In our last video, we explored and created one of the very first forms of the short sword, the Kopesh, that came to prominence in ancient Egypt 4,000 years ago. Using both the help of Greg, the swordcaster for the actual casting of it, and Daman to learn some of the sword's history. But now that I've made one, next I wanted to learn how it was actually used, presumably against bigger foes than the produce section. For that Daman has been researching and training on the background and tactical use of this ancient weapon and has been featured on shows like History's Deadliest Weapons. Daman teaches lessons on African martial arts and runs Street Forge Armory, which makes historical, cultural, tactical, and speculative weapons for martial arts, stage, screen, and cosplay. So I've been training in martial arts for over 30 years with an emphasis and focus on African Middle East for say the last 20 years. With the reconstruction of Egyptian martial arts, there's a lot of what we call frog DNA. That's a reference back to Jurassic Park, you know, trying to recreate something that was lost based off of old material, but using what we know and what we have available to do that. The sources that we have for, particularly for the Copech fighting, is pretty slim. Iconography, historical pieces that were questionable whether they were used on the battlefield, or they were just ceremonial pieces that were buried with the pharaoh. There's a medical book on treating wounds, especially wounds that come from the battlefield, spears, swords, axes, and stuff. And so we have to do a little reconstruction based off of the injuries that people will sustain on the battlefield. So a lot of forensic studies in that way. We have to look at what was the tolerance of the weapons they were using, like how could they functionally and effectively use the weapons without completely destroying their tools. We also look to living traditions that are being practiced in like Northeast Africa, as well as looking at contemporary societies of the Egyptians during their time to help us understand like the significance of the sickle sword. The one thing before we even get into the actual fighting portion of it, is all that outside research that goes into just kind of understanding like how the weapon was used. Even though I come up with the best theories based off of sound research, there's still guesswork at the end of the day. So it's kind of very humbling and at the same time it keeps you as a researcher and as a martial artist, it keeps you hungry. Egyptian training, military training consisted of like three main pillars, wrestling, stick fighting, archery. We're talking about a society that was at the dawn age of the sword. Egyptian understanding of fencing would have come from longer-range weapons, or it would have come from the idea of fighting with a stick. In certain cultures, if you're competing in a stick fighting tournament or whatever else, it's not just to show your prowess as a fighter. It serves as a social bonding for you to demonstrate your courage to your peers. In case for the Egyptians, stick fighting and wrestling were the most commonly revered martial arts that they practiced, and they used those arts for preparing for war. At the same time, they would use that almost like a reenactment of the eternal struggle between Horace and Set and the ultimate resurrection of Osiris. Again, you see this correlation of ritual, spirituality, community building, entertainment, training, all in this one seed in ancient Egypt and in other parts of Africa. So that's kind of one of the main differences is how it functions in the society. You want to tell me about the corpash? Yes, yes it is. Very nice. In West Asia, the city-states were going to war, and of course anytime that there's lots of fighting that's going on, there's a need for better tools, better weapons, and this kind of creates this spike in military technology in Western Asia. Swords were being made, and they were being made longer and stronger. The way the blades were made for the handles, it wouldn't allow for a lot of stress, lateral stress on the blade. So you couldn't do any cutting. So there's a lot of blades that look like daggers you can use for thrusting. It's less stress on the rivets or whatnot when you make these blades. This is a cutting weapon. It's a hacking weapon. You can cut and slash with this weapon. The shapes of it does allow for hooking shields, which is one of the common theories of how it was used. And we'll explore that in a little bit. The general narrative is this. The Egyptians were conquered by a group of people called the Hiksos. They were a group that came from ancient Palestine. When the Hiksos conquered Egypt, they brought in these new technologies. One they brought in the chariot, two they brought in the corpash, and then they brought in the composite boat. Once the Egyptians gained access to these weapons, they used these weapons to actually defeat the Hiksos and expel them. I don't want to say that's wrong. The story is more complex than that. They didn't use chariots against the Hiksos. They actually used their navy to get these early victories. And it was once the Hiksos had been expelled that they started to adapting some of their military technology. So we don't know for certain, but that's kind of like the popular narrative right now. Now to start training. But first, to suit up with some armor, generously provided by Matt Poitras. I'm an armor smith, a leather smith. I've been doing it in about 20-something years. My business is called MP Filmcraft. That's a very common type of armor that was used. You know, I think the Egyptians were the first to actually use it and they used plates that were a little bit bigger than that, made out of bronze, and they had like a raised ridge on them. They kind of bent down, sealed the flexibility, designed to like, you can wear it on a horseback. These are more Iron Age period. Scythians would use them. Persians would use them. Greeks would use them. How much is a sword weight? I think that one's about 16-17 pounds. It's not too bad. It's about like a set of chainmail. Before the Egyptians actually trained with the sword, they used stick fighting as a way to prepare. They used long sticks. They used single stick. They used stick and shield. They also used double stick. So we don't have our guard shields, so I want you to imagine that there's a plank here. But what we see in the images, we see the arms raised in these kind of guard positions here. There you go. The shield strapped on my arm like this, it creates this wedge of defense on this side here. I'm going to give you the attack here. You have your shield up to kind of guard and to fend that off to the side. So you see how it'll hit and it's going to glance off. Oh, damn. Good. Dang. Dang, good. Good. So we're going to add a little bit of movement to this. Okay, come here. Dang, good. If I go high, anything high as level with my shoulder, I'm going to have maximum range. But the moment I start going for lower targets without changing my base, I lose range. So if I go for your legs, and I haven't changed my base, I'm exposed. So head, head, and then work out. These are some of the suppositions of strikes that we have attacks coming from this side here, here, here, and also coming from this way and cuts from underneath. So now we're going to do a little bit of this kind of working angles, making contact with the stick first and then we'll move into the blade. Draw next to my head. Yeah. This is one of the most common cuts in some of the cranial evidence that we've seen are diagonal cuts to the back of the head. Good. Top of the head, top of the head. Okay, well, good. So I think we're ready for some bronze. It's like let it rest on your shoulder a little bit. We're going to take a step forward with our back leg and we're going to give a cut. Yeah, good. Recover and cut. Good. So now from here, we're going to go into two cuts. So two steps. One, two, and then back, back. Here, what's exposed? Good. Don't forget my legs. Good. And my head. Boom. Awesome. Good. Let's trade places here. You hold my shield for a second. I come in. Boom. That's over the head. From this angle here, your elbow's a little bit exposed. I can hit the elbow.  Starting from the top so we go for the head. Boom. Good. And so if we come for the head, you can come from the side. You come from a diagonal. You can come straight. Go three times head, then the body, and then the leg. Boom, leg. Good job. So now what you can do is your cuffs can come head, side to side, or in front as well. One, two, three. Very good. Your shield's going to be your primary defense. Okay. It doesn't make any sense to, you know, use these short blades to try to like catch and parry like we do in modern styles of sword play. Put these away for a sec. Grab two sticks. This would be your shield holding in the middle. So now what we see in Egyptian warfare, from the transition from the middle kingdom to the new kingdom, shields had changed in their shape. And then they're the way they were held. In the middle kingdom, shields were held in a horizontal position strapped on the arm. They were shaped kind of like kites in a sense, whereas I came to a rounded triangle. He would brace it on your arm, and then you would fight from there. They changed the design, made it broader, center grip here, so I can hold the shield away from my body, and now I can cover myself much more from arrows. So I'm going to use this guy here. So here, your shield's out in front. So we're just going to do a basic defense with the stick and the shield. Okay. So I come here and do a slight cover. Boom. You strike from each side of my head. Same targets for coming around.  