Dear students, today we are going to discuss the lecture number 35 of the database management system course and as you know the course code is CS403. In the lecture number 34 we discussed different storage devices because when we are working with the databases obviously we have to face, we have to encounter, we have to use different types of storage devices. So if we have the idea of the properties or the characteristics or features of different storage devices then we will be able to manage our database in a better position because we will be placing the data at proper time at the proper form of storage media or the storage device. After that we discussed a particular arrangement of the disks called the RAID. RAID stands for redundant array of inexpensive disks. RAID arranges multiple disk drives in such a form that it gives the impression of a single virtual drive. The advantage of RAID is that it gives faster processing speed and different architecture different arrangements of RAID they give different level of fault tolerance as well. So RAID is the new technology that is being used in the modern systems nowadays. At the end of the previous lecture we were discussing different file organizations. File organization means how do we place, how do we store data in different formats on disk and we studied the three major types of file organizations. One is sequential file organization, second one is index sequential and third is random or hash based. We discussed the sequential file organization in the previous lecture. Today we will start our discussion from the indexed sequential file organization. So let's start today's lecture. Sequential files provide access only in a particular sequence. The thing is that we discussed last time that the time you create the sequential files the data in the sequential files is stored in a particular sequence. On the basis of the value of a particular attribute and normally this attribute is the primary key. This means that in sequential files your record store will be stored on the primary key value base. The second feature is that whenever we want to access the records, we need to access them at any cost. We need to display them or do other things like computation. For example, whenever you have a general billing system for utilities, you need to access all the records stored there. So every month your meter's reading is fed there and even for this process, you need to access all the records of all the customers of the client from the database. So this is also an access format. After that when you have to compute the bill and calculate the bill, then it will be the same again that all the records will be accessed and after that every bill will be individually calculated and then the bill will be placed there. Similarly, when you want to print the bill, then it will be the same that all the bills will be accessed and all the records will be accessed and they will be printed in there. So these are different types of processing. These are the examples of different activities that we want to perform on a file. The thing is, if we are storing the file in the sequential file organization, then when we want to access them, we want to read them, like I have given you examples for any work, then in the case in which you have stored the records, you will get them in the same arrangement. First, second, third, and like that. If you note one thing that I have given you examples, like I have given you examples of different billing systems, these situations are such that most of the processing that we have mentioned, it can be possible that the sequential file suits. Why? Because you have to access, you have to process all the records, one after the other, obviously. So there is no record, it is not that you have to do something, do not do something. When you have to enter the bill, or the current reading, you have to enter for all the records, for all the customers. Right? When you have to calculate the bill, you have to perform that process for all the customers. And same is the case with the printing of bills. So for this situation, when you have to process all the records, all the records that you have in your file, then in that case, sequential file organization may suit the environment. In that case, it is possible that you go for the sequential file organization. Okay, sequential file organization's major drawback is that it provides you only the sequential access. But the advantage of that is that it requires only the necessary or the required storage. It occupies only the required storage. The extra processing and storage that is not involved, which we will see in other cases, that it can be. So sequential access, if we want, then storage-wise, or processing-wise, sequential file organization is efficient. But that does not suit many applications since it involves too much time. Too much time is required that in such environments, in such situations, where you have to access not all the records, but some particular records. And based on definitely some condition, when we want to select, when we want to access a particular row or certain rows, a certain set of rows, in that case, how do we identify those rows? How do we distinguish those rows? And that we read that through a select condition, when we used the where clause, so this is what we have in real life, that we not always need to access the record in a sequence from first to last. But there are many situations when we want to access one record or multiple records directly. For example, as we have just given you the example of utility bills. You receive the bill, but first of all, you have no problem in the bill, let us say that the amount is less, if you are lucky, then the amount is less, you tell them that the amount is less. In that situation, the billing system or the people working there, they want to access only your record because they have to modify, they have to make some change in your particular record. And if you expand this example a little bit, that in real life, when you receive bills every month, then in many bills, there can be some problem in some way, so if you think that every month, obviously many people would come with their bills to the people dealing with these bills, they will tell them that they will fix the bill, they will change it and so on. In addition, a person is changing his address, he wants to temporarily disconnect the bill or many other activities. In all situations, it is not the situation that you want to access all the records, rather in all these situations, you want to access some particular record and in many situations, a single record. Now, the thing is, if you want, if you have stored your records in a sequential file organization manner, what will happen is that obviously, if you have thousands of records, then to fix your bill, they will have to reach your record, because from there, they will go and access it and make some changes, so if there are sequential file organizations, then they will have to start reading from the first record. First of all, we say that on the basis of meter number, you have stored the record and meter number starts from 1 and let us say there are 100,000 records, there are 1 lakh records. So, in 1 lakh records, first of all, your meter number is 17,618, now to reach to the record number 17,618, in the sequential file organization, all the records will have to be read again and again. The procedure will be that you will read the first record and your required record number, which we have also said that meter number is 57,000 something, that first record number will compare to that meter number, if this is our required record, then we will read the next record, next, next, next, and in this way, you will have to access all the records before your record, that you will have to read the required record number to reach there. And there is an interesting situation in this, that first of all, in this way, you put a check, you want to access such a record that it is not there even if you entered it wrong, it was not there, in that case, if you have a store in key order, then when you cross the value of that key, for example, if you are looking for record number 50,000, then record number 50,000 was not there, so until you read all the records, until you cross the value of 50,000, let us say you reach 50,005, now if you reach 50,005, the value of 50,000 is bigger, when you reach there, and the data store is at your base of the key, then you will realize that this record actually does not exist. So, these are the situations, these are the scenarios, in which you see that you have a system, the sequential file organization is not suitable for that, and you may find hardly any application, because you have a sequential access required or sequential access that is sufficient, in most of the today's applications, even in that case, there are many situations that when you want to access the records directly, or sequential file in this situation, may when you want the direct access is not suitable, I have explained it to you. So, we need some mechanism for direct access, direct access file organizations, it only supports the sequential access, and that does not suit many applications, so those applications require some mechanism of direct access to a particular record, one or multiple and notice that it is not necessary that in a place where we need direct access, we do not need sequential access, it does not mean that for most of the applications, you need basically both types of accesses, sequential and direct. So, the solution of sequential is in the form of sequential file organization, when we talk about the direct access, for that type of access, you have got two options, one is indexed sequential file organization, and the other is direct file organization, these two file organizations they support the direct access to the particular record. And one thing you will see, what does it mean directly, it means that if you need a particular record, then in the case of sequential file, if you want to access that particular record in a sequential file organization, then you will have to do a lot of accesses, accesses means that you will have to perform many reads on the disk, then you will reach on your required record, so notice that when we talk about sequential file inefficiency, why you will have to read a lot to reach your required record, when you have to read a lot, you will reach your required record when you have to read a lot, but the direct file organization, in that you can directly reach your record, in that you will have to read all the records in the sequential file organization, now it is not that there is no magic here, that it will reach the place with a knife, no, in that we have direct file organizations, maybe you will have to make multiple accesses, multiple you have but if you compare them, there is a lot of difference, there is a huge difference between the two, as I have given you an example that if you have to read 50,000 records in one lakh records, if you have to read 50,000 in a sequential file, then it is possible that when we talk about index sequential file, in that case you have to read 10, 15 or 20 records and you reach your required record, now see where 20,000 and where 50,000 and if you even talk about direct file organization, then there is a magic trick, that is it, it is possible that in one read you go straight away to your required record, how? we will see, now first we are going to discuss the indexed sequential file organization, as the name