back to the breakfast. Now after spending 66 days in captivity, a 20-year-old girl known as Gloria Okoli basically has, we've heard from the police regarding why she has been in captivity. The Nigerian police force has actually alleged that this Gloria Okoli is an iPop spy who receives cash and ammunition on behalf of the IPOB because one of her friends is allegedly an iPop member. We'll be discussing this with Mr. Harrison Guamishu, founder of Behind Bars Human Rights Foundation. Good morning, Mr. Guamishu. Thank you for joining us. Yeah, good morning. Please tell us the facts of this case right now about Gloria, the fact that her parents had been looking for her for a long time. They said they visited hospitals and mortuaries, couldn't find her until somebody who was released told them that she had been seen in custody of the police cooking and cleaning for them. Please give us the facts. Okay, Gloria was arrested on the 17th of June, 2021, you know, at Umutanzi, in a local government area of Umutanzi state. She was arrested alongside others, taken into custody. Then for the family, you know, started looking for her from hospitals to mortuaries. They couldn't find Gloria. Then until a man named Izujuku Okeke, who was arrested by IRT and detained at a tiger base in Oweri, came back and informed them that he saw Gloria in detention, that Gloria was there and Gloria was cooking for the officers because that place is an operational base. So they were sending her errands and she was cooking for them and also doing laundry for them too at the operational base, you know, at a tiger base in Oweri. Then the family went immediately to look for Gloria at the IRT office. And before this, they have been looking for her both police stations and hospitals and they couldn't find her. So getting to the IRT office in Oweri at Tiger base, they refused them access to see Gloria. They said they don't even know who Gloria is. But the person they were looking for was not in that office. The family showed them the pictures. They refused. They said they don't know. They have not seen this girl in their custody and she's not there. Then until the uncle, Kristen Okele, went with a colonel, an army IRT soldier to the base. That was when they provided the girl. So they called the girl out and they saw them and they took the girl back to the cell. That was the last time they said their eyes on Gloria. Then something then happened. At that point, an officer gave them a number and was not in communication with them and telling them that Gloria would be out, that Gloria was involved with IPOP that she would be out. But they need to pay some amount of money. So the mother who sells fried yam at Umutanzi was now borrowing money. The uncle sold the motorcycle and able to raise like 300,000 which they sent 200,000, 100,000, 20,000 to the accounts the officer provided which he sent to the uncle. Gloria was not released to them too. They denied them access to see Gloria. A lawyer came, they denied the lawyer access to see Gloria. Then they just held, they went there again to see Gloria. They said Gloria has been transferred to Abuja that they cannot see Gloria anymore. That was the last time they heard from Gloria. From June, July, nobody heard from Gloria until somebody now linked them to me and said that my mission can help them locate where Gloria is and what transpired. So we started calling the office, IRRT office in Abuja. We spoke to them on the phone, the DCP Tunji, this is the new IRRT boss. We spoke to him about Gloria. He assured us that he would investigate and he just took over our office to investigate and make sure Gloria is granted bail if she's detained at the IRRT office which will still have the record to provide it anytime. What are the charges against Gloria? Because I've seen different news reports. One said that she was arrested because they were trying to get her boyfriend who is an iPod member. They couldn't get her boyfriend. So they arrested her just to get her boyfriend and we know that against the police act. The police act basically says that it is wrong for any police officer to arrest someone in place of another. So is that the fact or is it, is she truly an iPod girl or an iPod spy? Also we're seeing, you know, what we've seen from the police statement that they are still investigating. Also, why do we have cases where rather than have their facts and evidence and come and arrest with those facts, the police go ahead and arrest somebody who's been in prison for 66 days and now they're saying that they are still doing investigation. What are your comments on these, please? Yeah, at the IRRT base, Pega Base Noweri, they told the Cornell, the family, that Gloria was arrested, was used as a soft target to arrest a man who attended her bed day, who happens to be her friend, her male friend, which they say, which they told the family. That was what they told them in Noweri. Not until the social media, the public adcry, that's where they now came up with the release. After 71 days, they came up with a press release alleging that Gloria is a spy girl to ESN and IPOB. So there was no statement of this before any, until the public adcry, they now came up with these charges. And again, we should know that Gloria has been denied access to family members and access to lawyers. If one of the IRRT officers in Abuja, our lawyers went there to seek glory and denied them access to speak to glory before they now release this press statement they released yesterday, being Sunday morning. So at the first time it was arrested in lieu because the user has a soft target to arrest somebody that's no, there's no issue about that. Because if they're looking for a suspect, they can use somebody to get somebody, that's what they did. But detaining her after getting the suspect is what we don't know. The police haven't even explained reason why they arrested Gloria. Until yesterday they released a press statement saying that she's a spy girl to the ESN network. Is there any way that these claims can be proven?  Is there any way that these things can be proven? And then also what exactly, what are the fears really with a lot of other people who have been arrested in the Southeast and simply tagged ESN members or ESN associates? Does that also shed light on those possibilities that there's a lot of innocent people who might be languishing in police cells without, you know, and of course simply just being tagged as ESN members? Yes, they are. I think last time a young man who worked with an oil company was arrested in Oweri, who came for the, uh, in Los Beria and was tagged an IPOB member, a known government, and later he was released after our social media ad crimes. So there are several, there are many Gloria out there who are in detention and tagged members of IPOB. So if Gloria committed a crime as alleged by the police, yeah, why not take her to court? All right, because she's innocent of proving guilty by a competent court of deletion, which is the, which is the court. So Gloria would have been taken to the high court, where her charges, charges would be read and she would either plead guilty or not guilty. But this for 76 days, we have not taken Gloria to court. So at this point now, we should be looking at, that means there are other people too who are in detention. Many of them are not only Gloria. Now there is a Chuku who, who informed the family about the whereabouts of Gloria. Today, no one, nobody knows where is the Chuku is today. And nobody even talking about the Chuku. We're not focused on Gloria. I think after Gloria, there's a Chuku's case, which will also be open to the public too. So there are many Gloria who are in detention today, and that is the fact. The issue here is the cells are not open to the public. The administrator said that a committed constitution can review, can visit the police stations to see the, and also interview them too. But these things are not being done. There are many Gloria in the custody, in the police custody today, who are tagged IPOB members. So we can wrap up. That's the true fact. So what, so what is the current situation with this case? I used to be in contact with the Tunji Disu. And it is also very mind blowing that police has the resources to move a, in court, suspect after keeping the suspect for more than 60 days, they have the resources to move that suspect all the way to Abuja just to ensure that the person is not released. It's just really mind blowing. So what is the current situation before we go and are you still in contact with Tunji Disu? Yeah. As of Friday, Tunji told us to come to the police station to, they can release that on bail. Then after her release, if she's needed, we can provide her, we agreed to bring somebody who can take her on bail. On Saturday, we went to see them to Tunji. Then Tunji now told us that the case is off from his hand, that the case is now before the first PRO, Francombe. We said calling Francombe to Francombe. See, today you are going to be picking our calls. One of them picked our calls, including the Tunji, they don't pick our calls. So at this point now, is now before the law, which the court, which the lawyers are working to see that something is being done for glory, which I mean, some things, I can just say it on air here, until we do the needful for glory. Not only glory too, but others too. The man who disclosed you whereabouts of glory, who was now detained. The man is an Okada man, an Okada writer who was never involved in anything. He was raided and arrested and detained. So the lawyers are working to make sure that glory gets out on bail. Then again, to the police too, should also bring off charges against that, if they have any. All right, Ariris Ngoan, thank you very much. Thank you. I really wish you had more time, but you know, there's some conversations that are just really, really hard to understand. Thank you very much for joining us this morning. Thank you. And we hope that, you know, she is released as soon as possible, more charged to court, and we will be speaking with you again. All right. And that's where we will be wrapping up this morning. Thank you very much for starting our Monday with us. If you missed out on these conversations, so you want to catch up, remember, it's pretty simple. It's at Plus TV Africa on Facebook and Instagram. Same with our YouTube channel. And at Plus TV Africa Lifestyle. I am Osaogi Ogbonga. I am Annetta Felix. Have a great week ahead.


