persönlichen Interesse gesellschaftlichen Betriebssystem ja schönen guten Tag also es ist ja schon wissen of us mentioned in the introduction of wisdom of us that might be a title that's not immediately obvious so please allow me to tell an interesting history and telling story interesting story about how this was first debated and taken up and I think it's cool to add nerdy recursion layer I was invited to speak about this on a conference on the digitization of education and I had to smile because I was I used to be involved in many student associations and this was the counterpart that always wanted to make universities more economically minded and that's why I thought that we have to go there and tell them our opinion and then I saw the next part of the invitation where they asked me because this is a cross-subject conference to use my professional experience so I thought all right hold my beer there are many interesting ways that operating systems and education interact and so for the first part of my talk I will be looking at this from an in from a level of information science and I'm very happy to have one of the most reputable medias assorted sociologists folger grasmag mit mir when we're preparing this talk we enjoyed ourselves tremendously because ungeheuer unterhaltsam this way of thinking about it that was very close to brainstorming was very entertaining so I hope we'll be able to communicate some of that when I saw the invitation digitization of education I rekt like hello we were the first to digitize our communication we have millennia of experience as scientists where we were with the idea that knowledge grows when it is shared and the core part of the hacker spirit is much older than many people think is one of the foundational parts of scientific discourse so I thought I'd approach this step by step what does digitization mean and it can be helpful to focus on a technical point of view so I found two points that are very interesting because they look at various aspects there are two things you can see here first memory cost is going towards zero plus epsilon it's never going to reach zero but it would tend towards zero and the speed of communication grows towards infinity minus epsilon of course Douglas Adams taught us that nothing moves faster than the speed of light except for the spread of rumors this is less fancy than you may think because if you look at it if you look at current processor speeds we we are starting to realize that for some problems the speed of light is simply too slow we are trying to predict the way that code will execute so it there are many interesting questions already here about simultaneousness but what I want to emphasize is that these that the cost of memory is tending towards zero and the speed is growing towards infinity and that has consequences everybody always laughs at these people who still think that the internet is an ancient technology but but it's not limited to that because the largest hotel company in the world doesn't have any hotels the largest taxi operator in the world doesn't have any taxis so many things are being disrupted here complexity is rowing monotonously so it's getting more and more difficult to split things and that is where we should think about what this means for education because the world is getting more and more complex it's getting more and more important to share experiences across subjects and without spoiling the last slide I believe that the dialogue across subjects and everything that doesn't fit into a curriculum we need to have room for that so the main priority must the priority of shortening on study times is terrible in my opinion but I took some time and I have to admit this isn't from a science fiction perspective I like one part of HD Wells he wrote in 1938 überlegt hat kann man das wissen der a contribution named world brain where he wanted to check if resources can be allocated demokratically and Volker will be speaking a bit about this in more detail but I want to make you aware that there's an article on world brain in wikipedia which treats the topic and the question of whether or not wikipedia might be an implementation of world brain so I urge you to have a look at this and as a stubborn mathematician I especially enjoyed the fact that in his first work he doesn't really speak about networks instead he uses this argument that memory is getting less expensive so he proposes to store the world's knowledge on microfiche and distributed it's fun to think about this in abstract way he said we to distribute microfiche in black and white so this idea of using text for everything is very obvious and well it's colored when necessary so if it he says if it's interesting you can throw in some color as well that's a debate that will make some of you smile because the question of whether or not this is very necessary is a good one so I think we should keep in mind that local storage is very cheap at the moment the things we said at camp 20 years ago it's important to copy all the data because things disappear from the internet is still valid and looking at how storage costs have developed I'm a fan of downloading scientific papers I'm interested in and never deleting them because the cost of storing them is so low that the time of deciding whether or not to store things is more expensive so if memory if storage is getting less expensive then we can think about redistributing and if networks are getting more crowded and less stable then maybe it could be interesting to say that we should have the option and use the option of storing things locally more than we do today the next interesting part is Arthur C. Clark who also made some interesting predictions and some of you may remember 2001 and other things he did things that appear far later so if you want to make a metric of prophecy it's a bit disadvantages but I am invite you all to read him it's fascinating that he proposed two steps first a word library a lexicon or encyclopedia for all and he writes that the next step would be something like a network that thinks an intelligent network and that might be enough but what I find almost uncanny is that he says that towards the 2000 we will have an encyclopedia and then we will reach artificial intelligence and he predicted it nearly down to the year I mean it's it's the case that there are some interesting predictions here where does this come from why is that as a mathematician I can add another story by Alan Kay the best way to predict the future is to invent it and Alan Kay is the person who started object orienting as a concept he's very unhappy about about object-oriented languages he was at the forefront of graphical user interfaces and notebook concepts and he developed these concepts already in the 1970s even programming languages such as small talk so these are technologies that turned out to be all encompassing decades later and it's fascinating to see that these were first conceived in the 1970s and there too we find the idea that's part of the hacker spirit if we want to predict the future we should massively try to invent it let's define some terms education as an operating system made be grinned at first what is an operating system it is a hardware interface which means that it organizes that things don't get in the way of each other memory management and stuff and a user interface who get a nicer interface and what is education it is an interface to scientific results this should be very hard very accurate but it should also be an interface to humans so education as an operating system has some interesting thoughts but I said I'd cut down no I'd have a bit of a longer technical part and that's easy for me because except for Windows which is a slightly different case and I want to talk about less about this partly also because it's not really relevant for mobile platforms but all the other operating systems has a very close connection to education Minix was one of the first systems from 1987 which influenced the development of Linux so Linus Chauval's learned from the Minix book it was the first book that took operating systems seriously and saying that it it's a topic that might not be very exciting mathematically but it's very important and we're going to do it and we're also adding in some code and that was a pioneering book and it was in the interesting slot of time so it that it became the blueprint for Linux we have new which is which is part of basically two important operating systems first emacs which I use for my slides and then new Linux which is an interesting operating system though it's not as widespread as Minix or Linux and if you laugh wait for two slides and one more thing that's important is something that tells well it's interesting because minor changes can redefine an entire world I'm under some time pressure so that's hurried through this Minix was developed in 1987 in Amsterdam and was crucial the license was a an annex to a an educational book so it was uncertain if this could be distributed it was a very important system and it was in the market in 1877 the only thing that was done wrong was the use of a wrong license so most of you may not even know about Minix or at least most people which is an interesting application another important license which Volker is going to treat it some more length is GPL developed by Richard Stolmann which he first published in 89 at the MIT and we can say that GPL software is the backbone of digitization even Java and trade conflicts don't escalate entirely because parts of it are under GPL some more this later and I want to talk about Linux which is the technological foundation of all Android systems and everything that happens in the smart home let's go get to BSD it's the BSD license is the foundation of the Apple system it's a license and I'm going to show you a license in its entirety which is bad idea pedagogically one two three done so it's only three parts and if you couldn't follow along then I want to go one level of regression deeper the new minix 3 license was a BSD license and tenbaum writes that it's a clone of the BSD license essentially mean this means that you can do whatever you want to it's apart from suing us and if you know history you know that if you say please don't sue us it always takes just a few days until the first lawsuit comes in and of course this is true in BSD as well what's funny though and I almost dropped everything when I heard about this is there were these drinking games in 2017 