able to start up and then we're gonna ask peep Can you please install yourself by using this wheel that I just pointed to you at and Pretty much. This is what in yourself installing itself and pretty pretty much what ensure peep more or less does it does a bit more Magic, but this is the core gist of it. Okay, so Now we have a virtual environment. It has a lovely Peep in it. We're kind of like done. Yeah Well Now let's have a quick look at the implementations. So the implementations out there available the one that's recommended for use So to say is the vm the vm is a standard library module is built in within the interpreter and It was only Python 3.3 only but hey Python 2 we're gonna be deprecated next year. So who cares It's gonna be also available of the sender library. Well, mostly feels like Debbie and derivatives decide not to install it So and it's only made copies is gonna be able only to target itself So if you want to create a Python 3.4 or 3.6 Virtual amp you must have available Python 3.6 or 3.4 with virtual amp within it to be able to do it Okay Now there's another thing called out here and this is for what I'm the maintainer is This virtual amp thing and how virtual amp differs from that built-in VM should if this project even exists anymore Or can we just drop it and in order to answer this question? Let's quickly go over what virtual amp offers on top of VM Okay, so the first thing out is is that it's a third-party package which means that you can upgrade it out of the band So you no longer have to wait for operating system to operate your Python. You can literally get the latest virtual amp creation By just installing this package. Okay, so in that case, it's a bit more future proof it's a bit more easier to have the latest of it with the latest features it also targets to support both Python 2 and 3 and It supports C Python and PyPy We have some gyton implementation iron Python is something that may be work in progress But if you have interpreter and you want to have a virtual amp for it And maybe you don't necessarily want it within your standard library Just submit a pull request and if it looks good, we're gonna accept it It's also cross Python support meaning that you can actually if you install virtual amp on Python 3.4 It's gonna be able to create for you virtual amp for all supported pythons Okay, so even if the VM package is not there for the 3.6 It's still gonna be able to create a virtual environment for that 3.6. This makes it very Useful for tools such as stocks, PPM, all this tool or Ppix all these tools because now They can actually don't have to check if the virtual amp is correctly set up or not They can actually just have a look at it and They can just use this tool and this is guaranteed to be work for all available Python executables. Okay Another thing is course path from support obviously and it has built and interpreted the discovery meaning that and this is especially handy on the windows You don't even We automatically discover all pythons available or try to do our best all pythons available in your operating system So you don't have to figure out. Hey is my Python 3.4 in on the path Is Python 3.7 on the path especially on windows for example the path file 4 allows on windows tools to actually register Their Python existence within the windows registry and the virtual amp go automatically gonna load this and it will be able to You can just specify to eat that dash P I want the Python 3.4 and we're gonna discover it and create it using that and similarly We're gonna use a path discovery method on we by using PEP 39394 this basically means that we're gonna be able to Create You're gonna have a single virtual amp for creator for all the pythons And you don't have to use have different form for different Python versions Okay, so and it also has its own bundle PIP set are sweep to the bootstrap meaning that it can work in offline Bond but it also available to use index servers So it's possible to install the latest one rather than whatever we distributed the last package with Okay So you may have like a newer PIP setup who's wheel and this in turn causes that you have less time the awkward case when Something doesn't work.  Okay. Okay now it works so Let's have a bit of the other thing is though because we need to support Python to you We're trying worse a bit differently than the amp anything I everything I told you on the beginning of the Vm that I Vm the CFG is not a thing in virtual amp So let's go over how virtual amp does actually create a virtual environment So we have to basically do the same on alter the standard library logic discovery and alter the side of pylogic To be able to create a virtual amp, but without the interpreter having any knowledge of any configuration files And the way we do this is basically the first thing is we always copy the Python to at least the Executable and we put it in a folder that looks like kind of like a python virtual environment Okay under like bin in like in this macOS then we created two landmark files. We just seemling this to the operating system one so they actually Contained the same thing as the operating system one Then we had a few configuration. We have a configuration flag if you should add the System Python or not. What is the prefix from where the Python that we created with is available? And we inject our own side of pi now the reason we need to inject our own side of pi because It's because the side of pi that is shipped by operating system is not aware of this magical Oric prefix takes the or no global prefix takes the So the if you would use the side of pi that it shipped with the operating system That's what magically ignore all these configurations and you will not get an actual virtual amp So for this reason we have to like whenever you the virtual we have to like basically light to you and have our own side of pi this kind of like works for all Platforms out there now you can imagine if this works for all platforms and all pythons. It's not too easy to maintain so There's one more thing the side of pi gonna take care of adding everything on the path But there's a caveat it seems the side of pi doesn't work on its own in magic Just it actually works by using Python standard library modules But at this point at the point the side of pi gets loaded those are not yet on the path So, okay This means that in order to be able to load or start up the side of pi file and that's gonna do the modification We first need to be able to modify The to be have available all those packages that side of pi happens to use now this is a short list of what we need basically and Again, this is kind of like platform dependent and each and version dependent So, yeah, you can see that we create a lot more Links or copy them literally over the standard probably just so that our customization logic is able to run And yeah, it's few I meant 21 in this case I don't know quoting a recent show not great not terrible could be 60 or 60 so 25 maybe let's work with it And then we just have to do some fix up basically at some activation scripts link the include Fix up the distutils cuz turns out the distutils uses its own kind of side package discovery So we have to basically ship a different distutils and your operating system And then we just fix all other bugs that are available a long list of it like being able to discover Tlk platforms having python coughing run the documentation run you can see there's a long list of fix that we have to do for this to work and Just yeah, that's more less with now Just to have a bigger thing In this virtual environment the only thing that we actually carry that lonely side of packages everything else is just There to make things work and just for a comparison. This is what VM has Looks a lot slimmer no So and the reason why I can get away with having this last slimmer packet since last Slimmer director is three is because it's able to the