At least in TPC I feel like it's just such a huge thing and I was not, it's not supposed to be in the game. Yeah, yeah you had to be way more precise.  Like if we've gone and drew it and it's drew the warrior or something I'll literally try and land damage into the blind and it just doesn't break. Wait I might try and go left pillar here.   He stole me once and got the field. Okay we're in some troubles here mate. Troubling times here. I'm gonna fake out to try and get his trinket. No luck. I can't push out, I can't push out really.  I'll line there. Offer him. No I can't actually use the field. I'm trying to get it.  Okay it's gone. Probably still can. I just want to shield the pillar and I'm gonna go in. Yeah I'll rebuff you. Depth expire. Oh on the way. I think you can restyle with dots on here by the way if you've got a shield. Oh yeah right try that. I don't know if it works though because I remember on some private stores you couldn't do that through it as rogue you could but not through it. Give it a try. I have field now so I can maybe do a play. I'll open a priest. I think combat somehow. Oh yeah it's fiend bug. Nice. Very nice. MCS sheep. I field a fifth. Good. Got your deep. Oh no the pets pushed. MD back now I'm silenced. Careful careful.  Actually having field available for that like opener is so much better as if this was a new game. I got fiend out of line. I was out of line too by the way. Get off the server mate.   Let's go in. I'm gonna run along the bottom and we can open. MCS maybe get the fiend. Nope. I was just trying man. Yeah you're sure. There was a gap but I couldn't get the death off. So sad. Oh the poly path and trolling. I'm on priest. I'm back out. Yeah. I'll PS you here. Cool. Just killing him then. MC. I got the CS actually. Really nice. No CS. I'm sure it's an killing priest. He's dead. Can't live.  Dude I love barrel in wrath. It's so much fun. Actually I feel like I'm playing a real class. He resisted my charge. I'm gonna fade into clone. Unlucky. All right speed run is complete. Now what? It's a priest I think. Wait let me pen and see your whole time. Let me pen and see. Yeah I don't want to do anything. Full try hard mode dude. Let's go. 20% money man. Crossing. Let's go. MCS and Rishi. Oh. PSing you. I have to trigger PS. I PS you. Shield incoming. I'm dead. Try and get behind. CS me.  Maybe not. I imagine my mouth worked at the end I would have lived.  I choked like super hard.   I hope they fix most of the bugs man.  It'll still be fun right. I mean it is fun to play it now even though these bugs so you know with the bunch of people and like really active arena of course it's gonna be fun but it's usually fixed like for once most bugs. The thing is if they nail it right and there's like no bugs and it just feels good to play. There's this son AIDS.  Like imagine if they'd cross rom que as well just like all these things.  It'd be nuts. I'm zirking in. I'm zirking in.  I didn't get my throat either. Well yeah just wait. I'm already tilted. Pre-tilt. Yeah they're baiting dude. They baiting. They baiting. I'm just spelling mage. I'm just spelling priest. Play mage. I've got a shield on me. San it's on me. He's gonna reshoot me. Yeah I'm just TR it's TR. Oh PS you know. Last sheep on me might get CS. No PSU. CS and fear overlap. You have PS. I believe you're gonna live. Healing you know. He doesn't have CS. Yeah I'm gonna get sheep soon so I need to take a bit of care. Is this my phone? Or is it CS?  Gigi's hosy. Gigi's bro Gigi's riff. It was fun.


I'm Graham Parrington, I'm 70 year old. I do these bodyweight exercises, the calisthenics, which I've been doing for a year now. And we're doing the exercises which I thought were impossible. It's given me a new lease of life. As you get older, people get frail and you need to have a very good core. The stronger core you are, the more agile you're going to be. One of the things with older people is you soon fall over. Having seen their posts on Facebook and read about them, I thought there's no way I can do that. I found that I can do a clutch flag, back lever, an impossible press-up, which is nearly impossible. But I just showed you what you can do using bodyweight exercises.


We hold career fairs twice a year for engineering and computer science students, which allow our students to meet and interact with companies that are seeking to hire students for internships, co-ops and full-time opportunities. We like working here at UWM because we do hire lots and lots of students. It's the skills, it's a very strong engineering program and we recognize that there's a lot of talent here. We love to come to places like UWM and really look at what our next generation of technical leaders and technical professionals can provide. One thing that I look for is a good breath in technologies, so I really like hardware people that have software experience, software guys that have hardware experience. If you have that kind of enthusiasm, willing to learn, that makes the most difference. We'll teach you how to do the work, but if you have the enthusiasm, that goes the wrong way. Excited people with great attitude, great aptitude, excitement and really wanting to understand our business. Your dream job might not always be the first job that you have, but every job you can learn something from. We really encourage that students get prepared before coming to the industry expo. We do provide them with a listing of the companies that attend, the majors that the company is interested in, a brief description of the organization as well as a link to the company's website. Come in knowing a little bit about the job or the company that you're talking to. It'll show that you did the research and that you'll be in a good position to jump in early on. Some students may think that they're not quite prepared because maybe they haven't gotten into their junior and senior level of courses, but the reality is that we've got a lot of great companies that are looking for students at the software level. They are really taking interns seriously. I'm really impressed, you know. I have never been to anything like this before, so this is really good. There's a lot of opportunity out there. You just got to go out there and get it, and so UWM is kind of opening the door for that.


Hello everyone. My name is Polina. I'm from St. Petersburg, Russia. I was fortunate enough to spend a semester at Pompeo Fabry University in Barcelona.  And now I am back home to my ordinary life. However, for you, everything is just starting and an incredible number of discoveries awaits you. Therefore, I would like to share my memories with you a bit and perhaps to give you some advice. First of all, be yourself. Don't be afraid to do what you like and to try what you are interested in. Here you will find many opportunities to fulfill yourself. Secondly, enjoy everything that happens with you here. Time flies so fast. Don't miss it. The voluntary linguistic creates the real family of international students. Join. Meet new people, discover new places, learn history and culture, participate in interesting events, enjoy the atmosphere and make your life in Barcelona bright, amazing and unforgettable. You will take all these memories with you and keep them in your heart forever. I wish you all the very best and send you a big hug from St. Petersburg.


Welcome to church of the chair where we find sledgehammers far scarier than axes. I'm your host E and today we're talking about some dirty birdies. If you're new around here, I need to give you a warning. In this series I will be spoiling all of Stephen King's books. If you have not read all of his novels, novella collections, and collections, I suggest you click away now. You've been warned. Today we'll be discussing Misery by Stephen King. The first connection I have for you is very obvious. Misery takes place in Sidewinder Callorado, the same place that The Shining takes place. It's the home of the Overlook. And since Dick Holleran is in it and it ties directly back into the dark tower, you have a hard connect. The next thing I want to bring up is a quote from the book that connects to the dark tower. The quote is as follows. And unless his assessment of Annie Wilkes was totally off the beam, that meant she had something even worse in store. And now on to some comments that were left on the original video. First we have a comment from Canadian Ghetto that the username makes me laugh, who had this to say. They're right. That's all I have to say about that. Next we have Jedi Knight 3124 and Jay Tant who said this and this. Now while I do not remember Eddie Kasprack being specifically mentioned in the book, I do remember the Kaspracks being mentioned. So if anyone out there knows the exact line, so I could double check that, I'd appreciate it because it's been years since I read Misery. But that's all the time I have for you today. If I missed anything, if you'd like to correct something I said in this video, or if you have theories of your own, leave them down there in the comments.


