We're at the Davis Arboretum on Auburn University's campus this morning, and we're going to talk a little bit about pruning crape myrtles. Before we start pruning, there's a couple of things we need to make sure we have. A pair of loppers, a pair of hand shears, maybe a small saw, and we always want to make sure we have safety equipment. I've got a pair of eyeglasses on and we need to make sure they're safety-approved eyeglasses, not cheap plastic eyeglasses that can cause more damage than it actually helps sometimes. You want a good pair of gloves and minor mismatch, but they serve the same purpose. And generally you want to have a hat, and if possible long sleeves. Any time you prune any type of tree, whether it's a crape myrtle, a fruit tree, or an ornamental plant, one of the first things you want to look for are dead, diseased, or broken parts of the plant. And we're going to prune those out first just as a general rule to keep that plant healthy and eliminate where disease or insects could enter that plant. So as we look at this mature crape myrtle, you see a couple of places where limbs have died and gone back to the trunk. This is a good example here. We're going to come up and prune that back, and these pruning cuts are not necessarily shaping the tree or aesthetics, but this is purely for the health of the tree and for maintenance of the tree. Now we're going to come back and look for crossing branches, water sprouts, weakly attached branches to go ahead and prune those out. As this crape myrtle has matured, it's kind of gotten a little crowded here at the base. You see a couple of pieces that have grown together, and we're simply going to take one of those pieces out, open up the trunk so that it's a little more aesthetically pleasing in the fall and winter, so we can see that texture change and that color change of the bark. Pruning is a lot like a haircut. As long as you're not doing something unhealthy to the tree and it's aesthetically pleasing to you, that's what you're striving for.


that this talk is about how do how we have build out scalable and robust near real-time machine learning models at Episodes. So, Episodes deals into health care, health care analytics and I am a part of will be team into the Episodes. So, the talk will so over in the stock will focus on how we have build out the specifically for a near real-time machine learning system, how we have build out pre computation feature pipelines and what is the ML serving platform that we have used. So, here is a little about me before we move on. I am a lead data engineer at Episodes and so far in my career I have worked in building out distributed data processing pipelines machine learning systems and setting up ML ops practices in the team. So, the agenda of today's talk is that we will start first with the challenges that we have faced in building out the one of the recent ML pipelines for our team and for Episodes and then we lead to that how it has lead with the idea of building out a pre computation feature platform dwelling into what ML serving platform are we using and then ultimately going to the complete overview of the ML model server pipeline at Episodes. So, this ML pipeline that we are talking about that started when the data science team at our organization came up with the problem statement of deploying transformer models. So, specifically this this talk will focus on how do we deploy the complex models when we are saying complex models when they introduce the transformer models we pick up that model and deploy it into that time current ML serving pipeline that was like more of a real time type of API systems. So, we deployed that specific ML transformer based ML model into our pipeline and what we saw that we are facing high latencies when we are saying high latencies they were more than a couple of seconds and if we are leading into a API type of framework if we are having a high latency of more than seconds then that is where the problem is and you cannot take up to such a model to a production and when it comes to complex models what are an essential ingredient is that you have to use GPUs and GPUs are really expensive. So, if we go to the first point which is the high latency suppose if I am getting high latency one simple solution is that I add more replicas to my API and make the system more scalable, but now when we are talking of GPUs we cannot scale to GPU directly from say 10s to 100s just to serve more load because that will then go over budget of our whole computing load. So, that was the first problem that we are seeing we were seeing high latencies and we wanted to scale up to the load incoming load that we were getting to reach back to the to reach back to the serving time into milliseconds and the next problem that came along was that these model sizes were too large so they were into GBs. So, the one model that they came up with that the size itself of the model was going up to 4 to 5 GBs and the usual way of deploying machine learning models into production at least at our organization is wrapping up into them into containers. So, once your model is wrapped up into a container the whole Docker image size goes up to again a size of 10 GB. So, if we are talking about scaling the API replicas so first I have to scale the GPU machine. So, if you have already worked on cloud and seen that if you even scale from 1 to 2 GPU machines the time it takes for to get a GPU machine is approximately around in a range of 4 to 5 minutes and then if your Docker container image size is going up to say 10 GBs then the time only to bring up the whole container will again take additional 3 to 4 minutes. So, it means that for me the time to bring up one more replica was going around 9 minutes. So, if I and at episodes we always we always believe in scaling up the load as per scaling up the infrastructure as per the load itself. So, we do not over scale and always have a architecture cost optimized. So, we have to make sure that whenever the load is coming up first we do the calculation and then scale the instances accordingly. So, over here if I am seeing that to bring up one replica I will need 9 minutes then that will additionally add to the first problem that we have which is the high latency for serving of the request. And into the whole NLP engines there are multiple machine learning models that are working together to bring up the outcome. So, we have to make sure that we are not losing data across the models when say a request or a data is going from one model to another and the data one of the feature of the whole machine learning pipeline is that we should have the data unit management whenever a request is going from a model one to model two we should know that what was the state of the request was it success was it failure. So, this was the last challenge that we were there we had in designing the RML pipeline. So, over here the first problem is high latency for inference task. So, we picked up the task of going deep dive into what happens to an inference task. So, this is just a general overview of that whenever we have an inference task we get a data. So, for our substance we are on AWS cloud the I have shown an S3 bucket for that. So, we get the data on an S3 bucket we pick up that data we do data preprocessing and then from that we go for a feature generation load the feature load the model embed the features into that model. So, to the input processing and then ultimately model gives out a prediction and then we upload the prediction and do post processing