Coming up on this edition of Partners Video Magazine, FNEP, the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program marks a milestone with a Washington, D.C. celebration featuring a salute from an Olympic superstar. We'll trace the history of this important U.S. Department of Agriculture program and talk to key partners of its parent agency, USDA's Cooperative State Research Education and Extension Service. In Texas, we'll visit with participants and champions of the program. In Florida, we'll see FNEP in action, reaching out through community organizations. We'll see FNEP making a difference for tribal communities in North Dakota. And we'll learn how FNEP takes federal investments and returns crucial and cost-effective benefits. All this and more coming up on Partners. And welcome to Partners, the video magazine that celebrates the work of America's land grant colleges and universities in partnership with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and many others around the nation. I'm Chuck Denney from one of Tennessee's land grant institutions, the University of Tennessee, and I'll be your guest host for today's show. Our topic today is FNEP, the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program. FNEP was built upon the idea that all Americans should not only have food on their tables, but also the nutrition guidance to maintain healthy lifestyles. In early 2004, FNEP celebrated its 35th year with a festive event in our nation's capital. FNEP was born here in the halls of Congress and nurtured by lawmakers and leaders at the U.S. Department of Agriculture. 35 years later, Capitol Hill was the setting for a gala anniversary celebration. Partners from USDA and nationwide were on hand to talk about FNEP's success in teaching families with limited resources about nutrition. The Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program has always had the fundamental goal of changing behavior in ways that improve first the quality of diets, support healthy lifestyles, enhance the power of individuals to chart their own life course. In a taped message, Olympic gold medalist Jackie Joyner-Kersey spoke from experience about the positive impact of FNEP on families. FNEP, I feel it's a tremendous program and my mom who is no longer here and my family really benefited from FNEP.  As an athlete, trying to be the best that I could be, nutrition was very important. Even today, not competing anymore, nutrition is very, very important. You know with kids, you have to coach them and in coaching them, explaining to them why vegetables are important, why you need to eat fruit. Having a well-balanced meal, we talk to them about protein, different foods that they need to eat and not just snacking on junk food. To have a program like FNEP for around for 35 years, hopefully it will continue on for a lifetime. It makes a tremendous difference. Two dozen program participants, volunteers, professionals and champions were honored for their work in FNEP. I was here when it got started 35 years ago. It's an investment in the future. Put in $1, get the return of $10. We talk about human relations, we talk about self-esteem and we motivate people to want to achieve higher goals in life and to set high goals. FNEP success stories can be found in all 50 states and six U.S. territories in communities where it continues to make a difference. FNEP works and it works very, very well. This program has helped more than 26 million people with limited resources, makes dramatic improvements in their diets. I just started eating more fruits and vegetables like on a daily basis. Before I didn't really like fruits and vegetables, but now I eat them because I know what the benefits are. Thank you for your time. Through an experiential learning process, adult FNEP participants learn how to make food choices to improve the nutritional quality of the meals they serve their families. They gain new skills in food production, preparation, storage, safety and sanitation and they learn to better manage their food budgets and related resources such as food stamps. Please who have benefited from FNEP, it's hard to imagine a time when this popular program did not exist. But that was the case in the late 1960s. Thanks to an act of Congress, FNEP became reality and the rest, as they say, is history. As the 1960s came to a close, America was reaching for the moon. But there were earthly issues in need of attention. FNEP began as a pilot project in the late 60s as part of the whole effort toward looking at hunger in America and how to address this. The White House conference that looked at hunger in America sent people out into the country and really looked at the rural areas in inner cities. They were amazed at the level of hunger. The food stamp program also started about the same time, so it was really beginning to look at how the federal government could have an impact on trying to solve this problem. In Washington, D.C., FNEP found a home at the U.S. Department of Agriculture and a champion on the hill. My hands-on involvement goes way back. I've seen the program and then in the Congress, of course, I supported it, specifically as chairman of the Agriculture Committee, which got jurisdiction over all the food programs. I did it with much love for the program. It was 1973. I was a seventh grader and Congressman de la Garza was there, and I got to give a 05-6-minute speech on nutrition and the importance of the program. Since I saw him at that meeting when he became interested in politics, I said I want him in my office, so not only did he get inspired, but he inspired me also. My grandmother, just before that time, she was hired as a program aid and was put to work in the community, spreading the good word about nutrition, so I think the greatest effect and the greatest benefit of this program is at the grassroots level. FNEP is a multi-level partnership. The Cooperative State Research Education Extension Service is a federal partner, so the funds come to CSR, EES, distribution to the states. It works through the land-grant universities. That gives it the strong research basis to be able to keep up with the latest knowledge about diet and health, as well as food safety and money management, food resource management. Through three and a half decades, the FNEP evolution has continued, and while poor diets remain a focus, new challenges such as chronic disease, physical inactivity, and obesity are among FNEP's priorities for the future. Instead of eating a big portion of meat, we just eat a small one and combine it with vegetables, and I have lost 37 pounds since I began the program. FNEP youth programs provide nutrition education at schools, in after-school care programs through 4-H clubs, camps, community centers, neighborhood groups, and home-gardening workshops. In addition to lessons on nutrition, food preparation, and food safety, youth topics may also include fitness, avoidance of substance abuse, and other health-related topics. One of the strengths of FNEP is that it serves those who need it most. In some areas, program partners and volunteers go out of their way to reach out to members of their community with a helping hand. In our next segment, we travel first to the Colonias of South Texas. Later, we'll see how FNEP is helping families in Florida. Our story begins in the Lone Star State, where the program has a shorter nickname, E-N-P. In Texas, we actually call the program Expanded Nutrition Program, a little bit shorter title, which actually was the title of the program when it first started. The program's core clients are people of modest means in neighborhoods like the Colonias, near the Texas border with Mexico. Women or men on our staff are recruited from the communities where they live to work as assistants or associates in the program, and because they are recruited from those communities, they understand the culture and they speak the language. She's learned how to save money by sharpening the specials, by reading the labels, by using coupons whenever possible. We always feel like we're empowering. We, in the, with the adult phase, we empower ladies, you know, to do better for themselves and their families, and in the youth phase, we empower children to help their parents.  So I know I do make a difference in their lives. When I come and I introduce myself, I introduce a program, and I tell them, just try to get me a group of ladies as many as you can, the more the merrier. We come to nutritional classes and learn how to read labels, how to measure how much salt, how much sugar they have, or cholesterol. Some participants finish learning the lessons, then become volunteers leading classes of their own. It's a very, very important, the class, the nutrition, for me and for my family, because my husband, it's a problem in the heart, and my son problems the diabetes. We learn to eat healthy, not to eat too much junk food, eat a lot of vegetables, the grain group, all of those healthy stuff. To run in place, we do breathing exercise, and we do head rolling and shoulders, we move the shoulders. I run around, like when we're playing, I like to run a lot. I have seen tremendous results from the students' thinking skills. Their focus, their concentration is more avid, more clear, and we have the snacks I'm having, vegetables and fruits brought into the classroom, and they follow up at home. In youth and adult classes, the lessons are valuable and long-lasting. In addition to nutritional knowledge, participants learn skills and food safety, and in stretching their food dollar, that will last a lifetime. They go through a series of lessons, and then they are graduates of the program and get a certificate and attend a little graduation event. They really value what they're learning and their certificate. I always tell everybody in my family what I've learned here, but how to eat better vegetables, portions, different portions of all the food groups. Partners from the local community also play a role. You are in the studios for KGBT 98.5, where we started a show that what we do is we talk about the expanded nutrition program, and we talk about how important it is to be able to eat healthy, to live healthy, and to actually be a part of healthy relationships as well. I'm remembering a young woman who was so complimentary of the program staff, and she said, you took a page out of your book of life and added it to our... Florida is known for growing great fruits and vegetables, which comes in handy for FNEP educators. My job here is to help people grow plants of all types and also get better use of their fruits and vegetables, and getting people introduced to using these that maybe haven't even seen them before, and once they get them and they like them, they start to look for them in the area of markets. Consumption of fresh market produce is much, much higher among FNEP participants after the program than before. I'm a stakeholder of the Land Grant University, and I represent University of Florida as a delegate to CARET, which is a national advocacy group representing the Land Grant System. I was asked to investigate the FNEP program and to make a recommendation to CARET concerning whether CARET should support the FNEP program. I wasn't particularly excited about it because I'm not one who believes in handing people fish when they ought to be taught to fish. FNEP teaches people to fish, and it does so in a very, very enthusiastic way. In the class that I attended, participants in the class were very, very enthusiastic. I think they were mirroring the enthusiasm of the woman who was leading the class. She would ask them, for example, why they should eat carrots, and they would say because of vitamin A. Why did they care about vitamin A? Because of their eyes they wanted to see. There was so much back and forth and so much enthusiasm from these people that I knew they were retaining what they were learning. FNEP partners with community groups to spread important knowledge that gives people hope. I just want to say, you know, I'm quite honored to be a part of FNEP. I've been with FNEP now close to maybe a year and a half, and I've learned a lot. You know, when I come to each group, I don't come and feel that I know everything. I come also to learn, and I learn from the group as much as I teach the group, and I'm just honored to be a part of this wonderful program called that world. Oh, John's been excellent. He has a good rapport with the clients