interpreter itself is able to know about virtual environments And the interpreter itself is able to basically load these configurations from that pi VM. They don't see FG across it Okay, so yeah next time you create a virtual environment and you see this on the your hard drive don't despair. It's just How it is obviously this is not a good way to have things and because we basically said before we Patch both the side of pi and the disk utils as opposed to what your distribution ships with we have a lot of bug reports around ID doesn't work on this magic random platform because basically that has a customized disk utils of the side of pi and various features start breaking and because this is kind of like hard to maintain I Start doing the rewrite and this is my proposal Basically the idea is that it's gonna still be offered as a third package So this is what I'm gonna differentiate from VM. It's gonna also have all Python implementations welcomed It this means including Python 2 and 3 like pi pi is even to the see Python gonna be deprecated next year Pi pi gonna be supported to version gonna support it for foreseeable future So we still need to be able to create virtual environments for that interpreter So we're still gonna support that we also gonna have a two years grace period meaning that well I put here two years, but maybe I'm gonna make a year and a half the idea is that we're gonna maintain our virtual amp to be compatible with a Python that has drop support for its Implementation a bit earlier and the reason we want to do this is that you're most likely unless you live in a perfect world You're not be able to migrate to the latest fanciest Python immediately And we want to make your life a bit easier You still can use virtual amp to actually create VMs for your favorite deprecated Python So it's also gonna be able to select target pythons It can even do fancy things such as for example request a given subversion or request to give an architecture on Windows Again, this is kind of like maybe not as Interesting for the end user, but it's something that tools definitely want and it's very handy and One thing in order to minimize the bug request We actually gonna what they're gonna do is physically gonna ash If possible, we're gonna delegate the work to the VM in the spirit of why work if others can't work for you But we really just gonna make add a few optimizations on top of it And we're gonna have like a broad shell activation support This is something that differentiates for us for example also from the VM that we actually support a lot of other shells Then whatever the standard library does for example We support the Sunnish Python shell interpreter and also we're able to move much faster For example when power shallow all of a sudden become available on the POSIX operating system, too We immediately added that now we generate that generate that activation script that platform, too Okay, and we're gonna keep doing that and we go ahead and Make sure that it features work similarly And we have a three-layered configuration system Which basically gonna allow you to have some global settings customize how workshops are created on your hard drive And the kind of things that you can this can be useful is for example Whenever peep releases a new version and for some reason is broke broke You can set it at operating system level that I actually want to use an older peep and create all my virtual Environment with an older peep not a lift but still the less known working version or something like that Okay, and we might also have a plug-in system for extension This is mostly something use that people are able to create their virtual environment Implementations for the pythons without necessarily having to get the poor request to us. You can basically load And add test it on your own and then if it's stable we can upstream it within the virtual environment itself. Okay So yeah, that's gonna be all my talk. I think I might have a question left or so. So, yeah, thank you So, thank you very much for this rare insight There is time for one quick question and any other questions you will be around afterwards So feel free to do that after the talk. So is there any quick question? Sorry go on. Yes Thank you for that was really interesting to see the internals You said you were planning on doing a rewrite which would include kind of support to select any Python version Yes, obviously say you're doing front-end You can use like MVM at the minute to kind of practically select any node version right now What is your kind of go-to for downloading and managing Python? versions as opposed to virtual m's For Python versions, I either install it from the upstream or I install it for example using Pi MV Or I Other thing which has something I use conda which has but like this for example would allow us to even you be able to Say that you want a conda environment And if you have conda inside of the system It would be conda would actually create its own specific environment And that could be still managed by the single front-end of the virtual amp instead of having to use multiple tools virtual amp would kind of act like it's unified Interface which is very nice for tools, especially. Yeah, pretty. Thank you One one last. Thank you and welcome for this talk and then that's it. Thank you guys


Yes, great. Dear Land O'Leth Better, Land Journal Constitution, could you discuss, you know, coming to the Falcons and how you think you could fit in and help them out on defense? Yeah, first of all, I want to thank God for giving me this opportunity, you know, to be in this position. I just want to thank the Atlanta Falcons for giving me a chance. Great blessing. And, you know, I think I'm just going to put my head down at work. You know, I'm not really worried about that right now, as we speak. But, you know, right now I'm focused on just going out there and doing my job and doing the best I can and going and putting my head down and just continuing to work. Yeah, I know Kyle Hamilton's up there.  I have not. I have not. But, yeah, he's a home. He's from Atlanta, so that would be cool if he was able to go down there. Okay, well, thank you very much. Yep. Jeff Schultz? Yeah, I was wondering, you're coming to a team that obviously is going through a lot of changes, particularly on the defensive side of the ball. And I'm wondering, do you think you can benefit from that? The fact that basically everything is pretty much wide open with the new coaching staff and a lot of potentially roster spots available? Yeah, I mean, I'm just focused on kind of what's important right now, you know. Whatever the coaches ask me to do, whatever they're got informed me to do, I'm going to do it to the best of my ability, you know. Obviously, I don't really know exactly what that is right now because I just got picked. But when the time comes and when they tell me what to do, I'll be able to do that to my best of my ability and we'll go for it from there. And the other thing, Wendy, I think I read that you didn't take football up until the eighth grade. Is that correct? Yeah, seventh grade. Seventh grade. And did you like it right away or did it take a while before you liked it? I mean, I feel like I was watching football before them, but I didn't really know what it was to play there. And then finally, I felt like, you know, once I started to play eighth grade, ninth grade, I really, I realized, like, you know, I really love the sport. I really love what it does. It gives me an opportunity to just release from everything that's going on in the outside world and just play the sport. So I think once once I once I grew into it a little bit, you know, gave me a year, year and a half. I really, really started to love the sport. Thank you. Michael Roigstein. Hi, how are you? How much did you did you learn from guys like Julian Okora, guys that you were playing with and that behind at least for a little bit