Ladies and gentlemen, good morning My name is Sachiko Muto and on behalf of all of us at OFE It's my pleasure to welcome you to this year's summit and We're focusing this year on the power of openness and collaboration to stimulate innovation in Europe and We're really asking ourselves two basic questions First what is the opportunity of open collaboration and the second question is What sort of policy framework is needed to fully realize this potential for for the benefit of Europe and Today we're ourselves exploring these issues Today open-form Europe is not we're not we don't have ready messages We are not campaigning, but we're actually exploring these issues together with all of you and Each year it's an opportunity for us actually to stop up and and ask ourselves What the latest trends and the new technologies? What they actually mean and how they relate to the OFE mission of open and competitive choice for IT users and When I look back on previous summits I I I'm reminded that some of the talks that were given We're not just hugely inspirational to me at the time but they actually continue to Influence debate and policy outcomes today for example, I was thinking yesterday about The talk given by Vint Cerf four years ago at our first summit when he talked About the need for for for standards in the cloud Also two years ago. We had professor Nigel Shadbolt here Given giving what I I saw as a landmark speech on on open data And so I'm looking forward to to today's program being inspired and looking forward to Looking back on today. And so If we look at the program See if I can use this thing We are going to start off in just a few moments by really challenging our own sort of instinct for preferring everything open and our own Chief executive Graham Taylor will will will lead that discussion which which promises to be quite quite exciting We then in the first panel will hear from companies and organizations for For which open collaboration is is actually already a way of doing business for them and There we will be looking to to hear about the opportunity That already exists and and and for future opportunities in In the next session, we are very pleased to welcome back vice president of the European Commission in Neely Cruz Just talk about what the the European Commission is doing to stimulate innovation in this sector We're also lucky to have the chair the chair of the Mozilla Foundation Mitchell Baker we had to speak to us and Finally in that session. We have dr. Jochen Friedrich who will report back from a stimulating discussion that we had yesterday at the first OFA fellows conference and you'll find on your seat actually the proceedings of that conference and I hope you'll you'll find those those those papers interesting After the lunch we've found a weapon we think for for keeping everybody awake will have a an exciting panel discussion moderated by Glenn moody Where he'll also take questions from the floor, so be ready for that and we'll finish with the last panel discussion or the or the last session Where we will be looking at some of the challenges for the challenges for for realizing an open and in an innovative climate in Europe and there There are challenges, but I'm actually looking forward to to hearing some some upbeat stories there because In my years at OFA, I've really had the opportunity to meet some of the most innovative and And imaginative people and some of them are here today and will share their experiences With us and and hopefully inspire the rest of us to be to improve as well, so With all that ahead and we're already a bit late in the schedule. I Want to pass the word on to Graham Taylor OFP chief executive Graham Taylor co-founded OFE ten years ago with Basel cousins Bob Blatchford joined shortly after that and Graham has a long career in in ICT before that He was a director at ICL Last year, I think I I introduced Graham as my personal hero and I'll not do that today, but I'll say that he's a source of great inspiration for all of us in OFE And that's it Graham Taylor


What's going on guys welcome back to the channel critical overload here So this would be the spoiler-free review for Damien Leone's terrifier to the long awaited sequel to terrifier now It's written and directed by Damien Leone Leone once again It stars Felicia Rose David Howard thornback is Arthur clown Lauren Lavera Samantha skip Scaffidi and we have Elliott Elliott full Fulham Tamara Glenn or Tamara Glenn who knows in Halloween 5 and some other individuals So this movie is revolving around Art the Clown who after being resurrected by sinister entity He returns to Miles County where he must hunt down and destroy a teenage girl and her brother on Halloween night As the body count rises the siblings fight to stay alive while uncovering the true nature of arts evil Intent now I got to see this courtesy of the fantastic fest coverage. I'm doing it remotely But terrifying to remains the gruesome gory unsettling qualities of that original and Amplifies them by blending it with an actually engaging story that provides you with a pair of siblings to root for against Art the Clown I said before I felt the original film gave David Howard thorn a playground to play in and everything around him Was just lacking like nobody else around him was playing at the same level. He was playing that now though His unhinged performance is propelled thanks to a final girl that is easy to get behind Since the story allows time for the view to grow connected to her This of course is the character of Sienna who is portrayed brilliantly by Lauren Lavera I hope to see more of her in horror movies before I get to right once a compliment the sound design of the film Nearly every other kill will have you went scene or cringing in all the white all the right ways because of the sound design The bones crunching the scouts being pulled back all of it will be felt in some way when you watch the practical effects make it all That more better. I truly think that by having a family dynamic drama at the center of this It also just enhances the gore because it's building up To that epic final battle that we know is gonna happen as you knew as you tend to get in most horror movies So because you're not wanting this to happen to the characters that you're growing connected to over the course of that first hour There's one kill sequence in particular that reminded me a lot of Olivia's death in Screen 4 and all the kill sequences are basically gory highlight reels of carnage They always want to outdo the one that came before it I don't think this sequel has the haunting imagery that terrifier offered the original But the visuals are still going to have you like what the f did I just watch now again? This film has a lot more depth depth to it. So I will say While there is still exaggerated senseless over-the-top gore because we spend time with Sienna and her brother Jonathan played by Elliot Fulham There's this balance between gore and actual storytelling as well. Thanks to that Jonathan is in the true crime and Sienna thinks it's a horrible idea for him to go around dressed as art the clown since it might be Insensitive to those victims or relatives of victims from the last year prior Sienna is our final girl whose progression in the film felt similarly Kind of like on par or very similar reminiscent of Sarah's in the descent Neil Marshall's the descent So my descent fans, you'll enjoy that little nugget. I just threw out there this character She's she's a badass by the time the movie comes to a conclusion She starts again as this reserve team then slowly evolves and follows the standard final girl route that just built to this gruesome Action packed finale with David Howard Thorne both of these two are excellent in their roles And I'm just glad Thorne was able to be given a wonderful co-star to bounce bounce off of here There are plot threads that don't seem to be fully developed perhaps intentionally in case of a third film The supernatural crumbs that you see in the original they're highlighted more profoundly here this time with the help of a Very terrifying child performance. I don't I don't want to go into too many details about that It's just really unsettling what that young actress was doing in her role. I'll say I Also was shocked that this film didn't dive deeper into the discussion of true crime So while it raised a lot of other questions about arts lore because it does dive deeper into that It does drop the ball a bit when it comes to this social commentary aspect of true crime Because it didn't dive that deep into the way. I thought it was going to that's it sucks something that's so timely, especially considering all the reactions I'm seeing to the Dahmer show so I Was hoping that they would dive deeper into what people's thoughts are on that we get like a Dinner table sequence about it, but that's it. I didn't we didn't get much else from that The film's biggest attraction honestly is the runtime because I can't even sit here and tell you that this is a Movie that needed to be nearly two hours and 30 minutes with so much that could have been trimmed One particular dream signals at the start went on for far too long And the finale at the end was starting to grow tiresome until it basically seemed to know It was wearing you out and then it just went off So the pacing wasn't always a strength But the vast majority is still an engaging slasher film that felt like a love letter to 80s horror Specifically dream warriors with a dash of those Rob zombie Halloween remakes from the 2000s Now the opening credits immediately made me think of dream warriors And then there's just several other instances throughout the runtime where I'm like yeah, that's a that's a dream warriors Not so I get where people like this is like Jammed with nightmare and elm Street references or nods So the performances again were terrific with Lavera and Thorne absolutely stealing the show Dame Leon, he went above and beyond here with this highly entertaining