here, and they love him. Operation Hope is a people helping people organization. He was teaching, you know, and showing them the ways of eating properly, and it's been a great teacher for him. Community partnerships are really what make the expanded food and nutrition program work. Without that, the work would be very difficult. FNEP has very good outcome data. They start out with a checklist in regard to purchasing food, nutrition practices, and food safety issues. The computer program allows us to record the 24-hour food recall information to see what food the family or the participant has eaten. At the end, we're able to see what improvements have taken place, and many families will say that they could not have raised their children and they could not have managed as well. Were it not for FNEP? FNEP is delivered as a series of 10 or more lessons, often over several months, by paraprofessionals and volunteers, many of whom are indigenous to the target population. The hands-on, learn-by-doing approach allows participants to gain practical skills necessary to make positive behavior changes. Through FNEP, participants learn self-worth, that they have something to offer their families and society. The nation's tribal colleges were given land grant status in 1994, and those schools are also involved in bringing FNEP to their nearby reservations in American Indian communities. In our next segment, we take you to North Dakota. If you visit Indian country during an international powwow, you'll see the colors and traditions of many tribes, and you'll get a feel for how these ancient cultural practices are kept alive. Elsewhere in the community, you'll see modern techniques for keeping people alive. Programs such as FNEP are teaching American Indian families how to improve their health and lifestyles through nutrition. In Bismarck, North Dakota, it's happening through a partnership that includes North Dakota State University and the United Tribes Technical College. We have statistics in North Dakota that says there is a great, great need among our Native American population, and we're glad that FNEP is able to help address some of those needs. We feel as if we need to team, to partner, to collaborate with many other groups to make that happen. So we are partnering with our tribal colleges, with WIC, with Head Start, many of the programs that serve the very people that we're looking to meet. Our FNEP paraprofessional staff person is delivering a nutrition education lesson to members of the class at United Tribes Technical College, and they are learning today about label reading.  Diabetes runs high Native Americans, so talk about low-fat cooking. We have a curriculum called Strong and Body and Spirit, and teaches them how to eat less sugar, use low-fat cooking, exercise, so it covers everything. FNEP also goes outside the classroom at the Tribal College, spreading knowledge through storytelling and a return to the roots of Native people. Our nutrition curriculum here at United Tribes includes cultural relevance. Frequently, we include the stories that are told by Native American people, and one of them that we find very relevant when teaching nutrition is the three sisters. The three sisters being corn, beans, and squash. Some family members are the strength as the stock of the corn provides, and other family members may need to intertwine around that strength and reach out and be supported by the corn stock, as beans would need to do. We want people to understand the connection of family, and how food and health in the past made a great difference, and we're hoping we can get in that direction again. There is research that some of the Native communities have 50% of their enrolled members affected by type 2 diabetes. We are hearing about people being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at age 12, age 19, and this is a real tragedy. The FNEP participants helped to plant the fruit and vegetables. They helped to harvest, to husk corn. We are using a curriculum that we've developed here at United Tribes called Buffalo and the Connection to Native American Wellness. The Buffalo Herds provided everything for the Native people. They provided shelter, they provided clothing, they provided food, and as the Buffalo Herds were eliminated, it did change their lifestyle, change their diet, and so we want to bring back through our nutrition curriculum, respect for that buffalo, and how it can be a low-fat meat that can be included in their diet as well as an inclusion of how fitness is important as the buffalo constantly are moving, and that's what we're hoping our families will do. And with that, we'll be teaching traditional dance to the youth at the elementary school as a fitness component of the afterschool snack curriculum. FNEP messages are most effective when they are delivered to targeted groups by people who share a similar cultural heritage. We find that that's the strongest link for success with our staff members, is for them to be a part of the community that they serve. They know them, the people know them, everybody feels comfortable. Me and my children participated in an FNEP program through WIC. Learned about different ideas to use, like my daughter's lactose intolerant, so she drinks the lactose-free milk and then we learned about other things that she can eat and drink or whatever. I guess a lot of Native people feel kind of uncomfortable talking about their eating habits and what their family eats and out here on the campus, you know, the Native to Native relationship seems to work better. It's just more comfortable. You learn so much about how to eat right and exercise and just doing all the preventative things to prevent the diabetes and the insulin and all of that. The little messages that we share at our daycare at our elementary school and as we work with our young moms and dads can make a difference, can impact the situation with diabetes in the Indian country. We also know the more we can talk about getting back to the dining table, we can impact the outbreaks of obesity and that's the future. So we're hoping for FNEP and United Trucks together. Reversing childhood obesity trends, helping children achieve healthy weights, is a nationwide integrated project and a part of the FNEP program. The cooperative extension system delivers nutrition education programs, promoting healthy eating patterns and leading physically active lifestyles. The basis of these program efforts are the Food Guide Pyramid and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Through our stories today we've heard time and again that FNEP is a cost-effective use of federal funds that makes a difference for millions of Americans. Now some numbers behind that concept from our partners at Virginia Tech. We looked at the health care costs associated with various nutrition related diseases and conditions and then we were able to show that in practicing these behaviors that people learn in FNEP they would be able to either delay the onset of certain nutritionally related diseases or conditions or completely avoid those and so the benefit for the cost-benefit analysis was the health care costs that they either delayed into the future or they avoid them altogether. We found out that for every dollar invested in the program, our initial analysis said that there was $10.64 of benefit, a return for that. The dollar benefit for the benefit was based on the number of homemakers or the number of participants that actually made the behavior changes that the literature shows are related to prevention of disease and in order to get a good cost-benefit ratio you have to have a lot of clients who actually make those changes and so the $1 to $10.64 is really just a measure of the amount of change we were able to get people to make. We actually knew that the behaviors were already taking place and that we were helping the clients regardless of the dollar factor. However it does seem to be very meaningful to legislators who pass the legislation that gives us the funds to have a dollar value attached to the benefit and they certainly have been very pleased and impressed with our results. As with any successful program, the expanded food and nutrition education program is always looking for ideas and feedback. You can share your comments and learn more about FNEP at this web address. That's all the time we have. I'm Chuck Denney from the University of Tennessee. Thanks for watching and we hope you'll join us again for the next edition of Partners Video Magazine. So long. Bond this edition of Partners Video Magazine. FNEP, the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program, marks a milestone with a Washington D.C. celebration featuring a salute from an Olympic superstar. We'll trace the history of this important U.S. Department of Agriculture program and talk to key partners of its parent agency, USDA's Cooperative State Research Education and Extension Service. In Texas we'll visit with participants and champions of the program. In Florida we'll see FNEP in action, reaching out through community organizations. We'll see FNEP making a difference for tribal communities in North Dakota. And we'll learn how FNEP takes federal investments and returns crucial and cost-effective benefits. All this and more coming up on Partners. Welcome to Partners, the video magazine that celebrates the work of America's land grant colleges and universities in partnership with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and many others around the nation. I'm Chuck Denney from one of Tennessee's land grant institutions, the University of Tennessee, and I'll be your guest host for today's show. Our topic today is FNEP, the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program. FNEP was built upon the idea that all Americans should not only have food on their tables, but also the nutrition guidance to maintain healthy lifestyles. In early 2004, FNEP celebrated its 35th year with a festive event in our nation's capital. FNEP was born here in the halls of Congress and nurtured by lawmakers and leaders at the U.S. Department of Agriculture. 35 years later, Capitol Hill was the setting for a Gala anniversary celebration. Partners from USDA and nationwide were on hand to talk about FNEP's success in teaching families with limited resources about nutrition. The Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program has always had the fundamental goal of changing behavior in ways that improve first the quality of diets, support healthy lifestyles, enhance the power of individuals to chart their own life course. In a taped message, Olympic gold medalist Jackie Joyner Cursey spoke from experience about the positive impact of FNEP on families. FNEP, I feel it's a tremendous program and my mom who is no longer here and my family really benefited from FNEP.  