of Notre Dame? Like, how much did you take from them? Because it seems like Notre Dame's really had this kind of run of edge rushers and defensive linemen over the last five, six years. Yeah, I learned a lot from them. I learned a lot from Julian, Khalid, Isaac, you know, all those guys who were in front of me, I learned a lot from them. And that was, you know, at my stage in the program when I first got recruited, I was, you know, very, very small. I wasn't playing right away. So I had to look at the people in front of me and see what they were doing well and see the things that I could learn from them and do do that. And I think that's what the culture is. I know our name and the defensive line. You know, you see a lot of the older guys really taking lead and leading by example and the younger guys following right after. Appreciate it. Thank you. Charles Odom. Congratulations. Can you talk about your progression through your career at Notre Dame and what was the key for you to reach the point where you not only, you know, had your most, your best production with the seven sacks, but also being named team captain? Yeah, I think, you know, for my journey, it was a little different. You know, I had to develop and get stronger in the weight room. And, you know, I took pride in that. I took pride in going in the weight room. I took pride in going and getting to have to work, you know, to work on my craft because I knew, you know, when my opportunity was called, I couldn't mess that up. So, you know, for me, it was just working on my development, getting stronger, getting bigger, getting faster, continue to work on my craft. And when the opportunity was called on my senior year, my fifth year to start and really be a leader in this team, you know, I try to take full advantage of that. Kelsey Conway. Hey, I'm just going to follow up on the question you just kind of talked about how you kind of grew into your role. I think I read that you gained 50 pounds from the first day that you enrolled at Notre Dame. Is that correct? And if so, how did how did you gain all that weight? Yeah, I gained around like 40, 40 pounds. And, you know, I think it was pretty bad way at first. You know, I kind of was eating whatever I could put my hands on because obviously I was a little light. So Taco Bell, Mickey D's, Wendy's, the typical. But, you know, I think I learned about, you know, what it meant to really put the right food in my system and also get, you know, build on muscle. And we had a great, great staff at Notre Dame and also nutrition staff with Coach Bayless. You know, he was there always pushing you to be the best that you could possibly be. And, you know, I just let him just take care of the rest. And for me, it was just put my head down to work every day. And I think I read that you enrolled at Notre Dame when you were 17 years old. Is that correct? And why did you what made you enroll so early? I kind of just put into school real early. So I just thank my mom for that, my dad. But yeah, I was kind of enrolled at a young age.  But I think I did all right. Thanks. Yeah.


Aaron, what did you think of Kluber this afternoon? I thought Corey threw the ball well. You know, had a pretty easy first couple innings there, you know, and then had to extend himself a little bit, had that little stretch there where he lost the zone a little bit. You know, but he just the movement on his pitches, the ability to move in and out. I thought was really good.  So unless he was real efficient or if he got in any trouble there, I was I was going to go. But I thought overall was another good step for him. You opted to use Chad Green for a four out save. Was that always the plan to use him? Or is it just what the situation dictated and kind of what you got yourself into there? Yeah, it's just situational. You know, obviously, LeWisiga comes in and gives us two really good innings. It was good to get Lucas in there. I thought he threw the ball well. You know, they kind of dorked one in there. And then, you know, he bounced a couple to really give them the run there.  So it was just kind of going to be where we were in the lineup. And that's how I was going to go with it. Jay Bruce got his first hit as a Yankee, added two insurance runs in that sixth inning. What have you thought of him not only at the plate, but also at first base? The play at first was really good. A really tough play. I think tougher than it even looked. I mean, obviously, he lays out for it. But a ball that's hit soft like that, it's kind of hard to stick. And he's able to stick. And I like when he got up, the wherewithal to know I got to get to the bag in a position. If I can't beat him there to be ready to flip the ball. So I thought it was a pretty good instinctual play.  That's their lefty, lefty special. You know, he's able to throw one out there. So glad he was able to get that big one out of the way. Go next to Bruce Beck. Bruce, go ahead. Aaron, what is it like to get the first win? It seems as though the sky was falling out on Thursday with all the fans. You know, it was just one ball game. But just to get the first victory of the year, you know, how special is that? Great.  And today was a really good hard fought team victory where a lot of guys had played a part in it, which is nice. Marley Rivera, please unmute. Hi, Aaron. Aaron Hicks with two back-to-back, three strikeout games which he had never done before. What are you seeing from him at the plate? Well, I think they've pitched him tough. You know, they've, I feel like they've executed well against him. You know, he's had a couple of pride pitches within those at bats to do something with that he hasn't. So really liked his last at bat where he fell behind again in the count. But, you know, does what he does and kind of works his way back in and ends up, you know, getting the lead off walk there or after one was out, I think. So nothing I'm too concerned about. Go next to Justin Shackle. Go ahead. Hey, Aaron, what has stood out to you about the way Gary Sanchez has looked at the plate these first two games? On time. I feel like he's, you know, just feel like he's on his backside and getting behind the ball and getting off his A-swing and he's on time with it. And I feel like he's walking up there to be aggressive. And, you know, usually when that's the case and you're on time, that's when you're able to, you know, end up working a walk or working the count a little bit when you are going up there early in the count on the hunt. I feel like he's done a really good job of that, but more than anything, mechanically, I just feel like he's on his backside, behind the ball and getting off some good swings. Is it more impressive and telling you anything further since it's coming off some off-speed pitches? Does that tell you anything about its comfort level? I don't know. I mean, I feel like he's winning pitches up there, which is good to see.  They're just into the shift there, but it's a good at bat, you know, and I feel like really, by and large, these first two days, it's been a lot of quality at bats, giving himself a real good chance. And when he does that, obviously he's as dangerous as they come. Brian, I hope you have the next question. Aaron, you've talked about LeWisega being a weapon out of the bullpen for you. Is that about as sharp as you've seen him? We've seen that at times really every year. And last year, I feel like before he got sick, he was throwing the ball really well. So I'm excited about where he's at. You know, he threw the ball really well in spring.  So I'm excited about the way he's throwing the ball and the, you know, the many things he brings to the table, you know, whether it's a big high-lever ginning, you know, whether it was today where he's able to go out there and give us two innings, you know, the ability to get both handed out like where he's at. And we need him to be, we need him to continue to be strong for us.


