You can follow along with this presentation using printed slides from the Nanohub. Visit www.nanohub.org and download the PDF file containing the slides for this presentation. Print them out and turn each page when you hear the following sound. Enjoy the show. Okay, so let's get started. Today it will be lecture 10 of 6.06 and today I am going to talk about potential electric field and charges, EK diagram, a set of information that we will need often over the next few classes or throughout the rest of the semester. So the first thing is as I mentioned potential field and charge, how they are related to each other, how to calculate them and so on and so forth. EK diagram is the solution of the Schrodinger equation, right? That is that for every value of k between pi over a to minus pi over a, the Brilloian zone, we have come to learn or understand that there are a set of states in which electrons can sit. That's the EK diagram for a bulk material. If I take this table, there is a EK diagram for the table, right? There is everything that you have. In principle, all electronic materials, there will be an EK diagram for it, but band diagram and EK diagram is not the same thing. Band diagram is a position resolved information within the bulk. So one end of the table will might have a different band diagram compared to the other end of the table. Then we'll talk about the basic concepts of donors and acceptors, why we need them and finally conclude. Consider that I have a semiconductor and what you see on the top side, on the top fixture, the potential moving up and down in this rectangular type potential going up and down. And this reflects, if you remember, these are Coulomb potentials associated with the nucleus of the atoms. And so an electron shown here in red that moves through this crystal field of potential repeatedly being pulled in and out. Now, when we discussed all this, we did not discuss about its potential energy. We just assumed that it is sitting grounded with zero potential and we wanted to look at its energy with respect to that potential. But in principle, of course, you can take that same semiconductor and put an external electric field or external potential and pull the entire energy up and down. This is just like having a person being in the first floor. And then you take an elevator and put the person in the 10th floor. Now everything about the person has remained the same except by this external potential that you have moved its overall energy up. So, there is a distinction between external potential shown here in a battery so that you are pulling the whole thing up versus the internal potential which is coming from the Coulomb interaction from them. Now, from this you remember that what we have done that we have gotten rid of the internal crystal potential by this ek diagram because the ek diagram essentially contains the information about how the spacing of the atoms, the potential depth of the atoms, the ek diagram knows about them all. So, now if you want to look at this in the ek diagram consider an electron sitting at a certain k away from the center. So, naturally it will have with respect to the bottom of that band it has a certain amount of kinetic energy h square k h bar square k square divided by 2 m naught. That is the amount of kinetic energy it has. But in addition of course it has the potential energy this point EC. Now, this potential energy could be zero. This I could have a reference or if I put an external battery put the whole thing in a cage which has a higher potential then I can move the EC the bottom of the band arbitrarily up and down. And my total energy is therefore will be EC minus e reference and notice this sign because we are always talking about electrons where the electrons the electrons energy and so on so forth. So, we have a minus q multiplied by the potential V. Now, the e reference what is the value of e reference it does not matter because at the end of the day whatever value you choose whatever value you choose we will always be talking about the difference potential difference and therefore whatever value you choose for e reference eventually this will all disappear as a difference. So, we should not worry about that too much. Okay. So, these two things and potential energy and kinetic energy together it makes of course the total energy of the electron. Now, one thing I want to mention here that assume that a semiconductor is 1 centimeter. I have a E k diagram if it were 2 centimeter cube or 5 centimeter cube you see when I look at the E k diagram I essentially have the same E k diagram because eventually I will do it per unit volume per unit length. So, I will actually take care of that. However, one question you could ask that at what point how big does a solid have to be I mean no solid is infinite. How big does a solid have to be before it develops the E k diagram. That means that you have the periodic condition all the energy levels are essentially equally the space in bands how long does it have to be. It turns out on the order of maybe 5 to 10 atoms is enough. 5 to 10 atom as far as you are thinking about E k diagram is actually more than enough. Otherwise and I will explain that later in the course if 5 to 10 were not enough then the computer you are using would be unusable because the computer you use has a very thin layer called gate oxide which prevents carrier tunneling remember carrier tunneling through the gate. That is these days is 1 nanometer half the size of a DNA. That is how things are single strain equal to the size of a single stranded DNA and even that can prevent the leakage current essentially through it. So that means that within that 10 or 1 nanometer which is about 6 atoms or so it has developed the full band band gap that's why it's preventing currents from going. You will understand the statement a little bit later but I what I'm saying that essentially on the 10 to 15 would be more than enough to develop the E k diagram. So let me then break the solid break the solid up into the units of maybe 20 atoms let's say I break it up and that if each of the sections each of these 10 atom units are all at the same potential then I can say that I have the E k diagram for each section for each 20 atoms I have E k diagram and they are all in the same potential so I have drawn them all linearly on the same horizontal line right potential is away from the how far is it up over the reference energy so therefore they are all at the same energy because they are all in the same potential. Now if you take that same semiconductor one dimensional semiconductor but instead now you do the following that ground the left hand side left hand corner which is V equals 0 and then apply a voltage on the right hand corner which is V equals V 1 then of course you realize that if it is one side is 0 volt another side is 5 volts then in between the potential will gradually change you know 0.2 volts 0.4 volts it will gradually change to 5 volts and here I have just divided into 5 sections for simplicity of drawing so if it is 5 volts you can say that the green one that region is approximately at 1 volt the slight blue one light blue one 2 volts and so on so forth. Now what would be the corresponding E k diagram for such a system do you see that this should be the corresponding E k diagram why because each section is sitting at a slightly different potential if I assume that on the left hand side that green E k diagram is sitting at potential 0 then everywhere every other E k diagram will gradually shift down now it's not exact diagram of course but this is the idea that gradually the it will gradually go down why does it go down because I have applied a plus V and remember the energy is minus Q V so when something is that plus 5 volts that means electron energy has gone down by minus Q V so that's why I have drawn the right hand side lower than the left hand side okay so that is what the energy of potential energy is now you see the potential energy is changing as a function of position. Now the E k diagram will love of course if you have a big solid there will be lots of points like this so that's not a problem. Now let's talk about potential fields and charges let's say somebody has given you this stop diagram where the potential then this is the energy means minus Q V so therefore if you just wanted to calculate the potential V then this is how it must have gone down why is it think about it for a second the left hand corner on the very top E k diagram I'm setting that to be 0 and the energy on the right hand side of the E k diagram you know right hand the last figure blue and red the last one is at minus Q V that is how much the energy have gone down if you just wanted to know V not minus Q V then you will divide the top diagram with minus Q and if you do that you will see the whole thing will flip upward so that's the potential you can see the for there is a change between let's say 1 to 2 from 2 to 3 is approximately the same it's just a diagram and from 3 to 4 there is a jump up in the potential because I'm just dividing it up on the other side if this is my potential what is the electric field do you agree that this has to be my electric field why because electric field is a derivative of the potential with a minus sign think about the green curve for a second from 0 to the first point where it changes its slope if I take a derivative the derivative is 0 right so the electric field from that point to the first box in the magenta one that's 0 now you can see that from first point to the second point there is a change in the slope take a derivative change in the slope is the magenta line but this time do you see that it has gone below 0 why below 0 because the electric field has a minus sign minus dv dx and then you can easily understand how the rest of the thing proceeds now what is charge charges one step more that take the derivative of the electric field with respect to position and that gives you the charge so you could do the same for example in the magenta car take this derivative of the line it was 0 to begin with independent of position it stays there for derivative is 0 right now you can see the magenta car makes a rapid change at that point at the first point first transition point and so there'll be a delta function in the derivative then from let's say find from this point to this point then there is constant field derivative is 0 you get the idea that's how you calculate