I go low for the body. You got that lower portion to catch it. But again, if you go for my legs, see how much you have to get in to hit my leg, right? So I can just move it. Okay. All right, so I go for your leg. Just move your leg. Yeah. There we go. Reach out. Reach out. Yeah. Reach out with your shield. Yeah. There we go. Bam. Good. All right. So I'm going to use a training cold pitch. Hold your shield out. Awesome. Push it out. As you do that, you're here. You caught it. Brush away, and I want you to push in with your shield. Make contact with my body, okay? Ready? I'm here. I attack. You're here. You clear and push. Don't bend. Push in to me. Good, good. Once again. Ready? And there and push in. Push, push, push in. Push in. There you go. Yes. Ready? Again, boom. Awesome. And push in. When I engage, we get this kind of effect here. So much that penetrate it in. So it binds and it traps into my shield. It allows me to go and then either use this to kind of take this away or to interspersed that into it, okay? So we're kind of going for it, catching a little bit so that I don't have to go here, here, but I can catch it with this and then clear and then come in for the rest. If I meet your sword edge to edge, what's going to happen is that you're going to get a nick in your bronze, right? And I probably even rolled my edge striking into the shield itself.  That's just a reality. You may hit bone or hit something hard and it may cause the edge to roll. You want to make sure that your blade's going to function for as much as possible, but you are on a battlefield. You're trying to use this tool that can be replaced as best you can. So other options to going edge to edge, you can use the spine or the flat. If I strike this and use the flat of the blade, it's going to cause the sword to eventually bend. No problem. You can straighten your sword up later on. That's what comes with the territory using the flat to parry. Another possibility is to use the spine. The spine is thicker. You can use the spine theoretically to preserve your edge and to preserve the integrity of your blade. Now, that will require more redirective style parrys, which is a very advanced style of defense. Another aspect of Egyptian swordsmanship is taking out parrying all together and using purely defensive footwork and body movement to avoid strikes. So first round we'll go light and we're going to hit armored areas. Okay. Ready and go. Yep. Yeah. Yeah. Good. Good. There you go. Yep. So you see how I'm using this parry? Yeah. You're good. You can hit any area that's armored. Yeah. You can block. Now here's the drill. You can't make any contact with your sword. If you do make contact with your sword, you got to do push-ups. Okay. We'll say 10. All right. Okay. You can't block my stick at all. Okay. Any contact with our sticks, with our swords is push-ups and maybe push-ups for everybody. So I'm going to try. Okay. So now you see how it's more of a game of setting up trap. You see what I'm saying? So that's kind of a way we train the idea of making our opponent's weapons chase us by moving, by voiding and hitting. Oh. Okay. Thank you again to Daman for the amazing lesson. I know with these incompetence, how exactly it would feel to die in a Bronze Age sword fight. Check out his YouTube channel for more info on him and his lessons. In a few weeks, we'll be exploring some more Bronze Age weapons and more traditional swords. And we'll also seek Daman's help in learning how to fight with the primary weapon of the Bronze Age, the spear. Cool. Cool. Cool. Cool. Cool. Cool. Couple more. Cool. Cool. Cool. Awesome. Okay, break. If you enjoyed this video, be sure to subscribe and check out other content we have covering a wide variety of topics. Also, if you've enjoyed these series, consider supporting us on Patreon. We are largely a fan-funded channel and depend on the support of our viewers in order to keep our series going. Thanks for watching.


How's everyone doing? Day three? Yes! Like three more presentations left and then we get to go bowling and sing karaoke. Where are my karaoke fans? Okay I'll be seeing you later. If you're watching this virtually please tweet at your go-to karaoke song. This has been a topic of conversation. I want to see what you have to say. Before karaoke I want to talk to you about how to leverage earning links and this says content syndication. We're going to talk about content syndication but in particular we're going to talk about how to localize your link earning strategy in order to double the number of links that you earn. So oh there it is. A little bit about me before I dive into this topic. I've been in the content marketing industry for about a decade now and I love talking about it which you'll see right now. I can go on forever and ever. Mostly about tangential content and how to build authority with content. Almost always in the context of earning links and that's how it's always tied to SEO. Now I work for a newswire called Stacker which has been really cool because I get to see kind of all the backend data of what publications are picking up all the stories we send out. How often they're picking them up what the themes are of those stories and we also have a direct line of communication with a lot of these publishers and we get to ask them hey what do you want to see more of and I'll show you a little bit about that in a second. I also love my little void named Bagheera. If you don't know Bagheera is the Black Panther from Jungle Book. I'm a big Disney person. And for better from worse I am from Florida. Where are the Floridians? There's a lot of you I think. Okay not an enthusiastic bunch. We're shamed I'm from Florida which is known for something called the Florida Man. I okay this series of headlines were all pulled weeks weeks before I built this presentation. So we start with a guy getting arrested for not getting his way at Burger King that was just a great headline. Being bitten by an alligator is a classic Florida story if there's not an alligator involved like is it Florida I don't know. A golf etiquette fight? Sure. This one was just innovative. Just making a like charging your phone at a traffic light. You just got to respect that. A woman stealing mangoes. There is a video of this. She's literally leaning over the fence taking mangoes off somebody's tree and shoving them in her pants. That made the news. And then also the classic chili throwing story which I've never seen before either. The reason I'm showing you this it's almost honestly not a great example because Florida Man in particular has kind of gotten national fame maybe even international. But I care about these because I'm from there and we all inherently care more about where we live and the places that we're from. So Florida Man may be amusing to everybody but when I see those stories I'm like please don't be Florida. Not again plus I just want to know especially if it's in my county I want to know what's going on down there. My degree is in journalism I promptly abandoned that whole career path but my degree is in journalism and we learned about the elements of newsworthiness in stories and content which has been very helpful for me in content marketing and I've been trying to find the list that I was taught in school and I finally found it and it's this list I think it's Purdue's writing lab website that had it and I highlighted proximity and you can see in this order I don't know if it's necessarily like most important order but timeliness being kind of what we classically think as newsworthy if it just happened it's breaking we got to tell people about it but proximity is second on here and it just states that people care about what's happening near them and it makes an inherited sense right you care about what's happening in your community in your city maybe a little bit more than anywhere else so why then do we tend to not really care as much in the link earning digital pr realm about local media pickups some of you might disagree or like no I do care but in general I feel like we tend to overlook this I did and I think a lot of our management also doesn't see it as particularly exciting compared to maybe a USA Today or CNN pick up right but I I've been thinking about that because when I joined this newswire I saw how much potential there is with local content if you're thinking about it from a link perspective it honestly doesn't make any sense that we overlook these sites because sure okay USA Today another you know national publication bustle their domain authorities are in the 90s everybody kind of knows that they're respected but then you have Baltimore Sun with a dave 90 a very respected newspaper and then my hometown newspaper the South Florida Sun Sentinel also up there with the domain authority of 87 we don't