Going around the United States just got back today, nearly 9,500 miles on the motorcycle. And I thought I was living life. It would be so interesting to hear from you, you know, what you have made out of this lockdown. The most important thing right now is stay alive. And sure, everybody around you stays alive. But when you look at things like black lives matter, I just want to have your take on what is happening. What you need is an overwhelming sense of humanity. Have we locked it up inside or have we kept it active? Namaskaram KG, what knocking off all the wickets man? What are you doing? Spare the Chennai Super Kings, huh? Doing great man, congratulations for being the highest wicket taker. Congratulations, great job. Nice shades. I've been on a journey for last 36 days on a motorcycle. Just got here about three hours ago. I heard. I've been Chris Cross, I mean, going around the United States just got back today. And how was it? Oh, it's been fantastic. I mean, we've captured a lot of video. We're doing some work with the Native Americans and stuff, but it's been spectacular. Actually, Casey told me about that. What exactly is that though? Just if you don't mind giving me just you don't have to talk too long about it. This was titled as Exploring Spiritual America. So we connected with all the Native American nations. Actually, most people would not know that there are over 500 Native American nations of the past. Yes. Well, they have all become reservations today, but still they exist. They maintain a certain status and they have their own spiritual process, their culture. Each one of them has their own separate language. Like in Africa, each tribe has its own thing. I don't know to what extent it is preserved in Africa today, but these people are striving to preserve it. So my effort was one thing to bring the spiritual dimension of their life back into thing because one very, very relevant factor in their spirituality is, see these are people who did not live on the land. They lived as the land. They are the land. Like that they lived. For them, ecology is not a textbook. It lives in their hearts. So I thought bringing that forth for today's generation and tomorrow's generation, it's very important. Apart from that, for most people in the world, Native American person means they know Native American people only from the Wild West movies where they're always screaming on the horses and shooting at somebody. So that is not what they are. They were revolts societies. They had cities of their own. There were cities where there were up to 40,000 population at one time. I'm saying that is the level of organization and civilization that had happened. There was proper education. There was even higher education for men and women in some of the tribes. Each one of them has a different language. It's an elaborate process. The entire continent is full of such people and they've lived here for over 40,000 years. The recorded aspect, the archaeological things is up to 40,000 years definitely they were here. They could have been here even before that. So the idea is to make them visible in the world and the idea is to bring out the positive dimensions of their life because they've been I mean they've been relegated to another status where they're invisible. So as nations bringing them back, well, they're part of the United States Constitution and framework now but culturally, spiritually, they are nations by themselves. So that was the effort. So we thought we'll do it in 21 days on a motorcycle but because we met so many people on the way and covered nearly 9,500 miles on the motorcycle, it took 36 days. Just today morning we got back. And I thought I was living life. But yeah, you mentioned a great point. I mean reviving or bringing awareness to their culture, I think is probably a good thing. And also bringing awareness to other people that can recognize their culture. I mean they probably do recognize it but I mean, you're right. When I was young, I probably watching TV and I see them in those, you know, in those movies, the Wild Wild West movies. And I guess it's about learning about each other as human beings. So I think that's a great, great initiative. I think Africa also has a similar situation. I don't know to what extent it's preserved today. But I mean it had a similar situation where tribes had their own cultures, languages, everything. I've been in northern part of Africa to some extent traveling. I met those Masai people. They're just incredible people and we met the Zulus and stuff. I don't know if you come from some background like that, if you can tell us something. Of course, I'm from the vendor. I'm vendor myself but my family is very culturally mixed. I would say in South Africa, we speak our native languages. South Africa has 11 languages. And people in South Africa are quite rooted in their culture. But I mean, if you have any ideas and you want to come on board, and it's all about learning, right? Everyone can learn from each other. I mean, being at the IPL as well, I learned quite a few things about Hinduism. I've learned about Muslims because we are in an environment where we're just around different people who come from different backgrounds. So vendor tribe has a language of its own? Yes, it does. It's called vendor. So yeah, it's called vendor. So on the cricket field, you can curse people in your language. Nobody understands. We've now been in a bit of trouble for cursing people in English. Don't do that in your language, you must do. Exactly, exactly. But I'm so glad to really speak to you. I think it's quite cool. My friend and I during the lockdown, we were like, hey, let's do something. We're not playing any sport. There's no work. Let's get together. Let's get creative. So we started a podcast. And then I remember I asked you a question just before I was going to tour India. But then I had a tear in my grade one tear in my groin and my abductor. But now I'm all good. And so I was like, yeah, why don't we speak? To this man, because I think he's got wonderful perception. And it would be so interesting to hear from you. What you have made out of this lockdown. And things are crazy. People have lost jobs. People have lost family members. Economies are breaking down. People are in their homes. They can't get out. But now things are sort of returning to the normal way of how it used to be. But how do people cope with what is happening around them? You almost have to look a bit deeper. But actually how? What do you think? One thing is, yes, people are trying to get back to how it used to be. But please don't call it normal. Yeah, it's not normal. That's not really normal. If you look back how it used to be a hundred years ago, if you look back how it used to be 500 years ago, a thousand years ago, how it used to be in 2019 is definitely not normal. At least every creature on this planet does not think we are normal. They think we are the virus on this planet. Yes. You know, I'm saying if any other creature, any other species had done what human beings have done to this planet, I'm sure we would have found a chemical bomb, a nuclear bomb, all kinds of stuff. Maybe we would have poisoned them something and we would have made sure the entire species obliterated, right? But right now it's us who is doing this. This is a good time for us to sit back and look, what are we doing? What is really normal for us? What is normal for a human being? Is something I think the whole world needs to look at it. It's unfortunate over a million lives have been lost. Yes, it is true. Many, many people have lost their loud ones. More than anything, not only losing the loud ones, they've not been able to tend to them in the final stages. They've not even been able to attend funerals. Governments are burying or accumulating people, which is a terrible thing. And of course the economic loss, the loss of jobs, loss of, you know, closure of businesses, all this happening. You must understand I've also lost my job completely because in the last, you know, whatever we had planned for these two years, 2020 and 2021, I'm telling you, because our programs were all planned 18, 20 months ahead. Everything is just wiped out. Yeah. So we have paid, including South African trip, you know, I was supposed to come there in the month of June. All haul rents, advances being paid. Right now we are struggling to get back the money from the halls because two years, whatever we had planned, everything is gone. All right. So this is true for whole lot of people, but it's for us either when outside situations do not go the way we expected them to go. This is the time for human beings to dig deep inside and see in what way we can break our limitations and do something absolutely new, something innovative, something. This is the time to explore human genius. When everything is going good, you don't have to. You can just go like a standard person. All right, whatever you call is normal. I don't like to be normal because normal people don't do anything significant. Yes. So this is the time for everybody to dig into their genius. This is the time for everybody to turn inward and question what is my life about. What is this all about? Because we are just here for a brief amount of time. In this time it's very important, at least we are crystal clear, what is it that we want to do with this life? Where do we want to invest this life? This must be clear to every human being. Unfortunately, I would say 90% of the people have no clarity about where they want to invest their life. Simply by chance they've gotten into something. Because they have a qualification, they're doing something. Because they were in a place, they've gotten into something, you know? Outside influences are determining what we're doing. This is not the nature of the human being. It's human consciousness which must determine how the outside situation