Good morning. So far we have been talking about different levels of linguistic structure. We began with the production of speech sounds, then we talked about organization of speech sounds, then we looked at the organization and formation of words that was followed by lectures by my colleague on sentence construction. Basically between speech units, between speech sounds and sentence formation, we take care of what we call grammar. But in the language, in any natural language, there is another more important aspect which is known as social aspect. People will pardon you for mistakes of grammar, but they do not pardon you for mistakes of etiquette, for mistakes of pragmatics, for mistakes of social and cultural kind. So we also look at last in the final level of language which is sometimes known as social linguistics, sometimes known as pragmatics, sometimes known as discourse. Even discourse has a structure. Today and this week and if required next week, we will be talking about structure of discourse, how language is socially sensitive. To recapitulate, we began talking with the production of speech sounds, what is the branch of the subject, what is the name of the subject, what is the name of the branch of linguistics that studies the production of speech sounds, we called it phonetics. How do you pronounce it? Phonetics, it is not phonetics, many people in India pronounce it wrongly, it is phonetics, US stress, knee. Then we talked about organization of speech sounds, what is the branch of linguistics that studies organization of speech sounds, phonology. Then we spoke about word formation and what did we decide to call it? Morphology. Then we looked at sentence construction, principles of sentence construction and what did we call it? Syntax. Finally, all of these things phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax add up to use of language. So we study use of language and this is studied under various levels, some people call it pragmatics, what to use, and when some people call it sociolinguistics, they find social structure in language, some people call it discourse. Beginning today and possibly rest of this week and part of next week, we will talk about discourse structure and that will be the end of the course. Are we together? Are you with me?  Right. What is discourse? How do we define it? Look at the following utterance.  Who do you think is the speaker? You know nothing about the speaker. You only hear this sentence, I had been busy in the luggage van. Yes? Some passenger, okay, wonderful. Passenger of what? Aircraft, railway train, bus.  Come on, make a guess. There is no punishment for going wrong, but there are rewards for being right. Railway train. Railway trains usually have luggage vans, okay. Aircrafts don't have, buses don't have, ships have cargo hold, they don't have luggage van. So railway trains. Number one, is this a passenger or an official or what? Official. Maybe a passenger, maybe an official, but none else. It has to be one of the two. Who is the listener? We. Are we connected anyway with railways? Maybe he is saying this to the passengers, other passengers, or maybe to other railway officials. Lovely. Where are they likely to be? Is it happening on telephone? Maybe, but what is more likely? In person. It's quite likely that it is person. What time do you think it might be? You may not be able to say AMPM, but can you say is it before the departure of the train, before the arrival of the train, after the arrival of the train? Please look at it carefully. You see, this is what language does. Language gives you more clues than there are in words. From one sentence you are able to make out whether I should go with this person for a cup of tea or I should not. Many people say girls have greater ability to decide this. I am not aware of any systematic study. I have seen as many accidents with girls as with boys. But you know, all of us have this ability. From one sentence with a stranger in the railway train, we decide whether I should leave my purse with him or I should take a van by handkerchief to the toilet. Isn't that right? Isn't that right? How do we decide? So please think. Where are they likely to be and what is the time? Time you may not be able to say AMPM, but you can say before, after. Come on, make a guess. After the departure. After the departure? Any other guess? After the arrival, I will not hire any of you as detective. Any other guess? Train is about to depart. The train is about to depart. Everybody is anxious. Where is the guard? And the guard says I had been busy in the luggage van. That is more likely. Other guesses are also possible. But what is more likely? This is more likely. Where are they likely to be in a restaurant? On the platform? In the car? Come on. On the platform. On the platform. Because everyone is waiting for the, unless guard gives the whistle, how is the train going to go? What is the topic? What are they talking about? To which this is the answer. This is obviously the answer. I had been busy in the luggage van. What could have been the question? Where were you? So they are talking about the absence of that person. What variety of language? Is it a standard English? Is it informal, formal? What is your guess? What is your guess? Is it friendly, hostile slang? What is it? It is formal. You see, this is where. What I am going to say now is not related to linguistics. But I must tell you. You know only one kind of English, formal English. But you need to know more. Now that you are about to step into the world. You know you must know different kinds of Englishes. And the best way to know that is not through a course with Shri Shadri. The best way to know that is to read. Read a variety of literature. Come back to it. One sentence. I had been busy in the luggage van. Can give you a lot of information even when you are physically not there? This is discourse. This is an utterance in a context. You have topic, you have a speaker, you have listener, you have time, you have place, you have language. What are the things you have?  What makes a discourse? A topic. A speaker. Then a listener. Then time. Then a place. Then a language. A language. Come again.  Tell me what makes a discourse. Number one. Speaker. Listener. Listener. Topic. Time. Time. Place. Language. At least. Some people add mode. Are you talking on phone? Are you on internet? Are you on etc. etc. You know we can say all this in place and time. These are the basic structure of these parameters make a discourse. In other words many people call it and it is easy for you to remember. Who speaks to whom on what, where and when. Come on tell me. Who speaks to whom on what, where and when. You can say in what language. That makes a discourse and that analysis, that study and you see the interesting thing. The miracle of nature, the wonder of nature. Nobody sat down and taught you this grammar. But all of us from one sentence can make out. If you hear some word like Namaskar Mandi or Kuchandri you can make out which part of the country that person comes from. Does he or she come from Varangal or Mahabubnagar or maybe Tadepalli Gudam. You can make out from one utterance whether it is a boy or girl, whether it is a young or old, rich or poor, standard speaker, non-standard speaker, variety of information. So what is a discourse? A discourse is an utterance in a context. It can be one word. It can be thanks. It can be a long speech by all the babas, all the sadhus, all the professors. We are all in the same business. Any utterance is a context. Any utterance in a context is discourse. I am giving you the full context. Actually I took that sentence from a very famous poem. I showed you parts of that poem. Do you remember? Earlier when I was doing phonology, you can go to net, please write and click. I should have written it here. It is from T.S. Eliot's Cat Poems, T.S. Eliot's Eliot. Let me write here. The poem is called Skimble Shanks, the railway cat by T.S. Eliot. I have taken these lines from this poem.  Wonderful hilarious video and underlying a great message as happens in any great literature. So you see, you get all the information here at 11.42. What is the time? 11.42 with the signal overdue and the passengers all frantic to a man. That's when I would appear, the guard says, I keep everybody waiting because I am an important person. That's when I would appear and I would saunter to the rear. I would walk. This is saunter. This is jogging. You see, we have all kinds of names for different kinds of motions. I would saunter to the rear. I had been busy. Nobody can ask me. I am such an important person. I was checking the luggage van. Any utterance in a context. What is a context? Where, when, to whom, topic, who, what, etcetera, etcetera. That is discourse. It gives you entire social information. Am I clear to you? Say yes or no, please. Sure? Okay, lovely. Let's move on. In other words, these are the parameters of discourse. I am going to mail these slides to Mahesh. So don't worry. Okay? Topic, addresser, addressee, language, mode. It can be spoken or written. It can be X or Y. You know, these days there are more choices. Setting, place, time, etcetera, etcetera. That also means that language changes. There is variety. Any change, actually, okay? Change in any part of discourse can change language. Language can change from place to place. Language can change, you know. And it changes not only just in pronunciation. It changes not only in words. It changes in all kinds of things. Sentences, structure can differ when you are with an intimate friend. You don't say, I had been in the luggage van. You say, hi, luggage van. Where were you in the luggage van? Or maybe LV. We use cryptic, but it still gives complete information. Okay? Language changes in many other parameters. Language changes according to region. So we have dialects. There is no natural language which is spoken alike over the world. Be it English, be it Maitreya, which is what I and my people speak in North Bihar and Nepal. Be it Telugu. Do you speak Telugu all alike, all over Andhra? Or beyond Andhra? There is a sizable population of Telugu speakers in Tamil Nadu. And their Telugu is different from the Telugu I had heard in Hyderabad. Similarly in Hyderabad, I have friends from Warangal and Kammam. They say that our Telugu is different from the Telugu spoken in Rajmandri. And they say that their Telugu is different from the Telugu spoken in Madanapalli, Chittur. There are dialects. Regional variation is known as dialect. Then there are class and caste variations. In India we have more caste related. Brahmin Telugu. Brahmin Tamil. Brahmin don't say solinga solinga. They say cholinga cholinga. Am I right? Anybody who speaks Tamil here? Anybody who learned Tamil here? You should have learned Tamil before leaving. Okay? Do