How you doing? How you doing? It rained last night lightning thunder woke me up just at like 3 a.m. So I'm up. I'm editing. I'm working 3 a.m. Let's do this About 11 and a half hours later we turn the camera on Mailman just came mail me box was not for me for true love this bad this bag is all right Thank You Amazon So Amazon recently opened up a huge fulfillment center in Denver Where you can get stuff within like two hours not two days two hours if you're a crime member We're not but I feel like that's a little unnecessary So anyway Let's see what we got here. I think I know what it is These came pretty quick though two days Oh Gloves but not just any gloves gloves that you can use All right, wait for it. It's like a glove.  Oh I like I like oh All right, I'm done with work for the day 12 hours went by like that and Time to go outside and get some stuff done recent windstorm bluer umbrella over tore the Nylon what are the cover basically and so I just tried to sew it fix it. Yeah, we'll see if it holds We'll see if it holds put it in place Supposed to be painting the house right now But it's raining so I'm gonna go for a run can't paint in the rain Well, actually you can because I've already done it But don't want to risk it now that we're putting the real paint on and not just the primer.  So Here I am with my ribeye and my Tabasco sauce. I don't really know what to do Guess we'll just converse over dinner Mmm. I must say this is tasty Gotta think of a question of the day for you all. I hope you're doing well I'm just catching up slowly, but surely And I'm actually really curious how much this backpack weighs with water nutrition and a light jacket Nine pounds. That's actually quite a bit nine pounds But you got a you got to carry water you got to carry nutrition Who knew who knew all right one last thing today. I know I've been doing a lot of talking but YouTube Here we are on YouTube now Give me a little slack here, but I may be a little behind on the times basically There's a new feature that I just noticed Did you guys know this did you know this if you see my mouse right there? See how it's big and if I hover it over a thumbnail It starts playing it gives you like a two and a half second preview of that particular video so if I go over to Subscriptions and let's say. Oh, there's kofu zee boom hover Boom, it's like a two and a half second Preview of that video. Am I is so did I just miss the boat or something with YouTube in this new feature? How you can hover and it starts playing a little preview. I mean that's amazing and Yes, that leads to the question of the day if you could think of With your brain your brain one idea just one idea that you would like YouTube to integrate into this beautiful Global platform. What would it be? Well, what is your one idea? Think about it. Like what would make it easier to use better to use more interesting to use Anything could be mobile desktop. I did not know I Did not know about this so this is exciting for me because I love YouTube and I love how it is always innovating and coming up with new things so seek beauty Work hard be innovative innovate Make the world a better place


This study investigated the effects of visual haptic sensory conflict on user experience when combining immersive virtual reality, VR, with assisting robotic devices. Results showed that the robot's visibility had no effect on user motivation, presence, or embodiment, but did have a negative impact on user experience by reducing their sense of embodiment and presence. Additionally, robotic assistants negatively affected user experience by decreasing their sense of embodiment and presence. These findings suggest that robotic assistants may be beneficial for some tasks, but should be used cautiously due to its potential to reduce user experience. This article was authored by Nicholas Wank, Mirjam V. Geordi, Karen A. Butler, and others.


To team keep it clean team keep it clean What's going on is engraving here with another video and in this video Miami Dolphins Miami Dolphins made some quarterback noise Miami Dolphins. They signed Ryan Fitzpatrick After failing to get telly Teddy Bridgewater. He declined. He said no, I'm good. I'm standing New Orleans I'm straight even with Teddy Bridgewater being from down here Miami. He's from down here He could have been playing at home with the chance to start in front of his all his home fans You know people would have showed off at Teddy Bridgewater, but he turned it down. He turned it down so He went back to New Orleans and after getting rid of Ryan Tannaheel and actually paying Excuse me the Titans to take Tannaheel from them and they paid for some of Tannaheel's salary too Dolphins just They own a whole different wavelength like like Charlemagne always says on a breakfast club and it's true He said the craziest people Come from Where you saying New York because he ain't just say New York. He said a certain part of New York. I Forgot which I think he said Bronx. I think he said the crazy people come from Bronx and all of Florida and and yes That's true and with this the dolphins they Signed Ryan Fitzpatrick to a two-year deal now Fitzpatrick as we know he played for the bills He played for the Jets he played for the Bucks he played for the Who else did he play for? He played did he play for the Rams too a little I only remember but Fitzpatrick has been around He's been around for a little minute now and Fitzpatrick keeps on doing the same thing over and over and over, but I'm not mad at him at all I'm not mad at him at all. I love what he's doing. What Fitzpatrick does And tell me if I'm wrong Fitzpatrick. He sets himself up nice Really nice Because what Fitzpatrick does and he does it Why this dude is a genius man. He's genius. I love him. He's a genius He sets himself up so nice because what he does every team he goes to and again Tell me if I'm wrong because I know some of y'all be ready You're wrong and that's why you're wrong Y'all be so ready to say that and that's fine Teach his own but anyway Fitzpatrick he sets himself up nicely because whatever team he goes to Whether it's the bills whether it's the Bucks whether it's whoever the Jets He'll put together a string of nice games early in the season he'll put together a string of nice games early in the season or consecutively whenever at some point during the seat usually it's early on in the season when he does it and He'll do that and they'll be like oh Fitz magic is back They'll be like Fitz magic is back. Yeah, let's get it man. We go in we make it noise baby for whatever team it's on Well bucks we make it noise baby Jets. We make it noise baby bills. We make it noise, baby whoever and then That Fitz magic it ends up Going right away. It ends up cooling right off Every time and every time tell me if I'm lying because I know I'm not every time This dude will start off hot. He'll be looking like okay Fitzpatrick We see him and then some of us when we doing our weekly football picks He'll have us buying to it sometimes. He'll have us buying to it But eventually we know those of us who have been watching we know that it's gonna cool off So with that being said that allows these teams to keep on signing them And I'm not against anybody shout out to my guy Skepta go Shout out to my guy Skepta go because he made he mentioned something about the AAF that has something to do with Fitzpatrick right now And he said he loves the AAF because it's an opportunity for a lot of people who wouldn't have to have jobs And I said, you know what I love that and he talked about how he finds a positive in everything So that's a beautiful thing and now with Ryan's fit with Ryan Fitzpatrick I'm not against him being signed or whatnot But he keeps putting himself in great positions to allow himself to have a job Because these teams they see him and they like ooh well Fitzpatrick. He he still got it.  