whenever you have to somebody says Russian hackers you have to drink because Russian hackers were apparently to blame for everything I read that they're hacking Intel ME and it turns out Intel ME uses minix I don't want to be disrespectful but a badly phrased englisch error message was part of both minix and this management engine and I want to make you aware that minix 3 runs on more operating and more computers than windows and macOS together because it's part of all Intel systems that went to market after 2014 and I have to take a Shortcut hier it was also ich auch describing hacker ethics at length which was another very important part of education that I contributed let's get to the final slides here and this is interesting because it's a philosophical question as well does science have to be useful and as a mathematician my favorite quote is one which has been going around for a while and it says that if mathematics is the queen of science which nobody should doubt then arithmatics or the theory of numbers is the queen of mathematics and of course the reasoning is lovely because of the supreme uselessness so yes the supreme uselessness and this is the work by Mr. Hardy from 1940s I think and he said it's so honorable and so so pure so there's no well a few few years later the usable usability of relativity was demonstrated in an optically unpleasant way let's get to the things that I want to carry along there are two technologies that are not entirely unimportant the worldwide web I don't know if it's going to turn out important but it was an issue of san and cloud computing got some important input from the foundation of research at CERN which is foundational research that is that philosophy makes clear it should be completely useless so now I want to throw some humboldt at you the useless science is the most useful because it offers solutions for for problems that you may not have thought of and that that science focus on usefulness would never have dreamed imagine so as a final slide I have a summary we need more long-term students of various genders the university should not become more like a school in order to tackle the challenges of digitization and I want to make you understand that the dialogue across subjects where mathematicians and information scientists should talk with social scientists but this can only happen when you have time and space of this during your studies instead of having to constantly focus on exams and this doesn't mean that everybody should study forever without getting a degree but I want to emphasize that large part of science is done by long-term students who got stuck in academia and kept programming in badly paid employment so we should strive towards the science as defined by humboldt thank you for your attention and I hand over to Volker yeah well I'm part 2 this is my subtitle our main title is wisdom of us and obviously it's an allusion to the wizard of us it was his suggestion not mine but I'm obviously jumping on it gladly but the moment we thought of it we realized that's been exactly 20 years since wizard of us one happened can you see it yeah when I invited Richard Stolman he was asking if OS is open source and he was saying he wouldn't come but I could successfully convince him that it was about a operating system and as you can see he was there he had his mainframe hard disk as a as a halo and gave his speeches as send ignitius and the unix wizard was the inspiration which was an unofficial job title in the 80s und Ken Thompson obviously alluding to Ken Thompson and Richie und obviously another inspiration was the glorious rise of GNU linux to the operating system of the digital age on at least on the server side and it was about operating systems for sure but also the first visit of ours it was also about more for example digital property the same as you saw Richard Stolman and you should you should probably not mention that that phrase in Stolman's presence that has bad consequences usually but it's about this conglomerate economics culture computers and about control of the DNA war mal freie Journalist herlin was a free journalist for the tats and 84 89 he was in the european parliament and it was the second election of the parliament at all and it wasn't as important in germany back then and both benny herlin and Krakner were in in jail at that time because they were in the unregistered for a newspaper called radical that was prosecuted under 129 a which is advertising for a terrorist organization so they were in jail the the german greens put them on the list for a seat at the european parliament and it happened that they actually went straight from jail to the parliament and there he was looking at genetics and found that the genetic interest network he was the coordinator of the genetic engineering campaign of greenpeace and the title of his talk was the source code of life monsanto the main or public domain also a topic that is still very much relevant today we he's already talked about htls for him education was of paramount he was he had a picture of the human in his mind that we are learning creatures and very important for the current developments and for the networking of humans that we experienced the measures of inter communication and and help and impairment have developed quite significantly he was thinking about radio the the united nations the war he was a proponent of world peace he saw the system of money and intellectual property as something to be reformed a world brain if you look at it closely is a network of all the institutions of all the institutions that concern themselves with research and with teaching and it's it's not so much about yeah a brain in itself and the political stance that he was holding is expressed quite clearly we don't want oligarchical parties or a dominance of class we want a very spread out world intelligence that is aware of itself which is alluding to the new sphere i'm going to talk about later it needs a public opinion that is informed with information and the debate and then it will basically slur it will mix it it will become the super university and a worldwide encyclopedia that is being overhauled and reformed updated with always the latest science results and research results which connected well with the internet immediately one of the first things that happened was called interpedia by rig gates in 1993 he was a librarian that gained prominence that he was one of the proponents of the internet hand where he put out a question in the net that was to be answered with and also referenced with internet sources and only internet sources so that people could understand the way the information was gained and found so back then that was using it ftp go for talent web browsers didn't exist back then well 93 dann he he posted to a newsnet news group and suggested to create an encyclopedia which created a lot of noise but didn't actually go anywhere and similar fate was to held for which is somens project new pedia in 99 and actually the same project hat the same thing happened to jimmy wales first project new pedia together very single so the idea was that experts are writing articles and other experts are reviewing it which was a long process and a bit tired some and a lot of people wanted to participate but we're actually frustrated quickly and a little later they discovered wiki wiki by Richard Cunningham and then what they said then was let's just create a wiki in parallel to the to the expert pedia which started as wikipedia.com and we all know the rest the rest is basically history and yes there's also another direct link to visit of us he's the number three in june 2004 it was where the wiki media germany registered foundation was was founded so there's a lot of complex problems and phenomena and a essential coin term for that is the Anthropocene basically we're living in a world now that is completely made and or manipulated by humans it was suggested in 2000 by two Dutch researchers and their idea was humans have become a geological factor and we have to take that into account somehow and the idea for calling out a human inspired geographical chapter had to be taken to count by by geo historians basically and they were arguing with climate change climate gases sour rain all of the environmental effects and they said ja the first results were published and discussed on a congress in 2016 with a timeline of getting the official term coined until 2021 so if you look at a mountain and you look at the different layers so all the way down there's the Precumbrium which was where the first animals were then in Europe you have the dinosaurs and the most top one is the Holocene that's the last 11,000 years the last a stable chapter after last ice age and then on top of that a very fine line is finished a hair which basically be the Anthropocene and the marker for this is the radioactive precipitation that happened after the nuclear weapons that we didn't in tests and in the world war two and that has expanded so much that we now have the great Pacific garbage patch we now have a news that microplastik can be found in newly formed snow they're so small that they basically go up into the atmosphere and come back down with the rain and the snow this is the carbon consumption that we have you can see 1950s basically where it took off so to ukulele you can see it better they're here in the socio-economic trends that you can see the graph begins 1970 I was cutting off the left because you can see again 1950s where it takes off tourism water consumption fertilizers urbanization all of these problems expand and explode basically this is the same in insta he was happy in the past this is him now ein weiteres ein weiterer anniversary almost a year ago is when Greta Thunberg set in front of the parliament and was on strike zu Zeiten von der was eins ging es um die freiheit in during the times of the was I was about operating systems and knowledge and the free OSes had their home and university as really go was saying and now it's it's about everything basically the sources of our human existence in our life our natural resources and the hope we can have is from is basically into the younger generation because we can see that they're not just interested in fortnight but also rebellious elements that really care about the environment and the the foundations for our future was die beiden jahrestage meint was the two anniversaries have in common is knowledge both come from institutions of teaching