Brahmins speak like that? Cholinga cholinga. They don't say tali. They say tirtham here. Okay? Similar things in Telugu. You know Brahmin Telugu is different from Christian Telugu, from, you know, anti-Ramarao Telugu. Why is Rasekar Redis and what is his name? Yeah, he is my favorite candidate for chief minister. I like his Telugu. Okay? You see, there are class and caste related differences. Topic, register. For each subject, the kind of English you use in chemistry is not the same we use for literary criticism. It's not the same they use in physics. It's not the same. You know, I was amazed once. Somebody from chemistry said mercury is liquid. Somebody from physics said it is solid. They are describing the same thing. It's like God, some of us imagine God as a woman. Come to my part of the country, we imagine God as a woman. Durga, Kali, Lakshmi, Saraswati, full stop. We don't recognize Vishnu, Krishna, etc. What in this part of the country? You know, that is nature. So you have language according to topic. You have language according to intimacy. Talking to a friend in the hostel, in the bathroom, maybe. Okay? It's one kind of language. Talking to a professor in web studio or in your, you know, laboratory is another kind of language. It depends on the really. Actually, those who research these things say that change in any part of discourse, you change who language changes. You change to whom language changes. You change where language changes. Any part of discourse changing also changes language. Some people say this is language, this is dialect. Have you heard that? In Hindi they say that what is spoken in Bihar is a dialect of Hindi spoken in Delhi. Actually, there is nothing like language, nothing like dialect. They are all dialects, but one dialect has got prestige or power. If Nehru had been from Bihar, then Bihari Hindi would be the standard Hindi. Unfortunately, Nehru was from Allahabad. So Allahabad Hindi became the standard Hindi. Similarly, if imagine had Prakasham been from Telangana, then Telangana, Telugu would have been the standard Telugu, not Andhra Telugu. Unfortunately, Prakasham was from Andhra. Okay? I'm giving you gross examples. I do not know if it is historically correct, but somebody had said language is a dialect with an army and navy. That means with power. Okay? But all dialects are equal. They are equally capable of any role. Many of us say engineering can be taught only in English. Do you believe that? Do you believe that? Any language can perform any function. You can do neurosurgery in Telugu. You can do a stockbroking in Telugu. You can cheat in Telugu. You can write poetry in Telugu. You can do anything you wish to. You may have to borrow a few words. Is there a language which has not borrowed words? English is the most borrowing language. Sanskrit has also borrowed. Persian has also borrowed. Greek and Latin have also borrowed. Purity in language is a myth. There is nothing like that in reality. All dialects can perform equally well or equally unwell. It is people behind them who do that. Right? Let's look at some examples. Dialects. Is it the same English that is spoken in the U.S. and the U.K.? Look at the pronunciation. In U.K. a-n-t-i is pronounced as? Everybody please. Anti. Make it long. How is it pronounced? Anti. But in the U.S., anti. Is it the same language? Is it the same language? These are dialectal differences. Look at S-E-M-I. How is it pronounced in the U.K.? Semi. But in the U.S., semi. Or C-L-A-S-S. In the U.K.? Class. How is it pronounced? Class. Not class. Class. The long. Very long. Class. But in the U.S.? Class. How is it in the U.S.? Class. G-O-D. In the U.K. is? God. Oh God. Say that. But in the U.S.? God. Oh God. Come on. Say it again. Similarly, L-O-B-A-R-L-A-B-O-R-A-T-U-R-Y. In the U.K. it is? Laboratory. But in the U.S.? Next word. What is the British pronunciation? Multidimensional. Multidimensional. Multidimensional, you know, these are regional differences. Don't you have similar differences between Tenangana Telugu and Andhra Telugu? Don't you have similar differences between Tenangana Telugu and Andhra Telugu? I had always heard in Hyderabad, Charana, Charana. Charana, Charana, Charana. But once I happen to be in Visakhapatnam and the auto driver was at that time saying, Nalguana, Nalguana, what are you talking about? It is Charana or Nalguana but he says no, it is Nalguana. So, words are different, pronunciation is different, and it happens in all languages, not just English. Look at even words differ between dialects. In the UK, you mend a bicycle or bike, but in the US, you fix a bicycle. Here we fix marriages, we fix deals. In the US, you sign a bill, but in the, sorry, in the UK, but in the US it is check. What is biscuit in the US? Cookie. Cookie. What is canteen in the US? What is can in the UK? Tin. Tin. What is candy in the UK? Sweets. What is a bus in the UK? Coach. Okay. What is a truck in UK? Lauri. You see, and we, what is petrol in US? Gas. What is a flat in US apartment? You see, this is how differ. Can you give me some examples or differences between Vishakhapatnam, Varangal and Kadapa? This will be a sure question for you at the end semester examination. Okay. Write an essay on regional differences among different dialects of Telugu or Hindi. Okay. Start thinking. You see, education does not mean only what is offered to you. Education also means awareness of world around you. Everything cannot be taught. It's not possible. It's not necessary. You must be sensitive to the world around you. Okay. Even within, you know, let alone US and UK, they are too far apart. They take seven hours of flying time between London and New York. But even within a tiny country like England, you can drive across England in three hours.  In London, SUN, sorry, in the received standard pronunciation of English, SUN is sun. But in places like Manchester, there's a wonderful engineering college in Manchester, Manchester University Institute of Science and Technology. They call it UMIST. It's a wonderful college. Like IIT, you know, they have all kinds of disciplines. Okay. So there, you know, SUN is sun. L-O-V-E is Louvre. C-U-T is kut. You know, I happen to have studied in Manchester. And one day, you know, our driver was taking us for an excursion. So and driver was also the guide. So he said, now, gentlemen, we are going to take a short kut. I said, what is short kut?  I had heard it shortcut, but he was taking short kut. And then, you know, you start hearing. Frequently at the bus stop, you will hear, suppose, you know, the girl is talking on phone and the boy is waiting there. So the boy suddenly shouts, here is Bouss-Milouf. What is he saying? Here is Bouss-My-Love. You know, so it becomes Bouss-Milouf. You know, dialects differ. One can have A pronunciation, the other can have B pronunciation. One can have A word, the other can have B word, but they are all equal. Overlook down upon speaker of any other language or dialect, because they are speaking. They are using the same God-given system or nature-given system. You know, there are differences. In received pronunciation, market, you don't pronounce r, but lots of 98% people in England pronounce r. They say market. They don't say market, okay? Class-related differences. Class-related, you know, if you go to London, you find those girls, shop girls, taxi drivers and hotel waiters, a lot of them speak what is called cockney. In cockney, they do not pronounce the initial h, h at the beginning of the word. So what is this sentence? They pronounce it. What arm is there in leaving list and groove, then a disappear and leave, sir, you know? I takes s, a standard English, it should be I disappear, I leave, okay? Look at the third sentence. What is it in a standard English? What is, that is cockney. In a standard English, what is it? The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plains. What in cockney this is? The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plains. And this is how Australians also speak. In Australia, it is not waves that beat on the beach. It is wives that beat on the beach, okay?  And you should say yes.  These are dialectal differences. It happens, you know? In my part of Bihar, in my part of India, actually, in the Indian Bihar, we do not say sh, we do not say English. We do not say Shankar, we say Shankar. And if you say sh, then all of us will tell you, why are you hissing like a snake? Doing sh, sh like Bengalis, okay? You know, there are these, look at this cockney. In art food, herb food, and amp-shear, actually, it should be heart food, herb food, amp-shear, then hurricanes hardly ever happen. This is cockney. Different spellings in between U.S., same word written differently, okay? Look at, you know, I have also given you examples from India. I expect you will make your own table of examples from Telugu, okay? Hindi in Bihar, in Delhi, compare in what, the vest that men wear under their shirt in Bihar is called ganji. But in Delhi it is banyan. My Delhi friends, why don't you have balumali, you know? How crude can you get? Delhi can also mean a lady without hair, okay? In Bihar, we don't say mai jatahum, we say hum jatahum. If you say mai jatahum, people will laugh at you. They say, why are you doing mai, mai, like a goat, okay? You know, each region has its own peculiarity, but in Delhi they say mai. In Patna, you can never buy a samosa. In Patna it is singhara, okay? Like that, you know, in Patna you never eat chawal. Chawal is raw rice. We eat boiled rice, which is bhat, okay? So there are those differences. In Hyderabad, you take auto. In Delhi, you take scooter. In Bihar, Patna, you take tempo. The same three-wheeler thing, you know, the names differ. There are class-related differences, upper class, lower class. In English, upper class people have bicycle, they don't have cycle. They wear dinner jacket. They eat vegetables. They use scent. They fall ill. They use looking glass. They wear spectacles. But working class people, they go on cycle, they have dress suit, they take greens if they can afford it. Students are very expensive in England. They use perfume, they fall sick, they use mirror, they use glasses. Similar things can happen in any language. In my mother tongue, yesterday when I was preparing for this lecture, I looked at Maitli and I found we also have similar differences. You know, I belong to upper class, upper class in my village. I never say give me pine, I'll say give me joll, water. We don't take thiman, you know. Everything is fixed. The boy likes the girl. Families have agreed on dowry. How many people would come back? But suddenly the grandmother of the boy hears that the girl is saying thiman, rather than tarkari. Oh, the girl is lower caste. She will ruin the generations to come. The boy cries, the girl cries, but the