should be. But right now we are allowing outside situations to determine how the human consciousness should be. This is a tragic situation for humanity. Because it's only a human that we call as a being, all right? We don't call your African lions as lion beings. We don't call elephants as elephant beings. You can't call even a rhinoceros a being, all right? Yes. You call only a human a being because this one is supposed to know how to be. If you know how to be, what is the problem? If you really know how to be right now, what is the problem? If you know how to be, you will keep yourself in the best possible way right now. Whatever the situation, it doesn't matter what is the situation. Whatever the situation, you will keep yourself in the best way. Right now this virus has come compared to what generations of people have gone through. Let's say you look back on the last three generations. Let's say in the last hundred years, what people have gone through. They've gone through World War I, they've gone to World War II, they've gone to gone through Spanish influenza where millions of people died. I don't know what's the number, but a very big number died. And they didn't have medicines, they didn't have the facilities that we have. Nobody could speak to each other on social media. Look at this, you are in… what Dubai or Sarja, where are you? Dubai right now, yeah. You are in Dubai and I'm speaking to you here from Tennessee. Was this possible for your grandfather or my grandfather? Could they talk to each other? There's no way. So with all this technology, with all this facility, with everything that we have, our survival is better organized than ever before. We should not be complaining. This is a time to dig in and see what… how life evolves for us and we must see what best we can do. My only concern is people should not starve in this time. For that, we've been making efforts around our areas. We've been feeding people, sixteen to eighteen thousand people continuously. We've been cooking and feeding. Many other organizations, the governments, everybody is doing their bit. In today's world where food is so well organized, nobody should starve to death. That much we must take care. If nourishment is taken care of, you shouldn't be really cribbing about so many things. Other things are there. What we have today, suppose we lose, suppose we have a car and we lose it. We're crying about it. Well, your grandfather did not have a car and he was fine, isn't it, walking? Hello? So what is the big deal we're making about all this?  Right now, most people have more time than they ever had for themselves, their family and everything. That also they're complaining. People are going into mental illness pandemic. Now people are predicting suicide pandemic. Well, if the virus doesn't get you, you'll get yourself, is it? What is the logic behind that? The most important thing right now is stay alive. And sure, everybody around you stays alive. See, right now in the India Yoga Center, we have nearly four thousand people, not a single infection. Here we have a little over a hundred people, not a single infection. We traveled sixteen of us, seventeen of us, we traveled across America where there's heavy infected areas, but not a single infection. So this is all it takes, a little responsible, conscious action. That's all it takes from the human being, because that is what is expected of a human being, that he is supposed to know how to be. If you know how to be, this virus is not a challenge. Yes. I think that's very interesting, you know. What I took from that is digging into your genius. And when you are thrown with adversity, you know, how you respond to it is very, actually is very similar to sport, because you do go through a lot of ups and a lot of downs. But when you are down as a sportsman, particularly, that's when you actually learn the most about your game. And when it's going well, as you've stated, that's when you don't really need to do anything different. So that's something that people can really take on board. That's really lovely. I like that phrase, dig into your genius. That's really phenomenal. And also counting your blessings, and not complaining about things that are kind of trivial. Having food, a basic need like food is the most important thing, and the best thing. I must tell you this, in southern India, even today, if you go into the rural India, maybe it is true in Africa also. In southern India, when somebody wants to greet you in the villages, I'm saying, they will ask you, what it means is, have you eaten? Oh, right. Because in their mind, if you've eaten, there can be no other problem. What other problem do you have? Have you eaten? That's the greeting. Nobody will ask you, how are you? Nobody will say good morning. The morning is already good. The only problem is you, isn't it? If you've eaten, you shouldn't have any problems. That's what I'm saying. If you're nourished, beyond that, rest is all extra. As a generation of people, we have more things than any generation ever had. We have more conveniences. We have more comforts. We have more technologies. We have more access to everything, like never before in the history of humanity, never, never anybody had these things, isn't it? But we are complaining, like never before. Global now, the complaints are not local anymore. Everything is global because they're on the Facebook. And Twitter, and Instagram, yeah, yeah, Instagram. Speaking about global stuff, and social media especially, I actually came across you on social media, I think a lot of people would have. When I was about 20, 21, I was searching on YouTube, looking at spiritual videos, and obviously you came up. That's how I got to know you, and I would watch videos here and there. So it's actually quite cool that I'm saying to you now. But when you look at things like Black Lives Matter, and in South Africa, there's also campaigns like Farmers' Lives Matter, and other people say, all lives matter. As a sportsman, I get asked that question a lot of times. And it doesn't have to, for me, it's not about cricket. It's not about politics. It's not about business. All lives matter. As you've stated, it's about human beings, right? But I just want to have your take on what is happening on that front in humanity, around the world, when it comes to life mattering. Yesterday evening, I was in Memphis, I was at the Martin Luther King Memorial, Dr. Martin Luther King Memorial, where in that hotel, Lorraine, where he was shot. So when you go into this museum, it's not that it's new to us, we know this, it's hot-rending just seeing those images. Not just about his death, but what he was fighting for, what was happening in the country, it tears you apart. It may be half a century ago or a century ago, but when you look at it, just the images are under statistics are unbelievable. Twelve point five million African people were captured and brought as slaves. So when you look at these images, it's hot-rending. But if you invest in the wounds of the past, you will also become wounded. When you're wounded, when you're in pain, when you're in anger, when you're in resentment, you cannot think straight, you will get poisoned. And with this poison, nobody else dies but you.  Life doesn't work like that, it kills you in so many ways. So the thing is, whether we want to invest in our dead fathers, it's not that we don't respect them, it's not that we did not value them, it's not that we have no regard for them. But still we cannot invest in the dead, we have to invest in the living and the next generation and the unborn child, we must invest in him and her. That's what is important. So bitterness is not going to help us. But at the same time, you cannot forget what's happened. There is no way to forget that. Everybody should remember, from both ends everybody concerned must remember what we have done to other people as human beings. And for those it's happened also, they must remember not to grow in resentment and anger, but to ensure that such things don't happen to anybody else. Because I want you to understand, the people who did the most horrible things on this planet, when they were doing it, they thought they're doing the right thing. Yes.  So this is the problem with belief systems, with philosophies, with ideologies, because they will twist your mind to believe this is the right thing that you're doing. Because many religions in the world clearly say that it is perfectly okay to take a slave. Oh really? Yes, yes. The scriptures in the world say this, not one, many. So people have always been quoting that, this is all right, this is what is said in our book, this is what we do. But if you allowed your humanity to overflow, you knew that it's not good. If you just what you are doing to the other person, if you are giving him hundred lashes, if you just took one lash on your back, you would know this is not the thing to do, isn't it? If you put your child there and gave ten lashes, you would know this is not the thing to do. But instead of awakening your humanity, everybody is busy cooking up belief systems, philosophies, ideologies, how much bloodshed has happened, because we believe something, because we are adhered to an ideology or to a philosophy, how much has happened around the world? Some have been recorded. Most has not been recorded, believe me. Recording has happened only in the last hundred, hundred and fifty years to some extent. Before that people did all these things without any problems, and they did not feel bad about it because it was endorsed by their scripture or their philosophy or their ideology or whatever their morality they had. You don't need morality, you don't need ethics, you don't need anything. What you need is an overwhelming sense of humanity. That all of us have. Have we locked it up inside or have we kept it active? That's all the question is.