return of art the clown And I'm just glad that art came back I think that this will go over well with many slasher fans when it releases this week art the clown already was considered a great Slasher villain and terrified to just did nothing but aid him in earning that title even further The narrative structure worked overall and does what I hoped it would arts insane Antics are teased throughout the first hour But a lot of that first hour is just letting you get connected to the characters seeing art stop people make them uncomfortable The tension is always present Thorne's performance is still managing to make you uncomfortable every time art is on screen And I again just have to commend the guy for his ability to say so much while literally having absolutely nothing to other Other not not one bit of dialogue My favorite shot from the film was definitely the alley sequence or the shot of him in the alley carrying his trash bag With that's with his silhouette being highlighted in the blue lighting Terrifier to I will say is that rare sequel that definitely surpasses its original of hats off to everyone involved Stick around after the credits as well I will say that this is probably going to be one of those slasher movies that you will want to revisit More than once and again, I will say this it is so amazing How much you can accomplish when you don't even have That big of a budget compared to some of the other modern horror movies We get to see in theaters these days with so much money that they have under their belt It's so nice to see somebody accomplish so much with not something That's on par with the budget that we know we get traditionally and a lot of other big blockbuster movies This is a very well done slasher film that yes might seem a little senseless and still with the gore But it at least gives you an engaging story this time around so it's a vast improvement I'm gonna give this a seven out of ten if you haven't already of course makes you subscribe turn on post application Never miss a video in the description I'll have links on the social media accounts on Facebook Twitter and Instagram You can message me there of course to let me know is there any movies news or reviews you'd like me to cover in the future And with all that in mind guys, I will see you in the next video


based on my long-term collaboration with many scientists from USA and now some of them in France and China and also in Korea. So I talk about turbulence spreading first then avalanches and for each topic I start with a simple physics model and some simulation readers and relevance to experiment but due to time limits probably are focused on simple physics side. The turbulence spreading is studied using very simple non-linear theory and also global gyrokinetic simulation and what I mean by turbulence spreading is fluctuation amplitude in the linearly stable zone can be significant due to turbulence spreading so it can affect confinement scaling with respect to machine size in magnetic fusion business is very important to know how future large machines will coast. So spreading of edge turbulence into the interior the core can exceed local turbulence in connection region and this is called short for problem in no man's land and I'll skip some topics. So we are dealing with magnetically confined plasma so you heard from previous speaker that's rather simple physics machine but they are larger machine which is more core oriented for future magnetic fusion. So we want to know how to determine the fluctuation amplitude in such plasma and conceptually it's still underlying the physics is as follows probably due to Boris Kadomshev. So if you plot the instantaneous growth rate gamma as a function of fluctuation amplitude if you do linear theory of course fluctuation amplitude the infinite decimally smaller than linear growth rate is well-defined and typically for specific mode K the fluctuation will grow exponentially in time first then it will slow down due to interaction non-linear interaction with the other mode and finally saturate so if you just measure growth rate it will go down to zero and this one will determine the fluctuation amplitude at non-linear saturation. So this can be schematically written as the effective growth rate as a linear growth rate minus the non-linear damping term which goes like k perpendicular square times turbulent diffusivity due to non-linear interaction. So now there are many transport models for Tokamaks but if you look at it in detail actually this is still the conceptual foundation of most transport models and transport models have been refined with more you know powerful simulation and etc so actually those are successful in explaining whether well-known and well understood experiment but still there are significant number of examples it cannot really we cannot really understand based on this paradigm that include anomalous transport in the region where there's no linear instability and also turbulent spreading into less unstable zone so when we start talking about turbulent spreading surprisingly many people had a strong objections and that was rather surprising they called it rather what did I call I'm still sleepy it's consulting behavior but if you think about it in case space this is well known nobody will object that due to non-linear transfer of energy in case space some linearly damped mode will be excited due to overspill of spectrum so this kind of calculation in case space can be also performed in magnetized plasma at least in the weak turbulence regime and these are examples and mostly we are talking about the leading magnetic fusion experiment concept is Tokamak which is toroidal so unlike the previous example LAPD which is cylindrical with almost straight magnetic field in Tokamaks magnetic fields are helical and their pitch is a function of radius so you can have helical magnetic field and sometimes at some location it can close on itself and that's called more the rational surface so we have a rather complicated situation when we do the fully analysis of fluctuation and look at each colloidal harmonics or the numbers and etc so if you think about this fluctuation sitting on each rational surface where landau damping is minimal you can easily accept the notion of the non-linear coupling of different mode can lead to radial diffusion of fluctuation itself due to non-linear interaction of fluctuation so in the simplest non-linear closure of the E cross B non-linearity which is the dominant non-linearity in plasma dynamics usually we have only this kind of k per square times diffusivity non-linear damping term but if you do more elaborate closure you can easily find there is a radial diffusion of fluctuation itself so around 2004 we have developed a very simple non-linear model so I capital I here is the turbulent intensity of the patch or collection of turbulence not just each k mode but collection of those mode so you can consider it as an envelope of turbulence so if you keep only this term this is linear growth and this is non-linear damping goes like ice pier then radial diffusion of fluctuation itself will appear as a non-linear what happened non-linear diffusion of the fluctuation itself so if you look at this equation this gradient of fluctuation will play a crucial role in future a spatial temporal evolution of fluctuation envelope so if we do the radial integration for some small radial extent we can rewrite that equation schematically like that and we can define this term jump of the gradient of the intensity from the right to the left as delta prime so you heard about delta prime who are doing plasma theory this is the key parameter for carrying mode instability carrying mode is resistive kink instability previous speaker talk about ideal kink but when even kink mode is stable according to ideal mhd inclusion of resistivity can make this system unstable to tearing mode so this is one of the classical paper in plasma theory so delta prime basically physics of delta prime is the characterization characterization of the net flux of turbulence into this region or the free energy stored in current gradient equilibrium current gradient injecting energy to the fluctuation so sine of delta prime determines the condition of the growth and from dimensional analysis the growth rate should go like delta prime over the radial extent and also propagation velocity inverse should go like radial velocity over radial extent so if you use only two this two relation we can get the extent of the turbulence spreading also we noted that first Kelvin Rosenberg's tearing mode predicts gamma going like resistivity three fifths power delta prime four fifths power and also delta x going like fractional power if you multiply it you get the same relation so so this is nothing but elaborate dimensional analysis in the case of this rather elaborate boundary layer theory so why this one okay so why do we care about turbulence spreading because if we totally ignore turbulence spreading probably we will get something called gyro bone scaling where turbulent diffusion coefficient reduce as we build larger and larger motion a is the minor radius but due to turbulence spreading or even before theorists found not found but insist we if we do some theory usually we get gyro bone scaling but experiment up to now has seen boom like scaling which is more pessimistic even if we build larger motion turbulent diffusivity does not decrease much so I cannot discuss this in detail but in summary if we did not have the turbulence spreading actually from theory regardless of what experiment will truth is if we do theory somehow we get gyro bone scaling but due to turbulence spreading when system size is rather small we get boom like scaling because extent of the turbulence spreading scales with gyro radius not the system size so we can do numerical experiment of turbulence spreading by making the gradient of ion temperature rather simplified so that we can understand physics easily and so varying this the width of this