In today's video, I'm going to give you an updated version of the best Pokemon to use in Terrarid battles, so you can have an easier time collecting these items and getting through every single Terrarid boss that you come up against. But before we get into today's video, please subscribe to the channel, remember you can always unsubscribe later if you'd like to. Terrarids are probably one of the most important aspects of the post game.  And of course, all of these higher value items are going to be locked behind the higher star rated Terrarids, meaning they're going to be more difficult, harder to beat, which in turn slows your progress down. Now, just after the release of Pokemon Scholar and Violet, we covered a number of options that would be good for you to use to give you a more optimal chance of beating these Terrarids. And the main reason for doing an updated version of that original video is, yes, you can have something like Ironhands, which is great. The majority of dens, you're going to be able to take it in against the Terrabosses, but there are going to be still a few sticking points where you're going to come across really awkward kind of Terratide Pokemon that you're not going to be able to use Ironhands for. Even as powerful it is, it's just going to have a really difficult time. So you're going to have to look for alternative options. And I think having a wider pool of Pokemon makes going out and soloing these Terrarids to farm all of these really good item drops a lot easier. So that essentially is the reason for today's video. So as you can see, this is my Raidmon's box. It gives you an idea of the kind of coverage you've got for going in against Terrarids. It's not to say that you need to have the same sort of courage, but hopefully this video will give you a few ideas where you can broaden the range of Terrarid dens you'll be able to easily beat and make things a lot quicker for you in-game. Let me just move my camera here. Now I am going to start off with Ironhands and, yes, it's been done. It's been saturated because everyone's done it. Everyone talks about it. Everyone knows about it. But I'm going to give you my personal most optimal set for Ironhands. So if you take a look here, I think fighting type is probably the more optimal typing on it, although the electric type is nice. And if you've got two Ironhands, have one fighting, one electric, it will just give you more options against more Terrarid dens. The EV spread for Ironhands is very simple. Max HP, max attack. We've got the move set of Bellydrum, electric terrain, Thunder Punch and Drain Punch. So primarily all you're really going to need to do is rely on Drain Punch. It is its strongest attack. You're going to utilise it when you terastalise. It's a form of recovery. And the other two options here, electric terrain, means you can set the electric terrain up. It's not only going to boost your electric type Thunder Punch, but it's also going to protect you from being put to sleep in. Primarily the reason why it's there on this set because it gives you that statless immunity against sleep conditions, which can really slow down your progress in a raid. The item makes sense because there's not really too much else that you would need on Ironhands. You could go for maybe a Lumberry if you want, if you're worried about burns, but you do have that cheer facility as well that you can utilise. Citrus Berry just gives you that instant boost of HP back. As soon as you do set up your Bellydrum, meaning that you can stick around for that next turn, once you've got that plus six attack to get that Drain Punch off and then recover your health. Nice and easy. Ironhands is a great Pokemon and another Pokemon alternative to Ironhands that I would like to suggest, which I've been using quite a bit, is Hariyama, which is kind of like its normal form, its base form. Hariyama, great Pokemon. It doesn't have as high base stats, of course, as Ironhands. It is a pure fighting type. We have the Terra type fighting on it. We've got the guts ability on Hariyama. And one of the reasons why I do like Hariyama a lot is because we can utilise the guts ability, gives you 1.5 attack boost.  As soon as you get that status condition, then the guts ability boosts. We give it the Flame Orb, so after that first turn, the Flame Orb will burn Hariyama on purpose to get that guts boost. But it not only gives you the attack boost, it gives you immunity to any other status conditions. And that's one of the big bonuses about this Flame Orb and the guts ability and why I like Hariyama so much. It plays exactly the same as Iron Fist pretty much. Same EV spread, max HP, max attack with an adamant nature with that Flame Orb as its item. And then the move set, Bellydrum. We give it knockoff for coverage, earthquake as well for another form of coverage and then drain punch, which is primarily going to be its main form of attack. If you haven't got access to Ironhands, if you're a Scarlet player and you haven't got a way to get Ironhands, this is a very good substitute for that Pokemon. And still something that I use, even though I've got Ironhands, I do sometimes use Hariyama as an alternative because I know how useful the immunity to status conditions can be in these battles. So Hariyama sometimes falls a little bit more in favour. And it's also a nice option to have both of them in your party. The next Pokemon we're going to do an updated version of for a Zoomerill. And again, it is a bit saturated, but again, it's worth talking about. Shellbell is probably the most optimal item for it, especially because you are playing off that Bellydrum set. Misty terrain, a little bit like the electric terrain that we've got on Ironhands. Misty terrain prevents any status conditions from affecting you for five turns as long as that terrain is active on the field. So it's a really nice thing to stop sleep burn in particular that can slow you down. We've got Bellydrum there. It's obvious play for a Zoomerill. So we get that off turn one and then we use a combination of either Aquajet if we need some quick recovery HP, which is a priority move or play rough to do some absolutely disgusting damage because it is boosted again by that huge power ability that we've got on it here. So a Zoomerill, we've got a fairy type Zoomerill and we do have the alternative. So we've got a water type Zoomerill as well as an option that we do sometimes rely on rather than going down the fairy terra type. We've got a water terra type Zoomerill that is slightly different with just liquid liquidation as its moves with play rough. It's kind of like a backup there. But the EV spread on both of them is exactly the same. Max HP, Max Attack, a huge power as the ability and Shell Bell is the item. Now, the next Pokemon I'm going to talk about is something I don't see many people talking about. But Volcarona is an absolute beast in raid battles. I do love it a lot and it kind of fulfills a lot of those roles that I was talking about at the start of the video. Having a means of recovery in Morning Sun means that you've got a line of recovery can recover 50 percent of your health whenever you want. Whether dependent, of course, we've got Quiver Dance as well, which is just an incredible move which boosts your special attack, special defense and speed by one stage every time you use it. So you're boosting a lot of stats in kind of one move, which is always really worthwhile. Then we've got the attacker moves of Bug Buzz and Heat Wave. We've got the terra type fire on the Volcarona and the covered clock as its item choice. Now, the item choice is super flexible with Volcarona. Flame body is its ability as well, which is nice for opponents that do use contact moves. They're going to have a 30 percent chance every time they do land a contact move of getting burnt, which is always really useful. But Volcarona, the premise of it pretty much is get it out on the field against something that's weak to the fire typing or the bug typing and then just set your Quiver Dancers up Morning Sun when required and then just launch off your big Heat Wave or Bug Buzz attacks. Evie spread on it is going to be Max HP, Max Special Attack, and we have a modest nature on it just to further boost its special attack as well. So that is Volcarona, but definitely something I would recommend you try out in your Terrarium. Next Pokemon I'm going to talk about is one of my all time favorites. And that is a bomber snow. I love a bomber snow is a grass and ice type. We're going to have the terra type of grass on this one. We've got the ability snow warning. So it throws up a hail storm onto the field as soon as you enter the battle. We've got aurora veil there, which gives you essentially a light screen and a reflect at the same time. And you can use this as long as the hail is on the field. So that is something you probably want to use turn one. And then we are using a little bit of a different bomber snow here. We've got an adamant nature on it. We've got an Evie spread of HP, Max HP, Max Attack here. And we're playing of sword stance, which boosts your attack stat twice every time you use it. And then we're using the moves ice spinner and sea bomb to play off that physical attack boosting option that we've got with sword stance. The item choice is shell bell, because as you notice, we haven't really got a means of recovery on a bomber snow. So it's always nice to be able to have a way to recover health and keep it on the field for as long as possible. But a bomber snow is definitely one of those Pokemon that fills in a gap against those really awkward Pokemon that you think, what can I bring against this one? It's a grass type that's a water terra type. A bomber snow is a perfect Pokemon to bring against this because it's going to resist all of those attacks that they can potentially throw out at you and you can do big damage in return as well. So it's a really nice option. Ticks the boxes for everything that we need. It can recover and it has got boosting attacks as well. And it's it does cover a different terra type as well that we haven't got on the team at the minute. Now, the other Pokemon we have done specific video on an eyelid. I think an eyelid is a brilliant Pokemon and it can go up against pretty much most things. But there are certain things that it is going to struggle against.  