The new satellite-based CMSAF SARA, Solar Surface Radiation Alliosat, data record provides accurate and reliable measurements of solar surface radiation, making it ideal for regional climate monitoring and analysis, as well as for solar energy applications. Compared to its predecessor, the CMSAF Mvary Climate Data Record, SARA has shown significantly improved accuracy and homogeneity. This article was authored by Richard Muller, Uvap Feefroth, Christine Trager Chatterjee, and others.


So we've been interested daily mile for lots of reasons. One being we want the children to be more physically active and the second is we really want to improve their mental well-being. Yeah we've got over 200 children doing it every single day. We've been doing it for quite a while but the trap was installed just till the Easter holidays and we're really pleased because this means we'll be able to do it all year round. Yes, I'm the year two teacher. I absolutely love it. It gets you really, really fit and it gets the children healthy and I have noticed a difference when they go in to do some work that they focus on it a bit more and they concentrate. Yes, parents of Poppy and George, they've been here for four years, absolutely wonderful school and superb that this facility's been put in for the daily mile. Good fun? Really good fun. And how many laps do you do? Cool.


Hey, welcome back. Let's pick up from where we stopped. So we completed the covenant with Abraham, the blood covenant with Abraham. Now let's move on page 15 on your notes. The blood covenant with Moses and Israel. Okay, now during the time of Moses, God did quite a few things. Number one, He gave the law to the people of Israel, right? The mosaic law, the Ten Commandments and then the laws, additional laws were created. Tabernacle was set in place. Mosaic priesthood was set in place, meaning the high priest, Levites and all that was set in place and there were feasts instituted. So if you look at the book of Leviticus, you'll see seven main feasts and these feasts were important. They had meaning. They all pointed to the Messiah, to Jesus and as Jews, they were, you know, those who believed in God were supposed to and must follow these feasts and we also see it in the New Testament up to Jesus' time, right? Now, let's look at those seven feasts. The feasts of the Passover, the feasts of the Unleavened Bread, which is speaking of cleansing and removing away of sin, the feasts of the first spruces, which is speaking of our new life in Christ, the feasts of the Pentecost, speaking of the power of the Spirit, the feasts of the trumpet, speaking of victory and triumph, the day of atonement, speaking of Christ's atoning work on the cross, the feasts of tabernacles, the speaking of our pilgrimage in this world and so now remember this, when God gave these feasts to the people of Israel, to Moses, they didn't know it's pointing to the Messiah and they would have done it because God told them to do it, right? And Moses told them the way to do it. But now when we study the scriptures, we are able to understand, okay, this was because this is what it means, right? Now, during that time, the Israelites may not have understood. It's certain, you know, feasts. I have to do it this way and this is how it pleases God, right? But one important covenant was the covenant of the Passover because this was a blood covenant. Now, all of us know what happened, right? God sent Moses said, Go, I'll bring the people out of Egypt. Many miracles happened, but at the last one, since the Pharaoh was not willing to let the people go, the last one had to be shedding of blood, right? Now, what happened? God made a covenant with the people.  What's going to happen? Because Exodus says that death will pass by, death will come.  But those dopo's, which has the blood, death will pass on. Now, this is a blood covenant that God established, okay? Now, let's see what kind of covenant that is. God gave Moses the law and established it with the blood covenant. Now, we know that the Passover is referring to Jesus that through his blood, we will not die, but we will live, right? And again, in the book of the covenant and the blood of the covenant, when God gave Moses the law in Exodus 24, God gave Moses and he said, OK, explain this laws to all the people of Israel. After he did that, look at verse seven and eight, Exodus 24, seven and eight. Then he took the book of the covenant and read it in the hearing of the people. And they said all that the Lord has said, we will do and be obedient. Then what did Moses do? Verse eight, and Moses took the blood. Now, this could be the blood of the Lamb or the goat. He took the blood, sprinkled it on the people and said, this is the blood covenant which the Lord has made with you, according to all these words. So we see two places where there was shedding of blood. One was in when they were in Egypt. God said, cut the lamb, put the blood on the doorposts. Death will pass by. Then when they came out of the Promised Land, they were in the desert, in the wilderness, walking and God says, OK, I'm establishing a covenant with you now. This covenant is these are the laws. If you obey them, it's good for you. If you disobey them, that's going to bring curses upon you. And what does Moses do? The people say, yeah, we will obey everything what you have said, we will obey. So Moses took blood and he sprinkled it on them, saying, this is a blood covenant God is making, right? The law of Moses, the Ten Commandments, the rituals, the priesthood were terms of the covenant. And Moses and then the Aaronic priesthood became the mediators of the covenant, meaning the covenant was established by God.  Sorry, Aaron, your elder brother, make him the high priest. So he became the first high priest. Now, I'm sure Aaron will be wondering, what should I do as a high priest? But over time, he would have learned, right? OK, we're going to do it this way. You've got to, as a high priest, these are things you must do. You must perform all the offerings, all the sacrifices, make sure that everything's happening well. Now, remember, they were carrying the tabernacle. It was there was no temple. They were moving from one place to another. So he had to make sure things were right. Certain rules, regulations, rules and responsibilities that the high priest had. But Deuteronomy 28 is powerful because, you know, when he writes there and he says in the entire chapter, it's powerful. God is reminding the people and he's saying, see, I've already told you when you follow the law, I made a covenant. If you follow everything I say, blessings will come on you. Remember, we looked at Deuteronomy 28, right? Last class, what if you disobey? Blessings and curses will follow, right? Then the old covenant established with blood, Exodus 24, one through eight. Now he said to Moses, come up to the Lord, you and Aaron, Nadab and Abihu and 70 elders of Israel and worship from afar. And Moses alone shall come near the Lord, but they shall not come near nor stand, nor shall the people go up with Moses. The Moses came and they told the people all the words, the Lord, words of the Lord and the judgment and all the judgments and all the people answered with one voice and said all the words which the Lord has, which the Lord has said, we will do. Moses wrote all the words of the Lord as he rose up early in the morning and built an altar at the foot of the mountains and 12 pillars. According to the 12 tribes of Israel, he then sent young men of the children of Israel who offered burnt offerings and sacrificed peace offerings of oxen to the Lord. Same thing, he's establishing the covenant, right? Look at the sacrifices. The sacrifices and feasts were invoking or proclaiming the covenant, right? All the sacrifices, all the feasts. If we do a study of, we can't go in depth into the study of the covenants, meaning each covenant, but if you read Leviticus, right? And you see all those offerings, all of them are talking, pointing to Jesus, establishing the covenant. These are the ways that you must do things. And this is how I will establish my covenant with you, right? Salt of the covenant, that's again a very powerful aspect that was used in the old covenant, salt, blood, words, these are all powerful aspects of covenant. And then we look at the blood covenant with a new creation. Matthew 26, 28, Jesus says, this is my blood of the new covenant, which is shed for the remission of sins. So our offering of spiritual sacrifices is a way of invoking into the covenant. When you and I partake of the Lord's table, what are we doing? We are opening our lives for all the blessings of the cross, the blessings of the new covenant to come into our lives. That's what we are doing. That's why when we partake in the Lord's table, we are saying, let his resurrection power, his blessings, his glory fill our hearts, healing, deliverance, everything that is there on the cross is available for us when we partake in the Lord's table. So what is the first covenant? With Abraham, he sealed it with blood. Then with Moses, he put the blood on the lamp, on the doorpost. And then again, when he made the law or the feast and the laws, God told Moses, go sacrifice, take the blood, sprinkle it on the people. Right. And then the blood covenant, which is for the new creation as believers, what Jesus did on the cross. And so these