into an output bucket. So, these were the broad steps of an inference task and if you see and what we notice is that the first two tasks which is a data preprocessing and feature generation they both were CPU based tasks and still they were happening into a GPU based machine and they were taking approximately 30 to 40 percent time of the total inference task. So, what was the first conclusion that we came out after deep diving into this one is that we have to remove the first two steps out from our inference task and make it more of a pre-step tour inference task. So, that gave generation to the idea of the creating a pre-computation feature platform. So, over here whenever data comes up first we do the feature computation and then only embed the request to the model and then get the prediction. So, first let us talk about the pre-computation feature platform benefits. So, now when we have and since like at all that we have multiple models working together to bring out the predictions on a piece of data. So, there are also chances where these models are sharing few features. So, over there we have reduced the computation load. So, if you have in the last talk also we saw we saw the mention of feature store. So, in those features store we are first generating all the features at once storing over there and then in the model we are retrieving those features as and when which model require which particular feature. So, it has overall reduced the computation load for each request and the resources needed and since we are removing and pre-cleaning our data it has improved the accuracy at the model side. Yeah the next benefit is that it has increased scalability because now we are reusing features across the models and not generating for every time we are predicting we are sending a prediction request to a model and since now in terms of inference sign since we have now moved this whole process of generating features out of the inference task we are saving directly 30 40 percent inference time on that side and which means that we are actually saving 30 40 percent of our GPU time and GPU cost. So, now over here we have seen that we have moved out the feature the feature generation part to a feature platform. The next step that comes out that what will be our ML serving platform. So, now since we have the whole architecture that we look out in the end we will see that the yeah the latency was still coming around in not not like a few milliseconds, but that was was still coming around one second or so for this complex model. So, we were very clear that we cannot go with a real time of paradigm. So, at this point we were clear that we have to go for a async type of API paradigm for our ML serving platform. So, after performing experiments on Cortex open source Sheldon core and AWS SageMaker we came up to in conclusion that AWS SageMaker is fitting the whole problem area that we are trying to solve and also we believe in keeping our team lean. So, what we were what we wanted was that if we have a managed service so that we our engineers spend less time on maintaining the infrastructure other than innovating on the infrastructure side. So, what we needed in our ML serving platform was that it should have support for complex heavy models and it should it should be able to for save the models outside even outside the container and then help us to retreat there. So, SageMaker has its own SageMaker model registry where you can keep your model outside the container. So, now we have the container size or the Docker image size is not comprising of the model size which is an advantage over here. Tolerate high latency inferences. So, for this we were sure that we can't do with the real time APIs. Though the real time API of SageMaker also was giving us results, but we always believe in scaling from 0 to 1 whenever there is load and not keep the resources up whenever there is no load. So, SageMaker asynchronous help us over there also and in terms of SageMaker asynchronous endpoints the way it deals with it has its own internal queue. So, you have to just invoke the asynchronous endpoint it will for save your request and then do the inference and then save your output to an S3 bucket again. So, it has its own internal queue and the way it scales out you just have to define your own auto scaling parameters. In terms of data lineage management there was no direct support from the SageMaker side. So, we have build out our own pipeline to support the data lineage management that we will see in again into the next slide. Scalability, reliability and security that is all guaranteed under AWS service usage and in terms of cost optimization with specifically with the asynchronous type of endpoints in SageMaker you have the flexibility of going from 0 to 1. So, suppose there is no load at this point of time then you can keep your instances at 0 and whenever there is a load and since the star feature of asynchronous endpoints is that it has its own managed internal queue. So, first when your request will come up it will go into the queue the SageMaker depending on however you have defined your auto scaling policies it will bring up one GPU instance and then your instance and then your request would be served. So, now even over here the whole GPU provisioning time is coming around 4 minutes because that's how that's how the cloud yeah so because that's even the whole the cloud provisioning logic but over here you have the flexibility of saving your request till the time it is not being served or inferenced. Okay, so this is the complete overview of ME model serving pipeline that we have built out at Episodes. So, we were talking of the feature store and building out a pre-computation feature computer pre-computation feature store platform. So, over here you see that we have built out Apache we have we are using Kafka over there to for save a data event point and then compute and then consume those data event points to bring out the features from that data points and then ultimately save again the feature events to a feature store or directly to the S3 bucket. Once you have the feature pre-generated we have integrated the lambda to listen to the Kafka topic and then it picks up the data points from there and pings the SageMaker Amazon SageMaker async endpoints and with the SageMaker async endpoints you have the flexibility of delivering your result status to SNS topics over here for say you are sending a X request to endpoint A. So, whenever that request is say failed success whatever the state of that request is changed you will get a notification on a SNS topic and from so now for the data lineage management part you are getting all the information into that SNS topic. So, we can directly consume that SNS topic and pull out the information and drop it into a database. So, that way machine learning engineers can directly query the database layer to know that what was the status of their request. In terms of near real time because since nothing is happening in real time but what we have kept is that the whole architecture is more of an event driven architecture. So, as soon as your data is dropped at the event topic the whole pipeline is triggered for that particular message. So, that is why it is a near real time architecture. And in terms of data storage we are the SageMaker async itself uploads your inference output to an S3 bucket. So, that is how we are dealing with the data. So, that is the complete overview of how we have built out the ML serving pipeline at episodes. Thank you.


