Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar Reyes Academy. Displayed are the list of news articles taken for today's analysis and the page numbers in different editions of the newspaper. Let's move on to the analysis of first news article. This news article talks about a waning and dying dance form of Udisha. The dance form is called as Ghotipua dance. In today's discussion, let us see about this dance form and also why it is in news in the course of the discussion. See these are some of the previous your questions asked in the area of art and culture. Keeping in view how these questions have been framed, we will have an in-depth discussion on this dance art form. See Ghotipua is a majestic traditional folk dance of Udisha. It is largely found in eastern part of Udisha. And if you know the meaning of the word Ghotipua, you can understand what the dance is about. See in Odiya language, Ghoti means one or single and Pua means boy. So it is a dance that is performed by young or single boys. But note that this is not one man's or one boy's dance. Ghotipua's always dance in pairs but it is completely different from other kinds of pair dances like duets. Now the magnificence or the beauty of this dance is that these young boys, they dress up as female to praise Lord Jagannath. Secondly, Lord Krishna. See Lord Jagannath and Lord Krishna, they are incarnation of Lord Vishnu in Hindu mythology. So therefore, the actual form of the dance is executed by a group of boys who perform acrobatic figures inspired by the life of Radha and Krishna. See Radha and Krishna are considered and believed to be a symbol of divine love in Hindu mythology. See these young boys, they start to learn this dance at an early age and they learn until their adolescence or they learn until when their androgynous look is fading. See androgynous means partly male and partly female in appearance. Here it doesn't mean that the boys are androgynous rather they have that appearance which may be attributed to some soft features like a female.  But the dance costume has evolved over time because of the influence of modernity. So as part of modernity, now it even includes gymnastic poses or human permits. And these two are very important part of this dance for which now the dance is famous around the world. And this acrobatic nature is also attributed to the history or origin of this dance form. So what about its history? The history of this dance form can be traced back to 16th century AD. At that time, Devadasi system was prevailing. Devadasis were called as Maharis in Odisha. They were the female dancers who are dedicated to the temples and in Odisha they were devoted to Lord Jagannath. But the Maharis, they came to be employed in royal courts and as a result this led to the degeneration of the art form.  They danced in the temples and they even took the dance out of temple for general entertainment as well. Now this is what was came to be known as Gotipuva's dance. But around 16th century AD, during the time of boy king Ramachandra Deva, there was a decline in Maharis style dances. See Ramachandra Deva was the founder of boy dynasty. So seeing the decline in Maharis style dance, he revived the dance and inculcated a physical culture in the dance through gymnasiums. See these gymnasiums they acted like a hub where there were military training and cultural activities. And maybe this is how the acrobatic movements got involved in this dance Gotipuva which was not present in the original version. So remember that the Gotipuva dance is in Odisha style resembling Maharis but their technique costumes and presentation differ from Maharis. In addition Gotipuva is far more organized than that of Maharis. Most importantly the present form of Odisha dance has been largely inspired from Gotipuva dance only. So we can say Gotipuva is the precursor of Odisha and as you know Odisha is one of the classical dances of India. Now let us see some of the features of Gotipuva dance. First the singing is done by the dancers themselves but it is reported that this tradition is now fading out. Secondly the song found in the traditional Gotipuva dance is a composition of Vaishnava poets who are these poets. Some of the important poets we can say Kabi Samrat, Upendra Banja, Kabi Surya Baladevarath, Gopal Krushna, Dina Krushna, Banabali Das, some of the Vaishnava poets whose composition were added in this traditional Gotipuva dance. Most of the songs are related to morality, ethics, principles that are found in Vaishnavism. Now thirdly the dance form includes musical instruments. What are the musical instruments found in this dance form? Mardala, Gini, Harmonium, Violin and Basuri. It is pronunciated as Basuri. Then fourth aspect see this Gotipuva dance it includes a repertoire or collection of dances. Very importantly it includes three aspects. One is Vandana prayer. See it is a customary dance worship prayer of God or Guru. Then there is Abhinaya. Now this includes enactment of a song and interpretation of poetry of ancient writings. Now this dance depicts or portrays Radha Krishna oriented poems like the famous Geetha Govinda of the 12th century. So it is like a moving love poem with facial expression, eye movement and mudra hand gestures. Then what is the third one here? That is Bandha Drutya. It is the presentation of acrobat yogic posters. This includes creation of figures of Radha Krishna, then the mythological scenes from their lives. Then it has similarity to visual representation that is drawn up by Pathachitra artist. See Pathachitra is the traditional painting of Odisha. So this dance includes difficult and intricate poses that involves twisting of the body and all. So therefore to be able to perform it, the boys need to start learning the dance at the early age of like five or even six years. Fifthly the dance posters, costumes, makeups, including the Bandha Rutya poses, they were derived from two ancient texts. What are they? One is Abhinaya Chandrika, then the other is Sankita Darpana. What is Abhinaya Chandrika? See it is an ancient text on Odisha dance. It was written by Maheshwar Mahapatra during the 15th century. What is then Sankita Darpana? See it is an ancient text from 16th or 17th century. It is about music and dance. It was written by Chathura Damodar Mohapatra. Sixthly, let us see the religious festivals that are linked with traditional Gautipua dance. See the festivals that include Gautipua dance are linked to Gautipua dance. We can say Chandan Jatra, Julan Jatra and Dola Jatra. During Chandan Jatra, the dance is performed on the water actually on a boat. Now why this dance form is in news? See this is because the current existing form of the dance is a degenerate state of its original form. Because now it is reported that it has become a poor imitation of Odisha dance. Initially, Odisha dance followed the Gautipua dance style but the situation is so grim that now Gautipua's follow Odisha. Also it is now performed as a group dance of six to ten boys and vastly it includes premed formation. So they are saying that it is differing from its most authentic form which was without the modern acrobatic movements and most worryingly even the state government is alleged to be focusing only on Odisha dance and not on Gautipua. So these are the reasons why they are found to mention in Metropolis of today's the Hindu newspaper edition and these are various aspects and we had an in-depth discussion on Gautipua dance. Now let's move on to the analysis of next news article. This editorial article is with reference to the recent decision of the Supreme Court which has decided to appoint retired judges as ad hoc judges to clear the increasing or mounting areas in the various high courts. So it is a discussion based on this issue. We will analyze the related aspects as part of this analysis. The relevant syllabus is highlighted here for your reference. See the high courts all over India they have a backlog of more than 57 lakh cases. While this is on one side these high courts they also have a vacancy level of around 40 percent and Supreme Court of India states that the high level of vacancy is what has actually contributed to the high backlog of cases. Therefore the Supreme Court or the apex court has chosen to activate an article from the Indian constitution to solve this problem. This article is what now you are seeing in the newspapers article 224 capital A. Now this decision was taken by a Supreme Court bench headed by the Chief Justice of India. So according to Chief Justice of India Sharath Aravind the challenge of mounting areas and existing vacancies requires recourse to article 224 capital A. Now there is one question whether this provision has been used widely or very frequently or only sparingly or rarely in the past. The answer is see the provision has been utilized only rarely or sparingly in the past. See it was used only for the limited purpose of disposing a particular kind of cases but the increasing backlog of cases has forced the Supreme Court of India to invoke this provision. So what do we mean by this article 224 capital A. Let us see about this. See this article deals with appointment of retired judges at sittings of high courts and as per this article the provision provides for the appointment of ad hoc judges in the high courts based on their consent. See a Chief Justice of a high court for any state may at any time request any person who has held the office of judge of that court or of any other high court so as to sit and act as a judge of the high court for that particular state with the previous consent of the president. That is the request will be made with the previous consent of the president of India. Now this is what the article is all about in addition to these matters the Supreme Court of India has orally outlined the prospective guidelines for the appointment and functioning of an ad hoc or temporary judge. Now let us see about them. See according to the guidelines the trigger points for these appointments will be when certain circumstances exist. What are they? One is when the vacancies go beyond 20% of the sanction strength or when more than 10% of the backlog of pending cases or more than five years old or when cases in a particular category are pending for more than five years or when the rate of disposal is slower than the rate of institution of fresh cases. So if the high court meets any of the above guidelines then an ad hoc judge can be appointed. See the court has clarified that this is a temporary process or an ad hoc process and therefore it does not constrain the regular appointment process of judges of a high court. Also the appointment of ad hoc judges would not be a threat to the services of other judges because the ad hoc judges will be treated as the junior most judges in the high court. The retired judges for the appointment of ad hoc judges would be chosen on the basis of their expertise in a particular field of dispute. See when the Supreme Court of India proposed for the appointment of ad hoc judges the central government did not oppose the proposal the central government welcomed this proposal and it ensured that the vacancies will be filled up first through regular appointment process from its side. That is after that there will be appointment of ad hoc judges. See judiciary is an important pillar of our democracy. Speedy and fair trial is an essential part of justice system. So appointment of retired judges to clear the backlog of cases is a welcome step but judiciary should also ensure that only retired judges with experience and expertise are offered these temporary positions and the article states that the judiciary should take all necessary steps to avoid favoritism during the appointment process. See generally the cases at the high courts involve adjudication with respect to some form of violations. If the cases are not heard and if judgment is not given on time then there will be disappearance of one