are some of the blood covenants that God has established. So which is the most powerful blood covenant? Which one? Jesus. Why? Human blood. Okay. Okay. Human blood, but I'm looking for the right. Why is human blood, but what was he as God? He came into this world. It is blood that is holy. Now, in the old covenant, they caught a lamb without blemish. He cut, they cut it, they took it, they went, you know, the high priest would take the blood on the day of atonement, pour it on the altar. It's just, that means that is a good ram. I've given the best blood to God. Now, God has to establish the covenant. So God has to give the best blood and he sent his own son. So when there is the blood of Jesus, should I go back to the old covenants? Is it applicable for us now? Should I take blood and put it on the doper's? When God makes a covenant with us, should we cut an animal and walk between it? You don't need to do all that. Why? Jesus has already done it. Now, this covenant is far greater than that of the old, the book of Hebrews. He talks about it. When Jesus died, he will, when we talk about the cross, we'll also look at the aspects of what the cross did. But when Jesus died, he took his own blood as a sacrifice. Perfect, sinless, pure blood. Not the blood of rams and bulls and goats and all of that. His own blood shed on the altar. It's an everlasting covenant. What about this Passover every year you have to do? What about the other sacrifices every year we have to do? The book of Hebrews says once and for all, he did it for us. So the greatest covenant is the covenant that the Lord Jesus made on the cross. You and I are people of the covenant. Chapter four, when we look at the old covenant, we see how it affected people in their daily life. How did being in covenant affect their life every day? And let's look at a few aspects of how it affected them in their everyday lives and how you and I being part of the covenant, how will it affect our lives in our daily walk with God? So there were people of the covenant of God and covenant and God had promised to work with them and through them in a special way. Exodus 19 five. Now, therefore, if you will indeed obey my voice and keep my commandment, then you shall be a special treasure to me above all people for all the earth is mine. Exodus 34 10. And he said, behold, I make a covenant with you before all your people. I do marvels such as have not been done in all the earth nor in any nation and all people among you among whom you are shall seek the work of the Lord. But it is an awesome thing that I will do with you. And in Acts three, we see Peter's reflection and he says, 325, you are the sons of the prophets and the covenants which God made with our fathers, saying to Abraham in your seed, all the families shall be blessed. What's something important that we notice here?  When you are in covenant with him, he makes a distinction. Everyone knows what's distinction, right? He makes a difference. There's a difference between when you're in a covenant, when you're not in a covenant. Okay, so look at our own lives. When we were not in covenant, what was important to us? When we didn't believe in Jesus, what was important to us? The things of the world, right? Okay, all of you are born believers. What are the things that were important to us when we were unbelievers? Friends, bad habits, bad words, it's all will come out on its own. But the moment we become believers, there's a distinction, right? I remember the moment, I became a believer and for many months I didn't meet anybody. I just was in my room. But after about six months, I decided to meet some of my old friends and I went and met them. They said, hey Paul, you're so different. Now in six months, I didn't put on weight. I probably would have lost weight, right? But they said, you're so different. Something is different. I had the same dressing sense. Probably wore the same clothes, whatever, six months back. Same bike, same, everything is the same. Nothing has changed, but they said you look different. Why? Because when you're not in relationship with God and when you're in relationship with God, there is a difference. And what draws this distinction? He tells the people of Israel also, when you are in covenant with me, walk in covenant with me, I will bless you.  I will bless you. I will, you will have your own vineyards because Jeremiah talks about it. You will have your own fields in your own vineyards. You will eat the fruit of your labor. You will be blessed when you go in, when you come out. Everything you do will be blessed. But if you are not in covenant with me, then there will be curses. I will not bless. I cannot bless when you're worshiping another God. When you're following other Gods, I cannot bless you. But my covenant is, I will bless you only when you obey. When you are, when you're in the covenant, you're receiving from the covenant, it will automatically come on you. Why did the people of Israel take 40 years to reach the promised land? Was God, was God thinking, okay, let me play a game with them? Was God ever thinking that way? No, that was a reason. It's hardly a journey, hardly a journey. Nothing much. But you know what they were doing? They were circling one mountain. I've seen this place before. That's all they were doing. There's mountains here. They're going around that mountain. Round and round and round. Grumble, okay, go one more round. Grumbling again, go one more round. There is the promised land.  Then a new generation, when Joshua came, God said, okay, I promised Abraham, I'm going to take you to the promised land. I made a covenant with Abraham. Your fellows are not listening. You're still disobedient. You're still doing what you want. But because of Abraham, I have to take you to the promised land. Okay, Joshua, get ready. They're going to enter the promised land, right? So it's not God's fault that they were going around in circles there for 40 years. They would have reached much earlier. The problem is they were not walking in covenant. They were doing everything, but they were not in covenant. They were worshiping other gods. They're saying, oh, if I was in Egypt, you know, there it was better. They didn't have foresight. They didn't look at the covenant. God is saying, I'll take you to my own land, a land which will be filled with milk and honey. What a wonderful land there will be. What do these people want? They want to reach there immediately. Doesn't work that way. Right? The moment you're in covenant, God draws a distinction. Even now, as believers, right? God draws a distinction between us. He calls us.   Outside, you may be somebody very simple, you know, living in a small town in India, but you are a chosen generation. When God looks at you, there's a distinction.  I think it was probably last week. I was reading it and my heart just sank. Just thinking how it would have been, you know, they came to India and to serve our nation. He had all, why would he leave the United States? Come here and these people, Indians are going on. Why should he do all of this? Have you ever thought of it? He gave up everything, brought his wife, brought his children and they were martyred here. God draws a distinction. After all of that, many, many lives were touched. There's a distinction.   Exodus 926, only in the land of Goshen, where the children of Israel were, there was no hell. You know, here's interesting in the book of Exodus, when all those problems came about, you know, all the livestock and these grasshoppers and all these plagues that came, nothing happened to the people of Israel. Look at Exodus 9.4. And the Lord would make a difference between the livestock of Israel and the livestock of Egypt. So nothing shall die of all that belongs to the children of Israel. Think of this, you've got livestock of Egypt, you've got the livestock of Israel. No, the livestock of Egypt, everyone, all the, everyone are dying. The goat is simply dying. The calf is dying. The mothers are not able to give birth. There's no blessings there. But the same place they are in, but the people of Israel is multiplication. Why? God has made a distinction, right? Again, in Exodus 11 also, the same thing happened. And so all across in Exodus, even now, God makes a difference, makes a distinction. He calls us as a special people. He says he will overtake us with blessings. Right? He would look at some of those blessings there in page 19. Deliverance, protection, healing, prosperity, blessings, victory over our enemies. He will overtake us. Deuteronomy 28, we read that, right? Blessed you shall be in the city, the fruit of your womb. Everything you do will be blessed. But if you don't obey, none of these blessings will come upon you. As covenant people, we live in community with one another. Right? To live in community means to care for each other, to care for the poor, to care for the orphan, the widowed, and when you look at the old covenant, God cared for them, right? He had specific instructions on how to eat, how to live, how to observe feasts, and there were certain customs that they had to follow. You know, God went into detail. How many of you have read Leviticus? Should we read Leviticus in Numbers? We could read it, right? No, Numbers is a lot of numbers, but there's a lot of nice nuggets of information that you can get. Because, you know, in Leviticus, God has chosen the High Priest, and he also tells Moses and Aaron how the High Priest should stand, what they should wear. The High Priest. So they should wear this kind of a robe. They should have 12 stones representing the 12 tribes of Israel. Everything in detail. Did God say, okay, you do what you... This is what it is? You do it like this? No. Right. In Leviticus, he says about the offerings, he said when you when you cut certain animals, don't remove the blood. Then he goes on here and he says, for this offering, you remove the blood. This offering, you remove the fat. Another offering, you keep the fat.  