marriage doesn't happen, okay? All the sad songs are played, right? People can have a strong attitude even to minor things in social aspects of language, not in grammatical aspects of language. Topic related differences. Can you tell me which subject this sentence comes from? Look at it carefully, man. You guys claim to have studied sciences and engineering, biochemistry, come on, kind of, kinetics. Kinetics can happen anywhere. Don't cheat me, please. Chemical, come on, folks. You see, these borderlines are thin. This is actually biophysics. I deliberately chose something difficult. And this phonology, phonetics phonology, obviously, you know. How do you know this is phonetics phonology? What gives you that clue? Look, tell me, give me that word. You have words like stress, you have words like connected speech, you have words like pronunciation, you have words like emphasis, okay? Whereas in the earlier example, you have words like rate, average rate, you have RNA, you have protein, you have degradation, rate of degradation, okay? You have things like concentration, polymer, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. Do you see the point? It is the density of particular kinds of words, okay? Which gives you the clue what you are looking at. Your mind automatically captures that. Even before you realize that you are listening to biophysics, you know you are listening to biophysics, okay? There is a grammar, super grammar, working in your mind. Similarly, you know, degrees of intimacy. Imagine a situation, you know? Why imagine a situation? Only three or four years later, you are going to have an accident in your life, you will be asked to get married. Okay? And your parents are going to print a card, okay? So there will be one kind of card. Your parents would, if I'm still around and you have given good picture of me to your parents, then your parents will invite me. What would they write? Would they say, hi, dear series come. What would they say in Telugu? Forget English. Write an invitation card for your son, inviting your son's teacher. Tell me. Namaskaramundi, Bhagunada, etc., etc., okay? Then come on, tell me. Come on, give me the full thing. Please capture my friend. Come on, please. Make a mistake, doesn't matter. You see, we are experimenting. We are playing a game, okay? Suppose your sister is getting married. Invite me to your sister's marriage. Give me a good, very flowery, formal Telugu. We all do that, even in my, you know, I wish I had brought that. First three lines are nothing except honor to the address here, okay?  But that is necessary. If you don't do that, people might take offense. Come on, give me some example. Okay, forget that. Suppose you are inviting your friend from B. Tech, with whom you used to go to Tharamani, used to do quote unquote bad things. You are inviting him to your wedding. What would you say? Would you print a card and say, dear so-and-so, I am most honored to. What would you say? Everybody, please, I'll give you 30 seconds, write it on your notebook, and then read it to me. 30 seconds, write what would you tell your best friend that you are going to get married next Monday. Please, join me on that sad occasion. What would you say, in Telugu or in English, either way, whatever you would use with your friend. Somebody, when I asked this question last semester, somebody wrote, wow, finally someone has agreed to marry me. Please come. Okay, what would you write? But you guys are so low on imagination. Nothing. Can't you write Telugu or English? Which one do you need to write? Excuse me. Nothing or what do you do? Give me something. We are still saying the same thing in all of these fours, you know, literature in linguistics describes it as a style. A style is the variation of language, depending upon intimacy between the addressor and the addressee. So you can have levels, you can have degrees, you can have frozen style. Look at the use of passive voice. You are most cordially invited, passive voice. It's not saying I am inviting you. You are most cordially invited to grace the occasion of the happy wedding of our son X with Y, daughter of AB. Okay, this is frozen style. You, unless frozen, a little warm, maybe people you know, but don't know very well. So you can say, will you be kind enough to attend? You are being more direct. There can be intimate. Please join us at the wedding of my son, et cetera, et cetera.  You can get away with anything. You can just say hi, come over, dear Vicky, come over for the wedding of X or Y. The point once again, come back to it. The point I'm making is the following. Languages, languages differ. Actually, any change, look at the first line of this slide, change in any part of discourse. You change the speaker, you change the listener. Everything is the same. It is still hostile. It is still dining hall. It is still on the dining table. It is still dinner in the evening, but in place of your friend X, you have your teacher Y. Everything will change. In place of your friend X from your hostel, you have friend called Y from another hostel. Still language changes. So language will change according to address, addressy, topic, place, time, et cetera, et cetera. Any change, there are names for all of these things and discourse analysis studies all of these things. What I may do is I may give you a paragraph of a spoken text at the examination and I may tell you please tell me who is speaking to, whom, where, when, on what, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. Well, ladies and gentlemen, thank you. Have a good day. We meet here tomorrow again at nine o'clock and continue this discussion. Thank you. Have a good day.


US Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin called on Kiev's allies on June 15 to dig deep to provide more arms and ammunition to fight Russia's invasion, particularly for air defenses. Addressing a meeting of defense ministers from the US-led contact group of some 50 countries that give military aid to Ukraine, Austin stressed Kiev needed both short-term and long-term support as the war was a marathon, not a sprint. At the meeting at NATO headquarters in Brussels, Austin noted the group had already given Patriot, Iris T., and Nasim's air defense systems that had protected Ukraine from Russian missile attacks. But he said Ukraine needed even more. I asked that the members of this contact group continue to dig deep to provide Ukraine with the air defense assets and munitions that it so urgently needs to protect its citizens, Austin said in opening remarks. We will stand with Ukraine for the long haul. Last week, the United States announced a new package of more than $2 billion under the Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative. This package includes additional munitions for Patriot air defense systems, FAUK air defense systems and missiles, additional 105-millimeter and 203-millimeter artillery rounds and more. And on Tuesday, President Biden authorized a 40th drawdown of equipment from U.S. stocks. The United States is proud to stand alongside some 50 nations of goodwill to provide Ukraine with the training and equipment to help it succeed on the battlefield. As I say, our commitment to Ukraine is enduring, and this contact group remains united and determined. Our efforts are grounded in a broader strategic approach. We seek to ensure that Ukraine has the capabilities it needs to protect its citizens and its territory, and to deter further aggression from the Russians, and ultimately to prevail over Putin's campaign of cruelty and conquest. Ladies and gentlemen, the Kremlin's imperial ambitions have inflicted unimaginable suffering on the Ukrainian people. And the Ukrainians continue to inspire us with their resilience, their bravery, and their unwavering commitment to keep their country free and secure. So together, we will stay united, together we will rise to meet the challenges of changing circumstances, and together we will stand by Ukraine for as long as we can.


What's going on everyone? Sam here with late sports guards from 23 tops chrome baseball hobby and jumbo eight box mix number 13 random team style so look again at your random results as always you can find those on the website under the results tab as well as the link that's in chat so good luck here everybody let's do it again we got to get our skybox breaks filled up those are coming soon um i mean i think the first one uh thank you for letting me know nina that's that's good we'll bring that up with somebody that should be as easy as just changing the link but sometimes the website will get updated and such too larry brison mclanahan refractor jock peterson urban burns refractor andres hymenes rebel mini diamonds you darvish the 299 for the padres and riley green rookie best hit value per box probably either finest or chrome honestly is really good to 2199 chain mclanahan one of the clannahan and that's randomly the verlander refractor the new the returning actually i guess i shall say about that soto o'neill mookie betz jeremy panya refractor liberator and mj melendez cosmic chrome is pretty solid cosmic chrome can get expensive though there's christopher morrell gabriel morano and miguel vargas i mean those those boxes started at like 200 lashes shot to over six now it's crazy stop dean dean how you doing buddy josh smith jace move mount castle jay man with latty that card is far out man james outman i mean that was going to be a hit right there that was a hit all right it's called isenga foul ball there's a uh hunter brown refractor rookie for the astros some extra cards in that pack uh dean you've got the angels you got the angels pull your trout real quick show hey refractor it's only five out two where he says right randy i just get back five oh two and you're already here to me prism jonathan india i mean you have missed the last week here so god need to be up to speed and i'll be gone i won't see you again until next tuesday because i'm going you won't see me again for a while because my birthday is right after yours and i'm taking we have a baguero i'm taking a few i don't know that's true yeah so i'm going like the 11th to the 15th 15th that is going to be jersey card eloy game used authentic for the um white socks yeah keep all your show hey obviously dean the potential buyback no one gorman refractor anthony rizzo judge mayhew var show that's a bass auto shea lane gliers going to the ace nice one there uclin slash soon to be los veges chet and alcantra from the alcantra rizzo brandon jury yes it is yeah but out from back real marina gallin korea rizzo nick ledolo rindon and maccuchan got james with a select h2 spot steve with a two and 11 and one and 12 on upper deck metal and kevin b with two in select h2s thank you guys you uh mostly just twitching youtube mostly just twitching youtube