Welcome! This is Casegate, where innovation meets elegance and a sound is sculptured into art. Founded in the picturesque landscapes of Tuscany by the visionary duo Massimo Farati and Alessandro Tattini, the KRA Group has redefined the boundaries of professional audio for over three decades, creating architectural-friendly designs, including the world's smallest micro-loudspeaker and flexible speaker with high-performance sounds taken from their rich heritage of live entertainment. Since 2019, we've embarked on a new chapter with Casegate, a division of the KRA Group dedicated to the fusion of architectural light and cutting-edge audio technology to provide unique solutions to modern-day design challenges. Introducing RAIL, an embodiment of sophistication and versatility, seamlessly integrated within a sleek 1.2-metre linear aluminium frame. Prepare to be enchanted as we delve into the realm of sensory experiences where every note and hue intertwine to create a symphony of unparalleled beauty and functionality. Traditionally, the pursuit of sensory delight has led to a cluttered aesthetic, a cacophony of disparate technologies vying for attention. But with RAIL, we usher in a new era of cohesion and elegance. No longer must we endure the cluttered chaos of busy ceilings. Instead, we unite lighting and audio with a single refined body, a testament to the power of integration and the art of simplicity. Picture the challenges faced by designers in harmonising light and sound within architectural spaces. RAIL emerges as a unique solution, offering a variety of mounting options from flushed into the ceiling to suspended, and optic preferences tailored to elevate your environment. Whether it's the serene glow of diffused lighting, the focus beam of symmetric, or the dynamic allure of RGB colours as an indirect option, RAIL promises a bespoke experience tailored to your vision. RAIL can be controlled via Dali or Kazambi, and available as a 24-volt or 48-volt version. The audio is controlled through Keira's performance amplifiers. Let's imagine a modern workspace. Noise in offices has been shown to make people less helpful, create less enjoyment, and ultimately be less productive. Our collaboration with the University of London unveils the transformative power of soundscapes that have incredible benefits on your creativity, heart rate and focus, inevitably improving productivity, well-being and mood within these busy office spaces. Let us reimagine conventional spaces, infusing them with vitality and harmony between audio and light. A testament to our commitment to enhancing the human experience. Imagine yourself indoors, and you are looking outside to the natural daylight. Behold the wonder of tunable white light, a beacon of natural radiance that illuminates the path tranquility and rejuvenation indoors. Imagine the possibilities when curated audio seamlessly intertwines with dynamic lighting, a harmony that transcends functionality to evoke healing and inspiration, a symphony of hues and tones that dance in harmony with your desires. With Rail, the canvas of creativity awaits, inviting you to shape spaces that resonate with brilliance and excellence. Thank you for joining us at the KScape Experience.


Welcome back. We are now going to analyze a Carnot cycle in detail. As we have seen a depiction of the Carnot cycle on the TV diagram will be something like this. We have a temperature at the higher level, we have a reservoir at that temperature and we have a lower temperature. Let us call the higher temperature T A, let us call the lower temperature T B and our cycle consists of four processes. Two processes say 4-1 and 2-3 are isothermal processes. 4-1 is a process in which heat is absorbed and 2-3 is a process in which heat is rejected. The remaining two processes are adiabatic processes in which no heat transfer takes place. But you will notice that work may be done in any of the four processes. Since our aim is to determine an expression of this cycle under the case of reversibility, we will assume that all processes are reversible, that is a requirement. Then we will assume that the working fluid is an ideal gas with constant C p, C v. And we will assume for modeling this that it is executed in a simple cylinder piston arrangement. Now let us look at how we are going to implement these four processes. We will first look at process 1-2, then 2-3, then 3-4 and then 4-1. Let us first look at process 1-2. Let me say that our cylinder piston arrangement is this. Since this process is going to be an adiabatic process, we will assume that the full system, all parts of the cylinder as well as the piston are well insulated indicating that whatever is inside, I will just show this by dotted lines, but I will not repeat dotted lines each time just to conserve some time. This is our system, ideal gas with constant specific heats. And the process 1-2 is an adiabatic process in which the state changes from state 1 to state 2 and it is an adiabatic expansion process. So the initial volume which is say v1 increases to its nu and larger value v2. How does this look like on the T-V diagram? Let us say this is our higher temperature, this is our lower temperature. Let us say T-A and T-P. Let us say state 1 is somewhere here and we will have a reversible adiabatic expansion from 1 to 2, state 2 will be somewhere here. After completing the description, we will come back to this and analyze it. Now let us look at the second process, process 2-3. This is an isothermal process in which heat will be rejected by the system. So let us again sketch the cylinder piston diagram. And now our piston is at the initial volume for this process v2. Piston is insulated, the cylinder is also insulated. But a part of the cylinder, the so called the head of the cylinder is not insulated. It is in excellent thermal contact with a reservoir at the lower temperature T-P. Some heat will be absorbed, the heat absorption will be a negative number. Let us call it Q2-3. And although the reservoir is at T-B, since the process is that of heat rejection and the state changes from 2 to 3 during an isothermal process as the piston moves in. It is an isothermal compression with heat rejection. The final volume becomes say v3. Let us now check the T-V diagram, the isotherm at T-A, the isotherm at T-B. This process 1 to 2 something which we have already seen. Now we execute an isothermal compression process from 2 to 3 like this. Since it is a heat rejection process, it is required, this is state 3, it is required that the temperature at 2 or 3, they are equal, this line 2 to 3 must be at a temperature slightly higher than T-B. But since we want it to be a reversible process, we will assume that T2 equals T3 that is necessary because it is an isothermal process equals T-B. Actually it will be T-B plus some small delta T but we will say that in the limiting case for a reversible process or analyzing this reversible process, we will neglect that negligible temperature difference. Unless we neglect that, we cannot claim this to be a reversible process. So two of the four processes have now been explained. Let us now go to the third process. We are now going to look at process 3, 2, 4 which again is going to be an adiabatic process. Let me sketch first the cylinder piston. Adiabatic process that means the piston will be well insulated, the cylinder all parts of it coming in contact with our system will also be well insulated, the piston will move in, the initial volume will be V3 and the final volume after adiabatic compression will be V4. The state of this system will go from 3 to 4. How will it look like on the T-V diagram? Isotherm at T-A, isotherm at T-B. We have already executed 1 to 2 and 2 to 3. Now we execute this adiabatic compression from 3 to 4. At 4 the temperature is T-A or just slightly less than T-A. Things will be clear when we look at the next, the fourth process. So we have now looked at three of the four processes in a Carnot cycle. Now coming to the final process, this is process 4-1 which is an isothermal process and process of expansion. So the system sketch, we have our cylinder piston initially at volume V4. The piston is insulated, part of the cylinder is insulated but because it will be absorbed from the high temperature reservoir, we have here a reservoir at T-A. Heat will be absorbed as the piston expands from its initial state at volume V4 to its final state at volume V1. Heat absorbed is say Q4-1 and the state changes from 4 to 1. When we come to the T-V diagram, these are the two isotherms at T-A and T-B respectively. We have executed three processes, 1 to 2 adiabatic, 2 to 3 isothermal, 3 to 4 adiabatic. Now we are executing the final process 4 to 1 which is an isothermal process. Again we should make it clear that since heat is absorbed during this process, the temperature at T-4 and T-1 should be slightly less than T-A for heat to be transferred from the reservoir to our system. However because we want everything to be reversible here, we will assume that T-4 which is equal to T-1 because it is an isothermal process equals T-A. In practice it will have to be slightly less than T-A since we are saying that it is going to be an exactly reversible cycle, we will neglect that small temperature difference. So this way we have looked at all the four processes in the Carnot cycle and now we will go back to each one of these and analyze that in some detail. Thank you.


