Very good evening aspirants welcome to the hindu news analysis by Shankar eyes academy for the date 13th of july 2021 Today we will be discussing these articles which are based on quality economics international relations and geography part of our syllabus So now let us start our analysis with this first news article So this first discussion is based on this news article It mentions about the ongoing Excavations at my laddum para in krishnagiri district of tamalladu and the news is about a Megalithic cyst burial monument in tamalladu where a full length sword with handle has been discovered And this is the first time where a full length sword with handle has been discovered So in this context let us discuss in brief about the megalithic culture in india See the excavations in tamalladu have testified the existence of paleolithic, mesolithic, neolithic and ionic cultures And the paleolithic culture was revealed from the excavations carried out at atirampakkam in tamalladu And during microlithic age there was extensive use of microlithic tools for fishing and because of that several microlithic tools were recovered from the Excavations at thirnal valley, my laddum para, etc, which are situated in tamalladu And even the remains of neolithic and ion age periods were discovered from darmaburi, velour and thiruvannamalai regions of tamalladu So these are some of the important regions in tamalladu where tools and remains belonging to different cultures were found Just take note of this but for today's focus will be on indian megalithic culture First we need to know about megalith a megalith is a stone Which is larger in size and it has been used to construct a monument or a structure The monument or the structure has been constructed either alone or even together with other stones And these megalith structures has been used to describe buildings built by people who lived in many different periods from many parts of the world And the construction of this type of structures took place mainly in the neolithic period and it even continued into the Calculatic age bronze age and ion age So because of this megaliths are spread across the indian subcontinent also and a bulk of them are found in peninsular India Mainly they are concentrated in the dharbha region of Maharashtra They are also concentrated in kanataka, tamalladu, kerala, andhra pradesh and telangana So from exam perspective you also need to know about the types of megalithic structures See the types can be divided into two categories. One is the polylithic type and other one is the monolithic type In polylithic type more than one stone is used to make the megalithic structure And in monolithic type the structure consists of a single stone because mono means single and poly means many Now important polylithic types are dolmen, cane, chrome lake and cyst For example, if you take dolmen it is made in single chambered stone and it usually consists of three or more upright stones Supporting a larger flat horizontal capstone as you can see in this image And these dolmens were usually covered with earth or smaller stones to form a barrel See barrel is nothing but an ancient burial mound But our today's focus is on the cyst which is also mentioned in the news article Because the full length sword was found in a cyst burial monument only See a cyst was used as encasements for dead bodies So it would not be uncommon to find several cysts close with each other in the cane or barrel See here cane means a prehistoric burial mound which is made of stones And since cyst is used as encasements for the dead bodies They are found here cane and a barrel and sometimes in the excavated cysts ornaments are also found Now when there is presence of ornaments within an excavated cyst It indicates the wealth or prominence of the interred individual So this was the polylithic type Next one is the monolithic types it consists of menhir and stone circle See a menhir is a stone monolithic Standing vertically as you can see in this image and it could also exist as part of a group of similar stones And a stone circle is a monument of standing stones arranged in a circle and usually dated to megalithic period And the arrangement of stones may be in a circle or in the form of an ellipse or sometimes We can also find a setting of four stones laid on an arc of a circle So these are some of the important facts that you need to know about megalithic culture Now let us move on to the next discussion This discussion is based on this editorial which is about a recent supreme court verdict See earlier this week supreme court of india had passed a verdict that can potentially wield more power on the ncr government That is the deli government and it is expected that this verdict will have bearing not just on ncr legislature But on any legislature in our country. So in this regard to understand the issue Let us first see about the governance of deli and then we'll see about the issue on which the verdict has been given The syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference So first let us begin with knowing how our capital is being administered See our capital that is new deli is a small region which is sandwiched between uterpradesh and haryana But the nct deli or the national capital territory of deli it covers an area of 1500 square kilometers and it includes parts of the neighboring states of haryana uterpradesh and rajasthan And this is a wider area see after independence the states reorganization act of 1956 created the Union territory of deli and when it was created it was governed by a lieutenant governor And here the lieutenant governor acted on the advice of the central government and she was answerable to the president of india Then in the year 1966 the deli administration act was enacted which brought the deli metropolitan council into existence See this metropolitan council of deli consisted of 56 elected members and five nominated members And this council was headed by the lieutenant governor But this council had no legislative powers But it played only a advisory role in the government of deli and then in the year 1991 The constitution 69th amendment act was enacted and this amendment inserted articles 239 a and 239 a b to the constitution and after this amendment the advisory deli metropolitan council was replaced by a full fledged legislative assembly and then deli became a special union territory So from then on it came to be known as the national capital territory of deli But here one main aspect remained unchanged. It was the role of the lieutenant governor The lieutenant governor remained with huge powers vested on her if you recollect She is appointed by the president on the advice of the center So as a result of this deli's elected legislative assembly and its chief minister Ended up needing the approval of lieutenant governor to perform certain administrative functions Like transferring bureaucrats passing laws etc Apart from this three subjects were retained with the center These three subjects are land law and order and third one is police. These were retained in centers control So based on the constitutional provisions, the deli government has no control over the city's three primary bodies Which are based on these three subjects and these bodies fall under the reserved subjects list These three bodies are first one is the deli development authority This authority is responsible for housing infrastructure and commercial and leisure facilities Second one is the deli police. It has been designated under the union ministry of home affairs And the third one is the trifurcated municipal corporation of deli It is an autonomous body that provides civic services to the north south and east divisions of the city So these were the subjects in areas and the bodies on which the deli government has no control But on the other hand deli government has complete control over the public works department deli gel board That is the deli water board then state ministry of power of deli Then it has complete control over health and sanitation subjects and also on the transportation and education subject So here we can see the power distribution between the deli government and the central government And because of this the national capital region is a fertile ground for power struggle between the central government and the ncr government And because of the special status of deli the left wing governor was exercising more power compared to any other governors across india But this excessive power was kind of doused or extinguished by the supreme court judgment in the year 2018 In that judgment supreme court effectively reduced the powers of left wing governor to that of any state governors That is it was made similar to the powers of other state governors Or we can say that the left wing governor was made to act on the advice of elected government like other state governors But there is an exception to this also That is the left wing governor should act on the advice of the elected government except on the three reserve subjects of police public order and land In these three subjects left wing governor has discretion. So this is the basic administrative structure of deli So with this knowledge, let us understand the editorial better See the issue started when the committee of deli assembly summoned a senior official of facebook You may recollect the horrendous riots of last year that happened throughout deli So as a result of these riots the committee summoned the senior official of facebook for spreading fake news And thereby triggering the widespread violence in deli But the social media platform registered the summons on three grounds Now these grounds where first was that facebook argued that it is beyond the powers of legislature of deli And second it argued that the it act is a central law and therefore the deli legislature has no jurisdiction over the subject And thirdly it argued that law and order is a subject of center and deli legislature has no jurisdiction over it So these were the three grounds based on which facebook registered the summons by the committee of deli assembly As a result of this a case was filed and on this case only now the supreme court has delivered its verdict This verdict was delivered last week and it upheld the authority of a committee of deli assembly to summon the senior official of facebook And while noting this supreme court has laid down that the legislative assembly not only performs the functions of legislating But it also has inquisitorial and Recommendatory powers. So when you say inquisitorial powers, it means the examining powers So by this supreme court has emphasized that the inquisitorial and recommendation powers of a house can be used for better governance And this verdict has two important implications One implication is that the verdict has come at a time when the power struggle is extensive So this verdict can be seen as an emphasis on the importance of federalism and thereby Increasing the emphasis on the importance of elected government at the ncr level and second implication is that This judgment has come at a time when the social media platforms are fighting other provisions of information technology act So based on this judgment, the responsibility of social media platforms towards Legislatures will only become more heightened and this verdict also now opens the gates for scrutiny of social media