So before we get into public comment, I just want to give some updates for kind of scheduling calendar. I, we have Pietro Linn tentatively booked for July 15. I think we can probably confirm that. Is there anyone on the, on right now who knows they have a conflict on July 15? Time? 5.30. 5.30. Yeah, I do. Who is that? And again? Yeah, that's me. And actually, I would be able to attend the meeting on 21st and the one on the 4th or 2nd of August, one of the, whenever the 1st, August meeting time. Oh, yeah. Anyone else with a conflict or no? How long do you expect to meet? I'll just have a minute now. OK. And we can consider if you don't want to. What's that? We can have like a Zoom link. Yeah, no, that's fine. OK. No, I think that's what it was planned. I talked to Carol Plant at the Public Restorative Justice Center. She is going to work on a, she's going to work on a plan for us to get back with some possible options. So we'll have a list of options for that training soon. And then I just need to confirm with the maintenance and time support for him. Most meeting is being recorded. Hopefully, maybe one of the times in August. Jamie, I think I'm going to need you to speak a little louder. Sorry. I can do that. Kind of far away. Come closer. Yes. Next, open it up for public comment. No members here. Anyone on Zoom? No. The consent agenda. Do I have a motion to approve the consent agenda? And I think I may actually have to vote. Do I have to vote? We have four members. So no. No. That's the plan, right? The plan is the plan. Yes. Why don't I vote? Does the two vote and single vote, does that matter? Or submit one vote? I haven't read our bylaws, so I don't know. So I'll just vote to make sure that we've got belted suspenders. There's no, I think, carbon devoting. And I haven't done it in a while, so it'll be fun. Do I have a second? I have some questions. I have some questions. I have some questions. OK. Christian has some questions. In what order? Do you want to amend the order to approve the consent agenda minus whatever documents you have questions of? Or can I ask questions and then they could be amended or they have to go through a formal amendment process? If you have something to discuss on the consent agenda, it has to be pulled in the mail. I guess I have a suggestion slash question about the posting locations. I'm just wondering if a couple other Roxbury locations could be added. So can we amend the motion to approve the consent agenda minus the posting locations? And then we can have a quick discussion. Yeah. Sounds good. Christian has made that motion. Do I have a second? I second it. Any discussion? All those in favor say aye. Aye. Aye. Aye. The ayes have it. Yeah, I was just wondering if a couple of Roxbury locations could be added in terms of physical locations where they're posted. It seems like molecular feels pretty well covered. But if something could be posted with the Roxbury Town Clerk and maybe at the Roxbury Free Library just to get a little more presence in the Roxbury community, if possible. I think we can do that. OK. I'm sorry, but I have problems with my hearing. And if I'm not hearing, sorry. You know what, Amanda, I was also muted. Oh, thank you. Do you want me to unmute just a second? If you want to, I can. So Christian asked if there could be additional locations in Roxbury. She was wondering if they could post it with the Town Clerk in Roxbury and also at the Roxbury Town Library just to have additional places where people could see it. And my understanding is that that can be done. We have to designate posting locations, which are our schools, the other, the courtesy copies are just that, their courtesy copies. So I think you'd want to decide if it's a courtesy copy or if it's official posting location. My recommendation is that we make it a courtesy copy because it is an official location. And for some reason, we don't do it, someone forgets. Then we have a potentially falsely warned meeting. Does that work? Yeah, I think so. I mean, is that in sync with the Montpelier Town City Clerk is also a courtesy posting? A courtesy posting, yeah. Yeah, that makes sense. Yeah, I'll play your city clerk. We could also probably change Stephen Mills to David Delcourt. Yeah. Anna, do you see that? Change Stephen Mills to David Delcourt. Kristen, did you have any other questions? That's it. All right. Great. Do you want to approve the posting locations with the addition of two new courtesy postings in Roxbury? Do I make a motion? Yes. OK. Here I go. I make a motion to pass the consent agenda with the posting. So the consent agenda would pass, so we're just passing this individual posting. OK. I make a motion to pass the posting locations with the additions of two locations in Roxbury, including the Town Clerk and the Roxbury Free Library. And with the reporter of the Time Target Exchange. Do I have a second? Seconded. All those in favor say aye. Aye. Aye. Any opposed? Great, ayes have it. Let's move on to committee updates. We have policy committee updates. I want to note, Amanda made two good suggestions to me via email or two suggestions to me via email. One, that we delay monitoring reports until the policy committee works with some of the policies. I'm happy to entertain that. I feel with four board members missing, that's a discussion that we should probably table for next time. And then also, and this may be something we want to table for next time, too, just having a policy or a committee update be a regular part of the agenda. So we just take 10, 15 minutes. So each policy or each committee will just give any updates for the board to consider. And that way, if the board wanted to dig deeper, the idea is that we would not dig deeper then, but we could set it off as an agenda item for later. Amanda, are you OK tableing in those until we have a bigger crew? Yes, I love that. All right, great. And then as chair of the policy committee, do you want to give an update? And again, this is something we want to redo again, just given low attendance. The policy committee met. And we have organized ourselves to do a little work to tackle the work plan. And so we have some work that we're doing. We're meeting again this week on tomorrow, on Friday, to start looking at the work plan and how we're going to tackle some of the work that we have to do, which is to look at each of the policies that are expiring because they have to be looked at every three years. Also looking at those policies that were monitored before. And there was some conversations about next step. So we will be hoping to clarify the schedule that we will build around the policies. And that's what I have. And I don't know, Jim, do you want to add something else? No, I think that's a good update. I don't have anything further to add. Any questions for Amanda? Great, thank you.  Sure, hi, everybody. Yeah, so in case you were remembering, I am the Montpelier-Roxbury School Board representative on a governance study committee for the Central Vermont Career Center. So currently, the Central Vermont Career Center is located in the Spaulding High School campus in Barry and is part of the Barry Unified Union School District. And we are one of the sending schools that has an agreement that our students can attend a career center. And that's in addition to Heartwood, U32, Cabot, Twin Feet, getting some folks, but several sending high schools send their students to that career center. So this study committee is actually looking into whether it wants to become an independent tech center district to serve our region rather than being under the umbrella of the Barry Unified Union School District. The governance study committee is made up of members of the different boards. Like I said, I'm a member from this board. It's going to really need to have the conversations with the different boards in our area about what we want for our students and what the career center could do and the trade-off of becoming its own independent district and the sort of more direct buy-in and oversight and responsibility that the different sending districts would have. So we're still very much in the early stages. It's being facilitated by a consultant like Dewey, so we might know him as a long-time superintendent who I worked with for a long time at the agency event. I did just want to share quickly. I'm not sure if I have screen-sharing capabilities, but maybe I can just stick in the chat. I wanted to show you folks the webpage. There's a really good sort of roundup, and I'm sorry, Anna, that I didn't send this too soon or I didn't think about it. Yeah, you and me will be screened here. There's a webpage that has all the meeting minutes that has a really helpful presentation of sort of the history of this career center and history of career centers in Burrante and the government structure and how it's built the way that it is and why this is something that we're looking into. And so it's a little daunting in that, we're having this sort of really in-depth step-by-step of the bylaws that we're trying to work through of what we'd be proposing. If this committee succeeds in sort of calling together a study report, it has a long way to go. You need to get approved by the State Board of Education, the Secretary of Education, and then each of the towns and each of the sending districts. So all the voters would actually be voting on whether they would want to be part of this independent tech center district. Right now there's only two others in the state. We actually have one of their superintendents on our committees, incredibly helpful about sort of the pros and cons, mostly pros, frankly. But it hasn't happened in Vermont in about 13 years that a tech center has actually sort of become its own district. So we're working through things like the weights of the votes of the board members, the makeup of the board, the bylaws, the policy articles, the dissemination or commingling of the votes of the various districts. So for example, the way that this would probably show up is that he would use a separate article on the Montclair and Roxbury town of Meadingade Ballot for the Center for Vermont Career Center, in addition to and separate from the Montclair and Roxbury school district. So those are the sort of logistics we're working out. Like I said, it has a long path before it would actually be put in place, but it is kind of exciting to think about having a little bit more say about what's being offered to the students and sort of the long-term plan. I'm really impressed by what the Career Center has to offer for our students. There's really successful like digital media programs that they have and other things that are really linked to jobs that we're really looking for people to have. So it's definitely not the Career Center that we might have had 40 years ago. So, let's see, oh, good, thank you. I have a share right now. So I just wanted to share the... This is just the whole webpage. If