Much can be at stake depending on the choice of words used to describe citizen science, because terminology impacts how knowledge is developed. Citizen science is a field that is mobilizing people's involvement in information development, social action and justice, and large-scale information gathering. We suggest that terms should be chosen carefully and their usage explained. This article was authored by M. V. Itzel, Jessica L. Cappadonna, Chris Santos-Lang, and others.


we're going home today diesel so i'm not even going to make the bed how about that i thought i need to wear this ridiculous thing again okay it's only been going a little while already and uh we're at the border last stop in the united states before we get home i'm excited it's a little bit colder than i thought it would be today but uh you know we are back at the canadian border so what did i expect i don't know i thought maybe there would be puppies and rainbows no it's just cold okay yep diesel how about you walk yourself man i can't even complain this is not cold this is actually really warm yet it's not that bad it's just after being in the south for a while and having this warm wave that's just been carrying me north so that warm weather stayed with me all the way up here last night i'll be okay i want to go inside you got a vet appointment this afternoon we've got to get home for man a little nipply whoo yep that was a nice cold blast of air to the lungs so we've been driving a little bit today already and uh i just wanted to stop here and let diesel out before we crossed into canada that way we can uh rush back well i got a foot fill some fuel since it's getting cold around make sure i fuel up with canadian fuel i don't know how cold it's going to get before i get back to the truck if it gets down too cold the fuel i have in here is from iowa i believe and uh that fuel has been known to gel up a little quicker when it gets cold it's not going to get cold enough to gel up the fuel but for my peace of mind i'm just going to make sure i have some northern fuel in my uh in my tanks before i park the truck and go home so that i don't have any issues when they need me to go out again fool me once shame on me fool me twice i think i did gel up twice didn't i shame on me fool me three times oh shame on you that's how the saying goes right i don't know i don't know i'm excited to get going it's been a long time let's do this canada we're back diesel brought two sweaters so in three days we went from palm trees green leaves green grass hibernating continue on this road for 15 kilometers and the scale is closed only just closed too there's guys over in just for me or what flashing right you saw it you saw right back in the pickup and we're going straight to the vet i don't have time to even run home yet we made it in time so we are going to make the appointment but just barely i'm just heading over there now diesel you're ready you ready for this getting an old man check up man get that bald patch on his stomach looked at and uh i guess that little scrape under his eyes pretty much healed already i'll just mention it but it's probably fine i'll probably have to get his teeth looked at he'll need a teeth cleaning soon make sure there's no infections anywhere make sure everything's all tip top i don't know if they'll do some blood tests or anything i don't know i'll just tell him to you know do a full service check everything out make sure he's all good nine years old buddy you're still young but just in case you know just in case that's uh 56 in human years approximately 56 to 60 that's around about the time you uh you want to go and take the take the truck to the shop for a service you know just make sure everything just get it checked over a little bit of a safety you know safety inspection to make sure you're all doing good but he's got a little bump on his under his on his belly too that i want them to look at make sure that that's not anything i should be worried about and then from now on well we will probably take him in annually once a year just you know keep on top of things so we can catch things before they uh well he goes in once a year anyway for his shots right trying to be thorough extend his life as much as possible you know you gotta live to be 25 man our vet is down a gravel road that's okay lots of gravel roads around here are you excited diesel excited to see the doctor well they expanded their parking out here now i'm going right up here you excited bud COVID-19 arrival instructions remain in your vehicle call that number for further instructions if you have no phone activate hazard lights and wait in vehicle for further instructions the parking lot is our temporary waiting room thank you for your patience and understanding well then we shall make a phone call let him know we're here i guess it's going through the whole system oh i doubt the wrong number whoops a doodle okay uh now let's try this number okay got one of the numbers mixed up that's why they expanded their parking over there that makes sense see they got all those people over there as well let me have this out of those trees there's a lot of cars here creasing animal hospital can you hold please yes i can they put me on hold before too and i was calling to confirm the appointment you've obviously got a lot of a lot of phone calls coming in everything is over the phone now i was telling you manitoba is uh code red right now i got my muzzle this will keep me safe gotta wash this thing nice that's gross i'll wash that thanks for holding how could i help you hi this is josh geese first i'm here in the parking lot with diesel for our one o'clock appointment okay do you want to ask with you i do yep all right you can come on in thank you no problem all right all right diesel i guess you don't need a mask lucky boy wish i was a dog hold on here bud i gotta put this on hold on this way i know you're excited i love going to see the doctor too i don't think you know where we are yet all right come on i really don't think you have any idea where we are he's just excited hey hey hey hey hey don't take the lease around my truck like that man that's not cool yeah we were going home just waiting for the vet to come in here now he's also getting this temper vaccine today he was due for that soon so if we get it done well while he's here i'm gonna work with that in the future he always goes kind of crazy once we get uh into a place where other dogs are or have been hey but you're laying down on your own that's good good boy you just keep doing that okay stay you got the green light from the good doctor uh the patch on his uh stomach the vet was not too worried about i've got some cream to rub on it for the next seven days twice a day uh he got his distemper today also made an appointment for chevy and big frank to come and see the vet on friday they need their distemper as well and she wasn't too worried about that lump under the skin she said it's it's nothing to really worry about uh he got the green light he's doing good he's healthy i guess we'll check up on you again in a year