Good morning, everyone, and welcome to the Carnegie Endowment. Delighted this morning to have the chance not only to welcome all of you, but to welcome Wendy Sherman, the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, to Carnegie. Wendy is first and foremost a wonderful friend, as decent and caring, thoughtful colleague as I've had over many years during my service in government. And she is, as all of you know, a superb public servant as well. Smart, strategic, and versatile, which is an extraordinarily important dimension, I think, of American public service or public service anyplace in the world in this era when so much is changing in the international landscape. And nowhere are those changes more significant for the United States or for the international system than those that are taking place across the Asia-Pacific. Northeast Asia lies at the heart of that extraordinarily important part of the world. And I'm delighted that Wendy is going to talk to us today a little bit, not only about her recent visit to the region, to Northeast Asia, but also to offer her reflections on the significance of those critical relationships, whether it's the United States and China, as significant a bilateral relationship, as I can see, as far out into the 21st century as I look. Or of equal importance, our longstanding treaty allies in Japan and the Republic of Korea. So once again, it's an enormous pleasure for me to welcome Wendy Sherman to call me. Well, good morning to you all. And thanks especially to Bill Burns for that really lovely introduction. It's nice to see that there really is life after the State Department. For your information, Ambassador Burns, I spent much of the past week in Europe engaged in negotiations with Iran and our multilateral partners regarding Tehran's nuclear program. I mention this to make the former Deputy Secretary feel nostalgic and realize all the fun he's been missing, because there's no question that Carnegie's gain is the State Department's loss. We all know people who are smart, who work hard, who have broad experience, or who are visionary. We all know people who are fun to be around or who can be counted on to keep their cool when everyone else is going a little nuts. What we rarely run into is someone who combines all those qualities. And that's exactly what Bill Burns does. And so we, I miss him terribly. But we also know exactly where to find him. And there's no doubt that although he may have retired from public service, Bill's wise contributions to the discussion of world affairs will continue. I count him as a very close advisor to me, to the Secretary, to the President of the United States. And that's a blessing to all of us. Thank you, Bill, for your continued service. This morning, I welcome the chance to talk to you about relations between the United States and three nations, Japan, China, and South Korea. It's the right time to do so, because throughout the remainder of the Obama administration, Northeast Asia will continue to be a major focus of US foreign policy. In November, President Obama had a fruitful visit to China for the APEC summit. Deputy Secretary of State Blinken just returned from the region and in the coming months, Prime Minister Abe and Presidents Park and Xi will all make separate trips to Washington. I went to Northeast Asia myself earlier this month and returned with a strong sense that we are at a pivotal moment. Amid chronic dangers, there are also opportunities for the region to reduce tensions and become one of the globe's sturdiest platforms for international prosperity and peace. To begin, a story from a former colleague and veteran Asian hand, Ambassador Winston Lord. Some time ago, he and his wife, the very learned Betty Bough Lord, visited an ancient temple outside Beijing. They were met by the head priest, who asked them to ascribe a few words that, as he put it, might help to guide and instruct future visitors to the temple. Winston said at that moment his ego inflated, and he began frantically running through his mental storehouse of wise sayings. A short time later, an aide to the priest came forward with a brush, a jar of ink, and two small wooden planks. After an exchange of bows, the priest clarified his request. To guide and instruct future visitors, he said to the proud American scholars, please write one plank, the English word for ladies, and the other for gentlemen. The moral, according to Ambassador Lord, was that whenever Westerners hope to impress Asians with their wisdom, we might well begin by showing humility. This morning, I would add that in addition to humility, it's also necessary to approach Asia with an appreciation of the past. I say that because the past is very much present in East Asia today. It affects the temperatures of relations between countries and helps determine how every gesture is interpreted. The impact is sharpened by the fact that 2015 marks the 70th anniversary of the end of World War II. As I found during my recent trip, this anniversary is considered a pretty big deal in the Asia Pacific, just as it is here. Seven decades ago, in fact, my own father was a US Marine. He fought and was wounded in the Battle of Guadalcanal, a six-month campaign which eventually turned the tide in that terrible conflict. None of us should underestimate the trauma of those years, which did begin in aggression and ended in an uneasy dawn of the nuclear age. For millions, the war meant death, and for survivors, the loss of loved ones and an utterly changed way of life. Little wonder that the ordeal opened wounds of body and mind that in some cases have still not fully healed. In the hearts of many, the conflict also generated a fervent desire to prevent such a catastrophe from ever happening again. My parents were part of that category of people. So when the fighting was finally over, they journeyed to San Francisco simply to be present at the founding of the United Nations. The very first line of the UN Charter expressed the determination, quote, to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war. Unquote. Given the lofty nature of UN ideals, we sometimes forget that the world body wasn't the creation of starry-eyed dreamers. On the contrary, it was the handy work of clear-eyed realists just emerging from the crucible of the Holocaust and global conflict. And they saw as their most urgent job the development of institutions that would keep nations from once again ripping each other apart. Today we're called on to continue this quest, but to succeed we must learn from the past and shape institutions and arrangements of our own. Since the first weeks of the Obama administration, Asia has figured prominently in American foreign policy. The famous rebalance has come into its own. Despite many other demands, we've achieved a new normal of sustained, well-resourced, high-level engagement with the region. But it's worth remembering what the rebalance is and what it was never intended to be. It's not a move away from the Americas or from Europe, and it's not primarily a military strategy. Rather, it's simply a recognition of reality. America's security and prosperity are inextricably and increasingly linked with the Asia Pacific. The United States, China, and Japan are homes to the world's three largest economies, and Korea has moved into the top 12. Outside of Europe and North America, these are the largest trading partners of the United States, and trade within the region and around the Asia Pacific has skyrocketed. This expansion of economic influence has an impact in other arenas, including security and diplomacy. Events in East Asia will, inarguably, affect the future of us all. In the past quarter century, China's economy has grown at a faster rate over a longer period of time than any other in history. Extreme poverty has declined sharply. Average life expectancy has more than doubled. Illiteracy is vanishing. The middle class has mushroomed, and Chinese industrial centers have become magnets for foreign investment. Of course, as investors are frequently reminded, past results are no guarantee of future performance. China, by its own admission, faces a variety of domestic challenges, including an aging workforce, a widening gap between rich and poor, the need to stimulate domestic consumption, and a level of pollution that is literally breathtaking. Over the years, U.S.-China relations have had their ups and downs, but American policy has been remarkably consistent. Presidents from Nixon to Obama have agreed on the importance of engagement, going forward issue by issue, coming together where we can, and narrowing gaps where possible. As our relations have matured, U.S. and Chinese leaders have developed the ability to be very frank with each other. China has complaints about the United States, including our respect for the Dalai Lama and our friendship with the people of Taiwan. For our part, we continue to raise issues of human rights and freedom in all their dimensions. We do so to be true to ourselves and because history has shown that nations that uphold these rights are ultimately more prosperous, more successful, and more able to achieve the dreams of their people. Of course, there is suspicion in some quarters that because of our differences, America is rooting against China. But the reality is that the United States very much wants China to be stable and prosperous. And that's not because we're just altruistic. It's for the same reason that in the 1990s, we supported Beijing's membership in the WTO. We recognize that China's success benefits our own, just as our progress supports China's. That's also why we're working to reach agreement with Beijing on a bilateral trade and investment treaty, a pact with high standards that would provide a level playing field for U.S. investors and ensure the commercial ties are supported by the rule of law. Meanwhile, China is not the only country in East Asia that has been rising. Since I was a teenager first learning about the world, South Korea has made amazing progress. It is graduated from international aid recipient to aid donor, the result of an explosion of innovation, economic reform, and greater democracy. As a reflection of its new status, South Korea has in recent years hosted a G20 summit, served on the Security Council, and seen one of its most able sons elected and reelected, Secretary General of the United Nations. Bilaterally, we're now in the third year of the U.S.