and research both your own and the society and knowledge can save lives as you know but we have a problem of complexity das ist etwas hier also hinterlater ready our computational capacity doubles every two years our data capacity every 18 months this is a systemic complexity that increases though much faster and this graph is from the digital manifest it has a lot of aspects that you have to take care of and our individual brain is just too small if we're being honest and it's a formative slide and you're already overloaded with all of the information on this slide but what is really important is all the text in the corners too much information not enough meaning need to act fast and a recipe for disaster for the individual brain reduction of complexity is unavodable in the worst case through simple answers populism leaders that tell you where to go but even in the best case we can not escape the cognitive bias except we put our heads together and this is where we come to the new sphere and we have to go back in history into the 20s in einem dreier gespräch wo wir haben a conversation between three people wo er die basically came up with that term we have the anthropologist we have the mathematician Edouard Leroy and the geologist and geochemist Vladimir Vernazki and the three of them were of an opinion that there's a basic model that you have the geosphere and the biosphere on top and on top of that there is a new sphere that is governed by knowledge and thinking and they developed it further when ask he was the for him it was the beginning was the discovering of the the atom and the radioactivity and the capability of gaining electricity through radioactive means or nuclear power plants for the jesu religious manjata it has a more a christian meaning basically the spirit leads the complexity and then there's two phases one of divergence and taking ownership of the earth and going into a versification of the human population and then there's another one of convergence where we have to get together all the reach out and give a hand where we have to work together to a hyper personal center that is the omega point i'm not gonna do an more christian propaganda but this is important because this guy called Walter Ong for all three of them that are originally involved communication was central to the development towards the new sphere so it was not surprising that this term also was used in in the media and it was picked up by Walter Ong. He wrote a very important book on the transition from spoken word to the written word and he was also brought it to the attention of his teacher Marshall McLuhan. He then took it in a very unchristian way and phrased it in that the TV radio satellite world all of this he then understood the new sphere as a cosmic membrane that has put itself around the globe through electrical extension of our senses something like a technical brain of the world and the term new sphere was then also applied to the internet obviously and there was a lot of discussion around open source software and you can you can think about Raymond what you want but this text was definitely important and seminal so here you can see a big open access repository that is called newsphere.ru so what is left to do we have Wikipedia we have the internet we have free free licenses that may solve the problem with the proprietary information and software but there's we still not at the omega point so there's a lot to be done for organizing the information for the new sphere so property rights that have seen a lot of change with the recent enactment of the European legislation around it but this is basically a foundation for a lot of these things for the platforms it has a provision for prohibiting general surveillance of the public for example and I use this picture because a self-control of content within a community can work for example Wikipedia has a miniscule number of dmca takedowns so the community is actually working quite well and can handle it by themselves which is a model that we also want to propose for the society as a whole here was again the idea we need a supplementation and extension a strong public sphere with debate and an informed opinion it's partly covered by a worldwide encyclopedia but it doesn't cover journalism but it's what is important for him it needs a common interpretation of reality that keeps society as a whole together without it there's no hope for getting it done and the best we have for this is public broadcast station which definitely are stuck in the old world and need to have their own digitalisation and end up in in the news platforms and spheres and here are some of the projects that want to create a public digital platform for discourse that is EU wide they're usually based on open software I'm gonna distribute the slides if so you if you're interested you don't have to know than the URLs now the decentralisation of the internet is another key element for the media 2015 a few experts published this manifest and they said we're at a turning point one of the ways is gonna go towards dictatorship and with central control of behavior of opinions and the other one is going to collective intelligence yes we need AI but not in the sense of artificial intelligence but as more in the sense of collective intelligence here a few examples for projects that you may know my fourth point is my fourth point is we need tools for thinking and for collaborating we don't need systems that think for us but rather systems that help us to think together and it's not hard at all with this very simple tool of the wiki word cunning ham allowed us to write webpages which is not revolutionary in itself but he enabled to create to make this to make this long-held dream of a public encyclopedia knowledge so here is a few tools that support this endeavor for example citizens assembly in Ireland where I'm really fascinated by next cloud next with every new project there is a question of what do we use and the sides usually we end up at some Google tools like Google Drive but then again we already have an alternative like library office and next cloud so my last point is education and an important topic here is the digital packed for school that basically provided 5 billion euros to schools to enable them in teaching hardware nets in cloud so if they use a cloud which providers is gonna be is it gonna be Microsoft Google has a platner Institute or next cloud maybe has a platner Institute also isn't a free system so the question is can we as a culture of free software to put alternatives out there like next cloud plus OER and lastly this is very dear to my heart a general frame for politics in Europe digital single market digital single market the market is at the very center and these three people got together and talked to a few other people and found an alternative that is called shared digital Europe with all of these four topics public institutions that need to be empowered decentralized infrastructure we see this as a framework for opera operationalizing the new sphere the wisdom of the operating systems what is it about so the idea is you doing you create an analogy in between the operating systems of technical and social systems and in both senses an infrastructure that sits on top of the other layers for example laws legislation than individual lawsuits and processes it we need to develop these operating system with a lot of wisdom and with understanding on the environment that creates this operating system free licenses are a key element for this and it needs farsight to be sustainable to be stable in being backwards compatible ein oder anderen Thema ohnehin dran a lot of you are already involved in one or more topics here already anyway but we're gonna keep working on it as well and we might actually talk about it some more in some other place but we hope we have given you an inspiration for going out into the broader zu den zu think about the broader picture and to see where you can fit in your own workings that you're inspired by and thanks so if we still have time then let's get to Q&A unfortunately not where already we've already gone beyond our allocated time so thank you to Ruedi and Volker your contact details were in the slides and you are you are attending camp so if you have any questions then I'm sure people will know how to reach you we'll be leaving through one of these entrances with whichever has more shade and you can find both of us online too


Hey, what's going on, everybody? Mike Davis here for Atlanta Falcons running back. I'm here to expose some guys about that matting rating. Let's go. I'ma just go and guess that my matting rating is a 75. 76? Seven? Nobody's a 90 on the team. How is that even possible? 79? 80? 81? There's no way my matting rate is 81. I don't believe that. They must have signed my cards to give me a 81. I appreciate that. We got my man, Sly Reed here. Overall, what do you think your overall is? They're gonna give me 85 or something. I don't know, 86, 87. All right, man. Your overall is a 88. Oh, I think it's a 88. Go have anything in a 90, Duke. Anything? I'm trucking defense alignment here. I don't know who else I gotta run through this for. To be hard. They got the good Duke? We know you got it. 85. 86? 90. No more. All right, man. He's gonna be really jiggy in there. Nobody's a 90? Nobody. Matt Ryans, he's Hall of Famer. Obviously not in a 90. Okay. My rating should be higher. Until next time, tune in. It is next time. Oh, never mind. Bring it back. Okay, first of all, I don't like how you... You heard what you was saying. What do you think your overall matting rate is? I said, like, what, 91, 90? 86 is your overall. Hmm, that's a game. Boy, yeah. They know how to pronounce my name on matting. That's not an out-of-the-game. They can't say it right. They can't pronounce it right. No, that's not a game. 52? 79. What do you think your overall rating is? Eight of the year of 69. So as long as I break the 70s down, I'm lower than a 60. How high? 68. Oh, I'm a 68. We talkin' mad on ratings here. What do you think your overall rating is? 82. That doesn't... That's a great guess, but I need you to go down. I can't go down. That's disrespectful, for real. It's a starting point, but it's a slow. You bet me. I was going for 80. We have nobody on the team over 90 overall. That's crazy. That's disrespectful. Very. Like I said, there you go, you guys. There you have it. Madden ratings coming from your Atlanta Falcons. Let's get those up.