right diesel how about that for now let's go home i want to check out our new fence i'm pretty excited about it i don't throw rocks at me don't throw rocks at me don't do it i might throw rocks back i gotta wash this truck actually too diesel you want to go through the car wash first i have to uh see if there's a lineup if there's a lineup i'm not gonna bother if there's no lineup we're gonna go get a truck wash how about that stay hey look at me you almost drove in here without looking but doesn't look like they got a lineup into the super splash give this truck a bath before going home whenever i park this truck in the yard at work for a couple of weeks it gets all covered in dust and dirt even though the yard is paved that's just filthy being parked out there and i want to go home with a clean truck at least on the outside all right fire a nice car wash oh there's somebody in line now of course two people of course two people lined up while i was inside nice gotta leave space for uh vehicles to get through here so we'll just stop here let me have two in front of us diesel diesel you're feeling good feeling good that the doctor gave you the thumbs up she gave you two thumbs up man two thumbs up two paws up but he does need to get his teeth cleaned soon he'll need some dental work done soon so friday i tell you that already friday is when we bring chevy in and big frank just for a shot each distemper what i was gonna tell you now is oh finally came to me okay i was gonna get this truck detailed this week right i'm home figured i'd get it cleaned out of course he's super busy right now and he doesn't have time to detail my truck this week so we'll wait i guess he said he's gonna call me if something popped up or if he got time but uh apparently he's booked up for almost two weeks that's how good he is though man everyone wants him to clean their vehicle i'm talking with dion trader and steinback he's a really good detailer there's many other detailers that are good around here too and in winnipeg i'm just not familiar with them yet i was familiar with this guy maybe uh maybe i'll find someone else around steinback that is a good detailer i mean i could clean it out myself too but i never do as good of a job as the people who are you know professionals at it and i wanted to do that right it was sort of like my celebration of getting this truck paid off being payment free getting new tires and a nice detail and i gotta get that rust fixed on my driver's side rear uh wheel well next summer i gotta put some money away for it so next summer we can afford to uh get that done now there's one in front of us well we got home we want to show the people the fence look at this look at you going outside with no leash with no leash look at this look at you guys look at you guys you gotta stay on that side though this fence is awesome i just gotta put a string on this so i can get in here there we go what do you guys think what do you guys think you got a whole fenced in yard here now look at this all the way down there nice and straight level that fence was already here remember we were told by that guy that it's ours but i think it's theirs either way it works and we have it going all the way around over here back here watch out chev back over there have a nice yard here where the dogs can run around and it's not as big as the last yard was honestly but it'll do right at least they can run off leash here and we can always take them out to our spot our property out in the country really get their energy out and let them run so this meets up with the fence here nice and solid much better hey much better this was all open before it's all open what do you think diesel why don't you guys run why are you just standing around get him get him get him he's too busy sniffing so many smells we also had them out here before running them running and getting their energy out so i'm thinking though for this fence here see in summertime we were going to put the black slats through here right just to make it a little more private and in the back as well but i found this really nice mesh that you can just uh covers up along the whole fence i think each section and you just like a snap tie or not snap tie zip tie it up there and seems to be a lot easier and it's also completely private then right whereas slats you can still sort of see between makes things a lot easier for us and especially for britt while i'm out on the road she can just let the let the dogs run around and this thing right here in the middle of the yard we're getting rid of that next summer it's obviously we're not going to park our cars in it and it takes up a lot of space in this yard i have to go all the way over here takes up like a almost a quarter of the yard a lot better anyways it is a lot a lot better i like it i'm very glad we went with the six foot instead of the five foot because let's go stand by it over here five foot would have been a little bit too short it would have kept the dogs in the yard would have done the trek but the reason i was worried about the six foot see it's just about my height i was worried with the six foot because i thought that it might look too much like a prison yard or like a school yard i think it actually looks pretty good i think it's just the right height all right diesel shavvy come on let's go inside come on so much better for them so much better and it smells great in here it looks great too did you miss me be honest be honest a little bit a little bit 15 that's pretty good that's better than 10 percent some days it was 20 no way yes we're doing good boys 20 percent boys are there any girls one oh yeah girls too boys understand i think i don't know what i'm getting at really i don't know what i'm talking about it's what you're doing i'm just gonna buy out the spaghetti having spaghetti so it's good to be home brith looks like she's just you know season four of brooklyn nine nine are you watching it again or are you uh this is the third time that i watched it or fourth oh okay i love brooklyn nine nine what you got shav what is that what is that just gonna get my laundry done here real quick and that'll be that thanks for tuning in everybody we're gonna be home for a while now so i'll see you right here tomorrow take care