-Korea free trade agreement. We've seen four rounds of tariff cuts on goods such as cars, trucks, appliances, and medicines, and the export of services is up as well. This is America's most significant trade agreement in almost two decades, and it is building an even stronger foundation for the future of our alliance with Seoul. Like Korea, Japan is America's ally and close friend. We share a love of democracy, a belief in human rights, a commitment to peace, and some pretty good baseball players. Japan is also by far the largest economy among the countries with whom we are currently pursuing the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a 12-nation trade and investment regime that encompasses two-fifths of the globe's economic output, and that will include landmark provisions governing labor, the environment, and internet freedom. Instead of a plunge to the bottom, the TPP will encourage a race to the top, and it will contribute to prosperity all along the Pacific Rim. One fact that strikes me whenever I visit Japan is the depth of interests and values we share. Japan has long been a lead supporter of international law and a generous contributor to overseas development. In recent years, its role has expanded to include logistical support for coalition military forces in Iraq and in Afghanistan. The Iran nuclear negotiations are also of great concern to the Japanese, given their country's ability to contribute in any discussion regarding the peaceful use of nuclear energy. And tragically, in recent weeks, Japan has been given new and urgent reasons to look outward. When I was in Tokyo, the first of two Japanese hostages held by the ISIL network had just been killed. The second, Kenji Goto, was a man of singular decency and courage, whose sole purpose in entering Syria had been to rescue his countrymen. Despite widespread appeals for his release, Mr. Goto was murdered shortly after I left. The killings were an apparent retribution for Japan's pledge of $200 million in humanitarian assistance. I repeat, humanitarian assistance to the victims of fighting in the Middle East. The terrorist leaders have since threatened the Japanese, saying that they have, quote, an entire army thirsty for your blood, unquote. As in Pakistan, France, Jordan, Egypt, the United States, and many other lands, the effort by violent extremists to intimidate and divide the people of Japan will surely, instead, bring them together. The horror of the executions was deeply felt, and the threat to Japanese citizens worldwide has fed an internal discussion that has been ongoing about the appropriate role of the country's self-defense force. Japan, as a nation, is working to reconcile modern demands with hard-won lessons from the past. This is, in a broader sense, the challenge faced by the entire region. To what extent does the past limit future possibilities for cooperation? The conventional answer to that question, sadly, is a lot. After all, relations within Northeast Asia are often less than smooth. In recent years, we have seen tensions heighten over the Senkaku Islands, which Tokyo administers, but which Beijing asserts were once part of Greater China. Japan is wary of China's rapid and opaque defense buildup. The Koreans, and especially the Chinese, are sensitive to any change in Japanese defense policy. The Koreans and Chinese have quarreled with Tokyo over so-called comfort women from World War II. There are disagreements about the content of history books and even the names given to various bodies of water. All this is understandable, but it can also be frustrating. Any architect who set out today to design a platform for international security, prosperity, and peace would love to include in her blueprint a harmonious and cooperative East Asia. There can be no question that the world be safer richer and more stable if the United States, Japan, China, and South Korea were consistently pulling in the same direction. And that's definitely what the majority of the people in the region want. Of course, nationalist feelings can still be exploited and it's not hard for a political leader anywhere to earn cheap applause by vilifying a former enemy, but such provocations produce paralysis, not progress. To move ahead, we have to see beyond what was to envision what might be. And in thinking about the possibilities, we don't have to look far for a cautionary tale of a country that has allowed itself to be trapped by its own history. I am one of the relatively few American diplomats who have negotiated directly with North Korea's senior officials. In the process, I found first of all that those leaders do indeed follow international affairs closely, even though the lens through which they view events is narrow. Second, they would very much like to drive a wedge between America and our allies in Seoul and Tokyo and even our relationship with China, but that's not going to happen. Third, they see in Pakistan, a country whose nuclear program was first protested, then accepted and hoped to follow that example, which also isn't going to happen. Fourth, they have known for many years that their economic model is a failure, but fear that opening up as China and Vietnam have done would entail too much political risk. Finally, the authorities in Pyongyang crave attention and respect, but they haven't a clue about how to obtain either, except through the threat of force. They are apparently under the illusion that the best way to conceal a weak hand is with a clenched fist. In the last quarter century, the contrast has widened between the prosperity generated by the South's freedom and the hardship spawned by the North's repression. Despite its bluster, the North's strategy has failed utterly. Instead of gaining acceptance, the country is increasingly isolated. Instead of self-reliance, Juche, it has lost strength from within. Instead of bold reforms, it has settled for ineffective steps that lead the majority of its citizens malnourished, saddled with obsolete technology, politically impotent, and eager to get out. It was suggested to me during my recent trip that by insisting on the goal of a nuclear-free Korean Peninsula, we are ensuring because of Pyongyang's stubbornness that nothing will change, but that conclusion is simplistic. The fact is that a great deal is happening. The diplomatic pressure on North Korea continues to intensify. President Obama recently signed an executive order that authorizes new sanctions. In September, the IAEA General Conference unanimously condemned North Korea's nuclear program, which China has exhibited unprecedented firmness in opposing. And late last year, the UN Security Council undertook the first ever public review of the DPRK's abysmal human rights practices. We all understand that the situation on the Korean Peninsula does not have a quick or simple solution. After all, US troops have been deployed there for 65 years. But our resolve is undiminished. And our patience to get to the right answer is inexhaustible. At the end of the day, North Korea cannot obtain the security, prosperity, or respect it wants without negotiating an end to its provocative nuclear and missile program. My purpose this morning has been to emphasize the importance of cooperative relations between the United States and major powers in Northeast Asia and also within the broader Asia Pacific region. In principle, I think this need is well understood. During my trip, I was impressed by the diplomatic efforts toward that end that are being made, some in public and some behind the scenes. In the APEC meeting last November, the handshake between President Xi and President Abe and Prime Minister Abe sent the right signal to their respective governments and populations. This year is also the 50th anniversary of the normalization of relations between Seoul and Tokyo. Plans are afoot for a three-way ministerial to be held in Korea next month with the expectation of a summit to follow. Certainly, there is no shortage of global problems which our four nations could work together to address. China is one of our P5 plus one negotiating partners in the effort to ensure that Iran's nuclear program is wholly peaceful. Japan has been among the many countries that have joined in imposing sanctions against Russia because of its aggression in Ukraine. Korea has been a host and leader in the community of democracies. China has begun to support, to expand its support for Afghanistan as that country assumes full responsibility for its security. We all have an interest in developing rules of the road for cyber security. All of our nations have a profound interest in stopping the spread of violent extremism and in supporting efforts to reduce poverty, ignorance, and disease. And likewise, we all have a stake in reducing the emissions that contribute to global warming. Last November, U.S. and Chinese leaders achieved a breakthrough when we each committed to more rigorous greenhouse gas reductions goals. That sets an example for the world as we approach the Paris climate talks later this year. South Korea's hosting of the UN Green Climate Fund and Japan's $1.5 billion pledge second only to America's further demonstrates a strong commitment to address this vital issue now before it's too late. I don't know about you, but I'm tired of winter. These and other examples show the potential for a far-reaching economic, political, and security architecture for the entire East Asia region comparable in its way to the global architecture created in the period following World War II. Already, the outlines of that regional structure can be seen. The ASEAN Regional Forum and ASEAN-hosted East Asia Summit have emerged as indispensable venues for the discussion of sensitive security and political issues in a multilateral setting. APEC, representing 21 Pacific Rim economies, was brought together to raise living standards through cooperation on investment and trade and to promote sustainable growth. The United States welcomes its recent focus on supporting small entrepreneurs and the empowerment of women, two of the most reliable ways to create jobs and reduce poverty. Asia's rising economic role can be seen in institutions such