As an athlete, trying to be the best that I could be, nutrition was very important. Even today, not competing anymore, nutrition is very, very important. You know, with kids, you have to coach them and in coaching them, explaining to them why vegetables are important, why you need to eat fruit, having a well-balanced meal. We talk to them about protein, different foods that they need to eat and not just snacking on junk food. To have a program like FNEP for around for 35 years, hopefully it will continue on for a lifetime. It makes a tremendous difference. Two dozen program participants, volunteers, professionals and champions were honored for their work in FNEP. I was here when it got started 35 years ago. It's an investment in the future. Put in one dollar, get the return of 10. We talk about human relations, we talk about self-esteem and we motivate people to want to achieve higher goals in life and to set high goals. FNEP success stories can be found in all 50 states and six U.S. territories in communities where it continues to make a difference. FNEP works and it works very very well. This program has helped more than 26 million people with limited resources, makes dramatic improvements in their diets. I just started eating more fruits and vegetables like on a daily basis before I didn't really like fruits and vegetables but now I eat them you know because I know what the benefits are. Thank you for your time. Through an experiential learning process, adult FNEP participants learn how to make food choices to improve the nutritional quality of the meals they serve their families. They gain new skills in food production, preparation, storage, safety and sanitation and they learn to better manage their food budgets and related resources such as food stamps. Many families who have benefited from FNEP, it's hard to imagine a time when this popular program did not exist. But that was the case in the late 1960s. Thanks to an act of Congress, FNEP became reality and the rest as they say is history. As the 1960s came to a close, America was reaching for the moon but there were earthly issues in need of attention. FNEP began as a pilot project in the late 60s as part of the whole effort toward looking at hunger in America and how to address this. The White House conference that looked at hunger in America sent people out into the country and really looked at the rural areas in inner cities. They were amazed at the level of hunger. The food stamp program also started about the same time so it was really beginning to look at how the federal government could have an impact on trying to solve this problem. In Washington D.C., FNEP found a home at the U.S. Department of Agriculture and a champion on the hill. My hands-on involvement goes way back. I've seen the program and then in the Congress of course I supported it specifically as chairman of the Agriculture Committee which got jurisdiction over all the food programs. I did it with much love for the program. It was 1973. I was a seventh grader and Congressman de la Garza was there and I got to give a 05-6-minute speech on nutrition and the importance of the program. Since I saw him at that meeting when he became interested in politics I said I want him in my office so not only did he get inspired but he inspired me also. My grandmother just before that time she was hired as a program aide and was put to work in the community spreading the good word about nutrition so I think the greatest effect and the greatest benefit of this program is at the grassroots level. FNEP is a multi-level partnership. The Cooperative State Research Education Extension Service is a federal partner so the funds come to CSR EES distribution to the states. It works through the land grant universities that gives it the strong research basis to be able to keep up with the latest knowledge about diet and health as well as food safety and money management food resource management. Through three and a half decades the FNEP evolution has continued and while poor diets remain a focus new challenges such as chronic disease physical inactivity and obesity are among FNEP's priorities for the future. Instead of eating a big portion of meat we just eat a small one and combine it with vegetables and I have lost 37 pounds since I began the program. FNEP youth programs provide nutrition education at schools in after school care programs through 4-H clubs camps community centers neighborhood groups and home gardening workshops in addition to lessons on nutrition food preparation and food safety youth topics may also include fitness avoidance of substance abuse and other health related topics. The strengths of FNEP is that it serves those who need it most. In some areas program partners and volunteers go out of their way to reach out to members of their community with a helping hand. In our next segment we travel first to the colonias of south Texas. Later we'll see how FNEP is helping families in Florida. Our story begins in the Lone Star State where the program has a shorter nickname ENP. In Texas we actually call the program expanded nutrition program a little bit shorter title which actually was the the title of the program when it first started. The program's core clients are people of modest means in neighborhoods like the colonias near the Texas border with Mexico. Women or men on our staff are recruited from the communities where they live to work as assistants or associates in the program and because they are recruited from those communities they understand the culture and they speak the language. She's learned how to save money by sharpening the specials by reading the labels by using coupons whenever possible. We always feel like we're empowering. We in the with the adult phase we empower ladies you know to do better for themselves and their families and in the youth phase we empower children to help their parents. I like to see those ladies the changes the smiles on the faces when they see me coming knowing that I'm going to change their lives one day you know or soon so I know I do make a difference in their lives. When I come and I introduce myself I introduce a program and I tell them just try to get me group of ladies as many as you can the more the merrier. We come to nutrition of classes and learn how to read labels how to measure how much salt how much sugar they have or cholesterol. Some participants finish learning the lessons then become volunteers leading classes of their own. It's a very very important that class the nutrition for me and for my family because my husband it's problems in the heart and my son problems the diabetes. We learn to eat healthy not to not to eat too much junk food eat a lot of vegetables the grain group all of those healthy stuff we do running plays we do breathing exercise and we do head rolling and shoulders we move the shoulders. I run around like when we're playing I like to run a lot. I have seen tremendous results from the students thinking skills their focus their concentration is more avid more clear and we have the snacks I'm having vegetables and fruits brought into the classroom and they follow up at home. In youth and adult classes the lessons are valuable and long lasting in addition to nutritional knowledge participants learn skills and food safety and in stretching their food dollar that will last a lifetime. They go through a series of lessons and then they are graduates of the program and get a certificate and attend a little graduation event. I really value what they're learning and their certificate. I always tell everybody in my family what I've learned here but how to eat better you know vegetables portions different portions of all the food groups. Partners from the local community also play a role. You are in the studios for KGBT 98.5 where we started a show that what we do is we talk about the expanded nutrition program and we talk about how important it is to be able to eat healthy to live healthy and to actually be a part of healthy relationships as well. I'm remembering a young woman who was so complimentary of the program staff and she said you took a page out of your book of life and added it to ours. Florida is known for growing great fruits and vegetables which comes in handy for FNEP educators. My job here is to help people grow plants of all types and also get better use of their fruits and vegetables and getting people introduced to use in these that maybe haven't even seen them before and once they get them and they like them they start to look for them in area markets. Consumption of fresh market produce is much much higher among FNEP participants after the program than before. I'm a stakeholder of the land grant university and I represent University of Florida as a delegate to CARET which is a national advocacy group representing the land grant system. I was asked to investigate the FNEP program and to make a recommendation to CARET concerning whether CARET should support the FNEP program. I wasn't particularly excited about it because I'm not one who believes in handing people fish when they ought to be taught to fish. FNEP teaches people to fish and it does so in a very very enthusiastic way. In the class that I attended, participants in the class were very very enthusiastic. I think they were mirroring the enthusiasm of the woman who was leading the class. She would ask them for example why they should eat carrots and they would say because of vitamin A. Why did they care about vitamin A because of their eyes they wanted to see. There was so much back and forth and so much enthusiasm from these people that I knew they were retaining what they were learning. FNEP partners with community groups to spread important knowledge that gives people hope. I just want to say you know I'm quite honored to be a part of FNEP. I've been with FNEP now close to maybe a year and a half and I've learned a lot. You know when I come to each group I don't come and feel that I know everything. I come also to learn and I learn from the group as much as I teach the group and I'm just honored to be a part of this wonderful program called FNEP. Oh John's been excellent. He has a good rapport with the clients here and they love him. Operation Hope is a people helping people organization. He was teaching you know and showing them the ways of eating properly and you know he's been a great teacher for us. Community partnerships are really what make the expanded food and nutrition program work. Without that the work would be very difficult. FNEP has very good outcome data. They start out with a checklist in regard to purchasing food nutrition practices and food safety issues. The computer program allows us to record the 24 hour food recall information to see what food the family or the participant has eaten. At the end we're able to see what improvements have taking place and many families will say that they could not have raised their children and they could not have managed as well. Were it not for FNEP? FNEP is delivered as a series of 10 or more lessons often over several months by paraprofessionals and volunteers many of whom are indigenous to the target population. The hands-on learn by doing approach allows participants to gain practical skills necessary to make positive behavior changes. Through FNEP participants learn self-worth that they have something to offer their families and society. The tribal colleges were given land grant status in 1994 and those schools are also involved in bringing FNEP to their nearby reservations and American Indian communities. In our next segment we take you to North Dakota. If you visit Indian country during an international powwow you'll see the colors and traditions of many tribes and you'll get a feel for how these ancient cultural practices are kept alive. Elsewhere in the community you'll see modern techniques for keeping people alive. Programs such as FNEP are teaching American Indian families how to improve their health and lifestyles through nutrition. In Bismarck, North Dakota it's happening through a partnership that includes North Dakota State University and the United Tribes Technical College. We have statistics in North Dakota that says there is a great great need among our Native American population and we're glad that FNEP is able to help address some of those needs. We feel as if we need to team to partner to collaborate with many other groups to make that happen. So we are partnering with our tribal colleges with WIC with Head Start many of the programs that serve the very people that we're looking to meet. Our FNEP paraprofessional staff person is delivering a nutrition education lesson to members of the class at United Tribes Technical College and they are learning today about label reading.  