Dyma gan ymlaen i ddiwgai ddod am gymaint ar contradictorio i Gensiom. Efallai, ein digiann o'u gwneud gan ddiwgai ddod iawn ar gyfer hwyl fforddau mewn twdd, ac rydw i'n ddych chi'n gweithio i'r ddiwgai mewn cyfrifiadau, ac rydw i'n ddych chi'n gweithio i gael gan ddiwgai meddwl unrhyw i ddorog. I generation unrhyw y maes yng nghydfodd hyn i ddod i ddych chi'n gweithio i'r ddod hefyd. I want to thank all members across Benches for signing this motion, allowing me to have it debated tonight. I would also like to welcome to the gallery Mel Scrimger, manager at New Bires Nursing and Marie, who is a deputy manager. Claire Holmes, a carer, Elizabeth Cain or Bessie and Diane Hamilton, residents all from New Bires village. George K. trustee, one of the trustees for generations working there, and Kate Samuels, their communication intern. We're very welcome. I'd also like to thank the minister. I know he visited this project today, and no doubt he's going to tell us how we got on with the bean bags, but I'll leave that in limbo just now, as I know it's part of his speech. It is now. You know when you're out and about on constituency visits, you stumble on something, even after 70 years on MSP, which is news to you. So it was on a visit to New Bires Nursing and Gore Bridge that I first learned of this intergenerational project. It was actually quite timely, because a few weeks later in channel 4, there was a four-part documentary on the interaction between a nursery located inside a residential home. However, how many in this Parliament, just like me, knew that similar programmes were already on our own doorstep in Scotland? Before I go on, just a plug for a timely event tonight hosted by Bruce Crawford, which ties in nicely to the debate. It's highlighted in a report called A Good Life in Later Years. It's earned from 6 p.m. and I hope that some of the participants can see them have made their way here, too. Back to New Bires. New Bires village is little more than a stone's throw from New Bires village care home. On that day, children will usually walk from the nursery for their weekly and that early visit. When New Bires Nursery opened at the end of May 2016, one of its main aims was to forge strong links with the community, having benefited so much from community support during the extensive renovation project. While intergenerational work was and very much still is in its infancy, Mel Strimger, the manager, having heard of centres over in the USA that combining preschools with care homes for the elderly brought incredible benefits to both the very young and the very old and was keen to do more than the token visit to the local care home at Harvest Festival or Christmas time, with which we are more familiar. It was not to be, in her words, tokenistic, but with regular meetings. She contacted Gail Flynn, the activities co-ordinator at New Bires village, who was enthusiastic about the idea and welcomed them with open arms. Last but not least, there is Kate Samuels of Generations working together, but more of that later. Before I go any further, let me congratulate the parents and carers of the children as well as the nursery staff and not the least the care home staff as it is entirely a team effort and the commitment from all these parties which makes it work. Some of the great assets of four-year-olds, and they have many, is their boundless curiosity, energy and directness. On arriving at New Bires, some of the activities that I have seen for myself are not the cans down, there were not bean bags when I was there. Those were made by the New Bires village staff, throwing the balls through holes in a makeshift cardboard wall, fishing for toy ducks in a paddling pool, which I was not successful, and lots of other activities.  Some in their determination to hit target are almost falling out of their wheelchairs with the effort.  Apart from improving hand and eye co-ordination and improving the motor skills of both the nursery children and the residents, there is that invigorating element of competitiveness, but it is the fun and the laughter from the residents and the children, which I remember most. Gales of laughter and many, many smiles interspersed with the comments from the children and the residents. It is all very noisy and great fun. After all that noise and fun, the children settle down to their deuce and the residents to their tease. Other events might be more sedate, such as reading stories and painting. What is so good about the whole inter-generation project is that its success just comes naturally. It is an extension of what I know through time spent with my six-year-old granddaughter. When, otherwise, would I have to be taken out of myself and into her world, her priorities, made to do exercise, I always try to avoid. In this project, whether the residents have grandchildren or not, that individual and special relationship between the elderly—and, by the way, residents were in their 80s and 90s and one was a centenarian—and with young children just falls into place as naturally as night follows day. The benefits to children and residents are therefore all to see the staff of both care home and nursery are rewarded for their commitment to the project by the laughter and chatter that fills the room just by itself. There are other inter-generational projects promoted by generations working together, which is a charity dedicated to promoting that work, training, supporting and linking projects. The charity is national and an inter-generational excellence training centre it has. It has delivered training to communities, charities and individuals in person and online. It has 20 local networks across Scotland that enable local people and organisations to get together and discuss ideas for projects. It provides information, delivers support and encourages involvement to benefit all of Scotland's generations by working, learning, volunteering and living together. It can address community challenges such as ageism, loneliness and ill health. I fully commend the project that I saw and intend to return. I have got to improve my motor skills, especially in trying to catch a duck. I will not go any further than that. You can leave it to your imagination. I hope that other nurseries and care homes together with parents and carers, if they are not doing this, give thought to replicating the experience in my constituency and I look forward to contributions from other members. Stewart Stevenson, to be followed by Elaine Smith. I am one of the three people here who have served the time that God allocated to us, my three school years and ten, one of the three sector generians who are present in this Parliament. I am delighted to see that the minister who responded to tonight's debate three years ago was half my age. He is catching up in statistical terms with each passing year. I think that the whole issue that Christine Grahame brings to the Parliament today relating to New Barh's village and New Barh's nursery is an important one, not simply for people in Gorebridge but for people right across Scotland. As people get older, it is an inevitable fact that many of their friends will no longer be with them for a variety of reasons. It becomes more difficult for older people to make new friendships to replace those which are no longer possible because of the death of friends that they had in their youth. Connecting older people to younger people is a brilliant way of maintaining the social skills and social interactions that might otherwise be diminishing in older people's lives. I, for my part, think that talking to older people is a brilliant bridge back into previous history of our country and of our communities. I remember having a chat to my sister-in-law's father-in-law, Bob Monroe, a wonderful fellow. He stopped driving when he was 96. He got his first pair of glasses when he was 96. He remembered them coming back from the Boer war in Victorian times. To talk to him about that experience as a comparatively young person, in other words, even younger than the minister, was something of great fascination and stimulated new thoughts. Whenever we bring the old and the young together, we have that opportunity. The kids of that sort of age have questions of breathtaking naivety when viewed from the lofty heights of a 70-year-old like myself. How did you live without television? How did you live without a telephone? What happened in the world before there were iPads? Those are excellent questions to which, of course, people of a certain age have a very interesting and well-developed answer. Not only are we, as the motion before us, looking at eye co-ordination of both young and old, we are also looking at the opportunities that are created by interaction between young and old of mental stimulation. As our memories become less certain with age—not something that affects everyone but a substantial number of people—the parts of our memory that still work well will generally be those of our youth and our infancy. Having kids come along and say, what was it like when you were my age, is a terrific