chilling chilling a couple tastery group i'm still mccarthy still shaking uh taylor ward refractor colos and ledolo buddy we spread the latent love out there smith and jigba that's good that's all we spread the latent love so riz hoskins rindaya that's awesome ton of people that's the best part for some tinnie anderson zikio tovar higley sup higley ozzy elvis subhector oh yeah jordan walker refractor rookie cool good night later here be boob william what up william anthony rindon two three ninety nine mr french the french areas how they won't say adly jason alexander two four ninety nine george castanza what that's the actor who plays george castanza jason alexander that's also the same name as that picture on the reverse thank you man thank you now it's okay glad to be back i'll make sure that's not the case anymore by the end of the night stowers refractor rookie actually i'm thinking about that right now uh yeah probably wish i should i should just live there one way ticket every story miss the van ride back yeah oh yeah pita lawns over fractors yeah i pulled a decent amount of that ryan actually might go here it's rookie e guy risario the two ninety nine purple mini diamonds for the podre's or not it's up a chi adly rookie kody clemens a liberator tovar miggy these are not tovar uh the ryan i'm here it's all right like bad at least i didn't do nothing about really yeah you got to tighten that up oh my god you can't go setting me to a free bar man all night alex braggman all night the ropy devils and was over there partying with ed read man that's i'm on a good part you know i know fedex can be the worst sometimes here i like my shirt say the state of vermont but it's beer there you go that's cool bulky refractor rookie base and base yeah we gotta get through some of the uh what's it called that is a jerry ball it's gotta get through the base the hobbies are tougher because it's like four cards per pack and there's a billion packs 24 packs in each carlos prez refractor so if there's any base jordan walker usually we just go through it but once we get to the jumbo it's a little bit easier lucky luckily riz huskens chapman josh smith j smoo i'm with you uh william terrible yeah you feel tovar stowers and as well i had a really bad problem in my last complex too it'd be like 50 percent of my packages would just not come simian woods richardson regardless of if they were shipped or not it's so annoying dude verlander refractor that card is far out man what's up ryan uh no no ellie in this now look at a hoppy prism oh you got corbin carol refractor mark vientos i'll come up with something else it's always there's always something right in front of me that i just don't realize for a while cody clements the 299 purple mini diamonds auto for the tigers that's on that right well it's the up late at night research and punish this tyler o'neill negative oh hoppy rookie oh jeez kush that's brutal field level just floating in the mouth it has been a boldly terrible one soto hey let's go ryan got a quint his quintan johnson uh gold today let's go yeah that was awesome it was from select graphics too it's a bold auto to 10 of like nice bright uh what second receiver taken i believe the mark vientos prism nutrition costs us a suspensory plate actually what a spencer plate i know despite popular belief corbin carol adley rookie julio and mcgoff america uh joint grossians refractor rookie gunner rookie dj le mayhew niggie herrera bobby quit jr jr there's a brett baby rookie josh young pink is oscar cola stew at 399 felton bar show max showy shoiza which score break should i get into why not both wander franca refractor is astounding would you hit cat anything big or no stop timmy timmy one more alex call and i weep oh no alex bregman at least he's on the team though there's uh riley green like he's actually he's a really good bass dealer that's what uh angel hernanda's missed the call yesterday on imagine that i know right francisco albert shockingly angel hernanda's missed the an easy call the guy was out by like hey christopher j picking up two and select team all three in both scores thank you there chris chris you are the man joseph with two in score number three appreciate you there uh joseph so now i believe we are either close or down to under 20 group breakspots in every break i know what up chris how you doing buddy how are you doing you hit something relatively big the other uh yes and i forget what it was alex call prism i'm speaking of there you go cat speaking of alex call you say his name enough will show up fret baby jacob the grom refractor astounding as in wolf that's jadie martinez to 399 yeah that was you got the black bitch that's awesome the color blast yeah i was looking through the breaks earlier today that was nice marino and vargas three rookie on your ds single break off now that's my prism j ram and jach Peterson uh no no collier either this is all rookies this year so uh spencer steer it's going to be the big one he's actually pretty solid steer uh erin judge refractor jordan walker steer grand ashcrafts another one i think that's really it steer is the big one steer is good steer is really good he's like really underrated because of uh because of ellie rushman refractor rookie ripkin cody clummins that was the fanik refractor rookie oswaldo and vansby swanson that is ryan mcmann purple mini diamonds color match to 299 for the rockies nice one there liberator and i'm jay melendez there's a trout refractor so the angels j smove and base lane gifted me a really cool josh smith uh exquisite rpi yeah the card is far out man james outman prism hosey maranda did you miss it dude i know you did i know you did no i know you're deep down i know you're like man i can't wait like man i wish i was right back at the gavro marino sweating in that complex base and base i know the verlander trade and the frumber valdez no no that's insane dude what a what a 24 hours oh hoppy box then cast the honors there's a christopher morrell base and base there we go spot in three just no dolphins again come on don't talk about dolphins like that dolphins don't have a because they don't have a first round ticket here so they don't have a lot of like big rookies or anything and i don't think they went really offence anywhere here cool but i'm sure they have cossas bats and stuff there's um taylor ward uh yes mic it did happen earlier if you go onto the youtube videos and scroll down so that i think it was the first video of the day today volpi rookie refractor of yellich mayhew varshow that's kind of cool corbin carol that is thermus carcia nice one there spencer with that spot and score brinell with a spot and score one of the a's and mr mic trout all right on to our jumbos now jumberone's here tyreek and waddle that's kind of pretty sweet yeah there's some cool duels in this one like forest pulled a mark brunel and jimmy smith dual auto that's sick not that i'm aware of yet brine there might have been it's i know exactly where the akunya base show up in the jumbos we got a gold wave auto just started off doing a walker come on see a big name big name big money big money big money j ram finny pascantino pascantino going up to 50 on the gold wave auto for the royals like that one right there you got risario refractor rookie let's go christopher go dolphins wango christopher's a big wait are you a texans fan then chris that's j rod alvarez and scherzer mill what up dude mill i'm trying to think so your astros texans got you texans spencer steer lever tours jeremy peña i don't do that 350 torque and mike ishremski i just gotta make sure markel with the spots in tops chrome jessey with a spot in select h2 as well as darik j i believe that might be sold out now side of play football in my eighth grade after they became a new franchise that's pretty cool i like that story that's awesome chris there's adley ruchman all gold schmidt yordon michael toglia michael harish rookie jt real muto blue wave to 75 josh bell and mike trout alvarez jeter downs christopher morrell soda louis sorties and riley green oh what was the super that's awesome milk congrats dude well yeah that's cantino peraza 2023 finest for some abrams nullan jones refractor rookie for the old colorado at rockies oh christine ellich playing tennis and soccer christin cosas rookie gunner henderson rookie and just cheese story and kory seager is hot right donald e steven's convention center right here bro i kind of had everyone to imagine that's pretty solid yeah say s is you that's pretty good no nice dude uh prism louis and andre said i showed a cold last night dude mobile logoman auto did you really out of uh flawless yeah one of the biggest logoman that are still left in the product wow that's freaking out dude gave real marina prism mic man e guy risario uh no anthony no i had no beverages i didn't want to do that you got a true gold auto coming up now two two gold autos in one box not bad uh pita lanza my trout true gold auto codi senga going to the mats congrats new york mark l hell yeah dude one of the prized uh international free agent signings this year top of the will probably be the top of the rotation guy moving forward now that's awesome codi senga and david dr that's good pascantino and a senga gold senga is pretty solid adds a really nice codi senga um here is your guys's link again to skybox down to five the first skybox is now down to five to go get that filled up got a full case of select football random division style coming up soon that's at five to go so a few divisions have come in for that already so i appreciate all that as well guys got some other stuff coming up today too skybox we have just two breaks left of that we got to fill up um select h2 basketball is filled um josh young some score i got to fill some score up as well uh that is david vr as well as ragan scored just 43 dollars a spot gets you uh a random team masataka yoshida and plus a bunch of autos that come in that for uh james outman i'm what's it far outman just like s his actual name estaban kiros to 199 teal wave auto for the cubs nice one there that's on that chicago corbin burns refractor uh trish and casus rookie andres jimenez frenadio tantes refractor masataka yoshida got a bin over there already no one gorman jeremy peña gold wave auto joe are not auto joey meneses gold wave rookie there you go cat with the nationals congrats cat nice meneses gold wave rookie 30 of 50 very nice stands me swanson cat with the washington washington nationals gunner rookie bad idea to be honest he killed sovar plod the meneses this card is far out man james outman prism rookie that time dude shawna's loving it man it's awesome shawna's loving it yeah a lot of gold's coming out of this uh these first couple of boxes here uh nosa belasquez to 150 to 199 teal lava nolyn jones prism rice huskens