FNEP also goes outside the classroom at the tribal college spreading knowledge through storytelling and a return to the roots of Native people. Our nutrition curriculum here at United Tribes includes cultural relevance frequently we include the stories that are told by Native American people and one of them that we find very relevant when teaching nutrition is the three sisters the three sisters being corn beans and squash some family members are the strength as the stock of the corn provides and other family members may need to intertwine around that strength and reach out and be supported by the corn stock as beans would need to do. We want people to understand the connection of family and how food and health in the past made a great difference and we're hoping we can get in that direction again. There is a research that some of the Native communities have 50% of their enrolled members affected by type 2 diabetes. We are hearing about people being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at age 12 age 19 and this is a real tragedy the FNEP participants helped to plant the fruit and vegetables they helped to harvest to hust corn. We are using a curriculum that we've developed here at United Tribes called buffalo and the connection to Native American wellness. The buffalo herds provided everything for the Native people they provided shelter they provided clothing they provided food and as the buffalo herds were eliminated it did change their lifestyle change their diet and so we want to bring back through our nutrition curriculums respect for that buffalo and how it can be a low-fat meat that can be included in their diet as well as an inclusion of how fitness is important as the buffalo constantly are moving and that's what we're hoping our families will do and with that we'll be teaching traditional dance to the youth at the elementary school as a fitness component of the after school snack curriculum. FNEP messages are most effective when they are delivered to targeted groups by people who share a similar cultural heritage. We find that that's the strongest link for success with our our staff members is for them to be a part of the community that they serve. They know them the people know them everybody feels comfortable. Me and my children participated in an FNEP program through WIC um learned about different ideas to use like my daughter's lactose intolerant so she drinks the lactose-free milk and then we learned about other things that she can eat and drink or whatever. I guess a lot of Native people feel kind of uncomfortable talking about their eating habits and what their family eats and out here on the campus you know the native to native relationship seems to work better it's just more comfortable. You learn so much about how to eat right and exercise and just doing all the preventative things to prevent the diabetes and the insulin and all of that. The little messages that we share at our daycare at our elementary school and as we work with our young moms and dads can make a difference can impact the situation with diabetes in Indian country. We also know the more we can talk about getting back to the dining table we can impact the outbreaks of obesity and that's the future so we're hoping for FNEP and United Trucks together. Reversing childhood obesity trends helping children achieve healthy weights is a nationwide integrated project and a part of the FNEP program the cooperative extension system delivers nutrition education programs promoting healthy eating patterns and leading physically active lifestyles the bases of these program efforts are the food guide pyramid and the dietary guidelines for Americans. For our stories today we've heard time and again that FNEP is a cost-effective use of federal funds that makes a difference for millions of Americans. Now some numbers behind that concept from our partners at Virginia Tech. We looked at the health care costs associated with various nutrition related diseases and conditions and then we were able to show that in practicing these behaviors that people are in an FNEP they would be able to either delay the onset of certain nutritionally related diseases or conditions or completely avoid those and so the benefit for the cost-benefit analysis was the health care costs that they either delayed into the future or they avoid them altogether. We found out that for every dollar invested in the program our initial analysis said that there was ten dollars and sixty four cents of benefit a return for that. The dollar benefit for the benefit was based on the number of homemakers or the number of participants that actually made the behavior changes that the literature shows are related to prevention of disease and in order to get a good cost benefit ratio you have to have a lot of clients who actually make those changes and so the one dollar to ten dollars and sixty four cents is really just a measure of the amount of change we were able to get people to make. We actually knew that the behaviors were already taking place and that we were helping the clients regardless of the dollar factor however it does seem to be very meaningful to legislators who pass the legislation that gives us the funds to have a dollar value attached to the benefit and they certainly have been very pleased and impressed with our results. As with any successful program the expanded food and nutrition education program is always looking for ideas and feedback. You can share your comments and learn more about FNEP at this web address. That's all the time we have. I'm Chuck Denney from the University of Tennessee. Thanks for watching and we hope you'll join us again for the next edition of Partners Video Magazine. So long.


In the previous three segments, we have understood in the first segment the notion of a commodity, in the second segment the idea of money. With that, we came to a study of capitalism and understood the notion of surplus value and summarized everything in the notion of the circuit of capital. That has given us a pretty good understanding of some of the key structural features of capitalism. In this segment, we would like to understand what is the impact of capitalist relations of production on the organization of production and on the two key inputs into production or into the two basic sources of wealth, labor and nature. Let us start with understanding the changes in the organization of production. So, the key motivation for capitalism is to generate more surplus value. There are two different ways in which surplus value can be increased. One is known as absolute surplus value and another is known as relative surplus value. Let us understand these three two concepts using that diagram of the box that we saw earlier. Let me remind you the box, the width of the box represents the total amount of labor that is involved in production. You can think of it as the total length of the working day. The total working day in turn is divided into two parts by the value of labor power. So, this length is the value of labor power. Remember, value of labor power refers to the amount of social labor time that is returned to the working class in terms of the wage. And the length of the box represents the total value that is added by the working class in the process of production. So, they get back only a fraction of what they add and the remaining is what is surplus value. So, this length is the surplus value and the capitalist system wants to constantly increase the surplus value. As I said, there are two different ways of doing that. The first which is absolute surplus value is increasing surplus value by increasing the length of the working day. So, if the value of labor power is fixed and the length of the working day is increased, then the width of the box increases. Since the value of labor power is fixed, whatever the increase in the width of the box goes into the component of surplus value. So, this is one way in which the capitalist system can increase surplus value. This is what is known by is called by Marx as absolute surplus value. So, absolute surplus value is the increase in surplus value by increasing the length of the working day keeping the value of labor power fixed. The notion of absolute surplus value helps us in understanding key features of capitalist history. Why? The amount of surplus value that is increased by increasing the working day can be used to understand the historical struggles between workers and capitalist and the state over the length of the working day. In the initial phases of capitalism, there was lot of excess labor, lot of people looking for work and relatively less amount of work. That is why the value of labor power remained relatively constant. At that point in time, also the technology used for production was not very high and therefore the productivity of labor was also low. So, the value of labor power was fixed because of relatively excess supply of labor and the productivity of labor was low because the technology of production had not become as advanced as we see today. In that case, the capitalist system could increase surplus value only by increasing the length of the working day. And therefore, if we look at accounts of the Industrial Revolution in England in the 17th and 18th century, we see that the length of the working day is pushed to 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 hours. So, that was how the system generated surplus value. Of course, the working class once it got on its feet started struggling and it is because of the historical struggles of the working day of the working class over the length of the working day, which can be understood by the notion of surplus value that throws light on the history of struggles over the working day. Which is because of that struggle that today we have a working day of 8 hours. So, that is one way in which the system can increase surplus value. That helps us in understanding one of the key features of capitalist history which is the struggle over the length of the working day in England in the 17th and 18th century. Let us look at the other way in which surplus value can be increased. Let us again draw the box. The length of the box gives us the working day which is the total amount of time that is devoted to production by the workers. It is divided into two parts by the value of labour power. Once the working class became strong, it started pushing back on the ability of the capitalist to increase the working day to longer and longer periods. And it is because of their struggle that the working class the state was forced to finally step in and make the working day of an 8 hour duration. So, from that period on the width of the box was fixed. So, the total working day in a sense was fixed. Once the total working day was fixed, how would the capitalist system increase the surplus value? It was no longer possible to increase the working day. Therefore, the only way in which the capitalist system could increase surplus value was by reducing the value of labour power. Because if the value of labour power fell from here to here, then the amount of surplus value increased from here to here. So, if the width of the box is fixed, but the value of labour power falls, then the amount of time that is available to do surplus labour increases. Because the value of labour power is also an indication of the amount of time that is necessary labour. This way of increasing surplus value is known as relative surplus value. What is the mechanism by which the capitalist system increases relative surplus value? Remember, relative surplus value can increase only when the value of labour power falls. What is the value of labour power? The value of labour power is a representation of the necessary labour of society. Meaning the amount of time that society must devote to producing the bundle of commodities that is needed for reproduction of the workers. The amount of time that is devoted to producing a bundle of commodities that workers consume can be reduced if the productivity of labour increases. So, therefore, the only way in which relative surplus value can be generated is if the technical and organizational ways of production are constantly revolutionized, so as to increase the productivity of labour or the intensity with which workers work. So, as soon as capitalism moves from its initial phases, when because of the persistence of the working class, the length of the working days more or less fixed, there develops a structural necessity in capitalism to constantly increase the productivity of labour. And to constantly increase the productivity of labour, it constantly revolutionizes the methods of production, the technology and the organization of production. So, the notion of relative surplus value allows us to understand one of the key features of capitalism as distinct from previous modes of production like feudalism or a slave society. In capitalism, there is an enormous tendency for technical change, for increasing and improving the technical methods of production, the organization of production, all of which is geared towards increasing the productivity of labour. The notion of relative surplus value immediately allows us to understand that because once capitalism has moved beyond its initial phases, when it could increase the length of the working day, once the resistance of workers have fixed the working day, the only way in which the capitalist system can increase surplus value is by reducing the value of labour power, meaning by reducing the amount of social labour time that is necessary to produce the consumption basket of a typical worker. And the only way to do that is to improve the productivity of labour. So, let me summarize. There are three aspects that go towards giving us the division between value