If you want to check out the specific video on an eyelid, the build and how to get one and things like that, I will link it up above in the top right hand corner. But essentially, this is the eyelid just in a nutshell here. Fluttersman is another one we used a lot in those Charizard raids and was particularly very, very strong, probably the most reliable member of the the team that I used against Charizard and never really had a problem with Charizard. After that, it is a ghost fairy type, fairy terra type on it. Carmine, fake tears, really great combination.  If you need it once you've set up those Carmines, fake tears, laws, a special defense of opponents by two stages every time you use it.  Evie spread, Max HP, Max Special Attack, nothing really to outstanding there. The only drawback with Fluttersman is it is very weak on the defensive side. So its defense is pretty poor. It's HP is not the best either. So it's not going to be able to take a bunch of attacks. But if your opponent is primarily a special type attacker, you're going to be in a pretty good position as long as they don't like a steel special type attacker. So Fluttersman, a nice option is a fairy type to take into most terror raid. Next option is Crocodile.   And Crocodile feels like one of the best ground type options that we do have in Skull and Violet at the moment. We've given the shell bell, we've given the terror type ground moveset of taunt, bulk up, power trip and earthquake. So bulk up, boost attack and defense by one stage every time you use it. Power trip is a little bit like stored power. So the more boosts that you've got to your stats, the higher base power, power trip gets taunt, shuts down any sort of setup from the opponent and also status conditions that you can throw on to you. You've got Intimidate as the ability here. Now another Pokemon that I do really like, I don't tend to use too often, but there is certain situations where it is very useful. Ice is generally not a very strong type, but it is useful in certain situations, particularly against dragon types and things like that. It can be quite useful. But the water typing here is a nice option to kind of fall back on as well as another water type, terror type option have outside of just having a water type that can take advantage of boosting themselves up with an attack like Bellydrum that we're relying on here, but having both those stabs in the ice and the water as well. Once you've terastalized, of course, ability we went for sheer force. It gives you an extra boost on attacks, but obviously loses the secondary effects to those, which doesn't really matter too much in most terror raids, especially with the moves that we're using anywhere. EV spread, max HP, max attack, you get the theme of this one. And the shell bell is pretty essential on this to tighten because it hasn't really got a way of recovery outside of using that shell bell with the big damage that you're doing from after the Bellydrum. We've got Adam and Nature on it, and that is pretty much to tighten but a really nice option and a good Bellydrum user overall as well. It's got decent bulk as well. You can see its defenses aren't amazing, but it's got a huge HP stat, which really helps it out in these terror raid battles. Next option is Hydra Eigen. I love Hydra Eigen so much. And one of my all time favorite Pokemon has a great ability in levitate immune to all grand type attacks. So just an additional like immunity really on top of the immunity that it's already got through Dragon type and its dark type. And we went for the dark terror type to give you a really strong dark type option. Shell bell because it's got literally outside of rest no option for recovery on this Pokemon, unfortunately. So the whole premise of this Hydra Eigen is you're probably going to be more susceptible to getting hit on the physical side with Hydra Eigen. So the reflect is a really nice option against those particular Pokemon. It just gives you a little bit of stability against physical type of threats that can come out at you. And primarily, you're just going to want a nasty plot boosting your special attack up twice per turn. You use it and then just launch dark pulses off or Dragon pulses, whichever you prefer. But primarily, you're going to want to use the dark pulse because you're playing off that dark terror type when you can't harass allies in battle. And the shell bell will help you recover throughout. But Hydra Eigen is a really nice option to have in any team. I think just is something that might just sit in your box and you go to occasionally use it. But it is a good option and a very strong Pokemon nonetheless. Next up is Slowbro. Now we did cover a little bit of Slowbro in our Cinderace preparation video. But this is a slightly different Slowbro. This has got the terror water type rather than the terror psychic type. We've got the itemistic water here and their movesets pretty similar with Slakoff, Bellydrum, Zenheadbutt and Liquidation. So the whole premise is Bellydrum turn one, then Slakoff if you need to or you can just launch attacks off with the Zenheadbutt and Liquidation. So on tempo as the ability because it stops you being confused, which is pretty big in most terror raid battles if that is an issue. EV spread is going to be HP and max attack and that is pretty much everything. The Mystic Water doesn't essentially need to be there. You could give it something like leftovers, COVID Claw. There are a number of different options but I just felt like giving it a bit extra power for those Liquidations once you are set up will definitely help out the Slowbro with an adamant nature as well just to mention that. Now a little like the Obama Snow having a grass terror type on your team just to kind of cover that typing in particular is essential. I think the other essential typing is going to be an electric type on your team and I feel like Rotom fits the bill perfectly here because it gives you not only an option of having a secondary stab attack in the Hydro Pump but you've got a very reliable way to set up this Pokemon with nasty plot. The Reflect helps boost that defense stat and then you've got the main attack and moves are going to be Hydro Pump which you're probably not going to be using that much but it does give you a secondary attack if you need it and then Thunderbolt is going to be your main attacking option. We've got the EV Spread Max HP Max Special attack on here. The Levitate is, as we know, a very useful option on Rotom because it's just immune to ground typing. It takes away that whole weakness that it's got through its electric type. So essentially when you terastalize you're going to have no weaknesses. Held item is Leftovers just to give you a line of recovery. Now this might be the big problem with Rotom and something like the Shellbell might feel a little bit more solid on Rotom so you can get a bit more health recovery when you are attacking rather than just relying on the Leftovers but once you are set up with Rotom you're probably going to rely a little bit more on the Cheer Function than you are with some of the other options here but I do feel like Rotom in particular against those Covenites it can be a bit awkward to take down sometimes in particular when they've got either really awkward terra typings to kind of back them up. Rotom is essentially a very good option against the majority of those.  We've got the Leftovers again pretty similar move set as well just relying on Overheat rather than having an electric type stab as well here because you're predominantly if you're taking it in against something in a Terraried Battle you're probably only going to really be wanting those fire type attacks. Overheat not the best when you're not terastalized because you are going to have to rely on it quite heavily it does reduce your special attack by two stages every time you use it so you're going to have to be kind of getting your nasty plots boosted out maxed out after three turns and then kind of topping them up after every Overheat which can be a little bit annoying until you can terastalize and then you can rely a little bit more on that Terra Blast but all in all a very good option nonetheless. Skeleturge is one of my all time favorite Pokemon and I feel like a really solid Pokemon underrated Pokemon but something that's not going to be too flashy that is going to go up against those really awkward Terraried Pokemon where you can just slow the game down take a bunch of hits and just really eke out the battle in a kind of a slow fashion where Skeleturge isn't setting up very quickly and it isn't really getting killed quickly either you know. Give the move set of Slack off that is an egg move so you'll have to teach it that through Mirror Herb and things like that those options. Fire Spin I did have Curse on there tested it not that great Fire Spin is another alternative option you could go your own there as well and the main attacking moves are going to be Shadow Ball and Torch Song of course Torch Song the kind of the main attacking option here because every time you use it it boosts your special attack so every turn that you use it you're getting stronger and stronger and stronger and that's what I mean about being a bit of a kind of a slow starter in most games until it is really maxed out and it's doing some huge damage especially when you are terastalized. Now the other big thing about Skeletorge and why I say it's a kind of just a wearing down sort of Pokemon you can bring to a lot of different Terorates is the ability Unaware now a lot of Terror Bosses are going to be able to set up in front of you become quite threatening quite quickly now with the ability Unaware it ignores all of these stat boosts that your opponents are going to do so you're not going to really worry about if your opponent is swords dancing in front of you or bulking up or calm minding or whatever none of those boosts are going to affect anything that you do in the battle which makes Skeletorge in my opinion one of the best Pokemon to have just in the backup it's not going to be something you bring to every battle it's not going to be your annihilator but it's not going to be your iron hands it is going to be something that you do rely on in the odd occasion and you're going to be so thankful for having it and like I said that third option of a fire spin you can play around with things on it I didn't really