So hopefully by now, you've learned to just bow down to the almighty object and realize that everything in Java is an object. We constantly say it, we constantly make that joke, but everything is an object and sort of that's where we get into this new kind of concept. We've spent the last few weeks talking about object-oriented programming classes and you know this weird conceptual stuff, but the problem is we actually continue to talk about that conceptual stuff and one of those things we get is this new five dollar word, eight dollar word, ten dollar word called inheritance in polymorphism. They're not that bad, they're not that crazy. Really what they're saying is now that we assume everything is an object, you know, this cell phone is an object, my water bottle is an object, this donut it is an object. How do they all relate to each other? Obviously, you know, donuts and water bottles, they don't have too much relating to each other, but what can I do to sort of make that relationship happen? And one of the things we can do with that is we can say, oh well this originates from something else. This comes from something else and this has descendants from it. So let me finish this up and we'll actually take a look.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session, we discuss the following questions with face. If matrix with elements 1, 2 in the first row, 3, 4 in the second row into the matrix with elements 3, 1 in the first row, 2, 5 in the second row is equal to the matrix with elements 7, 11 in the first row, k, 23 in the second row, then write the value of k. Let's proceed with the solution now. We are given that the matrix with elements 1, 2 in the first row, 3, 4 in the second row, multiplied with the matrix with elements 3, 1 in the first row, 2, 5 in the second row is equal to the matrix with elements 7, 11 in the first row, k, 23 in the second row. Then we are supposed to find the value of this k. Now, let us multiply the two matrices on the left hand side. So, we get a matrix of order 2 by 2 only. Let's now find out the elements of this matrix. So, obtain and it would be given as 1 into 3 plus 2 into 2. Then second element of the first row would be given as 1 into 1 plus 2 into 5 and of the second row would be given as 3 into 3 plus is equal to the matrix with elements 7, 11 in the first row, k, 23 in the, this gives us a matrix with elements 3 plus 4 is 7. 1 plus 10 is 9 plus 8 is 17, 23 and this is equal to a matrix with elements 23. In both the matrices, we get the value of k as k is equal to 17. In this session, hope you understood the solution of this question.


A lot of developers struggle with their handling of text, and that's a shame because text is so important. It may be the most important part of a website. The way we treat our text can make a huge impact on a design. It can take something from looking like an amateur project to a professional job. So in this video, we're going to be looking at six tips that help you improve the typography of your website. These aren't complicated things. We're not going into deep dive into typography or theory. We're looking at six quick wins you can use right away. If you stick around until the end, we're going to look at a bonus tip as well, which is probably the biggest mistake that I see developers make on their websites that absolutely ruins their designs. So hi there, my name is Kevin, and if you're new to this channel, over here we learn how to make the web and how to make it look good with weekly tips, tricks, and tutorials. And as I said in this video, we're going to be exploring typography. We're going to be looking at some quick wins that you can use. But before we get to that, this video is brought to you by DesignMoto's slides. If you don't know about DesignMoto's slides, they are this really, really cool take on templating with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. If you're watching this video, I'm assuming that you have some trouble when it comes to design and DesignMoto's slides are fantastic. They look great. They are super, super cool.  It's sort of a pick as you go type of thing. It's really, really easy to use.  It's super easy to customize through their visuals. You pick and choose exactly what you want and where you want it, which is really cool. But one of the things I really like with slides is it's built with devs in mind. This isn't something that's meant to be a drag and drop type of editor. It's meant to be you pick the pieces you want, and then you're editing the HTML CSS and JavaScript. You can do this all directly in the browser, which is really, really cool. You pick the different pieces you want. And then you're editing the HTML, you see the HTML as it is, you edit it, you hit save, it updates live in the browser, you can jump into the CSS, make any changes in there you want, or of course, some JavaScript as well, you can play with it all or even better, once you have a general template set up how you want it. And remember, this is completely customizable, you're picking and choosing all the different pieces you want, and they all look really, really good. Once you're happy with what you have, you just hit download, open it up in the editor of your choice, and then customize it and completely make it your own. And on top of all of that, it is making static HTML CSS and JavaScript. You're making static websites, meaning they're going to be blazingly fast. So they're super quick and easy way to make a prototype of a site or even build out a full client project, you can quickly put together your template because let's face it when you're doing client work, you don't always have the time or they don't always have the budget for something completely customized. This lets you have that customized website that looks really good, without really having to worry about setting up that really good and customized look, you just have to go and tweak it from there on, which is really, really awesome. It is really cool, really fun. I really suggest that you go and check them out. There's a link down in the description below, you can check it out, make an account for free, play around with it, you'll see how awesome it is, and how quickly you can set up your templates to make then your really cool websites for exactly what you need. A really big thank you to Design Moto for supporting my channel. And now to the main topic, typography, six quick tips, and don't forget there's a bonus one at the end because we're going to go over the six tips a few times, then at the very end, we'll talk about that bonus tip. Let's jump right into it. All right. So here we are in Figma. Now we will be looking at all of the things I'm going through here in a few different examples or three different examples. We can sort of repeat things and also reemphasize what we're doing. But to start with, I want to do it on this really basic design and we sort of get more complex as we go through. So the very first tip that I'm going to say is to always group related information together. And that means also separate things that aren't directly related. And on a simple, simple design like this, you might say that's really basic, but I'm going to start just by grabbing my button right here and just moving it off down and then grabbing this paragraph and moving it off down. And just like that, I have a title, I have my paragraph and I have my button and I've separated those three pieces of information. Now my separations are probably a bit too big, but that's where I want you to start even if you're just doing it with CSS with adjusting your margins, make them bigger than you think you need. And then you can always readjust and make them smaller afterward. But we're going to be playing with this a bit more. So I'm going to leave it like this for the moment. Now, the reason we want to do this is we want to make it really easy for somebody who's looking at the text. We see a piece of information, we can read that, we can then come down to this next piece of information and read that. And then we can come down to that last piece of information down there. And we can read that one down there. No problem at all. It separates it. Whereas from the before when we had that, that's just undo. There we go. Everything jumbled together like that. It makes it really hard for the person reading it to figure out what they're looking at. It's just too bunched together. So when we separate everything out like this, it's just going to make everybody's life so much easier. So first, and it's really important first, we're going to see this grouping of information a lot more in the last example, we have a lot more texts that we're going to be dealing with. But in something like this, really simple, just group everything apart.  And this is I think the easiest thing for people to do. But once again, like the spacing where I put way too much space here. People tend people tend to put not enough font size difference. So when they're creating this contrast, they just don't make enough. So I'm pushing K or you can come up. We have a regular selection move tool and we have a scale tool here where Figma. So I'm going to go with the scale tool. And I'm just going to make that a lot bigger. And this is why I wanted a lot of space because I knew I was going to do that. And by making it a lot bigger, I'm making it really obvious. That's the title. Then I have some text that follows. And then down here, I have my button that I can click on. Now this is where a lot of people once again, they don't make enough, they go, okay, I've made it bigger. And sometimes it's even like this. Well, this is bigger than that. Yeah, it is bigger, but it's barely perceivable that it's bigger. So when you're making it bigger, make it bigger. I think, okay, that's too much. I don't even have room for all my content. Let's bring that back down now. And then you'll find your happy medium somewhere in the middle like that. And you can always move things around. But again, if you're doing this just straight with CSS, which you definitely can do, your spacing is automatically to adjust a little bit as you're doing all of this. But really don't be scared about going really, really big when you're creating this contrast through font size. Once you've created your contrast through font size, the next thing we want to do is create contrast through font weight. This is the one I think people have the least amount of trouble with, but I've already made this bigger. But let's also come up and we're just going to go all the way up to black and make that, you know, let's switch over to the regular selection tool and bring that like that. And I think right away, you know, this is coming together a little bit. We're starting to see how, you know, our layouts sort of come together completely now. There's a few things we could still do to make it better, but it's made a huge difference from where we started with. When you get to this stage, this is where it's starting to look like somebody paid attention to it, but it doesn't look like a professional