platforms by other states Here you have to remember that unlike deli other states have significantly more powers with respect to law and order So in a sense, we can say that the scrutiny of social media for frivolous and mischievous news could be increased along with the Involvement of states that is it should be made sure that states will also have a say in the scrutiny of these social media And that is why the editorial article has been titled the power of scrutiny. So with this, let us move on to the next discussion Our next discussion is based on this news article from the business page It mentions that the national mineral development corporation that is the nmdc has cut the prices of iron ore And this is an indication of falling demand, especially for steel production But note that these prices are still about the prices in april So let us take up this opportunity to discuss about iron ores in india. First, let us have a basic understanding about iron ore See iron ore is a metallic mineral. They are also called as ferrous ores from which iron is extracted Now some of the principal iron ores are given in this table along with the formulas Please take note of it and this iron ore is a basic mineral and it is the backbone of industrial development And fortunately india has fairly abundant resources of iron ore and therefore india is rich in good quality iron ores Now in our country most of the iron ore found are of three types They are hematite, magnetite and limonite. In this hematite ore contains up to 68 percentage of iron It is red in color and it is often referred to as red ore Then hematite ore is also the most important industrial iron ore in terms of quantity used And next is the magnetite ore. It contains up to 60 percentage of iron and it is dark brown to blackish in color So it is often referred as the black ores and this magnetite ore has excellent magnetic qualities Especially it is valuable in the electrical industry But here you should note that the iron content in these two types that is in magnetite and hematite is contentious Because ncrt says that magnetite has higher concentration of iron But whereas other reliable resources say the other way around But after referring to other sources, we can say that magnetite has higher concentration of iron Now the third type of ore is the limonite. It has iron content of 35 to 50 percentage It is yellow in color and it is quite inferior quality ore Now since India has large resources of hematite and magnetite ores This inferior quality ore like limonite is rarely exploited You should also remember that some lowest concentration iron is also found in Siderite ores and iron pyrites ore. So now let us see about the iron ore distribution in India Now this graph indicates the distribution. As you can see Odisha has the largest reserves of iron ore And in this map you can see the iron ore belts. The shaded areas are the one we are interested in today Let us look at these one by one. First one is the Odisha Jharkhand belt. In Odisha high grade hematite ore is found It is found in Badampahar mines in the Mayur Bhange and Kirtujar districts And in the adjoining Singboom district of Jharkhand hematite iron ore is mined in Goa and Naumundi Now next comes the Durg Baster Chandrapur belt. It lies in Chathisgarh and Maharashtra And in this belt very high grade hematites are found in the famous Bylajila range of hills which is in the Baster district of Chathisgarh The range of hills comprise of about 14 deposits of super high grade hematite iron ore It has the best physical properties needed for steel making And also the iron ore from these mines are exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishagapatnam port Now next is the Ballari Chitradurga Chikmangaluru Tumukuru belt which is in Karnataka Now it has the large reserves of iron ore. The Kudremuk mines located in the western guards of Karnataka are a 100% export unit And the Kudremuk deposits are known to be one of the largest ones in the world And the ore is transported as slurry through a pipeline to a port near Mangaluru Next important belt is Maharashtra Goa belt. It includes the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra See even though the ores are not of very high quality here yet they are efficiently exploited And the iron ore is exported through the Marmagao port So in this discussion we saw some crucial facts important from exam perspective about the iron ores And their reserves in India. Now let us move on to the next discussion This discussion is based on these two news articles Which talk about the recent ongoing crisis in Cuba This news article mentions that thousands of protesters have took to the street in Cuba And they are chanting freedom and they are also calling for their president to step down And on the other hand this news article talks about the reaction of Russia and Mexico to this protest So in this scenario let us see about the geography and quality of Cuba And we will also see what is the background for this protest The syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for a reference See the ongoing protest is said as the biggest anti-government demonstration seen by Cuba in recent decades The reason is that Cuba is experiencing its worst economic crisis And there has also been a huge surge in coronavirus infections in addition to this economic crisis It is also experiencing a shortage of basic goods and the government of Cuba is curbing civil liberties So the people of Cuba are frustrated and now they have finally resorted to protests So what was the response to these protests? In response to this protest the president of Cuba, Miguel de Ayers-Canal, has given a televised speech on Sunday In this speech he said that the protesters were sincere but they are being manipulated by US orchestrated social media campaigns and the mercenaries on the ground He also warned that further provocations would not be tolerated And even the response of Russia and Mexico was similar to Mr. Miguel Russia and Mexico has warned against any outside interference in Cuba But if we take USA, the present administration led by Mr. Joe Biden has supported the protests And said that US stands with the people of Cuba in their call for freedom So these are the recent escalations with respect to Cuba So from example's perspective, now let us see some geographical details about Cuba Cuba is a country of the West Indies It is the largest single island of the West Indies archipelago And it is situated just south of Tropic of Cancer And this island country is at the intersection of Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea Atlantic Ocean is to its north and east, Gulf of Mexico is to its west And the Caribbean Sea is to its south And its nearest neighbouring country is Haiti Haiti is located to the east of Cuba And note that Cuba is separated from Haiti by the windward passage Then another country which lies near to Cuba is Jamaica It lies to its south Then we have the Bahamas archipelago also It lies to the north of Cuban islands And another major country which is in the proximity of Cuba is United States It is just about 150 kilometers to the north of Cuba And it is across the straits of Florida And note that Cuba comprises an archipelago of about 1600 islands and islets And these islands form an important segment of the Antilles island chain The island of Cuba is by far the largest in the Antilles island chain And coming to its other features Cuba is a multicultural urban nation Its major city is Havana Which is also its capital and the commercial hub of the country Then other important Cuban cities include Santiago, Camagüe, Holguin and Trinidad All these cities offer a rich legacy of colonial Spanish architecture and history And if you talk about the ethnic composition Diverse ethnic groups have been settling in Cuba since the time of European contact And these diverse ethnic groups include Spaniards, Africans, Chinese, Jews and you could take an Indians also All these groups have created a heterogeneous society And they have superimposed their culture and social characteristics on the early settlers of the island Also note that Spanish is the principal language of Cuba Now coming to its history See in there 1492 Cuba was claimed by Christopher Columbus for Spain And from there itself it became a Spanish empire And it was also the most important source of raw sugar for the Spanish empire in the 18th century And Spain ruled Cuba till 1898 And note that in 1898 Spain was defeated by the United States and Cuban forces in the Spanish-American War And after that Cuba gained formal independence See even though it gained formal independence it was still overshadowed by the nearby United States of America But on the New Year's Day of the year 1959 The revolutionary forces led by Fidel Castro over through the government of dictator Fulgencio Batista Castro even implemented the Marxist Leninist principles in Cuba So naturally Cuba became economically isolated from its northern neighbor United States And after that Cuba even developed close links to the Soviet Union However the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s made the situation terrible in Cuba And after the Soviet Union collapsed Cuba saw widespread shortages and financial uncertainty also So by the early 21st century Cuba loosened some of its more restrictive economic policies and social policies But the United States of America continued its decades-long economic embargo That is ban against the Fidel Castro regime in Cuba And this changed only in 2014 when U.S. resumed the diplomatic relations between the two countries And it even promised to remove the embargo So things were looking good for Cuba until Mr. Trump became the U.S. President You should know that Mr. Trump's presidency deterred the resumption of diplomatic relations of USA with Cuba So Cuba again suffered because of this backtracking of USA And in addition to all this we have the COVID-19 pandemic It made the situation even worse So people are now protesting in Cuba to get their basic necessities So let us wait and see whether the current president of Cuba steps down or not Or whether we are going to see another coup in the history of Cuba So that is all about Cuba and its history Now let us move on to the next discussion Our next discussion is based on this news article from the business page It talks about a recent scheme launched by Reserve Bank of India The scheme allows the retail investors to open retail direct-guilt accounts directly with the RBI And through these accounts, registered users could get access to primary issuance of government securities Therefore it facilitates individual investments in government securities In this context, let us brush up about government securities And we will also see about the scheme and other economic terms mentioned in the news article The syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference First let us understand what is a government security or in short GSEC A government security is a tradable instrument issued by the central government or the state governments And such tradable instrument acknowledges the government's debt obligation In simple terms, these are the debt instruments which are issued by the government to borrow money Now these government securities can be short term or even long term And when they are short term securities, they are usually