feel like I needed an item here so I've been trying out the Binding Band which just increases the damage every turn of the residual damage from fire spin so normally it would be like an eighth of health which you have to factor in against the HP number of the actual Terraried Boss which is multiplied so you're not doing that much each turn with the residual damage but it does increase that slightly from 1-8 to 1-6 in normal terms in when you use any sort of Binding Move which fire spin falls into EV spread is very very straightforward I'm sure you can guess Max HP, my special attack and it is a modest nature as well on this Skellige just in case you're wondering but essentially I think the sticking points for this are going to be that Unaware ability which is its hidden ability Slack Off, Shadow Ball, Torch Song outside of that you've got a pretty open space to do what you want with that Next Pokemon is Grimmsnull now a lot of you will probably see Grimmsnull as a supporting Pokemon and yes it is a great supporting Pokemon no doubt about it it has the Prancer ability so it has the ability to use non-damaging attacks with a boosted priority I mean always go first now this is a slightly different Grimmsnull and I built this Grimmsnull specifically to go up against Charizard, 7-star Charizard raids and it did surprisingly well against them I took down a number of Charizards solo with this Grimmsnull and I do really like it primarily I built this to take on the 6-star Annihilapes because a lot of those can be really difficult and pretty annoying to deal with and the Dark and Fairy type really gives you a good advantage against the majority of Annihilapes with different variations that you're going to see in those Terror raids so we've got the Fairy type for this Grimmsnull Shell bell giving you the option of recovery and the move set is going to be bulk up, Light Screen, Spirit Break and play rough so primarily you're going to start off with the Light Screen or a bulk up depending on what the situation is and then you're going to just after you've set up you're going to just hit Spirit Breaks which reduces your opponent's special attack a stat every time it hits which is really nice and it also will recover you because of the Shell bell option there and you've got play rough as well which is just another option a bit of a stronger attack although not as reliable accuracy-wise to just play on its Terror type when you do get around to Rastalize and it's pretty straightforward to be honest bulk up, Light Screen if you need to Spirit Break there to just do consistent damage and even if your opponent's got the shield up you're still going to be able to reduce that special attack stat every turn whereas things like Fake Tears and other status condition moves would fail in those situations because the shield's up but because this is an actual attacking move and it's a secondary effect and still weakens your opponent's Pokemon so a really nice option and something for you just to think about even if you've been using Grimstone on the most supportive role to support your friends in online Terror raids Grimstone can play a multitude of different roles and this is definitely one of them Next up we've got King Garmad we've went for an Anime Nature, a HP and attack Maxed out EV-wise Move Set, Sword Stance, Iron Defense Portal, Cleave and Sucker Punch are its options we've got the Dark Terror typing as the Terror type on it and Defiant is its ability so anytime you've stacked a Lord you're going to get an attack boost which really helps out and cuts down the turns that you're going to need to Sword Stance so this is just a really nice option I think Good, Solid, Dark type you could obviously go for a Steel type if you want it and just change around some of those attacker moves Now again we've covered Armor Rouge is an option in our preparation for Cinderage, I feel like that is a very good option another one is Cerellege both of these Pokemon are good in their own right obviously one more special attacker in the Armor Rouge whereas Cerellege is more of a physical attacker we've very similar Pokemon in a lot of ways Bulk Up is the option on Cerellege we've went for an Anime Nature there Max Attack and HP EVs Item of choice, you could go COVID Cloak you could go a boosting item on it for boosting Fire type attacks or Ghost type attack it's entirely up to yourself or whatever it feels like it's one of those Pokemon that's very flexible with its item choices here Bulk Up obviously is to boost its attack, its defense and then Light Screen gives you that little bit more stability in special defense which is something you can't boost when you are using Bulk Up and then the moves, Bit of Blade does give you a line of recovery there when you use it against opponents and Shadow Clock gives you a Ghost stab attack and we've got a Ghost Terra type on it as well which just gives us a bit of a Ghost Terra type option if we need to against certain Terra bosses and the last one that I'm gonna mention today is Gold Ingo and again, it's the one that's saturated the one everyone knows about but if you don't know about it I'm just gonna cover my favorite set personally on Gold Ingo and you could go with a bunch of different options on it you could go for a Ghost Terra type if you would like I think that's still super optimal and a really nice option as well that's the Hex Set that we covered previously on the video when we originally did our first Gold Ingo coverage and I still would stand by that Gold Ingo build has been one of the probably most reliable ones as well but I just needed it I wanted to try out the Steel typing so we've given it the Steel Terra type we've given it the Metal Core to give it a boost to its Steel type attacks and the move set of Recovery Nasty Plot, Metal Sound which Metal Sound reduces the special defense of your opponent so you're kind of stacking the damage that you're able to do in Flash Cannon you can go with Make It Rain got lower PP and it will reduce your special attack every time you use it so for just more reliability, more consistency, Flash Cannon I feel is just as good an option but if you want a little bit more power then Make It Rain is just as good the ability Good as Gold as well is incredible because it gives you immunity to kind of status conditions modest nature on this Gold Ingo and Max HP, Max Special Attack that is all you're going to need with this one and definitely a Pokemon I would suggest you go out and get because it is just so reliable but that is all of the Pokemon that I wanted to cover in today's video and hopefully it gives you a few more options and ideas for how to build some of your own Pokemon to take into Terorates to easier do them in these games if you've got your own builds do drop them in the comments down below I would love to read them and see what you've been using more successfully in your games but if you have found today's video useful please drop a like do subscribe to the channel so you don't miss any further Pokemon Scholar and Violet content and I will see you in another video very soon friends so thank you so much for your time take care and bye bye


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And my topic is that I gave Hans is the Curse of American Exceptionalism. And I'm working on a book on the political economy of war. And this is something I read across that I'm going to include in there. And there's not a lot of economics in what I'm going to have to say today, even though I'm an economist. But I keep trying to be more like Murray Rothbard and be interdisciplinary. And so I'm going to talk about American Exceptionalism. There are at least two different views of this. Phenomenon. And one of them basically says that one of the reasons why Americans might be exceptional is that once upon a time it was a relatively free society compared to many other places in the world. And that allowed a lot of good things to happen, a lot of entrepreneurial innovation, a big civil society, and so forth. But that view of American Exceptionalism was long ago eclipsed by a very different view. And a very different view is sort of an imperialistic view, a very arrogant view that Americans are exceptional. And that gives them the right to pretty much order other people around, all around the world. There's a bumper sticker in the United States that some libertarians are selling that says, do as we say, or we will bring democracy to your country. And that view of American Exceptionalism is what has prevailed for decades now in America. And even if you watch American news shows, television shows with the talking heads nowadays, and they're talking about politics, the kiss of death to a political aspirant, someone who aspires to get elected office, is to have one of the big shot talking heads say, he doesn't believe in American Exceptionalism, that you're dead meat, you can't get elected to Congress if they say that. And let me give you some examples of the rhetoric of American Exceptionalism. Abraham Lincoln was one who started this out. He claimed that the U.S. government, which essentially meant him because there are historians, American historians who are pro-Lincoln historians who call him a dictator, but he was a good dictator, they say. And he's called the U.S. government, quote, the last best hope of earth. Fast forward to Ronald Reagan. He claimed that America is the result of a divine plan to create a shining city on a hill. So he claimed to know what was in the mind of God. And God told him that he has a divine plan. Reagan, again, into the hand of America, God has placed the destinies of an afflicted mankind. Of course, Reagan himself probably didn't write that. It was one of his neo-conservative speechwriters who wrote this sort of thing. George W. Bush. We have a calling from beyond the stars to stand for freedom. Yet again, God told me. It was George W. Bush, by the way, when he ran for president, he said he was sitting in church one day and God spoke to him and told him to run for president. He actually said that. Bill Clinton, somebody else who talks to God a lot. United States is indispensable to the forging of stable political relations in the world. And of course, we see these stable political relations on display today in Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, Libya, and places like that. Journalist named