Hey what's up YouTube this is John Hammond and in this video we're looking at Natus level 15 from over the wire So this level we just got the password for Natus level 15 so we can use the same Python script we're using to get the web page see what we're actually working with here and When we're looking at the web page source the HTML here We have a form that goes to index.php. It's another post request with the username that we can fill out That looks like the only field here and the button submit goes to check existence So maybe it's just trying to determine whether or not a user exists We can go ahead and take a look at the source code here by going to that view source or index source page We'll go ahead and de-entitize some of these and let's remove all these break statements here because we're getting in the way So now we've got the page source here, and we can see the PHP code Looks like it gives us a schema a little bit of the database like okay We have a user's table with the username and password Just in there and we're determining if the array key exists username and the request So okay, if we actually posted the form and that username is is present We connect the database with the censored password Select the database and the query that we're running is select all from users where username Again can catnate it in so pretty obvious SQL injection there and we get the debug query again if we want to take a look at it and We get the query results, and if we have a result One or another it tells us this user exists or this user doesn't exist or there's an error in the query Okay, so we don't actually get to know any information. We don't actually log in or anything really just determining a binary kind of a yes or no does this unit exist does this user not exist So let's go ahead and play with this let's go ahead and change this to a Post request and let's go to the original web page not the source anymore Let's actually take the source though and just put it in a new pane in case we want it later on and Let's go ahead and post With the data keyword arguments Having username and let's say like John just to test that stuff out I'm going to assume a user doesn't exist. Okay Man, I missed my opportunity to use like username subscribe or something dang it. All right, but Natus 16 so the next level here looks like that we can assume that user probably will exist Okay, yeah, that user does exist. So we want from the database here. We want to be able to Find the user where the username is able to Natus 16 and we want to somehow leak out their password But we can't do sequel injection like we've done before because we're not logging into anything We don't have explicit sequel injection. So we can't see some of the results We can only determine whether or not a yes or a no a user exist or the user doesn't exist So now we can get into a tactic called blind sequel injection. So Blind sequel injection means we're probably gonna have to leak out data like bite by bite or character by character Because we can't explicitly see a result But we can figure out some data by testing other characters over and over again until we get one that matches. So We can determine through that yes or no determination whether a user exists or does not exist if we're on the correct character or not and Because we have our sequel injection. We know we can have a valid query if we really wanted to so let's change this username to be able to use the Double quote here and we can comment this out and We'll still get a user exists, right if we had And the one equals two we can get this to be an invalid statement That user doesn't exist because one does not equal to an and statement ruins that but that and the condition Because we're using our sequel injection. Let's us do more here. We can test and the password Is equal to something right? We don't know what the password actually is so we can't use equal to but we can try and figure out what the password is like and with that We can start to iterate through Possible characters like maybe any any possible thing a letter or not an uppercase letter a lowercase letter or a Number like the typical style we've seen in all the other Natas passwords and we can figure out if the password is Containing those characters and we can leak out by character by character what that password is so we can do that with the sequel like statement and We can determine if it's like Anything right the anything character or the wild card a character in a sequel like statement as a percent sign so we can say and Password like anything with the wild card that will return true Right the user exists because that wild card will match anything, but if we had the password like the word anything or Who knows right? We don't know the password and that user doesn't exist because that like isn't going to work for us because there is no That wild card isn't affecting it and it's not matching anything It's matching only who knows and the password obviously isn't that so We can actually take advantage of this though We can start to loop through all the possible characters or what could be part of the password So let's go ahead and grab those things from string import all So we can say characters that we want to look through can equal lowercase that we've got from the string module up here And uppercase that we've got from the string module above and digits So all of these variables exist in that string Module, but if we're seeing them the seeing the characters that we put together now We've got a list or a string really How does 15? Yeah, okay all of these things that we can work with so now we can post This request make the sequel injection happen and determine whether or not the password is like What we've built so far of the password and trying to test each character by character if we wanted to test If the password is like a and anything that follows with our wildcard here or B and anything that follows with the wildcard here C etc D E F and the list goes on and on until you get like oh F Maybe that's the correct letter It's a run till we find L's the correct letter and then B or a etc And then we can leak out the password by using this wildcard and by using this technique This will happen over a period of time, right? We're gonna have to loop here So let's start a while loop while true Do this over and over and over again. We can do four CH in characters, so every single character that we're working with Let's just print that out for now, and you can see that loop goes over and over and over and with the characters Let's keep track of what we've seen of the password. So seen password That will be a list and I was going to declare it empty like this So it'll be really easy for us to append on to it or join it together as a string So we can try and print out trying character with password and then Join of what we've seen of the password So when we join that scene password together that just makes it a string that's some Python syntactic sugar to join every element in the list or element in the ray together with an empty string So it puts them all together as one string So now we can get the response But we're gonna have to change our post request to make that like statement Add in what we've seen so far of the password as a string, right? So I'm terminating My original string with the single quote, but I'm still inside the like query here with the double quotes at the note This is part of the like SQL string adding in what we've seen of the password and then the character that we're looking at currently And if we wanted to actually check out what the debug query is you can see that this is going to be iterating through what we've seen Including our scene password So we can actually do changes to trying with password plus ch and you'll see it move just like that Great trying with password a bcd fg etc etc etc, but right now We're not actually seeing what the response is coming back to us with Let's actually get the response and then let's just print it out in our loop This is going to look pretty messy and pretty crazy But as you'll see this user doesn't exist for just about everything, but eventually we will trigger Oh, this user does exist for one of these Maybe it'll happen too quickly. Oh actually I forgot the percent sign Remember we need our wild card because doing that like is only going to be doing Okay, it'll match this if it's like this query But the percent sign with the wild card will allow us to fill out the rest of this So now when I go back and run the script we should be able to see this user doesn't exist But for one of these it'll gimmick just like that you just saw it and the user does exist for where it is like Trying with password w this