We had the Lenara Connect in San Francisco, 2017. Hello, Barra. So you're working on something right now? Yes. Right now, I'm trying to build an AK-64 desktop box. One of the things that we are currently missing in arm processors are everywhere in the embedded space, and are starting to get into the server space. But so far, nobody has been building stuff to put it on regular people's desks. So you just decided to build one? Exactly. Someone has to do it. I've already built an AK-64 laptop that will be on display on Demo Friday. And I hope to add this desktop box to it. That's cool. So you basically, what is the board here? What's the CPU you're using? This board is a Machiato bin from Marvel. It's originally designed as a networking board. If you look at it from this side, you can see that it has all those high-end network interfaces, because it's really fast. Yeah, those three are super fast. This is a regular gigabit. And those are 10 gigabit, I think. Or some super gigabit kind of speeds. And then it's a quad-core ARM Cortex-A72. Right. And that's a regular DDR4 slot, so we can put quite a bit of memory in it. How much memory you put? I think this is 16, yes. 16 gigabits. So you're going to put a 16 gigabyte with a quad-core A72, and there's a PCI slot on this board, right? Right. And that's what we're using to put a graphics card in. So you have NVIDIA? For the moment, I really want to put in a Radeon, because NVIDIA sucks in terms of drivers. Radeons, drivers are open source and everything, or? Much better, yes. Yeah. So what's going on on your screen to get this to work? What are you doing right now? There's nothing overly interesting going on here right now. I'm just copying an SD card to make a backup of a UFI installation that was on there before. And then putting a new OS image on so we can try to boot that thing. And we're Wednesday right now, so you've been doing all the other stuff for the last couple of days? Sure. And this is Connect, so there's always lots of interesting sessions and a lot of meetings, like the LMG steering committee meetings and meetings with prospective new members for LENARO that I can't talk about, obviously. That's the LENARO mobile group. Yes. So all the mobile stuff is happening, and your RMPire laptop you're working on, this one, there's also some kernel stuff I need to do another video about, right? Is something about project trouble? Yes. That is obviously unrelated to this because trouble is in the Android space, which is mostly about unifying builds and adapting a new partition layout that will enable A-B updates and getting the kernels unified, making sure that all the LTS kernels are working properly. So let's do a separate video about that. So right now, Wednesday, you're going to make it to work by Friday, right? Do you think it's going to work? Yes, we have this demo session on Friday, it's lunchtime, and my goal is definitely to have something to show off on Friday, so... Let's do another video later. You'll probably see it then. Cool. And can you mesh a whole bunch of them together to get like 16 cores or... No, that's not gonna work. Not really because you could link them together using Ethernet or USB or whatever, like you'd do a cluster of x86 devices. Using the 10 gigabit links maybe to... All right, that's cool. Let's check up on what's the success rate, how it's gonna be later. Cool.


Everybody Matt here for latent sports cards are up in one box of 2023 or 2022. I'm sorry Panini one football hobby This is for Daniel L 2022 good luck Daniel this is Once upon a time auto Jake the snake plumber at a 65 of 99 Really cool looking card. I Think that's the first Jake plumber auto I've ever pulled. I used to Jake the snake You go Daniel that'll do it for your box appreciate it. We'll get that right out to you


So I guess this is an answer to that question that was the question that was Encountered on the last story asked on the last video Why Why is this one more resonance stabilized than the other one? Well, I mean it's a good question because we didn't try to do any resonance structures of this other one So let's try to do it. Can we push this positive charge onto anything else, right? So remember here We've got the two hydrogens Do we have any hydrogens here well carbon has that four bonds so no here no right So this carbon has four bonds this carbon has four bonds, right? This carbon is the only one with three bonds. You know what I'm saying So we can't actually push that positive charge on to any other carbon. So if we look here, right? What we can do is take a pi bond and move it over, right? So here we don't have a pi bond right next to that positive charge, you know So here we can do that and when we do that now we've created another The sp2 carbon right so essentially what we've got here is a series of these sp2 carbons in a row Right, so let's look at this. This is a good way to ask yourself. Can this resonate? All right, so we'll Mark our sp2 carbons with a little red Star okay, so that'll be SB2, okay, and we'll look at the sp2 carbons in this structure relative to this structure Okay, so let's start with this structure because we know it's not the right structure Okay, so if I point to a carbon and it's sp2 you tell me yes, okay, so that one is that sp2? Yes, right. Yes. Okay, so that one That one yes Right that one. Yes Right, so remember sp2 and Trigonal planar are like the same thing. Okay, so are these all these carbons trigonal planar, right? Yeah, so is that one? Yes Right, is that one? Yes That one. Yes. Okay, so all those are in a row, right is this one No, it's not right. It's tetrahedral, right or we call it sp3 Okay, this one is or not. Yes, definitely Right, that's where the carbocation is all carbocations are sp2 hybridized and what about this one here? No, okay, so you notice we have this Continuous ring of sp2 carbons and we have this one that's stuck out over by itself Okay, where there's this carbon in between right so here. Let's do the same sort of analysis Okay, so of course all of these are going to be the same so Let's just mark all those as sp2 carbons and is this one an sp2 carbon? Yes, very good, right because it's only got the three bonds to it, right? Okay, so is this one here? No, right. It's sp3. Yeah, it's got the four bonds to carbon. It's sp3. What about this one four bonds? So it's sp3, right? So you can see the apparent difference here and the structure, right? So we've got a continuous line of sp2 carbons in this structure That's why we're able to do these all these resonance structures Okay, so notice where all the resonance or where all the pi bond moves to, right? It only moves to in between carbons that are sp2, right? So ones that are have the ability to accept that pi bond. What if we tried to move? I mean we can't even do it, right? It won't even do it. Even if Even if you made this structure, that's I guess the last thing we should talk about, because even if you made this structure This intermediate is more stable and you can tell by all the resonance structures That if you made this particular carbocation, what would happen is you would have a one-two hydride shift Okay, so I'd like that. That, of course would make that structure there and then you'd be off to the races with that and then of course if you recall what the product was going to be The CO- would again Okay, is that cool? Let's erase this just so we don't confuse it Any questions on that one? Does that answer your question from the last one? Okay, good


Oh, it means a lot. So I fundraise for the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. So 100% of the money that I raise goes to cancer research and finding a cure for cancer. So that in itself means a whole lot. And I think being able to cross the finish line this year is another thing that's just going to mean so much. You know, we've basically been training for two years now to cross the finish line.