suggests, records are stored in a sequence, generally with respect to the primary key, but index is also maintained to provide direct access, as it is said that this is indexed sequential, so one thing about this is that records stored here in sequence, similarly, secondly index is being maintained, so if we mix these two words together, we can also say that this type of file organization, it supports both types of accesses, it supports the sequential access, why? because the records are stored in a sequence, so if you have this indexed sequential file organization, records are stored in a sequence and mainly of the primary key sequence, in that case, you will get all records, but the other beauty is that if you want to do direct access, in that situation, you do not need to read all the records in sequence, rather then you consult the index, index is a special file, sort of a table that lists the key value for each record and the address of the record, and the concept of index is obviously familiar to you, if you look at the book in the beginning, then it is basically like an index, so you will directly open that reference page and reach there, if you do not have an index, for example, you have a database book, in that you have to look at the SQL command or the select command, so if the index was not there in the beginning, then what would have happened is that you would have to look at each page, you would have to read all the pages, and then you reach that page where the select command of SQL is present, but if this is your table of contents, then in that you can quickly find in two or three pages where is the select statement, where is the select command, where is the chapter of SQL, and the concept of the index is smarter than that, which I am giving you a book example, I am giving you a book example because it is easier to understand and you are familiar with it, so in that you will see the table of contents in the beginning, and from there you will find, in two or three pages there will be the contents of it, from there you will find the select statement of the SQL is on which page, so when you have seen that page, let us say it says 339, so then you open the pages, you open the book a little and go straight to page number 339, and there is the select statement, and if it was not there, if you do not refer to it, then you will have to go through all the pages, and you can feel that how much difference it makes, look at some pages you have to open in this case too, obviously you have seen the contents page, then obviously you did not go directly to the 339 page, first I opened 300 pages, when I opened it again, I opened 400, then you go back, ultimately you read 339, but think about how many pages you have to open in this process, maybe 10, maybe 15, maybe 20 or 25, but if you had sequentially done it, then what would have happened? 100 pages, I hope you have understood something, the track number in the address, now what can be the address, what can be the shape, we do not go into this discussion right now in this detail, because from the address, what will be its precise shape, what will be the format, this is not our concern, but we have to know that there is an address there, and for the simplicity of this course, we understand that it will be the track number, or if the score is smart then it can be the set number, but let us say we also understand that it will be the track number, and what is the track, this we discussed in the previous lecture, you will remember that, we said that when there is a hard disk, it stores data in a circular path, and those circular paths are called the tracks, so look, now obviously it is not necessary that one record is stored on one track, this is not necessary, it is possible that today's disk also gives a lot of space in a track, so it is quite possible that one track stores, let us say 100 records, or let us say 50 records, in your track there are 50 records stored, so if this means that in 50 records, if you are giving the track number reference, then when you look at 50 records in the index, then the key value of 50 records is written, and what is written against them, one track number is written, because we said that it can be smart, and it can be closed, but if we suppose the track number only, this means that you will get only one track number for 50 records, so when you reach that track, then to access your particular record, it can be that you have to access it sequentially, but only within that record, that at most contains 50 records, in case of direct access requirement, index is accessed rather than the file itself, that the base of which your file is stored, is obviously the primary key, and the value and against that record address, which is the primary key, will be stored. So when you want to access direct access, first you said that select star from client, where customer ID is equal to 57,618, so now in this, see this is a select statement, and there is a condition, and what is the value of the condition, that is the customer ID, and customer ID because this is our primary key, there is an index on it, so the dbms will consult the index file, it will go to the index, and the key value is 57, it will search for it, now the question is that, how will the searching that is in your index, how will it be, how will it be, we will read it forward, but now let me give you an example, that first do it, that it is sequential, first do it is sequential, that means you have all the keys, we have 1 lakh records, 1 lakh records of only keys, and their track number is stored, the face of a table, now you see what is the advantage of this, what is the advantage of this, the advantage is that, when you will read it once, first you will read it once, you will read one track, you will read the whole track, so in that one track, you have that, first you can say that, you can say that, 2000 will be the entries, so if you have to compare it sequentially, then you have to read it once, that means you can compare 2000 records, well this is the worst scenario, that when you are doing such sequential, but practical you do not do sequential, what do you do, come, location of the record is obtained from index, and then the record is accessed from that location, that is what we have done, and first let us say that, now this is our disc structure, disc is always on the circular path, but here for simplicity, we have drawn it like this, look at this on the left side, you can see the track number, track 1, track 2, track 3, and like that, after that, here you see that, on one track, we have here, it depends on how many records in one track, it depends on what is your record size, after that you can fix something, but the first thing that matters, that is the record size, if our track capacity is 10,000 bytes, if the track capacity is not enough, then in that case, if your record size is 1000 bytes, then you can get 10 records in one track, so this is a simple example, you can see that, your records are stored in a sequence, in ascending order, that is 101, that is the student's file, so student 101, 104, 110, 115, 120, and like that, look at this, that it is not necessary, that you have got all the values in a sequence of the primary key, for example, if it is 101, then after that it is 104, not in 2-3 days, if you see, after 104, we have got 110, that is not there, well, it may be due to the reason, that we did not use these numbers, that is, we did not assign these people, after 101, in that system, in that organization, only S104 was assigned, that is the reason, the second reason is, that 102 and 103 are not yet assigned, or even if they have been assigned, their data is not entered into the database yet, so this situation, the second one, this is a little different, because in the first situation, when you do not use those numbers, this means that there is no chance that you are going to have these numbers here, to store here, but when there is a second situation, in which you have not stored your data, or you have allocated it, but you have not stored the data yet, and you have not allocated it, there are chances that you will have those numbers to store, later sometime, in this database. Now, if you talk about a track, we have already got 5 records, if we take the track 1 example, then what will happen? First of all, in this situation, we have got S102, then what will happen? Well, this is a problem, that we are going to discuss, the solution that we will discuss, you just, I had to tell you that this is a problem. Now, this is an index file, okay? This is an index file, it is an example of the records stored behind us, for them. Now, you see, in this example index, you find that there is entry for every record in your table, in your database table. Now, what is happening in that, that the number of records, that the gain is its address, that it is in that track. Now, in this, as you want to access a record, first you will come here, in the index file, you will read all of them, okay? And where you will search your key sequentially, in this case. Now, you will say, that you have access here, then the efficient one, which I have already given you, that when you are only in the index file, even in this case, which is the index file in front of you, in this case, even if you are just storing the key value and the address, then the size is very, very small. In that case, there will be a lot of entries in one track. There will be a lot of entries, so you will read it once, and you will get it in RAM or in the processor. As I said yesterday, that you will get it in RAM, and it will go in cache from RAM. When the thing is in the cache, so then processor has not to waste the time, which is the waste of time, when it has to read the data from the disk. In this case, you have a large portion of the index file, a lot of records about the data, that goes into the cache. From there, the data available to the processor, the factor of time wastage, that is involved, that is included, when there is a disk access involved. Because the disk access, is very slow from your RAM, and the cache access is very slow. So, that means, if this is also a solution, then it will access the sequence, and find the record address. When it gets the address, it will directly access the record on that track. Well, this is a very simple example of an index file. An index that stores entry for each record, is called dense key and index. As we saw in the previous example, that the key value of every record was against an entry, it means that it is a dense key index. One entry for each record is wastage, since within the track, search has to be sequential anyway. I have already told you that, that our unit, whatever is our smallest unit, which we can access, it is not necessary to store a record in that unit. In that unit, as we have taken a track here, now a track can be that, 20 records are coming. And as we are taking an example here, I have shown 5 records. So, against the keys of 5 records, you have to get a track number. And then, in that particular track, you will have to search for your own required record, in a sequentially. So, then 5 entries is a wastage. Because, it is the same thing, that the benefit of 5 entries is that, you will directly take a record. It is not like that. In fact, you have to sequentially search for a record. So, that is why, we have said that each entry is not required. So, the solution is that, non-dense index, rather than entry for every record, entry for the record with the highest key value in the track