tend to say we got to get in the Sun Sentinel and it's not as exciting to necessarily report on maybe because somebody hasn't heard of it who doesn't live in Florida but from an SEO perspective why are we not targeting them you still get the follow link you still are at a publication that has high authority a respected publication at that that's read by people in their community and trusted by people in their community and it's still earned and not paid for so something I this was the impetus for this presentation because something to me wasn't adding up I saw it in my own career and I wanted to share some of the things that I'd seen that this is a huge area of opportunity in my eyes whether it's PR or link earning especially if you're trying to scale those programs I'm going to show you some examples of what that looks like but if you're trying to scale if you've been doing a pretty good job of digital PR and link earning and you're kind of reached this point where you're plateauing and you really want to upgrade your program this could be the way you do it so this was the piece that inspired all of this for one of our brand partners we wrote an article about all the rural hospital closures around the country this was not something I'd ever honestly thought about but it was kind of it was newsworthy I had no idea that all these rural hospitals were closing around the country so our team created this national piece and we sent it out through the newswire and we syndicated it through like msn so another national site right and sfgate and cron which technically are local but are more well known and do have a wider audience I'm sure many people in here if you've ever pitched a new site sfgate I'm sure is on that list so these are kind of the classic pieces right but then we localized it and that's what I'm talking about today localizing also led to pickups on all these local publications that maybe we would not have thought of in the first place and the way that we did that was instead of talking about the national stats we zoomed in on the state stats we said Tennessee is the number two state with the most closures that's a totally different perspective if you're living in Tennessee now you're not just looking at the national numbers you're like oh Tennessee is actually struggling with this more than most other places interesting suddenly all these other publications in Tennessee picked it up when they didn't pick up the national version the national version got 310 pickups and the local version got 639 that's a two to one ratio I could not believe this when I saw this I was honestly in disbelief but there's not many things you can do that can lead to a two to one ratio of how many more links you can be generating from the same project it's the same data set and it's not just links we're talking about links because this is an SEO conference but it's also your reach it's your awareness it's your authority because now if you're in local newspapers for these people who maybe aren't reading SF gate or MSN and they're reading their local paper now they're seeing the story too I don't know if you follow bb the link builder on twitter she's awesome and she just DM me like I saw this piece on stacker or her local site and she said it's about restaurants in Minneapolis that's pretty niche right you're not going to see that in the USA today but she saw that and she liked it and she messaged me so now you're increasing your your entire reach you have a different audience you're tapping into especially for beauty to see this is very important but we also need to talk about the state of the media and this came up earlier unfortunately this year is the second worst in terms of trust in the media and the reason I bring this up is because as SEOs we can't be operating in a vacuum especially for trying to work with publications this isn't all about us if we're trying to earn media it's about them as well and we need to be cognizant of where they're coming from and what their challenges are so they're dealing with a lot of hurdles right now as you can imagine this is one of them the other very similar off of the back of Ross's presentation 2200 local newspapers have closed since 2005 thousands of local sites and newspapers have closed which as this headline is alluding to means that there are stories that are not being told on a local level because there aren't as many papers to do it and then also the ones that are still around have had budget cuts and staffing cuts so even if they do exist maybe they aren't able to cover everything they want to because they're so concerned with keeping their engagement up their visitors up their traffic up this is the other reason why this is such a huge opportunity because not only can we get and earn the links that we're looking for we're actually able to provide content to folks who probably want it more than the national sites that are inundated with pitches who have the funding to be writing the stories they want to write so that's the meeting of these two points i think is a crucial one so if you're bought into this if you're like okay local content seems like a good opportunity i would be remiss if i did not actually walk through how to do it or at least how we do it i'm sure there's plenty of ways there is a tad bit of pre-work and i always have this caveat because in my career i've worked with folks who are really eager to do this stuff and that's awesome but if they didn't have their technical SEO sorted and they didn't have already created amazing content on site that was converting that was already showing your authority they weren't getting the benefit of doing this work they weren't getting the benefit of doing the pr or or building on this massive amount of authoritative links because all of these rankings they don't have pages that are worth ranking or they can't do anything with the traffic that they're earning so this is the pre-work this is my caveat but once you're over that maybe you're at that point the first step is data data is by far the easiest way and i say easy it's not necessarily easy but the best way to go about this strategy and there's many reasons for that mostly it's that when you have a data set you are able to narrow it down by state country city zip code so many comprehensive data sets come with all of that stuff i realize this should animate i'm sorry you won't see all the stories on here but this is an example on stacker.com we now have a local part of our site that shows all the stories we've done in each city and so many of them are database so many of them because it's the easiest way to localize at scale instead of manually doing research about one particular city like i get that we don't have time to do that necessarily it makes sense to do it if you have a target audience in a specific place for sure but for the rest of us who are national or international you can't do this for every city but using a data set that already has all this information in it is an incredible way to approach this some example data sets that we use at stacker all the time and i'm sure you're familiar with zillow and bureau labor statistics we use a lot they release new information monthly so even if you're kind of used to seeing these sources you got to remember that there's always new data coming out from them so that doesn't mean that you shouldn't use them tripadvisor is real time so you can go and get data from them and it reflects what's currently showing on their site the census is constantly updating all kinds of reports i can't give you an amount because or a timeline because there's so many different reports that they do and they release them at different cadences so i recommend just diving in there and seeing what's interesting and then marking it on your calendar when the next release dates are probably going to be and then sites like redfin which posts updates on their blog i think like every week check out sites like this depending on whether b2b or b2c or what industry you're in this is obviously going to vary a lot from person to person but we have found in all of the categories that we write in we found data in these types of sources especially for able to overlay that with maybe some internal data that you have or some other perspective that you can bring to the table that hasn't already been assessed because my favorite thing to say is we're not sitting around on the census trolling through data on our own we want other people to do that for us we're not interested in doing that in our spare time so as an example we used triple a data to create a free or a gas price widget that we sent for free to all the publications in our network and they love this thing because it just live shows what triple a already has to say but in a way that's much more accessible to their readership they're not going to triple a's website they want to just see it on the on their home page and we just applied that for them we took data that already existed and said hey this is a much better way of packaging it and you can have that like what's to say that your brand can't do something similar about your industry if there aren't a lot of public data sets available that seem relevant to you definitely still look around maybe private companies