you're interested in digging into it a little bit more, like I said, it's a study committee about the governance. So it's very much our first step. There's a very handy sort of presentation that's kind of why we're doing this in the history of the Tech Center. There is a white paper report and then there's all kinds of information from our past meetings. There's a meeting minutes, there's information about the committee's upcoming agendas. We meet twice a month and I'm also on the executive committee that kind of helps set the agenda. So we're gonna be continuing to work through at least through the end of this year on what our proposal to the different, to the State Board, the Secretary and the different communities would even be. I'm happy to take any questions or if there's anything that folks want me to look into and bring back to, I'd be happy to do that. So you can see this is actually, right now this information can be found under the Central Monk Career and Technical Center webpage. And I can share this with the board after. So Jill, is the idea to get this on the ballot for next budget vote or the year after? The year after. Because I think it's the several month process to get in front of the State Board and the Secretary. So I don't see that happening until the budget vote in early 2023. Got it. And what will it look like? Will it be first a vote for allowing this district to be formed and then going forward, will there be like, how will its budget be approved? Will Montclair be part of like this larger district and will there be like a separate budget item each town hall to approve the budget for the tech center? Yeah, exactly. And that's, those are the sort of logistics that we're working out of what we had even proposed. But essentially, this independent district would have to get to the various boards in the districts, the budget well before January 1st. So that the boards know what it's going to be. It will not be mixed with the school budget. It would be its own separate article and line item on the various town meeting ballots. But the votes, I think the way that it seems like we would be proposing is the vote to be combing votes. So that would mean that it would be the total number of votes, the majority of the total number of votes cast would approve it. So it wouldn't be that if three of the towns voted it down and five didn't, that it wouldn't pass. It's based on the total number of votes from the total number of voters who voted in the district. So lots of big weighty things to weigh that we have a long way to go. I definitely will want to come to you guys with a lot more information probably with the new superintendent of the Career Center right now. Okay, your name's Jody Ferguson. So there's a lot of those kind of logistics. I still have a lot of questions about the financial impact and what that is a zero sum impact on our sending tuition for students to go to the Career Center. But it does seem like it's a pretty successful model in some of the other places. And that the different districts would have a lot more say in what's offered and how to manage things like transportation and special education we do right now. Excellent, additional questions for Jill? And the participants, go ahead and just raise your hand or ask. So just for- Thank you for your question. Okay, now I can see your hand. Go ahead, Anthony. All right, so just for point of clarification the funding for these, so all the districts would basically approve the budget and the district together or the towns will fund it, right? Would there, right now, whenever a student is sent there the district pays for that, right? So that portion would go away as they have their own budget. Right, so we wouldn't be paying a usage of our students that would go to the Career Center anymore. So that wouldn't be a part of them of the Roxbury District budget, but there would be a separate line item for a Montpelier and Roxbury voters for the tech center district. So it wouldn't be tied to the number of students that are going there. It would just be a, I guess, part of the district. There would be some cost. That's right, and I'm not sure there's probably some sort of a rolling average or something like that to be based on because, you know, Montpelier or U32 might send a lot more students than, say, Cabin, for example. And Barrie certainly still makes up the majority of students going. So I think that's one of the pieces that we still have to iron out is how we apportion the budget based on, is it enrollment of students going there? Is it total student enrollment? Is it population? Does that can vary? Yeah. Those are the kind of things we're trying to work out still. So I don't feel comfortable that I can try to make an attempt as to what the financial impact would be, but that's definitely what I'm trying to keep an eye on. Okay. Thanks. Yeah. Great. Alana, did you have a question? Oh, no, I just wanted to say thank you, Jill, for leaving. Thank you. It's interesting. Yeah, no, thank you, Jill. This is great. Any other questions for Jill? Otherwise, we can move to board discussion. Demographics. So the background is just from the last board meeting that I watched, there was a discussion on what the demographics of the district was, and so we have that information. So this was from last school year, the one that just finished. And when we have demographics for next school year, we'll put that up, but we just wanted to give you the opportunity to discuss that data if you wanted to or just have it in your hands because it was a hot topic last time. Great. Any questions or otherwise about the demographic data? And obviously this is just a starting point. I know we want to have data in general be more of a board topic, but I think a good snapshot of at least type profile demographics of the district. I have just like a context question. Like you pulled this stuff for us, kind of just for our general knowing. We had this already put together. Right, but is it something that you guy, that like the leadership team uses, that it informs things in terms of budget and where there's need and strategy and things like that? Absolutely. Yeah. Okay. Is there any specific way in which it's used? We look at it. So for instance, the aspect scores are coming out right now, so we'll most definitely be disaggregating that data by IEP, by students who speak or who have English language services. We'll definitely be correlating. Yeah. Yeah, disaggregating that data. Okay. Yeah, I have a question too about, and I don't have it right in front of me, but my recollection was that UES had a notably higher portion of English language students. Of English language students and also BIPOC students than all the other schools, which I guess surprised me that I expected a maybe town difference between Montpelier and Roxbury, but maybe not an interesting school difference. No, what's interesting about UES and the younger, that is almost solely from national life. Okay. But I got the right, I always want to call it American life, but it's national life, right? They bring, for the last few years, they brought a large contingent of people from the Indian area, from India area, and they come with young children. All of them have young children. So they're actually, I didn't give the board the break out of this, they're actually in pocketed grade levels. And I don't know if that's an intentional move by national life or not, but that's why there's such a larger portion of UES because of the national life effort. Yeah, I'm not sure what it's related to there, what the roles are there, but it's big. In fact, we raised, we increased, Jim, if you remember, we increased the English language teachers, what was that, two years ago? Because of that, we increased the FDE there at UES because of that influx, which was relatively new. So I have a data related question. Are these the categories, are they mutually exclusive? So could a kid be in multiple categories? Is that what you're asking me, Annika? Wouldn't he be, or he or she, are they? Yeah, they could be in multiple categories, yes. Okay. So the percentage, I think it's probably there. Right. Oh, that's why they're over a hundred percent because it's the percentage of total kids. Yeah. Okay, thank you. Any other questions or comments? I had a rock spirit, just specific question. Like, just curious about, once RBS kids hit the Montpelier schools, do you kind of look at them over time, sort of what happens when they sort of arrive in a new community and classrooms that have a larger ratio of student to teacher and kind of just see how they land, oops, sorry, just saying that. I just arrived in the gym. Yeah, thanks for asking me. Talking with my hands too much now that we're in person, there's that risk. But yeah, once they kind of hit this community at schools and it's a new community, it's a different community, I mean, ostensibly there's shared curriculum and there's some continuity there, but it's a really different setting for them. I'm just curious what that transition looks like and if it's tracked in any way. We don't track it purposely. We probably should have when we first merged. See what that means. Yeah, and we just weren't thinking in that way when we first merged, but looking back on that first year of the merger, we most definitely made some errors there. But we don't right now track in any way, shape, or form. For kids who are from Roxbury, it's really the only way they're noticeable. A kid from Roxbury is noticeable is that they get on a bus. You know, like they ride the Roxbury bus. But other than that, it's pretty much bordering with the flow. But you're right, it's a large change. Yeah, it's a large change. Yeah, so I guess anything that's known as sort of anecdotal, but not necessary. Yeah, it's not, it's just not cool. Yeah, okay, okay. Other questions or comments? So policy monitoring, we have two policies up for report. Tobacco prohibition E08, and then A02 Board's Superintendent Relationship Policy. Let's start with Tobacco prohibition. Do you have a motion to approve that? I know that we approve the policy monitoring report, or policy, sorry, which one is that? E08. E08. E08, yep, thank you. All right, do you have a second? I'll second. Second from Kristen. Any discussion, and? I have a question regarding the data around the data around what happens when someone is found that I was looking at the policy, at the, so there's a point where there's a police call if someone is found, is this, is this? If there's an illegal substance, then the police are called. Sorry, maybe I can't hear you, I'm sorry. If there's an illegal substance, then typically the police are called. Okay. And is that detailing the procedure? I don't have it up right now, I'm not sure. It's in the handbooks for the high school and the middle school. And is that in the tobacco prohibition, or is that in the drug and alcohol? It might be in drug and