it now in reality what will happen people will give you the blue diagram on the bottom and we'll see that and what you will have to do is go up in the directions that they will give you the blue charge distribution then you will calculate the electric field then you will like calculate the potential that's a very good idea to learn to do it graphically you can always do a complicated integral with you know boundary condition here and there and all sorts of things but you see all you have to do from going from one diagram to another is to integrate the area under the curve for the previous one up to a given point x right if you do that you will get constructed easily learn to do it because that's for how will make your life significantly simpler okay so this is the ek this is the charge potential and electric field how you calculate each other calculate them now let me talk about this ek diagram versus band diagram how they are different it's a conceptual difference it's not really convenient and let me show you you remember from last class about carrier distribution that we have a density of state for each band of course and then we have multiply the by the probability that his state is occupied and then we get the certain number of electrons and similarly we get if you multiply with 1-f then you get a certain number of holes right this we have seen and this we have we can easily calculate so the other day for intrinsic semiconductor do you remember the value we calculated you remember this was ni with this geometric mean of nc and nv the effective density of state and e to the power the gap divided by 2 divided by kt right that's what we have half the value so that value that is how much we calculate now it's very important that you understand how small ni is and I'm going to talk about that in a few minutes ni if you put it put some numerical values in 1 ev band gap put this the number will come out for silicon on the order of 10 to the power 10 per centimeter cube right 10 to the power 10 per centimeter cube how many atoms do we have per centimeter cube approximately 10 power 22 or so so we have 10 power 22 atoms 10 power 10 number of electrons so that means I have one electron every trillion 10 to the power 12 every trillion atoms so you can see why when we did for me to rock we didn't have to think about Coulomb interaction because one electron there's a trillion of neighbors before it sees another electron from the other one right far far apart about 10,000 atoms in each side like 5,000 angstrom before it sees another electron so it's a very very dilute electron number and that's why intrinsic semiconductors are not very good conductor to begin with that few electrons what you're going to do now that information will also be useful a little bit later but let me now point out to this point that I also made this argument that most of the electrons sit within a few kt of the bottom of the band right so instead of really thinking about how they are spread out and everything why not I take those states the red one over there which is density of state multiplied by few kt that gives me the effective density of state and squish them all down to the bottom of the band and that is what the NC and NV is these are delta functions which I have integrated over a few kt multiplied by the density of state try this out the density of state take that expression multiply with kt don't do anything else you will see you are almost getting the expression for the effective density of state because that's where the area under that rate curve is or the blue curve is all right so I have this effective density of state NC and NV with one line I represent all the energy resolved information right now I have that picture you remember but I don't want to keep drawing all sorts of ek diagram and that will take forever but should I then do this I can in fact for the all the ek diagram remember only the bottom little bit of kt is being occupied for the valence band all in little bit is being occupied so I'm going to replace all those things with NC and NV at energy EC and AV throughout this region so I'm going to in fact not even do that I'm just going to draw a continuous line but remember each point on that line hides in it you're supposed to see in your mind that there's a ek diagram hanging on each point of this continuous curve because that point actually involves the information about all the quantum mechanics effective density of state all those things are actually hiding in this line why two because I'm just most of the time it's a conduction and valence band that are the two bands that I am interested in don't think that it is just two of course there are lots of bands and if I needed in sometimes there may be four bands carrying current then instead of two lines I'll have four lines following through this because the ek diagram just encapsulated in a slightly different form so from here anytime you have the top picture without the ek going like that you will exactly do the same thing and you can see in a therefore why potential is just the flip of the conduction band energy or the valence band energy and that's how the band diagram that top picture will be called a band diagram and the band diagram is related to potential with just minus q that's it and then you can do all the calculations as before now up to this point I have told you all this these are just preparatory information we'll use it over and over again you will see but for the time being let me start by talking about another additional piece of information now I just made this argument a few slides back that the intrinsic concentration of electrons in a semiconductor is very small 10 to the power 10 for silicon for 10 to the power 22 atoms one in a trillion for gallium arsenide it is 10 to the power 6 part 10 to the power 22 one in every 10 to the power 16 atoms you have one electron sitting and in a silicon dioxide like the window glass not even one electron if you made the whole earth made of silicon dioxide 10 to the power 27 is per centimeter cube is a volume of the earth if you made the whole thing about with you will not find one electron in the conduction band because the band gap is 9 ev so you can see there is no hope of finding anything you find it for a different reason but so the point is normal semiconductors most of the time will carry zero current no electrons so what is going to carry so therefore you have to dope it with additional things these are called donors and acceptors now in thinking about donors and acceptors people will be drawing a picture that is a little bit different from what you have learned from the crystal so for example this is a gallium arsenide face centered cubic do you remember face centered cubic lattice one fourth along the diagonal you have the other atom the sitting there you know all those now if you take any one of the corners and you realize that this is a tetragonal side it has it's connected to four neighbors right it's connected to four neighbors and actually you should convince yourself every atom here is connected to four neighbors now drawing three dimensional diagram is always a challenge so therefore what people do instead of drawing this in a four-dimensional diagram they press it in on a two-dimensional picture like this so for example you take the gallium gallium one which is a center magenta one you will see that it is being connected to the four neighboring blue arsenic ones right and every one is actually connected to four different neighbors so actually what they are doing because we want to simplify the pictures that we draw the top picture is a simplified equivalent of the bottom picture and here these are covalent bonds because electrons are being shared one from arsenic one one from gallium or for silicon for example and therefore you will see a pair of lines connecting the atoms the blue and the magenta atoms with a pair of lines there's sharing of the electrons for example for silicon this is a perfect sharing it's a pure covalent bond so that is a picture we'll be drawing but remember actually when we are drawing that picture we are actually drawing the three-dimensional crystal that's what we are actually doing now think about what happens when i have silicon so i have my silicon picture again you know it's not gallium arsenide so i don't draw two types of magenta and blue these are all silicon so i just draw blue here i realize that a number of intrinsic concentration minuscule so i have to do something about it what can i do i can put a throw in a bunch of phosphorus atoms in here now first thing to notice that if i put in a phosphorus atom and this is a very important statement every atom every one of them carries a certain number of protons certain number of electrons and generally they are the same proton has also the same number of electrons and same number of protons it has one extra electron but it also has one extra proton so when i sprinkle a bunch of phosphorus atoms in the whole thing is steel charged neutral do you see because i have bought in extra electron but i also bought in an extra proton so the whole thing is steel charged neutral charge is steel conserved however the one electron extra electron in proton the phosphorus that may be available for conduction for example i have shown in the bottom that extra electron in phosphorus phosphorus is other electrons that i haven't shown but the extra electron i have shown here in the in the blue red point and of course there is a corresponding extra proton sitting there also in the background of the silicon network do you see this it's a very important statement because people often get tripped on this this idea they think that phosphorus is an extra electron therefore i always have an extra charge not true because it also bought in a an extra proton along with it now this electron how do i know where would the electron sit because it's not silicon anymore there's a few extra phosphorus in where will the electron sit i can think about it this way i can think about it a phosphorus doped silicon as being pure phosphorus pure phosphorus plus i'm sorry pure silicon plus one extra proton sitting in the center and one extra electron going around it is that right because phosphorus has just one extra so i anything extra i put it in the right hand side like an hydrogen like diagram and everything that is almost like silicon i put it on the left hand side with a bunch of blue