as the Asian Development Bank and the G20, where five Asian nations help prevent the 2008 global financial crisis from becoming another great depression. Multilateral banks, development banks, have great value because of their time-tested norms for sound governance, deadend sustainability, environmental protection, and ethical procurement. Accordingly, the United States welcomes new initiatives, such as the China-proposed Asian International Infrastructure Bank, provided its founding documents and practices uphold the high standards of other development institutions. Now, obviously, when diplomats talk about political and security architecture, we do not mean to simply imply that the structures created are the work of a single hand. By definition, collaboration is required. In fact, they tend to evolve over time, respond to shifting perceptions of need and result in organizations and groups that have overlapping mandates and memberships. In Europe, for example, regional cooperation is highly developed, yet coordinating the activities of NATO, the EU, the Eurozone, and the OSCE does not happen without strain. In Asia, the architecture has been slower to take shape, and the vastness and diversity of the region leave ample room for further progress. It is vital to bear in mind, however, that institutions and architecture are not ends, but means. They are instruments for carrying out the collective will of their members, but they cannot, in and of themselves, ensure that members will agree or that their actions will be constructive. Ultimately, the most important issue is whether the nations of East Asia act in accordance with basic principles of openness, the nonviolent settlement of disputes, and respect for the rule of law. It depends as well on whether they work cooperatively to support these principles elsewhere in the Asia Pacific and worldwide, an obligation that America also has a Pacific power accepts. This brings us back full circle to the question of leadership, to learning the lessons of the past, and to understand that in a dangerous and highly interconnected world, the more we are able to combine our strengths for the right purposes, the better off we will be. That is the message the Obama administration will be reinforcing constantly in months ahead, and especially as we look forward to welcoming Northeast Asian leaders to Washington. This is a year of anniversaries. A century ago, the Great War was engulfing Europe. 70 years ago, the Second World War was ending. 50 years ago, American involvement in Vietnam was deepening. A quarter of a century ago, the Berlin Wall had just come down.  As we prepare to write the history of our time, America's policy is to join forces with those in Asia and elsewhere who recognize our shared responsibility to build and to heal. This matters for the competition between creators and destroyers is as perilous now as it has ever been. And it is a contest we must win. I thank you, and I'm now pleased to take your questions. Thank you, Secretary Sherman. My name's Doug Paul. I run the Asia program here at Carnegie. So I got to direct the Q&A period today. This set of remarks was really quite ambitious. You covered a lot of territory on your trip, but you covered a lot of territory in your speech. And I'm especially on the question of regional architecture, security architecture. I can't recall a more ambitious speech on this subject in quite a few years. Something must be on your mind about the regional security architecture. I know that we all, I think, know last year the Chinese President Xi Jinping at a confidence building conference, multinational conference, suggested Asia for the Asians. What's your take on that? I think in the visit that I just had and the discussions that I've had with leaders in each of the major countries in Northeast Asia, everyone is thinking about how to go forward because they're thinking about this 70th anniversary year and it is a time for reflection. And I think security architecture in any region of the world really is of interest to everyone in the world. It is not owned by any given country or group of countries. It is meant to help promote peace, security, prosperity for the world globally. So when the European Union was created, when the Euro was created, of course that was meant to create a stronger traded environment and stronger prosperity for Europe. But it also had great consequences for the global economy and continues to this day as we have seen. And I think the same is true for Asian architecture. The United States has quite an interest in it because we are Pacific Power. So we have regional interests but we also have global interests as should every country in the region and I believe they do. Well, thank you for that. I've been alerted by many of the participants in this audience that they've got questions today and you have exceeded my expectations in touching on topics that I know will excite their interest. So why don't we start here in the first row with Chris Nelson? Chris. Microphone, Chris. Please identify yourself and your called upon. Chris Nelson, Nelson Airport. Thanks for a really comprehensive speech and thanks to the reminder that you have your days constantly and alive and by the Middle East and Iran and all kinds of things that as Asia types tend not to. We have that luxury, perhaps. You made some really interesting marks about the North Korea policy. Those of us who only get to worry about North Asia I think find ourselves worried that we have the worst of both possible worlds. They are refusing to negotiate their nukes. We are saying because of that we're not gonna negotiate a cap and a freeze perhaps. 15 years ago you were in the vanguard of the State Department people working really hard for a forward-leaning North Korea policy with some success. You'd had freezes on the nukes and you were, is that a call, working on a missile freeze. What's the difference then and now that we are not willing to try to cap the threat of proliferation and continued development? Why are we not doing that even? Because we know they're not gonna negotiate their nukes per se, that confuses us. Perhaps you can clear that up and then just quickly on the, you mentioned the economic reform program that seems to be underway. Are we going to encourage that and hope for a revolution of rising expectations perhaps? Or are we gonna hold back because of the nukes and continue a stronger sanctions policy? Does that contradict in a sense of what we're hoping for in the economic reform? So the two questions, thanks. Thanks Chris. Look the policy that we have towards North Korea is one that we believe in but we also share with our partners the five parties of the six-party process. Obviously North Korea doesn't quite share the strategy. And to that extent we have all said to North Korea we are open to conversation. But the conversation is really about their nuclear program. And there are other things that can be discussed of course but at the core is the nuclear program. And China has consistently said that. I think quite frankly North Korea's rather irritated with China at the moment because the Chinese have been very clear about that. They have taken some unprecedented steps towards North Korea to make it clear what is expected here. We fully support President Park's initiative to have bilateral discussions with North Korea. So far North Korea has not agreed to that. There have been times when the Japanese have wanted and have had bilateral conversations particularly around the ongoing concerns which we certainly understand of their abducted citizens. And we have been quite open to having a bilateral conversation with North Korea as long as denuclearization is understood to be a topic of those conversations. So I would say that the world has had an open door to North Korea to have talks. But this young leader has decided to take perhaps his father's and his grandfather's approach to a new level. It will be very interesting to see what happens this year. As I think everyone knows, the Russians have invited Kim Jong-un to Moscow for the Ede. We'll see if he comes. He's been invited other places as well. I think the entire world community understands that something has to give here and that if there is a way to engage North Korea's leader to deal with the security issues, facing North Korea, if he ever wants to see his people have prosperity, that's what it's going to take because even trying to advance economic reforms inside the country will not get very far if all of the members of the Six-Party Talks are putting pressure on North Korea to do what is necessary for the future of its own people. In the third row here, we have Will Norris. Thank you. Will Norris, I'm an associate here at the Carnegie Endowment. I had a question following up on your comments about the Asia Infrastructure Bank. I was wondering if you could elaborate a little bit more about a specific role for the United States, particularly if you could talk a little bit more about some of the particular characteristics or standards that you might see both in terms of existing architectural institutional shortcomings and potentially where you see the AIIB being able to make a positive contribution in the region. Thank you. I'm probably not the best person to give you every crossed T and dotted I on the bank. Under Secretary Cathy Novelli is probably better poised to do that, but in general terms, look, there are standards for development banks and for investment banks worldwide. There are not only banking standards and financial standards, but there are also standards of business practices, transparency, rules of the road, international norms, and we believe that any institution in the investment world has to uphold those standards and I don't think, quite frankly, that countries will become part of the bank unless they do because that kind of transparency and accountancy and verification of what goes on is critical to investors worldwide. Having been in the private sector myself for a decade, I can assure you as an investor, that's not someplace I would go looking for money if it did not practice the standard norms that other institutions have to follow. You're in the second row. Hi, Secretary Sherman. John Hudson with Foreign Policy Magazine. Just a quick