user does exist. Okay, cool. So now we know we've just leaked out W is the first character of this password. So we don't know whether or not it's going to be Case sensitive or not though because by default sequel is case insensitive So that password may be using maybe starting with the W But we don't know that's lower case or uppercase we can change that by in our query saying and binary password Putting binary right before that in the select statement will make that field case sensitive so now we can test if user exists is in the content and if that's the case we can say Scene password dot append the current character. We've got Her ch and then we can break out of this for loop and keep moving on Cool So now let's try and work through this We're not printing out the entire content anymore But lowercase w didn't catch but will capital w catch it does okay cool And now we're leaking out more W a that looked like it went through Etc etc Cool, we're getting more of them and this will happen slowly, but surely we will get the flag just like this So I'm gonna wait a second I'm going to pause the video here and let this run and We'll see if we can leak out the whole password. I Think we're getting close to the end here. I sure hope so So this is taking a little bit of time right that goes without saying This is obviously a real attack right blind sequel injection is a real real thing You can take advantage of with databases So it's gonna take a little bit of time because we're doing a real taking advantage of a real vulnerability and They're real technique. So We're almost at the end here. I sure hope so I don't know how long are these passwords usually 32 characters Oh Sublime text just had some of those things that acted funny with sorry How much are we at right now? 27 okay, so we're getting real close Looks like this one has been going for a while. So I don't think there's any way we can particularly test this other than just looking at the length Okay, so that is 32 characters right now And I guess we didn't make our program smart enough to determine that that was the end But we aren't actually getting any other results back yet. So that must be the whole password. So let's break this for now And that should be what we're able to move on with if for some reason I just want to tell you this for your own knowledge here if you only got like half of this password or something and You needed it. You want to keep moving where you were like where you left off That's okay You can easily do that without wasting all that time that you spent waiting by putting that in as you're seeing password like initialize it as a string inside of the list object here and That way you would start off right where you had everything to begin with and you can still keep moving along with your sequel injection Your blind sequel injection loop with what you have so far what you've built so far of the password So that's a good way to keep that in mind Let's go ahead and create a new script and just kind of save this as Natus 16 Because now we've got the password and let's see if we can go ahead and read that page Let's make sure we actually did get the correct password. Let's print out response.txt We should just make that content and then print that out just like all of our other scripts and Awesome we are on Natus level 16 awesome Looks like we just did that looks like we just got a blind sequel injection attack and leaked out a Password from a database. So I hope you guys really like that technique It's really just looping through all of the like common characters or printable characters that you're used to and Adding them on to a list or what you've already seen so far and using that like technique with the percent sign is really great There are other techniques where you can say not only is the password because I showed you where the passwords equal to But I said you can have the password greater than Because obviously when you get down to it the numbers or all the letters or all these ASCII characters that you're trying are Just decimal numbers. They're all a 0 to 255 in the ASCII table So if you went in ASCII order you could determine not the password is greater than something like that and Binary of course will make it case sensitive. So that's a pretty handy trick, too But I like the like character because or the sorry the like term because that way you can keep the current character You're on rather than seeing that threshold trigger because if you're using the greater than symbol You'll get results like the user does exist a user does exist the user does exist and then once the user does not exist You know that okay the previous character that I was just on With that technique with the greater than symbol was the correct one So you have to kind of backtrack for your character testing if you're using that style, but I like the like Statement and sequel here. That's I think that's a cool technique with the wild card So thank you guys for watching again. I really hope you're enjoying this I think this is some really cool web application security and exploits and attacks So I'll see you in the next video when we tackle Natus level 16 Hey, if you like this video, please do like the video or comment. Tell me let me know what you think Let me know what I can do better subscribe and if you thanks so much guys. See you in another video


Hey everyone, welcome back to my channel. I hope you're good today. We are gonna do the Do I Have That Book Challenge. What was those hand movements? I'm sorry. So I am about two years late to this as with everything. But I've always wanted to do it. I feel like am I even a booktuber if I haven't done the Do I Have That Book Challenge? It is, it's questionable. It's questionable. So I haven't watched this in ages. I haven't gone and looked at the question so I'm gonna be going in blind. If you don't know, I have this bookshelf here and then I also have a bookshelf right behind you. A bookshelf right behind you, books on the floor and a book cart. I'm gonna film on my phone when I go over there so you can kind of see what I'm doing. There's 20-ish questions, like 20-25? I don't know. I think it's 20 if I remember correctly. 20 prompts of books I have to find if I have. No, I probably, I have never counted how many books I have but considering I have like 150 unread alone, I'd say we're looking at like 400 books. Whoa. I've never thought about that before. Delusion. Convince yourself.  I don't think I'm gonna do it in eight minutes. I'm slow and I like to talk about the books. I'm gonna have to try really hard not to like explain a book to you once I pick it up. But let's just go. We're talking for long enough. Let's just do it and I'm nervous. Okay I think I'm probably gonna get like 18.  I have one brain cell. Okay round one. Do you ever think we're deckled edges? Oh my god it's gonna be so hard because I feel like deckled edges is more of like an American thing. Oh my god. Oh my god. Oh my god. Oh my god. Oh my god. Oh my god. Oh my god. Oh my god. You? Okay we're just gonna take it. I feel like our last away has deckled, is that deckled? I think our second edges. Let me ask the audience. I mean let me ask the audience. I feel like that's deckled edges. Okay we're just saying that. Do I have a book with three or more people on the cover? What? Oh my god no I don't. That's harder. That's harder than I thought. No. No. No. No. You? No too. Oh my god. Oh my god. You? Pages and Co. Pages and Co by Anna James. Telling the book wondrous. Okay round three. Do you have a book based on another fictional story? Oh my god no I don't. Oh my god. Oh my gosh. Shit. Heartless. Heartless by Rusemea. Oh my gosh. I am freaking out. Four. Do you have a book with a title Ten Letters Long? Surely I do. Yeah. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten.  One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine. Yeah the Honjun murders. Right that's fine. Five. Do you have a book with a title that starts and ends with the same letter? The Last by Hannah Jameson. Calm down. Calm down. Do you have a mass market paperback book? No. Oh my god I've got to take an L. No I don't. I don't. I don't have a mass market paperback book. I don't know really. Okay we're taking an L. Right do you have a book written by an author using a pen name? Yeah I do. I do. Where is it? Oh my god. Where are you? Where are you? Where are you? Um. Shit. Move out the way. There there there. Oh my god. Oh my god. Okay okay okay. Over the Woodward Wall by Aja Beveka is Shauna McGuire. Okay. Do you have a book with a character's name and a title? Um. Um. Oh. I got it. I got it. I got it. I got it. Laura Dean.  