is maintained. Index size reduces, search also gets more efficient. Look, as you have seen in that, index, dense key index, that you get only one track number for 5 records. Now, you have to access any of these records. So, what will happen? You will get track number 1, first, or let's say, track number 10, whatever the track number is, since you may find the 5 records, in those 5, you will have to search sequentially. So, non-dense key index, what you do is that, rather than storing the entry for every record, what you do, you store one entry for one track, one thing, and the second thing is that, the highest key value in a track, you store it. For example, we have an example, if you see here, 120 is the maximum value in the first track. We do this, that we have to make 5 entries, we place a single entry, and that would be 120. The key value of the record with the highest key value, and let's say, 1. Now, what will happen? Now, what will happen is that, when you, and similarly, have all the entries for all tracks, then first of all, if we had 1,000,000 records, then in the case of 1,000,000 records, what was it that, in the case of the dense key index, we had 1,000,000 entries in the index file. But when we, in this example, first of all, if we have 5 records on a track, then the entries in the index file, they are reduced to exactly divided by 5. What will happen? If every track has a country, then 20,000 entries will come. So, look here, there is a huge difference, that the size of your index file has been reduced. This is the benefit. The other thing is, now the question is, how will you do the search? Now, the advantage of the search is, that in the dense key index, you had to search for the sequence, again and again. This is not the case. In this, you will do, that whatever record you have required, you will compare that value, that you have required, with every entry of the non-dense key index. And until you reach an entry like this, whose value is not greater than your required value, you will keep skipping. That is, what will happen? First of all, the record number required is of S220. And if it is required of S220, then here we have an example, that when you see the first entry, it will be written there, 120 and 1. This means, that the maximum record store in track number 1, is 120. For such reasons, you read the entry of the second track, there is 138.2. What does it mean? That the record store in track number 2, their maximum value is 138. Now, the advantage of this is, that you have only compared two entries, what is the benefit? That you saved the effort to read two tracks, on the one hand, on the other hand, on the sequential file, you have an advantage, that you saved two tracks. The second benefit is, if you compare it with the index of the dense key, that you have to compare 10 keys, all the time, then you realize that, our record is not yet required on track 2. But if you compare only two keys, you realize that, our record is not required on track 2. So, while doing this, first thing we have an entry, like 250, or track, let's say, 35. And this was the first entry from 220. So, you will realize that, if our required record was 220, then 220 would be on track number 30. You go directly to the track number 30, there are 5-6 records, you read them again and again. If your 220 is done, then it will be on track number 30. If you don't get these 5 records, then this is guaranteed, that the record is not in this file. Otherwise, if you had read all the records, then you would have been in trouble. Now, this can be hardly possible, that after 8, 12, 13 accesses, or after 8, 13 reads, you realize that, if you don't get them, then you realize that the record doesn't exist. Index size reduces search, also gets more efficient, but how? Now, as I have just explained, this is the same data store we have, the same example, which we had earlier, which was in the index of dense. Now, here, what we have at the bottom, that is basically a non-dense index, that is basically a non-dense index, on the left side, it says highest on track, and on the front, as you can see, on track 1, the highest record is 120, so it says 121, 138, 153, let's say you want to access record number 150, then you will have to read 121, which is bigger than 150, that means there is no record on track 1, then when you go to track 3, in the index, they said 153 and 3, it means that if your file contains the record number 150, then it has to be on track number 3. If you go directly to track number 3, then you will have to read all the records, and when you reach 150, there is your record. Overflow in Tracks Dear students, as you just saw, when you are entering the data, it is not always necessary that you receive the data to enter in the precise order of, in a precise sequence of the key value. As you just saw, there are gaps. Obviously, when you are entering the data, as we are showing the diagram, there are three tracks. Obviously, when you place the value on track 1, then it will be on track 3, and then on track 3. Now, what is your index sequential file organization? In that, the sequence of the key has to be maintained. Now, the first example is that you are going to store records. You have stored your first record. It was S101. You have stored it on track 1. After that, you will have stored it after S101. S105. But let's say, after this, S103. Now, if you maintain the sequence, then S103 has to be stored before S105. So, in order to maintain the sequence, S105 will be pushed forward. And the empty space will be stored in S103. Why? To maintain the sequence of the key value. Because, when you have to do sequential access, then you can do sequential access in the same case. Otherwise, if it is here, then you will know that it is on track. Because it was there at that time. So, the key value is the sequence that you maintain. Obviously, you can't force it. You can't force it to give you data in the key sequence. Well, you can tell them that it is better if you give us the data in the key sequence order.  It can't be like that. So, in that case, it is better if you get the order. If you don't get it, whenever you receive a value that is smaller than the entered value, then you will have to push certain values or mine it. If you are doing the data enter, it has a lot of jambles in this way. So, in that case, when your data entry is there, it becomes inefficient. So, it is better to arrange your data before entering into the computer so that you can sequence it. That becomes very smooth then that the first record is like that. But, you cannot avoid it in all situations at least. In that case, if the track is full, and still something comes in that has to be stored on that track. This is a situation that is called overflow in tracks. This means that a track is full and then a record comes that has to be on that record. For example, we have the maximum key value that is 120. Now, 118 cannot go to the next track because 120 is on track 1. 118 has to be stored Now, if there was a place we would have pushed the 120 forward and placed 118 there. But, the track is full there is no space there. This is a situation that is called track overflow. Record is stored on that track but there is no space there. These are some examples. As we have seen before we do not have all the keys and there are gaps there. One way to handle this is that you anticipate that beforehand. You anticipate it to be overflowed. What you do? You leave some space in the tracks. You do that you leave some blank records there. What happens in that is that we have arranged the same records that we have entered and you can see the fifth record there was 120. 120 we have moved it to the second track and in track 1 we have placed a place for a blank record. What is this? This is to cover overflow if it happens on any track. In all the tracks you reserve some black space for the records that encounter the overflow situation. So now first of all we had this situation and we have a record that is like 108. 108 is the place in the track because it is less than S115. S115 is the highest record in track 1 because S10 is smaller than S115 which means it has to be stored on the track number 1. Since in order to maintain the sequence of the key it has to be stored before even S110 because S10 is smaller than S110 because it is bigger than S104 because the proper place is already filled. What you will do you will push S110 and S115 forward. As you can see S110 is now on the fourth position and S115 the place that was left as blank before now S115 has been moved to that place and the place that has been emptied by the movement of these two records and that was the place of the S110 you can see your S108 The advantage of this is that your records they are still maintaining the sequence of the key and now if you want to access the records then you will see that all the records are similar. This is how the records are inserted into an index sequential file. We have got a solution for a certain problem and that was the overflow problem but the thing is is limited one it caters our problem it solves our problem up to a certain extent meaning you can see that one record overflowed so it adjusted but what about if another record comes for the same track that is a problem then and see what is the solution to solve this problem What is the solution? First of all you have adjusted your track 1 First of all you have another record which was of track 1 but you cannot avoid it You cannot do this You have to adjust that Now the solution is that all the records are full Now you have to create a place in the second track which is the last record move it to the second track and after moving to the second track you have to place the record but what if second track is already filled then you have to move the record to the third so that the second track place the record but what if third is also already filled you will go to the fourth but what if fourth is also filled fifth, sixth and like that This means that in this situation you have to have 60,000 records and you have a record in which you have to move all the records and then you have to I hope you have understood the problem the solution that we have studied so far it caters our needs up to a certain limit after that the way this solution handles our problem that is very very expensive very very inefficient very very time consuming the solution of this problem is that in the index sequential files we have overflow area overflow area is like that is sort of no man's land type in that all your records which overflow from your tracks all of them they are moved to the overflow area that is their entries and then when you move an entry of a track in the overflow area you put your own track where you put a link in the overflow area there is an entry of this track so if you are looking for a record then you do not get it then you come to the overflow area we have explained it in the diagram we have a situation where we have the records entered and you see all the tracks in the maximum capacity we have got an overflow area if you see the overflow area this is a sort of disk space which you have reserved as much as you can see the overflow area does not mean that you start using it what you do you start entering records in different gaps and then you start getting records between the gaps because of this your entries will move away from your track in the overflow area whenever you use this overflow area it will have inefficiency in it why? for example if you look at this scenario the highest