of the important principles of penology. See in penology or in the study of punishments we say that punishments should be swift, certain and proportionate. All these three aspects should be there so that there is no repetition of an offense or so that there is correction of the behavior. If there is no swiftness then there is less deterrence or less fear to commit or transgress laws or to commit violations. So this will lead to a serious question of maintaining law and order in the society and therefore the idea of the Supreme Court to appoint ad hoc judges is a welcome step. So this can also address one another the court we usually say when justice is delayed that is delayed justice is denied justice or injustice. So these are some of the aspects with reference to the decision of the Supreme Court regarding appointment of ad hoc judges. Now let us move on to analysis of next news article. This article talks about African swine fever disease. See the African swine fever has hit four districts of Missouri state and has so far killed more than 1000 pigs in a month. So in this discussion let us have a discussion on this disease. See it is a highly contagious and a deadly viral disease but human beings need not worry because it is not a threat to human health. Why it is not a threat to human health? Because it cannot be transmitted from pigs to humans. We can now coming to this fever see this disease affects both domestic swines and feral swines of all ages. Here when we say swines we refer to pigs. Feral means those animals which exist in a wild state or in an untrained or untamed state or undomesticated state simply domestic and wild pigs. This fever it leads to an acute form of haemorrhagic fever. Why we need to worry about this fever? Because the mortality rate of this fever is close to 100% because it has no cure. The only way to stop its spread is by culling or by selectively killing the infected animals. Now what causes such fever? See it is caused by a large DNA virus of family called as far viride family and this disease comes under trans boundary animal disease. See according to food and agricultural organization the trans boundary animal diseases is defined as those epidemic diseases that are highly contagious or highly transmissible and having the potential for very rapid spread irrespective of national borders and causing serious socioeconomic and possibly public health consequences. So since African swine fever is a trans boundary animal disease it causes severe economic and production losses across the world. Now let us discuss how it spreads. See it spreads by live pigs or dead pigs both domestic and wild and also through pork products. The transmission of this disease can also occur through contaminated feed and fomites. Here fomites are some non-living objects like shoes, clothes, vehicles, knives, other equipment. We may ask how these fomites contribute to the transmission? This is because of high environmental resistance of this African swine fever virus. And know that so far there is no approved vaccine against this disease. Now let's see where these diseases have been reported so far. Historically outbreaks have been reported in Africa then in parts of Europe, South America and also in the Caribbean. It is also found in countries around the world very particularly in sub Saharan Africa. More recently we have found that it has spread through China, Mongolia and Vietnam and also within parts of even European Union. Now other facts about this disease is that see it is a disease that is listed in Terrestrial Animal Health Code of World Organization for Animal Health. So what is the meaning that if such a fever is listed in such code? That is it should be immediately reported once identified to this organization. See this organization is an intergovernmental organization that is responsible for improving animal health all over the world. It develops normative documents or research documents relating to rules that member countries can use to protect themselves from the diseases and such pathogens. Coming to India, India is a member of this organization. Its acronym is OIE. Now this is because initially it was called as Office International Day Epizooties. It was established in 1924. However in 2003 it became World Organization for Animal Health. However it kept its historical acronym OIE. So these are some of the information with reference to the analysis of this news article wherein we discussed about African swine fever, some consequences, how it can affect those people whose livelihood is based on pigs, pork, pork products etc. We also saw a brief about World Organization for Animal Health. Now let us move on to the next part of the discussion. Now let us take up this editorial article written by Mr. Prashant who is a senior public interest advocate practicing at the Supreme Court of India. The last year we discussed several aspects of contempt to the Supreme Court with reference to some of his tweets in the social media against the present Chief Justice of India. In relation to that we have discussed several provisions of the Contempt of Courts Act of 1971. Now coming to this article here the author talks about the failure of Indian judiciary particularly at the offices of the highest level in the Supreme Court mainly the last four Chief Justices of India in upholding justice and ensuring the independence of judiciary. For this he takes the examples of different cases that came up in the court and how the CJ dealt with them. So let us discuss this article in detail. The syllabus relevant for the analysis is highlighted here for your reference. So before we see what the author has to say it is important for us to know about the Chief Justice of India. So first let us briefly see about the CJI. See CJI is referred to as Prima Sinterpare which means First Amongst Equals that is within the Supreme Court. Now talking about the appointment see the CJI and the judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President Asper class 2 of article 124 of Indian Constitution and we know that article 124 is about the establishment and constitution of the Supreme Court and at present the maximum strength of the Supreme Court is 34 which includes one Chief Justice and 33 other Supreme Court judges and this number of judges of the Supreme Court is based on a law that is called as the Supreme Court Number of Judges Act of 1956. In 2019 this law was amended so as to increase the number of judges in the Supreme Court that elevated number to 34 including the Chief Justice of India. Prior to this the total strength was 31. Now coming to the appointment to the office of Chief Justice of India she or he should be the senior most judge of the Supreme Court who is considered fit to hold the office. The union minister of law and justice would seek the recommendation of the outgoing CJ for the appointment of the next CJ at the appropriate time and after the receipt of recommendation of CJ the union minister will put up the recommendation to the prime minister who will advise the president the matter of appointment. Know that other judges of the Supreme Court they are appointed by the president on the recommendation of Chief Justice of India who consults a collegium of four senior most puny judges of the Supreme Court. Now in addition to her adjudicatory role the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court also plays the role of administrative head of the court. Here she or he will exercise the prerogative of allocating cases to particular benches and will also decide the number of judges that will hear the case. Now this power of Chief Justice is commonly reported as the master of the roaster system. Now let us see what the author has to say regarding failure of judiciary to uphold justice. See the author is of the opinion that the Supreme Court of India the last five years during the tenure of last four Chief Justices has seen or kind of allowed unwarranted interference from the executive that is from the government. According to him there were issues in every aspect of dispensation of justice and this includes issues with respect to administration of the court and the allocation of cases and benches, protection of civil liberties, securing the rights and livelihood of poor and the marginalized and also in ensuring checks and balances in the functioning of executive. To substantiate his views he talks about the outgoing Chief Justice of India Mr. Sharad Arvind. Many important cases came before him during his tenure but most of these cases remained unheard or the court dismissed them. Some of the cases that were delayed for a long period of time include habeas corpus petitions under Article 32 mainly with reference to arrest of various political leaders from the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and there were also delay with reference to handling cases that were filed questioning of legality or constitutionality of the Citizenship Amendment Act of 2019 and also with reference to the judgments related to electoral bond schemes and in addition to this with reference to administration because of COVID-19 and associated lockdown the Supreme Court remained shut for physical hearing much of the time. Some reports say that there were at present currently more than 11 lakh cases pending at the highest court of India. So to prove his opinion the author does a case by case analysis one he talks about application filed in Supreme Court to prevent the detention and deportation of Rohiniya particularly in the current time where there is crisis or violence in Myanmar where the current ruling regime is military and recently we saw that it was disposed by a bench headed by CJA on the basis that there is procedural things are being followed by the government even in the current time with respect to deportation we saw a detailed discussion about this on 9th April 2021. What was the decision made by Supreme Court? Why such decision was made? What was the contention of the central government? What was the contention of the arguments of the advocates? We have discussed in detail in that analysis you can take a look on that. Secondly the author talks about unprecedented suffering by migrant laborers because of nationwide lockdown last year. The case for relief in terms of food, wages and transport was initially heard by the bench headed by CJA but unfortunately the author feels that the court failed to provide effective remedy to them. In this regard the author quotes the remark made by CJA who said if the migrant laborers are being provided meals then why do they need money? See basic subsistence does not only include having food it includes various other aspects like water, basic health, basic sanitation, basic shelter etc. Then according to the author it shows the court's inhumanity and apathy towards the distress of the poor and marginalized people. Then he talks about the Supreme Court's discouragement of habeas corbus petitions. At one point the CJA asked or discouraged this and has added statements like first approach high courts under Article 226 then come to us but as per the constitutional remedy available under Article 32 we can directly approach the Supreme Court for the failure or the violation of fundamental rights guaranteed in Part 3 of Indian Constitution. Then the author talks about the doubts on political neutrality of a committee of persons appointed by CJA to examine the issues of farmers and also with reference to farm laws and to negotiate with the farmers in the wake of recent protests of farmers. Here the author states that these members of the committee had earlier publicly supported the farm laws. So in this context the committee of people are pro-government then how they can be involved in negotiate or in having a neutral stand on these issues. Next the author talks about the failure of CJA in ensuring proper filling of vacancies of judges to Supreme Court and also to High Court and