alcohol, I don't remember. Let me see. And is it illegal in general or illegal for the person in possession? Illegal in general. Okay. Yeah, the referral to law enforcement, that decision, if it's appropriate, is usually defined by if it's an illegal substance or not. Are there any tobacco products that aren't illegal substance, or is it perhaps an illegal decision? Well, probably not. Well, marijuana, used to be. Marijuana is included in this process. Yeah. And maybe it's the drug policy I'm thinking of. I think marijuana can be the drug policy. You're right. Yeah. That's interesting. Is that just? It could be just the real ones or something else. So in the evidence that two students that were found in possession of the illegal substance was this reported to, was this a referral to the police in this report? Not this year, no. Okay. Okay, so this monitoring report, these two students that were in the monitoring report that were found in possession of the illegal substance were not referred to the police. No. But the procedure says that you would refer them to the police. It says if appropriate. Okay. Okay. That's all I have. Any other questions or comments on the tobacco policy? All those in favor of accepting the tobacco prohibition policy monitoring report? Say aye. Aye. Aye. Aye. I'm gonna vote two. Aye. Any opposed? Tobacco prohibition is approved. I know there were some questions about the board superintendent relationship policy. And I also know that we are short forum members. Do we want to table that? And have the ability for discussion around that or do you want to move ahead with approval or denial? Yeah, I would say we want to table that and pick it up next time because, yeah, there were some questions surrounding it. We have better problems out of strength. Thanks, Anakit. Do, does anyone feel otherwise? I feel like it's appropriate to push it to the next meeting. I'm curious if there was questions posed, would those questions be shared with the board at large so we could kind of just get some perspective and what folks are thinking or do you just have to table it entirely? Let me give you some perspective. I know that there were a couple instances reported about board member email communication. I think some of the relevant board members are not here. So I don't know, we might want to wait for them to be here before we dive in, does that make sense? I think that's all we have on the agenda. I did want to, people, we've started including the draft agenda for 721 before it close out. Does anyone have any comments on that for the next meeting or any other agenda related comments? Jim, this is Jill. I'm sorry if I misunderstood earlier. When you were asking about the 15th, our next two board meetings, the 15th and the 21st, is that what you're saying? No, we have a board meeting the 21st and we have a hour long training with Pietro Land on roles and responsibilities as the district attorney on the 15th from 530 to 630, which would be by Zoom. Okay, and then is there a board meeting the week before that? There is not a board meeting the week before that. We are having this board meeting in lieu of, what would be a board meeting during the week of the fourth, which we just assumed would have low attendance. Okay, that makes sense. Yeah, so our next official board meeting is the 21st in Roxbury. Great, I'll be there. Probably be in person for everybody. Yeah, and people should probably, especially given that we have much better tech set up and had some stumbles here or make it in person if you can. And we have also comfortable people are in a car yet, but we've definitely carpooled out there previously or at least had a few people. So if people are interested in carpools, that is something you can coordinate via email without offending the opportunity for us. Oh, the way I'm sorry, Dan, I thought so the July 15th, it's from 5.30 to 6.30? Yeah, it's a Zoom training. What is a training? And then just at the regular time on July 21st is the next board meeting, and that is in person and in Roxbury, at Roxbury Village School. And another reason to attend in person is it would be great. We're all gonna talk about it at school and I think with the exception of the Roxbury members and Andrew and I, I've not said that folks been out there would be, it's a good opportunity to we can take five minutes at either end of the meeting and give a tour or 10 minutes. Jill and Anakit, have you been to Roxbury? We have not been there, but I miss that. Oh, that's right. Very darling, it only takes 10 minutes.  Actually, on that note, at our facilities meeting, not to jump out of order, but we, Andrew LaRosa, the facilities director, he is playing on posting some tours of the different buildings with us in conjunction with board meetings, so we'll have another chance. Excellent. Great, that's all we have. Do you have a motion to adjourn? So moved. Do you have a second? I second. All those in favor? Aye. Aye. Any opposed? Thanks, everyone. We will see you on the 15th and have a nice morning.


These men that we see, these talented political actors, are everything despite what America has made. It's not because of, because America would like make you want to believe that, oh, pull yourself up by the bootstraps and you'll be able to make it, that is not true. The people that have made it and the people that they like to point to as paragons of political talent, have made it despite what has been levied against them. Well, should we talk about the Tennessee situation? Because I know a lot of people were commenting and it's really, it's kind of like crossing the Rubicon in a different way, at least when it comes to fascism. I don't know if anybody wanted to start or if, I know Blair was talking about it, but I can also open as well if you all want. Feel free to take it away. Okay, so basically after the Nashville shooting, there were thousands of protesters, mostly Gen Z activists that were marching in Tennessee. They marched straight up to the Capitol. They had disrupted a session and in solidarity with these protesters, there were three lawmakers who basically joined them and they went up to the podium and they started talking about the need for gun control and because they joined this protest, not even joined, just stood in solidarity with them and uttered positive comments about it. The right is now labeling that as an insurrection and now they were up for expulsion. Media was pushed out. In fact, Justin Jones, who was expelled, was filming just like the chance from the Gen Z activists outside and on video he caught one of his Republican colleagues just straight up assaulting him. It's genuinely insane, they're very brazen, but now one of the three have been expelled. I think this is developing so I'm not sure where we're at currently. And yeah, they were literally expelled just for saying that there should be gun control. It's unhinged. Like I get that the Tennessee Republican Party, they're against gun control.  Here's a speech from Justin Pearson, who it was either him who's been expelled or the other Democrat. Yeah, Justin Jones was expelled as far as I know. I don't know if Pearson is gonna be expelled or was expelled yet, but he's up for expulsion. No, they were both expelled. They were three people up for expulsion, the two young black men and an older white woman and they voted to not expel the white woman. I mean, there's a message there for sure. I mean, the Republicans who made that decision are sending a clear message there just to be clear, but also we should also say that she's come out and said that herself too, the woman who stood with them. She was asked, why do you think you weren't expelled? And she said, maybe it's because the color of my skin, like she's calling it out too, so good for her. I did read though that there's gonna be a special election and they will be allowed to run again. Like they're not banned from running. And if they run again and win, they cannot be expelled again for the same thing. Like that's it. So it's possible that these Tennessee Republican lawmakers just, you know how Republicans were going crazy this past week about how we've turned Donald Trump into a martyr. I mean, they may very well have actually done that with these two young men. These two guys are gonna have a big future I think in politics for sure. Yeah, this speech is really good. Let me just play this clip. We and you are seeking to expel district 86's representation from this house in a country that was built on a protest.   You spoke up for children who won't ever be able to speak again. You spoke up for parents who don't wanna live in fear.  You spoke up for people that we don't wanna care about in a country built on people who speak out of turn, who spoke out of turn, who fought out of turn to build a nation. I come from a long line of people who have resisted. They're great. Justin Jones, if you watch any of his speeches, they're incredible. It's clear why they made him a target because it's not just this issue. Like he has been holding the Republican party accountable and really standing up for his constituents and representing Gen Z in a very loud way. And so they wanted to find some excuse to get rid of him because he's been a Thorne on their side and they did. Like it's not just this issue like gun control, like on LGBTQ plus issues when it comes to welfare issues, he is excellent. So these are two people who are leaders and they don't like that they're leaders. They don't like that they're able to set the agenda because that's what they wanna do. They wanna monopolize discourse and they just try to find some way to undemocratically remove them. Yeah, I'm not surprised. I mean, I'm not surprised. It's just the reality. We can't constantly recognize the Republicans are fascist at this point I say it every episode. Like this is the kind of extremism. This is not at all surprising. And I would like in a different world, you wanna, and first of all, yes, that speech is incredible. He's clearly an incredible speaker. And in a different world, you'd like to be like, oh yeah, he'll have a great career in politics because you see how talented he is or what great of a speaker is. But in this world where he's a black man in that environment where those kind of powerful white supremacists have it out for him so bad that they would remove him, I think I worry about his safety. Long-German, I think that's something that doesn't get, I feel like mainstream media will never delve into that part of it because to delve into that would have to be to recognize the kind of dangerous forces these people are with the kind of things they've done, historic things and the reality of that. And it would change the tenor of the very like both sides, the way people try to treat politics. But a real thing is his safety, honestly. That's something that I think about that in a situation where people have targeted him as somebody that is a leader, as somebody that they need to get rid of, as somebody that they would go to these lengths. So yeah, I hope you stay covered. Yeah, I got it. I have to give credit, this is a Jones. I can play this as well if you want. Yeah. We are brought to here where members are responding in the most extreme measure, not because of what we did, but because by breaking the quorum, we broke the glass of your false power for the world to see. We broke the glass of this chamber that someone called sacred. One of the members on the other side of the aisle was in tears and said, I've never seen such a breach of this sacred chamber. And I thought to myself, that representative has obviously never read history. Because is it in this chamber, if you walk around this capital, you'll see bullet holes when representatives got into conflict. You'll see duals take place on this house floor, debating whether people like me should be treated like equal citizens under law. This is not a temple. This is a place where we're supposed to wrestle for our democracy and wrestle ideas and give voice to 78,000 constituents each of us represents. But for so long, this body drunk with power has modeled for the world what we know as nothing less than authoritarianism. And today is the climax of that behavior that a week after a mass shooting plagued our community. The most direct action this legislative body takes or should I say my colleagues on the other side of the aisle are taking is to expel us for speaking about the issues of weapons of war on our streets. Let's talk about expulsion.  