in the track one was 115 after 115 if you look at this we have 103 when 103 came that means 115 is out after this 109 so your 112 is also out now the situation is that the highest record in your track is S110 but the overflow area the first record which belongs to track one is S112 S112 is related to S110 so from S110 we will get a reference to record S112 and in S112 if you look at the reference it is written before S112 it means that the record number one is the next record of this track so when you success the sequence it will reach 115 and if you see the pointer along with the 115 there you see 0 this means that this is track one's last record so if you look at track 2 in track 2 after 128 you will get 130 and if you look at 130 this means that the next record which is in overflow area is record number 5 and it is written on 5 with 131 and in track 3 you will get 140 which is the fourth record and it means that there is no other record this is how the overflows in the tracks are handled the effect of this change will be on index now this is the form of extended index now what are the entries you are saying that on track 1 you have the highest key is 110 if you look at the track the record number 110 is stored and that is the highest value but the next entry is the highest key in overflow area for track 1 that is 115 so if you look at the address of S112 see the highest key is stored but along with it your first record your first record which is related to track 1 and it is in overflow area that is in the third place in the overflow area so this address is on this position in overflow area so that you reach there then you will have sequential access of all the records the S128 is the highest key in the track itself and S131 is the highest key value in the overflow area for track 2 and the address of 130 because 130 is the next record after 128 similarly you have the same data about the third record now see when you have this situation as soon as you enter the record whether it is in overflow area then according to that the entries of index will be adjusted and you should have an idea that if you enter an index sequential file if you do not store the data in the sequence then what is the problem with that there are so many over it but if you enter a simple sequence then what will be the advantage that your record is stored in a sequence every track in the overflow area will be empty whether you call it wastage but for efficiency that is fine that all records are in sequence and you will never have that but if you do not store records then this will be adjusted but more over it that introduces inefficiency Dear students we will wind up today's lecture today we have the same type of file organization that is the index sequential file organization we discussed that we studied different features of the index sequential file and that is mainly that it supports the sequential as far as as well as the direct access so you get both the benefits but what is that is the creation and the maintenance of the index file and when I told you that this is the advantage that there is no over head involved here you have seen in terms of storage and in terms of maintenance there is an over head involved and you have seen in the last that if you do not properly manage the index sequential file then it can involve too much over head I hope you have understood all the series and when you do data entry then you will know what is the benefit of entering the proper sequence the rest of the discussion will be in the next lecture Allah Hafiz


Who doesn't like a little havoc with their Halloween? I know I do, but now for all the truly terrifying entrance music that has terrorized pro-wrestling through the years, there have also been a candy bucket full of songs that have famously failed at frightening fans. So in tribute to these timid tunes, I'm creeping it real because my name is Kevin Callis. This is wrestling boo-hine the themes, and here's a list of the ten not-so-scary entrance themes that went thud in the night. And big bad teams like the Legion of Doom and Demolition roamed the Earth. Not only did they paint their faces to freak out the masses, they worked super stiff and were able to strike fear into their opponents with ease. Fast forward a few decades to when the ascension rose from the ranks of the NXT Tag Team Division after pummeling the competition there for over two years. However, once Connor and Victor made it to the main WWE roster, they unfortunately got put in their place and buried quite quickly with their not-so-scary entrance theme called Rebellion. The ascension boldly claimed that they were born in bread to rip and shred, but the only ripping and shredding going on was with their contracts being terminated. The Black Scorpion is a WrestleCrap Hall of Fame gimmick where an unknown mystic claiming to be from the man called Sting's Past would taunt the Stinger from the spooky shadows. Speaking in a voice distorted just enough to keep fans guessing his true identity, while good ol' JR spit some boo sheets about Scorpi possibly being the ultimate warrior, Sting remember California 1986 ah? Turns out WCW couldn't sign warrior and they really had no clue who to put under the mask, so the angle essentially became a cluster of a part's unknown party. WCW Booker and any award-winning voice of the Black Scorpion, Ole Anderson knew only one thing could save this storyline and know it wasn't a freaking spaceship or this not-so-scary Turner music production theme song, but rather the nature boy Ric Flair and his big old bird beak as the big reveal. Woo! For several years in the mid-1990s, WCW's most evil force was the demonic faction known as the Dungeon of Doom. Created by the Taskmaster, Kevin Sullivan and his kayfabe father, the Wizard, their monstrous cast of bizarre baddies included former heavyweight champions like the Giant and Big Van Vader, but also included a motley crew of not-so-scary superstars like the Shark, the Zodiac, and of course a mummy named after a snow monster who turned into a ninja, aka the Yete, with wacky vignette after wacky vignette inexplicably dominating WCW programming. This went from bad to worse, as soon as the group made their way to the ring to the strains of this laughing stock of an entrance theme song. I know it seems like I'm basically kicking WCW in the nards here, but they deserve it, especially after putting on one of the most infamously awful pay-per-views in wrestling history. Halloween Havoc was an annual PPV, but the 1991 iteration of this pay-per-view was truly terrifying for a number of reasons, mainly the opening Chamber of Horses match where the winning team would be declared only after a member of the opposing team had been electrocuted, or murdered however you prefer to say it. Now figuring they should double down on the spirit of the season after frying Abdullah the Butcher in an electric chair, the next contest featured the random coupling of Big Josh and the Rapmaster, Pia News, squashing a tag team called The Creatures, who just happened to be jobbers Johnny Rich and Jumping Joey Mags. Now this not-so-scary Xylophone heavy entrance theme, while not long for the Creatures, did get a decent run later in the decade thanks to Mexican luchador psychosis. Widely considered one of the most unorthodox competitors in WWE history, the half-man, half-beast Mantar approached the ring wearing a ridiculous life-sized stuffed bullhead as his not-so-scary entrance theme song snorted from the arena speakers. Alright, hold on here, I just gotta stop here for a second. Can you imagine having to travel with that thing and lug it around through airports and such? Anywho, now after removing the cringe carcass costume from his dome, Mantar was revealed to be nothing more than a bearded doughy man who barely had any animalistic characteristics at all. But in my humble opinion, the real shame in all of this is the missed opportunity of a classic midcard feud between Manny and El Matador Tito Santana. I mean, forget about the Hollywood backlot brawl between Roddy Piper and Goldust, and imagine if you will, a Mexican bullfight deathmatch at WrestleMania. It took several years for Glenn Jacobs to strike it rich as the big red machine Kane because he first had to endure a string of bad gimmicks like being the Christmas creature, the fake diesel, and of course, as Jerry Lawler's personal dentist, Isaac Yankem DDS. This cheese came from the mind of Vince McMahon who, for some reason, thought that the best person to help Lawler in his feud against Bret Hart was the king's evil ivory carpenter. Now, the DDS was no DMD and is not so scary theme song with its soothing waiting room music combined with the unnerving sound of dental saws and drills made for one of the most ear-splitting entrances ever. It's extremely difficult to try and listen to this track without wincing at its over-the-top attempts at being scary because it ain't. I mean, this theme would perfectly fit Little Miss Bliss if she were featured in a Halloween parade at her favorite place Disney World, but instead the evil is mine is excruciating nonsense from the apparent POV of Alexa's alter ego. However, while Alexa's playground was poorly received, Bliss could be heard laughing maniacally all the way to the bank because her descent into a darker, infantilized version of herself translated into Big Money and No Whammies after reports that Bliss and her creepy doll Lily sold more merch than any other WWE star not named Stone Cold Steve Austin or John Cena. In the spring of 1989, the human wrecking machine Zeus entered the WWE to confront Hulk Hogan and to declare himself to be the true star of the epic blockbuster film No Holds Barred, really blurring lines between fact and fiction here. Now, most somewhat intelligent people understand that in movies there are actors playing characters. So why did this movie character come to life and start stalking the Hulkster in arenas across North America?  However, you couldn't knock Zeus and his freaking massive shoulder pads the freak out because although he may have been a brutal bulldozer of a heel, the six foot five 300 pound monster had a not so scary, serious slap into Baseman entrance theme song. Originally thought to be the second coming of Andre the Giant, the eight foot tall Jorge Gonzalez proved to be far from the eighth wonder of the world. Wrestling for WCW as El Higante in the early 1990s, the enormous Argentinian soon arrived in the WWE as Giant Gonzalez and immediately targeted the legendary Undertaker during that year's Royal Rumble match. But it wasn't the former draftee of the NBA's Atlanta Hawks assault of the dead man that fans remembered. Instead it was his outfit. Looking like a rejected character from Harry and the Henderson's, for some strange reason the Fed thought that putting an eight foot man in a furry body suit with airbrushed muscles would get over. Turns out that Gonzalez wasn't the slightest bit scary and his boring and monotonous entrance theme was also a giant misstep. I've heard it said that the Ascension were essentially a poor man's version of the powers of pain and I have to agree with that statement. But when the Warlord and the Barbarian were first put together in gym Crockett promotions, they were two up and coming, imposing brutes that really looked like they could square up and defeat the road warriors. Unfortunately that result never happened though because apparently the POP were afraid of heights and refused to wrestle the warriors in any of their scheduled scaffold matches.