added and surplus value. The length of the working day, the intensity of labour and the productivity of labour. The length of the working day changing so as to increase surplus value is known as absolute surplus value. Either the intensity of labour or the productivity of labour changing to give more surplus value is known as relative surplus value. Absolute surplus value is an important concept to understand the initial phases of capitalist development. It especially throws light on the struggle between capital and labour over the length of the working day. Once capitalism moves beyond its initial phases, the notion of relative surplus value becomes important because it helps us understand the structural feature of technological progressivism that is built into capitalism. With the notion of relative surplus value, we can also understand the changes in the organization of the production process in capitalism. And here Marx talks about a three-phase change. In the initial phases, capitalism just took whatever methods of production it found from feudal times. And here we are really talking about artisanal production and the handicrafts industry. In the initial phases, the ability of capitalism to increase productivity of labour really came not from changing the methods of production but just by bringing together many people under the same roof. So, instead of many artisans working in their own home, the initial phases of capitalism saw a merchant or a capitalist bringing 100 artisans under one roof. And this phase of organizational production is called by Marx as cooperation. So, the increases in productivity of labour comes about here just because when 10 or 100 artisans work under the same roof, there are lots of ways in which costs can be reduced and that leads to an increase in productivity of labour. Again, that is a way in which relative surplus value can be increased. As we move beyond the initial phases, we do see a very significant change which is characterized by Marx as the period of manufacture. The key change from cooperation to manufacture is that now capitalism takes over the methods of production and changes them. So, whereas earlier it was just using whatever methods of production it had found, in this phase the capitalist directly intervenes in the methods of production. And the key idea that emerges here is the notion of division of labour within a capitalist enterprise. Capitalists gradually realize that one way to enormously increase the productivity of labour is to assign worker to specific tasks. So, the whole process of manufacturing a commodity is broken up into small tasks, small pieces and one worker or a group of workers is assigned to each. This is what Adam Smith called the detailed division of labour and there was an enormous increase in labour productivity because now workers could specialize in different tasks. This phase of capitalist production is called by Marx as manufacture. One important feature of manufacture was that some groups of workers who were important or strategically located in the whole process of production of a commodity started gaining more power becoming becoming more powerful. So, that conflict between the workers and the capitalists led to a transition from manufacture to the next phase which Marx calls machine production. In machine production lot of those tasks which had earlier been assigned to individual or groups of workers were now taken over by a machine. Now, this had two important effects it again led to an increase in the productivity of labour because many tasks could be done much more quickly by machines than workers. But more importantly the power of the strategically located groups of workers was diminished because they were replaced by machines. This is the way in which we can understand a whole history of evolution of capitalist production using the notion of relative surplus value. There are two more issues that we want to think about when we think about the effect of capitalist relations on the production process and that is what Marx calls the two original sources of wealth. The two original sources of wealth are of course nature and labour and the process of production is an interaction between nature and labour for the creation of items that are necessary for the reproduction of human beings. But the capitalist way of organizing production has a negative consequences for both nature and for labour. Capitalism is only concerned about value and exchange value. It does not care about the specific use values that are created and therefore it does not care about the impact of the use values that are being created on either nature or on labour. So, in this segment of the course we will read some material which shows how the ecological crisis comes out of an inbind logic in capitalism because of its because capitalism by necessity is indifferent to the use values it creates and therefore it undermines the ability of nature to replenish itself. It undermines what ecological economics call the source and sink function of nature. On the other hand, it is also indifferent to the effect of capitalist production on labour. Capitalist production leads to alienation. So, the workers do not plan the production process, do not own the output of the production process, they are just carrying out tasks that are assigned to them. So, the process of production is hugely alienating. On the other hand, labour gets de-skilled over time. There is an inherent necessity of the capitalist system to simplify tasks, to reduce complex tasks to simple tasks so that it can save on the cost of labour. So, therefore, the capitalist organization of production has these two important impacts on labour. In this segment of the course, we are going to read articles on both these aspects. With that let me summarize and end this discussion on product the effect of capitalist relations on production. So, we saw two important concepts, the concept of absolute surplus value and relative surplus value and used it to understand some key features of capitalist history. Then we moved on to understanding the effect of capitalist relations on the two original sources of wealth, nature and labour. With that, we will end our discussion of production under capitalism. In the next segment, we will discuss accumulation of capital.


It's wonderful to see the creativity and also what can be accomplished now digitally that was completely not possible or even imaginable just a few years ago. And certainly the digital technologies give us new solutions to sustainable development that really will accelerate our progress. And one of the most important champions in the UN system of finding new solutions is the UN Industrial Development Organization. So UNIDO is the part of the UN family that has the mandate, the responsibility and the capacity to propel industrial development for sustainable development. And we're really extraordinarily lucky to have with us this morning on the campus in a very, very busy schedule, the Director General, Gerd Mueller, of UNIDO. Gerd, welcome. I want to express. You see he's a big person in the international scene and a wonderful, wonderful personality and leader. Gerd has a very long distinguished career as a member of the European Parliament, as a State Secretary for the Ministry of Food and Agriculture, as the Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development of Germany, and now as Director General of UNIDO. And Gerd, I want to say thank you. We are partnering UNIDO and the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network in hosting a new Council of Engineers for the Energy Transition Seat, we call it, which is an innovative initiative with the home at UNIDO, headquarters in Vienna. This is a worldwide Council of Engineers with expertise across the energy transition, across all of the subjects of renewable energy, energy storage, hydrogen and industrial development for clean industry. And I could not be more thrilled to be doing this together with you at UNIDO and have watched during our past year when I was privileged to be in Vienna during much of the year, UNIDO's great leadership. So thank you, welcome, and know that you have a worldwide online audience. And this is our first gathering in face to face since the pandemic ended. So we're delighted for the people warmly greeting you in person, but also to the worldwide audience listening to you. Gerd, thank you so much. Thank you so much, ladies and gentlemen, dear Jeffrey. It's a real great honor to be here, invited from you. And Jeffrey Sachs, you are the world's most competent and prominent scientists concerning all questions around sustainability, sustainable industrialization. I thank you so much for your great work, the last 20, 30 years. And now I'm here, I'm invited. That's really a great honor. UNIDO is the UN specialized agency for promoting and strengthening sustainable industrial development. We are a specific agency with a lot of technical expertise in this sector. So students, ladies and gentlemen, we are facing a world with many, many crises, a world with many wars, a world where a billion people go to bed hungry every day and live in poverty and hunger, a world where resources are scarce. Think about the water resources, think of the access to clean water, a world where Earth overshoot the war on August the 2nd, meaning that if all people lived and consumed like you, like we do it in U.S. or in Europe, we would need three Earths, a world where especially the global south is suffering the impacts of climate change and is hit the hardest, the poorest of the world are hit the hardest. Many of us here in New York, in the U.S., in Europe and in the industrialist countries live on the sunny side. The situation is totally different for millions of people in the global south, especially in Africa and Latin American countries. But every human being has a right to live in dignity. So we must recognize that we share one world and bear responsibility for global developments. Our world is interdependent. Everything is connected to everything. We are one world, Europe, Asia, Africa, America, we are one planet and we do have one future. If today, 10 percent of the rich, mainly in the industrialist countries, own 90 percent of the wealth and 20 percent of the people are responsible for 80 percent of the global environmental pollution, then students, ladies and gentlemen, then something is not right with how corporate we as one world. We need a change. We need to rethink and this especially with a few to the future. What will the future look like in 2050, young people? You will live until the end of this century. What will the future look like in 2050? First, the global population grows. We will have a global population then of about 10 billion people. The world population will grow by 80 million people every year. That is a country like Germany every year. And two-thirds of the population growth is happening in the developing countries. And by the end of the century, nine out of 10 or then maybe 11 billion people will live in, not in America or in Europe, nine of 10 will live in Africa and in Asia. The African continent will already double in size by 2050. This is a great opportunity but also a great challenge. Why? 70% of the people on the planet then live in cities. There is a huge need for investments in roads, infrastructure. And on the African continent alone, alone on the African continent today, the infrastructure of New York is being built every month. Can you imagine? Every month the infrastructure of New York. And that will continue to be built in the coming decades. Second, looking to the future 2050, the world food situation. The demand for food will increase by 50%. And SDG number one is hunger and poverty. So we need a solution for this challenge. 