One member sits in this chamber who was found guilty of domestic violence, no expulsion. We had a former speaker sit in this chamber who is now under federal investigation, no expulsion. We have a member still under federal investigation, no expulsion. We had a member pee in another member's chair in this chamber, no expulsion. In fact, they're in leadership but in the governor's administration. And so once again, what you're saying to us is that you're trying to put us on trial. I'll say what you're really putting on trial is the state of Tennessee. What you're really showing for the world is holding up a mirror to a state that is going back to some dark, dark roots. A state in which the Ku Klux Klan was founded is now attempting another power grab by silencing the two youngest black representatives and one of the only women, democratic women in this body. That's what this is about. Yeah, it's like they're incredible. They're incredible. But when I see incredible black men in this context doing this, I can't help but recognize all the times I've seen incredible black men in that context doing that. And we are talking about them in what ifs and what could have been because past tense, because they're killed. They're targeted and killed. Like, so that is, like I say, and I think that's something, we forget sometimes how different, different environments are for protests. And like people could take that for granted. For what New York City is and what NYPD is, there's still a big difference between protests in a black lives matter in Manhattan versus what it is in Mississippi. Like there are serious things. Like when I've talked to different organizers on the ground and different activists and stuff following the different deaths of different black people depending on what they are, they are far different constraints of what the danger is locally in those places and those environment. And the internet sometimes can blend the world in a way where we don't really realize what the outside environment is there, right? Like that might be going viral on Twitter and we're like, oh my God, this person is amazing. This person is this, this person could be a great speaker and this person, but this person could be in real life where they're at.  So when I see two black men and a woman targeted on this level to where they have to give a very moving speech like that. Cause I don't know when last I've seen either a speech to the level of either speech they've given. It makes me, it makes me, you know, worry for them and hope for, you know, that they are covered and protected. And yeah, that's, that's my, that's my thoughts on that. And, and like a really, the point is also because people would have you believe that alignment is being hyperbolic with this, but it is actually, it is actually very tempered and a reasonable response because every black resistance movement, especially in the continental USA has been either co-opted or just absolutely obliterated. We think of Black Wall Street. We think of, I saw people mention Fred Hampton, MLK. It's a constant, it's not like this is not, and in the same way when people are talking about the trans genocide that is happening and using those words extremely purposefully, it's because it exactly is. This is not hyperbolic. Like this is not Fox News trying to say it's overblown. It's a sigh off or something like that. This is, in fact, maybe like not even speaking to the level of severity we need to take it to. And everything that black talented political orators, people with political talent like that, people made mention of the way that they spoke and the cadence being extremely religious and probably ecclesiastical and how the matrix for it was probably a church. And when you think about that, that's just so poetic because when we think about how the church as an institution is a place where they're able to develop these political talents at the same time, they have to fight a litany of different aggressions, whether it be the colonial construct of church, all the different things that are said in church in order to break down black men in particular and socialize them into being a particular way. Yet they still come out like this, which is my point that these men that we see, these talented political actors are everything despite what America has made. It's not because of, because America would like make you wanna believe that, oh, pull yourself up by the bootstraps and you'll be able to make it, that is not true. The people that have made it and the people that they like to point to as paragons of political talent have made it despite what has been levied against them. So these men, if they are able to actually realize their full political talent and get to the stages that they deserve to be on, it is not because of America, it is in spite of America. Big facts, round of applause. Clap track. Well said. Thank you for the clap track, but I'm not sure which button it is, so I don't wanna screw it up. I got an air horn, but I don't know if it's gonna play. Let's see if this, what's this? Yeah, there we go. Yeah. I guess right, there we go. You could have done like a laugh track that it would have been completely inappropriate. Rational, national sense. There you go. Rational national sense. Rational national sense. I love that. Yeah, no, it's sad and like, yeah, again, like especially also like these protests, we were talking about the trans genocide, like it's very, it's not even eerie, it's extremely numb.  It's almost like a broken record because you get tired and that's exactly what they want. Like they want you to get tired of, when I, but listen, when they let them babies die in San Diego, I was just like, look, America will never. Oh yeah, I know. I feel the same way. Once that happened. It was over. Like I was just like the gun debate, like I say, you lost. Like they will care more about their guns than they babies. They will. Yeah, yeah. I have one more clip that's actually, that's a Pearson talking to the media. This is also pretty good. And so every Tennessean needs to be very concerned that we are not in a democracy. And across the United States of America, there has been no House members who have ever been expelled for exercising the First Amendment rights and a peaceful protest. This is a first in American history and we are losing our democracy to white supremacy. We are losing our democracy to patriarchy. We are losing our democracy to people who want to keep a status quo that is damning to the rest of us and damning to our children and unborn people. It is no coincidence that the two youngest black lawmakers in the state of Tennessee and one or two women are on trial today. That is not accidental. This is what happens when you lose democracy. This is what we are fighting against and must stand up against as legislators and as people and as citizens across this country because it's starting in Tennessee, but it won't end here. Excellent speakers. Yeah. And even the Afro, like all of it is purposeful with that. Like, unfortunately, black hair is very political, but like even a choice like that, you think of Angela Davis, you think of the people that wear the, he knows what he's doing. And the thing is, he has to perform these political markers in order to access even the rooms and the possibility of influence that he's able to access in. So like all of these different qualifiers he's doing in order to get into these rooms. So I watch his career with a lot of veganism and also trepidation. Yeah, rightfully so. It's just really dark times down. I think that people, they're starting to wake up to the fact that one of two parties, one of the only two parties in this country that are electorally viable is fascist. And I don't think that they really understand what that means because to all of us, it's kind of a foreign concept. Like we think about fascism back in history in World War II, and it's like inconceivable that that could happen here and that fascism could be on the rise here. But it's like, we're well past this whole identification phase, which is where I think some people are finally emerging and we're into the implementation part of the fascism. Like you look to Florida and specifically the laws that are being proposed and it is deeply authoritarian laws that require journalists to register if they criticize the government, laws that require universities to report on, I can't remember the specifics, report on what they're covering if they cover any social politics or critical race theory. Like these are all the state seizing power for fascistic reasons. You see the way that they go after opposition in a very authoritarian and direct manner. Like this is all part of fascism. Like fascism isn't like one thing. It's a number of things, there's criteria. And as the years go on, we meet more and more criteria. Like we check more boxes and we're starting to realize what that looks like. It looks like transgenocide. It looks like the disempowerment of political opponents in an authoritarian way. The removal of civil rights that have been fought for centuries. I mean, Roe v. Wade being overturned. It hasn't even been a year, but that is monumental. To even recall that, oh yeah, we're back to pre 1970 America with regards to reproductive rights. That is no small thing. And for people who are kind of like in this privileged position to where it doesn't personally affect them, it will affect you eventually because one by one, like each group, like everyone is gonna be touched by this in some way because that's what fascism does. It is like the takeover of power, of culture, of all institutions. And so like we're seeing that.  