oh the outman joke joke will never get old thank you cat see cat cat knows good comedy when she hears it it's all i know no she doesn't that is austin riley base auto justin steele it's like the lowest the r.a. in the league right now that's awesome uh jude water that's going to the cubs right there congrats cubbies corbin burns e guy risario prism john carlo stanton xander bogarts that's a prism micah stremsky alec manoa that's awesome him fromber and uh jordan jordan walker rookie so there's an erin judge christian yellich and jerry walsh prison i appreciate that mill if you ever see james outman a mark of vientos that is a technicolor of akunja bow and kyle stars refractor rookie bought there's vulpi corbin carol so akunja should be right here yep there's an akunja base rep baity logan ohapi geez dude good pack here j rob you've got christopher morrell rookie and blue jack larson 71 of 150 that is going to the mirrors jesse picking up a select h2 football spot thank you jesse and willy domes again guys still five remaining on our third skybox break five to go there get that build on up the next one gorman rookie and riley can wall the chuck base auto for the ace show hey refractor saw him twice i must have been pleasant what'd you say i told you i wonder the 199 matt chat not him so i could make a funny video i've never saw that but he always found me following you around austin riley teal wave mark appell to 199 for the fillies on the auto nice one there jesse with two more spots in select h2 shawn b with a scott spot in score thank y'all and shawn murphy i know i feel so bad for him man he had a rough story matataki oshida happy that he's in the bigs now though no one gorman made a comeback adley rookie that is andres himnus i was already parking there i heard that i love it jesse i don't like button yeah thank you jimmy christopher morrell base auto is that auto is far out man oh yeah a little fumble there james outman i've been oh congrats dodgers and francisco alfres get your sticks together get your sticks together over here mumbling them lovely notes what you're saying bubba thompson no i could be a lot louder don't you worry about that mckenzie gore and hobby bias if uh if volume's an issue that should be changed no it's just the fumble hey man when you got like 50 sticks in your arsenal sometimes you mess up a little bit zander bogart's chris sale prism and morrell refracted terrible how hilarious dude high hilarious adley base rookie alave i think no one gorman 399 true i think we got to save it though till i think it's tuesday is the day j jibla day my kids yeah okay that's my birthday oh i got everything yeah oh you're gonna be being you on your birthday yeah i think so as long as you're if you're working still live yeah that and working on tuesday andre's hymen it's adley base tyler o'neill refractor oh wow michael harris edwin dea's erin george uh chris oh that is a albert pooholst nice one there congrats on that one very nice ultraviolet all-stars pooholst pooholst jeter downs refractor rookie when you pull a heater for kevin b kevin who do you have in this are you in this one or you in like a next one rowel rookie yeah super short print on that uh pool hall switch is nice lever tour j smooth lat america raro jr that's a alex thomas hit the homer off brad lidge there's tyler stevensson oh next one got you kevin got you got you got you yeah i gotta hit you something big man glory logan ohope technicolor max schweezer and boldy refractor uh see how we're looking on total spots i'll let you guys know what we're looking at here we are at four to go on both skyboxes sold out on all of our basketball 11 21 on scores sold out on select draft picks nine and five so 11 i believe is the most thank you there christopher c picking up a spot in skybox the next one appreciate you buddy um so yeah very very very few um to me have my fourth alex callada here we go super fracter now you know what it feels like to be a red sox fan chill chill true true true chill dad said s and s is back let's go what up pops ronzo hotdog cosser got ejected that's kind of wild masatake yoshida logan ohope rookie looks the um xander there's g1 bay to 250 nice one there for the pirates purple a lot of jake mccarthy lending a sosa refractor rookie i appreciate that mill yeah my birthday is this uh upcoming here's his wife the uh mine's yeah you're what that's five days 12 13 13 that's what it was that is a j ram that is a jonah bride to 499 refractor auto the surface is like a little weird i don't know what the deal with that is i'm gonna send an empty box and wrapper just in case with the a's uh i'll send one with the cubs as well because the morale is posted sorry about that cubs and a's get that ready for you he's giving them out and threw him out of the stadium geez that's trying to make a living over there josh young rookie oh okay that's pretty funny hunter grain to 350 and jordan walker refractor rookie for the uh cordinals vulpie rookie a corbin carol rookie hey you like it anthony akunya base prep baby rookie logan ohope shout out hallie on that one hallie destroyed it as always kyle talker that's george springer and salvador press yeah i'm i'm gonna start i'm gonna do like a series of those with like a bunch of sports pictures like famous sports pictures of me and shawn's faces uh photoshopped on to him the next one's gonna be go to the next one's gonna be awesome alex bregman there's kaleb killian rookie auto for the cubs and marcus simian yeah we are gonna celebrate our birthday with schticks oh absolutely i won't be there you'll be the number one get you'll be the guest of honor at that party there's francesco alvarez lou bob prism and garret michelor refractor we're gonna want boys will be able to handle that for you riley green rookie i got everybody coming up for mine too that's awesome george springer louise arias arise and tovar refractor rookie masataka yo shita ruiz andor quantork gorman rookie the cardinals technicolor was matt olson louis ortiz prism and javier asad refractor rookie you more to go here everybody rasmussen verlander wander franco zeke altovar prism at raffi's devils raren carnaz yon kodai senga michael grove rookie lady and triton casas rookie uh riley green refractor rookie base auto ken walde chuck that's on that one there is second ken walde chucked and you darvish all right two to go everybody good luck eat canes from i wish we had canes for a long around here dude they're building one on iDrive raising canes oh yeah really yeah adley ruchman man had i went to portillo's the other uh like earlier this week i think a thursday or whatever day i was off soda riz huskens and as we're driving out there's this new like building getting constructed i'm like listen i'm like what is that so it's coming through raising canes and i'm like lost it i'd call my dad i was like guess what we it's guess we're getting down here it's like what like raising canes like oh my god that's awesome uh blue sonar wilson contraris the 150 for the cardinals josh bell prism and miguel vargas refractor rookie for the lawyers i do a quick recap here of our hits pretty solid break overall give you a sports player rod barajas there's a eloy hymenas ken walde chuck kilib killian james outman ken walde chuck justin steele dermis garcia chaelain lears jonah bride to 499 god the east destroyed it wet oakland uh scott f congrats buddy jason alexander uh the 299 kody clemens the 250 g juan vey the 199 s the bonquitos and marco pel we had a jack larson 150 gold benny pascantino auto to 50 and then a gold 25 to 50 kodai senga true gold rookie auto for the matt's awesome one there i was going to do it for the break guys thanks again for coming up next is number four


Today, in surprisingly connected etymologies, we're going hog wild. A hog and hyena may not seem all that similar to you, but apparently they did to the Greeks. Hog comes through the British Celtic hook, from the Celtic expressive form suko, from the Proto-Indo-European root su, meaning pig, which itself may have simply been imitative of the sound of a pig. In addition to giving us words such as swine and sow, this root comes into Greek as hus, swine, also giving us the word hyena. Guess the Greeks could make a hyena out of a sow's ear.  Etymologically, you should. Porcelain comes from Italian porcelana, which referred to a type of cowry shell, because the finish of the chinaware was thought to resemble the lustrous surface of the shells. The shell's name, in turn, comes from porkella, young sow, female pig, supposedly because the shape of the shell resembled the shape of the genitalia of the pigs. So it turns out that not only can you make a silk purse out of a sow's ear, but also a porcelain plate out of a sow's... Do you like back bacon? Well, it's etymologically redundant. Both the words back and bacon descend from Proto-Germanic baka, meaning back. This becomes Frankish bako, an old French bakon, originally referring to a side of pigmeat, fresh or cured, and eventually narrowed to refer to a side of cured pigmeat, otherwise known through Germanic lines as a flitch, before becoming the standard word for any cured pigmeat. War and worst, as in bratwurst or liverwurst, which are both typically made from pork, both come from the Proto-Indo-European root wares, meaning to confuse mix up. Worst, which means sausage in German, comes from the idea of mixture, and war comes from the sense to bring into confusion and thus strife. This root also gives us the words worse and gorilla. The phrase sausage war is sometimes used to refer to an odd episode during the 1939 to 1949 winter war between the Soviet Union and Finland, in which a Soviet attack was crucially delayed when the undernourished Red Army stopped to eat sausage soup left behind by Finnish cooks, allowing Finnish reinforcements to arrive. Thanks for watching. This is one in a series of occasional short videos about connected etymologies. To see more, you can also follow the endless knot on Twitter, Facebook or Instagram.


So reflexivity. Reflexes. Ha ha. I'm that fast. You didn't even see the blip it come through the room. All right. So reflexivity. I don't know why that all came out that way, but it did. So it's a stimulus-stimulus relation where a equals a, where if I present the stimulus to you, you will also choose that same stimulus. Kind of weird, right? So you see selection comparison stimulus is the same as a stimulus.  A equals a. It's really that simple. I mean, this is one of those things that's so simple by showing you a picture of a rabbit and you'll pick a stimulus that is a rabbit and you'll get it. This might not be super useful and well, I guess it is.  So stimulus-stimulus pairings. We just want, not pairings, but stimulus-stimulus training, reflexivity, first step of stimulus equivalence.