things now let me assume at this point and i'll prove that assumption in a second that this extra electron can be viewed that it is swimming in the background of silicon atoms that there are lots of silicon atoms so i take the left hand side and make it a gel because it's so big so many atoms there that essentially they can all be viewed as a background material and i'm thinking about this extra electron going around the extra proton over there for phosphorus right okay so i can calculate this energy level can i how do i do that because i already know from hydrogen levels where the level has to be this formula you have seen before in fact you have seen maybe in lecture two i pointed out when we said hydrogen levels and remember 13.6 divided by one over n squared i'm thinking about the first level so my n is one so you don't see that one divided by n square here but apart from that if you open your book it's exactly the same formula q to the power four m star and everything why is it m star because in the hydrogen case the hydrogen atom was moving in a vacuum so it was a free electron there and so therefore i put a m not there but this time however this extra electron moving in a sea of silicon atoms right and therefore it is filling the potential of the silicon atoms it's being bounced by those potentials therefore the effective mass has to be m host whatever the host material is on the other hand also on the bottom side you see i have the dielectric constant of silicon why because when the proton is attracting the electron this potential is being mediated by this the dielectric constant of the material host material right so therefore i have that that number okay there's no rocket science here very simple now if you want to express it in terms of hydrogen things hydrogen expressions that we already know so i have taken everything i have multiplied with m not and divide by m not the red m not and the black m not so it multiplied and divide and similarly you can see that i have taken the kappa for the host to the right hand side the k for the host on the right hand side so the left hand side the red red thing in red i already know do you remember that it was 13.6 in the hydrogen atom case that was 13.6 and that's why i pointed it out let's quickly calculate this number what is the typical effective mass for a for electron let's say one tenth of the free mass so that will be point one and what is the typical dielectric constant of a material silicon and others on the order of 10 also on the order of yet so so you have one over 10 squared and m host multiplied by m not is point one let's say so i have to divide 13.6 by a 1000 how much is that so it's with 13 mille electron volts you see very very small and therefore when you look at the level where the this atom sits it's a bound level so it's a little bit lower and this is about let's say 13 mille electron volts very close what is the band gap band gap is about a e v and that this electron sits about 13 mille electron volts from the band and that's why this electron is so easy to detach had it been a pure hydrogen he would need 13 volts to make the electrons go here 13 mille electron volts room temperature kt is 25 mille electron volts right so even in room temperature most of them will escape from the bound level you see now i made another approximation and let me the another approximation is that the electron moves so far out that it encamps encapsulates or encompasses a lot of silicon atoms right that's what i said that's how i made the blue almost like a continuum right is that true well again i can calculate this is again from that hydrogen atom picture you can see the effective mass and the dielectric constant has been replaced calculate the whole thing and you can convince yourself that for this material approximately the radius of the electron moving around is about 13 angstrom on the order of 13 to 15 angstrom how far away does the hydrogen atom electron a hydrogen electron go you know about a 0.5 to 1 angstrom so that's how close it is because the charge is very strongly being pulled now this is moving around about 13 angstrom around and the effective at the a for the lattice is on the order of a divided by 2 this spacing which is a few angstrom that means it can encapsulate encapsulates hundreds of atoms in its circuit you see inside it is moving around in a big big orbit and lots of silicon atoms are sitting there now you should see table 1.6 and 4.1 and put some begin to put some numbers in to convince yourself that the argument is true this is not always true and i can always give you an exam problem where this is not true and just to see whether you know the difference between real effective mass when you should use it and when you shouldn't but just like hydrogen atom you can have one level there are some other donor levels where you can have two levels below the gap there are some other levels shown here on the right on the yellow where you can have three levels out a level deep in the in the gap now there is a convention that anytime you have a donor which is in the upper half of the gap red and the blue ones the word donor will not be written and in this case you will always assume that this has an extra electron it is it gives the electron out to the conduction band it only talks to the conduction band for anything that is below people always assume that it should talk to the valence band but if you want to suggest otherwise that it only donates electron in that case there's you should write a small d to indicate that it is actually a donor although it is sitting way down in the energy gap it's just a convention it's no physics here you can do the same thing for boron and which is an acceptor atom again remember this is charge neutral it has one less electron one less proton charge neutral and again you can think about the same calculation one extra electron and you can think about that there's a hole which is moving around like this so the extra electron will be like the core of this and the hole will go around it same calculation i will not go through it and again the same ideas that do you see that anytime i'm talking about a donor or sorry acceptor generally it talks to the valence band and anytime i want to suggest that a level which is up but still is a actually an acceptor i will put a symbol on the next to it just to indicate that that's a donor level i'm sorry an acceptor level and finally this sometimes there are donors and acceptors which are sometimes there are atoms which in a material behaves like a donor sometimes behaves like a donor and sometimes behaves like an acceptor so it has a split personality now depends on the environment of course so for example i'm thinking about gallium arsenide thinking about gallium arsenide and let's say i take germanium or silicon and i put sprinkle down silicon in gallium arsenide now from a gallium's perspective from gallium's perspective silicon has an extra electron and an extra proton so it's a donor as far as gallium is concerned now as far as arsenic is concerned well it has one less electron and one less proton so as far as arsenic is concerned this is like a acceptor level right and so depending on which atom the silicon you know silicon you introduce it's either going to kick out a gallium and take its place or kick out an arsenic and take its place right it's going to do either one of the two if it kicks out a gallium the red one if it takes a kicks out a gallium then it has for the overall semiconductor it has one extra electron to give one extra electron uh one extra proton to give right so that's that will be a donor level on the other hand if it kicks out a arsenic and sits in there that place right then overall it has one less electron one less proton so it will be an acceptor time now this moving one to another many times you know you have the LEDs there are these white LEDs that is being being replaced in many places in the street signs and others one of the problem and many professors spend their lifetime in doing this is making sure that it preferentially goes to one place versus the other there are many materials which you can it only wants to go to let's say gallium one side doesn't want to go to the other side and sometimes it will go equally on both sides and eventually you don't have anything constructive because some gave some extra electron others took it out and at the end you're back to your intrinsic semiconductor what is what is that so these type of things at dopants are called amphoteric doping and controlling this i'm sure if so many of you will probably have research projects where controlling this will be a part of your thesis right so it's a very important topic the thermodynamics of it and how this goes but that will be covered in a different course and different time but remember this definition now i want you to read this table because be able to read this table because this is something you will be using in the next homework do you see let's just focus on germanium 0.66 ev on the band gap on the top side you can see the gap center dashed land line going throughout and you can see various dopants atoms lithium and then what is that tin sb is thin and then phosphorus arsenic and so on so forth now you can see a number written like 0093 that means this is 0093 ev below that level and at room temperature 25 millilectron volts that level will certainly be all ionized it will give away its electron and therefore it's a good donor and the phosphorus you see 0.012 we even five seconds ago i calculated right what was it i just calculated about 0.013 right 13.6 divided by a thousand that is how that number 0.013 came about and going down you can see 0.14 and 0.28 and in that case it has two levels from which it can donate the 0.14 will be easy to donate 0.28 will be more difficult right and do you see in some you have indicated by d do you see any one of them not probably on that one but you can see in silicon on the right hand side for tungsten there's a d 0.31 and d that means this is not an accepted this level actually talks to the conduction band this is a donor very bad donor of course because it is sitting so deep you'll really need a lot of energy to let it go but with light and other things you can let it go now you can see correspondingly all the accepted levels the boron we just discussed 0.01 ev just above the valence band and so on so forth you can also see that there are things marked as an