Michael Hirsch, who's one of the big spokesmen for the regime, said he talked about United States primacy in one of his articles. And the translation of that is imperialism, primacy, imperialism. United States primacy is the greatest gift the world has received in many, many centuries, possibly all of recorded history. And then finally, Dick Cheney, the former vice president and American defense secretary, just came out with a new book about a month ago. And the title is exceptional. And I think the subtitle is something like why America must rule the world or something like that. But here's one from the first page, page one. We are, as a matter of empirical fact and undeniable history, the greatest force for good the world has ever known. Okay, so these are examples of the rhetoric of American imperialism. And all of this, all of this, all of these things by Lincoln, Cheney, Bush, Clinton, they were all set in the context of proposing to bomb somebody, some war. I tell people when you hear these American politicians, when they start quoting Abraham Lincoln, somebody somewhere in the world is gonna be bombed. Because that's always used as the moral authority, you know, the moral authority. In a Wall Street Journal article by Dick Cheney some years ago, he advocated the invasion and conquest of Iran, Libya, Syria, Lebanon, and North Korea. And I think the title of the article, this is when Bush was president, was Lincoln and Bush. He made the argument in the Wall Street Journal, well Abe Lincoln would probably, if he was alive today, he would do this. So therefore it must be the thing to do, of course. So the rest of my time, I wanna spend, talk about the history of this idea. Where did this idea come from in America that Americans somehow are the most morally superior people on earth and therefore have a right to rule over the whole planet? This is a very old idea. It comes from the New England Puritans, basically. It never was all Americans. It has a pedigree. And I'm gonna quote several of my favorite authors on this. Clyde Wilson, Forrest McDonald, who's a well-known American historian. Thomas Fleming, who's not the paleoconservative Thomas Fleming, but the famous author of The New Dealers' War and 50 Other Books, and also Murray Rothbard on this topic. Clyde Wilson wrote about this, and he referred to it as the Yankee problem. And a Yankee in America started out as a particular type of New Englander. It wasn't just somebody who lived in the Northern States, the Northern part. It was a particular type of person who was dominant in that part of the United States. And here's what Clyde Wilson says. These people are that particular ethnic group descended from New Englanders, who can easily be recognized by their arrogance, hypocrisy, greed, lack of congeniality, and pension for ordering other people around. Puritans long ago abandoned anything that might be good in their religion, but have never given up the notion that they are the chosen saints whose mission is to make America and the world into the perfection of their own image. Hillary Rodham Clinton, raised a Northern Methodist in Chicago, is a museum quality specimen of the Yankee. Self-righteous, ruthless, and self-aggrandizing. Then he goes on to say, the Yankee temperament, it should be noted, makes a neat fit with the Stalinism that was brought into the deep North. He's talking about New York City, New England, by later immigrants. And in the 1950s, in New York City, there was sort of a communist cult that was known as, there was bread, and they were known as the red diaper babies, or parents were all Stalinists, and that's who he's referring to. Clyde Wilson again, right up to the American Civil War, Northerners who were opposed to the conquest of the South blamed the conflict on fanatical New Englanders out for power and plunder. So there were a lot of people in the Northern States who recognized that these Yankees, so-called, were a problem. And Ralph Waldo Emerson, the American writer, became, says Clyde Wilson, the American philosopher who proclaimed the American to be the new man. This all reminds me of Soviet man during the Cold War, the Russians thought communism would create a new socialist man. And finally, by Clyde Wilson, anything that stood in the way of American perfection must be eradicated. This includes liquor, tobacco, the Catholic Church, the Masonic Order, meat-eating, eating meat, and marriage. And so what he's referring to is there were cults of these divisions of these, that's so-called Yankees, the New England Yankees, who crusaded against all of these things in for vegetarianism, against marriage, and so forth. Now, Clyde Wilson is not the only one. Forrest McDonald, I said he's very well known, he's retired now, American historian. The National Endowment for the Humanities once gave him an award as the most prestigious historian in America. So he was quite a renowned American academic in his day. And he wrote about these same people. He's in the same idea, this American exceptionalism idea. He said this, the first thing to understand about the Yankee, he is a doctrinal Puritan characterized by what William McLaughlin has called pietistic perfectionism. Unlike the Southerner, he is constitutionally incapable of letting things be, of adopting a live and live attitude. No departure from his version of the truth, and the truth is capitalized, is tolerable. And thus when he finds himself amid sinners, as he invariably does, he must either purge and purify the community, or join with his fellow saints and go into the wilderness and establish a new Jerusalem. The Yankees embraced totalitarian republicanism, Forrest McDonald said, and thought thereby to establish God's kingdom on earth. So man, God needed help from man to establish his kingdom on earth. Men had to do it. He goes on to say the Yankees, they're always wrong. And yet they are always utterly certain and utterly impervious to argument, end quote. And this passage reminded me of a book by Thomas Sowell called The Vision of the Anointed. And in this book by Thomas Sowell, The Economist, he goes chapter after chapter after chapter, has different public policy topics, crime, economic policy, and he does chapter and verse of a particular issue is where the interventionists, if you will, are wrong, whether you call them liberals, leftists, whatever you're gonna call them, they're wrong and their policies are proven to be counterproductive for decades and decades, but they never ever admit that they were wrong ever. And that's the theme of Sowell's book, The Vision of the Anointed. And that's also what Forrest McDonald is referring to here. And he goes on to say because of this attitude, the Yankee has a great deal of suppressed anger and hostility by becoming soldiers for Christ and warring against the unregenerated people of the world they could vent their anger and aggression suppressed for so long. Oliver Cromwell as the Yankees prototype, seek the heathen out, give him a chance to save himself by embracing the prevailing truth. And if he rejects the opportunity, then run him through with a bayonet. That's a much more fanciful way of saying that bumper sticker that I alluded to. Do as we say or we will bring democracy to your country. And so, and then he goes on, finally concludes by saying the Yankees so-called form the backbone of the Republican Party of Abraham Lincoln and ever since, ever since then. I just quoted Dick Cheney and Reagan and these people claiming God has spoken to them and told them his purpose. Okay, now Thomas Fleming, he's the author of 50 books including a good anti-war book called The New Dealers' War. And his latest book is called A Disease in the Public Mind, A New Understanding of Why We Fought the Civil War, the American Civil War. And he touched upon this whole, this same thing, this idea of American exceptionalism and its roots in this, in basically New England, the Yankees, so-called Yankees. He said in the 1860s, the so-called Yankees were dominated by 25 or so wealthy and influential people who had abandoned Christianity. They condemned Jesus Christ and in his place, they embraced a man named John Brown as their savior.  And he adopted a mantra that blood must be shed and lots of it to eradicate all sin from America and the world. And so, and of course John Brown became a hero to the Northern side of the American Civil War as he went on a sort of a murderous rampage in the state of Kansas. And then he made his way to West Virginia where he broke into a, he and his band of followers broke into an arsenal, a federal government arsenal to attempt to steal firearms all in the name of ending slavery. And he was apprehended and hanged eventually. But that's the sort of thing he was doing and he's sort of a terrorist. And William Lloyd Garrison was also a famous newspaper editor. He edited the New York Tribune, which is the biggest newspaper of the day during this era. He was a follower. He said, the prevailing attitude was that these people were inclined to believe in the moral depravity of anyone who disagreed with them. Okay, and Thomas Fleming goes on to say that these people were insanely jealous of Southerners in America who did not go along with their ideology. He said they denounced them for decades as quote, guilty of foreign forgivable sins, violence, drunkenness, laziness, and sexual depravity. He says, this is all strikingly familiar to the public frenzy that gripped Massachusetts during the witch trials. These are the same people who accused women in Massachusetts of being witches and tied them down and set them on fire in the 1600s. That's where some of these people came from. Fleming also writes of the spectacular hypocrisy of the New Englanders who rediscovered the sacred American Union after they tried to secede from the Union after Thomas Jefferson was elected. Now moving on to Murray Rothbard. Murray Rothbard wrote about the same phenomenon. In his essay, Just War, he recognized the exact same things that the North's driving force during this war was the Yankees. So that ethno-cultural group who either lived in New England or migrated from there to upstate New York, northern and eastern Ohio, northern Indiana, northern Illinois in the United States, had been swept by a new form of Protestantism. He said this was a fanatical and emotional neopuritanism driven by a fervent post-millennialism which