Do you have a book with two maps in it? Oh my god I need to map the front. Oh my god. It's going to be fantasy. I do. I know there's going to be. Oh my god. Oh my god. I know I have one somewhere with like a map at the front and a map at the back. Does Crooked Kingdom have two? Oh my god. Yes yes yes yes wait please. Oh yes okay. Crooked Kingdom has Keterdam at the front and it has like all the countries at the back. Success. Okay oh my god. My bookcase is falling apart. Round 10. Do you have a book that was turned into a TV show? Yes. Well Crooked Kingdom but I also have. Oh my god. Shadow and Bone. I have Shadow and Bone. We're in four minutes. We're halfway. Do you have a book written by someone who's originally famous for something else? Yes. Nonfiction. Oh my god. Oh my god.  Stacey Dooley on the front line when we play it back. She's a UK journalist. None of you probably know who she is if you're not from the UK. Okay. Oh um do you have a book with a clock on the cover? Do you have a book with a clock on the cover? Do I have a book with the... I'm really happy with what I'm seeing. I have a mind and level by Maureen Johnson. Had a clock. Okay uh do you have a poetry book? Yes yes yes yes yes yes. Charlie Cox. Charlie Cox. Okay. Do you have a book with an award stamp on it? Oh what stamp? Oh my god please. One of you. Does anyone have an award stamp? Oh my god. Oh my god. Anyone? You? All the light we cannot see. Winner of the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. Oh my god. Okay next next next next next. Do you have a book written by an author with the same initials as you? M.L. Oh my god. No I don't. Do I?  I surely I must have it somewhere. Oh my god this is going to take up all my time. I suddenly can't read any letters. I don't think I have one. The closest we're going to get is like M.L. That's like one removed. I can't. I can't. I've tried it and I failed. Why does everyone expect it? Oh yeah do we run out of time? Do you have a book of short stories? Yes yes Midwinter Murder by Agatha Christie. Uh do I have a book that is between 500 and 510 pages long? I feel like project how Mary is maybe that length. Oh my god I'm just chucking books on the floor. Oh my god okay. How many have you got? Oh my god no not long enough. This? Oh my god.  Do you have a book that was turned into a movie? A movie. A movie. Yes yes Murder on the Aurine Express was a movie. Okay do you have a graphic novel? Yes but they're blocked. Oh my god. Heart Stopper. And lastly do you have a book written by two or more authors? Yes. Yes I do. Somewhere. Oh got it got it got it got it got it. Illuminate. Okay so oh my god so we did it in nine minutes with two. I was right there were two I didn't get. How did I know that? I'm so psychic.  That initials one A we like took an L on it and B I didn't even get an answer but I don't I can't think of an author that I have whose initials are ML like I'm still looking around and I can't see one so I don't think I have it. In the moment as well I just couldn't read like my eyes stopped making sense of any letters but I'm happy with nine minutes nine minutes wasn't bad but we did waste like a whole minute on the one that was a failure so really happy about that. Let me know if you have done this before and how you did and thank you for watching this mess of a video. I actually got a holiday when this was going up and no one in the comments reminded me that I didn't do it in eight minutes because it will ruin my holiday. Thank you so much for watching. I am hot and sweaty and I'll see you very soon in another video. Bye!


Hello everyone and welcome to the 4.30 to 5 o'clock PM session of the Open 2019 Open Simulator Community Conference. In this session we are happy to introduce a presentation called A Graduate School Residency in Virtual Reality. Our speaker is Scott Dolphin. Please check out the website found at conference.opensimulator.org for full speaker bios, details of sessions and the full schedule of events. Scott Dolphin has had a 35-year career in art and design and is now a graduate student in learning with emerging technology at SUNY Empire State College. He will talk to us today about some observations and conclusions regarding development this technology and other things. The session is being live streamed and recorded so if you have questions or comments during the session you may send tweets to at opensimcc with the hashtag OSCC19. Welcome everyone. Let's begin the session. Hello everyone and welcome. My name is Scott Dolphin and my co-author on this research was Dr. Eileen O'Connor who I believe is somewhere in the audience out here. Hello Eileen. I look forward to speaking to you later. So just to get started on a wet and cold Saturday in October of 2018 a day much like today in the northeast the SUNY Empire State College Masters program in learning with emerging technology better known as mallet held a one-day immersive residency in virtual reality. The primary goal was to introduce students new to the program to faculty and colleagues and to present projects from the advanced level curriculum design courses specifically those areas that incorporated augmented reality virtual reality and arts based STEM and game based e-learning practices. There was also a secondary goal and that was to demonstrate to the incoming students the efficacy of hosting and engaging an informative group activity in an immersive virtual reality environment. So residencies are integral to higher education. Educators have long known the benefits of gathering in groups for learning exploration and problems solving. It's the foundation of pedagogic theory. Residencies are also theoretically rooted in knowledge construction is documented by Piaget and social learning is defined by Weigowski. Residencies are not restricted to academia ongoing professional development is actually mandated in numerous medical legal and professional fields. Recently many universities have discovered that planning and hosting a virtual conference helped with a collective rethinking of the role of the academic library in a world of digital media. However as any graduate student or faculty member will tell you residencies can be a challenge both financially and operationally. Logistically they require venues, avi equipment, catering of some sort staffing and a large amount of print media and literature all of which can take a sizable chunk out of the annual budget with any organization. All that being said they have become a necessary fact of life. Now why residencies in VR? We've known for over 80 years that learning builds on existing knowledge ever since Piaget asserted that learners recall their previous mental schema when they encounter new situations. VR environments like these can create visual and mental schema of a shared meeting space. Building on Weigowski's principles of social constructivism and knowledge construction virtual worlds such as the one we're in now offer participants a sense of presence, immediacy, movement, artifacts and communications that are typically unavailable from other platforms like zoom, Skype and go to meeting. And as any of the attendees here can attest the immersive nature of VR environments allows for participants to envision themselves completely present within these environments. This sense of embodiment is known as being telepresent and it's a phenomena well known to most gamers. As we've been seeing all day today the multimedia presentation lecture model works very effectively in a VR setting. AV presentations can be created with relative ease and hyperlinks to websites or other digital media can be passed through the group through a built-in chat feature. Now the chat feature is a very unique function for smaller groups of VR for which there's no real equivalent in the real world. It allows for a dual stream of communication. The presenter can deliver the presentation uninterrupted by excessive questions or audible side discussions and a co-presenter can then modify or monitor the discussions in the chat function and briefly clarify points as needed. When properly implemented it allows for ideas and connections to be made spontaneously and circulated in the moment. And of course another benefit of conferencing in VR is that this highly saturated multimodal interaction can all be easily recorded and reviewed on a laptop or computer for any missed information or data. Any screen recording program can save an event as an mp4 file. Firestorm has a chat record function that can save side discussions and any links to collateral information presented in the chat stream. Now recording services like this for most location events are generally cost prohibitives. Any computer or laptop that can handle a 64 bit graphics of online gaming like Minecraft or World of Warcraft