called as treasury bills And these treasury bills or the short term securities have original maturities of less than one year And the second type is the long term securities and they are usually called as the government bonds or the dated securities Now these long term securities have an original maturity of one year or more So if it is less than one year, it will be short term And if it is one year or more, then it is called as long term securities Now in India, the central government issues both these types of securities That is both long term and short term or in other words, it issues both the treasury bills and also the government bonds or dated securities But the state governments issue only bonds or the dated securities That means they only issue the short term ones and these are called as the state development loans Now one of the important features of a government security is that they practically carry no risk of default Because they are issued by the government and that is why they are called as risk free guilt edged instruments See here the term guilt edged is the one which denotes the stocks or securities which are regarded as extremely reliable investments So now let us briefly see about these securities First let us understand about the treasury bills or ensure the T bills As you already saw, they are the short term debt instruments issued by the government of India And they are presently issued in three tenors that is one for 91 days and then for 182 days and another for 364 days Another important feature of a treasury bill is that they are zero coupon securities See whenever we say coupon or coupon rate with respect to bonds or securities It means the annual interest payment or the annual interest rate And since the treasury bills are zero coupon securities It means that these are the securities with no coupon payments or with no annual interest payment And that is why the zero coupon bonds or securities or in this case the treasury bills pay no interest But there is one advantage that is they are issued at a discount and they are redeemed at the face value at maturity Let us take an example to understand this see for example There is a 91 day treasury bill and it has a face value of 100 rupees and it may be issued at 97 rupees That is here the discount is rupees 3 and this 97 rupees will be called as the issue price and the 100 rupees will be the face value So what would happen is this will be redeemed at the face value of rupees 100 And the return to the investors will be the difference between the maturity value or the face value and the issue price There is a profit will be the difference between these two values. That is the profit will be three rupees So even though it doesn't pay any interest it provides discount and from that we get some profit Now there is also another short term instrument of rba. It is called as the cash management bills in the 2010 government of india in consultation with rba introduced this new short term instrument And the intention here was to meet the temporary mismatches in the cash flow of government of india Just remember that these cash management bills have the generic character of treasury bills But these are issued for maturities less than 91 days But we saw that treasury bills will be issued in three tenors that is 482 days and even for 364 days Let us see about the long term security of dated government securities These are the securities which carry a fixed or floating interest rate This interest is paid on the face value on half yearly basis And generally the tenor of dated securities ranges from five years to 40 years because they are long term securities Now another common fact that you need to know about government securities is that the public debt office of the rbi is the registry of jsex That is it is the depository of government securities It deals with the issue interest payment and also the repayment of principal at maturity So this is the basic now let us come to today's news the news is about a new scheme of rba It is the rba retail direct scheme This scheme aims to improve the ease of access by retail investors through online access And this access will be provided to the government securities market And this can be both primary and secondary market Now some of the highlights of rba retail direct scheme is that retail investors or individuals Will have the facility to open and maintain the retail direct guild account with the rba This retail direct guild account or in short rdg account is the main feature of this scheme See when we say guild account it means an account which is opened and maintained for holding the government securities And these accounts are held by an entity or a person permitted by the reserve bank of india And as per the scheme the rdg account can be opened through an online portal provided for this purpose And this online portal will also give the registered users the access to primary issuance of government securities And it will provide the access to nds om web See here nds stands for negotiated dealing system om stands for order matching and this website is a screen based electronic anonymous order matching website or system for the secondary market trading in government securities And this is owned by reserve bank of india So these are some of the points that we need to know about government securities and the new scheme of rba regarding government securities Well, let us move on to the next discussion Our next discussion is based on this opiate article Which is another important topic from the international relations perspective as the title of this article hints This article throws light on the domestic conflict that is happening in ethiopia So in this context today, we will have a comprehensive analysis on ethiopia its geography political structure And also about the ethiopian political crisis mentioned in this article the syllabus relevant to this discussion has been highlighted here for your reference First, let us have a brief understanding of the geography and political structure of ethiopia See ethiopia is a country in the african continent and it is situated in the horn of africa That is the eastern africa Its capital is adis ababa and it lies completely within the tropical latitudes Know that ethiopia is a landlocked country. It is bounded by erythria to the north And jibouti is to its northeast and somalia is to its east and kenya is situated to its south and south sudan and sudan Are to its west and note that it has one of the most rugged topography in africa And this ethiopian country has a high central plateau with some mountains And the elevation is generally highest just before the point of descent to the great rift valley This valley splits the plateau diagonally as you can see in this picture And also many rivers cross this plateau and one of the notable rivers is the blue nile It flows from the lake tana and coming to its economy Know that ethiopian economy is based on agriculture and coffee is their major agricultural export crop Now apart from this the country has also got limited reserves of gold platinum, copper, potash, natural gas and hydropower And know that ethiopia's population is highly diverse And most of its people speak somatic or kushitic language And in fact there are more than 77 different ethnic groups with their own distinct languages within ethiopia And on a holistic perspective note that ethiopia is africa's oldest independent country And it is the second largest country of africa in terms of population And if you ask whether it was ever been colonized, yes it was colonized by italy during a muslimist term And it was colonized for five years and after that it has never been colonized now coming to its political structure See it is a federal republic under the 1994 constitution and according to its constitution It has a powerful prime minister as the head of the government and a nominal president is the head of the state And it has got bicameral And the prime minister of this country is designated by the ruling party in the house of people's representatives And they also nominate a candidate for the presidency who is then subject to a vote by both legislative houses Apart from this another notable feature in ethiopia is its local government The structure of ethiopia's federal system allows the country's 10 regions a significant amount of autonomy So these are the 10 regions and each regional state is headed by a president who is elected by the state council And the cities are headed by a chairman So in simple words these regions have their own parliaments own security forces and they write to a referendum for independent rule So this is the basic political structure of ethiopia. Now the news is about the tigre crisis As you can see in this map tigre is the northernmost region of ethiopia And the issue is the conflict between the party of the prime minister of ethiopia mr abhi ahmed and the tigre people's liberation front See you should note that tigre region is wealthier than other parts of the country And more importantly it has got a well trained army also and this tigre people's liberation front They are fighting for the autonomy of tigre and also for the reconstitution of ethiopia on the basis of ethnically autonomous regions And the issue between the prime minister's party and this liberation front started when mr abhi ahmed became the prime minister of ethiopia in 2018 It is because until then the tigre officials enjoyed authority over the region But it was considerably reduced since mr abhi took office and the ongoing conflict is a result of this battle Between the two different political ideologies for supremacy and control in the country Particularly this issue began when the tigre region held local elections and the ethiopian federal government considered it to be illegal And this issue further gained seriousness when the prime minister ordered troops to counter a tigre rebel attack That happened on federal army barracks And this attack led to the killing of several civilians and due to these issues ethiopia is being accused by the united nations and Amnesty international they are accusing it of war crimes ethnic cleansing and also resorting to rape and hunger as weapons of war So the ethiopian crisis is also gaining significance and let us hope it doesn't become another Syria So these are some of the facts that you need to know about ethiopia and its recent crisis Now let us move on to the next discussion. Okay. Now. Let us take up this news article It reports about the incident of deaths caused by lightning See the news is that with the emergence of monsoon There is a rise in lightning linked deaths and as per the news article 68 people were struck by lightning and they died on a single day in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh together To discuss about a rare topic of lightning. Let us see how it is formed So you all would have seen an electric spark on an electric pole or in a plug socket Now this lightning is also an electric spark only but it happens on a huge scale And this lightning is caused by accumulation of charges in the cloud Now to understand that you should remember first about thunderstorms See during the development of a thunderstorm the air currents move upward While the water droplets move downward and these vigorous movements cause separation of charges And this forms the basis for lightning. Let