have them because you can still license data that is not publicly freely available or maybe get access to their apis that investment could really be worth it if you think that there's a ton of potential there for your content especially if you can syndicate it on this level so i mentioned at the top of this presentation that we have a direct line of communication with our publisher network and i talked to that team before this presentation and said what are the local publishers asking for what have they been excited about what are they running what are they saying you know stacker we really appreciate it if you can create more stories like this so i want to run through those really quickly these are the five main things they mentioned you see a lot of trends they love trends definitely local trends in the context of national trends tend to do very well we want to know not just what's happening nationally but what's happening here us so employment real estate we know that this is like we want to keep tabs on these things they're really important crime interestingly avoiding scams was a huge one as scams get more complex newspapers especially local ones are really trying to help their readership they're trying to position themselves as an authority as a source of trust and that's where news you can use comes in the journalism kind of term for this is service journalism i just learned this a few months ago but for marketers it's how to content right it's creating something explaining something trying to help somebody accomplish something or do something the caveat there is if you're a brand that doesn't have a ton of authority yet you might not get away with building a how-to and pitching it to a publication they're going to be like who are you why do we trust you to put this together so i wouldn't start there if you are in a respected established brand who have already been working on this for years go for it but i think it's better to start with this data backed trend side and that's why i wanted to call this out but really interesting to see that they are asking for data they're asking for those types of stories and then in terms of the overall topics that they seem to be really eager for lifestyle which is the the nice thing for us is that's pretty broad a lot of things can fall under lifestyle it didn't show up in the Birmingham slide but we do have a piece that goes out locally about dogs and cats that are available for adoption in each city and i was watching i believe it was Colbert and he has this great segment where they bring on all these puppies and they get them all up for adoption because they named them adorable things and i was like i love this content because it's puppies but i can't adopt these dogs i don't know where they are i don't know where these dogs are being put up for adoption so this piece allows you to be looking at your local paper and say this cat is up for adoption in my county that's very relevant to you all of a sudden we also did a piece about vaccine costs for pets in your state so if you're thinking about getting a pet we did this for one of our brand partners if you're thinking about getting a pet instead of looking at you know googling it and seeing whatever the snippet is for the national number we use i think it was Banfield had a price tool and we use their data to send that out across the states and that's what i mean thinking about data that you can present that puts things in a different context even if it exists nationally really think about it from a local perspective number two is probably going to be the biggest one for everybody money everything we do is tied to money if you can't think of something to start think about how whatever is in your industry is related to how people's daily spending habits might change or their personal finance approach anything along those lines money is going to be relevant and they want that content it does well people care about what they're spending their money on and why number three is news might not be dabbling too much in this category government military or politics brands don't typically touch that although i will say when we were looking on more of a top level for another presentation i put together that political stories that were localized did do pretty well there was a higher percentage of like by category of localized stories in in politics because there's probably not as much coverage about local politics as there is about all the stuff we're seeing nationally we're tired of that we don't need brands contributing to that but could be interesting from a local perspective entertainment continues to work celebrities movies tv we've all seen these marketing pieces i'm not going to dive into that and then sports and sports is another one where it's like well i'm not going to cover live sports that has nothing to do with anything and there's already a whole slew of people whose entire industry is built on that but as an example something that we did for a brand partner is we looked at the oldest professional sports arenas per state because people have a lot of a lot of passion about different stadiums and arenas and we thought we'll just manually go make a list of all the professional sports stadiums we'll find out all the years that they started and we'll look for any other trends to throw in there that are fun release it nationally and release it locally in the places where it made sense so i just want you to not immediately see these categories and be like i don't work in those niches still you might be able to find some overlap and maybe get some ideas of how you can apply it to your industry step two and this is an important one is how you're framing the national and the local pieces so here's an example of both at the top we have counties that have seen the biggest growth in housing over the last decade this is the general national version that we sent out this is implying we have a list of all of them they're ranked you can get all this information the localized version makes it much more newsworthy for texas because of the 20 texas was nine that's a huge difference so we republished it with a different headline and a different lead and sent it to texas publishers which one do you think they're going to be more interested in and all we did it's the same data all we did was figure that out that that was interesting and change the headline and the intro superlatives tend to be the best way to do this if you have a ranked list so for states you can take the top 10 and the bottom 10 for example because you have 50 so even being in the top or bottom 10 is kind of like that seems important but you can also if you don't have that or if you have a state lingering in the middle of the list you can say no here are the rates in pennsylvania so it's still specific to you even though you can't utilize the superlative but i would say if you have to prioritize which ones you're going to push locally do all the superlatives first if those do really well maybe then invest in doing all the other pieces but that is the order in which i would do it because if you see that your city or state is number one in anything you're going to publish it and you're going to click on it that's almost a guarantee and then when you have this data set that has information about every city or every state you repurpose it you create it that many times you change those headlines you change the leading data but it's all from the same data starting data set and how nice would it be to get so many more links for the same project instead of doing it over and if you're in link building you know it's it's so tiresome to create more and more and more content and you get a couple links and it's it's a lot it's it's very taxing so the other thing i like about this is you're really getting the most out of one data set and one piece of content even though you're reframing it to make it more relevant for different audiences and then step three is what you actually do once all of that is done and this could probably be a whole separate presentation the promotion side of things but i'll touch on some of the most important pieces as it's relevant specifically to localizing maybe start with the local publisher that you think is most relevant to you or the one that you grew up with or the one that you definitely want to pick up your story and study what they're publishing because i'm telling you you know what we're hearing but that doesn't necessarily apply to all local publishers or the one in particular that you think would be really useful to you or whatever it is but make it a practice of looking at what their covering in your space right or general topic area that you're going to go for if it's lifestyle if it's food whatever it is but don't just look at the publication you got to look at the writers themselves because each writer has a particular beats they cover specific topics and you need to under you need to know if that writer has any chance of publishing what you're sending them based on what they're already doing i get terrible how many people just get terrible pitches all the time there's definitely more than the handful i'm seeing i get so many bad pitches every day because they didn't bother to see what i even talk about