question on the Iran talks. The latest iteration of hawkish attempts to sabotage these negotiations is a direct appeal to the Supreme Leader saying that Congress is never going to accept a deal after this president is in office. Can you speak to what direct appeal like that, if that's helpful to your negotiation work and how you might try to combat sentiments like that? As you probably will not be surprised, I'm not going to say a great deal. We are in the middle of the negotiation. Whenever one is in the middle of the negotiation, there are lots of voices saying lots of things, both about what's happening in the negotiation. I find most of those stories amusing more than anything else. And what's going to happen if you get one, if you don't get one, what's going to happen along the way. What matters at the end of the day in this negotiation is what the president of the United States has required in the first instance of Secretary Kerry and then of me as a leading air negotiating team. And that is that any agreement ensure that Iran cannot acquire a nuclear weapon and that all of the pathways to fissile material for a nuclear weapon are shut down. And that is our objective and that is the metric we have to meet for what we would consider to be a good, durable, and sustainable agreement. And that's what we're about. And should we be so fortunate as to reach it, it's very difficult, very complicated, very tough, then people will make their judgments. And I think given what the president has set out for us to do, if we are able to do it, the world will judge it as a good thing that it is the way that will ensure that Iran cannot acquire a nuclear weapon and no other pathway will get us there. Let's get back to Asia a little bit. One of the things that's been a hallmark of the new leadership under Xi Jinping was an early trip to Moscow. They had a lot of meetings between Putin and Xi Jinping. And then since Crimea and Ukraine, at least there appear to be some opportunistic points where they're coming together economically in an international relation. What's your perspective on the Russian-Chinese relations? It's a strong one, not a surprising one at all. These are two world powers. And I would expect that they would engage with each other. The world is not a zero sum quantity that prosperity, security should help to rise all boats. And we do not look, this is not, as I said in the speech, this is not about rooting for China to lose or rooting for Russia to lose or rooting for anyone to lose. It is really rooting for everyone to gain. Because if everyone gains, if everyone is a more open society, a more prosperous society where their people are educated, where there are jobs to be had, it will benefit all of us. Because we have seen in this world what happens when there is devastating poverty. We have all seen what happens when countries are economically on the edge. We have seen what happens when there is great insecurity in the world. It is not only bad for the country in question, it's bad for all of us. So do we watch these relationships? Of course. Is there some jockeying? Of course. But at the end of the day, what we care about is rising prosperity and global security. Thank you. Can we have a question on Northeast Asia? I'm the subject of the remarks today. The second row here. If you have hands up in the back, I can't see them.  Thank you, Dr. Pao. Thank you, Secretary Sherman. Bewang with Hong Kong Phoenix TV. I wanna ask about TPP. If you're going to reach a deal this year, are you concerned that there will be some economic clash since the US and China are both going to set new rules in this area? And more importantly, if no deal could be reached this year, will this be a setback, especially for the US-Japan relation and the US rebalance strategy? Thank you. I am an eternal optimist. There you go. And I am optimistic that we are going to reach this agreement and it is going to set a new standard for international trade agreements. And it is going to create a tremendous momentum, not only for Asia, but for the world economy. I think it's gonna be good for everybody. Those who are in this round of 12 countries and those who aspire to be part of the Trans-Pacific Partnership. So I'm quite optimistic. That's not a guarantee because there are hard issues for lots of countries, but this is really a high standard, high ambition goal which I do believe is within reach. I think, as I said, we all have to aspire to the highest standards we can have because that is how all countries in the world will be able to move forward. There are countries in Asia which want to be part of TPP. When this round is over, we'll see where we are and what next steps can be taken. This is good for everybody. See in the back you're gonna get a question on Taiwan from John Zhang. Hi. Hi John. Taiwan is not talked about a lot these days in this town. I would like to ask you to give an assessment of the current status of US-Taiwan relations. Taiwan also wants to join the TPP. What is the prospect from the US perspective? And Taiwan's opposition leader, DPP Chair, Tsai Ing-wen, is planning on a visit to the US before the next general elections. What is it that the US wants to hear from her and what is it that the US wants her to hear from the US side? Thank you very much. Simple question. So that's what I'll say. I will say part of the reason that Taiwan is probably not talked about as much as it once was is a good sign. It means that Taiwan is stable, is prosperous, has a strong relationship with mainland China, that the concept of one China and the three communiques has become a standard, that the economic integration between Taiwan and mainland China is quite so. It is the status quo, that the political issues are worked out over time in any given moment. There are ups and downs between Taiwan and mainland China and Taiwan and the rest of the world. But the fact that it isn't an everyday point of anxiety and concern about what's happening cross-trades is a good thing. It means that there is more peace, there is more prosperity, and there is more just life as we know it. In terms of Taiwan politics, I'm going to leave that to the Taiwanese. We have a question here in the front row.  Thank you very much. My question is, I'm not going to answer. Can you identify yourself please? Yes, I'm Anne Moudellelli with the Wilson Center. I'm going to ask you, I don't want to ask you about the nuclear talks. I respect that. I'm just going to ask you to put your political hat and talk about the region in light of the nuclear talks. There's a lot of apprehension in the region about what will happen after a deal with Iran. And there's a fear that Iran's role in Lebanon, in Syria, in Yemen, this is going to continue as a source of instability. What kind of Iran we're going to see after a deal you think after negotiating with them and knowing them? Are we going to see a new Iran with a more positive regional role? Thank you. Let me be really clear about this. There is no grand bargain underway with Iran. The negotiation is about their nuclear program. We are quite well aware of what goes on in the region. All of our sanctions around terrorism, all of our sanctions around human rights, all of our concerns about instability in the region remain and will for a very, very long time, I am sure unfortunately. And so we are very concerned about the security and the stability in the region. It's why Secretary Kerry, who will go next week to be part of the negotiations, will be headed to Saudi Arabia to see King Salman on Thursday. And I will join him for a meeting with the GCC in London on Friday. It is why we are in constant conversation with Israel. It is why the Secretary is in constant conversation with Jordan, with leaders in Lebanon. Quite frankly, why we have these discussions about the Middle East, wherever we go, when I was in Japan, I met with Middle East scholars, same in China. I met with Middle East scholars. This is of concern to everyone in large measure, not just because of Iran, but quite frankly, more immediately for a lot of people, the ISIL threat. The two of course intersect at some point, because Iran isn't very happy with the ISIL threat either. But just because Iran may work to stop the ISIL threat and we are stopping, working to stop the ISIL threat does not mean in any way we are coordinating our activities. We are very clear eyed about what Iran is doing in the region and the nuclear negotiation is just about the nuclear negotiation. Well everyone, please join me in thanking Secretary Sherman for the remarks that our patient answers. Thank you.


OK, let's try this one. So recall, well, what is the question? Which one of these compounds has the stronger ionic bond between it, between the two ions? And you can determine this by determining the melting point. And we'll write that down after we figure out the problem, answer the problem. But anyways, remember we said that attraction increases in such a way as we've got a big plus minus. They're not going to be as attracted to each other as a small plus minus. But two plus and two minus are going to be more attracted to each other than a plus minus, like small, small. So this is size here, and this is charge. So this is attraction increases in this way. And of course, this one's going to have more attractive forces than the ones with only one. So attraction increases like that. OK, so in other words, if we recall what the common ions for this are, it's La plus 1 and f minus. So this is both little, but it doesn't matter because we're comparing. If you've got the same atom, it's really easy to compare. So we've got Li plus and O2 minus here. So you can see what we're really doing is comparing a lot of charge. And here, one charge, so this is going to be, here we've got a plus 1 and a minus 2. So it would be somewhere in the middle for, OK, so. And in other words, if we were to qualitatively assign which one of these compounds has the stronger ionic oxide because we've got this negative 2 and positive 1, as opposed to here, we've got just a negative 1. And if we melting points of these two compounds, it does for this is 1570 degrees Celsius. And for the employer, it is eight of these. We'll leave that chart up there, and we'll see if you guys can pick it up. Similar principle, but.