also mainly in failing to address the complaints that were filed against judges. Two important things the author reports there were lack of transparency and accountability with reference to the complaint that was filed against former CJA and current Rajasabha member Mr. Ranjan with reference to sexual harassment and also one against the upcoming CJA. Mr. Ramana a letter was actually written by the Anthropidesh Chief Minister having some allegations against who is going to become the next CJA. So there were some lack of accountability and transparency that is what the author is alleging. So the author concludes by saying that the Supreme Court of India is regarded as one of the most powerful courts in the world and in this regard it acts as a leader for many other courts across the world. So it is high time that our court must examine its failure to provide justice to the citizens and human beings and as the new CJA is going to take office the article expresses hope that in coming years the court reclaims its constitutional role by upholding and protecting India's constitutional values judicial independence democracy human rights and dignity. So these are some of the aspects with reference to the analysis of this lead editorial article. Now let's move on to next news article. This news article talks about the eligibility criteria to become an expert member at the National Green Tribunal. We know that recently former IAS officer and former Chief Secretary of Tamil Nadu Sri Girija Vaidyanathan was appointed as an expert member of NGT. The decision was challenged on the ground that she does not meet the eligibility criteria for the appointment. Initially the Madras High Court stayed her appointment but the decks were cleared later when it was substantiated that she is actually eligible. In this context let us discuss in brief about the qualification to become a member of National Green Tribunal and other important points in this article. The syllabus relevant for the analysis is highlighted here for your reference. See the objective of forming a tribunal in general it is to provide for speedy justice and inexpensive justice to the litigants. The tribunals are adjudicatory bodies in their specific fields save that is company law there comes national company law tribunal save that is with respect to issues related to environment then comes national green tribunal. So these tribunals are adjudicatory bodies in their specific fields which are formed by members with specialization and technical expertise. So the delivery of justice through tribunals is expected to be cost effective more accessible and also gives scope for utilizing expertise in the respective specific fields and when we can achieve all these objectives this will happen only when experts who are appointed into these bodies have enough special knowledge and experience. So the question of expertise of an expert or as an expert member has been in news with reference to the recent appointment that was made in NGT. Let us take this opportunity so as to look into the criteria that is given in National Green Tribunal Act of 2010. First let's see the composition then come to that part. Here section 4 talks about the composition. NGT shall have a full-time chairperson then there shall be a minimum of 10 full-time judicial members or a maximum of 20 full-time judicial members as notified by center. Coming to expert members there shall be a minimum of 10 but maximum of 20 as notified by the central government. See this law was passed by the parliament. Apart from this the chairperson of NGT may invite one or more persons who have specialized knowledge and experience in a particular case before the tribunal so as to assess the tribunal in that particular case. Now let's come to the qualifications for appointment of chairperson, judicial member and expert member as given in section 5 of this NGT Act 2010. See section 5 subsection 1 states that a person is not qualified for appointment as the chairperson or judicial member of the tribunal unless she or he is or has been a judge of a Supreme Court or Chief Justice of a High Court. That is only if a person is or has been a judge of a Supreme Court or CJ of a High Court the person is qualified for the appointment as the chairperson or as the judicial member of the tribunal. In addition a person who is a judge of a High Court or who has been a judge of a High Court shall also be qualified to be appointed as a judicial member. Now let us see the qualification for the appointment of expert members that is given in subsection 2 of section 5. The Act provides two kinds of criteria one based on qualifications and practical experience and another on administrative experience in the field. In either of these two criteria they should be eligible. An expert member shall have a degree in master of science with a doctorate degree or master of engineering or master of technology. In addition they should also have an experience of 15 years in the relevant field and this 15 years also includes five years of practical experience in the field of environment and forest in a reputed national level institution. Here when we say five years practical experience in the field of environment and forest this includes pollution control, hazardous substance management, environment impact assessment, climate change management, biological diversity management and forest conservation. Now coming to second aspect or second set of criteria for the expert member that is they should have an administrative experience of 15 years and this 15 years is including experience of five years in dealing with environmental matters in the central or a state government or in a reputed national or state level institution. Now with respect to former chief secretary it was alleged that she comes under this criteria and that this five years of dealing with environmental matters there is some shortage or lack of clarity that is what it was alleged in the case. Later Metra Cycote has passed order that she is eligible to be an NGT member as she fulfilled the experience of five years in dealing with environmental matters in central or state government or in a reputed national or state level institution. Now there was also discussion about the question whether her administrative experience should be treated as equivalent to the real expertise. We are dealing with expert members so they are questioning of the 15 years you can find only five years is considered in dealing with environmental matters. What about remaining 10 years can we consider it as real expertise that is what the question is. The author says that the High Court declined to interfere with this matter as the domain comes under the parliament or the statute was passed by the parliament it is the wisdom of parliament either to make an amendment in future or to remain with the same aspect with reference to the criteria. However this has raised the question to know about the need relevance and composition of many tribunals and some of the tribunals have also come under judicial scrutiny in the recent past. Therefore the author requests that the center should clarify qualifications for expert members in such tribunals and also the center must look into a directive given by the Supreme Court so as to constitute a national tribunals commission. Now what will be the function of this national tribunals commission see it will supervise the appointment and functioning of tribunals say for example national company or tribunal national green tribunal etc. It was suggested so as to ensure that real expertise will fill the vacancies in tribunals so as to ensure efficient justice delivery. So these are some of the aspects with reference to the analysis of this news article so what the High Court finally concluded is the current appointment is as per law and the future is up to the parliament so as to stay with the current format or to bring a change. So in this article we discussed about the composition of national green tribunal. We saw a brief about tribunals and the current issue with respect to appointment of a former chief secretary as expert member. We also saw the eligibility criteria to be appointed as chairperson judicial member and also as expert member. We also saw some directions given by this High Court with reference to appointment in tribunals. Now let's move on to next article analysis. This news article is regarding the commitment made by Prime Minister of India during the Leader's Summit on Climate which was organized by the United States of America. During the summit an important partnership called as India-U.S Climate and Clean Energy Agenda 2030 was launched. It aims to mobilize investments and to demonstrate clean technologies and to enable green collaborations between the two states. In this context you can find an acronym called as NDC in this article. In this context let us discuss in brief about India's nationally determined contributions. See these are targets that are set up by each country to help achieve the objective of Paris Agreement which is to keep global warming to considerably below 2 degree Celsius or preferably below 1.5 degree Celsius by the turn of the current century. What will happen if this objective is not met? This will lead to destabilization of coastal ecosystems and communities and it will lead to submerging of lot of small island developing states. Now let us see India's NDCs. See India proposed a healthy and sustainable way of living that is to be based on traditions and values of conservation and moderation. It also adopted a climate friendly and a cleaner path at corresponding level of economic development that is at comparable levels of income India's growth path is much more cleaner and greener than the other countries. Next India committed to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35 percent by 2030 from the 2005 level. It also committed to achieve about 40 percent cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel based energy resources which is also to be achieved by 2030. Now this would be done with the help of transfer of technology and low-cost international finance even including green climate fund. Next India committed to create an additional carbon sink of 2.3 to 3 billion tons of CO2 equivalent how this is to be done through additional forest and additional tree cover which is again to be achieved by 2030. See India also focuses on adapting to climate change by enhancing investments in development programs in those sectors which are vulnerable to climate change what are some sectors we can say agriculture, water resources, Himalayan region, coastal regions etc. India also emphasized on mobilizing domestic new and additional funds from developed countries to implement the discussed mitigation and adaptation actions. Another focus is to build capacities to create domestic framework and also international architecture for quick diffusion of cutting-edge climate technology to our country. Now let us see the status of India with respect to these proposed NDCs. See during COP 25 of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Madrid in 2019 our Union Environment Minister updated India's achievements as per the statement India has already reduced emissions intensity of GDP by 21 percent and India is on track to achieve the goal of 35 percent emissions reduction and as we know we set 175 gigawatt renewable energy target by 2022 this was also later upgraded to 450 gigawatt by 2030 and as of December 2019 86 gigawatt of renewable energy capacity has already been achieved. Now coming to creating additional carbon sinks Union Minister stated that our green cover had increased by around 15,000 square kilometer the last few years. Here the last few years would refer to period prior to December 2019 and India is also investing in urban forests school nursery agroforestry and these are expected to further increase the forest cover while these are some of the