50% by 2050. And yet I say, a world without hunger is possible. What is necessary? We need an investment campaign in structural development, sustainable agriculture, processing. We need 50 billion. That is the research we did with Jeffrey Sachs, with institutes all over the world. We need 50 billion Euro in the next 10 years and with new technologies invested in new solutions in acrylic tech, a world without hunger is possible. Let's do it. Third, sustainable energy for all. Primary energy demand will increase by 70% from now by 2050 as a result of the growing population and catch up development in developing and emerging countries. So we need sustainable energy for all, sustainable energy for all because that is the precondition for economic development and job creation. Without energy, nothing is possible. No investment in health structure, digitalization, acrylic, industrialization, the basic condition is energy for this. But today 800 million people do not have access to electricity and 80% are still of this energy today is still based on fossil fuels. So the main question for the future is how, and that is what we are talking and thinking about in this technology group, how is it possible to decouple economic growth from CO2 emissions? That is the basic question. And second, what contribution be realistic? 80% today is fossil based. So the second question is what contribution can renewable energy, green hydrogen, realistically make to reach the world's energy needs? Think about this. Is it really possible, renewables only? Is it possible? I don't think the next 10 or 20 years. We must be open, force, climate change. It hits developing countries the hardest, especially the African continent and Latin American continents. In the past, the industrialized countries have caused the most emissions, 10% of the world, the world's richest people, US, Europe, the world's richest people are now responsible for 50% of total emissions, not the Africans. The G20 caused 80% of global emissions, 80%. So there must be the solution, the first important step. The 54 African countries are responsible for 4% of world emissions. The fifth point, demand for jobs. Because of the population growth, especially in developing countries, hundreds of millions of jobs, especially for young people, are needed. As UNIDO, we want to bring industrial policies, sustainable industrial policy back into focus. Security is the key driver for development and the engine for sustainable growth and job creation, jobs, jobs, jobs. That is the question in African countries, in Nigeria, in Congo. Without industry, no well-paid jobs, no medicines, no food security, no higher standard of living and quality of life. So sixth, digitalization and AI is a game changer worldwide. Digitalization is turning our planet into a global village. AI is the game changer. Knowledge is now available to the world's use all over the world, here or in Kinshasa. It doesn't matter to push a button anywhere in a fraction of a second. That is great for you, the young generation, that it's daily life that's normal, but that has changed even the last 10 years. And the question for us today is whether the glasses are full or half empty. Ladies and gentlemen, today far too many people are increasingly simply describing crisis scenarios, spreading alarmismos. That is not enough. We have today the technologies, the solutions, the knowledge, and the global capital for solutions. A world without hunger, I believe, underline again is possible. And climate change can be limited. It's up to us. So we know how to do, but we need ambition and the will to follow through. And we need a new spirit, action now. The 2030 agenda, the Paris Climate Agreement, the Biodiversity Convention are the global framework for the global solution approach. Now we need the political will to act decisively. And now this SDG Summit and this UN summit, we don't need more speeches, more papers. We know what to do. The only thing that we need is the political will of political leaders in the world to act now and to strengthen global solidarity in a global world. First peace and tolerance, that also means disarmament instead of global rearmament. Currently, $2 trillion are invested annually in armaments and only $170 billion, not even 10% of this, in global development cooperation. This trend must be reversed. Second, we need strengthened global solidarity. Industrialized countries not only have an obligation, but a strong interest in solutions and must live up to their commitments to the global south. Specifically, this means delivering on 0.7 pledges. The $100 billion for climate action must be fulfilled now. The G7 and G20 promises to develop 500 million people out of hunger and poverty must be filled. The climate change loss and damage fund must be congratulatized at this scale by COP28. I strongly support UN Secretary General Guterres call for an SDG stimulus. What we really need is a new deal of a fair globalization of global solidarity with a new spirit of international partnership. This also means investing in local value creation, industrial innovation and infrastructure for local production in developing countries. This means fair global world trade with ecological and social standards. Tomorrow I will visit Leif for Costa Rica, one of the main coffee producers in the world. Think about this value chain. Where starts the coffee production and how is the situation for workers, for families, for children at the plantations? And where ends the coffee production here? They get 50 cent for a kilo of robins and we have to pay 10 or 15 dollars then at the end of the value change. I am thinking for example of the mining industry and the plantation economy. Ladies and gentlemen, UNIDO is the partner of developing and emerging countries. We are a bridge for the transfer of technology, knowledge and investments from industrialized to developing countries. At UNIDO we want to bring industrial policy back into focus because the question is how to create new jobs, hundreds of millions of jobs in developing countries. So UNIDO stands ready to serve as a global implementation partner in support of developing countries and LDGs with a special focus on Africa. Using the potential of circular economy, reducing waste, plastic and sewage emissions, ending hunger by investing in sustainable agriculture, new technologies, climate resilience seats. We do have the solutions to increase the yield per hectare, to double it and digitalization and vocational training also especially the empowerment of women. For these purposes UNIDO is establishing agricultural competence centers and close cooperation in various African and Latin American countries. So together we must change direction. We need a major course correction towards sustainable, inclusive industrialization. We have a transformed entire industrial and energy system. That is not only a challenge, that is even a chance. But for it huge investments are needed in renewable energy, capacity, hydrogen production and carbon capture technologies. Digitalization and AI is a critical success factor and it's a way forward. This is transforming our food and agricultural system which accounts for one third of the global emissions. It is necessary to ramp up large investments in every sector of decarbonization and industrialized countries again must take responsibility for all of this. Again my message, ladies and gentlemen, dear Jeffrey, is the good news is we know what to do and how to do it. We have the technology, the knowledge for solutions, but we must act now. Above all developing countries and LDCs need our solidarity, fair partnership and support. So let us cooperate, let us act and share ideas. Let us work in solidarity to protect our planet and humanity. Thank you so much. Thank you so much and you put Unido's role so clearly in the middle of this because we need these transformations. They are technological, they are investment and they are requiring a policy to bring them about not just the market by itself but organizing the public sector, the private sector, the international cooperation, the training, the knowledge. And Gerd, just following your remarks, we will have the pleasure of President and honor of President Schissaketti of the DRC coming to speak. And you nailed it because I know that the President is especially interested in two issues. One is how to promote renewable energy given that the DRC is home to a vast potential of hydropower at Grand Inga and other renewable energy and also how to develop industrial value chains, for example, in batteries because the DRC of course is the world's largest producer of cobalt. But that cobalt is now just exported as cobalt or rather than as an industrial product with a much higher value. So how to develop a battery supply chain. So it seems to me that Unido is exactly the partner that the DRC needs. I wonder about how to build stronger and stronger engagement. Thank you so much. I several times visited Congo. First question. Africa, especially the Congo, could become the green continent of renewable energies. There is the potential of water, wind, sun. And my last visit in Kenya, that's the best example. Kenya is based, the energy, 90% of using renewable energies. For example, Giozami. Yeah, so what they need is investment, partnership, and our technology, technology transfer, and then it is, that is possible. What can Unido, which parts of those challenges is Unido uniquely place to help fulfill? Unido is something like a bridge. I like to underline my main message. We do have the technology here in US, in companies, in Europe, in China, in Asian countries. So as a bridge, bring private companies, bring technology, bring university from industrialized countries with their technology and with their solutions to developing countries, combine it, and then it is possible to start a new spirit and progress, especially in the sector of energy and industrialization. There are three big sectors. The first question is food security. And there we need investment in agritech. The second is renewable energy. That is the basic for every development. And I always call it energy is the better, the good sister for climate protection or climate change. We need renewable energies. We need resource efficiency. We need hydrogen. The technology is used in China, in US. So Unido is the partner to bring technology, knowledge, and investments in these countries, in our partner countries, in developing areas. Absolutely wonderful. Very exciting, because we're going to make some breakthroughs today. Not only a conference, but I think some very practical steps to build that bridge that you are so clearly explaining to us is needed and feasible. And also, Gerard, later today will also have the great pleasure to have your colleague as one of the UN leaders, Dong Yu Xu, the director general of FAO. So that's another natural partner, FAO and Unido, working on the food security together with Congo and together with other countries. Yes, of course. Within the UN family, we have to work close together. And the food sector is the basic. In every family, they ask every day how is the food today. And 8 million people, they have still not a solution. But we have the solution. I will tell you, I will, one example, how and what is possible within a few years. Unido with some partners, we invested in a cluster, in a wheat cluster in Ethiopia. The last three years, with new technologies, for example, new irrigation technologies, new seeds. And what was the result? After three years, Ethiopia doubled, more than doubled the yield per hectare and becomes now from an importer of wheat to an exporter. And that shows it is possible to create a world without hunger. But we must act. And speeches alone don't change the world situation. Gerd, let me thank you so much for being here, but especially for your vision and leadership. You know, listening to you this morning, it gives me and I'm sure everybody lots of ideas of very practical next steps, big steps, big scalable steps. You just talked about Ethiopia becoming a food exporter, a wheat exporter rather than a wheat importer, a tremendous change in a short period of time. And we are in this age of industrial transformation. Thank goodness you are helping to lead it. I am convinced so much that we need a stronger and stronger United Nations system, because this is the system that really brings the world together. We're organized by nation-states historically, but we are living in a global world. And we're building global governance, and one of the absolute central pillars of that is UNIDO and industrial development. We're extremely lucky to have you as the visionary director general of UNIDO. You have all our support. Please join me in thanking Gerd Mueller for being with us today. Thank you so much. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you so much, not only for invitations for your great, great work around the world. And he brings scientists, politicians together from China, Asia, Africa to U.S. And that is great over years and years. Thank you so much, Jeffrey.