Hey Moz fans welcome back to another whiteboard Friday. I am PJ howland I'm the head of SEO and evergreen content at leaders calm So my background is kind of that sweet spot right in between if you've got SEO over here and content and editorial over here That middle ground where SEO and editorial and content collide And if you're familiar with that world, you know that we are dealing with thinner margins We have fewer resources and we have less clear direction So this is this is the world we operate in it's a place where we're trying to just get a little bit of an advantage over Our competitors and it's kind of created this fixed mindset of just trying to to scrape by to just get a little bit of an advantage However, I think that there's a mindset that can really help break this mold to make sure that every single month is actually Your best month ever and so it's the Blue Ocean SEO strategy So what is Blue Ocean SEO strategy? Well start with what Blue Ocean strategy is If maybe you've read the book Blue Ocean strategy, maybe you've heard the term thrown around Maybe haven't heard of it at all. Give me just one minute and I'll kind of explain this with a story.  We don't like looking everywhere Put it back down to one ring. We don't like the animal tricks. They're cruel. They're outdated But these circuses were so fixed on competing each other that both of them ended up losing out and then Who should come along? This new player Cirque du Soleil Now if you've been to a Cirque du Soleil show, you probably know where I'm going with this It's unlike a traditional circus. In fact, it's unlike anything else out there But what they did do is they took what worked and excluded what didn't work from a traditional circus So they cut out They cut out the the cruel animal acts They also kept in the clowns and the acrobats because those were working in the traditional circus and they brought in this kind of third heat of this Theater element this fine theater experience if you've been to a Cirque show, you know what I'm talking about There's definitely a narrative there And so what they've done is they've created a blue ocean They've created a world where there really is no direct apples to apples competitors Now the Cirque du Soleil isn't the only player out there who's done this We could talk about you know itunes. What were your options before itunes? Netflix same thing before Netflix was on the scene. Where were you watching your stuff Airbnb? You see where I'm going with this at all three of these businesses or products launch There really wasn't anything out there. It was a true blue ocean So how do we get that from an SEO perspective? Well, we need to start by realizing where SEO is right now so SEO is a fixed mindset game Inherently it is a red ocean strategy and if you don't believe me, let me illustrate it this way You have this situation where you've got a keyword to look at your competitor and you see hey, they've got 100 links and you say Big deal. I'll get 200 links. Their site speed score is 80. I'm gonna make it 90. We're gonna have 90 They write 1500 words. You see where I'm going with this. We we write 2,500 words Okay, that's not really that's not blue ocean thinking that is fixed red ocean Fierce competition mindset thinking but it's where a lot of a lot of SEOs find themselves. Heck, I've I've been there That is essentially skyscraper content. It's it's skyscraper You know article building and hey, there there's been a place for that but at its core it really is red ocean fixed mindset thinking So how do how do we get over that? How do we as SEOs digital marketers? Content markers, how do we get over the fact that we're playing a red ocean game?  What is going to make it a better solution for you and You know just picture a great conversation where they're going back and forth to you You you collect valuable insight and at the end you produce a better product and that customer is grateful for it Now picture that same customer except swap out yourself as a product marketer And now you're a marketer marketer and and you're talking about your SEO strategy and you say hey So what we do is we look at the competitors and we add more words We see the links that they build and we add more links What do you think of that? How does that benefit you? The customer look at you say that doesn't help me at all. That's not what I asked for. That's not what I want That's not the deal of how businesses work. You're here to make my world easier and Truth be told when we add more words to a page Sometimes we're just making more words out there. You know what I mean? It's something that that the customers don't want to deal with so we we live in this reality though where as SEO's as editorial professionals as Content marketers we are in this place where we're we're tasked with almost an impossible task. How do we deliver? Exceptional content when the people producing that maybe it's an SEO. Maybe it's a writer aren't necessarily the subject matter experts so it starts with What you give the writer or the SEO to actually begin this project? And so I've found so many people start with they just say hey, here's the keyword go for it We're trying to ring for this just get that piece of content out and inevitably you will produce a skyscraper piece of content with that That sets everyone up for failure Nobody wins when all you do is start off with a keyword Instead what I have found is it really takes detailed write-ups that begin with with interviews with subject matter experts My interviews that are my outlines that I produce with my team I've never seen one under two pages most of them are between three to five pages that that we produce for these individual topics That all has to come from your own your own insight with like you know your team I can't really produce what your customer wants. That's something I invite you to figure out on your own However, I have found that customers No matter what industry you're in I don't care if it's B2B B2C I don't care if you're selling sass or if you've got a e-commerce platform Whatever the person that says yes, I want to buy that is always a person 10 times out of 10 You're dealing with people. So what do people want people want reality. They want authenticity So there are three things that I think can help anyone regardless of the industry that you're in Boost up your content and when I'm talking about content that could be articles. It could be blog posts It could be landing pages. It could be white papers. Whatever the point is is that people want reality So here's how I've been able to find really good delivery methods for this stories My world is a lot more article-focused, but we try to start every article with a story people love that I find a much higher time on page when we lead out with stories And I know what you're thinking is like well, you know Wikipedia is someone we're competing against so they don't start with a story Nobody starts with a story Okay Decide if you want to be a red ocean player or a blue ocean player The next thing is advice now again going back to the reality of is that we're dealing with situations where we've got writers Who aren't subject matter experts? That's okay. Nobody nobody's in trouble for that reality of the situation But it does matter that you seek that advice out so schedule interviews with subject matter experts And and buy your team a book have a book club within your organization Make sure that you're building expertise within your group and finally examples People want reality. They want authenticity if you have customer data if you have case studies I Don't think you should be gating all of that necessarily there's a lot There's a great use case to be made for just letting that stuff out there People want to see real examples happening in the wild so You come up with this blue ocean strategy that only you can produce because you should know your customer better than me and You want to figure out how to measure it? Well, if you've been doing content marketing for more than I don't know the last 30 minutes you know that there's a big gap between the first piece of content produced and The dollars in the pocket of the organization. There's a lot that happens in between there So how do you actually make sure that you can come through on this with proper measurement? I have found that time on page is the first thing that goes up So before we kind of rolled out this with leaders calm We were seeing average time on page between three and a half to four minutes, you know, not good not bad fine, whatever But after ruling this out, we're seeing average time on page of Between five and a half to six and a half minutes I have pages that are almost three thousand, you know words in length that actually get read We we have articles that have average time on page of eight minutes or higher and And that's a really validating thing And I believe that after time on the page goes up then you can start seeing if your rankings and traffic go up Now you can see right here. There's no tinfoil hat I'm not I'm not making a direct Insinuation that there is a correlation between, you know Time on page and the rankings that Google is gonna hand out to you What I am saying is that good content gets noticed and when it gets noticed you're gonna see those links come in And you see how this works. We're starting. We're starting backwards, right? Like a lot of the times we we've lead off with saying I want more links But in reality, is that really gonna serve us? I would rather play a game where links come as a byproduct of good content So what's really the takeaway here? I think it's a mindset takeaway in my organization. We've buried skyscraper content. It's dead It's in the ground now. It doesn't mean we don't look at competitors. Obviously, that would be silly not to do We're an SEO However, I think that if you want to really transition to a blue ocean limitless mindset There has to be some kind of reality check where you say hey at some point I'm not gonna be listening to the competitors for every little word that I write on my web page Thanks for watching the video today I look forward to hearing your comments for anyone that's done this type of shift in the organization Look forward to engaging with you in a good discussion in the comments below Thanks for stopping by today. See you on the next whiteboard Friday


What's up everybody? Jason here for jazzyskatespace.com This fills up Mosaic pings number six with the 12 team giveaway with this 2223 hip rate basketball autograph limited edition series 21 One box break number one and I got guys ten free spots So before we start we're going to randomize the 20 names give away ten free spots at the top ten that don't increase your chances of Potential of winning a team in the break. So Basically guys, we'll do the break first Right randomize the names teams distribute the hits out, which is just one hit out of the box and then We're gonna give away some teams These ones here from the war is out of the Sixers So basically Top 12 get a team at whatever they match up with So let's do the break first and we use the same dodge roll for the giveaway Which is six out of two eight times top ten win extra free spots one Two three four five six seven and eight eight six to eight top ten Kevin David David Evan Mark David Evan Ryan Nancy and William. That's a one two three four five six seven eight nine Now we use this list later again to do the giveaway for the teams But now we're gonna use the same dodge rolling which is eight To do the giveaway here one hour to the break one two three four five six seven Eight times David down to Dennis and eight times here one two three four five six seven Grizzlies down the Sun So again, it is only a one box break and then only literally one hip-hopping out But I'll let you guys quickly see your teams. That's a horrible spot kid for the Dallas Mavericks going to Edward Sorry, no bunch of William Sorry, there you go prime time three out of 35 I say right there man. Yeah, that was it just one hit Now let's switch scenes Let's do the giveaway now. So giveaways here top 12 get a team whatever they match up with let's roll it Two and a one three times. Good luck one two three three times three three So William you're in Evan David David David David William Evan Kev Mark and Kev Half full of free spot winners to congrats guys So the way they played out right here guys top 12 are in So Kev guess what your free spot got you the best team Mark straight-up spot Kev warriors Mark also thunder was straight up Evan straight-up nuggets well Kings blows the Grizzlies David with the Spurs And David your three free spots got you the Celtics T wolves and heats I mean you're sure it's about to the next and then William straight-up spot There you go folks. Thank you guys so much now coming up next is to break itself