can handle VR with no problem. A decent headset with a microphone is also recommended for better voice communications. I use an old pair of Apple plug-in headphones. The only time I've ever really run into trouble streaming was trying to zoom a VR environment to a large group of people and then click on a YouTube video while I was in world and it was a lot like a digital version of the movie Inception and it took a heck of a lot of bandwidth. The cost to students for VR residency is very low. Basic membership for most cloud-based VR platforms is generally free and of course all users must register with a grid. In our case we use kitely.com. You have to start with a starter avatar. Users also have to download and use a third party viewer app like we're doing now in Firestorm although most of them are already familiar with it from having been used in Minecraft or Fortnite. The single biggest issue that required any special consideration for us has been the VR onboarding process. As luck would have it all of our participants in attendance in the 2018 event with one exception had previous VR experience either gaming or part of a virtual classroom or as previous VR tourists. The single VR newcomer we had in attendance at that event struggled a little bit in the early stages but they managed to gain enough control of their avatar and AV controls to participate. We had a much higher attendance in 2019 and from my perspective a lot fewer problems. Login and general microphone instructions had been passed out in advance with great success and we only experienced one microphone problem with one of the presenters and we created a bit of a workaround. I called her on my cell phone and then put her on the speaker through my avatar. They saw her standing next to me but heard her voice coming through my avatar so we got laughs at the very least. In the 2018 residency we had 22 attendees broken down as follows. We had 10 graduate students from the various education programs, four faculty members, six alum, and a guest from another out-of-state university as well as the dean of the School of Graduate Studies. This year's residency was held just eight weeks ago and we had around 40 participants and had to split the event into two separate islands. We had guest visitors from as far away as Texas, California, and Europe. Now as I mentioned before the residency was conducted on the Kytley grid. Kytley is one of several open source grids which many of you are familiar with that offer inexpensive and readily available internet-based venues. Now some of the more spectacularly beautiful worlds one can visit on Kytley you may already be familiar with some of these are a virtual recreation of Frank Lloyd Wright's architectural masterpiece Falling Water. You can tour Edo period Japan. One of my personal favorites the Battle Ground of Wounded Me and there we go rural Australia this was a lot of fun if you love kangaroos like I do and then there's other worldly fantasies like the works of James Cameron and JJ Abrams and these are just a couple of them here. The residencies have been hosted on the island of my co-author Dr. Eileen O'Connor it's called Marion Island it's her primary region on the Kytley grid. The Empire State College Mallet program has maintained VR environments for several years now in both Second Life and on Kytley. These environments are used in both undergraduate and graduate courses. The grid shown here is her second island this is Marion Test and it's a lot of fun to visit it contains a walled city, a desert of racists, a plague village, and some traditional classrooms and meeting areas. Now as we discussed before about creativity one doesn't necessarily need to have any special design skills these days the market has come so far along there are beautiful ready-made virtual worlds and objects available almost at no cost through Creative Commons. These plug-and-play islands can be saved as OAR files downloaded to your computer and then simply uploaded to your grid of choice. I personally have satisfied my retail therapy needs a number of times in the Kytley market that's a lot cheaper than Amazon. Grid space rental for these islands is actually very very reasonable that's the reason we use them. The cost for a Kytley account is about $20 a month for a very large region big enough to host up to 40 avatars and these regions are large enough to create separate breakout discussion zones and that's important. Now the day's agenda for our 2018 event covered mass media news articles that situated the use of emerging tech within entertainment corporate America and current educational theory. Bennett said weighed into the applied use of emerging tech in educational practice specifically augmented reality virtual 3d mapping and 360 cameras. One particularly interesting project of note that was brought up the 2018 event and a favorite of mine was the River City project by Dr. Jody Clark and Chris Dede for Harvard. This is a VR reenactment of a 19th century village where virtual residents are suffering from a series of health problems. High school students were then instructed to gather data on the environment, make hypothesis, test the hypothesis and then determine conclusions as to why the residents were suffering all in an exploratory interactive self-directed VR environment. Their takeaway was that the social nature of a shared virtual world left more opportunities for students to take their own paths through the resources and activities together. This engaged self-direction demonstrates the virtual or the concept of inherent motivation and that's a holy grail of all learning objectives. For both years, some very interesting discussions centered around the steadily increasing use of virtual and augmented reality for training medical students in high-risk scenarios i.e. dealing with extreme trauma or infectious circumstances. We've had one recent graduate do some very interesting work in AR with medical situations training nurses. Now I was a student attendee for the 2018 event and the post-event discussion board was very active. The K-12 teachers talked about the relevance of VR and AR that already had in their classrooms. The instructor developing materials for patient care for a pharmaceutical organization mentioned that VR could be a suitable space for family and patient meetings. The community college instructional designer found ways to apply emerging tech to his field and the techno arts students noted the interesy and detail in the VR artifacts themselves and discussed how best to create them. All of this was evidence that our group had moved simply beyond assimilating information presented to making connections and visualizing how to apply them. On the whole, the student feedback from both 2018 and 2019 showed an overwhelmingly positive response to VR. As I mentioned in the opening the weather on the date of last year's event was cold, windy, and wet for most of the entire northeast and not one attendee had to worry about travel. The overall feeling was the immersive nature of the event was particularly noteworthy. Given that the attendees were as far away as Buffalo, Outer Long Island, and in one instance as I mentioned before Texas, the lack of physical boundary restrictions or that need to travel on a day with truly awful weather was a huge positive noted by almost all the participants. In particular we had one student who was down with a severe cold who otherwise would have missed the event entirely. Some of the notable student responses were it was more comfortable than attending a real-world residency and my favorite and he knows who he is in VR you always know where the bathroom is. I attended myself wearing polar fleece pajamas and an Empire State T-shirt. Based on my personal observations as the semester progressed the overall level of collegiality professional sharing and engagement that developed during the residency was maintained throughout the group so we developed a community of practice during this event. This year we made some some improvements we sent out repeated advanced preparatory directions on the downloading the appropriate VR viewer. We required that participants test their internet connections and computer speeds and avatar controls well in advance of the event to ensure that they had the right setup. For the record I've used a Bluetooth iPhone hot spot in airports and waiting rooms with very great success on a number of occasions. We prescheduled help desk support and phone assistance in advance of the conference. I was the help desk support for the last one for much of it and everybody did fairly well other than the one connection with the speaker that we had issue with. We asked the new recruits to arrive early when