But we're kind of, we're past the acknowledgement phase as I was saying. And we need to be in the mobilization phase to stop it if it's not too late. We will never bow to the model. Ever. No matter what or what. Do you see the final expression of cancel culture in terrorist groups like yours? We'll see who cancels who.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com with our last filler for that hockey mixer coming up in the next video. But first we got to do this allure pack break, and then we'll give away those final spots. Big thanks to everybody right here for getting in on it, and there are the teams right there. Let's roll it, randomize it, six into two, eight times for names and teams. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, and eighth and final time. Matt, yes, we are. Brian, down to Martin after eight, six into two, eight times for the teams. Two, three, four, five, and eighth and final time. Alright, so here's the first part of the list right here, and the second part of the list right here. Thank you, Tyler. We've got a Red Rainbow, Tim Lilgegrin, we've got City Sully, a couple others here, nice. Alright, so nothing too crazy there, but the whole point of this is, who's going to win those mixer spots? So we're going to re-randomize this list, there it is again, and it's going to be the top six after ten. Good luck, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, and tenth and final time. So from seven on down, it's sad times, but I appreciate you giving it a shot. Thank you to this whole group here. Three times though for the top six, you're in the mixer, and a chance at a wax party spot. Brian, Brian, Stephen K, Nick T, Nick T, and Adam, congrats to the top six right there. We'll see you in the mixer. Did I do this right? Yeah, I did. Ten times, there it is. We'll see you for the mixer in the next video, jaspyscasebrace.com, bye-bye.


Good morning, everybody. My name is Manjuri Lai Patel. I am working here as a research project staff. My post is general software engineer and I have worked around 2 years, 7 months in MHRD project here. The project name was CLICA. The CLICA technology, whichever explained by Patoxa yesterday, I think the day before yesterday and whatever the technologies they explained during that, I have worked on Java.  I am not a lecturer, not a professor, any kind of teacher. So, I am only just one kind of expertize in Java, not that much expert also which is available in industries but as per my knowledge, I will give one kind of consideration in front of you related to Java technology. So, Java is object oriented programming language which is developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystem. Recently, it is merged in Oracle Corporation. It is general purpose concurrent class based object oriented language. The basic goal behind the creation of Java is to make it architecture neutral. That means the most popular word platform independent and portable. So, it is robust and secure and the license when it is GPL, general public license. That means anyone can use it and develop it and also can contribute it during its development. The word W-O-R-A. W-O-R-A means right ones run anywhere. It is completely applied to Java program language because of its basic architecture. There are two words in its basic architecture. The first one is JVM and the another one is byte code. What is JVM? JVM is Java virtual machine that executes the Java byte code. Now, what is Java byte code is the form of instructions which are completely designed for JVM perspective and on which it executes. The basic fund is that the Java source files are compiled to byte code and that run on any JVM and JVM is a part of JRE. So, we cannot download JVM directly. That is why for JVM purpose we have to download JRE. That is why for running any Java application there must be JRE. Because of that we will get JVM and JVM will help to execute byte code and by which we can run Java program anywhere. This is the basic block diagram. The first thing, the first basic element is Java source files. After compilation the basic command is javag. We will get dot class files. That dot class files having Java byte codes and that Java byte codes will be operate on JRE and JRE will be having JVM and that will perfectly execute that code. Whether it can be PC or any mobile operating system. So, this is basic reason by which we can execute Java anywhere on any platform mostly. Now, the basic powerful fundamental of Java is object oriented programming. It is actually the basic core of Java. The first thing is abstraction. Now, I will ask you whenever you see a car what you observe. Can anyone explain? Basically when you see a nano car what you have seen in that? You just observe the outer look, the speed, the vehicle, how it runs on road like that. So, designing whatever attraction towards that vehicle you just observe that. That means the basic essential things you just observe. If someone just open that vehicle and shows you the engine, the basic architecture then it will be very critical. So, that is why the outer look is very much important and it is only design as per the user perspective. That comes the abstraction. Abstraction means showing the only essential parts rather than hiding that parts which are not related to users. So, that is very important principle behind oops object oriented programming which is one of the basic feature of Java. The next one is encapsulation. Now, have you seen the medicines? Medicines are perfectly wrapped. Why it has wrapped? Because we have to protect that medicine some outside temperature. It can harm that medicine also. Some medicines have to refrigerate within some below temperature. Likewise our code is also like that. Some outer code like hacking we have heard. Security purposes are there. Some outer code can access our code and also can take benefits which are not properly advised, which are not recommended. So, to proper arrangement of our code and for security reasons we have to protect our data. And also by some proper way that is by some public methods we have to give access to our data. That is nothing but the encapsulation. It act just like a wrapper of code and data. The code and data are the two basic principles and two basic elements of any programming language. So, we have to protect that things. Now, the next one is inheritance. Inheritance is most famous oops principle. It is nothing but the there is one class which inherits its super class features. There are that features which are available to his super class. There are two classes the super class and sub class. Like child has some features from his parents. This one property we can see in inheritance. The most important use of inheritance is to reuse the code. If you are familiar with C or C plus plus then you may have seen there are different types of inheritance. Single inheritance, multiple inheritance, hybrid inheritance and one more is remaining. The next one is polymorphism. Actually the polymorphism word is biological word. Polymorphism means one operator can be have certain actions many forms. That is basic meaning behind it. Now in polymorphism what is actually meaning of that in programming? It is ability of any reference variable to change its behavior according to conditions. Now the conditions will come when that variable will execute at runtime. So, depending on the conditions the reference variable will change its behavior and perform the certain actions which is very much important and it comes under the head of polymorphism which is basic principle of Java. So, these are the basic four principles of Java. Now we will go for one simple program. This is the most simplest program we all know and I do not think so we have to demonstrate here and execute this program. There is a first part which is the comments. I will explain comments in later because it is we always neglect that part while developing but it is very most important thing in as per industry standard because I heard in industry there is less lines of code rather than comparing to lines of code there are more commented lines of code. That means the information of code should be written in very standard described there and it can done by like this. I have written in between that two symbols. This is a simple Java program call this file as a example to Java. This is class name which we mentioned class example and this is the main method. Now public static void main and in bracket string arguments array. Public that means this is the main function which we can use anywhere in our project area. Static means we should not instantiate this function. We can directly access void means it will not written in value and main function that means it is a main entry of our program by which our whole program executes. Now system out.println. System is a class and out is also one of the class variable in that and println is a method which terminates the given string on the line. Now this is a simple Java program which also the output will be like that. This is a simple Java program like that. Now what are the standards which we have to follow? The first standard during Java programming is the most important thing is Java is case sensitive. So you have to remember its keywords and all further conventions. Java compiler requires .java extension. So whatever your file will be you have to give extension .java. By convention the name of the class should be matched the name of the file that holds the program. Now it is not actually if we see any basic program which does not consist main method it is not necessary to give the same name but it is not good as far if you if you program and if you arrange your whole folder structure of programming. That is why Java recommends you to give the same name whatever the class is essential in that. If the class is having main method then you must have to give the same name to that program. It is mandatory. All code must reside inside a class. So whatever code you you will write it must have to reside in one particular class. What is Java source file? Java source file is nothing but one compilation unit. It is a compilation unit in which it will it can have more than one classes. It is not necessary that it will consist only one class. So it can have more than one classes. There can be inner classes, outer classes like that. Is it visible? And the basic commands for compilation purpose we use javac I call it as like that javac and the filename.java. And to execute that compile program we have to use java and filename. So this is a very basic information you may all know that. Now I will come to again the commands. Now there are three