All right, welcome everyone. So today, we're going to talk a little bit about Game Boy programming or actually discovering how Game Boys work using 4th. First introduce ourselves. This is my colleague, David. I'm Tain. We are working at a consultancy company in Amsterdam, Reactor. And our main work consists at the moment of JavaScript programming, not always the most challenging stuff. So we decided to start a sort of after hours hacking group called the Amsterdam Hackers with a few other colleagues. So for the first project, we were thinking what is interesting to do, something novel hopefully and something that we can learn something from. And we started playing around with writing some emulators. I started writing like a chip 8 emulator, which is like the most obvious place to start, I believe. And we're thinking like how can we make this into like a bigger project? So we were thinking like maybe we could like do Game Boy emulators, but that's like quite saturated field already. And I don't think we would be able to compete with some of them out there. A Game Boy game also like done quite often. And eventually we settled on writing a compiler for the original Game Boy. Okay, so as Tain said, the Game Boy has been started quite a lot already. So you can find plenty of like manual tutorials about how to write games, how to use assembly and everything. But the idea of the project was a little bit and the key point is to try not to use any tooling. We need the manuals. We cannot really write the compiler without the documentation on the hardware. But we try to avoid using emulators or debuggers or anything as much as possible. But although some points was useful, but should be like something that shouldn't be completely necessary. Okay, so let's talk a little bit about the Game Boy architecture. The CPU is a mix between the 8080 and the Z80 CPUs that is custom. The internal clock runs at four megahertz, but every instruction is actually like multiple of four cycles. So in practice, the CPU is like one megahertz. There are like 32 kilobytes of addressable RAM memory, but only four kilobytes are working memory that you can actually use. There are another four kilobytes, but that actually is hosted in the cartridge and depends on the functionality of the cartridges that you're using. So there are eight registers, eight to F. Some of them you can actually combine them and use it in like 16 bits way, but they're actually all like eight bits, as of the product counter and the stack pointer. Then we have like the video hardware, similar to the Atari talk that we saw this morning. You have like a scan line that goes left to right on top to bottom. You will have some space and time between each line, that is like the horizontal blank, and between the end line and the top line, the vertical blank. The interesting thing is that the video memory is actually unusable when the hardware is actually drawing. So you have to synchronize your code with the hardware to only write to the video memory in the vertical or horizontal blank. So this is quite tricky to get right, and what we saw this like if we start writing the compiler, it's not really difficult to get any feedback. So you have to get pretty far just to get something on the screen. Additionally, there are some other systems like sound subsystems. You will have some input timers, but those are like something that we can work on later, and initially we focus on the video. Okay, so how do we start it? We read the manual, but as I said, it's not easy to write the compiler from scratch. The feedback is going to be pretty long, it's not incremental, and we will probably need some debugger or existing toolings to actually assist with this. So instead, we decided to start with a working game that, as time will show you later, was as a hello world, the simplest ROM that you could find, and we're going to reverse engineer this binary using force into like a readable program that you can actually modify later on. Then on top of that, we will write the compiler. Time will show you like the steps more carefully later. But let's explain a little bit fourth. That's actually anybody in the audience who's fourth before. Right, nice. So fourth is basically the simplest language that you can imagine, or at least for me. There is no syntax. Your code consists of space separated words. That's all. You have numbers, and you have other words. Numbers will push themselves to a stack, and then the words will execute some action. Usually, taking parameters from the stack and pushing the result back to the stack. You can, of course, then define your own words. So in this example, we add five. Well, five is pushed to the stack. We push one to the stack. Plus, we'll pop two arguments from the stack, and that will pop the result of plus and print it in the screen. The interesting thing here is you can take just one plus or any subsequence of words and extract it into your own definition. So we define here ink increment as one plus. So this property, the ability to extract any subset of words into your own definition makes the language concatenative, and that's a property that's gonna be very, very useful to reverse engineer the wrong, as time would show you. And additionally, if you pick carefully the words that are gonna make your language, you can define domain, you can define domain-specific languages to model what you are trying to do. And time will show you as well a very cool example in the Assembler. Wait, so I will let time explain now how this works in practice. Hopefully. Okay, so we set up on the language that we were used for this project, and we looked over on the internet for the most simple case of a ROM that we could find. Just a ROM that prints hello world to the screen and doesn't do anything else, like just stops there. This was already something that we had no clue like how to make. So we just started from the ROM. This is the part of the hex dump of the code. Obviously like completely meaningless to us at this point, but we knew that this was a working ROM, and we took actually to make sure that we would keep this ROM intact over the course of the process would keep like a hash of the file somewhere and verify that like every step we took, like we are still compiling the same ROM. So we changed this file pretty much just adding the word C comma in between every bytes. So C comma is a word that takes the argument from the stack. So pretty much like the value that comes before it and writes it to a file or ROM basically. So in a way, this was our first like version of the compiler that would only produce like a hello world ROM, but it's like executing and like producing something that actually runs on a Game Boy. Actually at this point, we didn't try to run that, but still like kind of like a meaningless sequence of numbers. So we went to look for offsets of where certain data is stored. The Game Boy documentation and like other like wikis online that we could find, like they show a quite distinct part of the cartridge is the header, which contains some data information like the title of the ROM, like a checksum to make sure that like all the bits are intact, manufacturer information, et cetera. And we identified like the offsets of this and we can see here like I think the Nintendo logo on top and on the bottom, we have the example title for our ROM and we can simply extract this into a new words. So now we have a logo and a title words that still do the same thing and due to the concatenative nature, you can simply just replace those sequences with a new words and we get something that's a little bit more readable. If you imagine these like definitions to be abstracted away somewhere else. Still producing exactly the same ROM, but we can slowly like start seeing a structure in the program. Of course, like we keep repeating this for the rest of the program as well. At some point we have all the sort of like raw data extracted. So some like flags that indicate if it's a color Game Boy game or a normal Game Boy game, like the title fields, et cetera. Then we are left with some bytes that we haven't like translated yet and that's pretty much the program itself because of course like there's no documentation we'll tell you what the actual code will look like. So for this we reference the CPU manual and we'll find like certain numbers are like certain opcodes and here's an example of the hexadecimal value of 3C pretty much translating to an increment A, so the A register and a zero four translating to like an increment B. So first things we can of course replace all these like numbers with a new words that emits that number and that will work fairly well. But the nice thing is that we can find again like patterns in these like in between the machine code as well. So what you can do is abstract away the operands of an action. So the increments we can define separately and basically combine it with a A and a B register as shown here. There's not really like a meaning to the binary values, it's just like if you combine these like numbers in this way it will end up becoming an increment A or an increment B. And basically to use it we can basically just run A increments and it will emit an increment A like code to the ROM. So of course like we can continue doing this and at some points we'll find like more let's say like patterns in between the opcodes and we can start to create a sort of a DSL or like a pattern matching like system until the fourth. So we define here the like arrow words and the double column words. And what it allows us to do is like basically write a complete assembler and if you would look at the documentation of the CPU you would find pretty much the same table that you see in code here described in the manual as well. So we have like an increment instruction and for a normal register we have a certain like opcodes for the specific HL register on opcodes, et cetera. I think that's everything we can say. There's some nice additions here that we also like keep track of the cycles. I don't think we use them but like you can extend that as much as you want and kind of like create your own language structure. So at this point it's really just a matter of kind of a boring process of like looking up the opcodes and translating it to the correct assembly instruction and eventually we end up with a like program that looks like this. Again, this is the same program as the hexadecimal like code that I showed before. Or at least like a part of it. So we have like a full assembler written in fourth with like a post fix notation and you can use this pretty much to like create Game Boy games already. I think like a lot of Game Boy games were actually created like directly in assembly so yeah. With a nice advantage that it's still running in fourth so you can get like word definitions for free. Whenever you see a sequence of assembly instructions you can abstract them into a new definition that has a little bit more meaning to you and we can continue that with, we can continue that with more until we have like almost like barely any assembler visible anymore and like a bit more descriptive program. So at this point we