a so for example copper in germanium on the top side on the right hand side you can see it is a rate 0.26 but underneath an a that means that that level that one level talks to the valence band and it is actually an accepted not a donor so these informations we will need over and over again when you do actual calculation okay so what I had to discuss today was the bulk electron density can be calculated by density of state and fermi drag statistics right that we that we discussed and we also talked about this notion of a band diagram and how to construct it from a ek diagram don't forget it you know many people actually learned these things but never see the connections explicitly so anytime you have a new material people often get tripped this is something people have done for 50 years for silicon so all the diagram and everything has been all been said you can almost memorize them but many times as in a new electronics your material will be very different your ek diagrams will be very different and so unless you know the algorithm by which they were constructed it is unlikely that you will calculate them correctly or draw them correctly okay now the intrinsic carrier concentration is very small this is something therefore most of the semiconductor must be doped in order to make them useful in order to have a certain number of carriers because think about it if you dope silicon with 10 to the power 16 number of phosphorus 10 to the power 16 they will all give a their electron so in the background you had 10 to the power 10 right it's own intrinsic concentration for silicon was 10 to the power 10 just by putting 10 to the power 16 atoms in you now get 10 to the power 16 number of free carriers available for conduction 10 to the power 16 is not a large number you see because the total number centimeter cube is 10 to the power 22 per centimeter cube right so you are putting one phosphorus atom in a million but steel that the or its own asset is so few silicons or germanium so few that even this minuscule contribution from phosphorus steel controls the conduction process in this material so doping is central for semiconductor for good conduction and i also try to explain why the dopant atom behaves like a hydrogen atom and with the modified dielectric constant and effective mass right and this is something you should check out put some numbers in because when i say of course i know these things i have walked this out but unless you start putting some numbers in the calculator yourself this will not sink in in you that how dramatic how dramatic these energy levels are compared to an hydrogen atom how large the radius of the orbit is with respect to the hydrogen atom okay all right so i will end here and next class we will continue


Today you will hear again from Dr. Mukesh Jaiswal who is one of the application scientist works in the areas of next generation sequencing technologies. He will talk to you about whole exome sequencing kit for investigating rare diseases. This is probably going to be the last lecture on the NGS technology and its application and while today's lecture is not going to cover much of the basics of NGS, but it is definitely going to give you more information about possible applications from these platforms. So, let us continue on this lecture today and then we will try to conclude what we have learned out of these NGS based platform from basics to the applications. So, today we are going to talk about investigating the rare disease and its treatment with the Agilent solution. So, at this site, so I am going to cover about what are the rare disease and how basically it can be diagnosed by the NGS solution and how we can basically give the treatment to the patient. So, we have some solutions where basically you use Agilent solution for the diagnosis of rare disease and its treatment part. So, it is going to cover some background of rare disease and then I will talk about some part of CRISPR-Cas, how basically it can utilize for the treatment purpose. So, what are the rare disease? So, rare disease basically is a rare disease, it is affected 60 million people in US and Europe. So, it is a big number, it is quite a big number and 7000 rare disease basically known in till now and 80 percent reason of that is genetics, it is something wrong in their genetics. So, yes please. We are talking about 60 million affected in the US and Europe, is there any study called any? I am coming to the next slide. So, I am coming to the next slide, so this is like some word why I am telling. So, now I am going to the next slide we have, I have Indian data also and 50 percent affected children are basically affected with this disease. So, coming to Indian scenario, so ICMR the Indian Medical Council of Research launched this registry in 2017 and they said that around 70 million people in India is also suffering for this rare disease. So, it is a quite big number and that is why they launch a project ICMR registry where you can basically write a grant to them to work on the rare disease, what is the problem, how you can diagnose that thing, what is the treatment part of that. So, in 2017 they launched this project and so these are the key objectives of this ICMR registry. So, it is main objectives that to understand what is the problem of rare disease, what is the causation of that and how it can be, how this data can be utilized for the treatment of the rare disease. So, these are two main objective of the ICMR and so it launched and I think it is available for the grant application also. So, I am going to talk about some of the rare disease which is existing worldwide, it is worldwide. So, let us come in the first cystic fibrosis, this one. So, this is the disease basically where is the excessive mucus is deposit on the lung or pancreas which cause the respiratory failure and inability in the digestion part. And the median survival rate for this disease is 40 years, right. And the worldwide is 70,000 patients are known worldwide. Then leukodistrophy, this one and this is again the progressive disease affect the brain spinal cord and the nervous system. And this is basically children's basically affected with this disease and 5 to 10 year basically children's and around 60,000 children's are affected worldwide. Retinopigmentosa, this is another disease and it is affected, it causes the blindness and it basically the survival is like 40 year and around 100,000 or 15 million, 1.5 million worldwide patient are known for this disease. So, what is the cause of this? What is the cause of this? The cause of this basically sometime it is affected by the single gene or sometime it is affected by the multiple gene, right. So, if it is like the first one, cystic fibrosis is only the one gene that is CFTR, there are several mutational CFTR and then this transporter, transmembrane transporter is basically disturbed and that caused the cystic fibrosis. So, in this cystic fibrosis only one gene got affected, right. But if you see this, these two the multiple genes are affected. So, it is very difficult to identify when the multiple genes are affected. So, here like 30 genes are affected here and in this disease is 77, right. So, problem is that this caused the damaged neuron and here in the retinopigmentosa it is cone cell and the road cells are basically disturbed, right. So, these are the disease and they are multiple genes are basically involved there. Some more which is including the ICMR project basically. So, this is childhood ovarian cancer, ovarian cell carcinoma, andrometerosis and they are multiple genes basically involved in this disease also. So, this is also incorporated in ICMR registry. You can go in their website, you can basically look what are the rare diseases. The challenge is that is that diagnostic, how to diagnose this disease, right. So, if you go the regular process of diagnosis of this one, this one is pretty expensive and doctor basically takes at least 8 year to diagnose and they go like 40 different methods to diagnose this test. So, because the complicity of disease is not like one gene, it is like multiple gene they are affected, right. And they basically they take at least 7 year and 40 method to use for the diagnosis. So, that is the challenge, it is pretty expensive, it take time. But for a treatment purpose if you have early intervention of this disease, you know the cause of early, very early, then the very early diagnosis then you can do early intervention and then improve the quality of the life. So, that is this is a challenge, but if it take a lot of like 8 year to diagnose only it would be difficult, right. So, that is why it is very important to diagnose the disease in very early stage. So, right now if it is if you see this rare disease now 2012 when the exam panel just started, it was only 130 gene. Now 2017 is more than 200k mutations are known for the rare disease. Basically, this is because of the more advancement of the exam panels. So, it is you need to extract the DNA from the patient, right. And then go for library preparation, library preparation and then target enrichment after seeing the library is basically perfectly fine, you can sequence and go for data analysis this kind of one workflow basically you can use our exam panel for the diagnosis of the rare disease. So, the challenges is always there, but I would talk about why the Agilent's exam panel is more better actually in sense because we make RNA Bates and it is it is oligo Bates basically and these are these are because we make the RNA Bates they have the better RNA DNA hybridization and these are the high fidelity bases which we make by the inject technology we make this this Bates by the oligo. So, this is our high fidelity bases if you see the error rate in the base in the probes basically is very low in Agilent it is like 1 or 2 error basically in 1 kB for others have lots of. So, we have we have the high fidelity probes basically which are biodegraded it is used for them making the libraries. So, this is the different ways you can make the exam libraries. So, starting with always with the genomic DNA right we have three different ways to make the libraries for the exam sequencing one is xt, xt2 and qxt, xt is basically is this one if you have a different patients 8 patients right you can make a individual library from each patients independent capture and you can pull while while sequencing right when you go for sequencing you can pull this sample