No Y'all don't see what he did. Y'all don't see what Ryan Fitzpatrick did I think it's slipping right over a lot of y'all's heads I know it is and maybe I can see it a little more because I'm here, but what Ryan Fitzpatrick did He was up there in Tampa this last season and he was like, yeah, this is Tampa Tampa Bay is cool This is Florida, but this isn't this is not the best part of Florida. I Need to get a little closer to the best part of Florida So what he did he was like, I'm gonna put on for the for the bucks But then when James Winston suspension is done, I'm gonna start falling off a little bit I'm gonna let him get a shot. Let him do his thing So he did that and then and he and he knew his time in in Tampa Bay was gonna be over So he did that and guess what he knew another team He had been here in the rumors Ryan Fitzpatrick be will he be watching the videos and stuff He be he be on his on Twitter looking at the updates and stuff. He knew Tana. He was gonna be out So he was like hold up dolphins are a franchise. They just they just can't seem to really get it, right? And so what I'm gonna let me take advantage So he did everything he could To show that he still had it But at the same time he didn't show he had enough so you want to make sure his relationship with Tampa Bay would be over So he could come down here to Miami and guess what it worked. My goodness, Ryan Fitzpatrick is a genius He's a genius That guy is a genius So shout out to him, man.  He's gonna chill after that Then he's gonna get back to the Fitzpatrick that we know that Fitz magic is gonna go away But anyway, um with the Miami Dolphins Tana Hill Obviously he didn't end up being that guy like a lot of people had hoped I know a lot of people were looking at the thumbnail in this video like we're shot Jones What is Rashad Jones have to do with this? Well, trust me in practice Rashad Jones After about week four week five Rashad Jones is gonna start catching a lot of picks and practice and this confidence is gonna skyrocket So just watch watch watch where Rashad Jones He might start this season off a little bit slow a little bit slow, but watch after week five six He's gonna start doing wonderful things watch his confidence is gonna go through the roof because that's around Ryan Fitzpatrick slow Down time that's around his slowing down time. So that's around the time when he starts falling off Well, he starts looking like he doesn't have it anymore Geez this guy man. He needs to teach like business classes something. He needs to wow Fitzpatrick is a genius him his agent They they are wonderful at what they do but anyway with the dolphins Does this move? essentially Take them out of draft in the quarterback this year. It's a possibility It's not nothing set in stone, of course, but It could it could even even using Ryan Fitzpatrick as sort of a mentor to the quarterback because if they get mentored Well, if they do draft the quarterback this year That quarterback could get mentored by Ryan Fitzpatrick and he could teach them all about the business Hey, he could be like look look rookie you brand new in this thing But let me show you exactly how to keep yourself relevant because how long has Ryan Fitzpatrick been around a long time, man It's been a long time and this dude stays Relevant he stays with a job. He stays with a job, man every year Every year it's always all these cubies dropping like flies going out getting cut traded drafted all that stuff but through it all Ryan Fitzpatrick always has a job. His name is always on somebody's team every single year every single year Never fails So he could teach these rooks a lot about the game, man He could teach them a lot, but no, but seriously he could um For if they do get a quarter if they do end up drafting the quarterback He could sort of help with the transition because some teams They like if they draft the rookie quarterback, they say hey, you're up Then other teams think if they draft the rookie quarterback, they could be like, you know what? Let's pump the brakes take it easy. Let's take it slow Slow your roll take your time. We're gonna ease you in there. We don't want to just throw you in there We're gonna ease you in there So it all just depends on it's not just all about the quarterbacks, but it's also about the situation around them Because that makes a huge difference as well.  He gets thrown in there same scenario. They didn't do anything Sam Donald for years the Jets haven't been doing anything. He gets thrown in there. Boom same scenario With the Ravens, they they've been borderline. They've been borderline. They keep missing a playoffs by one game every year Every year they miss it by like one game Lamar gets thrown in there. Boom. They get back in the playoffs But the surrounding cast was a lot better on the Ravens than dinner bills dinner Jets than a Cardinals so obviously like yeah, and I mean it's as simple as that so It all just depends on the team man. It all depends on the team how they have the team is built and it depends on their surrounding cast So we'll see how the Dolphins put together this surrounding cast for Ryan Fitzpatrick and if they do do decide to draft the rookie too We'll see how this thing plays out, but shout out to Fitzpatrick shout out to one of the smartest men in the NFL And just like him in Tampa Bay and in New York and in Buffalo. Well Buffalo is New York. Either way. I'm out