us try to understand this in detail See lightning initially begins as static charges in the rain cloud and generally the winds inside the cloud are very turbulent So due to this the water droplets in the bottom part of the cloud are caught in the upward air current Because we saw that during thunderstorms the air currents move upward and these water droplets are lifted to great heights And usually at such greater heights the atmosphere is extremely cold And this results in the freezing of the water droplets which came from the bottom part and at the same time Simultaneously the downward current of air in the cloud it pushes the ice and the hail down from the top of the cloud So during this the ice which is going down meets the water which is coming up And in this process the electrons are stripped of and as a result of this the cloud contains a negatively charged bottom And a positively charged top and there is also an accumulation of positive charges near the ground as well So at this scenario what happens is when the magnitude of accumulated charges becomes very large Then the air which is normally a poor conductor of electricity is no longer able to resist their flow See air is normally a poor conductor of electricity because the atmosphere acts as an insulator between them in the cloud So ultimately when the strength of the charge overpowers the insulating properties of the atmosphere Then the negative and positive charges meet and this results in the production of streaks of bright light and sound Which is what we refer to as lightning and the process involved is called as electric discharge So here also remember that the lightning looks for the closest and easiest path to release its charge And it can occur between two or more clouds or even between the clouds and the earth And when this happens at that time the ones on the ground that is the human beings life in property They are also damaged. So in this regard the news article mentions certain facts See as per home ministry's statistics lightning was consistently cited to be one of the biggest natural disaster linked killer in India It is because according to the most recent statistics from the national crime records bureau more than 8,000 deaths in India were attributable To the forces of nature and in that around 30 percentage of the deaths were reported due to lightning And among the states Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh have reported maximum number of victims So these are some of the points that we need to know about lightning and how it is formed Now let us move on to the next discussion Our last discussion for the day is going to be based on this editorial article Which talks about school closures its consequences and what should be the way forward See yesterday also we saw about school closures and some of its impacts And today we will have a elaborate discussion with some facts in hand See various regions around the world which have been worse hit by the novel coronavirus pandemic Then India have kept their schools mostly open. For example, if you take Portugal France and the Netherlands They have kept their schools open only whereas in India most schools have been closed since the first national lockdown Even though other businesses have opened after the first second third lockdowns Like how closing of businesses affects the economy closure of schools also affects the children and its consequences are immense Because even prior to the pandemic there was huge attainment gap across students, especially in higher grades So prolonged school closures has further widened this gap, which is worrying And this will push the next generation deeper into poverty Another consequence is that prolonged school closures will increase the school dropouts Yesterday we saw that how it affects the female students See as per recent estimations nearly two-thirds of children in rural India may drop out of school Due to prolonged school closure already Haryana has reported 42 percentage drop in student enrollment in private schools And also prolonged school shutdowns has severely set back India's fight against the ills such as child labour and child marriage Because in this pandemic both are increasing rapidly Other than that due to the shutdown of schools midday mail schemes have been disrupted across various states So children are not getting nourishment and it is feared that because of this disruption Eight lakh additional children would face underweight and wasting wasting means low weight for height And this happens due to malnourishment Then other than this extended school closures is also affecting the mental well-being of our children Yesterday we saw that children are pushed into anxiety and depression This is also the case with well-off urban India and in the developed nations Because there also extended school closures is having severe impact on children's mental health For example in last vegas there was a surge of students suicides due to prolonged school closures And even united kingdom has reported a 40 percentage rise in the number of children taking anti-depressants So since the consequences of school closures are more the authors of this editorial are suggesting for reopening of schools But you may ask what about the risk of covid-19 infection in children if the schools are reopened What if they get infected see the risk of Covid-19 for children is much lower than for adults and this conclusion is based on a study in the us and europe This study was among 137 million school age children According to the study covid-19 is less than half as risky as seasonal influenza in the children's age group And it is also 20 times less risky than death by unintentional injury Similarly a study among the nearly 2 million children in sweden has found that there was not a single child death due to covid-19 In other words school age children are at a negligibly lower risk from covid-19 when compared to other threats Which we consider normal. So this was the conclusion of the study and also based on many other studies done in us and europe It is observed that covid-19 spread in schools is minimal compared to other locations And that is why authors suggesting for reopening of schools. We can see that we have reopened businesses We have reopened religious places. So why can't we reopen our schools? Children are suffering due to the closure of schools. So based on these studies, it seems worthy to reopen schools See one of the reasons behind non reopening of schools as said by many governments including the indian government Is the lack of vaccination See we cannot wait for vaccination of children to reopen school because covid-19 vaccination in children is still in the trial phase We must know the complete risk benefit analysis before vaccinating children And it may take a longer time to get a effective vaccine that will have minimal side effects on the children And then only vaccination in children can begin. Otherwise it will create long term damages only So as a conclusion we can say that instead of relying on vaccines for children Our government should seriously consider reopening schools and safeguard the future generation So these are some of the points that you can take note from this editorial article Now let us move on to the next discussion, which is the practice questions discussion So let us take this first question It asks with reference to ancient india the terms dolman chrome lake and menhir refers to option a taxation during gupta period option b megalithic structures option c irrigation system during maurya period Option d trade related terms during indus valley civilization and the correct answer is option b megalithic structures We saw about dolman menhir during our discussion Now let us take this next question. It is a three statement question First statement is lightning begins as static charges in a rain cloud. This statement is correct It starts as static charges in a rain cloud, which is generally filled with turbulent winds Statement two lightning looks for the closest and easiest path to release its charge This statement is also correct. We saw this during discussion statement three We see the lightning before we hear the thunder This statement is also correct because light travels much faster than sound waves And that is why we could see lightning before we hear the thunder See in this question you can easily arrive at the correct answer even without knowing many facts Because here the question asks for the incorrect statements But if you know that the statement three is correct because it is based on a basic science principle Which is light travels much faster than sound waves. If you know this fact for sure You can easily say statement three is correct But here the question asks for the incorrect statements. That means three should not be in the answer But option a b and c all have three and that is why the correct answer is none of the above That is none of the above statements are incorrect or in other words all of these statements are correct So this is another way to arrive at the correct answer Now this next question is based on retail direct scheme of reserve bank of india First statement it aims to provide online access to retail investors to the primary and secondary government securities market Statement two under the scheme individuals can maintain a retail direct guilt account with rba. Both the statements are correct We saw a detailed discussion about g second also about the scheme and here the question asks for the correct statements only So the correct answer is option c both one and two So this next question asks which of the following are iron ores magnetite hematite bauxite cuprites limonite and from the discussion you can easily say that one two and five are iron ores So they should be in answer and only one option has one two and five which is option a and here note that Bauxite is a aluminum ore and cuprite is a copper ore So the correct answer is option a now let us take this next question It is a map based question. It asks which among the following is a landlocked country option a erythria option b Ethiopia option c egypt option d kenya See all of these countries are in the african continent three of these are in the eastern part of africa And egypt is in the northern part see kenya borders the indian ocean and if you take egypt It borders the mediterranean sea and the red sea in the last few days We saw about the suez canal which is managed by the egypt government So you should know this fact that egypt is not a landlocked country and if you take erythria It also borders the red sea. So the correct answer is option b Ethiopia which borders erythria and kenya and also sudan south sudan somalia Let us take two main questions. You have to answer these questions You can answer these questions and post the answers in the comment section for peer review So we have come to the end of today's indianis analysis and the practice questions discussion session If you like this video, don't forget to like comment and share and to subscribe to shankar is academy youtube channel for more updates related to civil service examination preparation


Black lives matter.  All lives matter. All lives are sacred. It's true. But there are no Chinese churches being burned.  When black lives matter, every life will truly be sacred. Those who are on the margins will be in the center.