and go for one sequencing run. So, that is the xt preparation of the exam preparation another if you want to do the some comparative study you can bar code the patient sample and pull itself 8 to 16 in one pool you can follow by the capture and go for sequencing. So, if you can compare between the patients also that is xt2 and another is library is based on enzymatic sharing. So, you can use transposition enzyme for the to make the libraries basically transposition enzyme then hybridization followed by the sequencing this is the fastest way you can make the libraries for the exam sequencing ok. So, performance for all these method to make the exam library are is pretty good and they get they get very good coverage more than 95 percent coverage all the methods this is the three pillars basically echelon works on basically performance of the exam library contents and the flexibility you work from decades to improve the performance content and the flexibility of the kids basically. So, if you see more of most of the rare disease basically now studied by this panel is called a clinical this is exam panel and this exam panel contains the all the axon region and also the the panels are not the intronic part of the region this means which basically is associated with the inherited disorder. We have the latest exam panel v7 this is mentioned v6 but we have now v7 and that basically cover the all the translation and the clinical research panel it cover whole exam. Another we have the very small panel of focus exam basically is covered a disease is a decision. But most of the most of the rare disease basically which I talked before it is basically used for the clinical research panel. So, if you see the contents performance of this one with this clinical research exam panel they have like a 5000 gene is basically it deeply covered with the disease associated with the clinical exam and the challenge is that when you when you when you go for the diagnosis of rare disease the most of the mutations are present in the GC that region to make the library for the GC that region is always challenge. So, but in with our clinical exam panel the performance in the GC region is very good it is very uniform preparation of the library when you go for the GC preparation. So, content basically what is the content on the for the for the for the for the probes basically it is basically designed by the Dr. Madhuri Hegde from Emory University and they make the basically the probes which is covered all the disease associated is an exon and entronic part which covers maximum rare disease parts. For example, this is the liquid distrofit right and the this pathogenic variant that is GC2 this gene basically if you see compare because this is the GC region and if you this compare with the other vendor you do not see any coverage there is no no coverage for this gene and if you see the clinical exam panel we covered this part also to able to read the 5 prime UTR variants with this disease. So, in the disease this is the kind of pathogenic variant and you can easily get it by the clinical exam panel. Another red net is pigmentosa if you see two other vendors this CFD1 gene is not covered in this part because this is entronic part we are exonic part entronic part are not covered right. But if you see our one is is fairly covered that part that means is detection of that mutation is is very easy on that then if you see this region again is well covered by this this this is these are all non-coding region these are well covered with the with our clinical exam and most of the pathogenic variant basically in for rare disease is present on non-coding region. So, it is is is fairly covered with the clinical exam panel. So, if you see overall in in the clinical test panel we cover all the clean variants pathogenic regions and it cover mostly like 98 percent regions are covered and others basically has low coverage. So, if you think about when you when when the doctor going to diagnose this Lycodistrophy it take eight years right by the normal method and the average test basically they do around 20-30 tests to do to diagnose for this one it take eight years right and the cost is is goes up like it is like 20000 dollar right but when you do one simple test our clinical exam panel easily identify this mutation and that is basically for the Lycodistrophy and it is very cost effective right and so it is is just going to cost like like 15000 rupees right. So, one test cost like 15000 rupees for exam panel because covers the intronic path exam path definitely it going to detect that thing but but detection rate is faster right and it take less time. So, doctor start their intervention much earlier with that like suppose this is our container we we does not make this containing vacuum we do the research and we make we make the probe spot cover all those reason right but sometime when you did some you experiment right and and some part basically you think that this is the part maybe pathogenic part and it is missing right and and you want to incorporate that part in your panel. So, it is very flexible we can customize the panel according to your requirement also. Suppose any any gene and it is not basically the intronic part is not covered and if you want interested I want to cover this part also we can basically add this panel and incorporate in your panel. So, that is our flexibility. So, we work on three parts performance and the contents always optimize year by year and then flexibility if you want to add more right. So, it is very simple workflow that I I told it start from the library preparation then we make the targeted panel by the probes right and then data analysis and reporting whole workflow basically takes three to four days and and is easy to identify the kind of challenges for a diagnosis of rare disease right. So, now this part is kind of over like if you if you if you get some kind of mutations right in in any disease not only in rare disease first cancer right and it is multiple mutation and you want to solve this problem for a treatment purpose. So, we have a tools called as the CRISPR-Cas where basically you can do do the gene editing right and to to to to solve to fix that gene for the for the for the treatment purpose. But this is very early we launch some libraries for the treatment, but it is very early stage. Let us start with that what is a CRISPR-Cas this allow you basically to allow the mutation to correct maybe or gene editing. So, it is based on the guide RNA right. So, this is the guide RNA this one and this is the site of recognition and this is the Casman enzyme. When this become active they attach and it goes to the PAM site like this if it is identical or hybridized on that like this it is identical with that it creates a nick right. This Casman enzyme when this guide RNA is specific to that it create a nick. Now, it allows you three possibilities. One possibility is that just leave like this and body repair body system our cell system basically go for non-homologous joining and cause the knockout of that gene right. It creates a knockout. Second is the homologous recombination if you want to do the gene editing and use some half homologous sequence you can incorporate this homologous sequence in that right. Third part this is the deactivated Casman enzyme. This yellow color part it might be activated or deactivated depending upon the activator it can induce the gene expression or reduce the gene expression. So, it allows whatever mutations basically you got from the exam panel right. You can basically try to correct or you can do the gene editing for their treatment purpose. So, that's whole story exam panel and what's their follow up. So, we are working on the functional genomics where basically we can try to edit this genes in a large scale like and it might be any knockdown knockout and knock-in anything and try to edit their genes to solve the problems. So, this is the if you study the functional genomics so very first prospect is knockout right. If it is knockout means guide and it breaks that one it makes the truncated protein right. So, if your protein not going to work is truncated protein. Knock-in means is basically it going to add some tag on that on the protein. Turn-off means if it is a high expression this is the this is the repressor fusion. If it is turn-off means the lower expression of the gene this is the genomic mutagenesis. Here basically it's a site especially mutation can create by the CRISPR-Cas. Suppose you got some mutation and you want to solve that mutation right you can change a base by base by the mutagenesis right. So, this way you can correct that SNPs you got right you can correct that part. So, this allows you to site specific changes with the Cas9 and if you want to do some genes are basically lowly expressed in sub-degies you can basically induce the expression to the higher level right. So, it can induce the gene expression. So, you can do multiple function by the Cas9 you can induce the gene you can you can repress the gene expression or you can do the site specific changes in the gene right. That's allow you five different possibilities to do. So, now the question is that suppose you like insistive fibrosis right you work on single gene and there may be one or two mutations you got with the exam panel right and you want to fix that problem right. So, there's two ways one way means if one gene and few mutations so basically you're going to use four to five different guide harness not more than that right. So, for that one you can make the guide harness in your lab. So, suppose this is this is the target basically you're going to you going to make a guide RNA for that one only. So, this is the target panel target target you want just add the T7 promoter on that right. If you add the T7 promoter on that and go for so the kids basically what they have they have a T7 primers and go for in vitro transcription to make a guide RNA for in vitro transcription you make a guide RNA which is the reverse complementary to the target which is going to be reverse complementary to the target. So, this is the kind of guide RNA this is this is the red part basically is very specific to the target you to the part where you interested for and this is the backbones minimum backbone and this when this going to bind on the target gene this this targeted part in the presence of Cas9 this gene basically cleaved into part. If you verify this one in the