linearly stable zone or in other words making dissipation stronger we can see the scaling so from previous slide I have shown you that only from the dimensional analysis we can we can find propagation time of turbulent patch into the linearly stable zone goes like radial extent of turbulence spreading divided by radial group velocity and also this one should be balanced when the turbulence get damped by linear damping rate here or this patient so damping rate gets higher and higher as you go deeper into the linearly stable zone so I tailor expanded linear damping rate so we match these two a timescale when turbulence spreading stops so from this simple relation I derived we get turbulence spreading going like 18 gyro radius for this specific set of parameters while first principle gyro kinetic simulation has shown 25 ion gyro radii so it is so given the simply 30 of our approach this is pretty good so we kept on doing this theory so this relation we okay 15 minutes so this simple relation is only gotten from balancing the radial flux of turbulence from the very turbulence zone into the propagation into the dissipation so we heard from previous speakers the second speaker that the core model of this patient's care plays very important role even in complicated situation like viscosity is not uniform in space so core model of this patient's care is nothing but the we get this from the balance between energy input from nonlinear interaction in inertial range and energy drain from viscous dissipation so this is not really identical but was turbulent intensity and the energy injection rate fractional power and also downstairs is this patient's fractional power so there are some similarity to more well-known and generic situation so so turbulence spreading is not something you know only a few people who who don't like local simulation would do this is quite generic so turbulence spreading after our work actually it was initiated by French group led by Céviève Gabet it was somehow not many people followed but after our work many field people did both simulation and theory and some of them even try to measure the turbulence spreading but fortunately one expertise here I cannot go through it or George Mackey and another one who had a good chance of measuring turbulence spreading was Edna Snakowski he worked on TFTR in Princeton but rather than doing research he went to US Department of Energy and he managed our research but I hear he could right okay so that now even less chance of you know measuring turbulence spreading so second topic is avalanches I talk about major scale structures first in droid geometry those are streamers and convective cells and of course zonal flows I did not really mention and also up to this this is just the structure of fluctuation but fusion business we have to talk about the transport because our goal is to confine high energy ions so that they can do fusion reaction so we need to confine high temperature plasma and we'll talk about self-organized criticality and things like that so since early days of nonlinear simulations using fluid models toroidal simulation has seen something called streamers which is really elongated highly anisotropic in poloidal cross-section but it still aligns with helical magnetic field so due to some reason this is quite natural nonlinear structure and also linearly this is the global eigen mode which is due to the coupling of different poloidal harmonics and more recently from gyrokinetic simulations many simulation has identified two different characteristic special scale the microscopic scale is about several iron gyro radii which is well known thanks to the experts like Ray Funk and George Mackey and so on but simulation began to see more larger scale so we call it mesoscale structure because this is somewhat smaller than the system size which is macroscopic and also when TFTR shut down many of us Princeton people went to Japan and worked on JT-60U plasma experiment so this is USA teams effort on Japanese machine and in retrospect it has seen really large scale means a scale fluctuation before the formation of the Internet transport barrier and more recently Pascal Anakin French scientist working on Aztecs upgrade German machine has seen these two scale both micro scale and mesoscale turbulence structures so both cases one case is American physicist working on Japanese machine another French physicist working on German machine so I think there must be some truth in that because they will see this kind of structure so I didn't have time to talk about zonal flow but zonal flow is driven by turbulence itself and is highly anisotropic as well this is only really localized this is toroidally symmetric and also equals to be poloidal flow poloidally symmetric so highly anisotropic but some plasma wants to have this kind of radially elongated streamers so it's either horizontal or vertical that's natural state for me my natural state right now is horizontal one because it's like three in the morning in South Korea but somehow I sustain myself in vertical position but I don't know how long I can do it so anyway but those are not the only natural mesoscale structure actually in Japan there's a really even more complex geometry fusion machine called large helical device and when I first saw the report by in our case on about this very large fluctuation structure with toroidal and poloidal mode number around one I like Japanese cuisine so much that gave me an impression about very large futomaki or something like that so so I call it was largest futomaki and also you will hear from our chairman professor Sidorat probably during this conference from LAPD he also has seen some kind of convective cell from kinetic elephant turbulence so so this is from UCLA motion LAPD so you may think this LA means Los Angeles but you know this is large aspect ratio so this is large large and this structure is also large so there's no shortage of large structures in large motion and it has been also observed by wishing one so many simulation has seen also relaxation at all special scale and also time scales almost the same similarity and also many fluid simulation has seen it but just seeing it is not enough because sometimes you can see it but if it's not dominant that has nothing to do with fusion so we can publish a few papers but you know in our fusion business we really want to contribute to the energy crisis so more recently this is simulation from University of Kyoto group really powerful global flux driven gyrokinetic simulation and they look at the heat flux avalanche event statistics looking at PDF of that and rather surprisingly rather small heat transport event goes not only going outward sometimes going ignored and small-scale heat flux event almost cancer with each other and only the largest scale once will determine the next sign or direction of transport which is of course outward because it's coming from hot interior to cold exterior so if this is really true of course there are many ways of doing statistical analysis so this shouldn't be taken as a Bible but but quasi linear calculation usually think at each K there is a rather smooth you know outward flux which add up to total heat flux so this is rather drastically different result from that so so in relation this many theorists and traditionally found linear instability sort of some plasma governing equation and you look at linear dispersion relation and you look at imaginary part of omega and that can be unstable and there are really variety many many different instabilities and this is getting late but actually I heard from professor Ronald Sargadev that in probably mid 60s actually many giants in plasma theory like Marsha Rose and Bruce and Sargadev and Bruno Kopi and so on gathered in this place and they work and in those days they found new instability almost every week and there was really productive time but they really made our life of it you know difficult because all those linear instabilities are you know found in 60s 70s so we have to do no linear theory and simulation but apart from this we got some hint from self-organized criticality in different disciplines such as sand pile model by far and we applied this and construct heat flux expression only from the conservation of symmetry and conservation law not from the linear dispersion relation so so they kind of construction based on conservation or symmetry usually give us some self similarity or power law you know things like one of the f spectrum transport the event at every scale and so on and actually this is either one or another gyrokinetic simulation expert has produced this plot and this in some frequency range it also shows one of our f spectra so even from the you know most first principle gyrokinetic simulation kinetic equation can exhibit something like this not only really over simplified sand pile model of self-organized criticality and also the underlying symmetry is the joint reflection symmetry in the case of sand pile model which means the bump goes down but this kind of whole negative fluctuation should go up the gradient and even more complicated situation gyrokinetic simulation tends to see something like this so so our lenses sometimes exhibit joint reflection symmetry and there are more examples and also this kind of heat transport the event has been observed from experiment from electron cyclotron emission in D3D plasmus so do I still have time okay so this is most recent twist so if you look at or we draw or we we assume in a tokamak pressure profile is monotonically going down rather smoothly and assuming that gradient of pressure profile we calculate linear instability and we calculate heat flux from gyrokinetic simulation etc but more recently some theorists have argued actually tokamak plasmus should exhibit something like a cross speed staircase which is the pressure profile becomes rather corrugated and there will be rather sharp pressure gradient region something like this and which will lead to equal speed shear