hello in this lecture we will define net costs of goods manufactured according to fundamental accounting principles wild 22nd edition the definition of net costs of goods manufactured is total manufacturing costs direct materials direct labor and factory overhead support accounting instruction by clicking the link below giving you a free month membership to all of the content on our website broken out by category further broken out by course each course then organized in a logical reasonable fashion making it much more easy to find what you need than can be done on a youtube page we also include added resources such as excel practice problems pdf files and more like quickbooks backup files when applicable so once again click the link below for a free month membership to our website and all the content on it said for the period plus beginning working process less ending working process also called costs of goods manufactured and costs of goods completed when we're thinking about the cost of goods manufactured we're thinking about a company that manufactures goods so a company that creates inventory from scratch or has a production process to create inventory when measuring the value of that inventory then we need to not only just include the raw materials within that inventory but the direct labor and the factory overhead the conversion costs the things that we needed in order to transpose that raw material to the ending process the ending inventory whenever thinking of inventory it's useful to think about the components of inventory being not just the materials but the direct labor and the overhead because those are really oftentimes some of the most expensive components of the materials that we are making of the inventory that we are consuming whether we purchase it or whether we are producing it somewhere along the production process along that line part of the value of that inventory will of course include not just the materials but the direct labor and the factory overhead if we are in the production process we will have to track those as we go so in this case we have the statement here of the net costs of goods manufactured and that will be needed in order to help us calculate the cost of goods sold calculation don't get those two completely confused cost of goods sold is calculated as the beginning inventory plus purchases if it was if we were just buying inventory but now we're going to say plus nest net cost of goods manufactured that will give us the goods available minus the ending inventory for cost of goods sold we need this worksheet in order to get us the replacement of purchases being net costs of goods manufactured this worksheet is going to give us the raw materials we're going to have to calculate the raw materials the direct labor the factory overhead generally for the month or the year the time period and that will give us our total then if we had any beginning and ending inventory we would have to account for that so this is what we did during the month in this case there's nothing here but if we had any beginning inventory that was still in process at the beginning we would add that then we would have the amount available and then we would subtract out anything that's still in working process at the end not yet completed and that would give us the net cost of goods manufactured that net cost of goods manufactured then being the major component in the calculation of cost of goods sold


Yes, Paul. Just one question. Pick the best one. First, I was absolutely shocked, surprised, and dismayed that Coinbase was rated or is about to be... No, I'm not.  Who trading on Coinbase didn't know that everything they were going to do is going to be surveilled by multiple people? That's part of working with a regulated exchange means. And I'm a Coinbase customer. So, yes, absolutely. I knew this was coming and I paid my taxes, right? Interestingly enough, this story isn't over yet. What we've seen so far, just for those who are interested in the legal insider stuff, is that the initial judge who had to rule on the petition by the government to serve Coinbase with a subpoena accepted that petition. That doesn't mean that it's done. That means now the IRS gets to file a subpoena. That subpoena then will immediately face a motion to quash by Coinbase. They've already said they're going to do that. And then the negotiation begins, right? The IRS, like any organizations that are involved in litigation like this on a big scale, right? They set a negotiating position, right? Their opening request was give us everything since the beginning of time, right? And Coinbase is probably going to file a motion that says, how about nothing? And then they're going to say, well, how about just these customers for a few years? And then Coinbase is going to go back and say, how about nothing plus something? And then after a few months of negotiations and motions and counter motions, they're going to arrive at a narrowed scope. So it's not over. And we're going to see some interesting legal activity in this particular space. But honestly, if you were trading on Coinbase, you shouldn't be on any custodial exchange on any system that has New York customer and anti-money laundering rules. You are playing in the system. And quite honestly, if you live in a Western democracy where the system is not currently trying to eat you, then maybe you should be playing in the system. Maybe that's okay. Some people don't have that luxury. They don't even have a Coinbase, right? And I think it's a bit hypocritical to blame Coinbase for this, if anybody was thinking that way.


Hello, I'm Aideen and I'm Kriva and we're here with DCUTV at the Netflix and Chill Ball and we're joined by the wonderful Mattress Mick and his Mattress buddy. So, Mekki are attending the Netflix and Chill Ball tonight but of course you are an internet sensation so we wanted to know how much has that internet sensation affected business? Well to be very honest, if I wasn't an internet sensation I would not be in business because it has been a tremendous boost to my whole profile. My profile brings people to my shop, a lot of people don't even think I exist, they think it's an actor or is this somebody who is just playing a game. So I get a lot of people who come to the shop out of pure curiosity. And do they end up by Mattress Mick? Absolutely. A little birdie told me that people actually come to your store to get the cutouts of you to bring to parties. That's right. I've been carried away in some funny looking cars but what we have is a cardboard cutout of myself. I'm going to bring one here tonight but I didn't ask for the cutout done. You should have done it on your own. I wouldn't put it in my apartment. But we have them around the shop and yeah, people do invite me or bring me home to 10 parties and weddings. I've actually been at a wedding, I've been at a funeral. I know I've been at 21st's in my cardboard state. And what about your real estate have you been invited to any weddings, parties? I've been at, I do a lot of, we say for example, I'm a judge at the Strictly Come Dancing Competitions which I totally enjoy because it's great. I have 21st's, I've also been at what you call a race meeting, race night, different things. It's great, very fun. And does Mattress' body come everywhere with you? No, no, I couldn't take that, I hate it too much. We work together, we love one another but we need our space. But sometimes you do space. That's right.  Naomi and Quiba were actually YouTubers as well. So you're wondering if you have any words of advice for us to break out in the YouTube scene? Well what I do, I rehearse nothing. Okay. Absolutely nothing. Just like us. Pretty much.  