presence of Cas9 this gene basically cleave off right. So, this allow three two three five different possibility again basically going to maximum time you going to knock down the gene right. So, if it is your genes in numbers as one one or two gene and you want to use the you can make a guide in your lab also right. But mostly it's not a case it's not a case there are multiple multiple genes are going to is involved for the for any complex genetic genetic right like written pigment was a 77 gene is involved and mutations is like more than thousand mutation is basically involved there right. So, what we do we make a guide RNA for that for that panel right and this is totally custom custom thing is we don't make we some make some catalog but we some totally depend on the users. So, we make a guide RNA on a slide we cleave that one from the slide do the PCR amplification and packed on the viral particle noise ready to transfect in the cell system that much guide RNA basically which is for that mutation right it going to ready for transfection and you can use for the therapeutic opportunity for this. So, this is the this is. So, the target cells are actually cell culture. Yeah, cell culture. So, it's a viral particle these are these are cells basically to transfect directly into there. Transfect with this guide RNA they already have a cast-nane enzyme. So, it create the means cast-nane is there right. So, it going to cleave that part of the gene or is depending on what what you designed basically. So, those cells will be cleaved. Yeah. Then how will they go? So, see I told you this is in very this is very early stage again to do this thing you need to do lots of screening lots of engines work to identify it's going to work or not. So, this is just a thought and guide RNA is we can synthesize for you but again the protocols and how are you going to translate to the actually patient is very is in very early stage. If you select 10-20 gene you can make in your lab but it is more than 1000 gene in high scale then we can make. I mean it's for the high scale not otherwise you can just make in a lab just just your any target at T7 yes specific target just add the T7 promoter on that use T7 primer and do in vitro transcription that's inside the guide RNA. So, it's very straightforward protocol but yeah again you cannot make the 1000 guide RNA for multiple gene right. In that approach you can use this these guide RNA strategy and try to solve the problems but yeah I would tell you this is this is not easy it's very very hard right it's very hard because if you see this is going to be like thousands of the guide RNA and going to translate in the cells right now you're going to go give some treatment by drugs right and then you need to go for screening protocols day by day and again you going to verify this this thing going to be work by the validated or not by the NGS but of course this is the thought and you can basically try to solve that problems. So, in that contest echelon is happy to collaborate with the people who are interested for to make a guide RNAs right and we already had some some guide RNAs of different disease like if you have the cancer panels you already have the these are the genes and these are the guide RNA we make already have some and they are multiple multiple panel like mitochondria, gene expression, protein membrane these are the panels we already made we already cataloged the panel you can use that one but again the how it going to work and how it going to screen it is little difficult task. So, in summary means you can use the NGS application to identify the causation what's the cause of that and and I give the little brief idea how the CRISPR-Cas can be best solution for the drug validation and personal genomics. So, this is this is something you can use the NGS application to identify the problems and CRISPR can might be used for for the treatment part right. So, now I'm covering a five five five slide from the IVF segment. So, in reproductive medicine the most challenging part in the IVF is that a aneuploid in the embryos whenever couples go for the IVF and they do the in vitro fertilization and 70 percent are the embryos are basically aneuploid right and so what doctor do at least in India what doctor do they they look the good looking embryos identify it and basically implant like three to four embryo sometimes two sometimes three depends. So, the challenge is that when doctor do this thing if the good looking image aneuploid not going to implant so your IVF cycles fail if it is two embryos are good so both going to implant it going to give twins if it is three good embryo it going to go three kids right. So, it's a challenge you get either one two or three there's no there's no control on that right. So, we are discussing with the IVF cleaning and working on a single embryo transfer paradigm means check the embryos they are good enough they are aeuploid embryo not aneuploid and only one single aeuploid embryo is basically go for the further IVF cycle and for the implantation. So, we are discussing this thing with single embryo transplant doctors basically do they do the blastocyst culture and they don't do they do the biopsy and frozen on the embryo but they skip this part PGS pre-implantation genetic in India and after what if frozen this embryo taken and go for the IVF. So, they use three to four embryos and directly implant what we are talking to doctor do the PGS identify the good embryos once good embryo and implant process for the implantation. So, the couples get going to get only one kid right. So, when when we talk about the problems if they with the pregnancy goes with the two twins there's a lots of problem with the pre-term labor pre-claims here and it's high rate of the paedal death in the twins right. So, that's why we talk to doctor go for this test means you can go for frozen with that do the PGS. PGS means you just go for the screening of all 24 chromosome identify all the chromosomes are good enough identify the uploid embryo and then go for the IVF. So, how basically they do by transferring the one embryo basically it also costs effective for the couples also it's five type less pain basically to grow the kids right. So, how they do this test is basically done by the biopsy of the embryo. So, this is the embryo and this is the this is the blastocyst and they take the one cell of the embryo only one cell of the embryo. So, this is one cell they collected. So, when this biopsy is done one cell is collected from the IVF embryologist and for that because one cell has a very low amount of DNA you cannot do anything with that. So, we do we do the whole genome amplification to increase the quantity of DNA right and we label with this DNA with the with the Psy 3 and Psy 5 type right and hybridize on a micro reslide and go for the analysis right. If there is some mutations this is the mutations if some mutation on the chromosome number 3 or chromosome 20 22 or deletion at chromosome number 21 it shows that this embryos are aneuploidy and do not process for the for the IVF right. So, you can identify this by adding the PGS test you can basically identify the aneuploidy in 8 hours and and after do this basically the success rate of the IVF basically increase when they do not do any test the success rate going to be 80% with this single embryo transfer paradigm right because she identified the all the chromosome ways that there is a problem if it is a deletion do not process for the IVF. So, this is the smart ART right before to doing process for the aneuploidy just do the PGS validate this embryo good enough and then go for the IVF site right. Thank you. Alright so I'm sure after listening today's application based lecture you must have found this very interesting and you saw that how the whole exome sequencing kit can be used for diagnosis of rare diseases and how the results can be used to choose the right treatment. I'm sure this is just one of the success stories of many things which can be done on various type of NGS based platforms. Dr. Jaiswal also briefly gave you an idea about CRISPR-Cas technology which is one of the much talked about gene editing technology is available and I hope you have enjoyed not only today's lecture but also the series of lecture which we had in the last couple of days and week about NGS technology platforms and this is one of the revolutionary technology which is really transforming the way we have seen the medicine and clinics are really you know getting revolutionized with much faster pace of assays coming to the clinics for the patient care. So your understanding and your knowledge about these applications and these novel technology platforms are definitely going to be very useful and I must say there is a wealth of data available now from various type of genome sequencing projects if you know what you're looking for you can do a lot of data analysis from yourself. I'll give you one instance one example the cancer genome at least TCGA is one of the good resource for looking at the you know patients cancer data available and while they published that work couple of years ago in science and nature series of papers published but what is more important when they made data publicly available for thousands of patients genome data then their meta data analysis from that data many people have looked at very specific type of questions what is the impact of given genes in this patient survival for example or looking at a specific pathways and you know maybe hundreds of papers are actually published just by looking at data alone not by generating data right. So what I want to convey you is that you need not to generate the patient derived genome sequence data just for the sake of looking at everything biologically you if you are interested you can just go download these data use many of the publicly available software and resources analyze in your own manner and then probably you can get some very meaningful and new information even possible just by looking at these data for addressing certain questions. So I hope some of these exposures what we are trying to provide you is going to really make you more comfortable and also make you more enthusiastic and motivated to really take lead forward. Well I'll thank you to stop today's lecture but we will have more exciting things to continue in the next lectures as well when we talk about a new resource for you which is human protein atlas. Thank you.