Why did God do that? Because he knew that, you know, when we are in covenant, he expects us to follow these laws. Now, thankfully, we don't have to believe in all of that. All we have to do is believe in the cross, believe in what Jesus said. And Jesus said he finished the work on the cross. It is finished when Jesus paid the price and he says all our sins are forgiven. When Jesus said he resurrected from the dead, he will come again. When we believe in all that, we don't have to do any work. We just know that we are in part of his kingdom. Right? Look at the shepherd who killed the warrior, David. David believed in his covenant keeping God. Right? First Samuel 17, 45 to 46, then David said to the Philistines, that is Goliath, you come to me with a sword, with a spear and with a javelin, but I come to you in the name of the Lord of hosts and the God of armies of Israel whom you've defied. Look at David. He's not saying you're defying, you're coming against me. He's saying you're defying the army of God. So now I am standing on behalf of the nation of Israel. On behalf of the army of God, I am standing. Right? And he's saying this day, the Lord will deliver you into my hand.  And this day, I will give the carcasses of the camp of the Philistines to the birds of the air, the wild beasts of the earth. And all that and that all of the earth may know that there is a God in Israel. A perfect example of holding on to a covenant. What is what does David say? Hey, you're not coming against me. Who are you coming against? You're coming against the God of Israel. So you are saying, Goliath was saying, what happened? Where's your God now? Nobody's coming forward. Everyone are mocking the God of Israel. But David comes and says, hey, you're trying to mock the God of Israel. You know what I'm going to do?  Number one. And then I'm going to make the carcasses of all the Philistine camps food for the birds of the air. How old is David? Maybe 13 or 14 years old. Young boy or maybe 17 somewhere around there. Young boy looking at this man and saying, what is he standing on? He's saying you're coming against the God of Israel. And the God of Israel is a covenant making God. So he's with me. So there's no Goliath that I cannot defeat.  I will defeat all of you. Because I'm coming through a covenant name. See how you, the moment you understand you're in covenant, the way you look at battles, the way you look at your enemies changes. They may be big and strong, but when you're coming in covenant, that doesn't matter because God is bigger. Right? And then he says with your descendants, Isaiah 59 and 21. As for me, he says to the Lord, this is my covenant with them.   My covenant shall be there. Right? It is my covenant with all of them. Then let's look at what happens when we violate the covenant. What is the meaning of violate? Violate means to break. Right? Signal is red, but nobody is going. What do you do? What do you do? Nobody is there. Signal is red, but we'll go off now. No, don't do that. See, some of you agree. If it's red, it's red. The moment you go, whether people are there or not there, you've got to wait. Why? Because that's the rule. You're violating the rule. You can be fined for it, but there's no police, but cameras are there. Right? But nobody is watching. God is watching. Right? So a rule, when you violate a covenant, what happens? We suffer defeat. We suffer captivity. Look at Leviticus 26, verse 14. If you do not obey me and do not observe all these commandments, and if you despise my statutes and if your soul abhors my judgments so that you do not perform all my commandments but break my covenant, I also will do this to you. I will even appoint terror over you, wasting disease and fever which shall consume the eyes and sorrow and cause sorrow of the heart and you shall sow your seed in vain for your enemies shall eat it. When you and I break the covenant, God is that this is God. Same God who said in Deuteronomy 28, I will bless you the fruit of your womb. You will multiply. Same God is saying if you disobey, what's going to happen? I will also do this to you. I will even appoint terror over you. I will appoint terror upon you. That means what? Now, for example, as believers, we are walking, we're doing everything and now I decide to do something wrong. Right? Something that is totally against God. What will happen? What am I doing? I'm breaking the covenant. I'm breaking the covenant which God made with me.  I cannot live in sin. So, for example, you'll take a believer, he's living a good life but all of a sudden he, you know, falls into sin. Right? What's happened? He's broken the covenant. He's violated the covenant. Now, God is still gracious.  Still gracious in all our mistakes. Yet, the consequences is something that we have to face. Right? If I do something wrong, I have to face the consequences. Right? God may forgive. We may go back and ask for forgiveness but the consequences I have to face. Why? Because I have violated the commandment. Imagine, I have broke, I've and this traffic signal, I broke the law. On a red signal, I've gone and the police comes and stops me. I cannot say I'm a pastor. See, I'm a pastor. I actually preach about obedience. So, now I'm going for hospital visit. Somebody's in the ICU. I have to go and pray for him. That's why I broke the signal. They'll make you stand for more time. It's better to agree that you did wrong and move on. Pay the fine and move. The moment you start explaining I'm a pastor, you know, I believe in Bible. This is what the Ten Commandments is. I know everything. They said, then why you're not applying it? Yes or no? The same thing. When, when I cannot say anything in this move on, I have to pay the fine then move on. Same way, when I violate God's commandments, God, God is still merciful, but I have to pay for the things that I've done wrong. Yet in that, God is so gracious. Right. He, you know, the Lord Jesus will help us to overcome our mistakes and help us in our, in those challenges. That's the grace of God. Something that we don't deserve. Yes, to read the Old Testament. No, it's only God's grace and mercy. That's all it is. Imagine God did these wonderful miracles, brought the people out of Egypt, but they are not bothered to believe in God. Six months, they're believing in another God. Three months, they believe in another God. Half his time, they're believing in God of Israel. Why? Because God of Israel only will bless our land. Ah, the blessings have come. Okay. Now another six months, they're doing something else. Three months there, three months here, all over the place. Now God is saying, Hey, I'm a zealous God. That's, I am the, what is the commandments? There is no other God apart from me, but still you people, if you read first Kings, second Kings, what's happening? God is sending these prophets. All the Israelites are following other gods. What about the God of Israel? Nobody wants Elijah comes. Oh, he stopped the heavens from raining. I was okay. Please pray to your God that it starts raining. Now they want rain. Now they want the God of Israel to do it for them. So if you read it, if I was God, I would have waited another 10 years, but God is gracious. Right. So it's not an angry God in the Old Testament. It is a God. It's because we haven't kept our side of the covenant. These things happen when we violate the covenant. But look at Jesus, who ministered, yet he was, even though he was under the old covenant, in, in, he says, in the daughter of Abraham, through though healing and deliverance was not for, was stated only for those in God's covenant. But look at this. You know, the daughter of God says, you as a covenant with Abraham, do you think you should not be healed? And God heals this woman. The children's bread Oh, this is another. I forget the worst of this. Anybody can pull up that. The children's bread. And probably in Matthew. But if you pull it up, just let me know. I'll keep going. Right. Then Jesus said, I will make a new covenant with you. Jeremiah 31. 