achievements so far some independent studies have pointed that with our present pace it may be a little difficult to achieve the target by 2030 and one of the factors that has spoiled the pace is the COVID-19 pandemic so these are some information about India's NDCs now let's move on to next part of the discussion. Now see this news article which talks about an order from the Russian Defence Minister so as to end the Russian military drills near Ukraine this comes as a gesture to rebuild the country's relations with Ukraine in this regard the Russian president has invited the Ukrainian leader Zelensky for talks in Moscow so now let us have a discussion in brief about Ukraine see it is located at the central part of Eastern Europe having capital at Kiev it became fully independent in their 1991 after the breaking up of Soviet Union so prior to 1991 Ukraine was a Constituent Republic of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or the USSR see the country is bordered by Belarus to the north Russia to the east we can see Sea of Azov and Black Sea to the south then to the southwest we can see Moldova and Romania then Hungary Slovakia and Poland to the west the far southeast Ukraine is separated from Russia by a straight called as Kerch Strait this straight it connects the Sea of Azov to the Black Sea see this country it lies on the crossroads of major transportation routes from Europe to Asia and from Scandinavian states to the Mediterranean region coming to landscape it occupies southwestern portion of the Russian plane this plane is called as the east European plane it consists of almost entirely of level planes at an average elevation of 175 meters above the sea level see it possesses around 5 percent of world natural resources coming to the drainage system almost all the major rivers in Ukraine they flow northwest to southeast through the plains and they empty into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov famous rivers we can say that Denaipar river, Sadanbu, Don, Danube etc mainly the Denaipar river and its tributaries dominate the entire central part of this country now coming to climate see it lies in a temperate climatic zone but influenced by a moderately warm humid air from the Atlantic Ocean the winters in the west are considerably milder than the winters in the east in the summer however on the other hand the east frequently experiences higher temperatures than the west rainfall or the precipitation is uneven and the maximum precipitation generally occurs in June and July while minimum falls in February snow falls we can see mainly in late November and in early December coming to vegetation three main zones of natural vegetation exist from north to south they are called as policia which means woodland and marshes then forest steppe and the steppe now during the soviet period that is prior to 1991 there were rapid industrialization and intensive forming and this resulted in destruction of the forest in this region and one another difficulty was when 1986 accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant this created severe environmental problems in the northwest in Ukraine see this part was earlier under soviet union but now it is situated in Ukraine it was reported that vast areas of land are contaminated by the dangerous short and long-lived radioactive isotopes particularly because of the impact of strontium-90 so these are some of the information with reference to Ukraine now let's move on to next part of the discussion this news article talks about the Trishur Puram the news article states that the Vilambaram ritual it marked the beginning of Puram celebrations yesterday and this ritual involved the arrival of Teiti Naidilakavu Bhagavati at Sri Vadakunnadan temple see Trishur is called as the cultural capital of Kerala now because of COVID-19 the news article reports that the famous 36-hour event will be reduced to just a few hours of celebrations now in relation to this we have discussed in detail about Trishur Puram called as the Puram of Purams on 14th May 2019 Hindu news analysis for more information on Trishur Puram we advise the viewers to have a look on that video now let's move on to next part of the discussion we have come to the last session the practice questions discussion session first question is with reference to Gautipua dance with reference to Gautipua dance which of the following statements is or are incorrect it includes presentation of acrobat yogic postures see the statement is correct it also includes premit forming poses then difficult and intricate poses which involve twisting of the body so the statement is correct second statement it resembles maharidans and a precursor of odisi see this statement is also correct see this dance is an odisi style resembling maharis but the technique costumes and presentation in this dance it differ from those of mahari and Gautipua is far more organized than that of maharis the present form of odisi dance has been largely inspired from Gautipua dance only so we say that Gautipua is a precursor of odisi third statement it includes creation of figures and the mythological scenes from the lives of Radha and Krishna see this statement is correct we have to identify incorrect statements none of the other statements are incorrect so the correct answer is option d see this previously asked question the term intended nationally determined contributions is sometimes seen in the news in the context of pledges made by the european countries to rehabilitate refugees from the war affected middle east option b plan of action outlined by the countries of the world to combat climate change see option b is the correct answer see this map based question consider the following russia black sea turkey poland which of the above have land border with ukraine we can see that turkey doesn't have land border with ukraine if you eliminate turkey from the answer you can arrive at the correct answer option b one two and four only now this question is with reference to african swine fever two statements are given which of our statements are correct the african swine fever is a highly contagious and deadly bacterial disease see this is incorrect it is a deadly viral disease this disease easily spread from swine to humans again this statement is also incorrect as it does not spread from swine to humans so the correct answer is option d neither one or two are correct see these practice mains questions you can answer these questions and post them in the comment section with this we come to the end of today's the hindu news analysis if you like this video click the like button comment share and subscribe to shankarai's academy youtube channel for more updates and content on civil service exam preparation


What is going on everybody? Welcome back to my channel. For those of you who are new around here, my name is Michael, A.K.A. Dr. Cholini and I'm a fifth year interventional radiology resident. Now it's been almost a year and a half since I uploaded a video entitled How I Memorized Everything in Medical School and since I uploaded that video, it now has over one million views which is absolutely mind blowing. And since it's been almost a year and a half since I uploaded that video, I thought I would do an updated video in which I gave you all three more new tips and also do a deep dive into one of my favorite resources that I use in med school and they happen to be a sponsor of this video. So why don't we go ahead and get into it. So at this point in my career, I think it's safe to say I've taken a few examinations in of those examinations including step one, step two, physical exam boards, step three, my recent radiology boards which I can't believe it's been almost eight months since I've taken those, that's crazy to me. Anyways, of those board examinations and seemingly millions of tests that I took throughout medical school and undergrad, I use the exact same study technique for all of them. So why don't we touch on a few tips that have helped me do so well throughout my journey. So the first tip I have for you all and I've also touched on this in prior videos and it's that you must wake up early. I mentioned this tip in one of my prior study videos or some other video I did a while ago and I got so many comments about how the person cannot wake up early and it's impossible to wake up early. First of all, no it's not. Second of all, you better get used to waking up early if you wanna do anything related to medicine but almost all medicine starts first thing in the morning. For instance, when I did my surgery intern year, rounds started at 6 a.m. sharp which means I would pre-round before getting there around 5.30-ish which means I would wake up about five o'clock or 4.45 every single day, six days a week for a year straight. So if you're not a morning person, you'll turn into one really quick if you do any surgical specialty. So why is waking up early so important to doing well on examinations and doing well with your studying? In short, I don't really know but I will say that it's helped me and it's helped many of my colleagues along our medical training. As I've said in prior videos, I used to wake up about five o'clock and get to the library at like 5.15 or 5.30 and there's something about being there while it's still dark outside before everybody's up, before the sun is up, with your nice cup of coffee in a quiet area and you just get to work. I really can't explain it but as soon as I have that coffee in my hand and I sit down, I'm like laser focused first thing in the morning and I don't stop until like noon. The other reason I like waking up early especially in medical school was that most tests started about 8 a.m. and I was always in that groove of getting to the library at 5 a.m. or so and doing that on test day was so clutch because you get that kind of last minute, three hour study block right before the exam and you just crunch all those small minutia details and you get all those answers right on the test. So that's a little secret. So the next tip I have for you all is that repetition is everything. When studying a specific subject matter in medical school or residency, I would often first start with a review resource or program that was recommended to me by a colleague. One of my favorite resources I use in medical school happens to be a program called Pickmonic which also happens to be the sponsor of this video. Pickmonic is an online platform that uses picture mnemonics and stories which helps you remember large quantities of information quite easily. So on the homepage you can type in and search anything throughout their entire system right here. So to give you all an example we'll focus on the corner artery anatomy here because that seems to be problematic for a lot of people. So let me go ahead and show you this. So here we have the anatomy that we're going to be talking about or we're going to click on this video right here. So the first thing I recommend you doing is actually listen to the educational video first and then follow that with the story view in which I'll give you an example right now. In this Pickmonic we describe the coronary arteries, the crown heart with artery arteries. Coronary blood flow begins with the aortic root, the aortic roots, which then flow into the right and left coronary arteries. The RCA or right coronary artery, the right crown heart is notable because it supplies the SA and AV nodes. It gives off the right marginal, the right margin. The RCA later branches into the posterior descending artery, the posterior descending. From the aortic root, blood also flows into the LCA or left coronary artery, the left crown heart. This first gives off the left anterior descending artery, the left anteater descending. This is sometimes called the widowmaker because it is the most commonly diseased coronary artery. The left coronary artery then branches into the circumflex, the circumference compass, which