held that as a precondition for the second advent of Jesus Christ, man must set up a thousand year kingdom of God on earth. So he was pretty much saying the same thing that was recognized by force McDonald and Clyde Wilson that this attitude was man must eradicate all sin because only then can we be saved and go to heaven. And that's what motivated the so-called Yankees who waged the American Civil War. And then after the American Civil War, of course, this idea spread to saving the whole world. How hypocritical could we be just saving America? How selfish of us to just save America from sin? We must save the whole world from sin. And Woodrow Wilson was a pietist, by the way. The man who inserted the United States into World War I was a part of his tradition. He was a post-millennialist pietist from Virginia. The kingdom, and Murray Rothbard goes on to say, the kingdom is to be a perfect society. In order to be perfect, this kingdom must be free of sin. Sin therefore must be stamped out as quickly as possible. Moreover, if you don't try your darndest to stamp out sin by force, you yourself will not be saved. It was very clear to these neo-puretans, Rothbard wrote, that in order to stamp out sin, government in the service of the saints is the essential coercive instrument to perform this purgative task. As historians have summed up the views of all the most prominent of these millennialists, government, quote, and he quotes these historians, government is God's major instrument of salvation. And so that fits in, doesn't it? With those quotes that I read at the beginning from Cheney and Abe Lincoln and Bush of claiming to know what's in God's mind. And this is one of the reasons why the American Civil War, these all these men said, partook of this, this all of massive death and destruction and the waging of total war on civilians. The more blood the better, John Brown said. And then when it was all over, a pietist named Julia Ward Howe wrote a song about it at the Battle Hymn of the Republic and called all the death and destruction, the glory of the coming of the Lord. And my eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord is the first words of that song. I remember being forced to sing that every morning in elementary school in the state of Pennsylvania where I grew up, even 100 years after the war was over. Another person who, a very famous author who recognizes the roots of this American exceptionalism idea was the author Robert Penn Warren. Now Robert Penn Warren is probably most famous for his novel, All the King's Men. He wrote 19 other novels and in 1960, he was asked to write a book on the legacy of the Civil War, the American Civil War, which he did. And it's a very interesting little book. And the main point he makes on this topic in this little book, The Legacy of the Civil War, is this. He says, the war left the Yankees, so-called Yankees, with a treasury of virtue. Okay, he says, this is the, I'm quoting him. This is the psychological heritage left to the North. The Northerner with his treasury of virtue feels redeemed by history. He has in his pocket not a papal indulgence peddled by some wandering partner of the Middle Ages, but an indulgence, a plenary indulgence for all sins past, present, and future. They saved the Union, they ended slavery. Well, everyone else in the world ended slavery too. The British ended slavery, the Spaniards, the French, the Dutch, the Swedes, but only the Americans have some sort of special favor from God because they eventually did it. They were the only ones who did it unpeacefully, by the way. Also, there was no massive war when Britain ended slavery in the British Empire. Only in America was there a war associated with it. And so Robert Penn Warren goes on to say that this moral narcissism was the justification for the Crusades of 1917 to 1918, and 1941 to 1945. So this moral narcissism that came out of the American Civil War, the Yankee ideology, was the justification for American entry into World War I, and I would argue all other wars, all other military interventions to this very day that the US government is involved in and has been involved in. And he also, there's a whole section of Robert Penn Warren's little book on what must be forgotten. We must forget almost all of real history in order to deify not only Abe Lincoln, but the whole regime that came out of the American Civil War. I'll just read a little bit of it. It is to be forgotten that the Republican Party platform of 1860 pledged protection to the institution of slavery where it existed, and that the Republicans in 1861 were ready to guarantee slavery in the South as a bait to return to the Union.  So you have to forget all of this, not only the rhetoric, but the actions of Lincoln himself and the American regime during the Civil War, and you have to believe in this myth that has been perpetrated by the American state about the deification of the American state. Finally, Robert Penn Warren, he says, armed with these myths, most Americans are, quote, prepared to see the Civil War as the fountain head of our power and prestige among the nations, among the nations. And when I reread that in preparing this little talk, it reminded me also of when Musharraf declared martial law in Pakistan, who did he quote as justification, well, Abe Lincoln, of course. He said, Abe Lincoln did it in America during their Civil War, therefore, it must be morally right for me to do this. Now, there always has been what economists call a bootlegers and Baptist connection here. That is, there's these ideological imperialists, what do you call them, Yankees, or American exceptionalists, or whatever. They've always been joined in with businessmen who saw money in this, okay? And it's called Bootlegers and Baptists, my old friend Bruce Yandel, the economist. He wrote about alcohol prohibition in America in the 1920s. The two groups that were for it were bootlegers, people who illegally sold alcohol because they made money in it. And the Baptists, that was just a sort of a general term to describe religious people who were against to drinking of alcohol for religious reasons, okay? And so you always had the pietists, these people who wanted to save the world and force our values and everybody else. And then you've got the military industrial complex who understands there's a lot of money in this. And they've always joined together in the United States. That's why you have people like Reagan and Cheney and Clinton and Bush all quoting, or their speechwriters quoting Abe Lincoln and claiming God tells us to intervene in the world. We're the biggest force for good and all that. And of course, the military industrial complex cheers them on. And so among some of the good they've done, the latest updated research on the American Civil War is that the death count may have been as much as 850,000. For 100 years, the historians thought it was 620,000. But the newer forensic research has led to our understanding that it was as much as 850,000. And this was a time when the population of the United States was about one-tenth of what it is today. So a few standardized for today's population would be the equivalent of eight and a half million people dying in just under four years in a civil war. And then as soon as the war was over, the US government turned to Indian genocide, which I talked about here on this stage a few years ago, one of my talks, where in order to make way for the transcontinental railroads, they massacred at least 60,000 of the American Indians. And then there was the Spanish American War to civilize the Filipinos by killing them. And the conquest of Hawaii. And then the Filipino insurrection, where the Americans' military killed at least 200,000 Filipinos in order to give them democracy. And Theodore Roosevelt, the president, Theodore Roosevelt, called the peace advocates, you know, there were many, there was a great opposition to this, of course, but the opposition did not prevail.  And traitors would not be hung, hanged, okay? And he warned of what he called the menace of peace. And he said, he also said this, the United States must intervene when a nation failed to behave. Isn't that almost perfectly the same as that bumper sticker I mentioned too? Do as we say or we will bring democracy to your country. And all of this, of course, is why Bill Crystal claims that Teddy Roosevelt is his favorite Republican president in all of history, is the neocon Bill Crystal. And one other thing that Teddy Roosevelt said was, quote, all the great master races have been fighting races. He said, of course, he never did much fighting himself. He had his picture taken on a horse a few times after the Spanish-American War, but, and he used to shoot wild game in Africa. But that's pretty much, he was quite the crazy man. When he was president, this is a true story, he would get on his horse at daybreak and ride through a neighborhood called Rock Creek Park in Washington, D.C., which is still a park, with a pistol shooting wildly into the air, pretending he was a cowboy. And one day he had somebody put a wire across the Potomac River and he would grapple his way across the Potomac River. There was a president of the United States at like six o'clock in the morning, making his way across his wire across the Potomac River. And when he was asked why he would do such a thing, he said he thought his wrists needed strengthening. And a true story, kind of a crazy man, elected president. And so the same story, after the Filipino insurrection, World War I, World War II, Korea, Vietnam, today's Middle East, it's all based on this idea of American exceptionalism. And so this is why I'm working on this book on the political economy of war and I'm planning a couple of chapters on the advocates of war and people who use ideology to instigate wars, and this is gonna be a part of it. And this has been going on for a very long time. And so, and of course, this has been noticed by people around the world for a very long time. You know, how could they not know and how could the Filipinos not notice this or are all of the victims of American imperialism. And so I'm gonna end with a short quote from by Otto von Bismarck, who once said, God has a special providence for fools, drunks, and the United States. I think these are the people he was referring to. Not all Americans, but these people, the Yankees, so-called.