31 to 34. Behold, the days are coming, says the Lord, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel. Not according to the covenant I made with their fathers. But he goes on to explain verse 34. No more shall every man teach his neighbor and every man, his brother saying, know the Lord for they shall, they all shall know me for from the least of them to the greatest of them, says the Lord, for I will forgive their inequity and their sin. I will remember no more. So an everlasting new covenant. The Lord Jesus established a new covenant for us. And this everlasting covenant is a covenant of peace. It's a covenant that can, no other covenant can replace this covenant. You and I are part of this new covenant. So I want to encourage us when as believers, remember when you are in covenant with God, you do your best to keep your part of the covenant. Will there be failures? Yes. But go back to God. Remember that you are part of a covenant. God is faithful to keep his side. Right. He shed his blood. The price is paid. He has called us as new covenant people. He has called us his children. We walk in that identity. Right. And then we, when we walk in that, we will receive and see the blessings of God in our life. Amen. So we'll stop here. And next week, we'll pick up from the new covenant. What is the new covenant all about? And we've been talking about, you know, Abraham, Moses, two blood covenants, but in the new covenant through the Lord Jesus, what is the blessings available in this covenant? The new covenant. So we'll pick up this from next class. Right. Everything okay? Yes. Everyone able to understand? Right. So even as we finish this, we will get into the cross. We'll get into the cross. We'll talk about the power of the cross. And then we'll talk about the blood of Jesus and how the blood of Jesus so powerful still talks about it. Yes. Pastor, you were referring to Matthew 15. Okay. Yes. Matthew 15, 26 to 28. Yes. Can somebody read that? Matthew 15, 26 to 28. Matthew 15 was 26, but he answered and said, it is not good to take the children's bread and throw it to the little dogs. Was 27. And she said, yes, Lord, yet even the little dogs eat the crumbs which fall from their master's table was 28. Then Jesus answered and said to her, as you desire, and her daughter was healed from that very hour. Okay. This picture is, see the previous one was a daughter of Abraham. Jesus says, as a covenant with Abraham, healing is yours. It is part of it. So Jesus heals her. But in this, this woman is a Gentile. She is not part of the covenant. Okay. And she goes to Jesus and says, you know, this is the problem. Can you please heal? This is what I'm going through. What does Jesus reply? He says, it's not good to take pearls and throw them to the pigs. Or it's not good to feed the bread. To, you know, it's not good for me to do this. Basically what Jesus is trying to say is, they're not part of the covenant.  But in response to that, the woman said, but at least the food, the bread that falls from the table, you know, what does it say there? And was, sorry, 28. Can you repeat 28? It's 27. Yeah, 27, 28. And she said, yes, Lord, yet even the little dogs eat the crumbs which fall from their masters table. Even the dogs, that means even the dogs eat the crumbs that fall from the masters table. Jesus was in awe of that answer. Wow. You will receive your healing. But he was not even part of the covenant. Right. So what does it say to us? Even when you go on, when we see after that, you know, God begins to work among the Gentiles. And we talk about that in the new covenant. No more is it about one place, one tribe of people, but the entire world, the entire every tribe, every language, every tongue will confess the name of the Lord Jesus. And that's what we'll see in the new covenant. Right. Okay. Let's stop. We'll pick up from next week. Have a great weekend. See you next week. God bless.


Mexico is up three to one over Panama in the Caribbean series We're going to the bottom of the ninth this breakdown is brought to you by DraftKings now They want to bring this dude in Luis Marquez. He's their closer. I guess they want him to pitch five nine two sixty two Only problem the umpires say we don't see any Luis Marquez on our sheet. Yeah, you can't pitch Sorry, they forgot to put you on the lineup So they gotta go to the bullpen they bring in Jake Sanchez is he ready to close?  I don't know the miles per hour But these are clearly two pitches that cross and work off of each other and I like it didn't get the call on the slider Tries it again or cutter. I'm not sure what he's calling that pitch. He says nope. Nope. Nope fan says we're What what come on next pitch? He goes is that a strike little cutter again, and then he starts yanking them both ways hits the batter That's not good, but it's all right. That run doesn't even matter. It's just is not even a tying run He's getting loose though. Oh, he's getting real loose. He's getting spry and Ball in play hits the base base ball and that runner first to third Limber loose relaxed muscles.  Yes, vamos Yes more vamos vamos Panama oh And he's getting limber in a different way.  I just think it was cool How consistently low he was besides that one pitch working both ways coming towards the batter going away from that But there's one out now next batter comes up Johan Camargo smolder City He's got two on wants to drive him home first pitch is gonna be the two seamer Does it get plate? No Camargo says no this one. No any dances on that one. Uh-huh two and oh big swing fouls it back Mexico Mexico Cheering for a different team than the fans. I showed earlier strike on the outside Camargo says yeah, that's okay And then that one didn't have much movement either way gets the out does score a run and puts the tying run on Third base and they touch each other But now one out to go and they win goes off the plate away goes another little slider cutter thing one in one Stays with that one that one looks a little different shape gets the swing and miss on it a strike away from winning for Mexico Can they will they he says the no, I don't want to throw that I've thrown all sliders I want to throw another one bad decision Jake Sanchez. He pokes that one up the middle and Panama has tied the game They're excited in the crowd. They're going crazy waving the flag What a nine-thinning now the next batter he says okay through too many cutters I'm gonna throw all two seams to seem oh and one to seem oh and two to seem high and The one two to seem low two and two another one Or maybe that was a little slider that he fouls back out of play to two pitch in the zone and driven deep to left field Splits the gap. They're on their horses.  They got it all going on Thank you very much for watching this breakdown was brought to you by draft Kings I thank them and I thank you and I thank myself for having such a good time making this baseball, baby


Hello everyone, welcome back to a new session on dentistry and work. So today's topic is diet, nutrition and its association with oral health. So oral health, general health and diet is always interconnected. So let's see how the diet influences oral health and dental caries and diet. In epremology of dental caries, we have seen the connection between diet and dental caries. This chapter highlights the diet, nutrition and its effect on the nutritional deficiency on the oral health and other factors. So the basic difference between diet and nutrition is that is what you eat and drink, but nutrition is an internal processing from that food stuffs, how much your body consumes, that is nutrition. It is an internal processing of foods and beverages such as nutrition, digestion, absorption and assimilation, distribution and elimination. So the whole process is nutrition and diet is nothing but the food stuffs you eat or drink. So this is a very basic chapter of this we have seen in our early years like maybe first years and even our early school life also we have seen this, the major nutrients, micronutrients and trace elements, carbohydrate, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and trace elements. So proteins we know it is very important. So I am not going very detail about proteins because it is very simple topic, this is not much explanation required. So it is required for body tissue, skin, stent and spatulages and it also forms hormones and enzymes. So we need to stress on the deficiency, protein energy deficiency that is PEM, quashioca malasmas. So quashioca is nothing but, were taken from the weak language and which means red boy due to the characteristic pigmentary changes, later on the term was interpreted as deposed child. So it was first recognized by Prof. C. C. Williams in 1933. So it was the disease of first child when the second was on the way, displacing the first child from breastfeeding. So malasmas is known as wasting, it is a greek word malasmas and it affects children exhibiting extreme wasting and old man appearance to jaws and skin and bones. So these type of appearance will be seen in children. So this is oral manifestation of protein deficiency, there will be right reddening of tongue, loss of papillae and edema of tongue, bilateral chelosis, bushering of lip, loss of circum, oral pigmentation and dry mouth. So the basic thing is most of the oral manifestations are same for most of the vitamin deficiency and there is slight variations in color appearance but 60 to 70% is the same. So delayed eruptions as it is teeth measure, linear dysplasia. So lipids we know it is fats basically saturated and unsaturated fats and fat soluble vitamins ADEK which carries these lipids. So nutritional factors affecting oral cavity, there should be optimal nutrition created for hard and soft tissue development. So malnutrition or nutrition will create problems such as a tetracycline staining of teeth, tender fluorescence, enamel defects in premature born children and fever induced enamel hypoplasia. So nutrients, deficiencies or excess have been directly associated with conditions like protein, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin C, AD, iodine and