they just did not spend a second to look at what i talk about they might have looked at stacker like hey you want to run this piece about you know manicures or whatever i'm like no that's not even my job and no anyway so look that look at that first then if you like the writer and they're covering your topic do they write explicitly about like hard news are they doing their own original reporting maybe their beat is crime and they're going out and reporting on that first person that's not the person to pitch unless you're doing some really cool investigative journalism or something that's not the person to pitch so you need to be really critical about what are they covering that you think is going to be suitable and match what you're pitching them you're probably looking for people who will write more feature pieces every now and then at least and then the format of your content so some people can build really cool interactive maps when you have all this localized data and some kind of images and not everybody is actually set up in their CMS to handle that very well so it's a good practice to check around say hey have they ever published an interactive before do they tend to have images in their pieces because every barrier that is set up between you pitching them and them publishing it decreases your chances of success doing all this work up front just as a guideline for you like i know it's hard to think of every local publication in the country all at once but pick one and take a look at it and see what's going on with them because that'll help you create something that you think is going to work at scale and then this is maybe the most important piece at the end is to make sure that that localization is everywhere you have to make it very clear why this is interesting to their audience we already talked about how it's in the title of the piece but it's also in the subject line if you decide to pitch somebody in the subject line you should sell them we looked at this data about your city or your state or your county so that they know and they see it oh this isn't just like some random national data set that they're sending me they actually took the time to know what's happening near me in the body of the email of your pitch you should be saying hey this is why i put this together and why i think it's interesting and if you have that superlative angle or some other angle like the nine out of 20 for texas you highlight that you say oh we put this together and it was really interesting to us that texas showed up nine out of 20 times we thought this would be really interesting to your audience because you tend to write about xyz you're trying to show them that you did your homework and that you understand what they're pitching because again that barrier piece is extremely important they're not going to sit there and try to figure out why this is relevant to them and that leads into the localization should also be highlighted in any data you share sometimes people will share like their entire data set or their source and you don't want them to be like trying to do any kind of calculations or searching this data set to figure out how you came to your conclusion you can if they've already decided to publish it and they just want the data that's fine but if you're still trying to make your case make it very evident how you came to your conclusions the data that you used and surface all of that so that it's very easy for them to take in because they're not going to want to do that on their own they're going to click delete just like so many people do and you'll have done all that work for nothing so let's take a look at one final example because i'm talking about a lot of different things and it's sometimes easier to see how it all works together this is another piece we did as i mentioned scams are a big topic right now and local publishers asked us to create content around this so we did but we use the data approach we're not going to sit there and explain how to avoid every scam we're not experts at that anyway we shouldn't be doing that but we did look that there was a data set that the fbi provided that showed how often different scams were happening by state i was like that's kind of fascinating i didn't know that that existed that data set so let's take that let's let's take that data set analyze what's interesting about the different states that run with it we can release the national and the local so the national version alone got 160 links and pickups i mean honestly that's a success of itself but again in the spirit of getting the most out of something that you've spent so much time creating because it does take a lot of time let's see what else we can get when we localize it we got another 298 and that was by using the strategy i just mentioned Tennessee is the number six state least affected we went as far as number six and they were still like yes we want to know we want to publish that were the number six least affected but again if it's not a superlative see how california is affected by e-commerce scams those other local publishers in california much more likely to pick this up than they were the previous piece about countrywide right same data set different positioning different slightly different title and pitching but significantly higher results if you do that once and you report on that you'll probably get a lot more investment to keep doing this i know i talked a lot i'm going to be hanging out by the coffee if you have questions i want to chat but thank you so much for coming


So good evening and we will look at the last part of natural convection today so before we move on to turbulent convection so far we have focused on the methods to obtain analytical solutions through similarity methods or approximate methods like such as the square solution and all these have been focused on a very simple vertical flat plate configuration okay. So now what happens if we deviate from this plane configuration we will see that it is not possible to get analytical solutions for more complex geometry so we will quickly go over some of the other configurations and I will give you the empirical correlations which have been obtained through experiments and maybe you can just use them when you are whenever you solve natural convection problems involving complex shapes. So one deviation from the simple vertical flat plate is that if you tilt the plate so let us say that this is your plate here okay and your gravity is of course acting downward vertically and let us say you have an angle ? with respect to the vertical direction so this is the tilt of the plate facing downward so if you heat this plate such that T ball is greater than T infinity still the same natural convective boundary layer will form but the only difference is the strength of the gravity will be slightly reduced in this case okay so the same governing equations will be applied for example if you denote this coordinate as X along the plate and perpendicular to the plate as Y you can still write down the momentum equation this is the momentum equation along the plate length this is what we call as the X moment and we have ? D square U by dy square plus the only difference here is that we have cos ? multiplied to G okay and the energy equation is still the same okay so in therefore in such a case we can have the same solution whatever we did for the vertical flat plate and we will only redefine the definition of Grashof number okay so we will just include G cos ? into ? T wall – T infinity into X cube by U square so we will just include the inclination angle cos ? directly into the definition of Grashof number so so that whatever solution that you already encountered whether it is the similarity solution or the approximate solution is still valid for this case with the slight modification in the Grashof number okay so but now we have to be careful that if you have a limiting case where you tilt it facing upward that is your ? in the minus direction and you make it – ? by 2 okay so what happens so when you have a configuration where you tilt it this way so that is the plate is facing upward instead of downward what happens when you tilt it such that ? becomes – ? by 2 in this direction becomes a horizontal plate okay so you will have a heated plate position horizontal gravity acting downward okay so can we use then the same equations here so you have X and this is your Y the limiting case where your ? becomes – ? by 2 so you have a horizontal surface now can we still apply the same equation to this configuration we cannot because as you see the buoyancy is now acting in the Y direction there is no buoyancy at all in the X direction so therefore we have to be careful okay for reasonably small inclinations the earlier approach is okay but if you have completely horizontal plate then we have to redefine the governing equations so in that case what will be the X momentum okay so in this case you cannot include the business type approximation in the X momentum because there is no gravity in the X direction so you just write your boundary layer equations so this will be your X momentum now the effect of buoyancy will be felt in the Y momentum equation okay so therefore although you neglect the Y momentum in the