That's right and some people also change their desk, right? Yeah, so having a lot of desk space is great in general, so getting a bigger desk, but what some people do if they work a lot and if they develop any health issues and problems with pain, they will invest in an electric desk or some people call it a standing desk. So you might have a desk that you can regulate its height and you can change it. In the case of electric desk there will be an engine that moves your desk up or down and this way you can for instance work for 15 minutes sitting and then you can increase the height of your desk, it goes up and you can work standing. This is great for your posture for your body because it allows you to change your position, move your muscles, move your body and it's very good for your health and also good for your productivity for your blood circulation and whatnot. You can find more videos that discuss that online. This can be a bit of an investment, it's certainly worth it, but even if you don't have the money now or the space to invest in a standing desk what you can do is to remember to actually take breaks and try not to sit without moving for long hours. That's right and look away from the screen and look away. So try to develop a habit where you take a short break, this might be even one two-minute break, maybe you just stand up from your laptop, from your computer and go make yourself some coffee or go for some chocolate, why not, or just bring yourself some water just go and talk to somebody you live with and do anything, look through the window. This way you allow your muscles to relax, it's very good for your spine, it's good for your eyes, it can relax, maybe look at something in the distance and of course when we have tight deadlines and a lot of work it's easy to forget about taking breaks. But you can set up so automatic reminders. Yes, a tip that we want to share is set up reminders either on your phone or maybe have like a Pomodoro timer, set up a timer for 30 minutes or one hour and try to make a short break and every half an hour or every hour to relax a little bit, to move, to stand up. This will not only be good for your health, this will also help your productivity because it will get your blood moving faster and will help you focus more and do more work. One more thing when it comes to our screens, we talk about getting a stone screen, getting a bigger screen, that's all very useful and important. One thing that you can change quite easily and you can do now is use a filter of blue light. So our screen is naturally amidst a blue light that actually makes you stay awake. So when you work a lot in the evening, either with your laptop or with a tablet or with a phone and receiving a lot of this blue light will make it hard for you to fall asleep and if you don't sleep well it will be difficult to focus. So most systems, most devices will have a blue light filter. There's also a special software that you can download but nowadays most of the systems whether Apple or Android or Windows or Mac will have this feature built in. It might be called the night mode. Once you turn it on and you can set it up to turn on automatically at a certain hour, this will mean that your screen will try to limit the blue light. This will result in the fact that the colors on your screen will be a bit strange. You will notice that things look differently but this will also mean there's much less blue light coming at your eyes and you will see that you will be able to fall asleep much more easily and that's a feature that people usually fall in love with once they discover it. And having a lot of sleep and good quality sleep is very important for us in subtitling because ultimately productivity is not about how many hours you work but also how well you can focus and how good quality of your work you can produce. That's right, so these are our tips. If you have any more tips let us know. We'll be very happy to hear about them. What works for you?


So now we're going to look at some of the different data types that we can have inside of our Java programming, and very basic primitive data types. Primitive meaning that they're very small, they don't take up too much space in our memory. So the basic one, the one that you'll know, you'll learn to love for the rest of your life is known as the integer. So the integer pretty much is all whole numbers from negative 2 billion, 0.1, to positive 2 billion, 0.1, and some change. But what happens is that gets stored in a 32-bit binary string. There's a lot of numbers that I can store in there, and that's exactly what I get if I do 2 to the 32nd power. So we can continue on. We've got things like Booleans. Booleans are true or false statements. They only really handle one bit. We keep on going. We've got things like char data types which allow us to store single characters, text. Then we get into all these weird, you know, if you look at them, then we get double, float, byte, sort, log. Why do we have so many number variable types? Well, it's because numbers kind of matter. We have big numbers, small numbers, and so we design them out such that we have enough for them. Again, why is this important? Well, let's take, for example, hopefully you might know someone who is a long time sufferer of World of Warcraft. And if you're not, well, you might, it's still a good real life application. And if you think about it, where are you? There you are. We take a look at this paragraph right here. Additionally, bosses have to run into issues where their maximum health has grown too high. World of Warcraft has literally designed their bosses to be too powerful. Why? Because we take a look right there. While stores health, the health variable in their video game has a signed 32-bit integer. Again, that only has a maximum cap of 2.1 billion numbers. And then we get into this. The heroic only boss of the Throne of Thunder. He starts out at roughly 1.1 billion health. And so throughout the fight, if the players screw up, they make mistakes. And they just, you know, they're not where they need to be. They're not killing the whelps, you know, for anyone who played during Onixia. What can happen is it can overflow. What's an overflow mean? Well, an overflow simply is if you think about your old timey odominers. If when you got to the very top, the biggest number you could, you roll back to zero. Well, again, let's think about Ra Den for a second. If Ra Den, if you screw up, you're not doing your job as a healer or DPS, and you're not throwing the dots on there. I know. I have really missed World of Warcraft. If you're not doing your job, suddenly Ra Den's going to go into an overflow and suddenly he dies. When you win and you get money or loot, great, you know, you get your purples, you get your epics. But as a program, that's not exactly, you know, what you want. You don't want your program to crash on you. So you have to plan ahead. You have to look into those things. And that's actually what this latest expansion pack of World of Warcraft did. Is it decided, oh, we kind of need to take a step back. We need to fix this. And so they shrunk the numbers down again instead of trying to, you