way of re-energising the mental cells of older people. I note the comment in the motion that is before us, the recommendations for similar projects elsewhere. I hope that we will see this sort of thing in the north-east of Scotland, the area that I represent, and elsewhere, because it is quite remarkable how little time and how few people connect us to distant things. My grandfather was three years old when Abraham Lincoln was assassinated on 15 April 1865. That is the kind of link that makes history real for us. That is the kind of link that stimulates thinking, physical activity and social skills, very much to be commended, indeed, Presiding Officer. Elaine Smith is followed by Ruth Maguire. Thanks to Christine Grahame for bringing the issue to the chamber. I apologise as I have to leave very quickly. I did ask to speak first because I have a branch executive meeting of the Commonwealth parliamentary association, which is starting right now. Forgive me if I rattle through my contribution. Social isolation affects far too many people in our society, as we know, but, as the population grows older, the number of people beyond pension age experiencing it is increasing every year. In Age Scotland, no one should have no one campaign showed that 100,000 older people feel lonely, most are all of the time, and more than 200,000 go half a week or more with no visitors or even phone calls from anyone.  Sadly, that is not as possible as it once was, and many of our family members take the decision to move into a care home. Perhaps that is because their children are all living away or they do not have any children or they simply cannot accommodate their parents' particular needs. There are many, many different reasons, but to show that older people have a lot to offer and should be valued, we must make them part of the conversation about the future and with future generations. What better way to do that than to bring young and old together to impart wisdom and deliver a bit of sunshine into each other's lives? The benefits of bringing old and young together are as much about imparting knowledge, as we have heard from Christine Grahame and Stuart Stevenson, whether it is history for the kids or teaching her grander how to use the internet, as it is about just giving someone company. There are so many things that can be exchanged. Schemes like that are of great value to our society, and there are generations together to say that it is all about working, learning, volunteering and living together. The initiative, which Christine Grahame and Gord Bridge highlighted, is doing exactly that, and I certainly hope that we see similar projects rolled out right across Scotland. That was also shown well by the Channel 4 documentary on people's homes for four-year-olds, and we saw the joy that a young child can bring to the life of someone who may only spend time with people of their own age and the care staff—something else that Christine Grahame has touched upon. Our own Equal Opportunities Committee identified that in 2015 in the report on age and social isolation, in which Derek Young from Age Scotland said that the need for contact is in the nature of human need in the same way that feeling hungry or thirsty or tired or in pain is, and I agree with that. I welcome the fact that there is a strategy to tackle only isolation in Scotland. In the programme for government, the minister may be saying more about that, and I apologise again for missing that, and I hope that we see that delivered soon. I was equally glad to see my friend and party colleague Rhoda Grant lead a debate in March on the physical and psychological impacts of loneliness. In that debate, she recognised the great work of the Joe Cox commission on loneliness, who is trying to start a national conversation about the scale and impact of loneliness in the UK. Of course, Joe always pushed for cross-party work in Parliament, and the commission is following that example. If we can bring some of that spirit into our discussions on older people in our society and into the Parliament generally, that can only be a good thing. Once again, I congratulate Christine Grahame for highlighting the mutual benefit of older people and youngsters learning from each other, and, more importantly, perhaps enjoying each other's company with generations working together. Thank you very much. Thank you to my colleague Christine Grahame for bringing this important topic to the chamber and raising awareness of the excellent work that the charity Generations Working Together do. It is always a pleasure to hear about great examples of intergenerational collaboration that take place across Scotland, and I am delighted to have the opportunity to highlight the inspiring work of Anumkara, a dementia respite centre in North Ayrshire. The centre strongly recognises the positive impact that intergenerational activities have on the wellbeing of their guests and has forged strong links with the local schools. St Bridget's Nursery School and St Bridget's Primary School attend on alternate Thursdays. They are affectionately referred to as Anumkara's Wee Pals and are very popular with the guests. Many of the guests even book particular dates for respite to coincide with when the wee ones come in. Guests at the centre teach the children songs like You can't shove your granny off the bus, as well as games that they enjoyed when they were younger. Their Wee Pals teach them all of their favourite songs and games in turn, resulting in great fun and enjoyment for everyone. The two generations also carry out joint craft work, as well as events such as Teddy Bears picnics and Burns poetry competitions. I am told that the children always ask their teachers when they can go and play with their friends at Anumkara, and that when they leave, they go round each of the guests and give them a kiss and a hug. For their part, guests consistently say that their time with the children brightens their day and leaves them with a deep sense of happiness. Those simple remarks speak volumes of the mutual value and happiness of intergenerational friendship and collaboration. In addition to its wee pals, Anumkara also welcomes sixth year volunteers who are completing their youth philanthropy initiative, Duke of Edinburgh candidates and modern apprentices. Those older children are given the opportunity to undertake dementia training and dementia simulation suit training, which allows them to develop insight into an empathy for living with dementia. Two previous sixth year volunteers used that knowledge in their university applications and are now studying medicine. Anumkara's rich and diverse intergenerational projects underline the mutual benefits to the children and to the guests of working together and how it enhances their health and wellbeing. I would like to end my speech with some more good news. Before this debate, Anumkara did not have any connection with the charity referred to in Christine's motion Generations Working Together. Following my discussion with them in advance of the debate, they have now signed up to join their network and plan to send their staff on some of their training courses. They also plan to seek the charity's help on a current project, which is designing a dementia training course suitable for early years. That is a clear demonstration of the charity's role as a focal point of intergenerational working across Scotland and as a provider of information, support and encouragement. I wish both Anumkara and Generations Working Together every success for their future. I thank Christine Graham for bringing this important motion for debate this evening. I, too, would like to commend this valuable partnership between new buyers' village and new buyers' nursery, and in particular the work of male scrimmage. Although it is still in its infancy, the project is going from strength to strength, and all those involved should be immensely proud of their achievements so far. I have not yet had the pleasure of visiting the project, but I wholeheartedly welcome the focus on inclusive intergenerational practice and the emphasis placed on developing the positive resources that young and old have to offer each other and those around them. The relationship between a child and a grandparent can be very special, but we know that intergenerational bonds need not be traditional or biological. There are striking similarities between the young and the old. Those are either end of life's journey. They can live in the moment, focusing on the joy of being, not clock-watching or stressing to fit as much into time as possible, but this project is much more than simply having fun and meeting new friends. It is much more than a means of energising young and old for a few hours a week. I believe that the bonds that are forged are deeper, purer, more precious, and they can deliver lifelong benefits. Research shows that intergenerational contact can help children to develop life skills, build their self-esteem and confidence, and we know how crucial it is to a child's wellbeing to develop resilience