The president's budget proposal eliminates public media funding. Learn how you can help at lptv.org slash action. There's a recall tonight for the drug that treats those who suffer from severe allergic reactions. EpiPens across the world are being recalled due to errors in the delivery system of how the medicine was being administered. The recall originally affected regions outside of the United States but the errors were recently discovered here as well. EpiPens being recalled were dispensed between December 2015 and July 2016 but only EpiPens with certain lot numbers and expiration dates are being recalled. The possibility of errors is the main reason why EpiPens come in two packs according to medical experts. They are not meant to be in a two pack so that you can send one to school and keep one at home with you they're actually meant to be kept together partially because of the problem that it might not work when you inject it or the possibility that some people do need a second dose of an epinephrine after the first one. We have a full list of the recalled EpiPen lot numbers and expiration dates on our website lptv.org. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland news please consider making a tax deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


What's up guys, today I'm going to be showing you guys my Max Rarity Goat Deck and the progress I've made on it since the last video I made, which was a long time ago, you guys can go check that one out up there. We didn't have much Max Rarity, but we have improved it quite a bit since then. It's not complete. I'm going to show you guys what I have in here. I'm going to talk about what the best Rarity is or the top Rarity. We're going to try and figure out what this deck's worth. It might be in the title, so you guys might already know. But we can like piece it together and see because I really have no idea what it's worth right now because I haven't totaled it up in like a really long time. So let's see what's in here. The giveaway for this video will be given away a few Goat Cards. We have a Sakura Tsu Armor, Thunder Dragon from Metal Raiders, Heavy Storm from Metal Raiders, Ryusinchi from LOD, and a Fiend Soul Dragon from LOD. All you have to do, like this video, be subscribed and let me know if you guys play Goat Format or if you have a Goat Format deck, you know, if you have ever thought about Max Rarity, stuff like that. Alright, starting off we have the extra deck. We're going to start with the Triple Thousand Eyes Restrict. So I'm not maxed out here, as you can tell. We do have a First Edition Thousand Eyes Restrict, which is probably one of the best options. You can either have this, or you can have the Ultimate Rare from the OCG from Thousand Eyes Bible, I think the name is. So you could have that version. That version is really nice as well. So I have the First Edition Pharaoh Servant for one, but then I also have a Master Collection, which is definitely not highest rarity. It looks really nice in Seeker Rare, which is the reason I have it right now. But I would probably like to have an Ultimate Rare instead. And then I have an Unlimited Pharaoh Servant version. So for it to be max rarity, I would probably want either three Pharaoh Servant or Pharaoh Servant, a couple Ulties, or like mixed up, you know, whatever, maybe all Ulties, something like that. Let me know what you guys would prefer for Thousand Eyes. So that's what I have right now. Next I have Fiend Skull Dragon. I think pretty much max rarity for this is the First Ed LOD, and this is one that I've pulled. So it's like mint condition. And I think that is about as good as you can get. Then I have a Dark Flare Knight. This one's First Edition from Dark Crisis. I don't really know the condition on it. I don't remember where this came from, but we have a Dark Flare Knight First Edition. So that's probably the best. I can't think of anything that would be better. Next we have a Reaper on the Nightmare. This one's Unlimited, so obviously it will not be the best. First Edition for Onigardian would be much better for this one. I think there's a Dark Revelation version as well. Then we have Dark Balcher, the Terrible. This guy is First Edition from LOD, so this is the max rarity for him. Next is a Ryusenshi First Edition from LOD. I think I pulled this one. I can't remember if I pulled him, but I may have. Yeah, the Centering on this guy's terrible. But First Edition, so that's the highest rarity you're going to get for him. Next we have a Triple. We have a Play Set. You're almost maxed out here. We have Dark Blade the Dragon Knight. I have two First Edition Ultimate Rares. We pulled one of them, and then we have an Unlimited. So if I wanted to completely max it and have Play Three of them, then the Dark Blade would have three. I doubt you'd really use three though in this. I don't think you would. Then we have a Dark Fire Dragon. This is First Edition from LOD. I actually did pull this card. It's actually gradeable, so I'm probably going to end up grading it. But it's worth a decent amount compared to the Unlimited, and this is the highest rarity of this card. So that's it for the Extra Deck. So we can total up the value of the Extra Deck here. And then we're going to hop into the regular deck. First card we have is the classic Black Luster Soldier Envoy the Beginning. This guy's not like Minty. I think he's moderate play, so we'll have to take off some value for that. But Black Luster Soldier Envoy the Beginning from Invasion of Chaos First Edition. There's also the Ultimate Rare version from the OCG people like.  Master Collection looks really nice, but it is a lot cheaper in terms of value. So if you're looking at the highest value, this is probably the best option. But if you're looking at what you like the most, or like Secret Rare bringing higher than Ultra Rare, then maybe you could say that. But I think that this would be considered the first. Next we have Chaos Sorcerers. We have two of these. These are Turbo Pack 2. These are the Ultra Rare version. There's also Super Rare. It's from like Legendary Collection. There's the comments from Invasion of Chaos. So I think this is clearly the number one rarity, the highest rarity. I'm not sure what the values are. I think they're like 150 or 200 each, which is a lot. But yeah, I would say these are definitely the number one go-to. And since these are a staple in almost all Chaos decks, these are pretty valuable. Next I have an Air Knight Parshath. I actually pulled this out of the first Legacy of Darkness 36, I think 36 pack box that we opened. And so it's Mint Condition, really nice first edition. There's a lot of versions of Air Knight, but this is definitely the go-to number one. So pretty nice card. Definitely the go-to version. Next we have a Zura Priest. I actually had an Unlimited in here and then I realized, wait, haven't I pulled one of these? And I went and found it. I did pull it. So it's Minty Condition. I'm not sure I think maybe a $20 card. Definitely the number one version. There is a Hobby League version, which some people really like. So that is really cool. I actually had a PSA9 of that, so if I did want to put that in here, I could crack it out. Put it in there. But I think this is probably the go-to first edition from Legacy of Darkness. So let me know in the comments what you guys think. Here's an interesting one is Breakthrough the Magical Warrior. This is first edition Magician's Force, but there's also a TP7 version which I own. And it's kind of a rivalry there because this is first edition from Magician's Force, which is really rare. But then when you get to TP7, that's also a rare set and pretty valuable as well. So I don't know. Probably it toss up for those. It could be either one. Let me know what you guys think. I think first edition Magician's Force has to win because it's first edition from the set. You know, it's just a lot. I think it's a lot better than the Turnip Pack. The Turnip Pack is cool though. I will give it that. So you guys let me know what you guys think on that one. Next we have a Tribe Infecting Virus, first edition from Magician's Force. There's not many versions of this, so I think this is clearly the number one version because it's from Magician's Force, first edition. There is like some comments and then like Dark Revolution one, I think something like that. So this is definitely the go-to version. Next here, I think I definitely need the super rare version of Blade Knight because if you guys have seen House of Chance recent video talking about the super rares, they're way more expensive now. Like this guy is not very expensive in CT1 secret rare. If you don't know what I'm talking about, there was misprints where the secret rare was not on there. It was just a super rare foil. So those are worth quite a bit more than this one, so I need to get one of those if I'm going to max it out. I think I had one when I sold it, so it was like for like 10 bucks, so big mistake. But there we go, secret rare. That is pretty nice. DD Warrior Lady, super rare. And this is, I would say, I think the number one version. I'm trying to think if there's any other versions. Is there a hobby league of this? I'm not sure, but this is first edition from Dark Crisis. I think this is the go-to because it is from Dark Crisis, it's first edition. I really can't think of any major upgrades since then. I think they may have made it like an Ultra and Duel of Saga or something, but obviously this is going to beat out that version. Next we have something, we definitely have to upgrade these. So we have, speaking of Duel of Saga, we have two Tsukiyomi's from Duel of Saga. These are very cheap, they're like a dollar each, so they're not much at all, but I don't have the Ultimate Rare versions. I think they're in, are they in Astral Packs? I think they're in Astral Packs. So I need to get some Ultimate Rare Tsukiyomi's to upgrade my deck. Right now I have the cheaper version. I do really like how these look. A lot of people don't like the Duel of Saga foil, but I honestly like it. I think it looks cool. So yeah, definitely get to upgrade those. We have Sengen