Hello everybody, welcome back to my channel and welcome if you are new here, I wanted to do an updated video on the AAP perio guidelines because now it's been out for, oh gosh, a number of years when it first came out we were all confused I know I was extremely confused but by now everybody should be using this on a regular basis every day at your dental office or if you have your own practice so I'm going to go through it with you as simple as possible so you can start using it and kind of how to go through it and what it means. Okay, so I just kind of had this image here because I do like this one. It's just basically showing you guys how different things can look like as dental professionals we look inside the mouth is it healthy. So I'm going to give you guys a little bit of advice is their periodontal disease is it very severe periodontal disease. So we need to determine stages, and is it going to be grade a grade B, or grade C, so these are just kind of some pictures for those of you guys who have something to really learn it, I am one of those people. So just as an example, they have, they're fairly healthy here so yes there might be one little spot that is is bleeding when you're probing. But there's no bone loss there's no pockets, none of that they are considered healthy okay I wouldn't worry about that little bleeding spot if it's less than 10% don't worry about it. So this image into our clients of course healthy gums do not bleed but this is minimal brush these areas better and we're not worried about it. Gingivitis though, what if inside the mouth the gums are puffy red swollen, there's more than 10% sites are starting to bleed when you're doing the probing and there are now pockets for millimeter pockets or less for or less. So really in this image here it is saying there's a four millimeter pocket. Actually no sorry it's kind of saying great, less than or equal to so this, this is dependent on how you're looking at things if there's one four millimeter pocket honestly I don't worry about it I'm making a note in the chart, they have localized perio but it's one pocket I'm not worried about it. I'm more focused on the gingivitis part of it. So how do the gums look there's more than 10% of the gums are starting to bleed but there's no bone loss so that is gingivitis but what if we get into more pocketing here. So there's four millimeters or more four to five millimeters that can be considered initial perio otherwise known as early perio and then to moderate perio if it's a five millimeter pocket. So there might be starting to get bone loss, especially at that five millimeter pocket. This is moderate perio early to moderate okay early perio are those four millimeter pockets, moderate perio is when you hit the five millimeter and there might be some bone loss happening, but then you have severe perio so this is stages three to four where there's deep pocket so six millimeters or more. There's absolutely bone loss there's a lot happening. The gums are bleeding everywhere not just a little bit the gums are bleeding everywhere so this is severe perio moving on to the next slide here. You're wondering okay Andrea all of this sounds great I see the pictures I'm a pro now, but then when you go to write a statement you have to write the staging and the grading and this is where people get stumped so I'm going to help to help you with that. So, first you need to do a probe, you cannot determine the bone loss the pockets or the clinical attachment levels without probing. And you also need x rays so you need to be looking at those x rays from there, you can establish a stage and that is kind of what we were talking about our things healthy. Does the patient have gingivitis, is it stage one or two, or is it stage three or four so this is when we put that in there, but then we need to determine, is it going to be grade a grade B, or grade C, and this is where I'm going to explain that a little bit more for you. Those depend on does the client smoke or is there any tooth loss, so I'm going to explain those a bit more in a moment. First let's look at staging so this is a chart you want to print. If you're still getting used to the different stages, pocket levels bone loss percentages all of that I still have these in my practice okay. I have them with me all the time I'm getting pretty good at it though I don't have to look at it as much, but if you're looking at exact percentages pocketing, you need to be looking at this exact chart, but then the next one is going to be this one which I'm going to talk about in a moment. So again you guys stage one, look at the pocketing look at the bone loss, keep it as simple as that you guys pocketing and bone loss, and then you have to determine is it localized pocketing, or is it generalized pocketing. Simple as that stage one, the pockets are going to be less than stage two stage three and stage four so I have it on this chart a little more specific here. So stage one pockets are typically four millimeters stage two the pockets are five millimeters stage three, six millimeters and stage four higher than six so seven millimeters or more. Say that again, write this down stage one and see I still have to look stage one pockets are four millimeters stage two pockets are five millimeters stage three pockets are six millimeters stage four seven millimeters or more, and then you have to determine the bone loss from the x-rays tooth loss we go into that a bit more later on so I will explain that after we talk about either grade a B or C. Okay. So this is 30% so far. So and then, as I said you have to determine is it localized bone loss and pockets, or is it generalized bone loss and pockets you need to write that down localized is 30% is less than 30% generalized is 30% or more of those teeth. So, is it going to be grade a grade B or grade C. Again, we're looking at the bone loss, and how quickly the bone loss is happening, and are they a smoker, or are they not. Do they have uncontrolled diabetes or is it controlled in this chart again I love this one here. I will actually leave the link for this one for you guys on the bottom. Let me see here guys sorry where was I oh yes talking about bonus. So in stage one, there will be no bonus stage two, no bonus stage three for teeth or less. So that would be up to 14 and then stage four five teeth or more. That would be stage four. Okay, so then you would kind of determine that depending on the tooth loss. That kind of thing right typically with the stages. Anything they could be a grade a grade B or grade C, because it depends on how quickly that bone loss is happening. Okay, so just back to the stages again remember how I said stage one there's going to be typically zero bone loss because the pocket is four millimeters. You don't get bone loss with a four millimeter pocket stage three you start or sorry stage two, you start to have five millimeters. Okay. Stage three, six millimeters and stage seven stage four sorry is seven millimeters, but in case you were confused in the interdental cow. So this is talking about clinical attachment loss not pocketing. Again you guys that's why I love this chart instead because it's more specific I can leave the link for you guys. For this I got this from an amazing resource. The DSO hygiene excellence website so definitely check them out, but that's just basically it in a nutshell keeping it simple for you guys okay if you have any questions let me know comment below. I think it easier with practice. Okay, so thank you guys so much for watching please click like to this video if you like it that does help me in my channel, and I will talk to you guys very very soon thank you so much for watching.


Hello, in this discussion we will discuss the discussion question of why are financial statements prepared in a specific order? What is the usual order in which financial statements are prepared from the adjusted trial balance? So this is going to be getting into when we actually generate or put together those financial statements. How do we do that? What order will we do that in? If we're seeing an essay question like this, the first thing we might do is to first name the financial statements. What are we talking about in terms of financial statements? So we can say, well, the financial statements include a balance sheet, an income statement, and the statement of equity typically, and so or retained earnings or some type of equity section depending on if we are a sole proprietor or a partnership or a corporation. And then we can go into, well, how are we going to prepare these items? What's going to be the process for preparing these? Now, when we go through and actually prepare these in Excel, I actually violate the principle of the order that we typically would do if it was by hand because Excel gives us that ability to sum up large portions of numbers and that can make the process a bit a lot different for us. But if the typical answer to this type of question, and if you see this type of ordering question in any type of process in most textbooks, they're going to say that we want to create the income statement first and then use that to create the statement of equity and use that to create the balance sheet. So again, in practice, when you're using software, you may not want to do it that way. And I'll talk more on why I sometimes deviate from that principle. But when you're thinking about it in terms of an essay question, you want to list it that way. And it is a good idea to understand why they want to list it that way, because that gives us an idea of what the relationship between the financial statements are. So their argument here is that we need the income statement numbers in order to create the equity section of the statement of owner's equity. And we need the statement of owner's equity number in order to create the balance sheet. And that is how they are connected, meaning when we calculate the income statement, we have revenue minus expenses giving us net income. And that net income number is part of the statement of equity. If we're talking about a sole proprietor, we would have beginning capital, beginning equity, and then it's going to go up by net income, which we get from the income statement, and then it's going to go down by draws. So that means that we have to have net income in order to create the statement of equity. And that end number and the statement of equity will be ending capital or ending equity of some form, depending on the type of entity we're talking about. And that number is going to have to go into the balance sheet. We're going to need that number in order to create the balance sheet, because the balance sheet is assets on one side, liabilities and equity on the other side. And we're talking about this equity number. We need to calculate this equity number in order to put it on the other side of the balance sheet. And so that's the argument for creating the income statement first, then the statement of equity, then the balance sheet. You have to do the income statement to get net income so that you can use the net income to create the statement of equity and then the statement of equity resulting in ending capital, ending capital being needed to create the balance sheet for the equity portion of the balance sheet. Now, the reason you may want to deviate from this when actually preparing the financials, if you're using Excel, oftentimes is because really the balance sheet is kind of everything. The balance sheet is assets, equal liabilities plus equity. And so it really gives the big picture. So I kind of actually liked starting with the balance sheet. And when I get to the equity section, if you're using Excel, you can just sum up the equity section into that one number and just basically get that first and be in balance first. And then that gives me more surety really that everything works and then I go back through and do the income statement and the statement of equity and just double check that we get to that same number at the statement of equity. That also lines up with basically the format of the trial balance. The trial balance will be an order of assets and then liabilities and then equity, the balance sheet, and then the income statement accounts revenue and expenses. So if you do the balance sheet first, then you're basically going from top to bottom more or less or closer to going from top to bottom.  Again, you can't really do that if you were doing it totally by hand, which of course is where the kind of tradition is coming from because if your calculation of net income is wrong or something like that, it'll be difficult to figure that out in the balance sheet. You'd basically have to do it two times. So it would be more efficient if you did all the calculations correctly if you're using a calculator to do it that way. But again, if you're using Excel, then it's just a sum function. So it might be easier in that case to just go from top to bottom on the trial balance assets liabilities and equity. But the relationship is the same and that's the point here in the relationship being that the ending number on the balance sheet, the equity section, is going to come from the statement of equity. So and the statement of equity is going to be tied to the income statement through net income being part of the equity calculation.