time could be allotted prior to the event to help any attendees still having problem and I don't recall any one maybe one person had a little bit of resin issue and that was about it. Some of the faculty provided additional incentive for attendees to visit the environment in advance of the conference by awarding badges and documenting their VR proficiency. And in addition to the moderator for each island we had two hosts for every presentation this time one to deliver the presentation and work the slides and the other one to monitor and record the chat. Following up on this year's feedback we've had several requests to add a socializing component to the next residency and a number of attendees have expressed an interest in learning how to do some basic building and we're still trying to figure out how to get 30 people to do that all at once. Plans to incorporate these into the residency or perhaps a follow-up event or in the works. Based on both faculty observations and attendee feedback from a post event survey the residencies have been considered an overall success. New connections were established both between colleagues and between the ideas presented and the time invested in creating this VR experience early in the mallet program appeared well spent in time in terms of the advances in student thinking. The interactions among both the advanced and incoming students and a new found awareness they had of the potential of the technology. In conclusion it was determined that while providing adequate onboarding preparation for the subsequent event took some time and resources the significant time and expenses devoted to planning for the physical for a physically geographically located event far outweighed the time and expense creating a good VR onboarding tutorial and designating some onboard support. And finally as more and more organizations and institutions move into VR settings the mallet program will continue to extend the work. So thank you all for coming. Great Scott. Thank you. Are there any questions? I've been monitoring the chat and if you have any just go ahead and type them in. That was really very interesting. Okay great thank you. Thank you for a terrific presentation. As a reminder to our audience you can see what's coming up on the conference schedule at conference.opensimulator.org. Following this session the next session will begin at seven at six five p.m. in this keynote region and is entitled design challenges in youth safe VR environments. Also we encourage you to visit the OSCC 19 poster expo in the OSCC expo 3 region to find accompanying information on presentations and explore the hypergrid tour resources in OSCC expo 2 region along with sponsor and crowd funder booths located throughout all of the OSCC expo regions.


And the Borno State Governor Babagana Zulum is torn between difficult choices to war against Boko Haram terrorists or accept those who have turned a new leaf. Zulum said this in a press statement on Monday as many Boko Haram terrorists have recently surrendered to the military in the northeast. According to Zulum, accepting the terrorists comes with the risk of offending the fillings of victims and a potential civil rebellion. But not accepting the terrorists could lead to an endless war. Zulum said his government will engage in high-level consultations to come up with a workable framework.


A big cause of injuries to firefighters is what's called flash over and flash over is a phenomenon where superheated gases that have not been combusted are given oxygen somehow and we get combustion of the atmosphere. We use a simulator which actually simulates a flash over in a controlled environment so our people can recognize the signs that precede a flash over and know how to mitigate it using water and using ventilation. You only have a few seconds to get out of those few seconds mean a lot so by showing them that situation how it is how the smoke comes down the heat you actually get to see a flash over they're using like thermal image and cameras too so they can see the heat differences you know from the floor to the ceiling and that's just very important for them so they could get out you know a safety is very important for us.


Welcome to the studies international hotel management. My name is Liana and today I will tell you something more about the studies. Welcome to hotel management. My name is Mark. Suction hotel management is a study that prepares you for the various jobs you can do in the hospitality industry. Throughout the study, it will teach you theory and have practical situations where you can practice your skills and learn more about this interesting business you come to work in. These studies are very interesting because there is a mixture between international and Dutch students and there is also a very good balance between practical and theory lessons which you can later on apply in your real life. If you want to study as a student at Suction hotel management, you need to have a heart for hospitality. That's the basis and of course it will help if you have some practical experience in the hospitality industry but of course will give you many opportunities to broaden your experience in the hospitality industry. The atmosphere in the international hotel management course is really really good and this is because there are these international students as well as Dutch students and they really want to learn from each other. This makes it a really interesting atmosphere and really welcoming as well. The broader scope on hospitality that we have at Suction hotel management will give opportunities to both to your internship as well as have future opportunities in the wide range of companies that have hospitality in their hearts. The contact between students and teachers is really good and this is because the teachers see you as an equal rather than student and teacher. This makes that the teachers are really approachable and want to help you in any way they can and makes the atmosphere really good to be in. When you graduate from our school you can of course study at another university or take one of the various jobs you can do within the hospitality industry. So if you're interested to work in hospitality in the future in any company, hotels or other companies Suction offers you the right education to be well prepared for this industry. You have to choose for these studies if you're passionate about the hospitality industry you want to study in a multicultural environment and you want to learn about all of the aspects that belong to the hospitality industry. Thank you so much for watching and I wish you good luck with your study choice. Thank you for watching. If you want to learn more about our school, visit our website or visit one of our digital discovery days.


You have to be well-rounded. This might be the one video clip that you want to show your parents. See, Professor Oak says, I have to have fun at college. And I say that jokingly, but there's research that shows that for us to function well, we have to be well-rounded. As human beings, we have many different needs. We have emotional needs. I need friendships to be emotionally grounded. I have to do some things to release energy. The model that I really like, it is a wheel. There's a wellness wheel. Before I was a professor, before I was an engineer, I worked in the residence halls. We would do a lot of programming for the students in the hall. They called it a wellness model. The thing I like about a wheel is that for a wheel to function, it needs to be round. So if I'm ignoring my social life, what I'm doing is saying I've got half a wheel that's flat. So you actually can't do as well in my classroom if you're not having fun sometimes. Now caution, that doesn't mean don't go to class and don't work hard. We want you to work hard, but it means in your schedule you should include time for friendships for social things. You need to take care of yourself physically.  If the spiritual part, you come from a spiritual background, finding a face center that can continue that, those are things that are important. It's also important if you start to find that you're struggling in some area, is to find someone, go to an academic advisor or the Dean of Students or the International Student Services to say, you know, I'm starting to, I remember when I was an international student, there was, I think every student that studies abroad, I felt that has a time where it's like I just have to go home. I can't take this anymore. And to be able to talk through that with somebody is important. At Purdue, in the residence halls, the academic advisors, there are a lot of people you can talk to that can help you through something or point you to something.