supplies the left vertical. The left marginal, the left margarine, branches off of the circumflex artery. So let's recap coronary artery anatomy. The aortic root supplies arterial blood to the right and left coronary arteries. The right coronary artery first gives off the right marginal and then the posterior descending arteries. The left coronary artery first branches to the left anterior descending and later splits into the circumflex and left marginal arteries. So next I recommend you play the story view because it's actually pretty funny and it'll help you kind of tie all the subject matter in and help you memorize large quantities of info pretty well actually. So let's listen to this. This crown heart is covered by arteries through which characters do battle with archery arrows. The arteries are fed by the aortic root. So picture the aorca with roots and it's been hooked up to these coronary arteries like this is some kind of whaling operation and the characters are after it's whale oil. But whaling is illegal. So these crown hearts show up at the right and left coronary arteries and shoot archery arrows to defend the whale. Let's start with the right crown heart artery. It sees the right marginal artery branching off to fill the right margarine tub with whale oil and it goes crazy. It lets an arrow fly and it hits the responsible posterior causing it to descend towards the posterior of the heart. The left crown heart comes face to face with two characters responsible for the whaling op and shoots them both. First it shoots the anteater and sends it descending down the anterior of the heart. Then it shoots the circumference compass and it goes swinging back around the circumference of the heart. With the whalers out of commission the whale oil at the left margarine tub slows down to a trickle and the whales are saved. Hooray! So once you've watched both the educational video and the story you can then go along and quiz yourself on each section. This is just another way to help you ingrain this info in your head because you're getting asked questions on material that you just watched and listened to. And if you aren't 100% sure what the answers are you can click to reveal the hints that will further stimulate your memory a little more. So for instance on this question the right coronary and left coronary artery originate from which of the following structures if you don't remember you can click on the hint and hopefully that'll jog your memory on the educational end story that you just watched. So this is the bid aorta or aorta so they arise from the aorta. One thing I like about these quizzes is that they track your progress over time and it knows what questions it needs to repeat in the future. So when every time you log on to the platform you will be asked to do your questions for the day and you oftentimes get retested on some of these answers that you got incorrectly. So one of my absolute favorite things about this program is say you are studying for step one or step two you can actually go into the first aid book and go into the different chapters of each book and even open the pages and do the pickmonic based on the pages that you are reading in first aid. So for instance page 353 would be about tritiosophageal fistula and you would then do a pickmonic and the educational and the funny story view and then follow that with the quiz. You can also create your own and use these kind of funny characters to kind of create your own pickmonic which I also think is super cool. Some of these are pretty funny actually. Like anemia is an anemone is kind of funny. So you can actually drag these characters onto pickmonics that you made or ones that have already been made and you can drag them and kind of customize your own pickmonics for your learning. So if that wasn't enough they also have a ton of information in the margins next to the pickmonic. So you actually have a ton of information at your fingertips when you work on this program. So once you get accustomed to using it I mean honestly you can do so much with it. All right so like I said this resource is pretty much limitless and I cannot recommend it enough. So this program actually just came out when I was a med student studying for step one and I thought some of these pickmonics were so hilarious. Since then the company has grown exponentially and we now have this amazing platform to work with. So hopefully you guys can enjoy it like I did. This platform is also available for all health students for instance med students, nurses, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, pharmacists, occupational therapists, physical therapists, et cetera, et cetera. So go check out the website and see if they have something for you. And if you're interested in using pickmonic and want two weeks free use the link in my description. So since we're still talking about repetition after I would use these review resources like pickmonic I would then go back and read the subject matter in the textbook and it makes it seem less dry. When you read it you can remember stuff and especially remember some of the images that you saw in the review programs like pickmonic. It'll further help you solidify that information in your brain and hopefully it lets you not forget it. After all memorization is a huge part of medical training. So the third and final tip I have for you all is that you need to set a time limit on your study session. For some reason setting an arbitrary time limit helps you stay laser focused during that study time. So there's multiple ways to do this. For me personally I would set a daily time limit. So like I said I would get to the library super early around five AM and I would say that I'm going to study until six PM which is not that unreasonable when you're studying for like step one or whatnot. So what I would do is sit down at five AM or so and study completely without any interruption until about six PM and six o'clock on the dot I would close my books, pack up and go home and just sit on the couch, watch TV, make dinner or whatnot. A lot of my friends would actually break up every hour into study sessions. So they would set a timer for 50 minutes and when that 50 minutes was up they would take a 10 minute break in which they would just go walk around the school or use the bathroom or whatever. And then they would come back as soon as that 10 minutes was up, start again, do another 50 minutes, repeat, repeat, repeat and then finish the day whenever. So setting a time limit always helped me and it might help you all as well. Okay, so that officially concludes this video on my updated tips on how to study effectively and efficiently. I hope you all enjoyed it. I wanna thank Picmonic again for sponsoring this video because it is a fantastic resource and I'm so happy to be working with them. If you have any other study tips you'd like to share with everybody leave them in the comments below and I will try to pin them and if I think they're awesome. As always smash that like and subscribe button and follow me on Instagram if you don't already. Leave a comment below if I like it, I'll respond to it. As you know I usually respond in the first hour or so. Don't forget to turn on post notifications so you are notified when I post a new video which is usually one or two times a week. Otherwise, I'll see you all on the next video.


大家早上好 歡迎收看財新辯論今天的特別的節目我們在柬埔寨金邊錄製討論的題目是現金如何不再為王Hello everyone welcome to 財新 Debate in NampenToday we are going to discusshow to dethrone cash as a kingenbleaching the managing director of 財新 GlobalSouth East Asia is on the verge of the digital boomthe numbers are stunningfor the more than 600 million people in this regionmore than a third a smartphone usersand more than a quarter have subscription to broadbandhave subscription to broadband servicesthe high penetration road is growing a double digitbut at the same time we have very low applicationof many of the services the digital servicesincluding let's say e-commercewhich accounts for only 3% of the retail sales herecompared to more than 14%in US and China marketand so much of the transactionis still taking place in cashso why is there the mismatchhow to close the gapand I'm just imagine the forcethat will be unleashed when we close this gapso today we have distinguished panelists herejoining us to discuss this issueand tell us why and howlet me introduce my panelists hereso first of all let's say Dr. in Cheneythe president and the managing directorof the group managing director of CambodiaAkleta Bankthank youand Mr. Tim Murphythe general counciland chief franchise officerof MasterCardand Nick Nashthe group presidentNick Nashthe group presidentof what formerly known as Carinaand now C groupthank youyesand Rahu Sinhafrom PayPal general managerof PayPal Southeast Asialet's first start hearingfrom Dr. in Cheneywho has a fascinating personal storyfrom a labored kidin under Kamahoucheand now the founderand also the founderalso the presidentof the largest bank in Cambodiaso Dr. in Cheneyhow do you see the mismatchand how do we change that hereso thank you Mr. Lee ThienI think the subject isinspired me a lotso because Cambodiaeven we are look intocompare with the other countryin the region in ASEANyes especially we arewe are like thethe lab not the factnot the not the maturein terms of finance or systemwe are but we are notleave behindwe are fast in such a wayin terms of technologyyou know weso theI compare with thewith the countrywith the facilitywith the landlinewe start withthe technologywhere we have mobileso wethis is in such a waywe are fastso look into the mismatchyou say thatcompare to the United Statesin and alsoin the mature countrythe ASEANon the penetrationonly 3%butthis isthere are a lot ofkey barrier into thisso one isthe customer educationand secondlywhen we talk aboutthe e-commercewe look intothe regulation in placeso talking aboutregulation in placewe alsonot talk just onebut one ministrywe talk witha fewinvolve ministrythat need tocoordinate itto work togetherneed to agreethatcertain regulationrelate to e-commerceneed toto bejust assignedone ministryto look into thatand let megive youin case of Cambodiaas a Cambodiaso when we talkabout e-commerceregulationwe talkabouta ministryof commercewe talkaboutthe nationalbibecommodiaand we talkaboutthe ministryof interioraswhenlook intothethere isa draftlawalreadyin placebutto myunderstandisfrom2015so ittakestimesothis isthefirstcustomereducationsecondisthee-commercelawand regulationand thethirdoneistherelateto theavailabilityof thesupportthebakeissuewewewe joininthisnetworklaterbutwe movefasterIweusual traveltotheothercountryletintheusinJapaninEuropeisyouknowin termsofnetworktheyouwepayinKangburialotsofplaceI meanmanyplaceissuchasa hotelrestauranisafreesothe support thenetworkit'sisevenmuchmoreavailablesothisisthespecifickeybarrierwhye-commercewhye-paymentwhylikepaymentvcardfacitymoveslowbecausea keythe keyonelikecustomereducationtheregulationwhywe needregulationwhenwhenwecontinuetoprovidetheseservicesthereisnonoauthorityinKangburyasay thatthis isnoregulationyou shouldnotnot do ititwe think in terms of this disputewhen the dispute comeand then we think thatall the regulation is very importantbecauseand thenwe want the regulationthat can helpshow the issuequicklynotnot a matter of likeso far we saidlet wait until 45 daysso wewe want but in weekat leastnoifif not within the dayat leastbut in weeknot three monthsso this ismy point related to whyit moveslowinourregionvery importantpornonregulationand willcomebackonthatbutbeforethatcanyougiveusasenseofthehugepenetrationratetomobilefromhereandthemissedopportunitywhoorthepotentialofthepotunityherebecauseyesterdayprimeministerhandsandmentiontheyarethethefoamownershipislike120%ofthepopulationhereyeahthat'scorrectbecauselikewewejoinedlatebutwe movefastlikenumberofmobilephoneasourprimeisterindicatedyesterday125%soonelikeonepersonhavemorethanonemobilephonesothisisonthepornetrationandthenlookintothesmartphonealsobecausetheavailabilityplustheprice7001000USDbutwe