Hello there, my name is Shane Coughlin and I am the General Manager of the Open Shane Project here at the Linux Foundation. I'm sorry I couldn't be there in person today. Unfortunately, the global pandemic continues to disrupt international travel. Being based in Japan, this makes it hard to get over there to Seattle. That said, I believe the travel situation is dramatically improving around the world, and I do hope to see a lot of you face to face in November at our Linux Foundation member summit. It's being held in Napa Valley, so we will have some interesting opportunities for all the wine lovers. But back to the topic at hand. Today we're going to talk about Open Shane, ISO standards and the future of compliance. Set context, Open Shane, ISO 5230 is the international standard for open source license compliance. It defines the key requirements of a quality open source license compliance program. It's the only standard of its type. And since its publication by ISO in December 2020, it has become increasingly important and popular around the world. But this standard didn't begin on December 2020. It actually began years earlier. The first idea for Open Shane was around 2015, when a handful of experts in this field got together and said, we really need a way to make the supply chain to open source compliance more effectively. It's a simple concept, but a very important one. And by October 2016, that idea had been polished into a standard. With the initial release of Open Shane back then in 2016. There was a de facto industry standard to help guide what the key requirements of a quality open source compliance program looked like for companies of various types in various markets. The transition between being a de facto standard into being a formal ISO standard is important. As much traction as Open Shane had, and it had significant traction between October 2016 and November 2020. And becoming a formal ISO standard made a new era of supply chain management possible. The reason is simple enough. Many companies ingest ISO standard materials today, many companies manage their processes with ISO standards. It's a simple clear signifier that what is being done meets the requirements and the understanding of parties across the globe. Open Shane's considerable success as a de facto standard contributed to its ability to become an ISO standard. Indeed, by the time we were in ISO standard, our community already numbered in the many hundreds of companies. We had local work groups in local languages in areas like China, Japan, Korea, and we had significant momentum across industries like automotive. But when it comes to a standard, what you're looking at is scaling from hundreds to thousands, tens of thousands of companies. Overall, what you want to do is to create a situation where every company benefits equally and easily from the efficiency and effectiveness of a refined standard simple thoughts. And in our case, I would be modestly say executed with precision and effectiveness. This is an uncontrovertical standard. It is the only standard for open source license compliance it defines processes that are no surprise to any party, but are equally important to the success of those parties. In other words, it solves a problem in a consistent manner where we didn't have a consistent solution before. Open Shane is the first ISO standard to come out of the next foundation in 14 years. Previously, the last standard was Linux standard base. And you can see the enormous gap between what was happening around the time of defining Linux standard base and what's happening today as we release standards like Open Shane. The whole gap is not a gap of peace and quiet or nothing happening quite the opposite. It's a gap of extreme innovation, iteration and massive growth of open source. Indeed, nowadays, everywhere you have software, you have open source. This is fast moving. This is fast evolving. And many aspects of this are not perfectly suited to standardization, because they change frequently. And when you have a standard, particularly a formal standard. One of the things you're doing is providing consistently in whatever that is. You don't want to iterate standards continue. You want the standards to be some of these scaffolding upon which people build. Open Shane is an ideal part of scaffolding. It is a foundational element to how you approach efficient software management. You need to manage licenses, you need to manage ingest and outbound, you need to manage internal processes, highlighting where we know things are most effectively done, saves time, and it saves a lot of money. It's controversial indeed. And also an indicator of what's to come. You see Open Shane fills a gap in the market based on maturity. We're at the stage where open source as an idea is well accepted open source code as deployed is everywhere. And now we're looking at how do we tighten things up to make them better. We always want to do things more effectively. And standards, of course, help with that. I'll give you an example with Open Shane and bear with me. This will involve a few different numbers and letters in a slightly soupy manner. The alphabet soup is because of the way standards work. But the overall point is simple and clear. Open Shane is ISO 5230. That's the identification number for Open Shane in ISO. And this means that any company can tell another company, please use Open Shane, or do you use Open Shane, or how do you use Open Shane. You phrase it by saying, how do you use ISO 5230 in the same way that they would phrase other questions, like in quality process management, ISO 9001 or 14001, or functional safety, ISO 26262. We often communicate these standard numbers to each other in sales and procurement and in other negotiations as a shorthand for double checking where people are aligned with the industry and where they're not. And it gets more nuanced to standards don't exist in a vacuum. They fit together like jigsaw puzzles and where there's a gap where we're missing something new standards emerge. The reason that Open Shane exists is because there was a gap in the market for open source license compliance process management. Open Shane has filled that gap. And now it's slotting in with lots of other standards around the place. I mentioned quality standards like ISO 9001 and ISO 14001. I mentioned functional safety ISO 26262. The reason I mentioned these standards isn't arbitrarily, it's because you're likely to find all of them in a package when people are negotiating their procurement, because they want to see what quality management is in place. They want to see what functional safety is in place. They want to see what open source compliance is in place. So they check if you're meeting the international standards or you're doing something unique. It's very easy to understand and accept international standards. But if someone's doing something unique you probably have to ask more questions to make sure it's adequate for your needs. And as it is that things interlock and connect. Open chain I mentioned earlier is popular in industries like automotive. We talk about open chain and automotive. Again, we're stacking standards. Open chain is building an area that was blank previously. And in doing so, it can be part of a list of standards as discussed, or it can be part of something else. For example, in automotive you've got third party certifiers like Goofsoot. These are organizations that go to your company. Check how you're doing things. And then issue a certificate saying that, yes, they certify that you're doing things in a manner appropriate for the market. Certifiers like that use open chain. And of course, open chain is an ISO standard 5230. But those certifiers are giving a general certification. Let's say Toofsoot, their particular certification is all open source process management, not just compliance, but other aspects like development process management and so on. So they slot the open chain ISO standard into an umbrella, which they mark as a Toofsoot standard. In fact, their standard including open chain is called PPS, PPP 150001A. It rolls off the tongue. The actual simple fact is that this certifier packages a bunch of known standards together, plus some additional material where they find gaps and create a new meta standard. In this case, TPS means Toyota production system. But Goofsoot have focused on a meta standard for open source that fits into the Toyota production system frequently used around the automotive industry. As you see, I warned you, we'd have some alphabet soup, but it is important to contextualize how all of this works. The same thing happens in a car company. Let's take Scania. Scania is based in Sweden. You probably know that they're very famous for trucks. Now, Scania has created a corporate standard, a Scania corporate standard, and the standard is STD 4589. And it includes ISO 5230 open chain as part of a sequence of standards that they're asking their suppliers to utilize wherever possible. The point of the Scania corporate standard is to provide one corporate standard to suppliers and then inside that corporate standard, a list of all the included or bundled standards from places like ISO. Right, take a breath. No more alphabet soup for a few minutes. The point there was that ISO standards and process management standards internal to various companies and process management standards external to various certifiers all fit together to interlock. And what's very useful in this space, of course, is that the formal standards out there are available. And rather than anything ambiguous happening, let's say, only using de facto standards, you can use stuff that's been true the crucible of ISO. And that matters. And like I said, open source increasingly having standards, which slot into all of this perfectly is an indication of maturity. And while it might sound like we're introducing complexity, we're actually introducing methodology to align more perfectly with how people doing procurement with how people doing standardization work today. And that is of course, one of the most important goals, you can have in the technology industry by not having to re educate people by not reinventing the wheel. By doing things working smoothly. And goodness knows, after the last 18 months of supply chain disruptions. We can see why we don't want to shake the boats on the supply chain. We want to fit in neatly and effectively. What does this mean for open source license compliance going forward. Well, open chain is there. It defines the key requirements of quality open source license compliance program. It defines the basis and the gold standard of how you approach this problem space. So that's problem solved with the proviso being over the next years, it's going to be all about adoption across the market. And that's fine. That's exactly what we expect to do. That's exactly what we've prepared for, and that's exactly what we're executing against. But open chain isn't going to be alone. The joint development foundation helped open chain become an ISO stand joint development foundation is a fascinating initiative. It's now part of the Linux foundation family in that it's a