has handled it yet. There's still a few things missing here for making this be a good design to a great design. And that's why it's really important you go through all of these steps if you want your design to really shine. So what I'm going to do now is I'm going to grab the next thing we're going to do is contrast through color. And there's two different ways to think of color when it comes to type. There's the more obvious one where we can grab this. I'm just going to click on here to grab my eyedropper and I can grab some pink from here. I'm going to go to a darker area and you can grab that or even, you know, we're staying within that same tone. So I could come here and make it. Maybe that's a bit too much, but something like that. And obviously that definitely works. And I could come in and steal maybe the same color for my button here. I think that would really work well. My text could probably then become white and something like that. This is going to work. It's not too bad. But when we're talking about color, we don't necessarily need to inject direct color into it. Another thing that comes up and this is something that people miss out on a lot is when it starts playing with different shades of a color. And usually that means black. So if I left my title pure black or maybe even my title could be a little bit off black because the pure black is really strong, but we'll leave it like that for now. We do a black in our image and stuff like that. But it's where we come in and we just, you'll see this in designs all the time where we're just going and we're going to the grays instead of pure black. And just like that, we're creating, like my button is really standing off. Let's pull my button off for a second now. And let's just look at this when it's pure black. Actually, let's, you know what we're going to do? We're going to turn off my pig. We're going to copy this over just like that. And we'll grab this one and we're just going to tone this down a little bit into the grays. And you see how that's created a big contrast between this title and here compared to over here? It's not a huge difference. I haven't gone really light. And that's one thing you want to avoid. You'll see some designs where they like going in these really light grays. And it can look really nice. Actually, I won't lie to you. Sometimes the really light grays and because then what it does is it lets you bring this more into the grays as well. And you can do something like that, which, you know, it's not a stark. It's the white on black here can be really hard. So that definitely can look nicer when you're thinking of it from a visual standpoint. But when you're thinking about it from a readability standpoint, you've just hurt your readability. This text, the contrast is low to the point where it's making it harder to read. So it is a bit of a balancing act in that. So maybe this stays not black, but really close to black. And then here we don't want to go too dark, but we can keep it dark enough that there is, you know, it's, there's definitely gray coming through here, but we want to make sure that it stays readable. So maybe something like that. You can see the difference right now between this paragraph and this one doesn't stand out as much, but that's exactly the point. We're creating contrast between my title and my text here through font size, font weight, and now through color as well. Two things that are really going to transform your design. And this is super, super important. This is the step that most people don't bother taking. And there's two parts to it. So it's two different tips. The first one is to adjust the line head of your body text. So body text is your paragraphs, all your small text, anything like this. That's your body text. That's what you do in your CSS, your selecting body. It's because it's for your body text. And what we want to do on that is we want to increase it. The default is always too tight. We want to increase that line height. Or if this was from a pure print perspective or design perspective, you'll see this referred to as letting. The traditional way to refer to it is letting, but in the world of web, we call it line height because that's what we call it in CSS. And what that's doing is it's making it much more readable. When our text is grouped like this where it's really tight, it looks heavier. It doesn't look as inviting to read as something like this. It lightens it up. Now, you don't want to make it too much because if it's really spaced apart and you start doing something like that, it looks like completely different pieces of information. The same way we created spacing, we used proximity or we created contrast through the distance of things. By making too much space between things, it just looks like different pieces of information. People will not read it as a single piece of text. In general, and we're seeing this in Figma, it's in percent. In CSS, you can just do it as like a 1.4, 1.5, 1.6. So 150% here would be a 1.5. That's a great starting point. I tend to start at 1.6 because like anything else, I like starting on the bigger side and then reducing to get to where I want. This is a tip that you hear a lot from Steve and I'm going to say his name wrong, so I'm just not going to say the whole thing, but from a refactoring UI. If you don't know about him, you have to check him out. I'll put a link in the description below. But really useful where you start bigger and then reduce because what happens when you start with the basic, we start this back at auto and we increase it up to where we want. We tend to go, oh, there we go. That's great. But you know, we could increase it more and then actually end up going, okay, that's too much.  Is that like a 1.7, which is huge, but it ends up looking pretty good. Now in this case, I do think 150 is pretty good. So I'm going to stop with it right there. And it just lightens everything up, makes it much easier to read and much friendlier and more inviting to read than something like this, which is all smushed together. Really important that you do that. And then the next thing is very similar, but we want to decrease the line height of large text because it's the opposite problem. The default line height is a default and it works for a text that's maybe at like a size 24. And that's it. And even then, I'm saying 24, it could be a bit off on that. But in general, when your font size is starting to get bigger and we're going to exaggerate it a bit maybe after, but if I come here and if I increase that, now it just, it looks weird. So it's not always to increase your default. So if we go back to the auto and then I come here and I shrink that down, I can definitely, you know, we could change our spacing now a little bit to keep it consistent. But just decreasing that a little bit, it's going to make a huge difference. And this would be exaggerated even more if this was all cap. So if I turn this into all cap text, just so you know, the spacing looks a lot bigger because we don't have these G's and these T's that are sticking off the top and stuff. So because we don't have any descenders coming into those areas, the spacing looks even more. So if every of all cap text, it's exaggerated and you can really bring that in nice and tight for something like that. But I just want to leave this on the side for the contrast compared to what we had at the beginning and what we have now. And I think it makes a huge, huge, huge difference. So yeah, we can do stuff like that and let's turn my eye pig back on. We can go find our button that we created. And just like that, I think we have a pretty nice layout compared to what we started with. I think it's much, much, much better. So let's go and take all those same tools or those same tips and apply them to this layout right here. So here we have a testimonial section. We have a paragraph of text. There's the testimonial in some random Latin, but then we have a name and we have a position. And this is where I want to talk a little bit more about grouping related information. We have what the person said, and then we have their name and their position. So the name and position, those are related pieces of information. So I can group them together just like that. And then I have this here. And we're not going to do it for all three. We're just going to do this on one of them. And actually, I think what I will do though, this background is a little bit dark for my liking. We're going to lighten that up a little bit. There we go. And okay, so there we go. We have my two pieces of information. So compared to here, it's obviously a lot easier to read now just to have that and then the name and position far away. Now what's more important here? You have to decide. I have my testimony at the top. I'm not even going to worry about this right now though. It's already a lot bigger. I guess we could go and make that black and or bold. And let's just say we make that all cap. So it really stands out as a big title across the top of the page. I'm not really not worried about that though. What I want to look at is this in a lot more detail. So first thing is grouping related information. We've done that. But now we want to use, now we want to create contrast through font size. What is more important? The person's name or the text? Personally, I think it's the text. This is testimonial. This is where they're talking about the product itself. So when you're doing these types of designs, did you have to think about this? What's more important? Is it the what piece of text is the most important? And I really think it's that. So in this case, instead of making this bigger, I think what I'm going to do is grab these guys here and actually make them smaller. And let's drop that all the way down to like a 14. Because really, that's not that important. It's important that they know it's a real person. They can see the name. I guess they could, you know, they can find their position. But I think just something like that, we're already off and running, just making that difference compared to that. It creates a sense of separation between the two.  