fluorine. So let's see the classification of vitamins, fats soluble ADEK and water soluble B complex and C. So B, there are various category B1, B2, B3, B6, B7, pantothenic acid, B9, B12, Cyanocobalamin. So vitamin A sources we know it meat and diet products, beta-carotene also is a precursor of vitamin A. So these are the deficiencies, nipeline, conjunctival, cirrhosis, pitot sports, corneal cirrhosis and keratomalacia. So oral health, this is what we are emphasizing upon. Vitamin A helps in synthesis of proteoglycans, fibronectin and typhon procollagen, it is also helps in epithelial tissue differentiation, axon cells with high turnover rate and helps in formation of aminoblasts and orondoblasts. So what happens if there is a deficiency, it affects salivary gland, there will be decreased salivary flow, it causes increased caries, oral mucus membrane, there will be hyper keratosis and gingeral hyperplasia. In teeth, during pre-araptive stage deficiency, it causes enamel hyperplasia and defective dentine formation. So normal teeth spacing and osteoblast function of albular bone also will be impaired in case of vitamin A deficiency. And in periodontium there is tendency to periodontal pocket formation. So as a result of this pocket formation proliferation of basal cells of gingeral epithelium and a decreased cellular infiltrate on the lamina propria. And there will be cleft lip and pallet chances during early development of both deficiency and high doses reported to induced cleft lip and pallet. Vitamin D we know it is known as unscented vitamin, there are D1 to D5 category, D2 D3 are nutritional importance. So these are the required daily allowance upper level. So only the fat soluble vitamins have upper level because it is getting stored, not like BMC which is water soluble. So vitamin D if deficiency causes enamel hyperplasia, there will be uncalcified dentine matrix, physical roughness of enamel surfaces causes, adherence of plaque and caries. So vitamin E, it increases resistance to inflammatory mediated tissue destruction and which improves gingeral health. So in case of deficiency, there will be decreased inflammatory response and gingeral health also will be impaired. So vitamin K which is helping for the coagulation if deficiency is there, there will be hemorrhage. Secondary deficiency also causes with antibiotics, newborn infarms receives a single dose of vitamin K at birth because of the sterile intestine and tract. So gingeral bleeding and post extraction hemorrhages are the problems associated with vitamin K and which is also known as anti-caries agent because it has an inactivity of enzyme inhibiting in the carbohydrate degradation cycle. Vitamin A and vitamin E have no non-effect on anti-caries activity. So let's move on to vitamin B that is water soluble vitamin B1, venothiamine. So it is all these structures. Deficiency causes beriberi, dry beriberi and infantile beriberi. Wet means it has cardiac manifestations. This is CNS manifestation and infantile beriberi because it is seen in infants born to mothers suffering from thiamine deficiency. So what are the dental considerations? There will be tongue changes in form of enlarged flabby, red and edematous appearance with engorgement of bunchiform papillate. Ginger becomes inflamed and present with an old rose color. So these type of features we need to keep in mind because always study link thiamine old rose color because most of the manifestations are the same like I told. So the old rose seen in thiamine deficiency, hepatical like vesicles, palate, buccal mucosa and tongue. So vitamin B2, riboflavin, it is a first week complex component to be isolated. And deficiency angloaculitis, pyloroflipsan, anglofemod, glossitis, magenta color tongue causes. So this magenta color tongue, keep in mind, cause you to atrophy of papilla and increase to vascularization, seborrheic dermatitis and proliferation of bilboa congenital capillaries. Tongue changes. Tongue changes, initial stages, reddish appearance of tip and lateral margins of tongue with caustric granular due to atrophy of philiform papillae and engorgement of bunchiform papillae will happen. So in CVO cases which leads to atrophy of all papillae causing tongue to appear very smooth and glazed. So also deficiency leads to increased vascularization which causes tongue to appear, magenta and color. So always remember, riboflavin deficiency, seborrheic dermatitis and magenta color tongue. So vitamin B3, niacin. So we know basic functions of now impulses and recirculatory free fatty acids. So let's see what other dental consideration it causes, dermatitis, angloaculitis, atrophy glausitis and CVO gene jamal, inflammation with neck crosses. So tongue changes are epithelium of tongue appears, discommitate, philiform papillae disappears, first hand engorgement of bunchiform papillae. So early stages same as other deficiency, tip and lateral borders are involved. It becomes swollen and at advanced cases there will be severe redness and becomes all the papillae losing. Pandothenic acid derived from Greek good pantoins means everywhere. So formerly known as anti-dermatitis factor which is a coenzyme A metabolic role is coenzyme A. So dental consideration, ulceration and hyperkeratosis, gene jamal necrosis and resorption of alveolar crest. So barotin is anti-aqua white injury factor. So it's high consumption of raw egg which contains evident is which tightly binds to barotin and reduces intestinal absorption. So there will be destruction of intestinal fiora due to prolonged administration. So vitamin B6 is also known as spirodoxin, it's a lentil deficiency that really changes the most common thing is angloarchelitis. It initially presents as a pallor of the lip and the angle of the mouth. Then it is followed by reddening of lips due to disformation of epithelium at the angles. These visuals develop a yellow crest which can be removed without bleeding. So tongue changes are closer it is with pain, edema and papillary changes. Tongue has scaled sensation followed by reddening and hypertrophy of the filiform papillae. The tip margins are in dosage. So citric acid which means leaf of vegetable, what happens is deficiency passes process of folate deficiency. There will be defective absorption, hemolytic anemia and true deficiency. So folate deficiency causes these problems that is macrosetting anemia, there will be increased risk of atherosclerosis, hyperchromosistrinuria. So vitamin B12, you know cyanocobalamin which is nutritional vitamin B2 deficiency, it's seen in elderly people and people with gastrectomy, fish tapeworm, infection people. So dental consideration, benign and B12 causes pernicious anemia. In dental consideration, initial oral symptoms is presented with glosoparia and followed by swelling and pallor with disappearance of filiform and fensiform papillae. Then bright red diffuse excruciating painful ulcers will be seen. So vitamin C, we know that the James Lind experiment I have mentioned it in the ophthalmology side RCT section, James Lind was one of the pioneers in epidemiology or randomized control trial. So we used lime water for treating this curvy. So what happens if we stop taking vitamin C, there will be hemorrhagic signs, defective synthesis of steward, impaired wound healing and very follicular hemorrhages. So vitamin C is very important role in our peroncium because low levels of vitamin C influences metabolism of collagen within the peroncium. It interferes with bone formation leading to alveolar bone loss which increases levels of ascorbic acid enhances chemotactic and migratory action of leukocytes. These are the roles of vitamin C and depletion causes which interferes with ecological equilibrium of bacteria in plaque and increases its pathogenicity. An optimal level of vitamin C is required to maintain the integrity of peronyl microvascular vasculature and wound healing. So vitamin C has a very crucial role in maintaining a proper peronyl health. So let's see what are the basic dental concentration as we discussed. The earliest manifestation of scurvy in gingivitis which leads to peronylitis and tooth mobility and loss of teeth. So deficiency aggravate in gingivitis wants to bleed and worsen the edema, enlargement and bleeding. Vitamin C influences we have seen in the previous slide collagen metabolism of peroncium and affecting the ability of tissue to regenerate and repair itself. So scurvy is very severe disease causing the gums which leads to changes in the teeth in form of hypoblastic, it's atrophy of aminoblast and odendoblast and dentin form which lacks parallel arrangement of dentin to build. So this is affecting both soft tissues and heart tissues. So let's see what are the minerals affected calcium, vitamin D and phosphorus which are essential for proper development and maintenance of mineralized tissues especially teeth and alveoli. So deficiency of these nutrients is a critical phase of tooth development causing hyper mineralization of teeth and it might lead to delayed eruption. Iron deficiency anemia which manifests in the oral cavity has parallel oral tissues which we have seen with venous anemia, tongue will be shiny and planted filiform papillae. Suminolized tissues are less clear than deficiency associated effect and serves basically as a cofactor with ascorbic acid so it has a role in vitamin C and its synthesis. So zinc regulates