advection part there will be a pressure gradient in the vertical direction which will be balanced by the buoyancy force so this will be equal to therefore G ? x T – T 8 so this is the modified set of momentum equations for the horizontal heated plate configuration okay so for this also we can find some similarity solutions which I am not going to go through in detail but I will only give you the final expression for the Nusselt number this was done by Pern and Gebhardt PRN so this is Pern and Gebhardt and for the isothermal case they have given the following so this is coming from the similarity solution 0.5013 ? of number the power 1 by 5 Prandtl number or 1 by 4 okay so to derive this they used a similarity variable ? which was Y by X ? of number by 5 the whole raise to the power 1 by 5 so this is the kind of similarity variable that they used okay so you see that the advection component the momentum is neglected but in this case you do not have DP by DY is 0 so you have the pressure gradient in the vertical direction balanced by the buoyancy force whereas in the axial direction you do not have any buoyancy force but the most dominant momentum will be in the axial direction so this is the kind of you know configuration which is different from what we have seen so far. So now all these are assuming that the plate lengths are infinity right so what happens if you talk about finite plate lengths so if you for example make this finite so then you have edge effects coming into picture okay so let us discuss this configuration which is also kind of common so this is the case of horizontal finite plate in the horizontal direction so we have a case in which we keep the plate in the horizontal configuration and this is finite in length okay so one case case a we heat the plate okay and we can have case B where we cool the plate that means T wall is less than T infinity yes but in the the most the most important component which is governing the variation of Nusselt number along the x direction is your momentum in this direction as you can see the Nusselt number here is calculated as a variation along the plate length so therefore it is actually the axial momentum which is the reason why the Nusselt number is itself varying in that direction so it has been made an approximation that we can neglect the y momentum in the advection part and we can still solve this to get the profile variation the variation of the u momentum in the x direction which actually influences this but this is an approximation of course you can you have to do a finite difference or finite volume a method based solution in order to solve this exactly you cannot neglect also the vertical momentum there will be some patterns streamline patterns which will rise due to the buoyancy in the vertical direction and that will definitely cause some vertical momentum but while deriving the similarity solution it has been assumed that that is not going to impact the local heat transfer okay so of course we have to make some assumption in that case if you also include the vertical momentum we cannot find a similarity solution right so let us come back to the finite plate configuration where T wall greater than T infinity now what do you think will happen when I have a heated plate and surrounding is T infinity and this is finite length so naturally the fluid in contact with the plate which is getting heated up as a lower density and its tendency will be to rise up so therefore since now you have a finite length so this will try to sneak in through the edges of the plate and this will be symmetric from both the edges so if you draw a vertical line so you will have a symmetric patterns in the flow about this line so you will generally see that so this is the kind of patterns that you will end up okay so that is that is the hot fluid which is in contact with the hot the plate at the bottom surface will now have a tendency to escape through the edges if this was infinite so this hot fluid will be just staying there it can ever rise up but due to the finite length so the edge effects now cause the flow of the hot fluid to rise up and also the hot fluid on the top surface what will happen so this will also have a tendency to rise up correct so this is a very complex flow pattern that you will have okay so in this case you cannot neglect the y moment so everything will become important so therefore you cannot find an analytical solution now what is the case where you cool the plate so in this case again the density of the air surrounding the plate will be heavier compared to the ambient density so that therefore what is the tendency it should be the reverse it should try to come down sneak downwards therefore if you draw a vertical line so about that you have a pattern which is something like this and at the same time the heavier fluid at the bottom surface here will also tend to move downwards so in one way the flow pattern at the top surface of the heated plate and the bottom surface of the cold plate are identical and vice versa in the flow patterns in the bottom surface of the heated plate and the top surface of the cold plate are also identical okay so therefore the empirical correlations have been developed for one pattern which is this one the other pattern which is this one and the same pattern for this can be used for this also and similarly the Nusselt number for this pattern can be used for this also so an obvious view should understand that the Nusselt number for the top and bottom surfaces will be different because the flow patterns are locally different okay so I will just give the correlation these are obtained from some experimental observations okay so let us identify this region to be so I will call this as region 1 region 2 here so that is region 1 is the upper surface of the heated plate region 2 is the lower surface of the heated plate and 3 is the upper surface of the cold plate 4 is the bottom surface so for regions 1 and 3 so these 1 and 4 so these are identical flow patterns so the average Nusselt number based on the length of the plate so you can call this plate length to be some capital L this is calculated as 0.54 times Rayleigh number the power 1 by 4 okay so how do you now so far we have not defined Rayleigh number right we have used everything in terms of Grashof number so we will define Rayleigh number now Rayleigh number is nothing but another non-dimensional combination of Grashof number into Prandtl number so many a times you see that Grashof number Prandtl number come together so many times you can kind of say see that in some complex configurations the power of Grashof number and Prandtl number might be identical such as this case okay both Grashof number and Prandtl number raise to the power 1 by 4 so in that case they can be grouped and you can have one single non-dimensional number call the Rayleigh number so this will be nothing but G beta ? t so now if you define this based on the plate length this will be L cube by ? into ? right there is the product of Grashof and Prandtl number so similarly for regions 2 and 3 so region 1 and 4 so region 1 is the upper surface of the heated plate 4 is the cold surf for the bottom surface of the cold plate now for regions 2 and 3 that is the bottom surface of the heated plate and upper surface of the cold plate we have again identical flow patterns so therefore we have another correlation for that this is given by 0.27 times L A number raise to the power 1 by 4 okay so this region 2 and 3 so they seem to have a smaller value of heat transfer rate compared to region 1 and 4 okay so this these are some correlations for a more complex configuration like this we can also look at other configurations for example the case of a heated cylinder okay heated cylinder which is the suspended in the ambient where T wall is greater than T infinity okay so in this case how does the flow pattern look so again you will have something like this okay so you have rounded edges now instead of the sharp corners here so therefore the heated fluid will tend to rise up due to buoyancy and you will get nice flow patterns looking like this okay so from the upper surface you also have some flow patterns which are rising up so similarly for cylinder also for similarly for sphere this is this is cylinder so that means you do not have any variation in the depth it will be uniform within the perpendicular to the board but if you look at sphere there will be variation in the third direction as well okay so but nevertheless if you take a cross section of that you will find a similar onion bulb kind of a flow pattern so for these there are some correlations available the most comprehensive correlation was developed by Churchill and Chu this is the most commonly used correlation and this is valid for rally number now in the case of cylinder and sphere the rally number is based on the diameter okay so this is valid for a rally number greater than 0.1 and less than 10 power 12 that means a very very wide range the 13 orders of magnitude variation so this has been correlated over a wide range of experimental data so this is one of the most popular correlations so very complex looking dependence on rally number and Prandtl number but this is the same kind of formulation which is also done for