The signal oil program The whistler that whistel is your signal for the signal oil program The whistler I am the whistler and I know many things for I walk by night I know many strange tales hidden in the hearts of men and women who have stepped into the shadows Yes, I know the nameless terrors of which they dare not speak Yes friends, it's time for the signal oil program the whistler Rated tops in popularity for a longer period of time than any other West Coast program in radio history and Signal gasoline is tops to tops in quality It takes extra quality, you know to give you extra mileage and signal is the famous go farther gasoline So look for the signal circle sign in yellow and black that identifies friendly dealer owned signal stations from Canada to Mexico And now the whistler strange story The human catalyst in the field of chemistry. There are curious substances known as catalysts Curious in that their mere presence together with other substances Causes a violent reaction in which the catalyst themselves don't take part In a way, they simply stand on the sidelines Untouched by the reaction they cause Unaware what they've done when it's all over There are catalysts to among human beings and on the night of February 3rd and the terrace of a resort hotel in Miami Beach a 17-year-old girl named Arlene Foster was about to become one She didn't know it of course and like catalysts in chemistry. She never would but there in the terrace in a simple conversation with her teenage date Arlene was preparing to step into the road Orville, yeah, there's there's something I better tell you I want to be fair or look Arlene if it's another confession. I'm just not interested Crazy about you is y'all That's why I have to tell you no Vicks coming back orville. It's only a few weeks off Vick who? Vick Stanfield the orchestra leader that was here last year. He's bringing his van here to the hotel Just as he promised me. Well, what's so important about that? I Don't want to deceive you See Vick and I love each other. Huh? What are you talking about? Why he's an old man. He must be 30 Sometimes love doesn't pay any attention to age See before he left last season Vick and I had an understanding At that time Vick Stanfield was many miles from Miami Beach Many miles away from the Catalyst Vick was in Cleveland, Ohio attending a funeral service Moving up when it was over to console the widow of a dear friend of yours. Mrs. Westover I hope you know how I feel. Oh, you're mr. Stanfield aren't you? Yes, Vick Stanfield I was one of Carl's best friends. Oh, yes, of course, Mr. Stanfield If there's anything I can do perhaps drive you home. That's very nice of you mr. Stanfield my car is right out front Here we are, right? Yes How was I? Wonderful Wasn't easy. You don't think any of them. No, nobody suspects a thing. No Well, what now? Be married in a month will go south with a band and spin our honeymoon in Miami. Oh, that seems awfully fan Look sweetheart, let's not get into that again. We could hold a ceremony right in that church ten minutes from now Let him talk all he wants. But Vicki, don't you think it's clean, baby? There's not a trace not a scrap of evidence Relax, baby. Relax.  Let me take care of the future, too With the prologue of the human catalyst the signal oil company is bringing you another strange story by the Whistler For friends since this is St. Patrick's Day, you've no doubt been getting your share of Killarney with your radio program. I Had thought of describing how your friends would turn green with envy when you power your car with signal gasoline Because today signal drives the pings and sluggishness out of a motor like st. Patrick drove the snakes out of Ireland Or I thought of reminding you that your wallet would feel lucky as a four-leaf clover because of signals good mileage But sure and big order when you buy gasoline, there's really just one thing that matters You want to be sure that you're getting the tops in quality the gasoline that gets top efficiency from your motor and That's something your own speedometer can tell you because when your motor runs more efficiently You not only enjoy quicker starting faster pickup and smoother knock-free power, but also more mileage Good reason why we're so proud of signals famous mileage and why we say to be sure of the tops in gasoline quality There are just two things to remember One it takes extra quality to go farther and Two Signal is the famous go farther gasoline big order And now back to the quistler Yes, it was clean big so clean that you and failure could flaunt your love at them throw it in their faces Let them think and talk all they wanted Because you're sure that in killing Carl Westover big you committed the perfect murder It's a month almost to the day when you and failure Drive up the Lakeshore Highway to the little town of Fairport to be married by a justice of the peace And that night you're on your way to Miami Beach in the new life that lies ahead for both of them And in your complete happiness together There's certainly no thought that each mile on the train brings you closer and closer to the catalyst He's on his way Orville fix on his way back to me. Well, you cut it out Arlene.  Yeah. Well, you're so quiet. Oh, I don't know. I'm so tired.  I mean about cars Sweetheart forget Carl. He's gone. He's off the books. There's just you And that's why it's so perfect Because we're the only two people who know The only ones will ever have to worry about and with us forgetting it right right It's all over your life and Cleveland everything just like it never happened, baby. Oh Baby, we got a lot of living to do a long way to go together First stop Miami Beach So there it is Vic the aftermath of a murder you're certain is perfect Happily ever after part of the story It's like a chemical solution with two ingredients quiet inert in a stage of precarious peace awaiting the catalyst Naturally, you don't know it big but as you and failure arrive at Miami Beach and check into your hotel suite The little human catalyst Arlene Foster very close to you now is suffering from some very shocking news Arlene what in the world of a matter with you? I'm sorry mother. You haven't eaten a decent meal for a week You wouldn't understand. Well, I have a pretty good idea what it is the same thing happened last year about this time Didn't it?   He doesn't love her. He can't possibly love her But he ought to call her on the telephone. Excuse me big. I'll get it sure Yeah Something you should know About your husband. Who is this? I'd rather not say just a minute Here if you think I'm going to listen to you You ought to know whoever you are. I like that big a lot of shots. Have you hadn't genie? Oh, it's so good to see you. It seems like a year since we Said darling, this is genie long. I've mentioned her to you used to sing with a band How do you do? Yeah Genie's back with us for this engagement darling Been a long time a genie. You know I'll tell you we two practically start out together That right? Well, I'd better be getting down to my room. I got done packing.  See you in an hour or so. Yeah. Yeah, you bet He's a lovely girl. Yeah, yeah swell Well, let me see where was I Yeah, yeah here we are What's that? This is a property assignment darling. I meant to bring it up before this but I just didn't get around to it Look, I think we'd better put your property all your assets in fact in my name What? Don't look at me like that darling.  Vic Give me a cigarette will you? Sure. Thanks now Tell me how long have you been thinking about this thinking about it? Why? I'm just curious. I think I have a right to be there's $180,000 roughly and property in Cleveland. I Don't like the way you said that Then I'm sorry But I think you better explain it more Carefully I was about to my darling when that phone call. Who was that call from they? It was nothing important. No, I think it was Look, who do you know in town failure who'd be calling you on the telephone worried? maybe Because I've decided I won't tell you who it was and as far as those papers go I Just don't think I'll sign them Any particular reason I Don't know Into wishing I think it's something else There's no point going into that now I'm due downstairs in ten minutes. Good night The reaction's well underway now big something's wrong, you know it You can feel it gnawing away inside you the rest of the evening But you get hold of yourself when the job's over Yes, it's ridiculous letting your imagination run away like that Failure is all right. She's got to be all right. She has your life in her hands It's almost two in the morning when you let yourself into the dark apartment on the 10th floor hoping she's thought it over too The strange way she turned on you when you mentioned the assignment papers Didn't mean what you were afraid of me Glad you are no no skip the life Look, thank you. There's a few things. We've got to get straight you Sound very determined. I am We can't afford to have any secrets between us. Have we I think we have that phone call for instance Why won't you talk about it? What are you doing to me? Maybe I should ask you the same question What are you doing to me? Why is it suddenly necessary to sign everything over to you that? Properties mine. I intend to leave it that way So that's it that's what's eating nothing's eating me big But you never really understood me. I can be practical too. Oh sure sure Of course, you don't want to overlook a couple of other little considerations like marriage like love.  I plan the whole thing. I lie.  You're not satisfied. I didn't say that Understand your position quite clearly then it's worse How can you talk this way when I'm out on a limb alone not a chance to tie you into any part of it? You try to tell me nothing has changed that you just being practical. What kind of understanding is that failure? Is it any good for me? Is it? a good thing Convincing very sincere Through it all I can hear only one thing the money. I want that but there's a very good reason for you. So I've discovered Good night. We're gonna take away. Good night Mr. When you hire a private detective you at least have to tell him what the job's all about look I've told you all you need to know mr. Shannon. What's wrong with your wife? You were afraid she's thinking of suicide or something. I don't know. I don't look if you want the job Simply do as I ask follow her wherever she goes follow her and keep me informed Okay, mr. She'll never leave that hotel without me tagging right along It's a stalemate now both of you quiet feeling the tenseness in the air waiting for something to happen Then about a week later on a downtown street. Shand gets careless. What do you want? Why are you following me? How now look lady don't try to deny it. I saw you yesterday, too and the day before that I don't know What you're talking about they're doing it for him. Aren't you my husband? Listen lady. You're talking crazy. Why would your husband have someone following you? There's a good reason like what? Money makes you do things like this money my money If what? If Anything happened to me. Why didn't you do it now? Here's me lady. I'd better go see a guy Be reasonable why didn't you level with me? Where do you get off dragging me in on a dirty deal like this? But what's wrong everything the whole setup? I like money as much as the next guy see and I need jobs, but I'm stepping out of this one mr. Right now. I'm getting out of here You don't even have to pay me look. I don't get you shan. What could you hurt me? I'm getting out It's almost out in the open now isn't it big but not quite because you're not even sure what's happening Not able to talk it all out with the one person you should go to with a problem because right now She is that problem and you're alone That's what's so terrifying isn't it big your complete helplessness and you have no way of knowing of course But now tonight the band assembles on the platform as you check quickly through the evening's dance program Failures facing genie long in her dressing room. That's a very strange question Thank you under the circumstances. I don't think it is in any case How I feel about Vic is my own business. You can't expect me to believe you've never been in love with him I think so I think you're still in love with it. Maybe But why do this the hard way? Why not ask Vic how he feels? I know how he feels well You leave me speechless darling. I'm not surprised genie, but Vic might be I'm going to settle a few things for him tonight. Could I talk to you a minute and that right now genie, please?  