Hey everyone, welcome back to Prime News and I've been on a bit of a different setup today because we only have two stories, it just so happens that these two stories are massive and because they're massive I want to sit down, read off some of this stuff here, it's going to be huge because we're talking about Nintendo's next platform and really we're talking about it because Nintendo themselves, Shantaro Furukawa came out and said he's actually really concerned about that next generation platform and how Nintendo is going to be able to successfully transition to it. And then we also have Nintendo Switch's first ever price drop and it looks like it was a bit of a whoopsy today but could be a real thing happening soon. Before I get into that I have to remind you guys that we have a giveaway going on right now for two copies of Mario Strikers Battle League. Now to enter this giveaway all you have to do is head to the pinned comment or the link down in the description. I wish everyone luck. You can enter all the way up to June 9th. The winners will be announced on June 9th at 9am at our kickoff event for Prime Gaming Fest. Hopefully I see all of you guys there will be announcing it during that live show along with many many other giveaways. We have thousands of dollars being given away during that show but you'll have to be there live to win all those giveaways not this one but those ones so hopefully you guys show up and enjoy as we react to Summer Game Fest and all the other gaming news and do our own gaming contest and events are going to be a lot of fun. Alright so let's get into our first story and it deals with the fact that Nintendo is really concerned about next generation and we have some quotes here from Shatero Furukawa during the Q&A session that are very telling about Nintendo being really scared for what's about to happen. How are they going to transition to that next generation without losing customers? I actually think it's not as scary as Nintendo is making it out to be but maybe it is depending on what Nintendo's plans are. So here is what Shatero Furukawa said when pressed about how Nintendo is going to transition into the next generation. We have already announced a portion of our software roadmap releasing up to next spring. Unlike the past, we continue to have a large variety of games scheduled to be released even beyond five years of release. This is because the Nintendo Switch has had such a smooth launch allowing us to focus all of our development resources on a single platform. However, the question of whether we will be able to adjust as smoothly transition from Nintendo Switch to the next generation of hardware is a major concern for us. Based on our experience with Wii, Nintendo DS, and other hardware, it's very clear that one of the major obstacles is how to easily transition from one hardware to the next. To help alleviate this risk, we're focusing on building long term relationships with our customers. While we continue launching new software on the Nintendo Switch, we will also provide services that also use Nintendo account and other IP outside of gaming software. We intend for this to help build a lasting impact with our customers. Now look, I understand what Nintendo is doing and what they're talking about in terms of expanding their IP. I don't really know that that's stuff that translates into system sales. We've seen Sony and other platforms do this and I'm not necessarily sure that's what Nintendo should be learning from them. The reason PlayStation is consistently successful is one, it's not confusing about what system is the next system. We already know the next PlayStation is going to be called PlayStation 6. It's a pretty safe bet. We don't really have to be confused about that. Also, they always end each generation strong so while the sales are still going well and the games are kicking ass and so that way they launch that new hardware into a realm of gamers that are already feverish and wanting PlayStation hardware as it is. Already wanting PlayStation 4 and then you tell them, oh there's a new one out man we better get that one as well with PlayStation 5. So I think Nintendo has a couple lessons they should be taking from someone like Sony and that is end your generation strong, make sure there's still demand for the switch while you release your next one, and make sure the next one isn't such a deviation from what the last one was like going from a hybrid handheld to hey we're now just going to make a home console and call it a no. Stick with the concept that's working, do it better, do it right, don't use a confusing name for it like Wii U was and market it correctly while the switch is still the hot ticket item, not when your platform is no longer relevant. See the transitions from Wii and DS, guess what you waited till those platforms were basically no longer relevant to release the next one. Can't do that. That's not what you do. You need to strike while the iron is hot. So I do think it's cool to make sure the IPs can survive outside of gaming by expanding their popularity with movies and theme parks, but I also think that's not necessarily going to be the translation you think it is to keeping and maintaining relevancy. This is going to be a major concern for Nintendo moving forward. Shintaro Furukawa has talked many many times about not wanting to fall off the cliff, which Nintendo usually does before they try to climb back up and usually fail. So I need to see what Nintendo is going to do here. We all need to see it. And right now, he did say just yesterday, yeah, well, no comment on if new hardware is coming this year, but they clearly are thinking about it and wondering how the hell they're going to transition and not lose their current user base. Moving on to our next topic, our last topic of the day, a switch price drop. Is it coming? Today, something weird happened. So at what is it? Walmart, GameStop and Amazon, the red box switch, which is the original switch system dropped price. Well, technically original isn't that because there was a version before that. But whatever, you know what I mean, the base switch model, not the OLED, not the light, the base switch dropped price at Walmart, Amazon and GameStop by $40 down to $259.99. This is really, really interesting that this happened. One of them actually sold out of systems. The other ones, it seemed to be temporary. It ran for about 15, 20 minutes and then they popped the prices back up to MSRP. What I find interesting here is the fact that one retailer sold out and the other ones decided to set the prices back up to MSRP. It makes me wonder if these prices were actually from Nintendo, that Nintendo is planning to cut the price of the original base switch system. And then, well, these retailers obviously got the marketing material for it and jumped the gum because not every retailer did it, but three major retailers participated. So they aren't going to lose money on purpose. The switch is still selling well. So why the hell would they lower the price unless Nintendo was planning to lower the price already? That's really the running theory at the moment. So I do think some point later this year, Nintendo is probably price dropping the original switch. And I think it's a smart move. There's part of it saying, oh, just get rid of the stock of the old one, only make switch OLEDs, only make switch lights. I understand that logic there. They also could be prepping to release another model. That's another reason that you would want to throw out the stock. It's also possible that maybe Nintendo realizes that more people want switch OLED than they want that original base switch at the price it's at. So maybe we need to price drop it just to stay competitive. I don't know. When you drop it to that point, you might as well just get the light. Maybe they're hoping that people that consider the light will say screw it. Let's spend the cost of a game $60 more and just get the original switch. I don't know what the logic is here. It kind of feels weird to see a price drop of a system that's been out of stock for years. But hey, you know what? Nintendo is in a position to do it. And I think part of it is because I think they're just going to phase this system out. I talked about when switch OLED came out that this was the distinct possibility. And I think we're now entering that realm where Nintendo is about to cancel it out. I don't know. Maybe I'm overthinking this. You guys, let me know what you think about this down in the comments below. I am Nathan DeRubble Jants from Nintendo Prime. I want to thank you so much for tuning in. Yep, a little short Prime news, a little Prime news mini. But hey, look, these topics are big. They're important and we needed to talk about them. Let me know what you think about it down below. Catch you guys in that next episode.