first edition. This guy, I actually pulled from a Metal Raiders box, so he's in T condition. He is a Rare version though, so I'd say the higher rarity is probably the Retro Pack 1 version. I think it's Retro Pack 1. There's definitely some foil versions that are probably better than this that are old, but this guy is still worth quite a bit in first edition Metal Raiders. So a solid copy, but let me know what you guys think would be the better version of Sengen or if that's the best. Then we have a Cyber Jar. This guy's from Magic Ruler. He's not in the best condition. I probably have a better one somewhere, but I don't know. There's a Hobby League version, so that might be a better version to use. There's the Ultimate Rare from Duelist Pack Kaiba. That's probably better. So this guy's definitely not highest rarity, I would say, but still pretty cool in our first edition Rare from Magic Ruler. Next we have a Spirit Reaper. This guy is super rare from Champion Pack 3. This is definitely highest rarity for this guy. He's pretty expensive. He's like 200 plus dollars. So I think this is definitely number one. This might be, is this my moderate play version or is this the better version? I can't remember. I think I put the better version in. So we have a nice near mint to mint, the one we pulled in the video. Go check that video out in Champion Pack 3 opening. Yeah, so definitely number one for Spirit Reaper there. Next we have Magician of Faith and see one of them is Champion Pack 2. So it's number one rarity worth, I think like $500 now. I could be wrong, I was lost what I saw, but just going off TCG player low, which by the way, is not always the best way you guys can check out how to value cards right there, but just based off that, it's a very expensive card. So I have one of those. I actually have another one to PSA 10, so that's why I don't have a second copy. But I do have first edition Magician of Faith from Metal Raiders. In the booster box we open, you guys can check that video out as well. But this is still in like a $75 Rare, which is still pretty good, but not, doesn't compare to that. So I'll need to upgrade this Magician of Faith. Let me know your favorite versions of Magician of Faith below. Then we have Sinister Serpent. This guy's from Stairway to Destin Duel, the video game. So this is by far not the best rarity. There's like a fan favorite goat, vormat version. It's like the false bound kingdom version. It's a different, it's from a different country. Their version had a Sinister Serpent in it, so it's super rare. It's super expensive. So I definitely don't have that one. This guy's worth a few bucks. That one's worth like 1500 bucks or something. I don't know, maybe more. So we'll definitely have to upgrade to that at some point if we want to completely max out, but right now we have this version. Our last monster is a Nidus Salent. This is a super rare from Champion Back 1. This guy is near meant to mint condition, so really good condition. Champion Back 1 being super hard to pull, or super hard to find, and we open some of it there. So this guy's in really good condition. I think this is definitely the number one version. Now we're moving into Magic Cards. We have Premature Burial, first edition from Pharaoh's Servant. This is the number one version. I don't think there's anything that competes with the original first edition Pharaoh's Servant version. So nice to have this guy. Next we have Heavy Storm. This one's unlimited. I do have a first edition, but I graded it. So we're gonna have to upgrade this at some point to maybe a near meant version of Metal Raiders first edition. I think there's a Hobby League, but I think Metal Raiders definitely wins out. Next we have a play set of Book of Moon. Some people don't even play play sets, usually two though, but we do have two Champion Pack ones. We pulled both of these. They're near meant to mint. Very expensive. Definitely the number one version of Book of Moon. There's a lot of versions, and this is number one. So those are fantastic. And then we have the Ultimate Rare Version from OTS-13. So this one's newer. There's a lot of other versions. So I think this is a pretty solid one, maybe worth like 80 bucks. Doesn't compare to those Champion Packs, but maybe we'll upgrade this one day to a Champion Pack one. But overall pretty good set of Book of Moons. Next we have probably my favorite Pot of Greed. I do like the Super Rare Version. I think it's underrated. It looks really nice. That's what I used to have in this deck. Now we have first edition Duelist Pack Kaiba. That Ultimate Rare looks really good. Let me know your favorite Pot of Greed. There's a lot of options. I do first edition L.O.B. as well. I have one of those. But yeah, this guy I think looks really good. I kind of like this version in my deck. Then we have a Snatch Steel First Edition from Magic Ruler. I'm trying to think if there's a Hobby League, I think of this. I don't know if there's anything else. I think this is the best version for sure. Then we have one that, there is a lot of decent versions I think. So there's a Ghost Rare. So that makes it difficult. There's also an Ultimate Rare. So there's some really good versions. Then there's First Edition Magic Ruler, which is the one I have. I think the Ghost Rare looks really cool. So I think that's a good option. The Ultimate Rare, not as good to me. I think this one looks better than that. But also pretty expensive. So a good option. So I'm going with Magic Ruler First Edition, Mystical Space Typhoon. Let me know in the comments what you prefer or what I should use. Then we have a Delinquent Duo. This one's First Edition Magic Ruler as well. This guy I think is definitely number one. I think there's a Legendary Collection Kaiba version. But that's not very expensive or anything. I think this is the number one version from Delinquent Duo. The First Edition Magic Ruler version. Then we have a Playset of Metamorphosis. So two of them we did pull out of Champion Pack. So they're number one, easily the most expensive versions. So good options near-mit to-mint there. Then we have the Common from Feronic Guardian, which is only worth a few dollars, but there isn't that many versions of it. So it's really one of the better versions after the Champion Pack one. So I think we did okay with that Playset. We'll have to upgrade that eventually. Then we have a Graceful Charity. There are not a lot of good options for Graceful Charity. I think there's a Retro Pack one rare. Then there's the Starter Deck Pegasus First Edition Super Rear. Then there is the Seeker Rare from Yu-Yu's World. The reason I have this, I think it looks by far the best. And all of the options are not very expensive. The Rare I think is worth a lot from Retro Pack, but it's a rare. So it's kind of like, eh, I kind of like this version more. Let me know what you guys would prefer. If I'm gonna do max value, I guess I would need to get the Rare. But I really like this version more. I think it looks really good. All right, we're getting down to the last few Magic Cards. We have Noblemen of Crossout. This one is not First Edition. So I don't have a First Edition version of this apparently. So this would need to be upgraded. I think that's the best version. Noblemen of Crossout, First Edition for our servant. We have the Unlimited. Finally, we're ending with two Escape Goats. We don't have the highest rarity of either of these. I think Retro Pack one Ultra Rare is the most expensive. Right now we have one Ultimate Rare. I thought I had another one. I think I graded it maybe. And then the, I think, probably the best looking version, the Joey's World's Seeker Rare. I think it looks really, really good. So those are two options that I have there, but it could definitely be upgraded to Retro Pack one. Maybe we'll do that in the future. Now we're into our Trap Cards. We have a Mirror Force First Edition. This guy I think is like moderate play. So not in the best condition. We could upgrade it for sure. But really cool First Edition Metal Raiders. There's a lot of Mirror Force versions you can choose from. I think this is definitely the go-to though, especially if you get like a faded version. That's really cool. Next we have Sakuretsu Armor, both from Champion Pack one. So these are definitely gonna be the best versions. We both were pulled. So near mint to mint, great condition. So these are really nice cards. They're worth quite a bit. We have Ring of Destruction. Next First Edition Ferontic Guardian. There's a couple versions. There's this version from the Seeker Rare from Ferontic Guardian. You can get the Ultimate Rare from Dual Spak Kaiba. I think there might be one other version, but I think this is my favorite. The Seeker Rare looks fantastic on it. Ultimate Rare looks good, but this is my favorite for sure. Next we have a First Edition Torrential Tribute from Labyrinth of Nightmare. I think this is my favorite version. Overall, there is a Secret Rare version from Legendary Collection, something. It looks really good as well, but I think this is definitely my favorite. Just look at that awesome looking. I don't know, it always looks like ice to me. It looks really, really cool. So I really like that version. And our final card is a Call of the Haunted First Edition from Pharaoh Servant. Really nice Ultra Rare version. I think there might be a Hobby League of this, but I think this has got to be the number one go-to version from Pharaoh Servant. So let me know what you guys think. Finally, we have shown you guys the entire deck. We're gonna put up the value on screen for everything in this deck and the extra deck. Trying to show you guys what it was worth. So let me know what you guys think about the value of a crazy deck. Would you guys play a deck like this? Or would you just have it to admire? Or would you not even do that? You just sell it because it's just too expensive? Let me know what you think about the versions of the deck that I showed you. What should I replace? What should I put in for playability? Stuff like that. Thank you guys for watching. See you guys later. Peace. Yes. Elements of Hero. Dark Bright. Boom.