Welcome back to the AT-Channel, it's your boy Mr Ghana Baby and I'm back again with another video. I know it's the second time you're seeing this face on your screen today and back again with another video. I'm not going to take so much of your time, I'm just going to spend five minutes for this video. I mean if you really understand the China-Africa relationship, you will know that there is nothing like accountability, there is nothing like transparency and there is nothing like mutual respect. I'm always forward actions enough of the talking. Two weeks ago Africans were more treated in Guangzhou China, I'm not saying all Africans, some Africans were more treated, some were kicked out of their houses, some were not allowed to enter shops, some were not even allowed to go to the hospital and when this issue broke out on the internet, China came out to say that the people that were treated that way were the illegal immigrants, which means that these people don't have legal documents, but I personally talked to so many of them that have legal documents living in China by the way kicked out of their houses. So after this story broke out, Nigerian law makers reacted. All relevant ministries, department and agencies to as a matter of urgency ensure that all Nigerians who wish to return home, including Nigerians that only visited for business, Nigerians with any form of travel documents and identification, Nigerians with passport but expired visas, Nigerians with passport and valid visas who have been ejected by house owners, Nigerians who have tested negative to COVID-19 are evacuated from China and quarantine upon arrival. Three, the house also urged the attorney general of the federation and minister of justice, the ministry of foreign affairs and all relevant ministries, department and agencies to provide all necessary financial and other assistance to affected Nigerian citizens in China, who wish to seek redress in any local or international court for bridge of fundamental rights, loss of property or any other actionable cause occasion by this maltreatment or discrimination in China. The house resolved also to mandate the committees on interior Nigerian content development and monitoring and commerce to investigate the Nigerian immigration corporate affairs commission, Nigerian content and development monitoring board. And any other relevant ministry, department or agency to check the validity of all immigration document of every Chinese person in Nigeria and the expatriate quota of all the Chinese businesses in Nigeria to ascertain the number of illegal and undocumented Chinese immigrants in the country. The minister of foreign affairs and the minister of foreign affairs and the minister of foreign affairs and the minister of foreign affairs and the minister of foreign affairs illegal and undocumented Chinese immigrants in Nigeria. Like I always say, deeds not wets. Thank you so much for handling your wets. I mean after this two Chinese men were arrested for doing illegal mining in Zanfarra the north part of Nigeria. Like I never knew Nigeria even have gold, but these people were busy digging for gold in the nothing part of Nigeria whilst we are busy fighting coronavirus they are busy stealing from us and not just that today 17 of them 17 chinese men were arrested for what illegal mining don't think that i hate child but we need to have a mutual respect between the two treat my own people the way you want me to treat your people it's simple as that you can't be evicting people from their houses you cannot prevent people from shopping you cannot prevent people from buying food and you come out and say that because they were living in the country illegal do you know how many chinese people are living in africa illegally and i always want to ask this question who are the people who takes them there thank you so much Nigerian police for arresting the other 10 Nigerians that were involved in this illegal mining and also the local chief that was involved too i mean it's always our own people who help foreigners to steal from us because a foreigner cannot just come into your country and start stealing from you i don't want to say anything again those two are going to say what am i has become an anti-china continue saying it and i don't give a damn to boy mr garner baby and i hope you guys enjoy this amazing episode don't forget to like share and subscribe if you are new to the channel i am maya


It's that time again as we begin our annual football previews of all the teams in our coverage area. The football season kicks off two weeks from today as we get things underway as we head to Johnson Central. Last season, the Johnson Central Golden Eagles accomplished a feat they've been reaching for for years. In 2015, the Golden Eagles advanced to the state championship game, but came up short. And then in 2016, it was a different story as they blinked Wayne County 51 to nothing in the class for a state championship game, making them state football champions for the first time in school history. Well, last year really, I guess you'd say wet or appetite. You know, two years in a row, we've been the bowling green. And I can't tell you what it does to you as a coach. Your mindset as a team and as a community, our goals are just to hire everything. I mean, it just raises the bar, the old saying, raising the bar for the high jumper. This past offseason, everybody's been working. I mean, these couple of days of practice that we've had, everybody's been working. So everybody's eager to get back to where we were last year. We're really just working hard. I mean, we're really just, we're out here, coming out here every day. We expect same results this year. Coaches expect same results. We're just, but one thing we got to remember is we got to work hard and nothing's given out here. I've dreamed about being a full, John Central football player since I was little, since I was like in sixth grade.  The Golden Eagles have a winning mentality about themselves as they continue to strive to be the best with the best attitude as possible on and off the field. I believe that athletics is one of the keys that helps young people accomplish great things in life. That's our mindset here. Attitude is everything. You just got to stick with it.   Show the coaches what you got.  You got to be ready to do it. Whatever is asked of you, you got to be ready to do it. Well, you know, I love coming out here every day just with the fame of that atmosphere and everything. You know, being around just friends, we love playing football as much as me. It's just a great feeling. Coming up in this area, it's always a little kid's dream to just grow up and play on these Friday night lots for this big community. It's a great atmosphere. It's just the place to be on a Friday night in the good town in Johnson County.