I'd like to welcome everybody to today's presentation on bipolar and depression. Bipolar one and bipolar two are obviously both bipolar, but what makes them different? The biggest defining feature of bipolar one is there has to be at least one full-blown manic episode. If someone hasn't had that, then they qualify as bipolar two. Bipolar one, the people can have major depression or persistent depressive disorder in addition to the occasional manic episode. It's important to remember that bipolar episodes don't go one for one. People with bipolar two have depressive episodes about 30 times more often than manic episodes or hypomanic episodes. People with bipolar one have depressive episodes about four times more frequently than they have full-blown manic episodes. So it's important to remember that you're not gonna have a one for one correlation and somebody may be presenting for a depressive episode before they've even ever had their first manic or hypomanic episode. So always be alert to that. Bipolar disorder is episodic, which means you're gonna have periods where they've got symptoms and then you're gonna have periods where they're in remission or asymptomatic. And that's good. We wanna increase the duration of asymptomatic periods and increase the frequency of them. It is a lifelong illness. It's not gonna go away, but we can help reduce the frequency and intensity of their episodes. The first episode a person has can be manic, hypomanic, mixed or depressive. It can be anything. Now a mixed episode has a person who's depressed but also has a ton of energy and can't seem to settle down at the same time. So just kind of put yourself in there ahead for a minute. Mixed episodes can be really daunting for people to work through. Patients may experience several episodes of depression before their manic episode. So just keep an eye out, even if you're treating someone who's had depressive episodes for 10 years, you could be surprised and have a hypomanic or manic episode just pop in there. It's important to ask about a history of depression accompanied or followed by manic or hypomanic symptoms. A lot of patients aren't going to report their hypomanic symptoms because they don't realize there's anything wrong with them. They may assess, it's important to assess for substance use disorder and other general medical conditions or medications the person may be taking. Substances can mimic manic episodes as well as depressive episodes. So can medical conditions and prescribed medications. Some of the medication, medical conditions associated with manic-like symptoms or secondary mania include multiple sclerosis and lesions closely linked to the limbic system. Now this is not something I'm gonna tell my patients because most of the time, the majority of the time it's not this. It is bipolar disorder. So I don't wanna freak them out but it is important for clients to go and get a full workup from their physician just to rule out anything that might be causing it and there can be simpler things that are causing it like hormone imbalances, the thyroid, hypothyroid can look like depression, hyperthyroid can look like hypomania. So it's important for them to just kind of rule out anything that might be a easier fix, if you will, than bipolar disorder. Some medications associated with manic-like symptoms include L-Dopa. This is a medication that people who are on antipsychotics may take to handle some of their Parkinson's-like symptoms and people who have Parkinson's disease may be on. Corticosteroids, the drugs that they give you to reduce inflammation after a really bad accident or surgery sometimes can trigger manic-like symptoms. High-dose decongestants.  But if the person is taking excessive amounts of decongestants, then they may have manic-like symptoms. And for some people, antidepressants can even trigger a manic episode.  Diet pills, especially the prescribed diet pills can cause manic-like episodes. Depressive-like episodes can be caused by any of your sedatives.  So those are the things that we want to look for and rule out to make sure someone's not under the influence of some sort of medication or substance that could be masking or masquerading as mania or depression. Substances can be used by people who have bipolar, either one, bipolar one or bipolar two, to help them self-medicate. So if they are hypomanic and they want to sleep, they may look towards using or abusing sedative-type medications. If they're depressed and they wanna have energy and feel better, they may self-medicate with your more stimulatory euphoria-producing substances. Again, be aware. If somebody is self-medicating, you wanna evaluate them during a period where they are clean, they don't have the substance in their system to figure out what their unmedicated mood is like. Patients with bipolar often seek treatment during depressive episodes and will rarely volunteer information about manic or hypomanic episodes. Hypomania is often not seen as a problem. People are feeling like they're making up for lost time that when they were depressed, they couldn't get out of bed. They couldn't get stuff done. Now they're energetic and able to do all this stuff. Mania often is seen as a problem, but a lot of times people don't wanna give that up because they really like the high feeling when they're in that manic state. So we wanna inquire about it. We wanna be alert to it. If you can get information from secondary resources, like significant others, that's always helpful. It is important to remember that for people with bipolar, the completed suicide rates are between 10 and 15%, especially when they're in a depressive episode or they have depressive features with a mixed episode. So if they're really depressed but energetic, they may just want to make it all go away. The other time that is dangerous is when people are coming out of their depressive episode. They have a little bit more energy. They feel like they can get out of bed and they may have just enough energy to try to do something to make it stop so they don't have to feel that bad ever again. So we do wanna be aware of it. Also, when people are coming out of their depressive episodes, they may experience something called euthymia, which obviously dysthymia is feeling flat and low and poor. Euthymia is feeling happy. Feeling happy is okay. It feels like a weight has been lifted off of them when the depressive symptoms start to lift. It's not characterized by extreme goal-driven activity or excess energy or lack of a need for sleep. It is just feeling better, feeling good for once and being like, ooh, this is awesome. So euthymia, not a problem. I'm happy to see it. But again, when people are in that kind of euthymic state, it is also a risk factor because this is when they start having more energy and can have enough energy to commit suicide if they made that decision when they were deep in their depression. Factors associated with increased risk of suicide, if people have means, everybody has means. There may be a preferred means if somebody says, if I'm gonna commit suicide, I am going to use a gun or I'm gonna overdose or I'm gonna hang myself or whatever it is and they have that available. Obviously, that's a greater risk factor. But in reality, if somebody wants to commit suicide, they have the means available. They have kitchen knives. They can go out into traffic. There are things they can do. So don't delude yourself into thinking that someone is safe just because they don't have their preferred means of committing suicide available to them. You wanna look at their level of lethality, both the lethality of the means. If they're talking about overdosing, you may have time to get there, shooting themselves a lot less time. You wanna look at a family history of suicide. If family members have committed suicide, there is an increased likelihood that this person may attempt and or complete suicide. If they have pervasive insomnia, as people lose sleep and become more and more exhausted, even if they're revved, they become much more of a risk to themselves. Again, think about being revved but being majorly depressed at the same time.  