types of commands. The first command is block command. It can be given like that. The first symbol which I have mentioned before semi comma. And the next one is double quoted lines. Double forward flash like that. Ok. The third one is documentation command. Documentation command I think you are not familiar with that because in my academic career also I was not familiar with that mostly but it is very important thing. Documentation command means whatever the function whatever the class you will write you have to write the basic information related to variables and parameters inside that. What it will do? It will do. It will generate one HTML document after giving some kinds of commands. If you are using NetWinds or IDE, NetWinds or Eclipse ID's there are some basic support for the documentation. If you use some menus in that like in tools if you go there is a generate javadoc command. What it does? It does this documentation command throughout the project. It will make one skeleton, one structure in which you can write the whole information which is related to method. Suppose you have design one program in which you have one method addition. The program is related to calculation. You have to write the purpose of that class above the class and the method above that method whatever and the parameters the scope and the usage. What will happen afterwards? If you compile and if you generate the javadoc the essential javadoc you can represent to anyone and that is the basic technical information which you can generate by using this document command. So I will presumably intimate this documentation command to you because you are going to do some programming so you should not ignore this element. You should do documentation command. You yourself search you will get different different ideas. Now once again the basic thing variable declaration we can declare it as a int num is the variable name. This is the general form whatever the data type and the variable name. Assignment we can do like that by using equal to sign. These are the java separators curly bracket square brackets like that and now there are 50 keywords as per the current version of java which is current version of java can anyone tell? Yes. So there is 50 keywords in that 5 keywords are added like that from last two versions. These are the data types. There are four basic types of data types. The first one is integers, second one is floating point third one is characters and fourth one is Boolean. Integer data type consists byte short ent long. Each one has its significant importance whatever the programming in which it will involve. For example byte and short these are basic elements data types in hardware embedded system which are mostly used in that. Boolean is very familiar we are very familiar with that char is also important and floating point variable. This we use for calculations in certain other data types. Now type casting is very much important you know that in C and C++ also it is very important fact. This is the general form for that you have to write that target type in bracket and that particular value. Now arrays Arrays is nothing but the group of like type variables which are arranged in a sequence. There are two types of arrays one dimensional array and multi dimensional array. This is the general form for that you have to write just like this. There will be data type and variable name and the symbol here the square bracket. If you want to give the particular size for that array then you have to mention the size also. Arrays are fixed size so whether you are mentioning here or later in programming it will depend on you. Multi dimensional arrays are also one of the types of arrays. I will specially tell if you are using arrays much more in C or C++ arrays in Java are totally different. It is not common the practices whichever you have done in C and C++ the practice here in Java is different.  But in Java there is some different programming structure for array. So you should take care about that. These are the operators there are many operators the first one is arithmetic plus negative like that these all symbols are there. The operand of the arithmetic operations must be of numeric type. This is most important condition. Now these are the second operators which we always neglect because it never comes in our mind. This is bitwise operators which are mostly important for hardware embedded engineering software. If you go through foundation of computer science there is a gates NAND and NOR these kinds of gates are there. So for this purpose we use this all symbols bitwise operators. Now this is relational operator which is mostly used in loops. We will see in further slide. And the next one is Boolean logical. This is also we can use in hardware embedded systems and also in some fuzzy logic like that the algebraic logic whichever computational logic in the scope of this Boolean logical operators are there. Now we will concentrate on particular Java program. What is the Java program? Actually there is blocks of code in which we will see different kinds of statements. The first statement comes is the control statements. Now you are quite familiar with C or C plus I assume. So based on that I have not written detailed information rather than we will make some kind of conversation later. So here I will quickly wrap up this point. The first one is if statement the basic important thing in this all types is conditions. The if statement will consist some condition else statement will also may have some conditions or may not have. We can make it as nested. Similarly for switch there will be cases in case of switch. And we can make it as a nested also. While, do while, the difference between while and do while there will be first statement which will be executed in do while and later it will be checked. The for and nested for. For is most popular loop in programming language. There is another one three jump statements in control statement which we completely neglect. This is break continue and return. We break we use in switch. We know that and continue we are we will use in if loop like that in certain situations it comes. And return is also we use always. Now this is actually the structure of Java class. There should be comments also I will I forget to write the name class class name this is these are the type these are the different kinds of methods is the name type method name the parameters are very much important. The parameters are the are the dynamic activity which we make our program to execute dynamically. We can change the parameters at runtime. And by this parameter list we do that. And by this way we can structure our whole class. Now what are the constructors? Constructors are very basic essential part of class. It initializes an object immediately upon creation. It has the same name as the class. This is basic identification of any constructors how you will recognize it. It will have the same name of that class. There can be parameterized constructors also. It resides and it is synthetically similar to method. It will looks like a method. But there are two distinguished elements. The first one is there will not be any return type. And the second one is there there will be no void like that word you will find. There is an example for that particular the class box and we have defined one data type and this is the constructor for that particular class box simply. And I have written the constructing box and I have assigned that particular data type. So, like that way you can define constructors and you can use. So, I already told there are there can be parameterized constructors. The function whatever the box function whichever I have written there you can pass parameters also in that which will be applicable for further programming in this stage. This keyword. This keyword is very important thing because if you write some procedural language like means you are if you are not taking benefits of object oriented programming then this keyword is just like one very beneficial thing. You can access the current object of that whole program by this whatever the data types you declared whatever the return types of functions you can just observe and you can choose any one of that by using this keyword. If you if you are using id then this keyword you may know to refer the current object of a class. Now string I have not mentioned the string in data types why because strings are the classes in Java. String is a basic one class in which we make object to use it. There are several string extraction functions which we can use in Java and there is most important to string classes. The first one is string itself and another one is a string builder and string buffer. If you do we will look forward for multi-threading programming. Multi-threading programming in that we have to make our variable thread safe and synchronized. In that case we have to use string buffer rather than string. So these are some very famous industrial data types string buffer and string builder instead of string we use and which are related to this string class. Now the Java class fundamental there are different types of classes as I told the first one is top level second one is static inner that means which we don't have to make any instantiation of that class. Another one is a non-static inner the another one is local class which is simple anonymous class is also one type of that classes. These are the basic types of classes of Java. Now the Java methods there are different types of methods in which you most popular and common types are overloading methods and another one is overriding methods. Actually these are the types of polymorphism. Overloading methods are called as a compile time polymorphism and overriding method are called as a runtime polymorphism. In overloading methods there are simple three things you have to remember. The first one is overloading methods have the same name the different methods will be there it will have the same names like the box function whichever we have seen the similar kind of box functions will be there but it will consist different parameters and also it will consist the different return types. In overriding methods the thing is different it will have the same name though it will have the same parameters and same return types so thing will be changed. So this is the runtime polymorphism and this is the compile time polymorphism. It will decide by the compiler to choose during the overriding method which method it will execute. I hope you have understood this. In overloading it will be not same for a return type. If you mention in signature then it doesn't matter. There are the java method likewise we can overload the constructors also and there are the static methods. Now what is the static method? The method whichever we will declare we can use the static keyword in front of that by which we can access them directly by use of class name. What we actually do