through positive caring role models and a strong sense of community. For those living in new bias village, interaction with the children could mean the re-emergence of a wonderful memory of their own or their children's childhood. It may give them a renewed sense of purpose and an opportunity to pass on skills and experience, or it could represent a moment of unadulterated joy as they face up to the challenges at the end of life. Before I finish, I would also like to pay tribute to the work of generations working together, and in particular their efforts to tackle the deep-set issues of loneliness, vulnerability and discrimination facing older people. Their intergenerational work across Scotland, but particularly in East Lothian and Midlothian, is invaluable in breaking down barriers and improving opportunities for young and old from all backgrounds. I look forward to hearing more about the connections that are being built between new bias village and new bias nursery, and I wish everyone involved all the very best for the future. I thank Christine Grahame for bringing this debate here. Intergenerational working is becoming more and more recognised as a vital way of improving the physical, social and mental wellbeing in both elderly and young people. During my last week of recess, I visited my local voluntary group in Wick to see Christine Campbell, who works for the befriending service, and she also does voluntary work with generations working together. After speaking to her about it even for a few minutes, it was evident that her passion for this drives her on to make a success of it. Judging by the level of interest in Wick, she is succeeding. Last year, she had seven girls from fifth and sixth year involved in the scheme, some working towards their saltire award, some at their Duke of Edinburgh gold award. They visited people in the hospital, people that never had any visitors for various reasons, and some because their families lived some distance away. Those people were vulnerable and very lonely. That also fits in well with the NHS Highlands current focus on loneliness. The girls also gained from the process immensely. They gained confidence and conversation and communication skills. They heard stories that they would never have normally heard, and they made friends. This year, there are 20 fifth and sixth year pupils taken part, and they will be visiting local care homes, as well as the hospital. That increase just goes to prove the success of the scheme. Also during recess, I had a brilliant visit to the Brora village hub in Sutherland, the centre caters for elderly people and younger adults with learning difficulties. The visit was absolutely fantastic. I joined in with the craft group, I visited the men's shed and the kitchen, and I was even presented with a lovely drawing of a duck for my office. You can see that there is a wee bit of a duck theme going on here today. There is some fantastic intergenerational work being carried out at the hub under the leadership of manager Lindsay Tennant, as well as that of Catherine Esther from Engaging with Activity Community Interest Company. It is an excellent example of how to run a centre of this kind and should be used as a template for others in other parts of the constituency. The atmosphere was fun and friendly, and the staff and volunteers clearly loved their work. Other examples in my area include the two primary schools in WIC, which also undertake intergenerational work. Next month, pupils at NOS primary school will be doing a project on grandparents, leading up to grandparent day on October 1. The younger children are tasked with finding a photograph of their grandparents at school, and the older children will be interviewing their grandparents about their skill experiences. Over at the other school, primary 6 in Newton Park, primary 8, go to the town and county hospital to visit elderly patients there. Those visits have proved invaluable for both the patients and the pupils. As we know, people are living longer, and that is proving to be one of our most significant social challenges, but it is also an opportunity because people of all ages are assets to their communities and to society. It is now becoming apparent that intergenerational work can bridge the gap that often appears between age groups. It can lead to people leading longer, healthier lives, maintain their independence for longer and keep the brain and senses stimulated. Generations working together says that it brings people together in purposeful, mutually beneficial activity. It promotes greater understanding and respect between generations, and it contributes to building more cohesive communities. As a Parliament and as a society, we have a duty to support and develop those ambitions. Thank you very much. John Scott will be filled by Sandra White. Thank you, Presiding Officer. I begin by congratulating Christine Graham on securing her motion for debate today and on her speech, which highlights examples of generations working together in her constituency, and as well as welcome to Parliament, our guests from Gorebridge. The strong links created in just over a year between new buyers' nursery and the new buyers' village community and the new buyers' care home is a measure of the success of the project so far and a demonstration of the potential for further community intergenerational working. One could argue that, where communities worked well in the past, particularly close-knit rural communities such as new buyers or Barhill, where I was born and grew up, that in such communities the interaction between generations already took place almost unnoticed. However, intergenerational working and generations working together as a concept identifies, formalises and builds on what worked to a greater or lesser extent in the past. Certainly, generations working together creates a transferable model for others to follow and to consciously adopt. I very much welcome Christine Graham drawing this community building best practice to our attention today. The benefits for all at Gorebridge and elsewhere are plain to see. As Christine Graham's motion notes, with children and young people benefiting from the stimulation of adapting to a different environment and learning and interacting within that environment, personal view is that with so much time being spent in front of screens by children and young people, this different activity is even more important and beneficial to them than it would have been only 20 or 30 or 40 years ago. What would have been regarded as normal physical intergenerational activity in my childhood is being diminished and lost in our new world depending on social media from an early age for apparent social interaction and Stuart Stevenson alluded to this. We are also becoming a more anxious society than we were, perhaps with good reason, and the reassurance of the physical contact and presence of older generations is genetically programmed into our minds to be of benefit to children and young people. For the elderly too, the benefit of having children and young people around them is also stimulating as well as being enjoyable, reducing loneliness and isolation, again a growing problem, not just in our rural communities such as new buyers, but throughout Scotland. One well-known growing problem in all generations is mental health issues, and I am very aware of that development from my changing constituency workload. Without doubt, one of the contributing factors to this emerging issue is too little caring human interaction currently being driven again in part by dependency on social media. In my constituency, generations working together highlight the Trudon coastal rowing project, which supports intercommunity boat building and rowing competitions. Boat building participants met every Monday to Friday for five months and worked together to build a 22-foot wooden St Ailis skiff. That type of project is now being taken forward by the Duke of Edinburgh award team in South Ayrshire. Self-evidently, the benefit for pupils is learning new skills, working with others outside the school environment and developing self-esteem and team working skills. The benefits for the adults of my constituency are many, driven by satisfaction at passing on knowledge to the next generation. In turn, that engenders the sense of connecting with young people in our community, with buddy relationships being developed, which of course develops the concept again of intergenerational work and intergenerational rational knowledge transfer. Today, I again congratulate Christine Grahame on sharing and highlighting the concept of generations working together. I believe that there is much more to be done in this area for the benefit of the young and old alike. I also congratulate Christine Grahame for the resolution and motion that is here before us today. It is something that is very close to not just my heart, but everyone's heart as well. I also want to welcome the people in the gallery. I note that Bill and Rose from the Scottish Senior Alliances in the gallery, too, had