project in our ecosystem. The joint development foundation is what's called a past submitter and forgive me. I know this is beginning to introduce more acronyms. It is quote, a publicly available specification and quote submitter. It's an organization that can take a de facto standard in the industry and take it into formal standardization via ISO. In other words, that's exactly what open chain did. We explained our status as a popular de facto standard, and we worked with them to enter the ISO process and grow through a certain fast track to graduate within nine months. A de facto standard that's mature and de facto standard that's widely adopted. It's not something that needs reedited. It's something that needs conversion or transposition into a formal standard. And that's what it's there for. That's what the process is there for. That's what JDF is there for. Open chain led the charge, as you could say, the first test balloon in this space, where an ideal for a standard uncontroversial mature, lauded by a lot of companies and perfectly positioned to become an ISO standard to improve our positioning across procurement sales and negotiation, but we're not the only standard. You may be aware of SPDX software bill of materials. It's a project under Linux foundation that has been running for around 10 years. Now, SPDX has done a fantastic job of dealing with software identifiers in a consistent manner. For example, do you want to analyze the software see the name package version number license and so on, and be able to transmit it in a manner that other people can utilize manually or automated in XML, JSON or other formats? Well, then SPDX is useful for you. Now, SPDX entered the transposition process in ISO. It entered into the process of becoming a formal standard shortly after open chain, and it has just graduated. It is now ISO 5962. So, directly after open chain, which is open source license compliance process management and ISO standard for software bill of materials. These are sister standards. To use open chain, you don't have to use SPDX. To use SPDX, you don't have to use open chain. But if you're using process management and want a software bill of materials, they fit together perfectly. And that's where we're going in the future. We are going to do on a broad scale, what I mentioned earlier, where there are blank spaces, where there are the facto standards where there should be formal standards. We're going to gradually create those where there are simply gaps in guidance and interlinking topics. We're going to create those.  No one is going to reinvent the wheel. Our goal is that beautiful interlocking industry with no surprises. The not invented here syndrome isn't even on the table. It's quite the opposite. What we want is no gaps in this market space. So we have open source license compliance process management. We have software bill of materials and currently a lot of our energy is being spent on really cool things like use case. Open chain rather surprisingly has been utilized in multiple areas outside of open source license compliance. It's being used for security, export control, merger and acquisitions, even venture capital. Now those usages are not a concern. Those usages do not change the standard. But those usages are exciting and they are different and in some cases they are unexpected. For example, utilizing open chain for security makes absolute sense. Open chain is all about the process inflection points where you identify software and you have a plan about what to do next. You identify inbound, internal and outbound software. You have covered most of the basis for most of the security issues you need to think about. And that's why we are used in that context. Now naturally we don't want to re-edit open chain, create a new version tomorrow that's called open chain security edition plus. That would confuse the market. But what we do instead is we create some security guidance documentation that says here's open chain, the open source license compliance standard, and here's how you can apply it if you wish in the security domain. By the same token, we're working on material for export control, merger and acquisitions and VC. These are really cool filling in the gaps exercises that are market responsive. In other words, where the market's doing something, we try to support it by providing knowledge that will allow new participants to do the same thing with the same fidelity as those who blaze the trail. And that probably indicates a lot of what's going to be happening in 2022 and 2023. Open source license compliance doesn't need a bunch of needs standards. At this juncture, we seem to have the primary basis covered. Open source license compliance does need a lot of additional guidance documentation. Not that we've been slacking on such documentation. Indeed, the open chain project has a library consisting of over 1000 documents, case studies, examples and other materials. But the market needs more because it's a huge market. In open source license compliance, you can expect around open chain and SPDX additional materials to help interlock with other standards and other domains more effectively. You can expect our knowledge and our experience to feed into other areas. What I personally don't expect a compliance related standard in the near future. I do suspect we may see the emergence of other standards related to process management around open source. For example, and this is not indicating that something's being cooked right now that I have special awareness of, but for example, process approaches to develop. There's a lot of stuff out there that's very interesting covered by case studies covered by guidance document and some of it may be mature enough to explore standardization as well. Maybe pausing here catching our breath. One of the things that we should do, the main thing we should do is consider that open source is mature. We have solved most of the problems. There's very little that's unknown in our space now. And where we have solved the problem consistently, reliably for a long period. There's something right for detailed case studies and or possible standardization. This applies in every part of open source from coding through to whatever. In the past, open source specifically didn't really produce so many standards, and where it did those standards were defective. Now that's very understandable on a rapidly moving code situation, but with open source in all types of domains and open source management being very mature. That's changing as well. So standardization formal standardization should not be something of concern, or something ignored by the open source community. It's something that should be embraced where appropriate. And that's why we are so fortunate to have had the experience of open chain to have the experience of SPDX and have the larger guidance of joint development foundation. I hesitate to say that open source license compliance is now a solved problem. I'll say it's a mostly solved problem, and our two ISO standards raised all the boats in the field places in a perfect position, and we're executing along that. The joint development foundation is well enabled to do the same to many other domains around open source. For example, what about the facto standards describing methodologies of doing stuff like 3D modeling. What about process management in completely different areas to compliance. This is where we have lots of thinking and lots of exciting stuff to do. And this is why, if you're in those domains if you have something that's the facto standard and look solid and is reliable and is essentially done. For me, with my team at the open chain project. Well, life is a lot of case studies, life is a lot of user groups, and life is a lot of spreading the growth of our ISO standard. Working with our sister standards, and of course working with people elsewhere with other standards other domains other organizations and so on. I think you're going to see anything dramatically exciting around open source license compliance and standardization in the next 12 months. And that's a good thing. You should be executing along the lines of open chain ISO 5230 as the gold standard. And if you're using software bill of materials, you should put serious time into looking at ISO 5962 as pdx. You should look at automation. You should look at how you can deal with interoperability between your internal activities your suppliers proprietary vendors and so on. And in doing so you should look at us open chain is running our largest ever case study rolling between September and December this year on automation and interoperability. Our community is running frequent meetings discussing these topics in local and global manners, and working together, you, me, everyone around us. We're doing that mission of raising all the boats and we're getting it done in a way I think that is pretty much optimally effective. Well everyone, there you have it. The open source license compliance has seen increased standardization. The standardization has focused on the areas where we most needed clarity and consistency process management and software bill of materials. This is work that will aid us for many years to come. Around this work case studies examples user groups to work directly with each other, all of that is happening, and all of that is available to you. So please come on by open source license compliance is not going to see a burst of standards. It doesn't need to. We probably have most of the basis covered and certainly for the next few years, as we expand outwards, what we're mainly doing is interlocking with other aspects of the market and other standards. That said, what we've done here, what we've pioneered will impact other areas of the open source ecosystem. We now have a clear mechanism for de facto standards to become formal standards. We have a clear friend and ally and joint development foundation to do the heavy lifting for us. And all of that is tremendously exciting. More broadly across the market. I mentioned before to have said, and their TPS PPP 15001 a standard utilizing open chain and other standards together. I mentioned Scania with their STD 4589 standard which utilizes open chain SPD accent other standards together. That type of bundling, not just in Linux foundation, but in the user companies in the certifiers will be happening around the world to, and instead of being overwhelmed by alphabet soup. Look at it this way. Your standardization people will understand this stuff in a moment, and that's their job. Your job is to do awesome work around open source, and to keep your mind open to the fact that there are aspects of our community which have been de facto, which now belong in the formal standardization space. And by the same token, there are aspects in our community best addressed in other matters like case studies and examples. We supported every step of the way with understanding and delineating this and executing according to that. Thank you very much for your time. I do hope that you can be part of the open chain community if you are not already and lend us some of your ideas for how we build the future together.