Hello Science30s! I'm going to help you through this Hess's Law handout. In order to do this you're going to need three things. You're going to need the Hess's Law handout that's on ldindustries.ca. You're also going to need your data booklet and there's a copy of the data booklet on my website as well if you need it. The data booklet page you're going to need is page five so get that out and ready and you're also going to need a calculator. So get your calculator out we're going to be doing some calculation work here today. So what's Hess's Law? It's basically a formula that's going to allow us to figure out how much heat energy is released in a chemical reaction. So we've been looking at energy conversions, we've been looking at burning fossil fuels like coal or natural gas or petroleum for energy and as heat energy the main form that the energy is released in we're going to see how to calculate how much. Now there's a big fancy looking formula on page five of your data booklet and let me tell you it does look confusing it has got a lot of weird symbols in it so let's break it down. First thing we see is on the left hand side this little triangle that's the Greek symbol delta it means a change in delta r h and in your data booklet it'll tell you that delta r h is the energy change of reaction. So in regular terms that's like how much energy is released in this sort of reaction or absorbed in this these reactions. So that's sort of like our answer how much energy gets released when you do the reaction or absorbed. Now to calculate that what we need to do is take the sum of now this Greek symbol here that's the symbol sigma it means the sum of or to add together n now n is the number of moles okay the amount and moles of the substance you've got to deal with and we're going to multiply that by delta f h naught. Again there's a pretty weird looking symbol there but those values the delta f h naughts are these energies associated with each of the different compounds on page five of your data booklet. So all these numbers here that you're seeing on this list on the far right hand column are those delta f h naught values and what we're going to do with these is we're going to total up the product delta h f naughts and the reactants and then subtract them. Now trust me this is a lot easier to do than to talk about so so let's actually jump into one and get started. Now when you look at that table you'll notice that some of the values are positive and some of them are negative. So if it's a negative value what that's going to mean is that energy is going to be released when that compound is formed and if it's a positive it means energy is absorbed. We call reactions where energy is released exothermic and we call reactions where energy is absorbed endothermic. All right so I've got a worked out example I've had to solve one of these Hess's law problems. The example we're going to do is the combustion of methane so here's the reaction that we're dealing with and you can kind of see it's it's got a left hand side and right hand side so the left hand side is the reactants and the right hand side is the products and that is my first step for solving one of these problems. It's just figure out where the reaction certain products are just kind of separate them out in your brain or you can put these cool little arrows in there if you'd like to sort of make them more obvious to you. The next thing I want you to do is to use page five your data booklet and the equation and do a little labeling. We're going to write out underneath of each compound how many moles of that compound there is so I wrote n equals one for the first compound of NH4. Now the reason I put n equals one is because if you don't see any number in front of the chemical you can assume the number of moles n is one so there was no number here in front of the methane the CH4 so that tells me I'm going to put a one in for the number of moles. Oxygen got a two so there's where the two came from the carbon dioxide again a one and the water gas a two so I'm just going to write down the values of n underneath of each compound next I'm going to go and write down the heats of formation for each of these so I'm just grabbing inside of the data booklet so for methane there it is right in the middle of the page negative 74.6 so I put negative 74.6 down there the units for those are kilojoules per mole and I'm not putting the units in here just to save ourselves a little bit of space now one thing you're going to notice is if you try to find something like oxygen on your table on page five it's not there and that's an important note to remember when you're doing this elements don't get a value of delta 8 delta f H naught they're zero they don't take any energy to form because they're not compounds so I went through and did that for the other two compounds that I had here CO2 and H2O the interesting thing about this is all the reactions we're going to look at in science 30 are combustion reactions for this so you're always going to have these same two products so for every one of the examples we're looking at you should have the same two products on the right hand side all right that's all of the grunt work of getting the numbers off the data booklet the next thing we're going to do is some multiplication so I'm just going to multiply together the number of moles by the energies of formation a lot of times this is pretty easy because you'll either have one times a number or a number times zero and maybe just you have to double the odd number so you can use your calculator to do that here's what I get when I've done all of my multiplications the formula tells us we had to do that multiplication because the formula says you should take n and delta h uh f or delta f h naught and you should multiply them together that's what it means when it just puts those two terms right next to each other side by side now the next thing you have to do is total up both sides of the equation i'm going to add together the two numbers on the reactant side and the two numbers on the product side so I total those up I add them together keeping in mind I have to include the negative signs if they're there and in the very very last step step five I have to subtract the products number from the reactants number and again you don't have to memorize to do that the formula says take the products and subtract the reactants so here's what I get when I take the products of negative 877.1 and subtract the reactants of negative 74.6 I get negative 802.5 kilojoules that's how much energy would be released for that first reaction let's go and try another one here if we flip the page we have a couple more examples we can work out together first one here is we're going