You as a doctor give hope and health to many each day, there are many more to give hope and health to and with Fujifilm we are doing that together. So now what we are going to do is I will be giving you about 10 seconds there will be a particular format on which you will have to look at the radiograph and give me the answer right. So you don't have to type the answers please don't bother about it just be true to yourself and once just just keep in your mind what you think is the diagnosis and then I'll show you the diagnosis. This is a trial run so here you can see this is a AP and lateral radiograph of the knee and this is the particular format you're going to look at. So medial femurotheal compartment looks normal lateral you can see that there is some nauseous fragments so there is a fracture the fracture is extending up to the articulate surface there is some articulate surface depression okay paternal femur compartment looks normal central I don't see any avulsion fractures of the intercondylar eminence displaced yes this does look out of place so there is some my displacement of the fracture fragment effusion yes there is a small effusion that is present so this is the particular format when you look at every excerpt in this format you will not miss on any of the findings and this particular format is predominantly for now we are going to only report fractures and injuries arthritis will be discussing later so just concentrate on fractures and injuries if you see joint space narrowing for now just ignore it okay so this was a very obvious finding this was a lateral femoral confined fracture and also called as the hofars fracture okay so I give you 10 seconds just have a look at it make up a diagnosis in your mind okay medial compartment looks normal lateral yes you see a fracture you see that there is a line over here and this is a lateral tbl fracture now this lateral tbl fracture has a gap also it is reaching up to the articulate surface this is my articulate surface gap also if you see this is how your tbl fracture should have been so there is some articulate surface depression or step off as well you cannot see a paternal femoral compartment on the at view so that's not applicable central normal displays no but depressed yes so it is a depressed lateral tbl fracture with an articulate surface gap a fusion you cannot comment on the APB so again this was a obvious finding this was a lateral tbl fracture which is also called as a shatka fracture this is another example of a very obvious shatka fracture and which is in fact shatka type 5 where even there is a dissociation between the tbl metaphysis and the tbl diaphysis whereas here if you see this is a very subtle shatka fracture so if you are just you know if you look at this x-ray hurriedly I bet on it that you will miss the fracture but when you have a particular format of how to look at the x-ray you will pick up that this is the fracture it is not so well seen on the lateral radiograph but on the AP radiograph you can appreciate that there is a lateral tbl fracture not much of an articulate surface step of a gap next case you have 10 seconds okay so again grossly I don't see anything no big fractures no joints there's narrowing nothing medially this side generally nothing laterally you can see this small Oshius plate over here this could be a fracture or this can be a calcification in the left knee joint okay which is where the medial ligament goes and attaches so I told you this is one of the review areas again lateral normal particular normal displace no this fragment is not displaced effusion you cannot comment on an AP so this is your medial collateral ligament and here you will see that this fracture fragment is in place of the medial collateral ligament so this is not so obvious finding you'll have to actually look for it and this is a filaggrinous tiada lesion filaggrinous tiada lesion is nothing it can be a valgian fracture from the medial femoral condy or in chronic MCL injuries calcification can develop towards the femoral attachment and it can give this appearance next is again a AP and a lateral radiograph 10 seconds get the diagnosis in your mind follow the format medial looks okay lateral looks okay particular femoral I don't see anything now next is central and you can see that there is a fracture over there okay so you can see that now if you closely see because you've seen the fracture over here lateral if you would not have if you've not seen this lateral you may actually miss this fracture because of the overlap but you'll see this is your fracture fragment right and this fracture fragment has surely displaced superior so there is some mild displacement mild superior displacement of the fracture fragment a fusion yes you have a small a fusion over here so this if you see fracture fragment is along the at tbl attachment of anti-recruciate ligament so that is the femoral attachment this is your tbl attachment and this tbl attachment fibers as evals of a bone piece in this patient and so if you correlate with the MR that's your ACL and that is the evals bone piece similarly here is the evals bone piece and you can see that there is a lot of marrow it so this is not an obvious finding you have to actually look for it and this is a anterior tbl intercondylar eminence fracture which is nothing but a anterior tbl evalsion fracture again in this patient you cannot see anything on the at view but when you see on the lateral view you can clearly appreciate that this is your fracture fracture and it is slightly shifted superior so this is another patient with an ACL evalsion fracture okay again the same format 10 seconds all right so same thing medial normal lateral normal paternal femoral normal what is important is central now again here you don't see anything but in this particular case you can see that there is a fracture over here it's a very subtle fracture it's not displaced so unless you actually look at this region you're going to miss the structure displaced no there is no displacement of the austere's fragment and yes there is an effusion over here so please make sure that you follow this format so that you don't miss any of the fractures now this particular austere's fragment is along the attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament fibres so this is your femoral attachment and this is how the PCL comes and attaches to the tbl posteriorly and this is where it has evalsed off a bone from the tbl fracture or the intercondylar evidence and this is the MRI image of the patient and you can see that the PCL is good but it has evalsed off a bone from the underlying tbl so this is a PCL tbl attachment evalsion fracture another thing just a lateral view again if I would just see this x-ray in a hurry without using my review areas I'm gonna miss the fracture but if I start looking at the review areas this is your fracture so it's at there is actually a lot of overlap from other bones so unless you look for it you're going to miss it the key important thing to mention in this report is that there is a superior displacement of the austere's fragment also on the MR you can see that this austere's fragment is displaced by almost 9 millimeters and why this is important be it a ACL or a PCL evalsion fracture if the displacement is more than 5 millimeters they usually go and fix back the bone piece and that needs to be done immediately or on a urgent basis you cannot do it after months later because if the bone piece is not fixed back immediately the bone will undergo austere remodelling and once it undergoes austere remodelling this bone will not fix back into the defect in the bone so this is like a jigsaw puzzle and it won't fix back in the jigsaw puzzle so therefore it is very important that you pick up these evalsion fractures and if they are superiorly displaced you need to mention that so that the orthopole knows what he needs to do next for the patient another case 10 seconds okay for all of you who has picked up this fracture pat yourself pat your back because you've really done a very good job because this is actually a very subtle finding so grossly I don't see anything medial compartment looks okay lateral compartment actually here there's nothing but if you close the observe there is a small oceus plate which is there in this stage okay so there is a small fracture from the antrolateral tbl plateau which I have already told you is a review area so this and in fact in a lateral view you will never see this fracture because of the overlap less everything is normal except that yes it is mildly displaced effusion you have an effusion over here so this is actually along the attachment of the anterolateral ligament and this is your anterolateral it's a very thin ligament so this is a normal mr image of the ligament you'll see this is your anterolateral ligament okay this this is where it goes and attaches to the tbl and this is its femoral attachment so it's a very thin slender ligament and often with ACL injuries anterolateral ligament can evals off a bone from the anterolateral tbl plateau and this is nothing but a segon's fracture here you can see that this ligament also doesn't look that healthy it's injured and you can see that is evals off a bone from here now why is this important segon's fracture is is one of those hundred percent science so if a segon fracture is present there are hundred percent chances that patient has a ACL tear so on a radiograph if you pick up a segon fracture then it's actually a eureka moment for you because now you can actually call your orthopod and say that boss there is a second fracture there are chances that he has a ACL injury underlying ACL injury and your orthopod will be completely impressed with you he will say yes my lackman test is also positive I'll send the patient for an MRI to confirm if there is any any other findings in the scan so this is how your report will start to make a difference and you will start to gain recognition another thing which is important is if you get a MRI to report often these fractures are so small okay that always remember whenever there is a ACL injury on an MRI look at the anterolateral tbl plateau to pick up a fracture but often again in a hurry you may forget to see this review area on the MRI and during that time the x-ray will be your savior so even if you miss the segon fracture on the MRI because it's very small if you look at the x-ray you will get your answer that yes he has a second fracture now why it is important ACL injury is there we know that from the MRI now so why do we need to know if that there is a second fracture because if there is a second fracture it needs to be prepared otherwise the graph of the ACL can fade so if the segon fracture is not addressed to the patient can land up into a ACL graft failure and the patient will require a resurgence and when that happens remember that you are going to go down in the eyes of the orthopods second important thing is whether you have seen the x-ray or not 95% of the time so orthopod is going to see the x-ray and he is going to pick up this fracture so please don't miss this fracture be it on an x-ray and please don't miss this fracture even if you are on reporting an MRI so even if you're reporting an MRI make sure to look at the x-ray to find such subtle fractures so this is another patient where you can see that there is a second fracture this is another patient so this segon fracture is displaced whereas this is an essentially non-displaced segon fracture so again it's a subtle finding but if you report it on an x-ray it's an indirect indicator of ACL injury okay another x-ray 10 seconds go okay this is also a very subtle finding just like a segon fracture and on the lateral compartment the femoral tibial is okay but here you can see that there is a small luscious bone which has been chipped off from the fibular styloid or the fibular head okay and the rest everything is normal it's not it's it's essentially non-displaced and obviously you cannot comment on the equation on an APP so what is this fracture now here something called as the postural lateral coroner who goes in attaches to the fibular head which is concept just comprising of multiple structures the important ones being popliteal fibular ligament, arcoid ligament and your biceps femoris tendon and lateral prolapse ligament so whenever there is a ACL injury it is often associated with postural lateral coroner injury and so whenever you see this fracture again it is an indirect indicator of a cruciate ligament injury postural lateral coroner injury can happen with both ACL and PCL injuries so but if there is this fracture you know that patient has a some some cruciate ligament is injured either of the two and why it is important again when the patient has a ACL tear the patient goes for a ACL graft reconstruction if this thing is not identified okay on the x-ray and on the MRI now MRI if you see this is the MRI of the patient and the fracture is so small you will surely miss this fracture on an MRI I myself didn't pick up the fracture on the MRI but before dispatching the report I did see the x-ray I saw this fracture and I reported on an MRI so if you miss this fracture again if this situation is not addressed in the patient the patient will result into ACL graft failure and a second surgery will be needed so it is very important to pick up postural lateral coroner injuries just like it is important to pick up Saigon fractures so it's a accurate fracture or a postural lateral coroner fracture and again it is an indirect indicator of cruciate ligament injury next is I have given you a history that the patient has a history of twisting injury and this is a very subtle finding only those who are aware of such a finding will be able to guess this okay so I have given you two needs for comparison now immediately