A lot of people when they're depressed sleep a lot because they're trying to make those feelings go away or to escape from them for a little while. When you can't sleep, you can't escape. Impulsiveness, obviously, may be a risk factor. So again, looking especially towards mixed episodes. If there's psychiatric comorbidity, people can have bipolar disorder as well as PTSD and generalized anxiety all at once. So if there are other conditions going on, that's an increased risk factor. If they're in a psychotic episode, increased risk. If they have a personality disorder, increased risk. And if there's a lack of social support, there's an increased risk. Other things that you wanna listen for, if they've started tidying up loose ends and saying goodbyes to people, if they're not talking about future plans, if they don't wanna make an appointment for next week, if they aren't talking about what they're doing tomorrow, that's a huge warning sign. Sometimes when people have made the decision to commit suicide, their mood actually seems to improve and they seem calmer and more at peace because they've made that decision. So again, don't assume just because somebody went from being super depressed to seeming like they're getting better, don't assume you're out of the woods yet. So keep your eyes open for those things. Hospitalization is often required or a good idea for patients who pose a serious threat of harm to themselves or others who are severely ill. They can't take care of themselves or their impulsiveness is putting them in harm's way. They lack adequate social support. A lot of times it's really helpful to have someone who can remind the person with bipolar disorder to take their medications and to not sleep all day and to talk them through some of their stuck moments. If they demonstrate significantly impaired judgment, have complicating psychiatric or general medical conditions or if not responded adequately to outpatient treatment, hospitalization may be a really good option. It's important and most of you are probably in an outpatient setting. So it's important to remember to reevaluate the treatment setting regularly. If your patient seems to be not progressing or worse yet moving backwards, you may need to consider an increase in intensity. And you don't have to go from once a week outpatient to hospitalization. There are intensive outpatient or partial hospitalization programs where clients go during the day and then they go home at night. So there are a lot of different options. You need to check with your patient's insurance provider to see what might be covered and look at what resources are available in your community. We do need to educate clients about bipolar disorder. We need to introduce facts about the illness and its treatment, help them understand this isn't something like a common cold that we're going to give you medication for and you're gonna get better and never have another episode. Bipolar disorder is lifelong and it's episodic. There are a lot of things you can do to reduce the frequency and intensity of the episodes. Most of that is proper self-care and stress reduction. But it's important to recognize that they may need to be on medication mood stabilizers for the rest of their life. Use printed verbal and videotaped material, especially if the client is not asymptomatic, which they're probably not. If they're presenting in our office, they're probably in a depressive episode. Printed material can help them because they're probably not remembering everything you say. So that can let them go back and review it. It's also handy because if they have it, they can share it with their significant others who very often don't come to treatment with them. You wanna talk about it though, make sure they understand. Don't just hand them something and go, here, read this. Talk about what's in it, explain it to them. Some people are visual learners, some people are auditory learners. So it's important to kind of present both. And if you can videotape material that they can watch that will help them learn about it. So they're seeing somebody talk about it and kind of like watching TV. Present the information in an ongoing, gradual and consistent process. So don't dump everything on them in the first session. The first session, you may start saying, okay, this is what your diagnosis is and this is maybe what causes it. Now, let's talk about times when you haven't had these symptoms, when you've been asymptomatic, what's different then or what helps you manage your depressive symptoms when you start feeling them. So encourage them to use a strengths-based approach and a solution-focused approach to starting to address the presenting symptoms that they're experiencing right now as well as start learning about the disorder. It's helpful for a lot of clients to participate in psychoeducational groups because then they start hearing other people say, oh yeah, I had this experience with that medication or this is what triggers my episodes or this is what I do when I start feeling like I'm becoming manic. So they provide each other social support. It reduces that sense in patients that they're the only one with this problem. And it really helps put out ideas because clients never cease to amaze me. There are always new suggestions from clients on ways to handle manic episodes, depressive episodes and stay healthy and asymptomatic that I haven't thought of before. I learned something from clients pretty much every group. So psychoeducational groups are really helpful for a lot of reasons. They can also be helpful in assisting a new patient in identifying early warning signs of an episode. It is important to remember that stressors commonly precede episodes. When someone gets really stressed out either emotionally or physically for some reason, it can trigger a depressive or a manic episode. Disrupted sleep wake cycles may specifically trigger manic episodes. So this is especially problematic if you have someone who does shift work, who's bipolar. Now it doesn't mean that they can't do it. It doesn't mean they can't be a nurse or whatever. But it is important to be aware of and it's important to be aware of if you've got a new parent, not just a mom, a new parent who has bipolar disorder because the baby crying throughout the night is going to likely disrupt the sleep wake cycles for both people and can trigger manic episodes. So we want to promote regular patterns. If you've got a family member, a parent, that has bipolar disorder, it's important to make sure that that person has every opportunity to try to get a regular sleep pattern going and maintain that even if there is potentially, for example, a new baby in the house. Maybe the non-diagnosed parent can take the overnight feeding in order to let the parent with bipolar disorder sleep through the night. So counselor activities, what can we do? We can help clients pre-plan, help them plan for impairments and functioning. If they've already had depressive episodes, they know what happens when they're depressed and they know what they need help with. They know they may need help picking the kids up from school or keeping the house clean or making dinner or whatever it is they need. Assist the patient in scheduling absences from work if they feel a depressive episode coming on or a manic episode. They may not be a good idea for them to go to work or they may not be able to in both of those instances. So they need to be able to communicate with their employer about how they can get time off and whether they need to take family medical leave or if they have to take time off without pay versus regular time off. It's important that they know how to schedule that. Avoiding major life changes is always helpful. It's not always possible though, but if a major life change comes up, pre-planning can help to ease that transition if you've got to move or change jobs or get married or start a new career or whatever it is, it's stressful. So encouraging the person to think ahead of time and plan it out so it's less of a jolt to their routine and their system. And plan for the needs of their children while they're in an acute state. If they've got children at home that need help with homework and to be picked up from school and laundry done and all that stuff, who's gonna do that if the parent with bipolar disorder is not able to perform some of those tasks. Assist the patient who is able to work in contacting vocational rehabilitation. Most patients with bipolar disorder can get it managed with medication to the point where they're working and you're probably working next to one. About one in 50 people have bipolar disorder. So if you work in a big company, you're almost definitely working with a couple of people who have bipolar disorder and they are no less productive than any other employee. Assist patients in linking with a case manager and or needed services. So if they need additional assistance, help them link with the resources to do that. Now medications we may see in patients with bipolar disorder. If they have severe mania or mixed episodes, they may be on an anti-psychotic and Valparate which is the trade name depocote or lithium to stabilize their mood and help them feel a little bit better. Mild to moderate mania or mixed episodes, you may see the person on monotherapy with an anti-psychotic Valparate or lithium and short-term adjunctive treatment with a benzodiazepine. So while they're trying to get all the medications stabilized, the doctor may give a as needed benzodiazepine like Valium or Xanax to help them with any anxiety symptoms and to help them sleep. Mixed episodes. If someone has a mixed episode, certain drugs are preferred over lithium and atypical anti-psychotics are preferred over your typical anti-psychotics.  