a very busy day. We had a cross-party group of older people today, so I am going to mention some of the issues that were raised there. Katie from Generations Working Together was certainly there as well. I put forward some questions, which I think that I thoughtfully answered in the committee meeting. Generations Working Together is based in my constituency in Wilson Street in the Merchant City, so it is just a toddle along for me to go along and visit, which I have promised that I will do. I say toddle basically with the inverted commas in that respect. Basically, I think that we have heard some fabulous stories of what is happening throughout Scotland in various constituencies, and certainly in my constituency, there are many primary schools going to visit the care homes, but there is also Duke of Edinburgh ward, as has already been mentioned, the Prince's Trust, and others, the Guild Guys, Scouts, Boys Brigade—all help out as well. One area that sticks in my mind was the Prince's Trust, where a group of young people actually landscaped a whole garden in one of the care homes, but the people who lived in the care home were there. They picked the flowers, they picked the bushes, they picked the trees, and they were there to help to plant as well. That was working together, and it looked absolutely fantastic. The one thing that comes out to me, and Christine Grahame and others have mentioned it as well, is not just what one generation gets out of it, but what both generations get out of it as well. As John has just said, and his contribution, we learn from each other. I remember in school possibly others, too, that we had domestic science, as you might call it. I speak to my own daughter and I try to pass my great cooking skills on to her, but I honestly could not say whether she has actually been better than me or gained some of the cooking skills. However, that is the issue that, to me, is very important, where the younger generation learns from the older generation and through learning from their skills, they respect them more. John raised that in the last couple of minutes of his contribution. In some aspects of our society now, it is respect for everyone. I think that the intergenerational work pushes that respect way out there, and it helps everyone—young people and older people also. However, I cannot finish without giving a plug for generations working together in the work that they do. Anyone who wants to contact them will certainly lead them to any groups that are working in their area and give them help and volunteering and so on. Another plug that was one that was very successful last night was cycling without age, which is absolutely fantastic. We had them at the cross-party group today, giving them not a demonstration, but a video of just how this is so helpful. I am so pleased that the Scottish Government has said that it will look into this and back this cycling without age. I have met Fraser and others, but imagine if you are in a care home and you have not been getting out and about for even a couple of weeks or a number of months, the joy you get when you are out and about in your constituency, seeing the changes where you used to live, whereas before you could walk about and get the bus, you are on the bike. It is absolutely fantastic. We plug for Fraser and cycling without age. I begin by congratulating Christine Grahame on bringing this debate to the chamber. I join others in welcoming our guests to the gallery and take the opportunity to thank them for their hospitality earlier today, of which more later. I am pleased that Christine Grahame has commended the intergenerational project between Newbuyer's Village and Newbuyer's Nursery in this evening's debate. The Scottish Government is delighted to support and encourage intergenerational projects across the country. Indeed, intergenerational practice aims to promote a more positive attitude to ageing amongst people of all ages, countering negative attitudes about and between younger and older generations, ensuring balanced workplaces where employers see the value of a diversity in age and inspiring a care workforce for the future. I have made a number of contributions in this evening's debate. I would like to begin by thanking Stuart Stevenson for his continuous reminding me of my comparative youth. It is probably a good thing that Ross Greer and Kate Forbes were not in the debate this evening on that basis, although I would like to say that he spent some of his speech talking about the constant questions about what it was like in his day. I say that, even in my comparative youth, I have found that to occur to me as well, as when I took a photo of my nieces and nephews to use up the spool on a disposable camera and then had to explain to them the concept of waiting for photos to be developed before they could actually see what had just been taken. As Christine Grahame pointed out, I visited the new buyer's intergenerational project this morning and saw this inspiring project first-hand. Modesty precludes me from talking about how magnificent my performance in the beanbag throwing was, but I think that it was fantastic to take part in the potted sports and engage with the children, the elderly residents and the staff who are filled with enthusiasm about the project and the potential for the future. Indeed, Bessie, who is in the gallery, was speaking to me earlier and she told me that when residents are waiting for the children to arrive, they are often feeling very anxious about waiting for the children to arrive and then their world is brightened as the children enter into the facility and is soon full of joy and laughter. That was certainly the atmosphere that welcomed me as I arrived at the project today. I left knowing that the support for intergenerational projects is the right thing to do for children, for the elderly and for the wider community. I acknowledge that Scotland has a lot to learn from countries such as America, Japan and China, who have been running intergenerational projects for years. London will also be opening its doors to its first full-time intergenerational nursery later this month. There are some great examples in Scotland of intergenerational work with children, particularly from early learning and childcare and primary school settings. We are keen to promote and showcase best practice. It was good to hear examples being brought forward by members, including Gail Ross and Ruth Maguire, who highlighted examples from their constituencies. People of all ages and in all communities across Scotland can experience social isolation and loneliness at a point that Elaine Smith noted in her contribution. That is something that we as a Government take seriously. The Scottish Government is supporting generations working together, a charity that provides information, delivers support and encourages involvement to benefit all of Scotland's generations by working, learning, volunteering and living together. Through our equality budget this financial year, we are funding £70,000 to the organisation to deliver its opening doors project. The opening doors project seeks to build strong and mutually beneficial working partnerships with local and national organisations and groups who work with people, including the elderly, who might be suffering discrimination, isolation and loneliness. It creates more opportunities within communities for people to connect and build relationships between the generations, a point that was well made by both Michelle Ballantyne and Sandra White in this evening's debate. Through our year of young people in 2018, the Scottish Government is considering how intergenerational activity can form part of the equality and discrimination theme. In addition to working with generations working together, we will also work in partnership with other organisations representing the elderly to encourage collaboration and engagement with youth organisations throughout the year. We produced Scotland's third three-year national dementia strategy in June, which continues our focus on supporting and promoting a rights-based and inclusive approach to improving services and support for people with dementia. That approach is embedded within our continuing national support for implementation of the Promoting Excellence Dementia Skills framework in education, training and development of the health, social services and housing workforce. Promoting excellence is there to help local services implement the standards of care for dementia, including standards on enabling people with dementia across all care settings to remain included in their local community, including through intergenerational activity. Some examples include Alzheimer's Scotland's national dementia friends initiative, which includes partnership work with Young Scott in developing awareness-raising initiatives for use in schools. That is in addition to a range of activity with local schools taken by Alzheimer's Scotland's network of dementia advisers. Also, in Prestwick, it is part of dementia community work. There has been partnership