I say what comes into my head. No rehearsals, no notes, no prompts, no nothing. That is why I think because some of them are not terribly professional, because it's mistakes, that's why I think they're working. People like them. Yeah, because they're natural, they're not trained videos and I'm not a trained actor, I'm not trained personality, but that's why I think why it works. And it's more fun when you make mistakes too. Yeah. Well... Something for people to laugh at. Yeah, it's good, I enjoy it and I think people can respond to it because they're dealing with an individual, they're dealing with a person that they can touch and feel. But one of the big things that I do when the customer goes into my shop is I say, give me a hug. Now you get a woman coming in to buy an actress, one person you want, let's give me a hug. And do they give you a hug? Yeah, absolutely. So he can do your hip with the ladies ever since you've come out on the YouTube scene? Yeah, they love me. What do you think? How are you? You're getting lots of fan mail. Absolutely, I get a lot of fan mail, but I get a lot of fun and a lot of recognition. When you recognise and people come up to you, it's a good feeling and it means that something is working. Yeah. And this happens quite a lot and it's happening more and more. So this back with the bang video, which has had a lot of hits, Stephen Fry gave me a tweet a couple of years ago, which was fantastic. And people remember that. But one thing, I've been on the radio a few times on the different stations, but everything, everybody says, I heard you on the Joe Duffy show. I've never been on the Joe Duffy show. I've been on other shows, but people just assume you're on radio, you're on Joe Duffy. Yes. I find all this terribly amusing, that's good fun. It's great. And who first came up with the idea that you should be making videos? Well, I created the idea of matters to make. I needed to do something different because I was always in the furniture business and things were a bit tough. So I looked up my business, I was up in the Northside Shopping Centre for nearly 25 years, and we were selling more mattresses and beds than anything else. So I said, right, things are not going so good up in the Northside, and I had a couple of shops. So I said, we concentrate on mattresses. Now, not having a huge budget like my competitors, I said, right, I have to go up with something different. And taking my appearance and my personality, I decided I'd just do it myself, become creator of Matters Make or a Matter of Mickey or Mickey Matters or whatever. I decided on Matters Make. And it's my idea, the guy who does my stuff, my video is Paul Kelly. We have a studio in Pure Street in our shop behind the shop in Pure Street, full green screen and everything else. And Paul and I work very closely together in putting the videos. And would Paul be an administrator on your Facebook page or is that all for you as well? Yeah, no, Paul does everything. He does all my social media. I'm actually quite hopeless at it. It's kind of, yes, I'm a bit old to be, I didn't grow up with it. But no, Paul looks after all of that. Now you're here at the Netflix and Chill Ball tonight. So we have a few questions regarding Netflix. What is your favorite program on Netflix? Do you even watch Netflix? I don't even watch Netflix. Oh, there you go. Exactly what Netflix is. But you do like to chill with your Matters. I do. So that's the main thing. So what is Netflix? Netflix is a streaming website and there's lots of series on it. So we actually, I'm dressed up as Netflix characters tonight.  So that's why we're in our pajamas. Okay, I was kind of wondering what the reason for that was. Yeah. So there's going to be a lot of dramas tonight. There's also going to be a lot of people dressed up as Netflix characters. So there's going to be, on Netflix, there's lots of films. There's lots of TV programs. Yeah, I know that. I know that. What would your favorite TV program be then? I like the, and I love these plays, dramas, regarding like, what's the famous one that I like? Unsolved Mysteries. Things like that. I love that type of thing. There's a lot of that on Netflix. You should definitely get on Netflix. Yeah, really. You can have your own Netflix series. I love that. I love those. My own. I like talk programs. I like, I won't say that they're late show, but I like that type of formula. Okay, yeah. I enjoy that. So you can do that as well? Your own talk show? We're going to actually, that's the project we're working on, is to have a talk show, the Mattress McTalk Show, where I'll be talking about mattresses, and about sleep. Well, if you're ever looking for guest speakers, sign us up. Yeah. We want to do that. Sleep is very important. Sleep is your wellness. Your whole health. And a lot of people don't actually realize that. The importance of it. An importance of a good mattress, which you can get in your shop. Absolutely. It's also connected. Yeah, I know. Very clever, very clever. So we decided we'd have a, we're doing a pilot show actually next week, where I will be like and say, Kate Bourne used to be like, he'd be sitting on the chair, and then I'd have guests in from the public, from my manufacturers, my suppliers, asking what they're looking for, how mattresses are made, explains the public, and the importance of sleep. Brilliant. Well, we're going to be definitely looking at that, and hopefully it'll get to Netflix at some stage. You never know. My doubt. It's a different idea anyway. It definitely is. It'll be a bit of fun, but one thing we're going to do, if you notice that all these shows, you always have a guest singer. Yeah. Well, what we're going to do is get a guest buster. We are going to, at least I am going to go down and say, Henry's here at our consulate, and somebody's singing on the stage, and that's when we make a guest appearance on the show. Brilliant idea. I think it's a good idea. Supporting local music as well. But it'll give some poor diva, a girl or whatever, a chance to, you know, get on television or get on the net, on the computers, on YouTube. You never know. Yeah. Good work for them. Well, Mattress Mick, thank you so much for joining us today. Okay, very welcome. Don't forget to tune in to DCUTV to see the rest of our interviews at the Netflix and Chill Ball.


Coming up on this edition of Abledon On Air, we talk about the recent Japanese earthquake and emergency preparedness when it comes to situations like that. All that and much more when Abledon On Air starts right now. Major sponsors for Abledon On Air include Washington County Metal Health, where hope and support come together. Media sponsors for Abledon On Air include Park Chester Times, Muslim Community Report, WWW, this is the Bronx.info, Associated Press Media Additors, New York Power Online Newspaper, U.S. Press Corps Domestic and International, Anchor FM and Spotify. Partners for Abledon On Air include Yachad of New York and New England, where everyone belongs, the Orthodox Union, the Division for the Blind and Visually Impaired of Vermont, the Vermont Association for the Blind and Visually Impaired, Center Vermont Habitat for Humanity, Montefiore Medical Center of the Bronx, Rose of Kennedy Center of Bronx, New York, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of the Bronx, Abledon On Air has been seen in the following publications, Park Chester Times, WWW, this is the Bronx.com, New York Power Online Newspaper, Muslim Community Report, WWW.H.com and the Montpelier Bridge. Abledon On Air is part of the following organizations, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, Boston, New England Chapter, and the Society of Professional Journalists. Great, welcome to the tradition of Abledon On Air, the one and only program that focuses on the needs, concerns and achievements of all people with the Belalese, and we're talking about the recent Japanese earthquake that happened in the beginning of January. Before we do that, let's thank our partners, the Association for the Blind Vermont, the Division for the Blind Vermont, and many, many, many others. Now let's get to the topic at hand, which comes to us from Japan, and Reuters, by the way, is a news organization. You can go to www.routers.com, forward slash world Japanese magnitude. They had a powerful earthquake, which, a powerful earthquake rocked Japan, nearly 100,000 residents ordered to evacuate. So there was a major tsunami warning that was reduced to an advisory, scores of houses were destroyed, tens of thousands of homes were outpowered overnight during that time. One man was reported dead after the building collapsed. A powerful earthquake struck central Japan on Monday the first, killing at least one person, destroying buildings and knocking out powers to tens of thousands of homes.  We can find that out at some other point. Prompting residents in coastal areas fleeing to higher ground. The quake was a preliminary magnitude of 7.6 that triggered waves about one meter long in Japan's west coast and neighboring South Korea. The Japan Weather Agency, the JMA, which is the Mediterranean Agency, initially issued a major tsunami warning since the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami that struck northeast Japan, killing 20,000 people. For Ishikawa Prefecture, it was cut down to an advisory. It was a strong quake in the region within four decades according to the U.S. Geological Survey. Houses were destroyed, a fire broke out, and personnel was dispatched to help with the rescue operations and the government spokesman, Yoshima Ahayushai, told reporters. Now I got it. So I apologize if I messed up someone's name. And the elderly man was pronounced dead after a building fell down in Shikaton, Oshawa, and a broadcaster reported siding local police. So now local media footage from the catastrophic event showed a building collapse and a plume of dust in the city of Suzhou and a large crack in the road. Where panic onlookers clutch their children. You know, parents clutch their children. Now in terms of, I'm looking up an earthquake graph, so you guys can see what it looks like. So let's go to here. If you can see this graph, the number of earthquakes that happened in Japan. So this comes from a number, a website, www.status.com. Annual number of earthquakes that occurred in Japan from 2010 to 2024. As you can see from the graph, the bigger the number, by the way, the graph is showing on the screen. So the bigger the number, for those with special needs that have a problem with numbers or a problem with math, so the bigger the number, the more earthquakes. The smaller the number, the less earthquakes. So in 2010, Japan had one earthquake. 