talkabout150to200USDtheycanhavelargecapacityorissothepornetrationpornetrationisveryhighandandandlikeatwosortnotnotnotonesortlikeyousortlikeonesortinintheotherworldbutinKambudbecauseit'satwosort ofthepeoplewhoowntheandnowlet's switchtoTimSoTimyou havemore thanseventeenyearsexperienceonpaymentSotell mehow you seethe mismatch hereandhow wouldyouadressthatSoit'sagreatquestionandin somewayscashstill remainskingasas we'vesaid85%andtransactionsin theworldtodayareincashwe knowthatcashisdificalfor consumersin termswe knowit'sdifficultforsocietiesit'sitpromotesthegreateconomyandit'sachallengefromafromgovernmentstandpointfortaxcollectionifweincreaseanycountriesapercentageofelectronicpaymentsbyonepercentrelativetoPCEwe knowwe canhelpaccelerateGDVgrowthGDPgrowthbysomewherebetweenathirdanda half of a percentagepointsoI think the challenge ahead of us is one that requires a whole variety of solutions.This is a challenge that will be addressed by card payments, by mobile payments.It will be addressed by banks and by fintech providers.It will be addressed by the public and the private sector working together.And in our view, there's three things that are essential.The first is you have to recognize that one of the reasons for the mismatch that you've talked aboutis because electronic payments distinct from having access to the internetis a different kind of transaction.Governments want to know who is conducting payments around the world.There are fundamental requirements in every country worldwide on anti-money laundering, on KYC,know your customer.That means that identity, formal identity for consumers is a critical part of enablingthe world beyond cash and electronic payments.And systems like that lack in many places.So, formal identity is a key part of the dethroning cash as king.We're seeing really interesting progress in India, Nigeria and other places on very major efforts to provide more people around the world with a formal identity.The second thing we've got to do is recognize that in order to displace cash, we need every human being on the planet to have access to a secure transaction account.We need that account to be usable in many places and we need to educate consumers, as Dr. Chani said, about the benefits of electronic payments.All three of those things are required and they will take work across all elements of the sector to drive progress.Financial institutions have a huge role to play, sort of mobile money operators, sort of e-commerce giants.And one of the critical things we need to do together is make sure that small merchants, small enterprises around the world can accept electronic payments.So, there's quite a bit of work to do.Very interesting.Thanks for mentioning the financial inclusion and we'll come back to that.And now, Nick.So, Nick, your company just changed its name this very week from Karina to SEA Group, to Sea Group.And you are one of the leading internet companies here.One of the most highly valued internet company in this region.So, tell us, first of all, why did you change the name?It's a great question.And thank you so much for organizing this panel.It's wonderful to be here with a number of friends and many, many teachers in the audience that have given us so much over the years.Garina was founded back in 2009 with a very specific mission, which was to democratize technology for the true middle class of what we call Greater Southeast Asia,which is ASEAN and Taiwan combined together.And our very first business was in digital media and entertainment.And that's flourished.It's become a very significant, in fact, the number one by market share business in its category.And then about two years ago, we launched a second business in financial services, a payments business, again to democratize payments for this region.And then about a year and a half ago, we launched yet another business in e-commerce called SHOPI.And SHOPI is now the largest e-commerce business in what we call Greater Southeast Asia in terms of the orders per day.And AirPay is one of the very largest in fintech.And we felt that we needed a brand that wasn't just the brand of our first business, but a brand that captured all of what we want to do for consumers.And so we thought long and hard and picked the simplest, humblest name we could find, which is C, because it stands for Southeast Asia.And it also is the one unifying geographic element of this entire region.Something like 90% of our population here lives on an island or near the shoreline.The C is part of our lives every day.So we felt great about that.And let's come back to your question.How do you and how does C group see the mismatch here?And how do you address that?We've been talking about this for a while.We are frustrated in some ways by the tremendous mismatch between digitally connected consumersand digitally disconnected paying consumers.And advertising alone will never support great internet business models here.We have three very specific views that we want to share with the group.One is that solving the cash problem will be essential to this.We notice in every one of our markets, even our more affluent markets like Taiwan,the cash is an important part of the equation.And we've stumbled upon, I would hesitate to say we've inventedbecause others have had similar successes on a model we call the reverse ATMwhere we enable hundreds of thousands of locations,in our case about 150,000 locations as top up points for mums and dadsas regular middle class families to top up money into a wallet.And that leads to our second view which is thatI think an incredibly important part of where payments will evolvein Southeast Asia is towards prepaid debit accountswhich may or may not be linked to a bank account.Today in Southeast Asia about half of our population,almost 300 million people don't even have a checking accountlet alone a fintech sort of snazzy walletand that's going to be a very interesting conceptthat will gradually shrink over timebut actually hundreds of millions of people may initially adoptmore of a prepaid relationship through a mobile wallet.And our third observation is that we find thatthere really is an opportunity for local and regional championsto be successful.There are phenomenal global businesses like PayPaland MasterCard that will have a role to play herebut we'd be disappointed if there weren't a fewlocal champions as well.But the missing ingredient to do that is deregulation.And the reason we say that is it is probablyimpossible in some of our countries herefor a local startup, an ASEAN startupto get an e-money license.And for all sorts of reasons we can discuss later in the panelbut liberalizing that giving our local companiesa chance to compete on a level playing fieldin this region I think is crucialfor us to have a national and a global leaderin this area.Thank you, thank you.And we'll talk about the level playing fieldin that global champion in a minute.So Rahu, now turn to you.You are responsible expanding PayPalin this Southeast Asia region.So how do you see the shift in this region?Good morning first of all.Great.Thank you so much for having me on this panel.I'm very privileged and I'm really excitedto be on this panel.I've been associated with financial inclusiondisplacing cash for the last 18 yearsand pretty much most of it in this part of the world.So I'm not giving you my CVbut just trying to establish in the relevanceto this particular context.So extremely excited to talk about thiswith my fellow panelists.I think it's an important issue.I think we can all agree cash is dirty,cash is dangerous, and cash is expensive.I think it's incumbent upon usthe industry plays both global and localto try and displace it.It has huge benefits for the society,for the economy, for GDP growthas Timothy mentioned.My vantage point on this areais a little different from whatNikki Timothy mentioned.They were kind of focused a little biton the consumer side, getting consumersto adopt financial services.Where is what we have beendoing at PayPal and what I have beenand my teams have been involvedis enabling the small merchants,the MSMEs, the entrepreneurs,the micro enterprises to goonline and start earning a livelihood.And I think we've seen tremendousprogress in that area.When we talk about financial inclusionyou know the general definitionis typically about getting peoplewho are unbanked basic financialinstruments so that they can dobasic transactions.I think we've taken a slightlydifferent stance to thiswhich is enabling the underprivileged,the underserved and allowing themto connect to the global economyand start doing basic trade.And one of my favorite examplesis in one of our customers.She's a freelancer.She does web design servicesand she used to be a nurseand used to find it very difficultto make her ends meet.Then she discovered that she's avery good content writerand a blog writerand somebody told herwhy don't you go onlineso there are a lot of freelanceplatforms like up forfreelancer.com,facebook where you could findclients and PayPal was thereto bridge the missing linkof payments so she was ableto then start doing content workfor the global audienceand start earning a livelihood.She was able to quit her joband now employs four peopleand runs a fairly big enterpriseand earns ten timesthat what she wasinterpreting.So this is an exampleof financial inclusion.This is an exampleof dethroning cash.And that's kind ofbeen a big, big focus areaon enabling the MSMEsand this Jeanineis one examplethere are about 200,000such examplesthan I can talk about.South East Asia now hasclosed to about3.5 million freelancers.Freelancers is a broadpublic organization of anybodywho has given up theirregular joband doing work on their ownfrom the comfort of theirhomes.All they need is a computerand a fast internetconnection.And that has beengrowing quite rapidlyand we've beenenabling that.A little bit on theconsumer sidealluding to some of thepoints which the fellowpanelists made aroundgetting people,especially the underbankand the underservedbasic access tofinancial services.And I think we've struggledwith that for the last9 years.M-Pesa and Kenyais always touted asa great example.40% of GDPnow is going throughM-Pesa.They've done aphenomenal job ingetting peopleinto basicgetting basicfinancial services.And I think there aremore than 20 mobileoperators who've triedthis in this part ofthe worldwith limited successbecause they'velimited the usecasesspecifically toairtime topup in P2P.And it's verydifficult to explainto a customerwhy do you needfor a futureuse case.And I thinkthat's whereNick's company hasdone a marvelousjob in trying toopen it upand say wemake it more ubiquitous.And as again,credit is duewith MasterCard.They've done aphenomenal jobin gettingthe prepaidrails out there.So a lot of thewallets whichwere closed loopwallets whichcould only beused withina certain ecosystemhave now opened upand let's takean example oftrue money inAerpaein Thailandand now connectedon theMasterCardrails it givesyou ubiquity.So whenyou say cash isking,I thinkcash isking,but theusecase isking con.Just tosoundcorny.So ifwe canstep backa littlebit and youmentioned theunderbank and alsounderprivilegedwho didn'thaveformer accessyou takeon that.SotheI thinkyour points aboutthere are commonuseca-there are commonneeds around theworld andso there's probablymore similaritiesthan there aredifferences toanswer your questionbut I'd point tomaybe two things.One isourcenter for inclusivegrowth has done somework ondigital indexesand trying tounderstandhow differentcountries rate onaccess to digitalwe find againand again isthatwhileso-calledtransaction factorthings likeaccess tofinancial servicesa basic accountor for a smallmerchantanability totransactonlineis importantat the end of thedayaccess tothe internetaccess tomobile servicesare reallyfundamentaldrivers.Sothis part ofthe worldrelative to