the function of inflammation by inhibiting release of lysosimilar enzymes, zinc deficiency can inhibit collagen formation and reduce cell mediated immunity. This is important because sometimes question might come as trace elements and oral health. So zinc deficiency can also result in delayed wound healing, effective caratination and epithelial thickening and atrophy of oral mucosa also essential for taste and other sensitivity. So diet and enamel enolization. So dental demenolization can result from excessive tooth brushing, regurgitation of stomach acid as in eating disorders like bulimia nervosa or excessive consumption of acid containing foods or beverages and also the effect of acid from diet is magnified in presence of zero stromium because salivar helps to neutralize acid. So dietary sources of acids are citrus fruits, juices, acero-genic, sports drink, snacks with citrus acid, the carbonated beverages, vitamin C chewable tablets and the gastric regurgitation products. The role of carbohydrate we know we have discussed in detail in eprimulogy of tendril caries. You know, structococcus is a bacteria which needs a susceptible tooth, bacteria and fermentable carbohydrate at appropriate time which becomes eprimulogy tritra. So other dietary factors counteract the damaging effect of carbohydrates. So there will be always a balance between protective and destructive factors. So protective factors are fluoride, calcium, phosphorus in plaque and saliva which promotes remuneration of early lesions. So that's all about diet and oral health or tendril caries and oral health. So this is a very common question that's been repeatedly asked. The diet and oral health or diet and nutrition and its effect on oral health, diet and tendril caries, trace elements and tendril caries. So all these are very simple to study. Only thing, the same thing which we studied in first year or early school life, the same thing which a little bit of oral manifestation make a good essay. So I'll come up with a new session on dentistry and all.


The clock is going to be on the sleepy model of consensus. Then she is going to be on the clock. OK, thanks for the introduction. I'm very happy to be here. I'll be talking about the sleepy model of consensus. And this is John's work with Raphael Paz. OK, so this happened in May, earlier this year. British Airways had an update. And this was what the airport was like. People were stuck there. And this happened because of a systems failure. And something strikingly similar that happened to Delta Airlines in, I guess, September last year. There was this one day where all the flights were cancelled. Everything was shut down. All the booking systems were shut down. And Delta Airlines suffered 100 million US dollars loss in revenue because of this system failure. OK, so the model of the story is that we need replication and robustness. This is a very simple idea. But it is precisely this very simple idea that gave birth to an entire area of research, distributed systems, and that has been 30 years of work in this area. OK, so in distributed systems, we care about a very important abstraction called state social replication. It is also referred to as linearly order lock or consensus. In state social replication, imagine we have a set of servers. In this case, we have Google wallet servers. Google wallet, for instance, wants to avoid a kind of disaster that happened to Delta Airlines. So these set of servers, let's imagine they want to agree on ever growing linearly ordered lock-off transactions. There are two very important security problems that we care about, namely consistency and likeness. Consistency is that all the honest notes must agree on the lock. Because we never did that yesterday, it could be, let's say, the last lock is a little longer than mine, but nonetheless, our locks have to be presented to each other. OK, so like this says, that whenever a client submits a transaction, the transaction has to appear in all of the honest notes locked fairly quickly. OK. In the beginning, this may seem deceptive-lacing, so after all, what is difficult about reaching consensus on a linearly ordered lock indeed, the problem would have been trivial if all the nodes that are honest can behave correctly. But if it is the case that a set of these nodes can be corrupt and these corrupt nodes can behave arbitrarily, then as it turns out, the problem becomes highly non-trivial and that's why you know there's so much work in this space. OK, so for the rest of the talk, whenever I mentioned consensus, I specifically made state machine application. State machine application is not new and in fact, it is widely applied in practice. For example, Google has a service called Chubby and the protocol behind Chubby is a pixels-like consensus protocol that is tolerant of crash spots. And of course, without Google, that's all the Silicon Valley companies have to copy. So roughly speaking, the open source counterpart of Chubby is a patched zookeeper and pretty much every other Silicon Valley company besides Google adopts a patched zookeeper to replicate their computing infrastructure. Traditionally, when we talk about consensus, the kind of scenario that conjures up in our minds is exactly what I talked about. There's a single optimization, there are a dozen nodes that interact with fast local area now. And what really changed our view of distributed consensus is cryptocurrency. This is like extremely exciting, you know, we have Bitcoin, Ethereum and now we can do consensus on a large scale over the internet. OK, so this is really amazing and you know, there's a lot of excitement in this space. For instance, this is a picture I found online of industry consultions and these consultions are trying to build blockchains for banks and these banks want to build a distributed network amongst themselves. For instance, I talked to companies that are trying to roll out solutions for banks in China. This scale we are looking at is in China there's like hundreds of banks and each bank implies 10 nodes, we can easily have like 1000 nodes scale. So everything is a lot larger than classical deployments and it's among multiple organizations. So interestingly when you talk to blockchain cryptocurrency people, it seems like the common wisdom is that a classical consensus protocol aren't robust enough for these large scale deployments and people want blockchain. OK, this is kind of like a very nice intuition but it's also not very satisfying because for one thing, it doesn't answer the question, what kind of robustness problem do we want in this large scale deployment? It doesn't articulate what robustness means. In the rest of the talk I'm going to try to answer these questions or at least partially. So first I'll talk about how do we define robustness? I'll give one possible definition and then I'll talk about why classical protocols fail to achieve this notion of robustness and then in the end I'll answer the question how can we achieve this robustness notion? So before I begin I wanted to say like cryptocurrency is an interesting area because it seems like the empirical success is faster, it outstrips our scientific understanding. So I have this colleague who made an interesting comment and traditionally when you ask a researcher, let's say you're a professor in a university and we have this technology, what is the gap from the research prototype till the technology matures and gets deployed in practice? Like traditionally you'd expect an answer between like five to ten years but for cryptocurrency if you try to answer this question it's like negative six months. Okay, alright. So let us begin with the first question. So exactly what robustness properties do we care about for these large scale departments? And let me make an analogy. Suppose we want to have 300 million people vote, what can happen? What's going to happen is that only 160 million are done will show up, right? Not everyone's going to show up. And perhaps we can hope that amount of people who do show up maybe the majority are honest because if the majority are corrupt, who knows what will happen? Who will be the next US president? Okay, alright. So in this table we define this as a new model for distributed consensus called the sleepy model and in the sleepy model we can consider that there are the sleepy, which means they're offline or they're active, or we also call it a wake. And sometimes nodes can go to sleep and then they can wake up later, right?  