2011, as you can see by the graph, they had 34 earthquakes or tremors. 2012, 10 earthquakes. 2013, 7 earthquakes. 2014, 6 earthquakes. 2015, 7 earthquakes. 2016, 22 earthquakes. 2017, 6 earthquakes. 2018, this is for people who have problems understanding numbers. 2018, 5 earthquakes. 2019, 5 earthquakes. 2020, 4 earthquakes. 2021, 7 earthquakes. 2022, 8 earthquakes. It's a little big but small. 2023, 6 earthquakes. And 2022, so far. The number of... So in 2023, Japan experienced 6 earthquakes and the Japan Weather Service, JMA magnitude 5 or more. Now, there's a difference between an earthquake and a national disaster, but an earthquake can be part of a national disaster. Now, going down here, so let's go to the graph for natural disasters so we can tell you the difference. Climate and weather. Okay, so as you can see, the graph... Oh, I can't access that. I've got to go back. It won't let me access. So there's a difference between a natural disaster and an earthquake. Well, an earthquake can be considered... That's with the fault line. The fault line is where the ground separates. So let's go into that and I can define what a fault line is an earthquake so you can understand it. So a fault line for earthquakes is where a fracture or a zone or fracture between the blocks of rock or a fault allows the blocks to move relative to each other. This movement can... may occur rapidly in the form of an earthquake or may occur slowly in the form of a creep. So let me... So the bigger the crack, as you can see here, is where... So the bigger the crack, the bigger the earthquake. The smaller the crack, the smaller the earthquake. Basically, that's what the fault is. So according to USGS.gov, what is the fault and what is the different types? So for more information on earthquakes and faults, you can go to www.usgs.gov. A fault is a fracture or a zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other. This movement may occur in the form of an earthquake again and may occur slowly in the form of a creep. Faults may range between the length of a few millimeters to a few thousand kilometers. Most faults produce repeated displacements or geologic time. During an earthquake, the rock on one side of the fault suddenly slips with the respect to others. The fault surface can be horizontal or vertical in some arbitrary angle in between. Earth scientists use the angle of a fault depending on the surface, known as a dip. It dips down in the direction or slip along the fault and classy faults. Faults which move in the direction of a dip or a dip plane are dip or slip faults and describe either as a normal or reversed thrust depending on their motion. Faults which are horizontally and known as strike or slip faults are classified on either right or lateral left. Faults which show dip and slip and strike slip motion are known as oblique slip faults. This is a little bit difficult to understand, but those that want to find out more about earthquakes and faults, you can go to www.usgs.gov or flash what is a fault and how does it deal with earthquakes. Now, if you are in California, let me go down here. We don't need that. If you are in California, let's say, then California gets a lot of earthquakes. So I can go to this picture here and show it. So here on this part of the website you can see the different types of faults and different types of earthquakes here if you are interested in that. So basically I'm also going to give you guys advice on what to do in case an earthquake. Really quick, go down here. Sorry. If you're in the middle of an earthquake, the tips on what to do in case of an earthquake. This is important because you never know when one can happen. I know Vermont probably hasn't had an earthquake in years if Vermont has ever had one. Before an earthquake, this is coming from a website called defiedesaster.org. www.defiedesaster.org for earthquakes. Before an earthquake, identify hazards and secure movable items, furniture, so on and so forth. You can go to www.ready.gov and make a plan. Create a disaster plan. To learn more about creating an emergency plan, you can go to www.ready.gov and make a plan. Organize disaster supplies. Minimize financial hardship by organizing insurance documents. During an earthquake, drop, cover and hold on. If possible, improve safety for others. After an earthquake, check for gas and water leaks, broken electrical wiring or sewage lines.  Avoid gas. Do not attempt. Please, if you are disabled or special needs, do not attempt to relight the gas pilot unless your gas line has been inspected. Call the gas company for assistance. Co-operate with public safety officials and follow instructions that they are trained to ensure safety. Avoid driving if possible. Be prepared for aftershocks. Stay calm and help notify others if you evacuate and where you can be found. For business operations after earthquake, please visit your local, it says Los Angeles here, but please visit your local business office wherever you are in Vermont. Please ignore the Los Angeles County situation here. This is just a really important website called defydisaster.org and you can, but there's information here on floods, power outages, wildfires. Matter of fact, let me look at here. If in Vermont, you suffer a power outage, get green mountain power, whoops. So if you're in Vermont and you suffer a power outage, yeah, let's go to that. There's a big map here, green mountain power, which is www.greenmountainpower.com. Now recently we had storms and all of that stuff here in Vermont. Storms, down trees, so on and so forth. So there's a big map here of Vermont as you guys can see on the map here on your screen. So, New Hampshire is next to us. Vermont is here in the middle. So on and so forth. And New York is to this side. So, as you can see in the map. So according, it was updated, 12.22 p.m. today. So, so far, 37 customers are without power. There are eight active incidents and eight towns affected. So if you have a down tree, down power line, please don't touch, during disasters, don't touch a down power line, don't touch anything of a live wire, anything of that nature. We don't want anyone electrocuted. So in this episode we talked about Japan and earthquakes and what to do, but it's also really dealing with disasters. So we must not touch a down power line. We don't want anyone watching Ableton on air to be in the hospital. And if you encounter a down power line during a disaster, please call 911 immediately when you're dealing with that.  Please take care of yourself. Watch out during disasters. If you have any disaster that you need help with, go to also, it's not here up on screen, but go to www.redcross.org that is www.redcross.org. And if you have problems with power in Vermont, you can go to greenmountainpower.com. That's greenmountainpower.com and they will make sure that you have power during these times of disasters in Vermont. I'm Lawrence Seiler. We must pray for those in Japan who have dealt with this earthquake and other disasters. I'm Lawrence Seiler. My wife is not here today due to being in rehab. We must pray for her and pray how good she's doing. I'm Lawrence Seiler. See you next time. Major sponsors for Ableton on Air include Washington County Mental Health where hope and support come together. Media sponsors for Ableton on Air include Park Chester Times, Muslim Community Report, www, this is the Bronx.info, Associated Press Media Editors, New York Power Online Newspaper, U.S. Press Corps, Domestic and International, Anchor FM and Spotify. Partners for Ableton on Air include Yachad of New York and New England where everyone belongs, the Orthodox Union, the Division for the Blind and Visually Impaired of Vermont, the Vermont Association for the Blind and Visually Impaired, the Center for Vermont Habitat for Humanity, Montefere Medical Center of the Bronx, Rose of Kennedy Center of Bronx, New York, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of the Bronx, Ableton on Air has been seen in the following publications, Park Chester Times, www, this is the Bronx.com, New York Power Online Newspaper, Muslim Community Report, www.h.com and the Montpelier Bridge. Ableton on Air is part of the following organizations, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, Boston, New England Chapter and the Society of Professional Journalists.