still have, we're still checking that we're producing exactly the same file. So we're quite sure that everything is correct. Of course like we could have some typos and instructions that are not used but that has been fixed later. So now we actually have a program that we can edit without having to understand what offset we have to change what bytes and we can produce like a new version of our Hello World ROM with like arbitrary text. Of course like there's not a lot of story ends because this is just an assembler in the ends. We want to take it a bit further and implement fourth completely for the Game Boy. So ideally you wouldn't want to have to like work with assembler at all in a project. So there's like two ways of doing this. One the kind of the most like logical way maybe would be to keep extracting like patterns in your assembly code into macros and kind of like build some libraries on top of that to do various things. Even like playing sound you could just do with macros. And you can kind of like program your whole game or program in like a macro language basically on top of your assembly. Of course like we didn't do that. We went for the hard way. We're just to actually parse like every definition that we do that you create ourselves and kind of store all of the code that you want to write in an intermediate representation. This is a bit more complex because you're not directly emitting assembly anymore but it allows you to do things like lazy emitting. So you can create like a million definitions and if you don't use them in your like main codes we won't emit them to the ROM. We're just quite useful with the 32 kilobytes that you usually have. Other things are optimizations. We have worked on tail call optimizations in this. There's like a lot of other things we can do using like intermediate representation. So we basically like started working on this. The idea is that at some point we redefined the column word that usually like creates a new definition into something that collects the definitions that you wrote for later compilation to the Game Boy. And slowly we added code primitives in assembler. So basically defining what does swap do, what does plus do and so forth. So eventually like we have all the primitives to have something working we can add on top of that higher level definitions. So basically using existing fourth primitives to create new fourth primitives almost. And slowly but surely we are translating the entire ROM to fourth and not using like assembler at all anymore. Unless you may want to optimize something later. So this is more or less like what the, I think the same, yeah the same program looks like. It's not binary, like binary the same anymore but it will produce the same hello world or hello false them output. You can see like there's no assembler being used anymore. We have some like quite high level words defines. You can see in the top some constants for like addresses that are like common to use. Words like see, move, video that just like move a block of memory into your video memory. Kind of like according to the standard fourth implementation if you're familiar with it. Yeah, so there are a couple of limitations in our approach. Well, I guess not our approach but stuff that we just didn't do. If you're used to fourth at like you might know that you're able to redefine words at runtime. That's not possible in our system mainly because there's no keyboard input. So we didn't really know how to like handle that. Plus like words are not stored as like in fourth it's like a string in the Game Boy. We eventually just compile them to like memory addresses. So it's quite a, I guess it's quite static like system once it's compiled. Apart from that, we ran into some issues with the division between the read only memory and the when an access memory on a computer this is like pretty much like all RAM of course. On the Game Boy you have to take into account that data needs to be written to the cartridge which is read only. And once you want to modify variables you'll need to explicitly copy them over to the other part of the memory which is also quite limited. And like part of it is used for the stack that we use in fourth as well. Okay, so we implemented a basic fourth system that should be able to compile a fourth program into a Game Boy ROM. Of course like until this point I think we only tried to write like hello world examples nothing too fancy. Maybe we did some like moving around of stuff but the basics were like, like I mean everything that we did was quite basic. So we decided to find a third part the fourth program and this is soccer bum. It's quite old. It's included in the G fourth implementation and it's well soccer bum if you're familiar with it. Quite simple game. So the goal with this is like to try and compile this into a Game Boy ROM. This doesn't work because like we had a lot of like primitives missing still but that he was to add primitives or functionality to the compiler until basically this program would like compile into an actual game. I think we barely had to like change anything except for the fact that variables cannot be initialized because again like they have to be written to the ROM and you want them to be in the RAM. So there's like some initialization codes that needed to be added but apart from that we managed to get it working. I think like it's also like interesting to mention that the original fourth implementation is written for a terminal. So rather than rewriting that we created a terminal emulation layer on top of everything. So for I think like for definitely for simple like tile based games that you could write with like ASCII Arts almost. It's like almost like trivial now to port terminal fourth games to Game Boy. I will admit that we had to scrap like half the levels because they didn't fit on the cartridge so yeah. So in the end like we ended up with a pretty complete fourth implementation. I think we have some like tickets still open to make it like fully compliant to the end standards but everything that's like missing now is there's a lot of like bugs in the assembler of the original Game Boy. If you've done anything like Game Boy programming you might have heard of the increments bug or increments by sprite bug where incrementing a register in a certain range will result in the sprites being completely messed up. I think not even restoreable. So these are the things that the compiler could kind of like automatically remove and refactor into something that will work. There's a lot of like room for optimizations. I mentioned like tail recursion. We ended up not being able to include it because I know I think there were some like edge conditions that we didn't like to think about yet but there's other stuff we can do inlining of primitives like there are certain words that are like used all the time and right now like they're just calls to another address which is like reasonably expensive. If they can be inline of course it will be a lot faster especially for like code that's like running in the V blank sections.  This can be removed to save some space and time. We don't have like game of color supports. Game of color is like quite similar to the original Game Boy. The main difference is color. So there's like some extra registers that handle the payload data for the color and those things are, I mean they're accessible through assembly but of course it's not the goal of this project. Then there's like memory bank controllers like David mentioned already that like the cartridge often contains a lot of hardware. That hardware is like managed by a chip in the cartridge and you can kind of like write to the ROM addresses to access certain properties. There's like rumble cartridges that like vibrate the device. There's like the camera is a kind of a cartridge. So those can be like still implemented in libraries. We have like features like ROM bank switching. Basically you cannot access the entire ROM at the same time in certain cartridges. So you have to like bank them. More debugging tools and actually like we still have to write a tutorial of like how to write a fourth game from scratch. And contributions are welcome if you want to take a look. Anything? So thank you for your time. So the project is at msum hacker slash gv fort on GitHub. We can also recommend these two talks. One called the ultimate Game Boy talk if you want to know more about, well I guess Game Boys because it covers pretty much everything. And it's a great talk about reverse engineering the hardware of the Game Boy where actually chips are being how they call it uncapped to check the internals. And kind of like I think the idea is to create also like a cycle, cycle accruits emulator. Yeah. I have a question. To replace the text from with hello world to hello foster decision. What did you do about the headers and the text terms and all these things that are the beginning and the end of the ROM file? How did you... Right. Right. So the question is like how we managed to like go from replacing a string basically to replacing the whole file. So like, I think the main point is you mentioned also like checksums and deeds like I skipped over that. There's some like checksum calculations going on. Those are documented how they work. Yes, like checksums for sure. And the rest is like just like decompiling to assembler and like trying to abstract it higher and higher. That will all the rest of it. Yeah. So when translating circumventing to with resort, how do you do for the mapping of the input actually? Because I imagine this is all my... Yeah. So that's part of like the terminal emulation actually. So we replace like the word to actually get one key from the input to just go and look into the keypad driver. Actually making something that looks like Microsoft's integration but you need to map. If you already used that register or something else, did another map? So the question is how do we map like the registers in hardware to like the different pointers that we need in forth. Basically that's a convention. So we reserve one of the registers for the top of the stack. That's a quite common optimization. Then we have one of the registers point to the top of the stack. And then we have some scratch register that you can use and change. So the comparator will always stick to the convention. It's good also because it means that you can actually mix assembly and forth if you know them. The question in the context of the native machine with limited RAM and speed. Do you have an opinion, a strong opinion against or in favor of food compliance with the A&S tone up? I think we reached a conclusion that, sorry, let me repeat. So what the value is of complying fully to these standards. I think if most of the programs work well enough, I kind of feel that there's not really a need to be fully compliant. Apart from that, there's a lot of instruct, like a lot of words in the standard forth that don't make sense on a Game Boy. Like stuff that deals with OS, obviously, but also like floating point numbers we're not emulating. Like double precision arithmetic? Yes, double precision is like, so those words we skipped and other ones are quite easy to etch yourself. So I think like as long as we support the common cases, it's usable, I think it's like sufficient. Yeah. So the question is like how we test ROMs. There are indeed like special card switches that use like SD cards to load to ROM. So they have like a little like OS built-in as a file manager. Or you can use like cartridge flashers. You can buy them online for more like persistent flashing. Yeah. How long did it take you guys to write this? That was a good one. So how long did it take? I think we managed to get to the assembly point in two months. And this was like with like two nights a week, like after like office hours like working on it. And I think like 80% of the project in three months, like small optimizations later, but yeah, something like three months I would say. All right, thank you everyone.