to figure out how much energy is released if you burn propane which is in your barbecue or if you live in the country in your furnace so I'm going to start off by working out the values of n for each of these so for the first one there's one mole because there's no number written in front for oxygen there's five for carbon dioxide there's three for water vapor there's four now I'm going to go look up all the numbers that I have for the enthalpies of formation so let's see if we can find propane on here there it is negative 103.8 so I'll write that in make sure you put in the negative sign if it's there oxygen gets a value of zero because it's an element and I'm just going to look up in my previous page for the carbon dioxide and water so carbon dioxide was negative 393.5 those will always be the same so you'll get to just kind of copy and paste them from question to question and the water was negative four uh oops it was negative 241.8 there we go so I've got all that worked out now I'll do my multiplications so if I need to multiply one times negative 103.8 that's easy enough doesn't change it any uh five times zero is just zero so nothing more to do there and now on the other side here just kind of put my arrow to show the two sides I'm going to grab my calculator and I'm going to multiply together three and negative three 93.5 so that's going to give me negative 1180.5 and I'm going to do four multiplied by negative 241.8 so that's negative 967.2 all right now I've got to total up the two numbers here on the product side so let's see what I get when I add those together I'm going to keep the negative in there when I add them it's going to give me negative 2147.7 and my total from the reactant side was just negative 103.8 now to finish it all off my total energy is going to be my reactants uh products minus my reactants just like the formulas telling us to do up here the delta rh is products total minus reactants total so my products total was negative 2147.7 minus my reactants negative 103.8 let's work it out notice when I'm putting this into my calculator I have to subtract these two numbers so I have the negative number and then minus the negative of 103.8 so be really careful you don't drop any of the minus sides so I get negative 2043.9 now we haven't been doing much with units but we can put our units in here at the very end now that is in kilojoules so there's a Hess's law calculation the rest of the calculations this page are very similar the only difference being you are going to start off with a different hydrocarbon so you're going to have a different uh initial amount on your reactant side but your two product values will be the same and you'll have different numbers of moles to multiply by through if you want to check your work on this you can check out the key on ldindustries.ca


are you today? Alright water is dirty of course. Alright so we are here in this video talking about the prompt for the second week in February for my creative year. If you don't know what that is it is a Facebook group where we share these video links. We the teachers there are five of us in the group share our experiences advice our take on not only the weekly prompts but the monthly topic which are different we do daily daily work we encourage daily work and daily practice and that's part of the Facebook group that we generally don't actually share on Facebook I mean on YouTube it's only in the group so if you're looking for a fun supportive art community go join our Facebook group the links in the description below this month for the month of February the topic is color this week we are talking about the color blue at least I think we are yeah blue I wasn't sure exactly blue so I spoke about in the last video creating this palette and how I was inspired by Safiya Nygaard and a few other people I'll find the videos and link them in the description below in which they took things like makeup and mixed Safiya took all of her lipsticks and linked them mixed them together to create a unique custom lipstick and then it wasn't long after I saw that one that I noticed that somebody else who had also seen her video mixed all of her paints together to come up with a unique color and I thought okay that's interesting but if I mix all my colors together I'm just going to get some shade of neutral brown gray something like that I want to take it one step further than that and I took all of my watercolor tubes out and I mixed all of my reds together all my oranges yellows greens blues and purples to come up with a unique shade of each one of those I didn't differentiate say with the yellow between cool yellow and warm yellow I mixed them all together and by cool and warm I'm meaning a yellow that's more of an orangey golden color or a yellow that's more on the bright and blueish end of the spectrum so I expected when I did this to get sort of muted gray toned colors from the mixtures that's not what I got these all six of these are pretty bright the one that's most muddy or neutral might be the purple but they're all pretty bright across the board which surprised me to be honest and I made this watercolor set from what I mixed I will share exactly how I put what what kind of box these are in and all of that at the in the last video which is next week but I will show you some clips right here a few clips of me mixing the paint together I shared some of them last week also and really was not rocket science I just took a little dab of each one of the colors mixed them together on a plate and then filled these are full watercolor pans they're not half pans are only half the size these are full pans so we came up with this this week we're gonna play with the blue one so let's put a little bit of water here it is not liking being tilted like that there we go so we're gonna play with the blue one we're gonna let that just sit for a minute and chill and I am going to like with last week we're gonna do the easy first I'm gonna make two cards so these are ATC sized watercolor paper cards in there I think these seem to be like 140 pound paper if I'm not mistaken it looks like cold press I do prefer the texture of a cold press paper so we're gonna first take our wide flat brush again this is a Princeton select I'm sorry Princeton Neptune three-quarter inch flat watercolor brush and the first thing I'm gonna do is get my paper wet then we're gonna take a little bit of the paint you can always add more but you can't take it back so that would be a good example so if you get in here right away you might be able to lift some of it and depending on the paint that you're using it may or may not stain right away some of the more pigmented artist quality paint stain pretty well like pretty quickly and this