placeslikethe我認為政府在這些空間的政策中會幫助到資金的經濟並且更加幫助在世界上的財富和財富這就是其中一個另外的一個我不會說是獨有的在國內的FTA但在這裡的重要點是至少與財富和財富之關所以我並沒有說資金的財富這是一個市場 scratches want to touch and feel what they've bought beforethey paid.And we need to make sure that digital payment solutions aredesigned for that use case.In other words there has to be local variation andlocal innovation to make sure that the particular cultural needsare being addressed.And it's why for example I think the kind of mobilebased P2P solutions that are based on prepaid where agood can be delivered digitally and the payment製造的資料 若果使用者有預期的資料是很有趣的這就是我們很興趣的在我們自己的經濟系統上有QR基金的資料因為你可以用QR的資料在貨品上做成很高的資料在很便宜的方式上所以有些不同的我認為一種 benefit是開放新興建的和效果的方式我同意在於在於輸入的經濟系統更多人可以進入這些經濟系統更多的新興建設你會獲得新的新技術將帶來特別的需求把所有的新技術都移到另外一邊新的生產經濟現在Rau 也已經提及有不少關於電子用家的利用的家人你的公司會很快地成為這次公司需要如何解決這個問題然後如何互動更多關注的電子用家人在前10年,這已經是一項挑戰但好消息是在前12個月我們真的在進行進行進行我們的研究在其他市場上提出了,在最後一天三個利用的情況下都會有很好的交易最好的是日常交易阿里巴巴、淘寶阿里佩奧是個很好的例子第二是遊戲有興趣的媒體第三是其實聊天並不是因為你跟別人聊天而是因為紅包而是因為送禮物在中國,你見過阿里佩奧以及淘寶在南宇地區我們看到這件事在幾個不同的市場上我們都很幸運地做了一些利用但是其他市場也很幸運現在的利用情況都在地上我覺得你會看到人們在搭載 E-Wallets在我們自己的市場上我們發現我們的 E-Wallet  transaction flows每個半個百分之30%並不是每個月這是一個很興奮的地方這很棒我們都會同意嗎我同意我認為你的原本的問題是在美國和世界之間的不同我認為他們都很想同意有足夠的資訊並沒有很多免費的資訊用戶和使用能夠使用它在所有地方我認為最大的不同是在經濟系統和資訊系統之中我們應該談論更多在這段時間我舉個例子在美國PayPal 公司你下載 app你可以設置 within a minute你可以聯繫你的 bank accounts你基本上是好得去類似的東西像 WeChat in China還有其他類似的 payment services來這裡Nik 會同意你必須要跟 Albert Einstein聯繫你的 bank account to an app有幾個步驟你必須要通過我認為 Thailand Prompe做了一個很棒的工作在 trying to simplify that政府的籌伐但是這個經驗不是很棒的所以你能夠完全解釋 customer needs to have基本上設置他們的基本功能是非常高的在那裡你會加上複製的複製複製的複製和行動限制基本上行動的複製開始是很高的所以對我來說這是一個很大的大問題在減少行動因為當你上載了有人當他們上載了第一 第二行動獲得行動是很簡單的但是我看從我的複製的最大的行動至少在 consumer side有去到這些行動做得更簡單但是進步是做得更簡單我覺得技術是一個很棒的行動比較多在 MSME和藝術方面我覺得我們看到很大的進步像我所說的3.5 million自由利益或6.5 million是很厲害的差不多半個百分比所有人的自由利益如果我們看到藝術人在做 global trade我們預算是6.5 million我的希望是20 million我們在這方面我們要把他們進行進行進行進行進行進行進行進行謝謝我們現在進行進行進行進行這是需要的進行進行裴正你提到的規定你提到的在 consumer的學習你認為這個進行進行在我所說的我們銀行的資料廠嘗試增加資料廠的資料非常接近客人然後我們移動到電子廠的資料廠8M的機器店客人仍然認為有很多公司的資料廠我們有8M的機器店的資料廠不足然後他們提供銀行的資料廠嘗試增加資料廠我們有電子廠賣相例如賣相公司賣相解決賣相 電子廠快速技術所以我提到銀行的資料廠我已經提到銀行的資料廠然後網絡賣相在銀行的資料廠我再次想要提到我們的資料廠網絡的資料廠在銀行的資料廠很高很便宜而且很努力以負責這就是為了銀行的資料廠嘗試增加資料廠所以客人可以使用更多的資料而且通常是免費的所以它是支援銀行的資料廠如銀行的資料廠以及其他公司去增加資料廠去支援他們的客人不是一個問題但當我們開始用電腦這很方便讓客人去獲取資料然後有一個問題從客人的資料廠因為旅行到工場他們有很多問題我們問他們我們問他們給他們證據例如資料但在電腦在獲取資料廠用電腦這很方便我們要求資料廠同樣的問題但他們的答案他們覺得他們給他們的答案他們給他們的資料然後在獲取資料廠用電腦的資料廠然後問題從客人的資料廠這很方便然後他們有資料廠他們需要到工場證明他們已經有資料廠所以技術資料廠我們要求所有資料廠都要求客人的資料廠所以客人的資料廠因為這很方便所以他們需要到工場證明他們的資料廠或其他東西但因為這很方便是傳統的也很方便所以我們要求他們把資料廠的資料廠另一個例子證明證明他們有資料廠證明他們有資料廠他們說這是資料廠我們告訴他們這是資料廠但你必須選擇證明他們有資料廠證明他們有資料廠或是你必須選擇這也是客人的行動我們也必須選擇再次回到資料廠你希望找到我認為這是網路產業充足的充足充足以保證技術和貿易確保這些我們談論 e-payment digital我們談論在加拿大但你提及安全我看見因為有些人仍然存在貨幣我手機、手機、手機就像是貨幣然後他們需要貨幣所以Branch and Office,ATM network就像是貨幣他們有貨幣如果貨幣不合理他們要做什麼我用我的貨幣如果貨幣不合理我需要去Branch我需要去ATM有很多選擇有很多選擇對所以我又不想看到其他貨幣要更換貨幣我希望看到其他貨幣能夠達到貨幣我們有貨幣的解決所以他們可以選擇貨幣如果其他貨幣可以更換貨幣就像是貨幣所以我們再次建立其他貨幣我們需要找一個方法更換貨幣更換貨幣更換貨幣對謝謝很重要的地方我們沒有新貨幣但我們有很多選擇很多方法讓貨幣更換貨幣多用對 Dr. Chen's comments我認為兩件事一件事我知道我們會回到但是好貨幣很重要在每個國家在世界上進行貨幣有複雜的KYC政府去幫助一些貨幣我們說的很重要這是這部分我認為很難看得到但是當你提到貨幣今天提到貨幣我們會再次再次其實是 quite counterintuitive如果你提到一個貨幣是在貨幣經濟這件事是給他們貨幣解決說你必須你必須討論貨幣但是你必須確保他們有貨幣貨幣是最初貨幣唯一是貨幣是去確保他們能有貨幣所以他們會保持貨幣在貨幣而這是很重要的謝謝如果我們來看看技術什麼最重要的技術你認為會改變去不是貨幣現在我們知道會有更多貨幣社會經濟開始是股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市股市在商業上的負責而且基本上有幾百萬的資金像我們在中國、美國等等第三個我覺得非常關鍵的這部分的世界是社會的障礙我們都會有優惠的資金他們會推銷他們會發行但那些地方已經有很多領域了在泰國50%的商業現在在社會上在社會上還有很多領域我們會發行還會發行從自由的意思還有很多領域很多領域還會發行他們不斷發行他們會發行因為大部分社會製造他們會發行也不會發行因為他們這樣子會發行他們會發行他們會發行會發行我們 will會發行我們會發行他會發行我跟Rahul 說了一件事我們談過很多話在這個談論中的 consumer那是非常重要的但我們認為Rahul 為此是相當重要的不能有商業沒有小商業的人只要我包裝雞肉就能有小商業沒有工作的 capital我們認為能夠利用 payment networks不僅要推銷$ 或 BOT 或 DONG one way但另一方是很有趣的我意思是利用 these networks做小 business lending在深層的層面利用 transaction data出現了 e-commerce遊戲 什麼的做選擇 and thoughtful underwriting甚至在層面有 formal credit application我們開始 piloting this這很早的但我們認為如果我們有年代的 transaction history用小 SME賣20-30 package a day那是很好的能夠利用 underwriting to a point可以有 NPLs低於 0.7%這很有趣就像 Netflix告訴你你應該看電影我們是說你只要有$ 或 BOT 你會有更多的工資更多的工資你的生意會更好我們認為Lending是另一種但在不同的層面最重要的是更多利用技術技術他們不需要提供經濟利用或利用但更多利用 transaction data做更好的決定另一個技術這是對的對我想說你提到技術我看了特殊國家很多的我們都想這是我知道的我自己的技術我工作在這裡所以不可以他們可以有技術他們的技術他們在特殊國家一起工作所以他們可以聯繫至少地區和地區如果你還說這是我自己的技術我自己的工作不會所以我們需要一起工作在國家中至少我們說關於社會社會所以如果有一個可以加入可以除了不需要不需要不需要除了除了做研究發展如果有一個研究發展社會所有人都可以加入我們需要加入技術當然我們需要在社會加入社會社會 Availability社會無奈因為我們可不看不這個對 business無奈能耐用能耐用技術這是最重要的我想古流是怎樣社會需要員工需要短期卻收入此那是一個完美的 完美的 完美的 1000 歲的業務模式但是如果去到一個傳統的銀行甚至一些最好的 microfinance 銀行就像是 Dr. Cheney 所創造的想法是給人家20 美元的錢或是人家20 美元的錢是這麼不值得的從一個負責負責任的方式它就不簡單但在其他方面去到一個技術公司他們可以做到的但他們沒有理由所以 Dr. Cheney 是正確的我們要找方法要有更多的商業方式包括全銀行的 銀行的 銀行的 銀行的 銀行的那些可以在一個非常好的一個非常好的方式把那些銀行的 銀行的 銀行的做到最好的方式它在最後的一天是一個銀行的 銀行的 銀行的是一個銀行的 銀行的對 但是我會問你你倆都一定是對的銀行的 銀行的可能是最好的方式去做 microlending因為他們有傳統的歷史他們已經有他們已經有銀行的 銀行的他們更重要的是他們有視乎未來的銀行的 銀行的但是他們沒有能夠有更多的他們有更多的我找到的挑戰是你跟銀行的 銀行的但銀行仍然需要通過全國銀行的 全國銀行的所以你需要銀行的 銀行的所以你能夠做一二十塊但銀行的 銀行的銀行的 銀行的可能是百分之百我覺得這就是很多的新興需要發生的在政府的政府的 政府的 政府的 政府的 政府的It's the accumulationof all of thosenon-tariffnon-intended barriersthat gives us a phrasewe use instead of our companywhich is thatSouth East Asia is the cheapest placein the world to be a rich personand the most expensive placein the world to be a poor personand that's very trueIt's interestingThe other pointso you see what we havewe have made one mistakealready related to the point of saleyou knowat we talk about merchantthe difficulty of the merchanteach merchant they havea little bit more than one bankthey have like amore than one point of salethree five and up to tenten point of saleand they have limited spacesso we talk about likeQR codeso to avoid repeated mistakewe should have only oneQR code for allI mean for all playerall bank justI heard the initiative from likemaster visaso want tolook into thisone code applicable for allI see that's thething we should look intonot to avoid mistakewhen weeveryone honor its ownlike a networkown point of saleand then difficult for the merchantso just oneQR codeand then accessible to allall likeI mean the player in thatyeahwell we have to get that rightand I do think you're earliercomment about interoperable systemsthat leverage common technologyis usually important to drive thisjust to come back to thequestion about governmentI think thewe've already talked about KYCand simplifying KYCI think that's one placethatpolicymakers can help addressthe issueI thinkpublic private partnershipswe're looking athow we match capitalto some of theI completely agreethe incredible powerthat comes out ofthese payment systemsin terms of doingalternative underwritingwe still struggle globallyactually with makingthat real at scaleso that's anuntapped issueissue for all of usI just to pull on governmentI do think governmenthas another huge role hereand you mentioned ita little bitand it's thatgovernment by faris in most countriesis the largest如果政府 systematically moves to a place where it will receive funds electronicallyso egovernment solutionsif it systematically moves to places where it will disperse funds electronicallyand not via cashwhether that's social benefits, payroll or other thingsacross whatever means you chooseyou will see dramatic shifts towards a cashless society in those economiesso it is both about a good regulatory regime KYCit is about thinking differently about credit underwritingbut then it's government is an economic actor pushing this more aggressivelywe're seeing some wonderful progress in Eastern Europeand some countries in Latin Americathat are adopting leading principles in this spacegovernments can learn from one another on these thingsvery interestingso government as the first userfirst userso but we talk about government's roleas to provide the level playing fieldor as the first useranother part of that is the protection of the consumerand we talk about the alternative credit systemand the convenience of having more financial services onlinebut will that jeopardize the protection, the securityof people's digital footprintand the financial informationI think you know Lixin your comment is absolutely rightif you think about government saysservice providers and producers are public goodsprivacy, protection, securityacross the world of paymentsand people's savings is absolutely sacrosanctand the horrifying scenarios when a family in the Philippinesor in Indonesia with a gross worth of a few hundred dollarsand a net worth that may even be negativeis somehow subject to a fraudulent set of transactionswhich do happenand that's an absolutely horrifying scenariothat both the private sector and the public sectorneed to manageso we are completely aligned with thatneedless to say the origins of KYC in many waysare around fraud minimizationand anti-avortancebut I think there's a deeper truthwhich is governments operatenumber one through a principle of compassiontowards their people for protectionbut they also operate with a theoryof how the world should beand one of the perhaps mistaken theoriesthat's prevalent right nowis that everyone looks north to countrieslike Japan and China and sayah Japan has a JCBand China has a China union payand we've got to get one of thosefor our country as welland the number of countries in Southeast Asiathat are all trying to think aboutshould we have a national SOEpayments companyis quite highand that may bea little flat footed in some waysbecause it leads it to becomemore of a rentier sort of businessand frankly not a businessthat democratizes paymentsI think the question that we'd love governmentsto be debatingonce they've come to the right landing placeand security and protectionis really a more fundamental questionwhich isshould payments be freenot just free to consumersbut a subject tocovering costs and variable expensesshould payments even be freefor small businessesand in fact should payments be the foundationof greater financial ecosystemsaround services and productsand that's a place where governmentscan have a wonderful public debateand encourage changeshould payments be freeand that debate is happeningI thinkif you want innovation and paymentsand particularly if you want peopleinvesting in securityand I think we all dopeople have tomy own viewis people need to earn a fair returnbut that's athat is a great debate to havecoming back to the security questionI thinkhistoricallydigital paymentsor e-commercehas beenat leastin some respectsrelatively high risk areaI thinkall economic actorsall private actors todayare certainly investingsubstantially in new solutionsto make the whole spacemore secureand that's somethingmust be successfulgiven the expected growthin digitalin the digital economythere isin additionlet me put thatin addition to the debate aboutfree or notI think we need to beginto have a debatebothhere in Essionand then around the worldon how we will securethis future digital economythe reality iswith the internet of thingswe have extraordinary opportunitiesand also extraordinary risksin terms of very seriousnew points of weaknesscoming into the systemif we're going to createa digital economywhere small businessesaround the worldare major actorsthey are points of weaknesspotential points of weaknesson issues like cyberand so onso there needs to bea wider conversationabout these issuesthat transcendsnational boundarieswe need moreinternational standardson these issuesand they are coming downthe road at usvery very quicklyI cannotmanage anotherpassword in my lifeperhaps you canwe need a bettersolution to identifyconsumers to devicesand this is coming at usvery quicklyand the work needs to beginnowglobal solutionand how about you Dr.Cheneydo you think paymentsshould be freeor do you thinkhow to break downthe barriersbetween the marketsyou see the barriersyou need to removethe barriersso that we canso that the paymentcan be donemore likehave more participationfrom the consumerbut againwe talk aboutthe regulationis the keyand we talk aboutthe KYCwe talk aboutthe entire moneylaunderingbut we canwe cantalk aboutlet's put itat the minimumbut at what levelthat wewe can sayit canget throughand howbig amountwe aretalking aboutthat itcan belike a questionneed to be askedunder thecertain regulationso againwe shouldallowa riskat certain levelwe talk aboutat what amountthat