Mailman finds little girl who sent her father a letter addressed to heaven. A mailman who discovered a letter from a little girl addressed to her father in heaven chose to find the family and arrange for a special gift for the young child. The big-hearted mailman, known as Simon, came across the letter while gathering the mail from a postbox in Leicester, England and saw that it was addressed to their dad in heaven, cloud 9 on June 21. Worried that the letter would be lost without a proper address on it, Simon wanted to find the family and arrange a special surprise for the girl. With permission from his manager, he went online to see if he could locate the family. Posting an appeal on Facebook he wrote, I'm a postman in the Bronze Stone area, earlier today I emptied the red pillar box, and there was a letter in a child's handwriting addressed to their dad in heaven, cloud 9. I'm trying to find the parents of the child as I would like to reach out to them and with their permission sort out a little something for the child. I myself lost my dad last year and as an adult found it hard so I can only imagine what this child is going through. Please, if anyone has any details then it would be hugely appreciated. Simon found that the letter had been written by an 8-year-old girl named Sienna. Mom Sarah Tully said she couldn't believe the response the post received, I never thought this would happen. I'm in shock, she told the BBC. Sarah said they had lost her daughter's dad, Tony, when Sienna was just four months old, and she is only just starting to understand. Simon said it took just 15 minutes to contact the family and arrange for the unopened letter to be returned. Obviously without a stamp or an actual address on it, if it got put in with the rest of the stuff to be delivered it would just end up getting thrown away in transit somewhere. I spoke to my manager and asked if I could try to get hold of the family to find out more about it and get it back to them. Sarah said she was grateful to Simon for returning the letter but added she wouldn't open it but keep it in a special box for when Sienna gets older. Sienna just came into the room that evening and asked, where does daddy live, so she could write the address to a letter she had written, she added as per Lester Sheer live. I have no idea what is in it, I always say that's between her and her dad. I told her it was too late to post it at first but she started crying, so I said come on then, and we walked to the post box down the street. In an update on Facebook Sarah posted a picture of the gift her daughter had received from the big-hearted mailman writing, the gift Simon the postman brought my daughter, this has been a very touching time for us, it's been overwhelming thank you to you all X. Advertisement. Help us celebrate this beautiful gesture from Simon by sharing this amazing story with others.


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Now our forebears in all these different tribes understood that there was another element in spiritual transformation And I say our forebears because modern folk have gone real sort of brain dead on this one and begun to act this out unconsciously and that is sacrifice Sacrifice is always a part Of authentic spiritual transformation now, what was it that our ancestors knew and I don't mean Just the Degara Although they knew it If you've studied with Martin, you know that the Mayans knew it well the Jews knew it and And the Zoroastrians knew it and so on What is it that they knew well? There is something great It wants something from me If I want The resources I need for life I'm going to have to offer it what it wants and If I offer it something worthy Maybe it will return something back to me That will enable me to live Me and my family me in my community me in my village me in my world you follow that now so that that is I just recently did a seminar on the archetype of sacrifice and In the course of studying this doing cross-cultural studies of sacrifice Those those are the elements this sacrifice element We've now learned you know It can be either conscious or unconscious so in other words Here's the situation You will sacrifice period. I may know I may feel deeply in my bones that that there needs to be a sacrifice and I may well decide it's you that needs to be sacrificed Human beings have had a long history of that But we're going to sacrifice you In order that the world continue to work There's always sacrifice It's whether you know you're sacrificing or not you're going to sacrifice Okay, so that's number six now if sacrifice is done consciously it is possible to enter into an ongoing communion with the great primal other in which the flow between you and It gets to be a sort of beneficent flow When that flow is established if you can get into this communion consciously Then a lot of things are possible That is to say you will not have an energy shortage and Your courage will be better and your susceptibility to despair will go way down and That is when you you you actually can it is actually possible for you to experience radiance This is when what has been called indwelling occurs This is when what has been called illumination occurs Some of you have told me that you're very serious about your own Realization of the God within you Our ancestors witnessed that it's usually accompanied by by a kind of a new kind a new level of love a new level of peace You and I could say that then you can have passion and you can have the kind of passion that you would need it to really Care about justice in the world so Those seven elements I think are the last two Conscious sacrifice conscious offering the power of conscious offering And entering into communion with the primal other the great other however your tribe Those take you to sort of the farther reaches of spiritual realization and But there are all of these elements are present if you you study any any Tradition of spirituality and you look closely These elements are present Well, this is a story in the New Testament and and it's about the feeding of the five thousand and And all these folks he's hungry tired folks that have been following Jesus It's getting toward nightfall and they're they're really tired and they're hungry and there's not anything for them You all know this story in the most of you do and when they kind of Asked well, what do we got? Well, we got five loaves and two fishes and so Jesus asked that they be brought to him and he took them and He blessed them these very imperfect Resources and lo and behold Suddenly there was enough to feed All of these people and after everyone dined they picked up all these baskets of things left over and That's about offering. That's about what happens when you bring an imperfect fragmentary offering authentically To the great one That is, you know, I'm not Roman Catholic, but that's acted out every time the mass is celebrated That's why Jung was so fascinated by the transformation symbolism in the mass and That's why Jung believed that if you look deeply into the heart of alchemy, you will see a inner sacrifice That is modeled on the mass In the heart of alchemy so in any case Offering and it's not that that's true in Christianity But it's not just true in Christianity it is that Bringing see some traditions thought you had to bring the perfect offering, but you know That's a little grandiose You have to bring authentically your fragmented offering But if you bring it authentically The great one can Multiply and give it back to you in a form you can receive and use to fuel your life