flow due to the you know diamagnetic flow due to radiate force balance and in between there we rather smooth pressure profile and heat flux avalanche can only last between this equal speed shear layer because equal speed flow can really stabilize the turbulence and transport but I don't want to underestimate the you know artistic ability of French people but actually this is from the paper not not not just as you know his seminar GMD Pradelier had this plot in his paper so so I had want to call it as BDS which is in English scientific cartoon and in Japanese this is some manga and what I mean by BDS is you know who can who can really be as you know so so actually not only he draw that our scientific cartoon he actually did very very powerful and very illuminating flux driven gyrokinetic simulation as seen equal speed staircase and and Koska and Diamond wanted to understand it so this is basically on extension of the sand pile model I told you before so this kind of heat flux expression has joined to reflection symmetry and the governing equation we get from this is nothing but the burgers equation and if you include finite response time over the heat from instantaneous heat flux to the average heat flux you get nonlinear telegraph equation and you can find something like equal speed staircase so this is finite response time is analogy to the traffic jam the reasonable driver can respond to the you know other traffic flow so that will lead to the traffic jam but the second or third Patrick diamond to my knowledge he he doesn't know how to drive so I don't know whether you want to believe he's argument about driving drivers you know reaction time or not so anyway something similar has been also observed from Ido Morazan simulation that this is rather complicated but instantaneous heat flux can occur first and it will take finite time to respond to the average heat flux level so this will lead to some modification of earlier assessment we did using different gyrokinetic simulations so this kind of finite time delay may have some truth and also people began to observe equal speed staircase in this was in tall Supra I forgot whether it was aspects of great only plasma so in conclusion the topics I have discussed research have been led by mostly theorists and simulation expert and we think it really contributed to our enhanced understanding of very complex plasma turbulent system and more dedicated experiment addressing these issues to be desirable okay thank you again for staying


Yo, what's up guys and welcome back to another great video. So glad to see all of you again. That two week break felt really good. I was in Tenerife with my girlfriend and we had a great time, we were swimming in the ocean. We saw some dolphins and turtles. And last week I came back and it's super cold here in Zurich, Switzerland. A couple of days ago we even had the snow falling. I like the cold winters here in Switzerland since I was also born in January. So I'm a winter boy. Anyway, in today's video I'll be showing you how to color grade ProRes footage that was captured on the iPhone 13 Pro Max using Lumafusion. And what's great about using an iPhone is that you can shoot, edit and publish your videos all in one without the need of additional tools. Being able to make that makes it convenient allowing us creators to produce content anywhere. And that's why we're outside. Just to be with nature and edit our video on our phone. Now like I mentioned, the iPhone 13 Pro Max can capture ProRes and what's great about it is that you can shoot in ProRes which captures more information. And more data means better video quality. Now the ProRes video codec is widely used by many professionals in the film industry. In an upcoming video I will talk more about the advantages and disadvantages of shooting in ProRes on the iPhone 13 Pro Max. But for now all you need to know is that shooting in that codec will give you a lot more flexibility when it comes to color grading your footage. So the video editing app we will be using is Luma Fusion, it's well designed and it's made for those that want to shoot and edit on their iPhone while still on a location and produce professional looking videos without the need to transfer all of the clips onto your Mac. Because as we know, transferring ProRes footage from your iPhone to the computer can take quite a long time. And one of the bigger problems is the workflow but I guess if you edit your video straight in Luma Fusion you can get right into it to cut that video to then be published. Now Luma Fusion is currently only available for iOS users but the good news is the team is working on an expansion and it will also be available for Android users in the future. For one time payment of $30 you get access to all its great features. Now if you're looking for a free editing app that supports ProRes on the iPhone iMovie is a great option but I prefer Luma Fusion as it's more powerful and is my go-to app for serious projects when editing on my iPhone. Now before we hop into Luma Fusion keep in mind that ProRes media uses large amount of storage so make sure to have plenty of space available on your iPhone to work with ProRes media. Now when it comes to color grading I always use scopes to accurately identify the luminance and colors in my shots. When I'm at home I use Final Cut Pro but since we're using Luma Fusion unfortunately it doesn't have any built-in scopes yet. For that reason we will have to rely on our eyes for now. So I'm gonna sit on this rock while we color grade our video. So we're first gonna open up Luma Fusion and then in here I'm gonna create a new project. So I'm gonna tap on here and then I'm gonna name my project Color Grading Tutorial. And the frame rate is gonna be 25 frames per second since the clips that I'm about to import are all shot in 25 frames per second. The aspect ratio will be 16 by nine. Now important to mention when setting your project is that you want to choose the right color space to edit your video. Now since the footage was shot in ProRes Dolby Vision 10-bit HDR we're going to work in a wide gamut HDR color space using the HLG format. HDR stands for High Dynamic Range and when shooting in HDR you get better contrast, more vibrant colors and will look better overall than shooting in SDR which stands for Standard Dynamic Range. If you turn off HDR in the camera settings on your iPhone you end up shooting in SDR. Now if you have mixed footage that were shot in HDR and SDR I recommend working in a standard Rec 709 color space. Now if you're starting out understanding that is kind of complex but you know just follow these guidelines and you're good. And since all of the clips were shot in ProRes 10-bit HDR Dolby Vision I'm gonna select wide gamut HDR HLG as my color space. So once you're ready hit the plus on the top right and now we're gonna import our footages. So go to the top left and select photos and I'm gonna go over to videos and I'm gonna select this clip over here and then I'm gonna shorten it to around three seconds and then I'm gonna import it into the timeline and then the second clip we're gonna edit is this clip right over here which was shot in Tenerife in Santa Cruz and I'm gonna shorten it as well to around three seconds. Boom. By the way if you wanna follow along the clips are available using the link in the video description below. So we're first gonna double tap on the first clip and you have actually different presets to choose but we're gonna use the original preset to start adjusting the normal colors in our video. Now levels allows you to adjust the brightness for each luminance range and the contrast between them. Brightness lightens or darkens your image. The contrast adjusts the lumines between the dark and light areas. Then you have saturation which controls the intensity of color in your image. Next is vibrance which controls saturation of cool colors such as blue and green and has less effect on warm colors. So this is especially useful if you want to keep the skin tones intact while adjusting the saturation of other colors. Then you have the highlight shadow radius which adjusts the transition from shadow to the highlighted areas. Highlights simply controls the highlights without affecting the shadows. Now the shadows controls the shadows without affecting the highlights. So next we have color temperature. Sometimes the colors in the image may look out of balance so I use the color temperature controls to adjust my white balance. Then we have gamma. You can use the gamma slider to adjust the range of luminance to either bring out the details in the shadow areas or in the highlights. And the hue rotates all the colors equally. I use this to create the look in my image. Last is the tint. I don't use this that often so I won't go too deep in it. So the tint basically adjusts the color of white. When selecting a color using the eyedropper it will create an overall color cast of that color you've picked. So the first thing I'm gonna do is head over to the gamma slider and then I'm gonna move it to the left to lift the shadows a bit. And if we head over to the before and after we can see that we lifted some of those shadows. And I can even further adjust it using the highlight and shadow amount. So by reducing the highlights to around 90 I will have more detail in the sky.  