It's say you tell you what about that yeah Well, she said the artist thing something about settling things for you tonight. I knew it what that little big what is it settle things? Huh, I'll see about that You know now you've got to kill her and it has to happen fast In the lobby outside the ballroom you stop remember something that private detective said about suicide You can make it look like suicide big just by taking the time to set it up getting yourself a witness Yes, the telephone girl will do Ethel My wife is she in her room? I think she went up just a little while ago. Ethel. Was she all right? Did she say anything about not disturbing her? I don't know. Is there something wrong? I don't know. I don't know. She's been very upset lately. I don't know what it is But the way she's acting I'm afraid she might do something to herself. I I'd better get up there right away I Yeah You step back remembering somehow that you have your own key fumble nervously opening the door Yeah, you cross swiftly to the bedroom glance in wonder where she could be Yeah, turning you catch sight of the doors to the terrace. They're both standing open a slight breeze wrestling the draperies Tell you I just want to talk What's the matter Fedya? What are you doing out there on the terrace? But we're gonna talk Fedya don't back away from me The whistler will return in just a moment with a strange ending to tonight's story Meantime another word about those Oscars which the movie industry is going to award next Saturday on Last week's whistler. I mentioned that if they gave Oscars for gasoline signal would no doubt Win the honors for outstanding performance Well by the same token the Oscar for best supporting role would surely go to signal oil dealers for the many valuable safety Services which they offer free For instance this month all signal service stations throughout the west from Canada to Mexico will check your fan belt and radiator hose without charge The chances are it's been a long time since your radiator hose and fan belt would check Because most drivers and most service station operators to never give a thought to these two little items Until they break down completely and leave you in real trouble Moreover if the inspection shows your fan belt or radiator hose to be in dangerous condition Signal dealers can in most cases replace them while you wait So for your own peace of mind and carefree miles during the months ahead Drop into a signal station this week for this free signal safety service Your friendly signal dealer will enjoy this opportunity to demonstrate to you the more thorough more conscientious service cars get at dealer owned signal service station And now back to the whistler It's all over Vic in one terrible moment Is Thalia falls back over the terrace rail and your mind whirls with a thought that here is the end product of your perfect murder You don't know it of course, but the human catalyst has done her work well And all it's left as you draw back from the rail with a shutter Is the realization that your own life is at stake if you don't get out of these rooms before anyone comes up You're sure there's time, but you cross swiftly toward the door Thankful that you left the idea of suicide with a switchboard girl. She's got to back you up. They It's the only hope you have now It's a standfield But I ran into you. I'm lieutenant Harrison Miami police. I Don't understand great. I don't either standfield your wife inside. I don't know. I just stepped in the door myself Oh, well have a look will you you see she called us tonight? She what called her she was quite upset. Oh, oh, I know she's been acting strange lately But I did what she had to say was quite strange standfield Maybe I better step inside Yeah, sure, but I Lieutenant what's this all about? I can't understand what me to get it Yes What? That must have just happened No, it's all right. I'm with her husband Well standfield maybe you already know this just for the record that call was to let us know that your wife's body is out on a pavement Ten floors down. Oh No, that's the terrace over there Pushed her right over the rail. Oh, no, please. It was an accident. I can prove it was an action You can standfield. I don't know you'll have your chance of course when she called us just 20 minutes ago She said she was certain you were going to kill it G. Arlene, I can't get over it. What are the papers today about Big Stanfield being convicted a murder the Miami police And that private detective both tell him the jury missus Stanfield said she was afraid he was gonna kill her. Oh Yes, I wonder why he did such a thing Oh, I don't know only Gosh, the whole thing must have hit you pretty hard Arlene. I mean the way you felt about Stanfield Well, you know orville it was terrible as far as anything personal between Vic and me I Guess I was just silly See all of it There's something you should know you mean about are going steady again. No Rodney Maynard and his men of music are coming here next week. Yeah, I know that yes, but Orville there's something I've never told you about me and Rodney Let that whistle be your signal for the signal oil program the whistler each Wednesday night at the same time Brought to you by the signal oil company marketers of signal gasoline and motor oil and fine quality automotive accessory Signal has asked me to remind you to get the most driving pleasure drive its sensible speed be courteous and obey traffic regulations It may save a life possibly your own Featured in tonight's story where Betty Lou gerson and Tony Barrett Whistler was produced by George W. Allen with story by Joel Malone and Harold Swanton and music by Wilbur hatch It was transmitted to our troops overseas by the Armed Forces radio service Next Wednesday for a full hour of mystery over most of these stations tune in a half hour earlier Enjoy the same as well as the whistler This is Marvin Miller speaking. This is CBS the Columbia Broadcasting System


Welcome back after the break. We'll continue. Just before we went for a break, we were looking at chapter 3 of verse 7 where Paul says that having been justified by his grace, we should become his according to the hope of eternal life. So to be justified is for God to declare sinner righteous before him. Now, how can a sinner be made righteous before God? What is the meaning of righteous? That means we are right in God's sight. We are no longer seen as enemies, but we are friends. We are in right relationship with God, right standing with him. And how are we declared as righteous even though we are sinners? It's because not of any work that we have done is also not because we have prayed the salvation prayer and we've asked Jesus to forgive us. Yes, that's one way we've received salvation, but we, God sees us as justified or we are righteous in God's sight. It's because the moment we accept Jesus Christ as our Lord and Savior, the righteousness of Jesus Christ is put upon us. That means we are clothed with the righteousness of Jesus Christ or the righteousness of Jesus Christ is put into our account, so to say. His righteousness is put into our account and that is why it says imputed. His righteousness Christ righteousness is imputed upon us. That means imputed means put into our account. Christ's righteousness has been put into our account the moment we believe in Jesus Christ. God does not justify the sinner by crediting faith to us as a righteousness, but rather, you know, it's because of Jesus Christ was perfectly righteous. His righteousness is being credited to us because we have put our faith in Christ Jesus. So Paul here says that justification comes to us by God's grace and it's no way merited by our faith. It's no way merited by our faith or by our good deeds or even us putting our faith in Jesus Christ's works, praying the salvation prayer, all of that. Yes, we receive salvation by faith and by grace through faith, but we receive, we are made justified or we are made righteous is because the perfect righteousness of God is kind of clothing us or is clothed as or has been put into our account. Okay, so this verse mentions the goal of our salvation. This verse mentions the goal of our salvation. In the previous verse, we looked at, you know, the effects of our salvation, the means of our salvation in verse five. And now in verse seven, we are looking at the goal of our salvation. And what is our goal of our salvation is hair is being hairs according to the hope of eternal life. So what is the end result or the end goal of us being of us receiving salvation or us being justified or being made righteous in God's side. Or being washed by the regeneration by the Holy Spirit is because we have this hope of eternal life. Okay, this hope of eternal life is ours. The moment we receive Jesus Christ as our personal savior. It's not something that we will experience in the life to come that means after we die when we go up to heaven. It's not that we experience eternal life only there, but we receive it, we experience taste a bit of that eternal life here now on this earth. Okay, even though it's something that is a hope that is in the future, but it's something that we will experience here. It's something that is an inheritance we will receive in the hope in the future, but we can also realize it here, even though we do not realize it fully here. We will realize it partially here, but we will realize it fully when we are in heaven. Okay, so what is the goal of our salvation. It is the hope of eternal life and eternal life is not something that is an eschatological hope that means something way into the future that we will experience. But it is something that is a realized eschatology that means we will realize it here now in the present after we have received salvation, received new birth, the moment we are born again made new creation, we will receive it. And also it's something that we will experience it in part here, but we will experience it fully once we are in heaven, we are