the vertical flat plate because as you can see the vertical flat plate whatever we have done so far is for laminar flows now if you want to extend it to turbulent flows again we cannot use a similarity solution so the same set same people Churchill and Chu they have developed an empirical correlation for wide range of rally numbers so I will also give you their correlation for vertical flat plate which is of the same form so for vertical plates so this is valid for rally number from 10 power minus 1 to 10 power 12 and this is the correlation for the average nusselt number based on the length of the plate not the local nusselt number this is something similar form instead of the 0.6 you have 0.825 but this also is the same this becomes 1 by 6 here divided by 1 plus 0.492 Prandtl number 9 by 16 8 by 27 very similar form to the cylinder case some coefficients are slightly different and RAL is raised to the power 1 by 6 whereas there it is raised to the power 1 by 2 so again for general heat transfer calculations this is a very accurate for a wide range of rally numbers all the way from laminar to turbulent right and in the laminar regime this will be recovering the correlation by Ostrich okay so this will agree very well with Ostrich solution now for sphere for the case of sphere we have a simpler correlation which is fairly accurate 2.2 plus 0.43 again rally number based on the diameter of the sphere but this correlation is valid only in the laminar regime okay so let me just quickly check its validity because this seems to be quite small rally number range so looks like this package does not have yeah there is yeah so looks like this is valid for a small rally number regime that is correct less than 10 power 5 okay we do not have a very accurate correlation for sphere for a wide rally number range okay so these are some common complex configurations so you might encounter anything close to a cylinder you can use the cylinder and three dimensional object you can use a sphere and so on so kind of with these kind of correlations you can approximate slightly more complex surfaces and you can apply these correlations so next what we will do is quickly look at the presence of natural convection in internal flows okay so all these have been on external flows there where you place a plate in a free stream and you observe the buoyancy forces which aid the development of the boundary layer now what happens when you confine this completely okay so that means you can look at simple objects like cavities and where you do not have per say anything like a external free stream temperature and density so what happens to these natural convection boundary layers within enclosed spaces therefore there is a separate discussion on natural convection inside enclosures and in fact these are far more interesting than the external natural convection because external natural convection we are doing in detail because of the availability of solutions but the more interesting phenomena occur when you have natural convection in cavities so one of them is that you can have two parallel plates in 2d configuration okay you can for example heat the bottom plate and keep the top plate cold okay and what happens now again due to the buoyancy forces so this will be an unstable configuration the bottom plate will heat the air and the top plate will cool the air and therefore the tendency will be to rise up and this will be to descend downwards in the end you will be getting some kind of structures vertical structures like this where the hot fluid tends to rise up cold fluid will come down and this can happen symmetrically okay so depending on therefore the length to the height ratio so the aspect ratio of this configuration you can have several number of these vertical structures appearing so this kind of vertical structures are attributed to what is called as Rayleigh-Bernard convection okay so essentially this is happening due to an instability that means if you say this is your why so what should be your d rho by dy should be should it be positive or negative it should be positive so then only this can be a unstable configuration now what happens if you heat the top plate and cool the bottom plate so in this case what will be d rho by dy negative so what do you think will happen in this case this will be a stable configuration okay the heated fluid will be stratified here and the cold fluid will be here okay the stratification will happen the hot fluid will stick to the top surface cold fluid to the bottom surface but you won't have any of this convection patterns so this is a stable configuration and no convection cells will be formed right so in order to produce the Rayleigh-Bernard instabilities you need to have unstable configuration where d rho by dy is greater than 0 so this you can very nicely see the vertical structures happening and you can also see this in three dimensions in three dimensions you will see a honey comb kind of a structure from T H to T C there must be correct but T H the lighter fluid will be only can rise up it cannot go down so therefore you cannot have a convection from the hot to the cold in that case okay so it will always this is always buoyancy aided convection okay so you cannot have a convection which is opposing the buoyancy and going only the buoyancy has to aid it so the natural direction for buoyancy to aid is d rho by dy greater than 0 right so for this case these are very complex instabilities and you can to some extent do some linear stability analysis and predict the onset where the instabilities can become Rayleigh-Bernard convection cells but beyond that you cannot use any analytical methods okay so these are usually predicted by numerical methods okay you have to solve the entire set of Navier-Stokes equation with the business approximation and you will be able to capture this kind of roles convection roles so I will not have a very detailed discussion on this these are topics beyond the regular classroom thing but the other interesting configuration in 2D is to have an enclosure that is a cavity which is closed on all sides okay and you can heat the left wall of this cavity and you can have a cooler right wall the top and bottom being insulated okay so this is a another interesting configuration okay so now what happens when you have a differential heating between the left and the right walls again so you will have a boundary layer which can actually grow okay and again a boundary layer which will descend in this direction so what will happen together in an enclosure will be the net effect will be a vorticity which will be driving a convection cell in this direction the clockwise vortex okay from the hot side it can only rise up and from the cold side it can discern down so you will be ending up with the clockwise vortex pattern okay now very small temperature differences if you define for example Rayleigh number based on this temperature difference between the left and the right walls and let us say the cavity is a square cavity with sides dimension H so for small Rayleigh numbers less than say 10 power 3 in this case the temperature difference will be too small to produce a convection pattern so it will be only conduction which is happened okay so therefore when you look at the isotherms you will find that there will be a simply a linear variation from the hot temperature to the cold temperature so once you increase the Rayleigh number about 10 power 3 that is when you find the nonlinearities in the isotherms so the isotherms will now start deviating like this correspondingly you will find this vortex pattern appearing so as you keep increasing your Rayleigh number you will find the vortex pattern becomes more complex you might get more than one vortex there okay and what will happen to your Nusselt number that is Nusselt number on these two walls they will increase with your Rayleigh number as your Rayleigh number increases your Nusselt number also consequently increases it increases the convective motion and therefore higher heat transfer rate okay now this is again we can find the solution only by numerically solving the equations Navier stokes equations okay so what I suggest is that this is a very interesting problem for you to solve the equations as such so I I would suggest that you follow the solution procedure as given in this book by Ust-Uisen and Naylor convective heat transfer okay so I will give you also the section number where he has explained the complete numerical solution to this cavity problem so he has given a wonderful explanation section 8.9 that is chapter 8 8.9 in chapter 8 natural convection so the topic is natural convection heat transfer across a rectangular inclusion so there he has listed down the equations the boundary conditions and also how he is solving them with finite difference methods so this is introduction to convective heat transfer by whose two is an Patrick whose two is an and David Naylor actually I think this is an e-book now which is available for free I think most of you can all of you can access this is an open access e-book okay so this is available on the if I remember right this is part of the open access thermal fluids the thermofluids they have an open access of journals and books so you thermo thermofluid