It was really obvious the title should be the bold one. But here we have a little bit of a different scenario. We have our main text here, and then we have the secondary text here. Let's just call it secondary for a lack of a better word. I don't really want to come and make this bold because it's more important. You know, because something like that, it's going to look weird. We're making the wrong text bold in this case, in my opinion, because all bold like that, it looks kind of weird. We're a big block of bold text. It's kind of strange. Now what we've done though is we've created two pieces of hierarchy here. We've created my main piece of text and then the secondary thing. And this is where it's really important that we break down things. Once we've created the separation, I'm going to see this in a lot more detail in this last example. But if I grab this and I make it bold, because this is a lot smaller than this, this still becomes my main text. This is still a lot more important. But what I've done here is I've created the secondary piece of hierarchy. I have my title and then I have my front-end dev. So I've broken this up into two different pieces. And that's super important to do because if we just left this, I don't know, there we go. If I just leave that like that, it, you know, we see this as a piece of one piece of information when we're just quickly glancing at it. As soon as I go and make that bold like that, right away it makes it more visually interesting because we have a bit more going on. And it definitely makes it so we can see that there's two pieces of information. And then obviously here, if we did the same thing, the advantage with something like this, we did that as 14, eh? And then if I take Jane Smith and I make her bold as well, the advantage that's coming up with this is if somebody is just skimming this name, you know its name, you know then you're coming down here and you're getting the name in bold as well. So it's this nice advantage where you're getting this consistency through hierarchy. And that consistency makes the person who's reading the site, the visitor, makes their life so much better and so much easier as they look over at a design because they can quickly see, okay, the big text is the quote, the next thing is the name, the next thing is their position. There's no thinking about it. You're making their life so much easier. So we've created our separation through proximity by creating these two groups. Then in with these groups we've looked at it and gone, well in this group I have two pieces of information. I don't want to really change the font size because we already have it at 14. I don't want to make anything smaller than that and I don't want to make it bigger because then it's going to be weird. We're going to be too close back to this. So then I can use font weight within this little piece to create some hierarchy and some contrast within this piece of information. So the next thing is color. So let's just say we drop this down a little bit from pure black just to ease off a little bit because I think it makes it a little nicer when we do that. I could leave it like that but now the name and this are really popping off a lot more than that are even though they're smaller. So I think what I'd want to do is even come in here and lighten those up even more. I am really pushing now on the limit of contrast through and making things readable. So it is something I'd want to maybe think about a little bit but at the same time I really find this information isn't the most important information in the world. Their name, honestly, we care about this. We don't necessarily care too much and I'm just creating a bit more separation from the image here but we don't care too much about who said it. What we really care about is this. So now we can see and I might as well make all of these the same. Should have made components out of this. It would have made it a bit faster for me to... Whoops, wrong one. We can see something like that and it's starting to look pretty good. Now what are the last two things we want? We want to increase the line height of body text and we want to decrease the line height of large text. In this case, we don't have any large text. We have a testimonials up here which is only one line of text. So we can just stick with these and come... And what I'm going to do is just this one for now and increase my line height on that to probably 140-ish range. So that's a 1.4. I'd have to move these down. Maybe the whole component would have to be moved around a little bit. Well, something like that could work or if we needed to, we could stretch that out just a bit like that. To create our spacing a little bit better. And like that, again, increasing this, maybe 150 even could be okay. Whoops, 150%. Something like that could look a lot better. Again, this looks really crammed together. Something like 140-150. It just makes it a little bit more friendly to read. I don't think we need to do the same thing here because then it's just going to create this big separation. So for things like that, you can definitely leave them closer together if that was one paragraph where you just have a bold and then a span or whatever it is setting up these two things instead of two different paragraphs. You could even decrease the line height on those or even you could probably decrease the line height on those to keep them nice and grouped together just to make sure that it's nice and tight and not overly spaced out because I think personally I like it like that where it's nice and grouped together than having a little bit of space between it like we have right there. And let's go look at this third example. This is by far the most complex one. Where I'm going to bring everything we've done but we're going to be examining it in a lot more detail and a lot more of how we can tackle all of this.  So here is like an event type thing. So in this case, the event's name is Awesome Fundraiser for Awesomeness and we have our description of what the event is. We have the date and the time, the location and then we have my gift tickets and the price itself. So once again, let's just create some contrast through proximity or through spacing. So we're just going to space everything out. Now the time and the date are kind of related at the time and the date, of course related. The time and the location are a little bit related. So I'm going to keep those a little bit close. We can separate them a little bit maybe. And there we go. So right away, we've made that more readable. It's still kind of weird, but we've definitely made it more readable in that somebody can go boom, boom, boom. They can see that there's different groups of information. This step, again, is super important to do even though if you just do that, it doesn't help your design very much. It makes it better than what it was, but you definitely need to next get into your font size, font weight and color to really make things pop. So we can come into here, hit K.  There we go. So my title is already standing out. Right away, I think that that, like, you know, I wouldn't be happy with this, but if I saw that, I wouldn't, you know, I think it's boring looking, but it's already made the differences I need, but I do think we can improve that.  And so we're going into my font weight there. So we can do something like that. We have my description that's coming here and I think 18 is okay. For that, let's come into these. I think, you know, the most important thing is they see the title. What's the next thing somebody cares about? Well, they might skim the, if it's interesting to them, they'll skim the description. They might not look at it in a lot, but they'll skim it and, you know, we're going to go into color right away and dim that down just so it creates a bit more of a separation there. And so they see the title. It interests them. I think we can even make that bigger, to be honest. Something like that would probably be a bit more interesting. And what do we want to do with titles when we have bigger font sizes? I hope you said we want to decrease the line height. So we can decrease that just a little bit to tighten it up. And we have body text. What do we want to do with body text? We want to increase the line height to help make it a little bit more readable and a little bit more friendly. So we can do something like that. Now, if somebody gets to this point, so think about it. It is important that you're thinking about this. You're looking at the text and you're going, how is somebody looking at it? They're going to look at the first things first. They want to see what the event is. If that doesn't interest them, it doesn't matter what the rest is. They're just going to the next event, or whatever it is, depending on the site they're on. But let's say they read that, they're interested. They're going to skim the description really fast. And then, you know, they might even skip the description. They may go, you know, if it's a thing they're aware about. Yes, I know I want to go. I don't need to read the description. I want to know when it is, so know if I'm available. Maybe it's the price. But let's say, you know, the price obviously does come up. If it's super expensive, maybe they're not going to show it. We can even get rid of that. But in this case, it's not too expensive. So we'll leave the price on there. But they're definitely going to want to know when it is. Those are two important things because I'm available and can I make it to where it is, right? So we might as well come in and say we have this. I'm going to make this. Let's make that all caps just for fun, because this is something I didn't really plan on talking about. But let's say we make that and we can make this all caps at the same time. There we go. And so we can talk a little bit about all cap text. And by doing that, it sort of makes this one block of information right there.  So say like a 16 and this definitely for buttons is something that I do a lot. 14 is probably a bit small. So let's go with a 16 on there. And maybe this and this end up being black. So they, you know, just to create that separation of information that we wanted to have in there. What you can do with smaller text or any all cap text, as long as it's not a big title and even with titles, you could do that. But with something that's like a body text, 16, 18 or buttons, sometimes you might go as small as like 14. What you can do to make it a bit more readable because what happens is the characters start pushing together a little bit, especially at small font sizes, is to come into the letter spacing and increase the letter spacing a little bit. It doesn't have to be a lot, but just a little bump up in the letter spacing along the way. So say we did something like that even, I could probably have all of this just like a comma, 10 a.m. Probably makes sense to group all of that like that and then the location. I think tickets could be a button. So again, buttons often, often, often are alt caps and then, you know, we have our R for rectangle. You can make that into a button. So actually let's just make this a little bit bigger. But as I said, for a lot of the time, you might even drop this down all the way to 14, but 14 is getting small so then you want to make it more readable so you make it bolder. And because it is so tiny, you can space it out a little bit. Any really small text too, just adding a little bit of letter spacing on it, it makes a huge difference in making that text a bit more readable. Because if not, the letters sort of start getting stuck together a bit too much. The price, it could even be, depending, you could make the price really big if it's a good deal, even maybe this could come up over on this. You could do different things with it. I'll leave it down here. But something like that could work if you really want to say it like if it was a free event or something. But if it's always going to have a price and sometimes it's cheap and sometimes it's not, you probably don't want to make it too obvious, but maybe you do want to make it, you know, people are interested in the price. So we could do something like that. We can create a bit more contrast through color. So, you know, I'm not always following the steps one after the other. I'm grouping my information right away. I'm always trying to space out my information, figuring out where I want to put things. Then I'm going to generally decide what should be bold, what shouldn't be bold, things like that. But then the color, different things like that, it takes some playing around with.  