we just make one object of class and by using dot or period element we access the whole methods of that particular class. Here if you use the static method there is no need to use no need to differentiate that particular class. You can directly use by using dot operator. Common line arguments are very powerful in hardware embedded system mostly because there are certain things which you depend on that. If suppose there are two technologies one is hardware one is software and you have to communicate that both systems suppose for example you have to integrate one java program to one python program. Python program requires some arguments. So there is one fact by which you can pass that. In common line arguments are the essential information you can pass at runtime. Here is the basic example of that. If you execute that you will compile it and during run you just give some words during that execution word. Suppose if I compile it and if I give the name java command line and welcome then it will print welcome. Command line arguments are nothing but the just that information which you pass during command line it will captures that and will use in further programming. This is very basic element. It will be look like very basic but it is very useful function during programming. Now in a return as I told there are two basic classes. The first one is superclass which have the properties itself methods and which will be subclassed. That means subclass will inherit some properties methods from superclass. There is the extents keyword which we use to extend the superclass. Now one more thing is that java does not provide multiple inheritance. One typical inheritance means in which the base that means the subclass will access the methods from multiple superclasses more than superclasses. This one feature which we see in COC plus it is not available in java. But it can be provided by interface which we will see later. Now one more thing is that in a return that is abstract classes. Abstract classes and the method. Abstraction which I told earlier in UPS principle. The abstraction principle is totally related to this abstract classes. Abstract classes and methods represents the abstraction principle of UPS. Abstract classes are defined by using abstract keyword. Abstract classes cannot be instantiated. It will consist only method signatures. But it can be subclass. That means in inheritance we can use abstraction. That is why I have mentioned this abstract classes under the heading of inheritance. That is why the abstract classes can be used as an extended. Now package. The basic goal behind the package is to make your all work according to functionality, usability and category. There can be a different perspective in your whole programming. Some programming is related to database. Some programming will be related to utilities. Some programming will be related to business logic. And some programming will be related to design. So you, what we will do? You will make them, organize them according to their usage. You will make folders and you will make all classes applicable to that. By which you will make one package. That is nothing, nothing but the package. The package organizes the classes into directories according to their functionality, usability and category. The general form is as it is package and package name. Now in package there is consideration of access modifiers. Private default which is also known as a no-modifier and protected in public. Default you will never see because default is default. It is no-modifier. If there is no any access modifier then it means there is default. So this is actually some table I have created according to class member access for the classes and these are the basic access points. Here y represents s and n represents no. For same class the private data type will be, the private data type access will be s, default will be s, protected in public. For same package subclass that means there is a package but there is a subclass also for perspective for that program. But the private will not work, default will work, protect will work and public will also work. For the same package but it is in same package but it is not a subclass. That means it is not extended. Then in that place the private will not work, default will work, protected will also work and public will also work. If suppose there are different packages, suppose the utility package utility package and database package there are different packages then the private access modifier will not work default will also not work, protected will work and public will work. And suppose there is different package and also there is no any subclasses. In that case private will also not work default is also not work and protected is also not work but public will work. You will see public will work at any case and private will work only in same class. So this is basic thing protected will work in this particular thing. Only one case the protected will not work will not work in different packages where there is no any subclass. So this is basic usage of access modifiers. Now how we can use packages? For usage of package there is word import. So that is why we always tell we are importing packages. The import keyword is there. The example is like that. Import that particular package. Star we can use like that. Java utility I always tell it as star. So otherwise we have to write it like this. If we want to write it without using package then we have to write in this passion. But if you want to use by using package then it is written like that. Now interface what is Java interface? Java interface contains constant declarations and or method signatures and or variable declarations that are declared to be both static and final that are nested types. And there are no method bodies at all at interface. The interface can extend another interface. One interface can extend another interface. The interface can implement keyword and the interface is also one keyword which we use during creation of interface itself and implement for usage of that interface. If we want to use that interface then we have to use implement keyword. Interface supports multiple inheritance. Now here is the power of inheritance comes back in Java. We already told that there is no support but interface provides and fulfills the need of multiple inheritance. Now one thing is exception handling. Exceptions like the word suggest it is an event which disrupts your normal flow of program during execution of a program. It is abnormal condition which can arise in program at any time. There are two types of exception. First one is check exception and another one is unchecked exception. The check exception will consist try, catch and finally. An unchecked exception will consist throws. The basic package under which the exception hierarchy will come it is the java.lang and the root class of the exception handling is throwable class. These are the basic things which you have to remember according to technical standards. What are the types of exception and in which we can handle the exception handling. Now what are the methods by which we can handle the exception. The first method is try catch finally which is checked. Nested try catch is also there. Multiple catch that means only one try will be there and multiple surrounding catch statements will be found. Then throw is also one variable in java exception by which we can throw that exception particular. We will get it by throwable instance and we will throw it. Throws is like unchecked exception. Whatever exception will come we have to throw it. Like that the goal is behind that. And another one is try and finally. Without catch also we can use try or finally. The finally close is optional. It is not mandatory to use each time. Each try statement requires at least one catch or finally close. There is corresponding close for try. It will be catch finally. Now this is basic exception hierarchy. We always know that error is error but error is also one exception. Error is exception but it is very serious exception. That is why it is called as error. That is why we cannot handle that exception. The exceptions which are handled that are exceptions but which are not handled that are error. That is why error is also comes under the exception. The basic root class is throwable. Whatever the error you are finding it is also part of the superclass. And exception and error. These are the two sub-types of that superclass. And after that others are exception, runtime exception. These are further hierarchical classes in that. This is the main hierarchy for exception usage. Now multi-threading. Multi-threading is most powerful tool in Java because of multi-threading the different kinds of concurrent working protocols implement. And it is built in support which Java provides. By using multi-threading we can do multi-threading programming as well as concurrent programming. There is the two things. One programming which is related to process another programming which is related to thread. Now we can create the thread by using these two methods. The first one is implementing renewable interface. And another one is extending thread class and methods. Okay. Now renewable interface threading is mostly preferred. Can anyone tell me why this is preferred? Actually renewable interface we implement. And thread class and method comes under the extend. That means it is a superclass. And as I told, Java does not support multiple inheritance. That's why we will use it only once if we use thread class and method. And start function which is most important function in thread it will execute only once. If we use extending thread class. But for proper object oriented programming and proper structure of program and execution if we use implement renewable it will be beneficial. That's why renewable interface threading is mostly preferred for good structure of program. But it doesn't mean that extending thread class is not used. It is also used in certain situations. It is also required. Now there is another one kind of multi-threading as I told concurrent multi-threading also. There are two processes which you have to active and in process concurrently. So for this concurrently support we have to, we have one another package. These are all two packages whichever we have seen the interface and the thread class is it comes under the void default java.lan. But it will come under this package java.util.concurrent it is also one multi-threading activity which is specially used for concurrent multi-threaded programming which is newly released and mostly used java.util.concurrent package. So you should also use in case of multi-threading programming. And as the threads can be suspended resumed, stopped and synchronization. Now what is mean by synchronization? I will give one example in hospitals in operation rooms you will see there is a bulk.  