All right. The next thing I'm gonna do is actually add more saturation. So I'm gonna increase it to around 1.20 and I'm gonna reduce the vibrance which reduces the colors in the blues and green areas to around minus 40 or minus 0.4 and I'm gonna increase the saturation again. And this way all the colors are evenly saturated. Let's look at the before and after. And the next thing I'm gonna do is make this shot a little bit more warmer. So to do that I'm actually gonna add some red into the shot around 1.05 and then I'm gonna push the blues into the yellow around 0.95 and then I'm gonna add a little bit of green to it and we look at the before and after. You can see that we made the shot a little bit more warmer. I feel like we can add a little bit more contrast so I'm gonna slide it towards the right to around 1.07. The next thing I'm gonna do is use the levels to increase the shadow just to create a little bit of that vintage look. Not too much around here seems right and now we can already create our look. So by using the hue we can actually move this slider to the left to create that orange and teal look. I think at around 0.3 this looks great. So if we look at the before and after, boom, huge difference. I might decrease the saturation a little bit to around 1.20. Might be a bit too strong. So the next thing I'm gonna show you guys is how you can add a sort of softness to your video. So we're gonna head back and we're gonna duplicate this clip by selecting this icon over here and then we're gonna select the clip on top by double pressing it and then we're gonna add a Gaussian. Gonna select this one, Gaussian 20 and then we're gonna head over to the fit frame and fit and in here I can go to blending and reduce the opacity. I think around 14 looks great. You can use the blending as well as the Gaussian's radius to get that soft look in your video. So if we head back and look at the before and after we added that nice softness to our video. So let's now color grade our second clip. I'm gonna double tap on it and then I'm gonna select original and the first thing I'm gonna do is adjust the gamma. I'm gonna lift the shadows a bit by moving the slider to the left and the next thing I'm gonna do is lower the highlights to around 80, seems fine and then lift the shadows again to around 0.10 and then the next thing I'm gonna do is add saturation around 1.20 and reduce the vibrance just a little bit. Around 0.1 seems right. Now this shot looks too cool for my taste so I'm actually gonna again move the slider towards red to introduce red into our image and then I'm gonna move the blue slider towards yellow around nine and then I'm gonna add a little bit of green to it. I find that it's too yellow so I'm gonna reduce the yellow in the shot and also a little bit of that red and let's look at the before and after huge difference. Okay, the next thing I'm gonna do is actually lift the shadows to create a sort of fade and I'm also going to add some contrast into our shot just to make it look punchy and then the last thing I'm gonna do is actually adjust the hue to create an orange and teal look and around 0.15 seems good to me. Let's look at the before and after. Looks great, a little bit more contrast maybe around 1.1 seems good to me. Let's now add a little bit of softness to our video so I'm gonna head back, I'm gonna duplicate the clip and tap on the clip above and then I'm gonna add a Gaussian and then I'm gonna head over to frame and fit and I'm gonna reduce the opacity in the blending to around let's say 10. This seems good. We're gonna look at the before and after. I'm also gonna add a little vignette to it so to do that I'm gonna head to the color and effects and then tap on this icon and then choose vignette 3 and I'm gonna actually reduce the intensity and the radius as well and if we look at the before and after it adds a subtle vignette to our video focusing the attention on those two buildings and that's about it, here's the before and after so we can actually save our color grade as a preset and to do so hit the plus icon and we're gonna name it ProResLut hit the plus icon so when I head back and add another clip I will be adding this one over here I can double tap on it and then head over to the star and then select ProResLut and this will automatically add it to our new clip which looks really nice if we look at the before and after huge difference so to export our clip we're gonna head over to this icon over here and then we're gonna select movie and we're gonna save it to our photos and the resolution is set to 4K frame rate is 25 frames per second now for the video quality I choose Economy if I plan on uploading the clip onto YouTube the color space will be HDR and the video codec will be HEVC now if this doesn't work for some reason then just choose Apple ProRes 422 everything else I leave how it is and I'm now gonna export the clip and it's gonna take around 9 seconds to export this clip alright guys I hope this video was helpful in terms of setting your project in Illuma Fusion when using ProRes footage shot on the iPhone 13 Pro Max as well as color grading and exporting it for your social media now if you have any further questions make sure to leave a comment down below if you're new to my channel make sure to subscribe to not miss out on the latest smartphone filmmaking tutorials make sure to download my free smartphone filmmaking guide to get started making quality videos on your phone also make sure to join the private smartphone filmmaking group to share your work and get feedback from others thank you guys so much for watching see you the next time


Earlier this week, Chinese President Xi Jinping and U.S. President Joe Biden held a virtual summit. There was a lot at stake. Relations between these two countries have not really been great over the past few months or for years for that matter. And there was a lot of hope that there might be some amount of breakthroughs made that the discussions could have some positive outcomes. However, it's still not clear what these outcomes are. We'll be talking about this as well as more on mapping fault lines. We're joined by Prabir Prakash sir. Prabir, so like I said, the meeting, the much anticipated meeting took place. Of course, there was no joint declaration. There were statements released by both the sides. Media coverage, of course, focusing on some of the flashpoint issues, the western media talking about human rights, about Taiwan, about all these kind of issues. Two days later, Biden says that the U.S. is considering a diplomatic boycott of the Beijing Winter Games. So keeping all this in mind, how do you really see this summit and what came out of it? Well, the first thing is that two presidents have started talking. Now, given the kind of relationship that has been there for quite some time, as you said, with Trump, it had reached a certain point, it appeared that Biden might bring down the temperature, but that didn't happen. So we saw, as you remember, tense meetings between the two sides and that has continued till now. So does it mean a return to normalcy? Normalcy means that we'll have the usual competition, we'll shout at each other, we'll use each, you know, any instance that that we can bring up to bash the other. But nevertheless, there will be certain things which will be business as usual. Now, is that going to happen? We don't know. It really depends on two major issues. One is, of course, the Taiwan issue. Now, in Taiwan, there has been a certain tension, because Biden has been, to put it diplomatically, a little loose with his understanding of what the relationship between Taiwan and the United States is. As we know, for a long period, the U.S. considered the mainland China to be a part of Taiwan, because at that time, Chiang Kai-shek is who they recognize as they called the Republic of China, and they said that he represents the whole of China, but he was in Taiwan. So their position from the beginning has also been that Taiwan is a part of China, and of course that's been the Chinese position as well. So both sides are at least united on this common understanding that Taiwan is a part of, Taiwan is a part of China. Nevertheless, that there are two different systems is what the very can say, and how do they handle it? They handle it by creating a gray zone, about not talking about it, and maintaining, yes, military relationship with China, with Taiwan that we know, but creating a kind of gray, and deniability kind of atmosphere around the issue of Taiwan, which they now seem to want to break, particularly the lot of military opinion in the United States, what would we call with the strategic companies to strategic retired officers who are saying in very open terms that we should recognize Taiwan, have a military relationship, and defend Taiwan against Chinese aggression if it takes place. But again, this is a very dangerous strategy to get into, and that's what China has been warning them, as long as it is gray, you don't spell it out, okay, that's one thing. But if you want to say no, Taiwan is independent of China, and you recognize it, then it changes the ballgame altogether. So that is the issue that Taiwan is bringing up both the sides. And of course, the United States is a key problem that Taiwan today holds the whip hand with respect to number of chips, at least what is called the less than 10 nanometer chip production, they are the biggest supplies in the world, almost 90% of world's production. So given that strategically, particularly with the tech war they're having with China, this becomes even more important. So I think that issue still remains unresolved, because two days after it, Biden talked about Taiwan is independence again. And what you said, yes, they've also been talking about boycott, but that's really not a significant issue.  