living eternity with God. So throughout eternity, we will experience the hope of eternal life, experience our riches in Christ Jesus. Now, why does Paul talk about this whole topic of salvation here after he's talked about submitting to civil government, civil authorities, laws of the land and about good deeds. Why is he talking about salvation? Now in verse eight he says, you know, this is a faithful saying and these things I want you to affirm constantly, but those who have believed in God should be careful to maintain good works. These things are good and profitable to men. So these things are all the things that Paul has mentioned so far. He wants Titus to continuously preach with confidence the truth of the gospel so that people can engage in good deeds. But the term or the word careful here is, you know, is to reason is to consider carefully, and it's a word that is found only here in the New Testament. Okay, this word careful in the Greek is found here only in the New Testament. So it means to reason to consider carefully. So if you have to understand what is Paul saying, if you understand the doctrine of salvation by grace, it will motivate us to take the thought about how we can engage in good deeds. Okay, so that means he's saying that, you know, yes, you have received salvation is the work of God is his grace is his mercy is his love is his kindness, but that should translate or that should motivate us to engage in good deeds in doing good things because the believer was constantly think about how to live a godly life. For the sake of the gospel, and Paul affirms again that people are right with God apart from good works, but also that the goal of God for every believer is personal good works. And the thing here is, we don't receive salvation by doing good works. We don't risk. We are not justified or made righteous by our good works, not even our faith. But he's saying that, you know, we received salvation by God's mercy and his grace, but, you know, the goal of every believer should be that they do good works. So if you are saved, or if you say that you have faith in Jesus Christ, it should show in the good works that we are doing, it should show in God the lifestyle. It should show in us living holy righteous lives before God, before man, and it should also show in good works. And we see that in Jesus himself, you know, Jesus, we see that he never condemned anyone. He never, he forgave everyone. He loved everyone. He healed everyone who came to him. It says Jesus healed them all. He had compassion on them. He healed them all. He never condemned. He never judged anybody. He never put down anybody. But, you know, we see him, you know, even honoring the government, the law of the land, when they say, do we have to pay taxes? He says, takes a coin and says, you know, whose image is found on the coin. And they say Caesar. So he says, give to Caesar what belongs to Caesar, give to God what belongs to God. So we see he even obeys the law of the land. He does not rebel against the law or of the government. And so we see in Jesus' works, him being like the father, he came to, you know, show us who the father is. And he showed it in his, the way he lived in his deeds, in his lifestyle, in the works that he did. He, you know, revealed the father to us. He revealed how to live godly lives. And so, you know, if we say we have faith in God, it should show in good works. And that is what even James, you know, writes about in James chapter two, verses 14 and 23, where James is saying, you know, in, if you look at James chapter two, verses 14 and 23, James says, What is it? What does it profit my brethren? If some of you say that you have faith, but does not have works. Can faith save him? Her brother or sister is naked and destitute of daily food. And one of you says to them, depart in peace, be warm and filled, but do not give them the things which are needed for the body. What does it profit? That's also faith by itself. If it does not have works is dead. Okay. So what is, you know, the writer of James saying here, like James is actually trying to say that faith and good works are like two sides of the same coin. Now, you take a coin, one rupee coin, five rupee coin. And, you know, if this, if it's imprinted only on one side of the coin is the coin, valuable to take a coin, five rupee coin, and there's a print only on one side of the coin. And the other side of the coin is blank. Is that coin valuable? Yes, no. Thank you, Erin. Yes, that coin is not valuable. It is worthless. It's of no value. It's useless. Why? Because it's not printed on the both sides. It's a counterfeit coin. It's a fake coin. We cannot use it. So Paul is also trying to say that if, you know, faith and good deeds is like, like that is both sides of the coin. He's not mentioning it here, but I am just giving you an explanation that both sides of the coin. James is saying, if you don't have faith and good works, then it's your faith is good as useless, lifeless, dead, just like that coin, which is not printed on both sides. That coin is without any value. It has no, it's of no use. Same way, if our life, if we say we have faith in God and we don't show it in our godly lifestyles that we live, holy lifestyles, righteous lifestyles, and in doing good works, then, you know, our faith is as good as dead. It's good as being lifeless. It's as good as being no use. And so he's giving an example.  It's like we Christians today say, if somebody says, you know, I'm going, going through financial crisis, I don't have this, I don't have that, my children have money to pay my children's fees. What do we tell them? So sorry to hear brother, so sorry to hear sister. Don't worry. We'll, we'll pray for you.  He'll provide. He'll take care. He'll do miracles. He'll do exceedingly wonderfully, wonderfully more than you can ask, think or imagine, and I will pray for you. Well, it's a good thing to do that, you know, we pray for them. But if it's in your means to share some of the resources that can help that person, you know, why not? Yes, you're saying God is Jehovah Jairah.  So there's no point in saying, you know, I'll pray for you when we have the means to provide for them. If somebody is cold, you have an extra sweater, you can give it to them. You know, if somebody is hungry, you have food, you can share it with them. If somebody is going through financial crisis and now all the more because the pandemic, many of them have lost their spouse, their job, you know, we can reach out and help. Or if you hear somebody, you know, in our church or in our family, you know, they're facing some sickness which requires a lot of medical attention and, you know, money that is required. We might not be able to give them lakhs of rupees. We can at least give them a few thousands that can help them to show them that, you know, you care or provide for their meals or just, you know, visit them in the hospital, stay over in the hospital, take food for them in the hospital. All of these little things are some things that through which we show them, you know, that we are confessing our faith or showing forth our faith. And our faith will always operate in good charitable works like Jesus did, you know, when the 5,000 were there, only men, you know, the disciples say, send them away, you know, we can't buy food. Jesus said, you provide for them. And we see that Jesus provided for 5,000 men, also women and children. So, you know, we need to do the best that we can. And so he's talking about faith and good works. If you have faith, you know, and somebody who's selfish, not willing to share with others, care for others, help others, then, you know, James is saying our faith is good as dead. And here Paul is saying that, you know, are, you know, what is a faithful saying? The faithful saying here is that, you know, we should lead, once we receive salvation, we need to live godly lives. And also we need to engage in personal good works. It's not good works that have, that can save us from our sins. But, you know, but it's a goal of God for every believer who is believed in him, put his faith in him and receive salvation to do good works. Okay. So does this an encouragement for all of us to engage in good works? You know, just to show for the love of God, the compassion of Christ, because we are his hands. We are his feet. We are his mouth. We are representing Christ here on this earth. And then Paul goes on to talk about rejecting foolish controversies in verses nine to 11. In verse nine, he says, avoid foolish controversies. You know, avoid the Greek word here is gives us an idea of going around something in order to avoid it. So he's stressing the personal involvement and interest in the action. So here is something we have to pay careful attention to because of the various problems that have come about because of people who are, you know, sharing, you know, their false teachings or talking about Old Testament genealogies and Jewish myths and fables which are kind of disturbing the church and the right doctrines and the right teachings. And so he says avoid such things. Sorry, just give me a minute, please. So he says, you know, there should be avoid means he's saying his Paul is commanding here and calling us to have a continual attitude that seeks to avoid useless discussions. So he's saying avoid those useless discussions we have. I have shared about this in first Timothy second Timothy, the reasons why we need to avoid all of these foolish discussions and useless discussions with people who are false teachers because they themselves do not know the truth. All they're doing is just talking about mere words, which is going to end up nowhere. It's going to cause strife, trouble divisions. You know, it's going to cause dispute in the church division in the church. So he says avoid all of these use useless discussions.  He says you will face foolish disputes.  And he says you would praise contentions and strivings about the law, but he says don't indulge in discussing about all of these things. Don't talk about all these things. Don't discuss with them. You know, don't avoid just all of these things. Just talk about the truth in God's word preach it and teach it. Okay, so he says that, you know, why should we avoid all of these useless discussions because it's unprofitable. It's not according with the faith and it's not going to produce a good Christian living because all these false teachers are doing is just this argue about words because they themselves are not looking for the truth. They don't want to know the truth. And hence they are not clear about even what they are following. So it's useless to discuss with them. Okay, what's his 10 to 11 says reject a divisive man after the first and second admonition knowing that such a person is walked and sinning being self condemned. So Paul gives very strict commands about what to do about people who are teaching false teachings, you know, we're trying to bring in division. He says reject them. Okay, that means just avoid them, shun them, decline them, don't speak to them, decline to have any conversation discussions with them. And he's not talking about formally excommunicating them. He's not saying to excommunicate them from the church is not saying that but he says just don't avoid having discussions with them have nothing to do with them.  