The same activity will be done by the synchronization. If there are certain threads and you want particular thread will be active for a particular time then you will put that synchronization keyword there and you will do the further required methods related to that. So that can be also we can do by using multi-threading there is a synchronization facility is also available. Now there are two most important thread methods the first one is join method and the another one is slip method. Slip method we use generally because if you want to suspend our program for certain time then we use slip. Join method is used in concurrent programming mostly and I actually the join methods alternative is this one whichever I showed you already this package. If you don't want to use join because in huge programming that means if you have some huge infrastructure of programs in that it is not beneficial to use join method so that's why you can use this method this package javautil.concurrent in which you can wait until the thread will stop it will over and further instructions will be exhibited of your program. So these are most popular methods there are other methods also you can see that using the java. Now I heard that we have all gone through the applet because you have sent some applets here to IIT Bombay so though I will explain applet is a java program or small application that run on a browser enabled with java and applet needs web browser or applet we work tool. Applet is a heavy weight component of java so there is some distinguishes between the swing which you will see in advanced java and applet applet comes under this package the awt package and it can be used like this there is not any main method but you can use it as per the Friskap method this is a simple applet which extend this super class applet and there is public point paint function and graphic jeep and you can draw string by using this a method. How to execute the applet? To execute an applet there is a short HTML text file which will contain the applet tag this is the applet tag applet code in which you have to write the class name and width and height you can execute this applet by using the short HTML text otherwise there is one concatenated method in which you will include this command inside the program as I told the comments to represent this code you will use this included statements above the code and by which you can directly execute that program and you can view by using applet viewer now one most important thing is IO IO means taking input from users which are generally done by buffer readers scanner classes different different classes are there and the command line argument is also as IO operations and file operations, fine handling reading and writing files this are also comes under the IO packages the package for representing all these activities are java.io now a very important and powerful package as per the industry standards it is a collection the collection is the java framework for desktop applications and mostly used as a backend software system that it is the one most important application programming interface it can be treated as a standard programming interface it is made up by set of interfaces for groups of objects and the examples are various examples are there for collections the arelies vector, list, hash map, tree map set, stack, queue, like that all the things and it comes under this java.util package now this is also one important hierarchy which you have to remember this is the collection API hierarchy in which the collections will consist these three parameters elements the queue, list and set and map, sorted map there are two maps as per I used hash map and tree map tree map and hash map the difference is that the tree map will sorted map comes under the sorting which you can do and list and queue queue will consist different kinds of stack, queue, like that properties and list will consist the double linked list like that by list you can implement stack or queue also now what are the different editions and versions of java these are the different editions java card, java card is basically used for sim cards of mobile phones which is basically used for mobile technologies another one is java micro ME which is mostly used for hardware embedded systems java standard editions is used for application development programming whether it is also used for web applications but web applications the most preferred edition is enterprise edition and java effects is used for multimedia applications this is the web URL for downloading this all software which you can find anywhere in google now different kinds of versions java has been released from starting point of view java zdk 1.0 is there which was released in 1996 then 1.1 released in 1997 they have inserted two keywords inside that no one knows why they have inserted so they have added it and they have changed sdk into zdk so it comes like java to sdk 1.2 after that in 2000 1.3 is there 1.4 is there 5.0 is there up to 2000 but after that they have suddenly gives up the 1.x numbering 1.4 there is directly 5.0 in java version it comes under the 2004 and after that in javas 6 they have dropped the 2 and they get rid of that 0.02 so now according to these standards and revisions are there which you will find do not confuse there is no any after 1.4 there is no any 1.5 ok so we will conclude here like java is a simple secure portable and object oriented robust multi-threaded architecture neutral and interpreted high performance distributed and dynamic language most widely used programming language for commercial purpose as well as open source development and as we know all and I think it is one of the subjects assignment Google and Android INC have chosen java as their key pillar in the creation of android operating system so there is very significant importance current programming for java so these are the references which I use so suddenly I told to give you talk yesterday so I referenced this so any doubts anything because I have worked some little bit related to according to Android standards but I can give the answers mostly actually abstract classes need not to implement all methods in interfaces interfaces if you implement then you have to define each and every method whichever you have written in interfaces in abstract less the cases not like that in abstract less abstract class methods you can just whatever the methods you have defined in abstract classes it is not needed to implement that all and abstract classes are faster than interfaces that means I suppose the speed and all the things compilations personally I will do some suggestions related to work whichever you will do here the first thing which you will follow I always follow like that path understand the problem statement the basic problem behind our Indian people is that we never understood the problem statement we go directly for programming this is very bad so basic as per conventions you have to understand the problem statement properly if you understood problem statement 100 percent then you can analyze it and you can make your algorithms as per other requirements once you will you can able to write algorithms then go for design and you can design and you can make the coding according to that then afterwards you give time for coding and I will advise you the time you spend for coding you should spend more time for testing because testing needs some more developed code and it will enhance your work and it will make your work quality it will increase the quality of your work like that you can implement your all whatever the internship you will perform here I hope these are my details you can contact me at any time this is I am one of the matters of your internship so you can contact me and if you have any doubts related to java you can mail me in this email id I will try my best to answer that all curious ok thank you


So, what did we see? Real neurons are somewhat like real units that we use in deep learning. So, this is a transfer function. The output depends non-linearly on the input. Mathematically, a real function is simply f of x is max of 0 and x. What does that mean? We will have a flat region below 0 and a linear region on the right. By the way, the gradient is 0 on the left. I just wanted to remind you there. But now that we have real units, let's look at the exopram, because exopram is the famous example of a really, really simple pram that you can't solve with a linear system. So, what's the exopram? It's a truth table. We can have the continuous version of that, but it basically means if the two inputs are the same, so if x1, x2 are both 0 or they're both 1, it should be 0, the output. If at least one of them is 1, if exactly one of them is 1, the output should be 1. It's an easy function and it should be easy to learn that. So, let's visualize that. What we have is that basically for 0, 0 and 1, 1, we need to get an output of 1 and for the others, we need to have an output of 1. What we can directly see here, there cannot be a linear solution to that. The only solution would be to have a hat in this space. Linearly, that's just not possible. So, what does that mean? Can you draw a line that separates the positive from the negative examples? You can draw a line, but it wouldn't be a straight line. And it's very clear why this is the case. Now, in a way, the ones are in between the zeros. So, it's impossible to solve the exopram with linear learning. And in fact, that realization led to the death of the field of neural networks at some point of time. What you see here is the phrase usage in English of the phrasing neural network. And you saw how it in a way grew up until the mid to late 60s and then it tanked. And that is when people started realizing, oh, this problem can't solve XOR. That was a little bit of a problem because people had been bragging that this kind of linear neural network, that they didn't call like that, that it cannot, that it would talk like humans, be able to do absolutely everything. People did crazy press releases. People were worried about the impending doom of human civilization because neural networks can do it all the much better. And then they realized that's not happening. Suddenly not at that speed. And with that, the field tanked. I just want to make sure you all realized similarity. We are very actively debating the end of human intelligence. And people do big press releases about how worried they are about it. So in this specific case, the problem couldn't solve XOR. For two days deep learning systems, there's other things that they can't solve. And we'll hopefully get the chance to talk about it later in the course. So now what I want you to see is if you take a multi-layer perceptron, you can actually solve the XOR problem. So what will we do? We give you a widget where you can set the weights.  We give you that widget and you can click on the lines to set the weights. I want you to try if you can by hand get it to solve the XOR problem.