wecan let itthroughand whatwhat amountthat wecanask a lotof questionssoI thinkremove thatbut we cannotsaywe should nothave suchregulationwe mustwe should havebut atcertain levelto make itto easepaymentbut mostofwesince wetalkaboutthedigitaloneso thosequestionsuitlike acelldigitalI meandigital informationprovideso but againI just wantto highlight thatwe need to compromisecertainwhat levelthat wecan letlet it get throughand what levelwe shouldlike strictlyrequirecertaininformationbefore itcan get throughso yeahthis ismy comment to thatpolition if I may addI thinkit's a wonderfuldebate to haveand like every goodlike every debatewhere you stand on the issuedepends on where you sitand if you're a businessisn't the businessare providing paymentsperhaps you'll havea different perspectivethen if you'relarging the businessare receiving paymentsand paying that costbut what I wouldobserve is thatin the 1990severy telcoin the worldwas ratherrather anxiouswith the factthat the priceper gigabit per secondseemed to be fallingby 30% a yearalmost to the pointwheretelecomsbandwidth became freeand yetthereductionand costhas led tosuch an expansionin paymentin data volumesand our dreamis thatif paymentsbecome incrementallyless expensiveevery yeara little bitmore convenientmore secureevery yearthat createsan elasticityof demandwhich makesthe worldeven more prosperousbut how doesthere bea commerciallysustainablecome againhow doesall about operating costthe beautyof silicon valleyis that it takessomething thatsomeone has donebefore and makesit ten times cheaperit's sort of Moore's lawfor chipscould we createa Moore's lawfor paymentsit's somethingwe thinka lot aboutand it all getsto the heart ofwhat are yourvariable costswhat are thevariable costsin the paymentworldwhetherit be riskor fraudor securityor thisor thatcanworkputitit有很多新的技術有很多新的資料外面的資料 視頻通話例如我有一家在菲律賓的佩迷他們會考慮這個KYC技術你能做一句視頻通話在Facebook上基本上就會示範你的意見視頻通話那些KYC技術很強他們現在正在使用所以這個技術我們需要一種 open mind如何可以確認客人的意見和分析客人那是一種我希望公司會進行考慮另一方面有一點保護我非常勇敢兩天前整個歷史保護  globalisation等等兩方面最多的公司是 local ownership我認為Global companies have a certain way and they operatethey have global infrastructure這是非常非常困難to create islands oflocal ownership二方面是 local data centre最多的資料is moving to cloud now如果有些國家are insisting thatdata needs to belocally stored in a datathat's kind ofit just form over substancein my opiniondata anywayis in the cloudfully protectedand you need to worry more aboutthe security of the datathan where it is physically locatedthat is to me is meaninglessso those are the two or three thingswhich I think we aretrying to appealotherwise I think regulatorsare very progressivemost countriesthey've made tremendous progressin their thinkingin the way they havedrafted regulationsin the way they arefacilitatingand I think what's mostencouraging Singapore, Thailandthey don't necessarilyjust see themselves as regulatornow they are seeingthemselves as facilitatorsthey're creating regulatorysandboxesthey're encouraging peopleto join the ecosystemso great progresshas been made theremy hope in appealis only on those two aspectsof local data centerand local ownershipfascinatingso regulatorsas not just the facilitatoras the first useras the protectionof the consumersand also creatingthe level playing fieldso we have timeto take probablytwo questionsfrom the audienceand if you canread your handand alsointroduce yourselfa little bitand also if you askthe questionand tell uswhich panelistsdo you hope to answeryour questionhere the gentlemanover thereI thank youI workfor a mobile operatorgroupand I totally agreewith all the viewsexcept for the lastcommercerI think in termsof the regulatory peoplethe regulatorsI think we willI think we needto do a lot more workin trying to convincethem torelax the rulesin fact for examplein Cambodianon-banks are notallowed to holda financial servicelicensequestions with thatcomputinginfrastructureveryveryscattered about thatand how do we convince themmy question isall the argumentsare madewe heard ittime and time againhow do we getthe central bankersthe FS authoritiesto sit downtogether perhapsand come togethercome out withcome convince themright becausewe need them to moveotherwiseyou can talkand talkand talkthat's ithow do we getthem to talk togetherand you want to askmy question is how do wegetanybodyanybodymaybeDr.Cheneyyou can speakfrom the shoesof the central bankyes sothank you verymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanymanyCan we sit with the regulator?Yes, I think sit with the regulator who is the regulatorthe national back company in our case.Can we sit with the regulator and have the regulation in placeso clarify what the terracol can do,what the bank and financial institution can doand what is the ups and in the existing regulation.Because the existing regulation they saidit's terracol company if you want to providemoney transfer services,you need to find the third party processor.So this is the to me address in the third party processor.What is the role of the third party processor?What is the role of the terracol?Can I become the third party processor?Because the question also about the third party processorin the regulation if you choose one partner terracol already,can I choose the other partner?So this is the great part also we needif we improve the regulation likeif you apply at the third party processoryou can be partner with so many terracol company.I think it's not like a barrier.It's not the regulation not allow the terracol to doas a money transfer company.But it's the clarification in terms of regulation.It's already existed.But it's not it doesn't state clearly.If the regulation says yes as a terracol you can doand as a third party processor you can work with many terracoland then it's done.So is it difficult to work with them?I don't think they will decline for meeting.I think if put the effort together of the three partyinclude the bank financial institution,the terracol and then the central bankand National Bank of Cambodiaand all the third party processorand then put clarify on the regulationas in this service we can do.In Cambodia case I think.I think there's also an opportunityif I could add to point to other parts of the worldwhere more liberal licensing has produced great outcomes.So the money license regime in Europehas been in place for a long timeand has been very successfulin driving more innovation in that space.So that's part of the answer toois pointing to other examplesthat have worked productivelyin addition to the kind of capacity buildingI think that Dr. Chani is talkingor the capacity deep conversationon the details that Dr. Chani is discussing.I think that we should be mindfulto your question, sirof the fundamental realitythe political reality of much of Southeast Asiawhich is that there are long held beliefsand power structuresthat support oligopolies and industries.And in many ways regulationis one part John Stuart Millwhat's the best for the best number of peopleand one part a reflection of local lobbying.And it wouldn't be too far stretch to saythat in certain countries in this regioncertain established sources of valuecertain established players in the marketare quite keen not to have an atomizationof their industrynot to have 25 flowers bloomwhere today there are two or three.So there has to be a little bit of a mind shiftand perhaps even a sense of public good creationby regulators to say yeswe are bothrespondees to lobbyingbut also caretakers ofthe John Stuart Mill view ofthe social benefit.Thank you. Fantastic.Now we can take one more question frombehind you. Yes. This is Lydia.I run a companyproviding businessproviding work jobsto blue cardforeign workers in Japan.Ok.We are the thirdlargest economy in Japanbut if you look at these peoplethey are in bankthey don't have credit cardand their objective is tobring money to their home countriesbut they struggle for remittanceof course the high cost exchange rateso I would like to ask Nickwhat will happenyou talked aboutyou know benefiting the peoplewho are in bankwhat will happen to thisbroadway limitancewith your companya new business like you will beas a player.It's such a wonderful questionand I think franklyif I can be so directand forgive meif I hurt someone's feelingin the audiencethe cost of remittanceis I think one of the greattragedies in this worldwhen I say that Southeast Asiaand Asia more broadlyis one of the most expensiveplaces to be poorwhat comes to mind is thattwo hundred long linein Lucky Plaza in Singaporewe're incredibly hardworkingpeople torn away from their familiesare in line for two hourssimply to send a little bit of moneyback to mom and dador to provide for their childrenback home.So we dream of a worldand it's coming quite closewhere the variable costsassociated with money transfercountry to countryagain subject to securitykyc and whatnotare to a point wherethe most disadvantaged membersof societycan treat thisas a simple basic goodin their livesbecause what we care more aboutis not whether someone makesthe margin on sending moneyback to Makatior back to Quezon Citywe care much more abouthow that money is spentwhen it's brought back homeso we share your view, ma'amand I applaud youfor raising this as an issueok, it's a fascinating talkI would love to continuethe conversationabout running short of timebefore we closeI would love to haveevery single oneof our paneliststo use one sentenceto summarizewhat's your major takeawayfrom the conversation?let's probably start from the beginningI think one takeawayis that no one companycan do this on its ownyou know it'swe need to partnerthe global companiesneed to partnerwith local companiesthe global companiesthemselves need to partnermore closelyas we are doing nowand I think it needs to bea partnership approachthis is an ecosystemplay paymentsfinancial inclusiondisplacing cashit is multiple constituentsthere's merchantsthere's consumersthere's the ecosystempayment securityso no one companycan do itthe private sectorpublic sectorgovernment has to cometogether to do itand I thinktremendous progresshas been madein the last two to three yearsand I'm very hopefulremain very optimisticabout what's in futurein the next five yearspartnershipsoyeah thank youI shared with Rahulalso but in additionto thatI see thatthe inclusionof theI mean all segmentbecause when we talkabout thethe paymentthe paymentexperienceor the paymentso farmost of itlike touchon themiddle classI mean the low segmentthose who sellfish sellvegetable in the marketI mean motorbytransportationtooktooklike in Cambodia casethose aremost of the timeit'sexcludefrom thatpaymentpayment solutionso if we havethe payment solutionwherebythey can haveI meanaccessin theaccess to thatit willit willmakethe digitalpaymentit makethe subjectwe just discussabout liketo me againI want tohighlight againI like to seethis as oneof thepayment solutionthe payment ofchoicewhere they canchoicenobutincludethoselow incomeincludethoselikedifficulthavingaccesstofinancial servicesbeforebymeanofdigital paymentthe answerto this questioninvolves and notorto your pointit requiresa variety of playersto be engagedit requiresa laser focusongreat use casesthat solve actualneeds for consumersand small businessesgovernment hasanessential roleto playin drivingthe solutionsacrossallthese marketsboth as a regulatorand as anactorand we needto beana digital worldproperisone that willacquirefurtherinvestmentsfrom wherewe aretodayto whatwe wantto achievein termsof asafe and securefeatureand thatwork needsto be done.thankyouNikyou havelast word.I thinkmeans that,there's an 11 X ahead of us.That's an extraordinarily special feature to built towards.And I think all of us in this room have a deep responsibility and I think a tremendous motivation to want to make the future happen as quickly as possible...We end at a very positive note and thank you very much for participating in this wonderful debate and I certainly learned a lot.I hope the audience join me as well to thank our panelists for this insight.