Okay. So he says, Titus you need to take measures against those who insist on going their own way, their own self will will make will make them self condemned. And then he says, what he needs to do says first and second, admonish them. So he says that, you know, twice, exhaust them twice. And if they're still refused to obey, what you need to do is just simply leave them to their own plans and don't, you know, have to do anything with them. Now, you know, the community or which Titus is having leadership over in the place of Paul, you know, they're no longer where to know the stubborn false teachers as brothers, that means don't treat them as brothers in Christ. They don't have anything to do with these stubborn false teachers. Such a person is warped warped means twisted, you know, these false teachers turn the truth inside out, so that they can have a negative impact.  And it leads them to a life of sin they end up living in sinful habits sinful lifestyle, because these false teachers are turning the truth from inside out, and hence is having a negative impact on the person's life, and is leading them to live in sin. So it says once or twice you correct them, they don't heed, then just let them be have no longer anything to do with such a person.  And he knows that he is going away from the truth he knows that he's refusing to leave the false views that his views that he's holding on to is wrong. And so he stands condemned by his own judgment. However, the Greek term here about self condemnation may also be understood as a means that the twisted teacher or the warped teacher is condemned by their own behavior. Okay, so they're condemned by their own behaviors they're condemned by their own judgment, because they know what they're doing, saying thinking is away from the truth. Okay, then versus 12 to 14 Paul is talking about providing for God's people. So he's talked about how about faith about good deeds. And he's saying that, you know, we've received salvation by grace by faith is not by good deeds but once we've received salvation. You know, you know God requires us that we live holy lives, righteous lives, but we also indulge in good works and good acts in good deeds and so he's giving them an opportunity. The church at Crete to act on what he has just taught them and just told them. So he says, I send Artemis versus 12 to 14.  When I send Artemis to you or Taikikis be diligent to come to me at Nicopolis for I have decided to spend the winter there. Send Zen is the lawyer and Apollos on their journey with haste that they may lack nothing and let our people also learn to maintain good works to meet urgent needs that they may not be unfruitful. Okay, so here we see like we said mentioned in 1st and 2nd Timothy that you know Paul does not labor alone. He always works with a good team of people. He has good relationships with people. He has a lot of coworkers, a lot of people he has trained. He was nurtured in the faith sons and daughters in the faith and people who work alongside him. So he works along with them with a team of people. Those who are committed to the ministry who labored with him for the cause of the gospel for the cause of Jesus Christ. And in these verses Paul is mentioning a few of them in his team. He's not talking about the entire team. So he's mentioning about Artemis. The only reference of this man Artemis is here in this in Titus chapter 3 was 12. So from his name people guess that he's a Gentile but we see that you know Paul considered him as a worthy replacement for Titus. So we can say that you know because Paul saw him as somebody who could replace Titus to take over the leadership of the churches at Crete. We can say that this Artemis was somebody who was competent, knowledgeable, faithful, a mature man of God. And Paul tells Titus to meet him in Nicopolis and then they were planning to head north to Dalmatia. So we see that if Titus was going to leave and go along with Paul to Nicopolis then he needed somebody, a worthy replacement. And Paul looks at Artemis as that good worthy replacement in Crete. Then he mentions about Titicus. Titicus was another faithful Gentile believer from Asia which is western Turkey in our time today. He had traveled along with Paul and other men and at the close of Paul's third missionary journey. You know we see that Paul during his first Roman imprisonment Paul sends letters of Ephesians and Colossians with Titicus to the churches at Ephesus and Colossae. And when Paul when Titus goes there he talks about Paul's circumstances. Then we see later Paul sends him to Ephesus to relieve Timothy so that perhaps Timothy could join Paul in Rome before he is martyred or executed. And we see that Paul calls Titicus as a beloved brother and faithful servant and fellow born servant in the Lord in Colossians chapter 4 verse 7. So we see that Titicus or somebody was very valuable team member in Paul's team because Paul calls him as a beloved brother, faithful servant and fellow born servant in the Lord. And then Paul mentions about Zenis the lawyer. Again Zenis the lawyer is the only reference here in the Bible and people say that because of his Greek name he could be a Gentile lawyer. But the fact that he was poor enough for Paul to ask Titus to help supply his needs may mean that he could also be a Jewish expert in the Mosaic law. And we see that he may have set aside his career as a lawyer long before to accompany Paulus on this trip. So he's going to go on a trip along with Paulus and maybe these two men probably carry the epistle of Titus to Crete. So they may be coming to Crete and so Paul is telling Titus please help these two men. Now Paulus is a Jew from Alexandria in northern Egypt. He's a very, very good speaker. He's very well versed in the scriptures in the Old Testament Torah, the law, very fervent in the spirit. We read about him in Acts chapter 18 verses 24 and 25. And he came to Ephesus where Paul's teammates Aquila and Priscilla, you know this couple Aquila and Priscilla were there in Ephesus. And they took upon themselves to teach Paulus about Jesus Christ. He knew well about the Old Testament. He was a very learned man, but teaching about Jesus Christ the way of God more accurately. And so we see that, you know, he was very teachable and a humble man, even though he was learned, you know, a good speaker. He knew much about the Old Testament, but he had a heart to learn, humble heart, teachable heart. And he also had a powerful ministry in Corinth. And Paul mentions about other people, maybe he's referring to people, the Christians in Crete. And they were to learn to take the lead in good works and good deeds. And that's what he says, maintain good works. So again, Paul is repeating for the last time that Christians or believers must take the lead in doing good works. As he mentioned in the presence of Zeniths and Apollos and their needs for their journey and ministry. Just by the church in Crete provide for their journey and for their ministry. You know, they will provide and there will be an excellent illustration or an example as believers in Crete to engage in good work. So Paul is reminding them and giving them the opportunity or the privilege to do this. Okay. And then Paul ends his letter by saying, all who are with me, greet you, greet those who love us in the faith. And he says, grace be with you all, amen. So all with me. We do not know all who are with Paul. And we also do not know where Paul was. You know, he may have been in Macedonia or Akia, but we know that he was not alone. Besides Zeniths and Apollos, we think that there was, you know, there was a church where Paul was staying and he fellowshiped with these saints. And of course, we know that Zeniths and Apollos were with him because they were taking the letter of Titus that Paul had written to Crete to give it to Titus. Okay. Verse seven is as those who love us in the faith. So here Paul's mentioning about his friends or even fellow saints in Crete. And then Paul closes his lecker or close all of his leckers mentioning about God's grace. It was not something that he used as a polite formality, but the Greek word literally means the grace be with you all. Okay. So the grace is the abundant, amazing sustaining, all sufficient grace of the Lord Jesus Christ. And it was this grace that Paul, who was a great persecutor of the church that God had reached out to him on the road to Damascus and changed his heart. He completely undeserved it, but Paul deserved all that Paul deserved was God's judgment, his wrath, but he received mercy. And so he knows this understanding of this word grace that means he for him grace means so much. It's so rich. It's so abundant for him because he deserved God's punishment and judgment and brought but he received grace. And we also see that it's God's grace that motivated Paul to suffer all the hardships and all the persecutions of the gospel and to continue to preach and to build and to be an apostle, a preacher, a teacher, a prophet, a miracle worker. And nothing soft stopped his zeal. And it was because of the grace of God. God's grace, as was shown at the cross, was the only message that Paul preached. And Paul says his grace is sufficient to sustain Paul in all trials in all difficulties, keep him from the grace of God also kept him from exalting himself as a result of the amazing visions that he had from heaven. And the visions that he experienced, which he talks about in 2 Corinthians chapter 12, versus one to 10. So we see that Paul's entire theology and his gospel can be summed up in this one word, which is grace and then so he closes his letter with grace be with you all, which expresses not only his affection, but his desire for all believers, because we have been saved by grace and it's so important for us to experience this grace and walk in the grace that our Savior has given us. This grace is not only for salvation, but also grace is the basis for our sanctification, our fruitfulness and our reward. So that is the end of Titus chapter 3 and we've finished the book of Titus. We just have one more book left, Philemon, which we'll do next Wednesday. So any of you have any questions? Any doubts? No questions, no doubts? Okay, so when can we have the assessment on Titus? Assessment for Titus, when can we have it? Can you give me a date please? Would you like to have it on March 25th? Is it okay? March 25th next, no? Okay. March 30th? See that says no for March 25th. What about March 38th? I mean for the questions you said now. Sorry? For the questions I said no, but for the 25th it's okay. So March 25th, we'll have the third assessment on Titus on March 25th. Okay, that's done. Oh, you said no questions and doubts on Titus. Okay, so then March 25th, all of you are fine with it? Okay. If there are no questions, then can we end class? Anyone wants to share anything? We'll end class. Okay, since there are no questions, we'll end class here. Thank you all for joining class. I'll see you next Wednesday for, we'll begin Filamin and I think we should be able to finish it next Wednesday. So maybe next Wednesday will be our last class. Okay. Okay, thank you all. Have a good day and the rest of the week. God bless you. Thank you. Thank you.