central it is called okay so thermofluid central if you go to their website they have some free open access e-books can although originally it was a published as a hard copy now they have a free e-book as a soft copy available which you can download okay so especially you look at this section he has very nicely shown the way he is solving these equations is by what is called the stream function what is it a method so rather than directly solving the continuity and the momentum equation because if you use stream function it makes the continuity equation redundant so therefore rather than having so many equations you have only two equations one for the stream function the other for vorticity right so you introduce the definition of your stream function d ? by dy v is equal to minus d ? by dx and similarly vorticity this is dv by dx minus du by so this is then cast the equations the Navier Stokes equations both the x and y momentum are then rewritten okay we do some manipulation there like for example we take the derivative of the x momentum with respect to y and y momentum with respect to x and then we subtract so we can actually recast these equations in terms of a vorticity equation and since the stream function satisfies continuity okay so we will have a simple stream function vorticity equations which can be solved and the appropriate boundary condition and the procedures are all very nicely explained so you can just go through and he is using only simple finite differences I am sure most of you would have already gone through some numerical methods course so you should be able to quickly understand how to solve the finite difference equations okay so you can use an iterative scheme for example like Gauss Seidel okay and try to find the solution so it is a very interesting problem because once you code it so you can change the rally numbers and you can look at the different streamline patterns so I suggest that you please take this up as part of your final project okay look at rally numbers in the range from 10 power 2 okay till 10 power 5 that is 3 orders of magnitude variation in the rally number and you can actually use the following correlations to compare your numerical solution for the Nusselt number you can assume that your Prandtl number is equal to 1 okay and so for the rally number between 10 power 3 and 4 this is the correlation and for rally number between 10 power 4 and 6 the correlation becomes 0.065 rally number or one-third so you can actually try up to 10 power 6 if you can run the code if you cannot run up to 10 power 6 you can stop it till 10 power 5 okay so you run the code get the results for Nusselt number and compare it plot them as a function of rally number so your average Nusselt number as a function of rally number so you plot your numerical results and also the correlation should be able to match very close and also you can look at the streamline patterns you can plot the streamlines because already you are solving for the stream function so in matlab you should be able to plot the stream function isotherms all this for the different rally numbers okay so yeah so this is a very interesting exercise of all the things that we have done in force convection and so on because you see flow patterns which vary drastically with the changing rally number okay so so please try to submit this project when you come for the final exam okay so that that will be mostly I think 3rd May 3rd May is the D slot exam so we will have the submission of the project also on the same day along with your final assignment the assignment final assignment I have posted it has both natural convection and turbulence turbulence will be covering in another 4 classes so meanwhile so you will have time to work on the natural convection part so all this together the assignment which I have posted assignment 5 and a project together on the day of your entrance exam okay so these are this is a very standard problem if you go through some literature survey you should be able to find many papers to validate and programming is given very nicely explained in this book okay so any questions so in that case we will conclude one last topic which I would talk very briefly a few minutes is the case of mixed convection okay I have mentioned about this in the beginning of the natural convection part but I want to just emphasize because most of the practical heat transfer problems are you know having the combination of both natural and forced convection you cannot ignore either of them so in that case what happens to the flow patterns so for example if you talk about gravity acting downward and you have a forced motion bulk motion of fluid and along with that a natural convective boundary layer okay so this is one case the other case where the buoyancy is acting upward but the forced motion pushes the fluid downward okay so in this case you will have a boundary layer growth okay you should understand that since there is a forced convection motion in the upward direction so this will kind of tend to compress the boundary layer compared to the case where you push the bulk motion downwards so in this case the boundary layer will look more stretched out okay so when we do these kind of flows now what is the way to calculate the similarity solution is there a similarity solution for this problem well the thing is what is the correct similarity variable to use because when you talk about forced convection boundary layer we use the Blasius variable but natural convection involves Russia of number so which similarity variable can we use to describe this problem so therefore if you look at the cases where the ratio of Richard's a number that is your grass of by RE square is of the order of one we cannot find any similarity solutions because both of them are very dominant but for the limiting cases for very small Richard's a numbers okay so there the forced convection similarity variable might be the correct one and similarly if you go to the other limiting case where Richard's a number is basically very very large so there the rash of number using rash of number in the similarity variable might give you the similarity solution but these are only in the limiting cases okay but most of the regimes where both are dominant we cannot find any similarity solution to this again we have to go for numerical solutions but as I told you so the simpler way of doing this is to just blend the Nusselt number from forced and natural convection by using a simple power law expression like this so wherever you have a forced convection which is assisted by buoyancy so you use a plus sign and wherever you have a forced convection opposing the buoyancy you use a minus sign so naturally the case where you assist the buoyancy will be the one with a higher Nusselt number because you compress the boundary layer and therefore the ball temperature gradient will be higher correct so this is a very simple hands-on approach if you want a very detailed flow patterns then you have to go for again numerical solution so I will try to quickly cover the turbulent convection also okay so I think it should be sufficient okay so thank you very much and please take note that you have to also complete the project along with the assignment when you come for the N semest right.


a triple play before. No I have not. I don't know how to describe it. I called in my Boudini act. But I don't know if it was even the right play to throw the first there because I didn't realize that Shep was already a third. But it obviously worked out. When that play is completed are you just kind of scratching your head like how did that happen? Yeah. I mean I mean it's good good luck. I guess a little more based on it by them. And yeah I escaped it. Can you take the next question for Michael? Go back to Meredith. Do you look at tonight's outing as a step forward for you? And if so how were you able to kind of settle in after getting yourself in trouble and getting out of it with that triple play? Yeah. I feel like I got my sinker back. I felt like every fastball I threw in that was made contact with. It was a ground ball. Obviously some of them got through. And that third inning is kind of what got me into some problems. I had an O2 walk to the eight hole Espinol which really hurt me. But just tried to minimize as much as possible. Kept getting ground balls. And it's nice to pitch when you have your me. It's like my best pitch. So having that available at any any count was big for me. And then yeah I felt like I got into a group that having a four pitch fourth inning is great. And then I got two rollovers in the fifth. But obviously one of them was a hit. And that was it.


The most asked question in a TEFL interview, what do you know about the country you are moving to, and why do you want to teach there? Make sure you have done your homework in advance, and you've researched the country you plan on teaching in. Mention places you'd like to see, but don't spend too much time talking about travel. You want to touch on what you know about the country you're planning on teaching in, but never leave the interviewer with the overall impression, that your number one reason for moving abroad is to travel. If you've been sent information in advance, make sure you've read it.