And the point is that when you wake up you are supposed to continue to enjoy consistency and life disparities. And this is not a requirement in classical disaster. In classical consensus, if I ever go to sleep then I'm automatically treated as corrupt. It's treated as a crash part. And later when I do wake up again I don't enjoy any of these consistency and life disparities anymore. Okay. So this is just further clarification on the model. I made this part in central. That's why Dan Monet is the adversary. Okay. A malicious node, as we said, can behave arbitrarily. The adversary can delay all the ordering messages but up to some narrow delay upper bound. And the step narrow delay upper bound is known to the protocol. So messages can be let's say delays where I'm lost out in a rough month and the protocol knows exactly what this maximum delay is. And all the nodes that are online can receive messages from other honest nodes within this maximum delay. Okay. So this is some clarification. A meaningful question that we can ask in this model is can we reach consensus if 51% of the online nodes are honest? Right. Not everyone can be honest but we want that among the online people maybe the majority of them are not honest. And before I answered this question I want to mention that this is actually the best you can hope for because in our paper we have an impossibility result showing that if less than 50% of the online nodes are honest then consensus is impossible in this leading model. This is also very interesting because if you contrast it with the classical setting in the classical setting if you have a PKI you can tolerate arbitrary many faults. But here even if you have a PKI this impossibility result will help. So that's why the model is fundamentally different from classical. Okay. So when I ask this question here are some of these implicit assumptions that I'm making. First, the protocol doesn't know how many nodes are going to show up. It could be that 30% is going to show up it could be maybe 99% are going to show up maybe I'm expecting 99% to show up but only 1% showed up. Not the test. Even if only 1% showed up we want the 1% people that showed up to still be able to reach agreement. Okay. And maybe you know you didn't show up in the beginning but you somehow join later and that's okay because as soon as you join as long as you are an honest node you should be able to enjoy the consistency and like the sanity. Okay. So what I mean is that this seems like a very simple and very natural question, right? And you would expect that with 30 years of work in this space such a question should have been resolved. But the surprising bit is that that's not the case and that it turns out all the classical protocols fail in this model and moreover not only do they fail none of these protocols work even if we are willing to assume that 99% of the online nodes are honest. So that's a very strong statement. Okay. I'm going to very quickly explain why classical protocols don't work. There are two types of classical protocols synchronous and asynchronous. In the synchronous model the messages are delivered immediately in the next round. In the asynchronous model the message can take some unknown amount of delay and the protocol doesn't know how long the delay is. Okay. So why do classical synchronous protocols fail? The fundamental reason is that the sleeplessness is some kind of asynchronous behavior because imagine I go to sleep now and I wake up later and when I wake up I receive altitude depending messages. So that's kind of modeling some kind of asynchronous behavior where the message can be delayed by the duration of the sleep. And for these classical protocols that expect synchronous assumptions to work these protocols don't work in the sleeplessness model. And maybe the more interesting question is why these classical asynchronous protocols also don't work in the sleeplessness model. And the reason is that in the classical models if the node goes to sleep it will automatically be treated as corrupt. So imagine so typically the way asynchronous protocols work is that I would ask people to vote and I'm going to collect two-thirds of the people to vote and then I would make progress. But if it still happens that only 1% of the people show up I would never, even if I waited for an instant delay now I would never be able to collect two-thirds of the people to vote. So the protocol will get stuck there. And the fundamental problem here is that we don't know how many people are going to show up in prior weeks. So to quickly recap I've explained one specific notion of robustness and why classical protocols are failed. I will quickly for the remaining, how many minutes? For the remaining 12 minutes I will try to talk about how we can achieve this notion of robustness. So this is just a note to say in this talk I only mentioned one notion of robustness but there are other notions but they can be published also at several talks. So how can we achieve robustness? We are going to draw inspiration from crypto currencies again. The community's wisdom is that Bitcoin's multimodal consensus is very, very robust. And in fact the amazing thing is that Bitcoin actually has been up and running for more than, maybe now it's nine years, for more than nine years. And maybe there were some minor attacks but nothing really major and that's why Bitcoin is referred to as the honey badger of money. A honey badger is a very robust animal. The good news is that we can actually now mathematically prove that Bitcoin's blockchain protocol indeed is capable of reaching consensus by 51% of the online nodes are honest. So that's good. But on the other hand this protocol is hugely wasteful, right? I recently read a report saying that Bitcoin's electricity consumption is more than that of Ireland. So we certainly don't want to run the protocol like this and this is just for confirming like three transactions per second by the way all this electricity consumption. Okay. And of course the interesting question is can we achieve Nakamoto's robustness? But without having to pay expensive proof of work. Okay. So we want to use Nakamoto's blockchain to remove the proof of work. And to continue I will very quickly talk about Nakamoto's blockchain protocol. I assume that many of you already know how Nakamoto's blockchain works. And then I'll talk about how to remove the proof of work. Okay. What is a blockchain? This is a blockchain. Okay. So how does Nakamoto's blockchain work? Say I have this blockchain I want to extend it. What do I do? I'm going to take a hash function. I hash the block I want to extend, the transaction I want to confirm and the puzzle solution, which is the screen just called puzzle piece. And if the hash outcome is less than B which is the difficulty parameter then the screen value is a good puzzle solution and luckily I get to mine the next mark. Okay. And the assumption is that the stage is like a random article, it's a random function. So the best way for me to find a puzzle solution is through brute force. I'm going to try many of the green lines until I find one that satisfies the solution. And of course trying many of these green jigsaw puzzle pieces is going to be expensive and that's where the proof of work happens. Okay. And the important aspect of the blockchain protocol is that people, if you see blocks you are going to pick the longest chain and that's important for security because let's say if Dan maybe paid me some money to buy my I know the Alfa Romeo, my car and now he wants to erase his transaction to double Stan's money he needs to basically mine a longer fork, right? And if he doesn't have enough competition power he is never able to mine a longer chain and therefore he cannot erase the past. Okay. So essentially if the transaction is embedded deep enough in the chain it is considered to be secure enough and it can be considered to be confirmed. Okay. So that's just very quickly how Bitcoin is blockchain protocol works and I want to focus on how to remove the proof of work. One thing interesting that we realize is that proof of work is kind of a leader in that chain process when we remove the proof of work one idea is to restrict the puzzle space, right? In Bitcoin you have to try many many puzzle solutions until you find a valid one but wouldn't as we've already explained the protocol let's assume we are in a permissioning setting right? We have a set of nodes and everyone knows that knows perfectly. Okay. It is a permissioning setting not permissionless. So this was how Nakamoto worked but now we want to restrict the puzzle space. So what do we do? So imagine we are this round-face protocol and in every round we want to elect a leader and we don't want people to try many puzzle solutions so the puzzle solution is basically your own identity, right? So let's say Dan wants to be elected as a leader and he's going to take this hash function, hash his ID and the current round number and if the outcome is less than the difficulty parameter and he is Dan the leader and if he is the leader he can basically take the secrecy he can sign the block he wants to extend with the set of transactions he wants to confirm and the current round number and this allows him to mine a new block and everyone can verify that the block is correct by verifying that indeed Dan is the leader of this round and that he signed all of these things correctly. Okay. So this seems like a nice idea, right? The question is whether this protocol gives you security well, I guess the answer is no, it's a trick question and there are two reasons why this protocol isn't secure one is that if Dan is elected in some round he can use this credit multiple times like honest notes are only going to use this credit once but the adversary can use it multiple times and the second issue is that honest notes are only going to mine in the present, right? Every round I'm only going to use the current round number but whereas adversary can use future round numbers so the adversary has much more choices than honest notes and that's not fair to the honest notes Okay, so to fix the protocol our idea is to add some constraints for timestamps in the blockchain so how do we do it? First we require that in the valid blockchain these timestamps