Everyone, my name is Stephanie Morillo. I wanna talk to you about a thing that I did this past April that got me a lot of visibility for better or worse. And this is a thing that, I'm sorry, I'm trying to talk slow. I'm channeling my inner coronda. This thing was based off of conversations that I had been having with friends in the tech community and with friends in general. Things that I did not feel very comfortable talking about openly. And namely, it was diversity in tech and what I have problems with. I'll read you an excerpt from this blog post that was published this past April. I wrote a series of tweets about diversity in tech. It's a topic I've had in my mind for a while and haven't been able to voice for fear of being that angry person of color. But let me explain to you what my life currently looks like. When I go to work and assert what I believe in, I get called sassy. When I check the Guardian's website, Jessica Valente's face is featured prominently along some feature she's written about being women because heaven forbid another woman, a trans woman, a lesbian, bisexual, a gender queer person or a woman of color be given the opportunity to write about women's issues for the Guardian. Then there are the blissfully unaware like Patricia Arquette and Madonna who believe that minorities should fight for women's rights as if half of these members of these groups weren't women. When I check Twitter, I see white women dominate the conversation around diversity and also the term women. So the first thing I wanna say is I didn't go into tech seeking to be the person to talk about diversity. I went into tech to do what most of you do and it's to do your job and do it well. But the dearth of diversity has a way of finding you even when you're not looking for it. I first noticed that the peculiarity around diversity in tech was more leaning towards women when I started attending tech conferences. Most of the conferences that I've attended, I've attended on scholarship and usually the organizers or the attendees will celebrate at some point and I believe rightfully so how last year there were less women speakers or less women attendees than this year and we'd celebrate the lines to the bathroom and all of that stuff and everybody would think that was great and that's awesome but I felt like it was half a victory because I would glance across the room and I would see very few people of color and among these women that were celebrating very, very few women of color, very few as in I can count this on my hand and this is something that I've seen as a pattern across tech in general. I'll explain to you what I mean by that. So at work, I see this a lot in work. Earlier this year I interviewed for jobs in the tech industry, I'm from New York City so all of my interviews took place in New York and I decided to pop the diversity question which for me is what is your commitment to diversity and similar to what Liz said I mostly do it just to gauge what the reaction is gonna be but the interviewer told me we're very, very dedicated to diversity we're trying to get more women on the team and I was particularly annoyed by this answer because I had taken the time to look up the employees and look at the employee directory before going to the interview and I saw that the majority of the women at this company were white there were less than five women of color and about four of them appeared to be Asian so there were no non-Asian women of color working at this company. Now unfortunately, this seems to be the pattern in tech everywhere you would figure that in a place like New York City they would pay particular attention to diversity given that it is the most ethnically diverse city on the planet but tech startups in New York look and are reflective of the diversity situation elsewhere I'm sorry guys, I'm a little jittery right now. Thank you, thank you. I already worked at a company I already worked at a company where despite having a high percentage of women on staff the HR department wouldn't release numbers around diversity. So we were very keen and aware of saying yeah, we do have a lot of women working here but they didn't wanna go into numbers around race. So no one felt very comfortable about bringing this up. Case in point, I worked on an all-female marketing team and I was the only woman of color which I find to be astounding. The only other people that I felt a kingship to at my company were black women and we would frequently discuss in our back channels some of the microaggressions that we faced and I would say that the black women in my company faced far more than I did.  He's never used that language to any single other member of the team and she was the only black woman on her team. I recently met a friend of mine who we set up an initiative together and she told me that she had been called abrasive by people in the industry simply because she was a woman of color and because she had the courage to speak up about her experiences. So one thing that I think we tend to forget about diversity work is that it is both inner work it is both affecting interchange as well as outer change. It's very easy to say I'm not represented or this person isn't represented, we need to make change but one thing that I've become keenly aware about in my own journey in growth and self-actualization is that there's a lot of having to dismantle beliefs within yourself while also seeking to promote change on the outside. So for every single time I go out there and say you know what I want more underrepresented people in tech I want more women of color in tech because this is a group that I belong to I'm also keenly aware of the privileges that I exert over other marginalized people. I am a woman of color who comes from a disadvantaged background but I am young, I am able bodied, I am cisgendered and I'm heterosexual and these are privileges that I exert over people that are not very much like me. So it is my job and it is my duty to educate myself around the issues that affect these different groups. It is my job to sit down and listen. It is my job to amplify their voices and it is my job to get over whatever issues I have or things that I don't understand because we cannot take baby steps when we have so much to get done. So we can't wait until we figure out our own until we're able to reach this level of understanding in order to affect change. So I wanna talk about an initiative that got it right in my opinion. This past spring I participated in a conference for women software engineers called RightSpeak Code in New York City. One of the things that called out to me in the scholarship section for RightSpeak Code were the scholarships. They put them in different categories. They had a category for individuals who identified as LGBTQIA and they also had a category for people who identified as women of color which I was extremely excited about because for the first time in the almost three years that I've spent in the industry, I saw women of color spelled out differently and be included as a separate category. Now I think this is very important when you're calling out specific groups and it may feel uncomfortable and unnatural but there's something very reassuring about seeing you and the group that you belong to be given that special attention. It's very easy for us to erase numbers. Case in point, the Wall Street Journal this week wrote an article around Facebook's numbers, the number of tech workers currently in Facebook and the article remarked how last year Facebook's tech workforce was only 15% women and this year was 16% women but when you went into the racial breakdowns of all of these groups, Hispanics were only 3%, blacks were only 1% and other were only 2%. So non-Asian people of color were still less than 10% of the workforce at Facebook and imagine being a woman on top of that. It would be very, very, very small and that tends to be very isolating and very exhausting.  You hate having to be the person to talk about these issues and bring them up. Sometimes all you wanna do is go in and do your work but you're not able to because you have to confront all of these issues that make their way into your life in some way, shape or form. So I decided that keeping all of these things in mind and holding myself accountable to try to create a safe space for people that weren't like me but also celebrate people that I felt were getting left out of the equation. I decided to co-found a Twitter chat. The hashtag is WOC in tech which I started with Christina Morillo, no relation, even though we're sisters in tech. And we decided that we wanted to know who the other women in color in tech were. We were sick and tired of being the only ones talking about being women of color in the industry that it was really hard to find people and in a place like New York. So I could only imagine what women of color in other parts of the United States who are part of an even much smaller community of people of color, how isolating it was for them. And the results were staggering. Our first chat we had anywhere between 25 to 40 active participants in the hour. The majority of the women that participated in the chat worked in technical roles even though we had women who were non-technical but working in tech companies. And we decided to call out groups specifically. So we made sure to include language that was that called out LGBTQ members of the people of color community. Trans women especially. We also called out black women, Latinas and native women, particularly since they are extremely underrepresented in women of color in tech. And a beautiful thing and a learning opportunity for me was when non-binary people of color in the community told me they wanted to participate in the chat and I asked them, okay, great, I want you to participate too. Can you give us some language? And they said, non-binary people of color is fine. So we've added call outs in recent weeks to say, hey, we're welcoming non-binary people of color. And to make sure that this was a space that was safe for women of color, we also included language that encouraged allies to observe and to amplify, but to please not participate in the space. One thing that gets, thank you. I think that it's very easy for us to get excited when we want to learn from other people and when we want to show people encouragement, but it's very, very important for us not to be complicit in the erasure of any other groups and to just sit back and see what's going on. And the wonderful thing is that we decided to let companies, we've asked companies to reach out to us if they're looking for diverse talent and we would include mentions in the chat. Last count for the last chat, we had 12 companies from all around the US who were looking for engineers, designers, UX people in a variety of roles, say, yes, we do want more women of color in our ranks and we think that you would be a great fit for us. So the last point that I want to make is around employers in tech. So until now, I think that diversity efforts have still taken the path of least resistance in which we say, okay, we need diversity. Well, do you know someone? Do you know someone? Do you know someone? And it's still very much focusing on, it's still very much depending on referrals, on networking and on back channels to be able to find this talent, which I think is a reason why a lot of the women that are represented in tech companies today tend to be overwhelmingly white because if you're a white dude and you're looking for another woman to work there, chances are she's a white woman. There's nothing wrong with that. That's just the way, that's the state of where things are right now. And one interesting point that I saw, yes, actually this morning that I'd love to bring up, Shanley Cain of Model View Culture recently suggested implementing quotas to ensure that the hiring of underrepresented people is measurable. And I agree with this for a few reasons. For one, it forces recruiters and hiring managers to go beyond the usual networks for tapping into candidates and will widen the pool, which means having to recognize the unconscious bias of, okay, are we hiring people that go to certain schools, right, for example? And are these schools representative of the demographics of the wider society, for example? And two, it forces companies to have open discussions about diversity as it affects different underrepresented groups, which I think is a huge, huge thing.  On a number of axes, we're not having sufficient conversation. And we don't know the vocabulary. We're not developing a vocabulary for this. So to that end, I definitely suggest that employers hire diversity consultants to help them basically facilitate these conversations with the employees. Give your employees a framework to work off of when it comes to talking about these issues. Give them a space to ask questions. Give them a space to learn more. And furthermore, diversity consultants are experts in their field and they're able to help you implement initiatives and solutions that'll maximize your inclusion efforts. Diversity is really, really hard work. It's more than just affecting change on the outside to make you feel good. There's a lot of it that doesn't make you feel good. There's a lot of it that's tiring. There's a lot of it that you're like, well, I don't understand what the big deal is, but it is a big deal to somebody. And that big deal to somebody can mean the difference between them not being able to get a job that's gonna help them get them out of poverty or help move them up the social ladder. So it's absolutely imperative that whatever we do with diversity that we take the time to speak and take a time to sit back and listen. Thank you.