There's nothing wrong with that. It's one of the reasons I do like design tools rather than always just coding things up in CSS. Decisions like this, definitely just in CSS, if you're doing a simple page, you could definitely do it. Something like this. You generally, I find it much easier when I can move stuff around. Because even what you could do is something like this could even come all the way up to the top and this could be moved down. It's not really working for me in this just because of the balance of it. But let's pretend the location wasn't involved in this. I could take this and tone it down with the contrast a little bit, lowering the contrast. Something like that could also work because I'm still looking here first even though this is what's on top. The visual order becomes less important once you start doing a good job on a lot of these things because you start getting because you're attracting the eye using these other things and you're making the hierarchy so obvious through some of these other tools that are these other things like contrast through things like font size, font weight and color that the order of it becomes less important and you can still get the eye to look where you want it to. Oh, that's cool. Oh, it's only 10 bucks. Oh, I can make it. Let's get my tickets. And yes, the eye has to jump around a little bit for that. But your eye is going to follow the right order all the time on something like this. So it's not like this big worry about trying to get it to work. And then of course, once you get it to this step, then you can start playing around with colors a little bit more.  Now it's not always an option. But even if you're coming in with something like that, you know, we could be coming into the purples and get it like if every event is always using a purple or something like that, like that's even going to drag the attention a bit more than maybe that purple comes back in with the button color. We can grab that and then, you know, you're reusing in general. You're going to start reusing colors a little bit already talked about color before in another video. If you're interested in that one, I'll have a link to it in the description as well. But just playing around with things like this, it makes a huge difference. And I haven't even talked about choosing fonts. We haven't even played with fonts. We've just stuck with the default. In this case, it's Roboto, which tends to be a nice font. So if you're really not sure, you can see that it does work well. But if you mix up two different fonts and something like this, it can even make a bigger difference. But just playing with your grouping information by the type of information it is, you're creating contrast through proximity, you're spacing things out and grouping related information. So I've grouped my title in my description. I've kept my time all together. I've put the price somewhere else. I've grouped things by information. I've got the $10 and they get tickets. They're sort of related and you're not getting tickets unless you know the price.  So just all black with grays, that's perfectly fine. Just remember don't go too light on the grays or you will hurt the readability of the text. And then increasing the line height of your body text and decreasing the line height of your big text it's going to make it so much better and you really do have to do that body text paragraphs, small text, anything below like 24 points, increase that line height to help make it more readable. These are all things that are really easy to do. You can be really methodical about how you approach it and it's really going to help your designs. And I did promise you a bonus tip if you want to stick around to the end. So here it is make sure you limit the length of the lines of text. Right now I've kept it really short and you know what we're going to come back to the pig to start off with on this one. So let's hide that pig and what I see people do is let's pretend that pig never existed and what people do is they have it on mobile. So let's make this into a mobile art board. We have something like that and it looks fantastic and everything is okay. There's spacing actually in this case maybe things get spaced a little bit closer and you know on a phone that might look great. And then what happens is when the screen gets bigger and this is like the number one mistake I see devs make all the time well we just let that grow all the way across the page and that looks like crap. That's why you'll see a lot of designs that involve a big picture on the side with text here because what happens is people's eyes don't want to scan the whole way across like that. It just this is something like this like it's one line of text it doesn't look good but it's also literally if you're on a big screen you're on a 27 inch screen and you have text going from one side to the other man it's just awkward it's super awkward to read. You want to limit line lengths. Now there's rules about line length not going to stress too much about them you don't want to go over 70 characters and if you can do like between 50 and 60 characters in length you're definitely in the right ballpark because something like that is so much easier to read than something that's coming all the way across like this. Just makes a huge difference in the readability of text. In general you also want to stop text from getting too narrow now on a phone you know if you're 320 pixels across because you're and you have like padding and stuff on the sides because you're worried about you're dealing with iPhone 5s or whatever you can't limit it it's sort of like a newspaper they need to increase they're dealing with small column sizes that's just what they have to deal with so it's okay but when you can don't let text get all the way across like for small sizes we can't always prevent it from phones but have a maximum width on your paragraphs something like this we don't have to stress about because generally you end up with columns but again something like this you know you have a card like that make sure your card make sure your card doesn't all of a sudden end up stretching the whole way across and say the image stays here everything else here is not very long so it's not so bad but even this like you know you might get back going like that and then you end up with this going the whole way across it starts being really really awkward even a blog where these lines of text are super long it looks super weird and people don't always know why it doesn't look good but even if you're not a designer you're just you're getting on something like that and there's something it feels wrong about it it feels off and it you know you want to make people's experiences as good as possible and by far the most common mistake I see devs make is just letting the text go all the way across the page they have these massive massive things because they designed it mobile it worked great and they built their media queries in but they're not always using columns so you get these huge stretches don't let that happen make sure you limit the overall thing I'll give you a quick tip if you want use the ch unit so like font so paragraph you could do and I know I'm not in my code here but you could do a paragraph max width of something like and you know 50ch the ch is supposed to be the width of the zero character of that given font so in general it's going to be a max width on your paragraphs of 50ch so about 50 characters wide roughly is it perfect science no sometimes you're going to want to adjust that but by setting a max width you know it's going to let it shrink down and then if you have to when you get to these bigger things you might want to go up to 60 if you find it's not big enough maybe you even go up to 70 but you want to set a max width even if you're not using ch you can be setting this in ms whatever but do not you know make sure there is a max width on your paragraphs or on whatever is holding your paragraphs to prevent things from stretching from one side of the screen to the other there's a reason why you don't see that you don't see text on a lot of these websites that have lots of text even go to medium go check out medium you're going to see the text doesn't stretch from one side of the screen to the other if you go on a nice big screen everything is limited lots of white space on the sides that's perfectly fine don't be scared of that empty space so there you have it six quick tips and a bonus tip I hope you liked all of it I hope you can implement these into your projects if you have any other tips you'd like to share please leave a comment down below and let other people know about them a big thank you to my patrons just helping support everything I do here if you haven't yet subscribed and you enjoyed this video please hit subscribe once again do not forget to check out design moto slides the link is down in the description below thank you very much for watching and until next time don't forget to make your corner the internet just a little bit more awesome