Welcome to George H. Smith's Excursions into Libertarian Thought, a production of Libertarianism.org and the Cato Institute, narrated by James Foster. Liberty and Property, the Sons of Liberty and Resistance to the Stamp Act, Part 1. The Stamp Act, which sailed through Parliament and received the King's approval on March 22, 1765, was essentially a tax on paper goods. It required various legal and commercial documents to be printed on special paper, which had been stamped or embossed by the Treasury Office in England. The items taxed included documents used in court proceedings, insurance policies, licenses to practice law, deeds, leases, mortgages, bonds, contracts, bills of lading, customs and clearances, playing cards, pamphlets, almanacs, and newspapers. Americans learned of the Stamp Act in April, 1765, seven months before it was scheduled to go into effect. Grumblings were heard here and there, but no one grumbled more effectively than a 29-year-old Virginian named Patrick Henry. Patrick Henry was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, the upstart leader of a radical minority. Patrick Henry waited until most of his fellow legislators had left for home at the end of May. Then, with only 39 of 116 members present, Henry pushed through five resolves that condemned the Stamp Act and affirmed American rights. Patrick Henry's fifth resolve denied Parliament's right to tax the colonies. The legislature later rescinded this resolution and erased all mention of it from the official record, but word was out. The resolves were circulated in other colonies and printed in newspapers, appearing first in the Newport Mercury. The Mercury printed all the resolves without mentioning that the fifth had been rescinded. It also printed a mysterious sixth resolve, suggesting that it too had been adopted by the Virginia legislature. The fictional sixth resolve sanctioned disobedience. Resolved that His Majesty's liege people, the inhabitants of this colony, are not bound to yield obedience to any law of ordinance whatever, designed to impose any taxation whatsoever upon them other than the laws or ordinances of the General Assembly aforesaid. Confusion intensified when the Maryland Gazette published its version of the Virginia Resolves. It added a seventh resolution to the growing list. Resolved that any person who shall by speaking or writing assert or maintain that any person or persons other than the General Assembly of this colony with such consent as aforesaid have any right or authority to lay or impose any tax whatever on the inhabitants thereof shall be deemed an enemy to this His Majesty's colony. As newspapers throughout the colonies reprinted the Virginia Resolves, they mistakenly included the sixth and seventh resolutions as though they had been adopted by the Virginia legislature. This was apparently owing to the efforts of Patrick Henry and his allies. When the conservative editor of the Virginia Gazette had refused to print even the authentic Resolves, this left no reliable account from which other newspapers could draw. Henry and his friends filled the void. They distributed their expanded version of the Virginia Resolves, and this version wound its way through the colonies. The physician David Ramsey described the tremendous influence of the Virginia Resolves. They circulated extensively and gave a spring to the discontented. Till they appeared, most were of the opinion that the Stamp Act would be quietly adopted. Mermers indeed were common, but they seemed to be such as would soon die away. The countenance of so respectable a colony as Virginia confirmed the wavering and emboldened the timid. Opposition to the Stamp Act from that period assumed a bolder face. The fire of liberty blazed forth from the press. The flames spread from breast to breast till the conflagration became general. The Stamp Act was hard on printers of newspapers, pamphlets, and almanacs. In addition to imposing attacks on newspapers themselves, it imposed heavy taxes on advertisements. Moreover, newspapers printed in any language other than English had to pay double the normal rate. This was a veritable decree of bankruptcy for German printers in Philadelphia. And with economic distress, many printers rallied in opposition to the Stamp Act, as David Ramsey remarked. Printers when uninfluenced by government have generally arranged themselves on the side of liberty, nor are they less remarkable for attention to the profits of their profession. A stamp duty which openly invaded the first and threatened the last provoked their united and zealous opposition. Among the colonial newspapers protesting the Stamp Act, one stood out. The Boston Gazette, printed by Benjamin Eddies and John Gill. Governor Bernard of Massachusetts assailed the Gazette as the most factious paper in America, and he called a major contributor, James Otis, perhaps as wicked a man as lives. As we have seen, many Americans erroneously believed that Virginia had called for resistance against the Stamp Act. The legislature of Rhode Island followed this false lead and endorsed resistance, but it was the only colonial assembly to go this far. The resistance movement against the Stamp Act arose not from colonial legislatures, but from the press and extra-legal organizations calling themselves Sons of Liberty. Unlike trade laws, the Stamp Act could not be evaded through smuggling. How then could Americans oppose it? One way was to boycott British goods until Parliament repealed the detested law. But organizing a non-importation movement took time, so Americans searched for other ways to keep the Stamp Act from going into effect. Radicals arrived at an ingenious and violent solution. They would pressure the Stamp Distributors to resign their offices. Thus, without a way to distribute stamped paper, the government could not collect its taxes. The town of Boston spearheaded this strategy. When Bostonians awoke on August 14, 1765, they found an effigy dressed in rags hanging from a huge elm tree at the intersection of Essex and Orange Streets. The effigy represented Andrew Oliver, the Stamp Distributor and brother-in-law of Massachusetts Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson. This effigy Governor Bernard reported could not be removed. Some of the neighbors offered to take it down, but they were given to know that would not be permitted. The sheriff reported that his officers had endeavored to take down the effigy, but could not do it without imminent danger to their lives. Later that day, a crowd of tradesmen cut down the effigy and carried it to the wharves at Boston's south end, to the side of an unfinished building owned by Andrew Oliver. The protesters assumed, mistakenly, that this was the office from which Oliver planned to distribute stamps, so they engaged in a form of protest known as pulling down the house. This took less than thirty minutes. The crowd then gathered the timber from Oliver's building and carried it, along with the effigy, to Oliver's home at the foot of Fort Hill. There they ceremoniously beheaded the effigy, and not so ceremoniously through rocks through Oliver's windows. Next, the protesters ascended Fort Hill and, to further emphasize their displeasure with the Stamp Act, they stamped their feet on what remained of Oliver's effigy and burned it in a bonfire made, appropriately enough, of the wood from Oliver's former building. Then it was back down the hill to Oliver's house once again. By now, however, the stamp distributor and his family had wisely found sanctuary in a neighbor's home. Governor Bernard told what happened next. The mob, finding the doors barricaded, broke down the whole fence of the garden towards Fort Hill and, coming on, beat in all the doors and windows of the garden front and entered the house. As soon as they had got possession, they searched about for Mr. Oliver, declaring they would kill him. Finding that he had left the house, a party set out to search two neighboring houses, in one of which Mr. Oliver was. But happily, they were diverted from this pursuit by a gentleman telling them that Mr. Oliver was gone with the governor to the castle. Otherwise, he would certainly have been murdered. When Governor Bernard tried to call out drummers to alert the local militia, he was told that most of the drummers were probably in the mob. The governor then fled to the safety of Castle William in Boston Harbor. Later that night, Lieutenant Governor Hutchinson took matters in hand. Bernard described his fate. After eleven o'clock, the mob, seeming to grow quiet, Lieutenant Governor Hutchinson and the sheriff ventured to go to Mr. Oliver's house to endeavor to persuade them to disperse. As soon as they began to speak, a ringleader cried out, The governor and the sheriff, to your arms, my boys. Presently after, a volley of stones followed. The two gentlemen narrowly escaped through favor of the night, not without some bruises. The day after this riot, Andrew Oliver promised to resign his commission as stamp distributor. On August 26, twelve days after the first riot, Boston witnessed another one. At dusk, a huge crowd gathered around a bonfire on King Street, shouting, liberty and property, the mob split into two groups. One group made its way to the home of William's story, an official of the Vice Admiralty Court, which tried smugglers and other violators of trade laws. This group wrecked Story's house, plundered its contents, and burned official papers. The other group inflicted a similar fate on the home of Benjamin Hallowell, comptroller of customs. The night was still young, so the two mobs combined forces and marched to the beautiful house of Thomas Hutchinson, Lieutenant Governor and Chief Justice of Massachusetts. Hutchinson described what happened. The hellish crew fell upon my house with the rage of devils and in a moment with axes split down the doors and entered. My son, being in the great entry, heard them cry, damn him, he is upstairs, we'll have him. When the rioters discovered Hutchinson had left, they set to work on his house in possessions. The destruction, as Hutchinson noted, was systematic and thorough. One of the best finished houses in the province had nothing remaining but the bare walls and floors. Not contented with tearing off all the Wayne Scott and hangings and splitting the doors to pieces, they beat down the partition wall and although that alone cost them near two hours, they cut down the cupola and they began to take the slate and boards from the roof and were prevented only by the approaching daylight from a total demolition of the building. The garden fence was laid flat and all my trees broke down to the ground. Such ruins were never seen in America. Besides my plate and family pictures, household furniture of every kind, my own, my children and servants' apparel, they carried off about 900 sterling in money and emptied the house of everything whatsoever except a part of the kitchen furniture, not leaving a single book or paper in it and have scattered or destroyed all the manuscripts and other papers I had been collecting for 30 years together besides a great number of public papers in my custody. The leader of the Boston riots was Ebenezer Macintosh, a shoemaker and commander of Boston's South End Gang. When Macintosh was arrested, some leading merchants informed the sheriff that should additional violence occur, no one would try to stop it. Macintosh was released. Some other rioters were arrested, but a crowd entered the home of the jailer and compelled him to surrender the key. No one was ever punished for participating in the Boston riots. Thank you for listening to Excursions. To learn more about libertarian philosophy and history, visit www.libertarianism.org.