these round numbers have to strictly increase number tip so this prevents the adversary from reusing the same round number twice in the same chain and also like I said we want to prevent mining in the future so honest notes are only going to accept the chain if all the timestamps are not in the future are in the present or in the past Okay, so these constraints intuitively they seem to constrain the adversary a lot but of course the question still remains is the protocol secure after these fixes Okay, so this actually is a non-trivial question The answer is actually yes but the proof is non-trivial Okay and one reason why the proof is non-trivial is because like even even though we know previous works have proven Nakamoto's blockchain secure it turns out that in this protocol the adversary has more choices than in Nakamoto's blockchain so in our paper we have a detailed proof that shows how these stochastic results still hold despite these new attacks Okay so like I said the previous no Nakamoto blockchain analysis basically don't work in our setting and I'm going to skip the proof in the ancient time if you want to learn about the proof you should look at our paper the paper also contains additional results from Oracle how she's stronger in security like the protocol I talked about has only adaptive security but if you want to get adaptive security you have to do something more Okay application of the sleepy consensus protocol consortium blockchain remember I said about distributed ledger among multiple banks and you can also use sleepy consensus protocol to build a proof of state protocol we have another thing about Snow White which basically takes the sleepy consensus protocol and we show how to do robust committee reconfiguration over time to reflect the current such that the committee reflects the current state distribution so we can get a proof of state protocol Okay, alright to conclude we have come a very long way where we started about we started here these classical distributed systems like within Google and Facebook and now we are in this exciting new world where we want to build internet-scale distributed systems we want to treat with other people that we don't know on the internet and there are so many exciting open problems like even just for consensus itself our understanding of distributed consensus in this large scale is fairly little Okay before I end I want to mention that following Azure Grid and this is generously sponsored by NBI and Tsinghua and co-organized by Tsinghua Carnau and given by I think some of you I'll see you guys there There are a difference between the sleeping model and just saying that messages can be arbitrarily long delayed because it seems really sleepy it's the same as just about getting your messages for a time that's a very good question what's the fundamental difference we actually don't know how many people are going to shop in the sleeping model so what you are asking is more close to the classical asynchronous model where the message really can be arbitrarily long but these protocols require knowing exactly how many nodes are there because so for instance we know that in the classical asynchronous technique we can design protocol secure against when they are crushing and the way these protocol work is that I know and people want to participate in the protocol I'm going to have everyone vote I will count two thirds times N number of votes and I do something I take some action and then you vote again and again I wait for two thirds of people to vote so the point is that in the sleeping model there may be some that will never wake up so in the sleeping model if you do this it's not going to work because I'm expecting two thirds times N people to vote and the protocol is kind of there forever maybe one more question you are kind of like a leader to find the next chain but what if the leader is not online it's probably just down here if the leader is not online so that's a good question so I didn't talk about difficulty adjustment potentially you can do difficulty adjustment right now the protocol slows down if you are online you are doing random selection eventually you elect someone who is online and that guy is going to sign the block but it is true that if only half of the people are there the protocol slows down by a factor of two right if I don't adjust the path of difficulty parameter but at some point maybe there's not enough people online and the protocol doesn't know it's down there because you don't have a chance to adjust the parameter as long as some of these people are online eventually they know it's going to get elected let's say there's only one person online so you need to set each and number of rounds if I'm going to elect the protocol let's say roughly speaking I'm going to elect a leader every round right so after linear number of rounds the other side is still going to get elected and when he gets elected he's going to make progress but of course the protocol slows down by a factor of n unless you do have difficulty adjustment and it is indeed possible to do difficulty adjustment in a sleepy light protocol so for instance Nakamoto's blockchain has this difficulty adjustment mechanism that looks at the block generation rate in the past two weeks and it will set the mining difficulty parameter according to the next election I think it's like 2016 block. which is roughly two weeks alright thank you


Hi, welcome to Nursing School Explained. Today's topic is the thyroid gland and how it regulates basic metabolic rate and therefore helps us process all the different functions in the body. We'll also be looking at hypo and hyperthyroidism. But first let's take a look at the basis of the thyroid gland. So I already mentioned that it regulates metabolic rate and we usually call this BMR, basic metabolic rate. And the follicular cells of the thyroid trap iodine that we consume in our diet and combine it to make T3 and T4. And remember the thyroid gland sits right here at the anterior neck area. So the thyroid gland functions by a negative feedback loop. And there are other glands in parts of the body that are involved in the balance of the thyroid hormones. So the thyroid hormones, the two thyroid hormones that we can measure in the bloodstream are T3 and T4, which is triiodothyroxine, so tri, meaning 3, T3, and then thyroxine, which is T4. But it all starts with the hypothalamus in the brain that releases thyroid releasing hormone and stimulates the anterior pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary gland in turn releases thyroid stimulating hormone and that hormone, TSH, stimulates the thyroid gland right here to make T3 and T4. And then T3 and T4 act on all the target organs in the body to regulate our temperature, our pulse, our blood pressure, our basic metabolic elements of the body. Then T3 and T4 get measured in the bloodstream and this is what we as clinicians can measure on a blood test, T3 and T4. And then depending on the levels, the hypothalamus will say, okay, now we have enough T3 and T4 available in the system to go back to normal or I need to release more TRH to get TSH to stimulate the thyroid to produce more or less of the T3 and 4. So it's a very nice feedback mechanism depending on the demands of the body at a time. Now when we look at, there is a continuum of thyroid dysfunction. So in the middle here we have normal. So this is when everything is in balance, all the metabolic mechanisms work as perfect as they can. And this is called u-throid. So remember u is always means normal or equal. And then we have along the continuum we have hyper and hypothyroidism. So hypothyroidism means that now the thyroid gland is producing too much T3 and T4. Remember we can measure the T3 and T4 and this is what we'll determine if the condition is hyper or hypothyroid. So when the condition is hyperthyroid, the thyroid simulating hormone will actually be low with an elevated T3 and T4. And the reason that that happens is because we have so much T3 and T4 circulating in the bloodstream that the hypothalamus says I don't need you pituitary to release this TSH because I know that I have a lot of T3 and T4 in the system and therefore everything kind of runs on super speed which we'll look into signs and symptoms of hyperthyroid later. Now when this gets really severe, when this gets so out of balance that the patient's hyperthyroidism gets even into a thyroid storm is what it's called and patients can't die from that. So because again metabolic rate is affected. On the other end of the spectrum we have hypothyroidism. Remember that we mostly look at T3 and T4 because that's what measures our ability to produce these thyroid hormones. And so in hypothyroidism, the thyroid does not produce the T3 and the T4. Therefore the pituitary and the hypothalamus say hello I need you to be producing T3 and 4 and continuously stimulate the thyroid gland with thyroid stimulating hormone. Therefore TSH will be high and T3 and T4 will be low. Now if this hypothyroidism gets really severe then the patient might go into a condition called mixed edema coma and that's the severe form of hypothyroidism and again patients can die from the severe form of basically uncontrolled basic metabolic rate and because all the functions basically just sees or don't function at all and therefore patients can go into a coma and can die.