work with Alzheimer's Scotland to run dementia friends sessions with local school children. Also, as a specific example of cross-generation work, a Prestwick-themed board game, including a historical focus, is being developed by local school children, a history group and some local care home residents. It was heartening to hear Ruth Maguire speaking of the Annam Cara respite centre in her constituency and the Annam Cara's wee pals, who sound like a cracking munch of kids, bringing happiness to residents. John Scott mentioned the issues around social media and reliance upon devices and the anxious nature of society. I would comment to him and other members the Away In Play initiative, which was launched during the summer by Inspiring Scotland. I attended the launch event in Dundee, which is a campaign designed to encourage children and young people to make more of the opportunities of outdoor play and learning and to grasp the risks that are associated with it rather than to shy away from them. If members wanted to get behind that campaign, I would be more than happy if they did so. We know that high-quality early learning and childcare plays a key role in improving outcomes for children. That is why we are committed to doubling the amount of funded hours by the end of this Parliament, and we are placing quality at the heart of our approach. We are developing a quality action plan that will be published next month. Over the summer, we have been working with stakeholders who know what drives quality and what more we need to do to strengthen it. That action plan will contain a series of actions to ensure that early learning and childcare delivers a high-quality experience for our children. One of those actions will be to promote learning from ELC centres of innovation centres like the one that I visited this morning. We will ensure that centres carrying out innovative and exciting work that has a positive impact on children are supported to celebrate and share their ideas with other settings. It was interesting to hear—I was about to mention Christine Grahame—if I have time to take the intervention, I will take the intervention. Christine Grahame? Forgive me—you were rattling along perfectly all right, but you mentioned centres such as what happens in new bars, care centres and new bars nursery. Do you take it specifically going to see if that can be replicated throughout Scotland because it was the physical interaction, as well as the conversations between the children and the residents that was so important, that people who have not moved perhaps have a great deal due on that day. I know what that feels like. Actually, we are becoming more mobile. I think that it would be fair to say that what I saw today, I am very keen to encourage development of. I think that what we have heard tonight in the debate is that while this is an excellent and innovative approach, it is happening in other locations as well. What we need to try and do is to join these things up a little bit better because sometimes great work is happening, but we do not often hear about it and spread that message as widely as we could. I was just about to mention Christine Grahame before she pre-empted me and said that she spoke about the channel 4 documentary, which I thought was very interesting. However, while speaking to Mel at the event today, it was brought to my attention that that programme had focused almost exclusively on the outcomes for the older people without also focusing on the benefits that were brought to the children as part of that approach. We want to ensure and acknowledge that there are benefits on both sides of the approach and we can take that forward. I begin to close by congratulating Christine Grahame for bringing this debate to the Parliament, to congratulate and encourage the continuation of the project that is taking place in her constituency and the other projects that have been highlighted this evening, and to reiterate my commitment to look very carefully at those approaches as we develop our plans in relation to early learning and childcare and look at what lessons we can learn and apply as we roll out our expansion of funded early learning and childcare. I thank the minister and all members for their contributions. That concludes the debate and I now close today's meeting of Parliament.


The ACT Budget invests in our economy, it invests in our people and it invests in jobs. The Budget has been framed in the wake of massive cuts from the Commonwealth. We've chosen not to add to the pain felt by Canberrans from these cuts and instead we're investing in health and education and we're investing in our community. Now's the time to create jobs and to build upon our confident and innovative business sector. We're cutting a range of taxes, payroll tax and insurance tax and we're cutting stamp duty to make it easier for Canberrans to buy a home. We're using our low debt and our strong credit rating to create thousands of jobs and to deliver transformational projects for the city. Like a new hospital at the University of Canberra, the Capital Metro Light Rail Project and City to the Lake. In this Budget the ACT Government is investing in Canberra.


So, Laura, what does a day in the life of an archivist look like for you?  Which is one of the exciting things, I think, of our jobs is we do kind of get to do a lot of different things. But if I have to answer, for me with manuscripts, I would say the bulk of what I'm doing is overseeing processing of collections. So, a pretty typical day involves working with some fabulous student library assistants, student workers, undergraduate and graduate. And so just sort of working with them to process collections, whether it's, we're kind of always doing it. So, starting collections, checking in on collections, fielding questions about how to organize, what to do, what to do with weird things that they find. I would say that kind of makes up the bulk of an average day. But then, of course, we're all sort of juggling all of the other sort of added things that we're doing. So, kind of other various projects that our collections may be involved in. So, working with you, Allison, on instruction or getting ready for a class, pulling materials for a class, helping with the reference question, working on a digital collection or a digital project, maybe working with a donor, you know, getting in touch, checking back in with a donor, things like that. Those sort of little things kind of filter in throughout the day. Yeah, that's great. That's great. Chris, what about you? It's similar. I have a little bit of a different scenario because I have this little area of collections of the Modern Political Archive, and I kind of do reference for that as well as being the Political Science and Sociology Librarian. So, I do a lot of work for that as well. But definitely, it's about making the collections available to people and making sure that they are kept available and described in the right way so that researchers can find what they need. Yeah, absolutely great. Alicia, what about you? Well, like Laura and Chris said, every day is kind of different. While you do have a plan for getting a collection from maybe picking them up from the donor's house or office to getting them to be finished into our archival box like I have behind me, there's a lot that goes into that. And so it's kind of like cooking a recipe that has a lot of things on the stove at once. And so we usually have a lot of things from starting preliminary inventories to processing collections, preservation, taking things up to our preservation lab and having repairs or special enclosures built for them. So it's always different and it's never boring. I get tons of reference questions that I never thought that I would know the answers to. So that makes me really great at like just very random historical knowledge. But it's really interesting and, you know, being it coming from a history background that stuff is always really interesting to me to, you know, kind of search through the primary resources to find the answers for the individuals are asking them and kind of tell that story. So I kind of look at it that we have a lot of things going on from day to day, but they all kind of go back to what Chris was saying is making sure that we have the stuff available and that people can access it. I mean, because that's our main job here is to make sure the stuff is safe and then make sure people can get to it.


Hi everyone, in this tutorial I'm going to show you how to draw a circle using turtle graphics in Python language. In order to do that, first I'm going to import turtle module, then I'm going to initialize the turtle by using turtle function, and finally I'm going to drive a circle by using circle function, and inside this function as a parameter I'm going to type the length of radius in pixels. In our example radius is going to be 100, and that's it, the simplest way to create a circle. I'm going to run this program. That's all in this tutorial, don't forget to check our other tutorials. Bye.