We're going to be looking at the forces acting on an object in equilibrium. And the object is going to be this garbage gobbler truck on this inclined plane. The plane is inclined at an angle of 30 degrees with the horizontal. There's also a bumper back here which keeps the truck from falling backwards. Now these strings and these pulleys we're going to find out later what they're for, but for now we're just going to ignore those. Let's take a close look at the forces that are acting on the truck in this situation. First we know that because it's in equilibrium that the force is acting on it at up to zero. There are three forces. Those forces are the weight of the truck downward pointing to the center of the earth. The bumper exerts a force parallel to the plane pointed like this. And the plane exerts a force perpendicular to the plane like this. That's a normal force. Those three forces at up to zero. Now let's take a closer look at those forces and how they depend upon the angle of the plane. And for that I'm going to use this setup because it's a little bit smaller and I can move it around. So here's the bumper and here's the plane and here's the car instead of the truck. In this situation where the plane is horizontal we don't need the bumper force to keep the car there. I can put the car anywhere that I want to and it will stay. So we just have two forces. The normal force of the plane up, the weight forced down. Those two forces are equal and opposite. Now I'm going to tilt the plane up more and more and more to get up to a vertical angle for the plane or a 90 degree angle. And you can see when I approach 90 that that plane is not exerting any force on the car anymore. All the force is being exerted by the bumper. There's a bumper force up and then the weight force down. And so now those two forces are equal and opposite to each other. Well for any angle in between there will be both a bumper force and a plane force, a normal force from the plane. But those two forces will depend upon the angle. So we're going to see in the segment that follows exactly how those forces depend upon the angle of the plane. We'll begin like always by representing the object, the truck, by point. There are three forces acting on the truck. The weight of the truck which acts vertically downward. That's MG. The normal force which acts perpendicular to the plane and away from it. That's N. And the force of the bumper which acts parallel to the plane and upward along the plane. We'll call that F. We need to set up X and Y axes. It's convenient for that purpose to set up an X axis parallel to the plane. We'll have plus X pointed upward along the plane. And a Y axis perpendicular to the plane will have the plus Y axis pointed upward away from the plane. Now we need to look at the components of the weight force along the X and Y axes. Those will be along the Y axis, this component, along the X axis, this component. To determine what those components are we need to know this angle. And in order to obtain that angle we can relate it to the angle that the plane makes with the horizontal. Call that theta. In order to make the relationship I'm going to extend a couple of lines. I'll extend the Y axis until it crosses the ground. I'll extend the weight force until it does the same thing. Now let's look at a couple of angles. The two angles are the angle of the plane with the horizontal and the angle of the weight force with the Y axis. Notice that both sides of those two angles are perpendicular to each other. The weight force is perpendicular to the ground and the Y axis is perpendicular to the plane. There's a theorem from Geometry that states if two angles have their corresponding sides perpendicular those angles are either equal or supplementary. In this case we can see that they are equal. So that means that the angle we're interested in is the same as the angle theta. Knowing that we can then write that the component of the weight force along the Y axis is the side adjacent to our angle theta and therefore it is mg cosine theta. And the component of mg down the plane is the side opposite the angle theta and that is mg sine theta. Now both of those components are in the negative direction. mg cosine theta is in the negative Y direction so I'll put a minus sign in front of it. mg sine theta is in the negative X direction so I'll put a negative in front of it. Now we're ready to write the net force equations. The net force along the X axis is composed of two forces F which is positive and minus mg sine theta. And the net force along the Y axis also composed of two forces and those are N which is a positive force and mg cosine theta which is negative. So that gives us two net force equations that we can use to complete the analysis of this situation. Now that you've seen the equations for the forces we're going to take some measurements so that you can do some calculations. In order to do that I'm going to replace the normal force of the plane and the bumper force with two other forces. We're going to replace the force of the bumper with the tension force exerted by this string and I'll do that by putting the string over the pulley here and hanging a weight on the end of the string. I'm not going to do that now. I just wanted you to see it and notice that the string is pretty nearly parallel to the plane and I do that because the bumper force is also acting parallel to the plane. Now in order to replace the normal force that force is perpendicular to the plane this string will replace the normal force of the plane and notice that it's perpendicular to the plane just like the normal force would be and I'll drape it over a pulley and I'll put a weight on this side. Now if we knew the mass of the truck then we could calculate what those two weights on the side had to be hanging over the pulleys in order to replace the normal force of the plane and the bumper force. Now I know what the mass is and so I already know what those weights are. I'm going to have you work backwards though. I'm going to put the weights on there. I'm going to tell you what they are and then your job will be to use the equations for the forces to calculate what the mass of the truck is. So I'm going to put those on right now. This particular mass is a total of .270 kilograms. Now that's a mass and we're interested in a weight because that's a force and that is what provides us the tension force in the string here. So you'll need to convert that mass into a weight using the acceleration due to gravity. On this side there's a total mass of .465 kilograms and when I hang that on there notice that the truck moves ever so slightly. You can see that the planes are not needed anymore to support it. I'm going to pull them away and also the bumper is not needed either and so the truck hangs there in the same orientation as if it were on the plane but we've simply replaced the bumper force with the tension force of this string and the normal force of the plane with the tension force of this string. Your job now is to take the two measurements that I've given you and the equations that you have and calculate the mass of the truck and then you'll come back and take another look at the video and we'll measure the mass on a balance and compare to what you came up with.