just remember on a lateral radiograph the bone that is posterior and inferior is the medial contact okay the bone which is superior is your natural contact so immediately there is nothing much but laterally I've already told you this particular area is your selfless terminalist okay and here you can see that there is a depression in the selfless terminalist okay so this depression is nothing but it is again a indirect indicator of anterior cruciate ligament injury rest everything is normal okay now why is the selfless terminalist or why does this happen in the first place so whenever there is a twisting injury the TBR and there is a resultant ACL tear the TBR will translate anteriorly the postural lateral TBR impacts against the antrilateral femur in the region of the selfless terminalist and that as a result of which you get this depression so here on the MRI also you can appreciate that there is a depression and there is a lot of marrow edema in this region so on the MRI it doesn't matter because you can see the ACL whether there is selfless terminalist depression or not it has no prognostic value but if you got an x-ray for reporting and you see this finding again you can put in the report that there is selfless terminalist depression and clinical correlation for anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency is requested so at least the orthoport knows that this patient could be having a anterior ligament laxity selfless terminalist depression can be in acute injury or it can be in a chronic injury so you don't know whether the ACL injury is acute or chronic if you have a clinical history that's great if you don't then you don't know whether it's an acute or chronic but you surely know that some point in time this patient did have a ACL injury so that's how you can correlate your x-ray findings to report soft tissue injuries which are not seen on the x-ray so again it's a subtle finding and it's an indirect indicator of ACL injury okay this is a very subtle finding sudden onset of medial pain no trauma a word of caution before we go ahead don't overreport these x-rays okay unless you have a classical history and the finding is really obvious then you put it on paper otherwise do not overreport this x-ray so medial femorrhageal compartment what this patient has is this line of sclerosis again I told you that this is your review area and you can see this line of sclerosis over here it's very subtle if you are not confident it's okay you may not report it if you're confident about it you have a history that the patient has pain in the medial tibial condyne region you can raise a suspicion okay the rest everything is normal and what this is this is a proximal medial tibial stress fracture and this was the MRI of the patient where you can see that this was the hypo intense signal with a lot of marrow edema so if you're not confident you can actually not put it in the report you can just call up the orthopod and tell him that this is what I feel it may or may not be but an MRI would be a good option to confirm if the patient is having a stress fracture or not next case 10 seconds this is a very important case with two findings I've given you a hint there are two findings and arthritis is not one of the five okay so medially you can see that there is a irregularity right and there is a medial femoral cortical irregularity lateral looks normal particular femoral looks normal central looks normal so what is the second five so now the second fine thing is this you can see this small Oshius bone is Oshius chip so this could be a displaced Oshius fragment okay there is some amount of effusion so medial femoral cortical irregularity with a displaced Oshius fragment this is the case of osteocondritis desiccants with a displaced osteocondrial fragment in the suprapatellar region okay so this was what it was so please just remember that you can have very subtle slender Oshius fragments and don't miss them on the x-rays and this was the MR of the patient where you can see that there is a there was this irregularity there is small amount of osteocondrial fragment which is seen in this region but if you see this particular Oshius fragment is missing so there is a small fragment in C2 but the other fragment is missing and when you look at the MR here you can see this is your Oshius fragment which is correlating with this particular XA so this was the osteocondrial fragment which was displaced in the suprapatellar region which could have been easily picked up on the x-ray as well so these are some more examples of osteocondritis desiccants sometimes it can be where you can see the osteocondrial fragment which looks pretty much stable but again you cannot be 100% sure if it is stable or not that is more often MR I think here you can be 100% sure that this is an unstable fragment because you can see that there is a fracture and it is actually detached off from the parent bone again here you can see that there is a gap a bigger radionucent gap so this was also a unstable osteocondritis desiccants none of these to the extent that you can visualize have a displaced Oshius fragment next case very obvious finding sorry I don't have the AP view of this patient okay so medial normal there is a fracture this was a very obvious thing the important thing is the fracture is not displaced this is something that you really need to mention effusion yes there is effusion present so it's an obvious finding patella fracture you need to differentiate it from the normal variant bipartite patella so here also if you see there is a radionucent line this is a skyline view you can see radionucent line and it looks like a fracture then what is bipartite patella now bipartite patella usually happens at the superolateral corner so this is your fibula so that's the superolateral corner that's one thing second thing the radionucent line is very wide so if you go back and see this fracture line is very racket and the thin radionucent line okay whereas this is a smooth radionucent line and it is pretty wide so that is a second way of how to differentiate a bipartite patella from a patella fracture third thing is the Oshius fragment is very round so it will have smooth edges it will not have racket edges so that's how we differentiate between the normal variant and the actual patella fracture and this was the MR in the patient that you can see that this is a very round bone at the superolateral aspect of patella this was bipartite patella okay so next case ten seconds this is also not a very obvious finding okay first thing what you can see is that this is the immature skeleton right so you can see the Pisces and they are very well seen so let's take the compartment approach the medial is normal lateral is normal patella femoral you can see this slender fracture over here right so there is a small fracture at the inferior pole of patella rest everything is normal there is no displaced Oshius fragment this fragment is also not displaced okay and you don't see much of an effusion at least on this video that so it's a patella sleeve evulsion fracture now what is a patella sleeve evulsion fracture it is in first of all you need to understand that in a immature skeleton or in children who have a growing skeleton the bones are relatively weaker than the ligaments and the tendons okay so in then the ligaments and tendons are stronger the bones are still in the phase of ossification so they are not as strong as a result you get a bulging fractures more commonly in children as compared to the adults so all of these acl evulsion acl evulsion they can happen in adults but they are very much common in children similarly this periosteal sleeve evulsion usually happens in children where there's nothing but it is a avulsion of the periosteum and along with that it evils off the articular cartilage from the inferior pole of patella at the patella tendon attachment similar thing can also happen superiorly at the quadriceps tendon attachment so this is nothing but a patella sleeve evulsion fracture and what is important is sometimes it is only the cartilage that has been evulsed off the osceus fragment is not evulsed off and in such cases you will not be able to pick up this particular injury on a radiograph and that's when ultrasound will be really helpful to identify the condor fragment secondly like this usually these fractures are displaced and they require internal open reduction and internal fixation you need to fix this back okay but in fractures like this which is not displaced the patient can actually undergo a dynamic ultrasound where you can just see whether this fracture fragment is moving or not with flexion and extension so if the fracture fragment is moving the orthopod may consider a surgical intervention if the fracture fragment is not moving he may think to conserve the patient again it's not a hard and fast route but it just that it gives further information to the orthopod to take a decision next again this is a very subtle finding but with a very big diagnosis so brosley don't see anything medial is normal lateral is normal central is normal patella femoral what you see is that the bones are okay but there is another extra bone lying over here right so you can see this auspicious piece which is sitting over here rest everything okay obviously this is a displaced auspicious fragment you do not have any extra piece of bone lying in the opa's fat pad region so it's a displaced auspicious fragment and there is an effusion associated with it a young patient displaced auspicious fragment you can think of two things one is osteocondritis desiccants so when you see this fragment go back you see that the medial femur is actually looking very good the second thing could be a patella instability okay with this extra you cannot be 100% sure whether it is OCD or it's a patella instability but likely chances that it's patella instability because the medial femur looks very good okay so you can just follow up the orthopod and say that I am seeing a patella I'm seeing an auspicious fragment displaced in the joint do are you suspecting any patella instability in the patient and the orthopod will give you the answer that yes this patient had a recent patella dislocation or on clinical examination I think that there is a patella instability if you cannot reach out to the orthopod call up the patient ask for the history the patient may give you a history that I had a trauma and I just felt that my kneecap dislocated and came back so all of this will help you to come to a diagnosis okay so once you get this history of patella dislocation you have your answer that this was nothing but a patella dislocation with a displaced osteocondrial tract so this was the MRI picture where this was your osteocondrial fragment you can see this is your osteocondrial fragment the patient had a large Lito hemar process as well and on the axial image if you see from the patella the osteocondrial fragment is missing and this was your osteocondrial fragment lying in the joint recess so this is how you can just add up one plus one and come to a relevant diagnosis even on an x-ray you do not always need obviously the patient will require an MRF matching but you are directing the orthopod in the right direction by suggesting him that this could be the diagnosis okay next just 10 seconds and have a look at the x-ray it's a very it's obvious finding if you know the pathology so the finding is pretty obvious you can see that there is an irregularity of the tibial tuberosity and if you see that even the soft tissue of the main the soft tissue appearance of the patella so this looks thicker the patella tendon looks thicker right so we just follow the protocol and we find that the patella femoral compartment there is an abnormality there is no dysplastosis fragment there is not much of an effusion as well so this is nothing but a Osgoode-Schlatter disease if you know this you will not miss it okay this was the MRI appearance of the Osgoode-Schlatter disease where you can see that the patella also has signal within it there is a additional ossification or a calcification adjacent to the tibial tuberosity the tibial tuberosity is very much irregular and there is edema within it so all of this just adds together to Osgoode-Schlatter disease so we have discussed of all the different kinds of pathologies that you may get on a x-ray radiograph as far as fracture and internal derangement is concerned and we come back to the same x-ray okay and now I want all of you to please answer the question again now what do you think are the soft tissue structures which are injured okay so most of you are getting one thing right and that is the ACL so yes ACL everybody has picked up which is probably secondary to sulcus terminalis depression but the other thing was this this is your small segon fracture so even if I would not have given a lateral radiograph still with this particular finding you can say that the patient has a ACL injury or had a ACL injury in the past so this was the answer right so at least I hope you guys now have a format in your mind how to go through these injuries before and how to report them


In Pakistan, fodder cutters are commonly used machines on farms, but they can cause serious injuries, especially among young people. A recent study at Lahore General Hospital found that 30 patients had been treated for these types of injuries between June 2018 and January 2019. The most common affected parts of the body were the upper limbs, with 26 patients suffering from such injuries, and only two patients having lower limb injuries. Injuries caused by fodder cutters resulted in 18 amputations, as well as other serious complications such as nerve damage and permanent disabilities. This article was authored by Danish Ali, Muhammad Adil Kaiser, Muhammad Imran Koker, and others.