Just be aware when you start seeing anti-psychotic medications and mood stabilizers, there are going to be a lot of side effects that the patient is going to have to deal with if the side effects are not tenable, if they're just not acceptable. Instead of discontinuing medication, the patient needs to talk with their doctor ASAP in order to figure out what to do. They may switch medications, change the dosing schedule. There are a lot of different interventions doctors can do but it's really important that patients feel that they're able to advocate for themselves and can have a high quality of life despite being on some pretty heavy duty meds. Anti-depressants are often used earlier for bipolar two depression than bipolar one depression. Patients with bipolar two disorder have lower rates of antidepressant induced switching into hypomania or mania. It doesn't mean it doesn't happen but if they've got bipolar two, you may not see that dramatic shift. Anti-depressants can increase mood cycling though so they may have more ups and downs instead of asymptomatic periods. So the general recommendation is that mood stabilizers like DepaCote are combined with an antidepressant in order to keep the person from getting super depressed but also avoid the ups and downs of rapid cycling. Electroconvulsive therapy may be considered for patients who are severely ill whose mania or depression is treatment resistant or who are experiencing symptoms during pregnancy. During pregnancy a lot of these medications can't be taken so ECT is an option and it has been found to be safe according to the research studies for the fetus and it can help stabilize some of the mood symptoms. So the goals for treatment are really to prevent relapse and recurrence just like anything else. We wanna reduce the cycling frequency and sub threshold symptoms. So sub threshold symptoms are what I generally look at as warning signs that were headed towards an episode so if somebody goes from feeling pretty good, a three or a four on a one to five scale most days to more like a two or a three, they start feeling kind of flat and eorish. Then we wanna figure out how to address that. That should be a warning sign that something may be getting a little off kilter in their neurotransmitters and they need to figure out what's causing that. Are they not getting enough sleep? Is there too much stress? Is it change of seasons and they're not getting enough sunlight and vitamin D? There can be a lot of reasons for it. We wanna reduce suicide risk, obviously and improve overall functioning. Have them identify instead of looking at just eliminating these symptoms, accept the fact, help them accept the fact that, okay, they've got bipolar disorder. What does that mean? How do you envision a rich and meaningful life despite bipolar disorder? Because you can and I encourage them to learn about people who are famous because the average Joe is not gonna be on the internet talking about it, but people who are famous, who've had really successful careers who also have bipolar disorder because there's a lot of them and it will help people start seeing that, you know what? I can do whatever I wanted to do. It may just have to approach it a little bit differently since I have bipolar disorder. Psychosocial interventions. We wanna address illness management, making sure that they have support to make sure they get their meds and people that can identify early warning signs of impending manic or depressive episodes. Address interpersonal difficulties, especially those that may be caused by their rapid cycling or by cycling at all. A lot of people who don't understand bipolar and even those who do understand bipolar can get really frustrated with patients when they start to become symptomatic again. It's like, oh, here we go again. So helping them learn how to effectively communicate what they need and try to manage any interpersonal difficulties that are caused by symptomatic periods. And encourage them to develop support. Everybody needs support, but people with bipolar disorder sometimes need a little bit more support because it is a different diagnosis than most people are used to. They're used to the depression, but they're not so used to the mania. A lot of people still, even if you educate them, have a difficulty grasping that the person may go back and forth between the different types of moods. Postpartum period is associated with increased risk for relapse into mania, depression, and psychosis. The rate of postpartum relapse is as high as 50%. Think about it. When somebody's postpartum, not only do they have emotional stressors going on, new baby and big life change, but their body is readjusting after having a baby and they're probably not getting enough sleep. That sleep wake cycle is disrupted. So the rate of postpartum relapses is really high for women. But also, again, if dad is the one who has the bipolar disorder, because of the disruption in sleep wake cycles and the increased stress of having a new life to take care of, it can trigger a relapse in the partner of the mother. Prevalence in children and adolescents is about 1%. So one in every 100 children and adolescents has diagnosable bipolar disorder. An additional 5% to 6% have mood symptoms not otherwise specified. So they don't meet the threshold for full-blown bipolar disorder yet. Children with bipolar disorder often have mixed mania, so depressive symptoms with a lot of energy and irritability, rapid cycling, and psychotic features. It is often comorbid with attention deficit and conduct disorders. So we talked about that comorbid psychiatric diagnosis. ADD, so inability to focus, sometimes lack of organization, all the things that go with ADD combined with bipolar disorder and conduct disorders to boot. So we wanna look at when these things occur and what is driving them. People with ADD will often have the symptoms pretty consistently. It's not an episode and then asymptomatic and then an episode. So if somebody seems to have ADD symptoms consistently, but they also have the highs and the lows, then they may have both diagnoses. In patients over 65 years of age, the prevalent rates of bipolar disorder range from about 0.1% to 0.4%. So the prevalence goes down as age goes up and most manic symptoms are due to a general medical condition or medication. So what we're talking about here is a patient over 65 years of age getting diagnosed with bipolar at that point in time. The rate goes down a lot. So if you see someone who is over 65 experiencing manic symptoms, it's definitely important to get a medical evaluation because a lot of times those symptoms are not bipolar, but they're due to something medical going on with them. So bipolar can be diagnosed in children, adults and even the elderly. There are a wide range of medications that are effective in treatment, including antidepressants, mood stabilizers, atypical antipsychotics, antipsychotics and even electroconvulsive therapy. Psychosocial interventions need to focus on minimizing stress and increasing routines for the people with bipolar disorder in order to increase the duration of the periods that they're asymptomatic and reduce the intensity of their mood symptoms. If you haven't already signed up, please remember that on-demand addiction and mental health counseling and social work continuing education credits are available for this presentation and are accepted in most US states, Canadian provinces, Great Britain, Australia and South Africa. Go to allCEUs.com slash counselor toolbox and click on the counselor toolbox CEU spreadsheet to easily locate the course based on this presentation.