Hi there! In this video let's talk about food, our most basic need. Access to food is a human right, so we all have the right to feed ourselves with dignity. But the food system is quite complicated, goes through multiple stages before reaching us. Have you ever wondered who is responsible for the food we eat, and how we are able to access healthy, sustainable and affordable food? To understand how food policy works in Europe, you need to know about the common agricultural policy, the CAP. The CAP has been an important implementation and has been funded by the EU budget since its launch in 1962. The policy is centred on three key actions. First, direct income support. Farmers receive direct payments to guarantee their income stability, as well as for actions usually renumerated by the markets, like taking care of the countryside. Secondly, market measures. These complement the direct income support for farmers and include market intervention, a provision of sector-specific support, rules on the marketing of agricultural products such as labelling and standards, and the managing of tariff quotas for international trade. And thirdly, rural development measures. Each member state receives a financial allocation to implement at least one national programme. Each EU country and region can decide which measures are best, based on their regional needs, under the condition that the chosen programme falls in line with EU standards. Ever since its creation, the objective of the CAP has been to maximise production, and this aim has not since been re-evaluated. This logic of maximising agricultural production and inevitable oversaturation of the market has led to an unfair distribution of funding combined with unsustainable practices. Here's how. First, the CAP subsidies are hectare-based payments, which are not dependent on the meeting of criteria such as ecologically friendly, sustainable and healthy production, or standards for workers' rights and animal welfare. Large farming operations and non-farming landowners have benefited from these sorts of subsidies, while small farmers are unable to compete. Small farmers can no longer make a decent living and have to end their commerce. This has led to a loss of jobs and a decline in economic activities in rural areas, and as a result, fewer people are living in the countryside. Meanwhile, industrialised farms take centre stage, bringing little economic value to local communities, and only employing small numbers of people. There is also a huge downside to productivity without sustainability. Farmers with less land have to produce more to make a profit. To save money, they resort to importing genetically modified soy or pesticide-treated monocultures from the United States, a pattern that contributes to the land grabbing and destruction of forests and savannas of South America. In order to cut costs and to comply with EU rules, farmers are forced to buy seeds from a handful of powerful agrochemical corporations. Consequently, about 75% of plant genetic diversity has been lost in the past 100 years. Many farmers use chemical fertilisers and pesticides to ensure profitable harvests from these homogenous seeds, which leads to a loss of food diversity and a reduction in water quality and soil fertility. Chasing productivity also means that surplus products that cannot be sold on the EU market are instead mainly exported to so-called developing countries. Through high subsidies, large industrial agroenterprises can then sell their goods within these countries at way below the market value. These practices destroy local farming and often ruin entire livelihoods for local people. Now that you know the theory behind the common agricultural policy, you can see that it needs quite a few improvements. So what would a better common agricultural policy look like? First, EU funds should be redistributed fairly, and they should reward sustainable land use that is conducive to the public good. This will support smaller, more sustainable farms which provide quality jobs and have environmentally friendly outputs, which will then lead to creation of local, decentralized food systems, especially in rural areas. A better common agricultural policy will also ensure that the social and labour rights of farmers and farm workers throughout the food chain are respected. Price dumping at the farm level, as well as unfair trading practices, should be stopped. And finally, public funds should ensure that farmers can make a living throughout the transition to sustainable practices. In a nutshell, we need a policy that is coherent with the EU's environmental, climate and development policies. And one that produces healthy food for all and helps rural communities to thrive. Unfortunately, it's not quite that simple, as these reforms are being opposed by extremely powerful stakeholders. Large-scale factory farmers, chemical and export industries, retailers, discounters and supermarkets are all advocating for maintaining the status quo in order to protect their profits. So hey, it's up to us to hold our policymakers accountable and demand change.


Hello, my name is Diego Cavallero and I'm a graduate student in the physics department at Yale University. I work with Cory O'Hern and Lynn Regan using computational tools to study protein conformations. Today, I'm going to be talking about our recently featured article in Protein Science, Intrinsic Alpha Helical and Beta Sheet Confirmation Preferences, a computational case study of Allen. We currently do not have an understanding of what the intrinsic conformational preferences for proteins are. This is important because we want to achieve a predictive understanding of protein conformations in order to develop software that can accurately describe the shapes that proteins take. Sterics and stereochemical constraints are the foundation of any molecular interaction. Any molecular dynamics force field that wants to accurately recapitulate protein structures has to take them into account correctly. To capture the role that sterics play, we have built a molecular dynamics force field where non-bonded atoms are treated as repulsive spheres. We use this force field to study our model system, the alanine dipeptide. Alanine is one of the simplest amino acids, making it ideally suited to study peptide intrinsic backbone conformations. The backbone of the alanine dipeptide is described by two rotational angles, the phi and psi dihedral angles. The position in phi-size space that an amino acid takes is what we call its backbone conformation. Generally speaking, there are two major regions in phi-size space that a dipeptide can explore, the so-called alpha helix and beta sheet regions. We discover that our force field is well suited to study transitions between different backbone conformations. For example, the alanine can transition between beta sheets and alpha helices. In this animation, we can see a beta sheet to alpha helix transition for a sample alanine dipeptide. On the right-hand side, the red cross shows its initial position in the beta sheet region. On the left, we have the space field model of the dipeptide, as it moves from one state to another. The black dots show the time evolution of the system in phi-size space. Running these kind of simulations until thermal equilibration is reached allows us to predict the relative abundances of the different backbone conformations. Furthermore, the force field is very well suited to study the mechanism through which beta sheets to alpha helix transitions occur. You can explain this using this model. If you imagine that this is the dipeptide where the phi-size rotations are analogous to these kind of rotations, one can see that in general, if this were a space-filling model, the system is quite packed together. For a phi-size rotation to not be impeded, one has to relieve the clashes that would prevent the transition from occurring. This relief occurs via the opening of what's called the tau angle, which is the backbone angle here described with the green bonds. If the tau is small, the phi-size rotations are impaired. However, if the tau is large, such as in this exaggerated example, phi-size rotations are much easier. Our force field recapitulates this kind of effect, meaning that whenever the tau angle opens up, you're essentially allowing phi inside to transition between the different conformations. However, when the tau angle is closed, these transitions are not allowed. Our predicted beta sheet to alpha helix relative abundances, as well as the tau mechanism that describes transitions between these two backbone conformations, can be seen in crystal structures as well as in experiments that report dipeptide conformations. We believe our results demonstrate the power of Hartzphere models to reveal fundamental features of protein structure.