Hello everybody Andrea here with dental L. Let me tell you guys about my newly updated dental reception e-core So I've been a dental professional for almost 18 years now and I started off as a dental receptionist And I remember the stress the overwhelm of never having worked in a dental office before and then literally being thrown in and Now I have to book appointments answer phones. I need to cancel appointments. I need to process payments I need to put in treatment plans. It can be very overwhelming. You will hopefully be trained in your office I was probably trained when I first started for a couple weeks But it doesn't make it any less overwhelming. You're normally trained in a back room somewhere Where you like learn how to do everything, but then you're thrown in to see real people and you want to know what you're doing You know, you want to have a good idea. So that's what this course is for I literally show you guys how to do everything even how to talk to patients So I kind of teach you guys how to talk to patients over the phone How to maybe deal with difficult patients things you should say how to put patients on hold What you should do but more importantly I go through the actual dental software part of it So how to book appointments how to process payments how to accept insurance checks how to accept credit card How to input codes if you're the one doing that how to cancel appointments What do you do if a patient calls and wants to book an appointment? So it's a little bit different if they call you or if they're standing in front of you How are you going to book that and what do you kind of click on to do that? I go through the odontogram I go through peri-o charting things you need to know as a dental Receptionist the software that I use is don't track. So not everybody will be using that software But that is okay things for the most part are universal So even if I'm showing you on my software How to book an appointment when you go to look at your software? It's going to be similar You might have different menu items but you're going to have a better idea of how to book appointments and how things are going to look like and How to schedule appointments whether you're going to work for one dentist and three hygienists or Three dentists and five hygienists. I'm going to teach you how to do all of that So you are literally going to be a pro even perhaps before you get started when I was a dental Receptionist there was about five dentists in the office at the time imagine five different dentists So five different columns and then there were multiple hygienists So more columns. I had to handle all of that So if I can do it you guys can do it too But this course is also for if you're a current dental receptionist Maybe you took time off or maybe you're just having a hard time with everything and you want a refresher This is perfect for that. This course is is also excellent for a dental hygienist who might have her or his own Practice so that's what I do now. I am a dental hygienist with my own practice and I'm playing Dental receptionists all day every day. I'm the one booking appointments. I'm the one scheduling I'm the one taking payments. I'm the one accepting no shows, you know short notice cancels all of that But this course will also be good for if I ever decide to hire somebody I can say okay watch these These you know like overall videos watch these it's going to teach you the basics and then let me know if you have any questions So this can be great for your staff if you are the current provider But you just kind of want to give your staff the basics Of how to do a little bit of everything and then they come to you for the more specific questions for your software So let me know you guys if you have any questions And I will leave the link for you guys down below for the course you have full access to it for life So you don't have to worry you have full access any time So thank you guys have a great day, and I will talk to you guys very very soon


hey there friends thanks for checking in today we're going to look at some of the new torus handguns as well as some of the previous models and talk about the similarities and differences to alleviate any confusion out there people will see the new g3x the g3xl and wonder what exactly am i looking at here and of course we have the g3c that has been around for a while it's evolved to the g3c and we noticed that the g3c has a new model it's really not a new model the difference is they removed the thumb safety here is an original g3c it has the thumb safety they removed that that is the only difference so i'm going to remove that out of the equation in mid january the 18th to be exact they released the g3x and what this offers is a hybrid between the g3 all right with magazines that carry 15 rounds this currently has a 17 round mag but it does have the same grip length and width if we look at the slide we'll see that both use a 3.2 inch barrel and the slide is exactly the same they will interchange with each other the difference is going to be with the grip length and the grip width when i grip the g3c and i grip the g3x i noticed that this is a bit wider so i took out a tape measure here i measured right in the middle of the grip and i see that this is measuring in the middle of the grip right around five and three quarters inches this is showing right at right at five and three quarters inches okay i hope that picks up if i do the exact same thing with the g3c i will look at right around five and a half inches so it's a quarter inch difference okay five and a half inches right there so it's a quarter inch wider with the circumference of the grip so i'm not just having mind issues when i grip it it actually is a quarter inch is it going to make a difference i don't think it'll make much of a difference but if you have real small hands perhaps it will the difference that i see is that when carrying this is a glock 19 holster but for demonstration purposes the part that prints is the grip the barrel length does not print that's usually in your pants or however you carry the part that will print is the length of the grip so if we take these in a holster we'll see that the difference is right there okay and if we look at it from this part we'll see this has a flat base plate this has an extended base plate so you're looking at about half inch there about three quarters of an inch if you are concerned with printing then the 12 rounds would be more suitable for you but if not 15 rounds is additional capacity it's always a good thing whether carrying or not you know more more ammo in your gun is a good thing just about all the time however wider grip same slide assembly same barrel length right and a longer grip but then torus threw in the g3xl and then this offers a four inch barrel so if we look at the g3 we'll see that the barrel length is exactly the same this is a toro model this is not available as a toro pistol torus optic ready option but i have to believe it will be in the future if we look at the g3c we'll see that 3.2 inch barrel on the left four inch barrel on the right and that's what you're looking at will it make a difference in carrying not so much but you will have to get another holster because most kydex holsters won't support that additional length on the grip will this slide work with a frame on either of these and the answer is yes all these frames will work with each of the slides now i've heard people say well you know why don't you just get a take your g3 and get another frame or take a magazine instead of buying this get that the msrp on this is 343 the msrp on the g3c is 340 it's a three dollar difference and they are budget priced handguns there's no question about that these are budget prices so we have the exact same frame with the g3xl and we have the exact same slide with the g3x what type of difference in weight are we looking at when we consider these models let's take a look at that here we have the g3c we'll start out with that because most people understand and it's been around longer 22 and a quarter ounces unloaded here we have the g3xl 24 and a half so we're looking at two and a quarter ounces and then the g3x 22 and five eighths so about an ounce and a half roughly so we're looking at you know the lightest one is going to be the smallest on the table and that's a g3c now if we look at the features we're going to see many similarities these are all unloaded but you're looking at a single action trigger breaking right around four and a quarter pounds with a reset right there here's the g3xl same deal all right four and a quarter pounds with a reset same and if i did it with the g3x we would see the exact same thing and for that matter the full size g3 offers that same feature tenifer finish glock interchangeable sights serrated black pinned in front dot sight hole indicator grip texture feels the same on all three these are budget handguns but they are very reliable and they've gained especially the the g3c this one here has gained an incredible reputation you ask any gun store salesman clerk whatever owner they'll tell you we sell out of those as soon as they come in because people love the g3c and now you can get it with a thumb safety or without i will also mention that so far the g3xl is without the thumb safety as well as the g3x does that matter maybe i mean everybody's a little bit different here again is a demonstration g3x on the left g3xl on the right and then we'll see a similar difference with the grip length additional ammo 15 rounds 12 rounds the advantage with the g3xl is the longer slide in the four inch barrel why is that an advantage because it aids in accuracy and i can attest to that the longer barrel you're going to have an easier time hitting your targets is it a drastic difference no but it's a little bit more precise and and that certainly helps against confidence at the range and it has a longer sight radius if we align it with the g3c we'll take a look we'll align the rear sight with the front sight and you can see there's there's approximately an inch all right maybe a little less but that additional sight radius and that additional barrel length aids in accuracy and that is the advantage you still have 12 rounds advantage here 15 rounds advantage here smallest configuration about an ounce and a half lighter than the g3x about two ounces lighter maybe a little more than the g3xl one of the things that people were so impressed with with the g3c when it was first introduced they included three magazines three 12 round magazines the g3xl for three bucks more you're getting a longer slide same mechanics but you're getting two magazines and with the g3x you're getting two magazines msrp 343 343 340 for the g3c that's really what i wanted to talk about was the the differences the similarities you've got the 10 of first finish on the slide you have an accessory rail you have a longer barrel here you have a longer grip and then here you have the flagship model the g3c and i hope that demonstrates many of the questions that people have and you know who knows i think they're going to come out with the toro models toro or torus optic ready option like i have here all right and when they do that'll be another choice that you'll have to decide if you want to carry with the red dot they already have that with the g3c and the g3 not yet with these but i think it's coming if you like videos like this please subscribe and share i always appreciate thumbs up button thanks for watching and you guys be safe


Moved by compassion, Jesus took notice of the crowns. He saw that they were confused and helpless, and it was that compassion that moved Jesus to send out his disciples. Jesus instructed his disciples to pray that God would send help for the people. Matthew chapter nine, verses 37 and 38, say, he said this to his disciples, the harvest is great, but the workers are few. So pray to the Lord who is in charge of the harvest, ask him to send more workers into his fields. Now, here's what's interesting. Jesus instructed his disciples to pray for God to send more workers into the spiritual harvest field. Yet those very disciples who were instructed to pray for more workers were themselves sent out as workers. At the beginning of the very next chapter, the disciples were sent out. Matthew 10.1, Jesus called his 12 disciples together and gave them authority to cast out evil spirits and to heal every kind of disease and illness. Often, when you pray, God's desire is to cause you to become an answer to prayer. More than it will change anyone or anything else, prayer will change the one who prays. Prayer is not about persuading God to change his will. No one can persuade God. Rather, prayer is about becoming an active participant in God's will. Prayer is less about receiving and more about becoming. When you live a life submitted to prayer, you become God's will in the earth. You become an answer to prayer. I'm David D. Hernandez, and that is your Moment of Truth. by clicking on the donate link now.