the open source and explainable AI. And then I'm a master student, and actually I just finished my thesis and I also research then in the FKI or Germany Center for Official Intelligence. And then today I want to share about the open source and explainable AI. And then I have a little story when I was working on my thesis and which is the hard part of my life because a lot of things to do in the research lab. But I got a lot of help in the open source software. So when I'm looking for something, I just see, oh, I got this on the open source and then I got a lot of things in the open source. So I feel that I need to contribute back to the community. So I just want to share the knowledge to the community, especially to the open source community. And then I want to share about the open source and explainable AI. Okay, before we are going to the explainable AI, we know that since the era of deep learning, AI or artificial intelligence has had a strong open source traditions. Many important models, data sets, framework were done in open source way. And then the open source is the important part of the development of the AI technology. And then there are several things why the open source is important. And then when we use the open source software, we have a more control which we are able to examine the code and change part of the code. And we can also use the software for any purpose that we want. And then we can also study and learn from the expert by looking at code which publicly available. And then we can also share the knowledge to the other person, to the community. And we can also avoid the same mistakes to which the other persons get. And then it makes us learning and it's a place for training how to make a better software and AI system. And then the open source also more secure because anyone can feel, modify and correct the error on the code. And if many people contribute, the issue can quickly fix and update it. And moreover, the software also stable because the code is publicly available or publicly distributed and it is fit for the long-term projects. And then the last one is the community collaborations. And in our approach, we usually produce, test, use and promote software that we loved. And then the open source has a long history and this is a brief, memorable milestone. And then learning the history helped us to understand the past and the current state of the open source software. And then when we look back to the history, the concept of free information sharing in the technological ecosystem existed long before the computer itself. And then it's from the automobile industry in 1911, Henry Ford, auto for automobile won a challenge again, the pattern which tried to monopolize the automobile industry. And Henry Ford lead away the era of open collaboration especially in the automobile industry. And then during 1950 until 60, the widespread of sharing code, sharing so good was high. And most of the software produced by the academics and the lab which has longstanding traditions of open sharing and collaborations. And then in 1969, Arpanet, a precursor of the internet was released. It leads the easier exchange of the software code using the internet network. And then Linus Torvald in 1991, released the Linux with a fully-modifiable code which GNU listens to projects. And then in 2005, a simple versioning control like Git released to the public for software projects. And then since the era of deep learning in 2012 until now, AI has a strong open source traditions and many important AI system, framework, model and data set were done in open source way. And then when we look over the last few years, the widespread use of deep learning and artificial intelligence has experienced significant growth. And we also have a more than 17 billion devices with a trillion of sensor are connected to the internet. And they continuously generating streaming of the data. And the AI system can use this data and automate the process of decision-making. And AI system also improve rapidly in their performance as in language understanding, image recognition, speech recognition, and et cetera. It also impact many aspects of businesses, companies and organizations. And then many companies and organizations want to leverage the AI system. But it is not easy to trust the machine to take the decision, especially in the domain that needs a human expert, such as in the healthcare, transportation like a self-driving car and law and other sectors. Sometimes the decision result is not too important rather than the process of creating the decision itself. And in some recent model, like a deep neural network and we can only see the input, the model and the output but we don't have any knowledge about the internal process of it. And this is called the black box problem. Now we take a look at the black box problem. In the black box problem, in AI refers to the issue of understanding how machine learning choose a specific decision or predictions. In many cases, this model are complex, meaning that it can be difficult or even impossible to determine the reasoning behind that output. For example, here, the first image is cat, not a bottle. But we don't know how the machine said that this is a cat, not a bottle. Even this image contain both cat and bottle. And then in the second example is in a self-driving car. In machine, the machine just stop. But there is no explanation why the machine just stop. Is there any pedestrian or car which detected in their lighter sensor or et cetera and why the car choose a specific decisions. So the lack of transparency in our model can be a significant issue in the field such as healthcare when the stacks are high and decision need to be justified. In the medical image show here, is this B9 or malignant cancer. The decision of our model can also lead to error, bias and discriminations. As it might not be clear why certain decision are being made by our AI system. So to address this black box problem, we need explainable AI model. It can make a better transparency and explainability in our AI model. And then explainable AI refers to the techniques to make the decision result of the AI system can be explained and be understood. Explainable AI can help expand utilizing AI system in a critical and sensitive domain where several criterias must be met. We set only the high accuracy. And it different from the black box concept which cannot explain why this model choose the specific decisions. And then when facing the real problems, the challenge is not how to build a complex and sophisticated model, but how the machine can be understood by the human. And consequently the transparency and explainability of our model become a critical factors. Thus we need transparency and explainability in our AI system. So the human can understand why and how the model choose specific decision, not only just the accuracy of the model. So the user in the future can understand why the model choose specific decision and why not. And they will also know when it succeeds and when it failed. They will know when to trust the machine to take the decisions and know why the machine learning algorithm got an error. And then when we talk about the machine learning algorithm, there are several machine learning model. The deep neural network for example offer enormous advantages in terms of their accuracy, but they lack the ability to explain their results. The degree of explainability, the higher the quality of the results, the harder the model to explain it. And then the lower the quality of the results, the easier model to explain. The scrubs show the model performance versus the model explainability. And most widely used algorithm of machine learning are depicted here. And then from the simple model like a rule-based model, linear model and decision tree, until the complex model like a deep learning, GAN, CNN and RNN. The ideal solutions is to get high explainability with a high performance. However, the easier to explain the model like a linear model, rule-based model and decision tree, the lower performance in those in general. So in contrast, when we see the complex model like a deep learning and example model, they can achieve higher performance, but it's hard to explain their decisions. And then several methods of explainability has been proposed in deep learning model. One of them is saliency map. Saliency map is an important concept of deep learning and computer visions. And saliency method explain the decision of algorithm by using the input component. It assign value that reflects the importance of the input and their contribution to the decisions. The saliency usually use a heat map. It will show the hotness level of the regions that refer to the image which have a big impact on prediction to the specific class. And then the example of saliency map like a class activation map, grad cam, LRP and et cetera. In healthcare, it can be used to process the medical image. And in robotics, we can use the object detection and et cetera. It can also be used in the self-trapping car to detect the car and road and et cetera. And then next, we are going to the new trend of the AI, the generative AI. The generative AI is a class of machine learning that can learn from the context such as text, image, idea in order to generate new content based on the input prompt. In contrast with the common machine learning algorithm which learn and produce the decisions, the generative AI produce artifacts as on output which can have a wide range of variety and complexity. The generative AI has a large number of parameters. Moreover, the generative AI are able to process multiple prompt modalities. When we see in a deep, many of the generative AI use model like a generative adversarial network or then variational auto encoder, RINN and transformer model. And then the image show here is the transformer model. And then the transformer model is a deep learning model that adopt the mechanism of self-attentions. And then differentially waiting, the significant of each part of the input data. And it used primarily in the natural language processing and computer visions. And then the core component of the transformer is the embedding layer, attention, and feed forward blocks. And the attention block map the input into the query k and value and matrices and split into the array of heads. And the multiple heads concatenate it and create the multi-head attentions. So the important question is, how we make explainability in generative AI based on the transformer? And then explainability in generative transformer have become increasingly complex with a large number of parameters and their ability to process multiple input modalities. When we see the generative AI, which based on the transformer, we need to check the explainability in their model. Through their increasing size, transformers are exceptionally challenging for the explainability. However, the most explainability adoption in the transformer focus on their attention in the last lecture. And then let's take a look at the first image in here is the example of the explainability based on the cross entropy score. It showed the probability of the next word prediction value using the cross entropy. And then the second image is here is the example of the multimodal prompt. When we prompt the image in here, the generative AI, generative AI will answer the content of the image. The example of the answer content is a lonely cabin on the edge of the lake with a truck nearby and the kiss. It's of the answer also show the heat map image, which highly contribute to the specific answer. And when we use the image generations. But in top of that, it's still open research problem. And then so the last thing in the sessions, I'd like to take a key for the community. The community, especially the open source community, has a bigger role. And the explainability AI try to solve the black box problem in the machine learning. And we as a community can contribute together to make a better safety and trustworthy in our AI system. We can also building a foundation of an AI system for the future as the Linux era, which come from the open source community. And it become the foundation of the modern technology nowadays. And thus, there is a chance for constructing the foundation of the next generation of computing with an AI with the open source community, building safety, transparency, and reliable for the future of the technology. Thank you.