More rhetorical, and it has public implications, but really no strategic implications. The important part is there seems to be certain talks which have restarted, including military discussions between Russia, Britain, China and the United States. And I think we'll have to wait and watch that can they have certain normal relationships while maintaining their contested relationships? Is it possible? Normal in some things, but contesting in certain other spheres that we'll have to see. But I don't see a waning of the economic war that is going on, what we call really the sanctions war, trade war, tech war, sanctions war, which the US has really launched against China, because China is economically emerging as the more powerful country. And over a long period, say 20, 30 years, the US does seem to acknowledge that China will become the preeminent economic power and considering it's a much bigger population than the United States. So given all of this, I think the US and China are in for a long, long-term contestation, political and economic space. And that can have dangerous flash points. Hopefully this discussion will manage to temper some of that. Staying with the East Asia and Southeast Asia region. So with every number of instance, we'll talk about all of them. So the most recent incident, of course, was the fact that South Korea raised alarm when they said that Chinese and Russian fighter jets had passed through what is called the Air Defense Identification Zone. Now the ADIZ has become a big term in journalism into the strategy community these days, especially with respect to Taiwan. But this was seen as yet another incident of tensions building in that area, etc., etc. So could you maybe take us through exactly what the ADIZ is and what happened? Well, the ADIZ is a concept which was introduced in 1950 or so by the United States and Canada and saying anybody coming across a line that we define as our Air Defense Identification Zone, not our Air Defense Zone or our airspace, which is what the legal position is, that X country's airspace. Not that, but outside of it. So this was started, as I said by US and Canada, a number of countries have adopted. I think there are 20 or 30 odd countries which have also proclaimed ADIZ, including India, for instance, as well as China. But all of it is voluntary, that these are not agreements reached with any country or any understanding of what an Air Defense Identification Zone could be. These are unilateral declarations. And the US itself says that if it does not accept any country's ADIZ, they will not inform any country if they are going just passing through the ADIZ and not intending to enter the airspace of that country. They have no obligation to inform that country. So this is the US position. And it is the US newspapers, the media organizations who are really creating this ruckus about China violating the ADIZ of various countries. In this case, Korea earlier of Taiwan, again, Taiwan ADIZ, if you take a look or you take the Korean ADIZ look or you take a look at the Japanese ADIZ look, you will find that they are very expansive. In fact, the Japanese Air Defense Identification Zone intersects with the Korean Air Defense Identification Zone. You can see that they are crossing each other. So they themselves may be allies, but does it mean that Air Defense Identification Zones are therefore negotiated between the two of them. They overlap. And this is also common in many various other areas where the Air Defense Identification Zones unilateral declared are then overlapping. It's interesting the way the western media plays this up. It's not they don't know what an ADIZ means. In fact, they quite often label it in the headline as Air Defense Zone. And only in the body of the article, in small letters, you will find Air Defense Identification Zone. So you get this feeling that China is violating the airspace of different countries, but these are not airspace. And there is no sovereign claims regarding Air Defense Identification Zone. And that is something not, as I said, not what I'm saying or what anybody else is saying. This is what the United States itself is saying. So given this fact, this kind of noise that is created, I think there is a political message being given here that this is a this is today a stage of strategic competition with China. And any stick is good enough to beat the Chinese with. And if the Russians also get battered in this process, even more to the good, even better. The same thing happened with Taiwan also recently. There was Chinese aircraft entering the ADIZ continuously. Lot of ruckus created around that. Well, as you know, the ADIZ of Taiwan goes over the mainland of China as well. So Chinese are supposed to inform the Taiwanese if a flight takes off from those parts of China, which would be quite absurd. So this absurdity aside, if you take the ADIZ issue that came up with between Taiwan and China, you will see that those overflights, which went at that point of time, was really going over the ADIZ, which projects quite a distance away from Taiwan towards its south. And if you see the direction they were going, they were really going towards South China Sea because there were essentially naval exercises being carried out by the United States Navy in that area. So this was not directed at Taiwan. It was really directed at looking at what the naval ships of the United States were doing in an area which is for China sensitive. South China Sea, as you know, is contested by various countries in terms of economic resources, exclusive economic zones. So there are territorial claims over this island patches as I was talking about, who owns what reefs, shores, islands and so on. So all of these have been issues that have been something highly contested between all the neighbors of the South China Sea. And the US was conducting military naval exercises over there. And that's why the overflights were taking place. They were really going to observe what the Americans were doing. And that is what I was going to ask as well as about the US naval submarine, the USS Connecticut, which in October apparently collided with an underwater mount. And this was a nuclear power submarine. People were a bit worried about what would happen. Apparently the US sent a craft which can sniff out traces of nuclear material to see if there anything had gone wrong. Apparently nothing did thankfully. But what does this for instance say about this area and this crisis, considering that people are very upset when Chinese aircraft travel a bit away from China, but there's a US nuclear submarine loose in this region, so to speak, which is actually getting into accidents. Now the issue I think is relatively more sensitive than just a question of US naval submarine being near China or near Philippines or near Vietnam and so on. I think the issue really is that you have a nuclear submarine. Now nuclear submarines of course going through South China Sea has dangers. Dangers why? Because this is not completely charted. The bottom of the sea has not been completely charted. Accuracy of that degree is not there in the maps that we have. And as you know it has been an ex-volcanic region. And therefore there has been a lot of volcanic mounds. And in fact the Connecticut description that the US Navy gives calls it collision with sea mount, which means an extinct volcano. So given all of this, the question arises that how did this collision take place? Because after all these naval submarines, particularly this but vintage that we are talking about, these are expensive toys of the US Navy and they have a lot of equipment to see that these things don't happen. You have the active sonar which maps out what are the directions, are their obstructions in the way and so on. So the argument that naval experts have given and not naval experts from here but from the US, that the naval experts have given is that possibly they have switched off their active sonar and they're traveling by passive sonar. Why do they do that? Because then you cannot be detected easily that you're passing through these area, this particular area.  That is the possible reason why they were probably not, they had not activated their sonar. So active sonar was not on, they were doing what's called passive sonar. You can detect other ships who are on you know we have the sonar signal on but unfortunately the sea mount doesn't. So therefore you have this problem that you could hit it. Now in this case as you said it looks like luckily that it did not cause any leakage of nuclear materials because as you know it's a nuclear submarine of course it's a nuclear reactor in it. Now this also brings out why a lot of the countries including India as well as the other countries in the region it's not only China but also the other ASEAN countries in that area have also said that under UNCLOS that if you are going to bring ships which have nuclear weapons or a nuclear power you should inform the littoral states that this should not be something that it constitutes bringing hazardous material in our exclusive economic zone. We are not saying you can't do it but you should inform us. Now that is something the US does not agree but having done what it has done which is run a ground over there damage it's one of its naval submarines I think they have just really increased the strength of the argument that it is the duty of any country using its naval submarines ships in that area carrying hazardous material including either nuclear weapons or nuclear powered reactors they should inform the countries. I think that's a new position that all of them would agree. So the freedom of navigation the US claims is an unfettered right to navigation including the right to run a ground of you know extinct volcanoes that is a very difficult take and I unfortunately while we hear so much about ADIZ and so on nobody has asked this question in western media where exactly did this submarine run a ground where is it that it ran a ground where it could have created a much larger disaster than it did and that unfortunately no answer has been forthcoming on this from the United States they have remained silent they have just said South China Sea that's it nothing more that also after really it became public that the accident happened in South China Sea and the Chinese raised it as well. Chinese have been raising it as well but as you know the Chinese voice does not carry in global media it's really the western voice and particularly the US voice that is sort of relayed by a number of other support structures that the US has been able to build. Thank you so much for being. Will better sense prevail in nuclear submarines not be deployed in sensitive zones such as the South China Sea one can only hope meanwhile we'll be covering such topics in mapping fault lines until then keep watching NewsClick.