by the way is a mixture of artist and student paint I didn't differentiate between the two so that's pretty good I'm gonna dry this layer and then we're gonna add more just like last week okay so now we are going to take some more of that blue I did remember to grab my little smaller porcelain plate that I used for mixing paints on this time not like last time where I was just using the paper I'm going to add a bit more color and then some water similar to what we did last time brush hair or my hair I can't tell the difference okay I'm going to take my rag and I'm going to do this and it'll leave that sort of modeled impression in the paint I want that I do have a particular image in mind so to dry it again okay I grabbed a little more paint and I'm using a round brush that Princeton select around number eight and I'm gonna do some splatters with the same blue this is all the same paint I haven't used any other colors or mediums yet this is just watercolor so then I'm gonna clean off my brush of pigment and dab dab it off a little bit so it's not drippy wet and you can go in and any of your splatters that are maybe in the wrong place or you want to just blend them out a little bit don't do all of them just do a few okay I like that now let's dry it again one more time drying it in between the layers means that the underneath layers that are already dry are going to move a lot less if at all when you add the next layer on top so you can really start to see all the texture from all of those layers of watercolor paint all right I'll be back okay now I'm going to take my stamp set from my design line stamp set number 12 which is this one you me and the sea and we're gonna take these these dots these bubbles there's two different size bubbles in this set and there it is misplaced my stamp block so I'm going to arrange the bubbles on a corner oops a corner at the stamp block I'm gonna use distress ink in the color weathered wood which is blue but it's more of a gray blue than the watercolor paint that we've been using which is okay and I'm going to randomly stamp around the edge of the cards okay that's good then from that same stamp set I'm gonna take my turtle and I'm gonna stamp the turtle in black this is black archival ink jet black archival ink we're gonna stamp the turtle that's a good impression yes okay let's do that one more time that is cute you of course could highlight him with pen pencil paint anything like that I think I'm going to take a little bit of white acrylic paint he's a lot trickier to do this with with paint because he is got a lot of detail it's actually probably a little easier if you do this with a pencil rather than acrylic paint so I do recommend that if you have something else you give that a try in fact this acrylic paint is not really even showing up so let's grab a white Derwent watercolor pencil plus the blue is not very dark so yeah this isn't showing up either not really I mean I can see it you probably are not going to see this on camera I don't think I'm gonna do it to the other one because it's not showing up I do own very few Prismacolor pencils because they are not my favorite one of them that I have is white but yeah see the background is just not very dark so we're gonna just let it go they're cute the way they are so you could do these and send them off to friends this week I am gonna show you how to do one more thing we did this last month too so this is another scrap of watercolor paper it's cut like a bookmark but you could use any scrap of paper whatever you have I am going to use the flat brush we're gonna grab some more of our blue and some water I'm going to put a little bit on the background I'm not gonna I'm not looking to cover the whole thing and like with the other I'm gonna blot it with a paper towel so we get this sort of texturey thing going on and I'm gonna switch to the round brush some more water here so I'm using almost a pure pigment with no water in it I'm barely touching the paintbrush to the paper which is giving me this uneven line which is what I want I also did not wait for the background to dry so that I get a suggestive mark again which was what I wanted and I'm gonna work on a just a basic tree shape again barely barely touching the tip of the brush to the paint and the water because it's wet it's gonna blend and spread a bit if you don't want it to do that again then dry in between if you get something that you don't like get your rag in there right right away so let's dry that we're back good or bad we're back so again I have the almost pure pigment of the custom blue that I blended with all my blues and I really do mean all my blues Prussian blue, civilian blue, ultra marine blue like they all are together in this pan of paint I am not adding much water to it and I am adding some lines it does need a little teeny bit of water I'm adding some suggestive lines and marks sort of tree abstracted sort of tree shape now we are going to look for a blue ballpoint pen up here's a darker blue try them both and see which one I like better you could use a marker you could use a pencil like this one so this is again a plain blue big crystal ballpoint pen so I'm gonna write around the curve here can you see the force through the trees so that is a cute little quick easy bookmark I'm gonna go ahead and sign everything and I am going to keep one like I did last week I'm gonna gift the others so make sure your name is on the rack list here in the Facebook group if it's not you might want to add it in and because you never know if one of the teachers or one of your fellow students is gonna want to send you a fun little gift so that's it for those of you not in the Facebook group if you want to be part of the rack list you want the sense of community and camaraderie that comes from the Facebook group my creative year the support to do daily art which we do do only on Facebook we don't show much if any of that here on YouTube then you need to be part of the groups think about joining and the link for that Sophia and I guards videos and any other videos I've mentioned that I can find will be in the description below the link to my Etsy shop and all of that stuff is in the description description so check it out don't forget to like share and subscribe and above all go out and have a great day and do something nice for yourself because you deserve it I'll see you later bye guys


Hi and welcome to the session. Let us discuss the following question. The patient says evaluate integral of square root of 16 plus log x whole square by x with respect to x. Let's now begin with the solution. Let i is equal to integral of square root of 16 plus log x whole square by x with respect to the derivative of log x therefore we will put.