know, expand them. That's where that came in. That's actually the big thing, not the content. Nobody cares about content. So what do we do with those data types? Well, now we get into assigning a variable. So if you've taken algebra, hopefully, you understand that we have basically this thing that floats in space, or we'll do this so you guys get the left to right association now. So we have something that floats in space. Well, like I just said, we had something that we, I called the left to right association. The left side of that equal sign, that assignment operator, that acts as the where. Where in memory should this go? And how much should be allocated to it? So say, for example, an integer. If I say on the left hand side int length, what I've explicitly done is said, give me a memory address. I don't care what one. Give me a memory address, and I'm going to call it length. And I'm going to store at least 32 bits because I'm using an integer. So I need at least 32 bits of space. Think about this in the real life application. You're making an address. You're making a neighborhood association or something. Well, guess what? I need this type of house. This type of house is 32 bits of square feet. So I need at least this many acres to have this house on there. Now again, we're talking computer, and the computer is going to be like, okay, homeowner association and the government will probably say, no, you can't have that big of a house. But you know what? Computer's a computer. It doesn't care. Now on the right side, the right side of this is the evaluation side. It's the expression side. If the left side is the where, the right side is the what. So if we take a look at that last one, int area equals 2 times width, length, plus, width, length, plus, length, width, height, plus, length, height. What we're looking at is we're taking the evaluation. What are those variables? What is width? Well, we've already established that this is a memory address. So go to that memory address. Get the value at that memory address. This 2. Go to the memory address of length.  We continue to make those things up. So the one thing to keep in the back of your head is, again, it has to be left to right association. I can't say 7 equals length. I have to say length equals 7 because the memory address has to be on the left side in Java. Now one thing that I want to throw out for you guys. Well, unfortunately, this is already taken care of, but integer division. I want to at least state, give me a moment. This is what happens when you don't prepare. Anyways, okay, I don't know. All right, we're going to get to it really fast, so skip ahead. Just like hit the arrow key for a few times because there. So int i equals 4, int j equals 8. i divided by j equals 0. Why? Why? That should be 0.5, especially because I just showed you what's going on is we have something known as integer division. I said earlier that integers are whole numbers, meaning they don't have decimal places. So when you do something like division, they don't hold division symbols. So how do we fix that? Again, to do that, what we want to do is we change that. We would change them from being int i to double i and int j to double j. And then all of a sudden when we do i divided by j, it'll be 0.5. So the last little bit we'll get to in this lecture is what happens if I want to get my user's input. Say for example, instead of just dealing with numbers and typing them out, I want to actually state get an input from a user. Well, the first thing I need to do on the first line of code, excuse me, the first line of code is I need to say import java.util.scanner. Now what that's going to do is that's going to create this input stream for my user, for me and my user, my computer program and my user. Inside of my main method, wherever I'm using this, I want to go scanner, scanner equal new scanner. I know that sounds like a weird thing to do, especially since we haven't talked about objects just yet, but what this builds is now my user input. Now before you immediately start using that user input, you should probably use some form of a prompt. Tell the user what to type in, otherwise they don't know. So that's where we get something like enter a number.  Now scanner.nextline, what that does is that takes whatever the user typed in and as soon as they hit enter, it allows me to use that as a string. So if you're so inclined, take a look at the making your first video, making your first program, the hello world that we did in the last video. And see if you can't make that say hello your name.


Hello friends, I am S.R. Dhulange working as an associate professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Vanchen Institute of Technology, Solapur. In this video, we will be discussing on Inputs and Output of Process Engineering 1. Learning Outcome At the end of this session, students will be acquainted with inputs and outputs for a process plan and understand the planning of process. Under process engineering, the process planning is important. So, these are the contents for this particular video. 1. Process Planning 2. Industry Engineering 3. Quality Engineering 4. External Data Now, let us see one by one what is process planning. For an organization to manufacture a product that meets the design specifications, the manufacture of each component part of the product must be thoroughly planned. The manufacture of the product must be cost effective with added value and to be completed on time. Therefore, through process planning the manufacturing engineer is responsible for ensuring that the product is manufactured to the correct specifications at the lowest possible cost and completed on time. Process planning provides a valuable interface between the design and manufacturing function. It is also closely linked with both industrial engineering and quality engineering. Now, what is industrial engineering? The responsibility is usually to support manufacturing engineering is considered as an indirect function in manufacturing operations and for costing purpose is included in the planned overheads. The main focus of industrial engineer is how the work is done and improving this if possible. It involves method study, work measurement, plant layout, material handling and plant maintenance. Now, what is quality engineering? Quality engineering deals with the analysis of a manufacturing system at all stages to improve the quality of the production process of its output. The fourth is external data that is provided by either a machine tool manufacturer or a cutting tool manufacturer. Now, these are the inputs and outputs for the process engineering where the input is first is industrial engineering, second is quality engineering and third is external reference material. Now, industrial engineering has got two components, one is method study, another is work measurement. Quality engineering has got two components, one is capability study, second is process improvement and external reference material has got two components, one is a machine tool data from the manufacturer, second is a tool manufacturer data that is a cutting tool manufacturer data. Now, in this video we will be concentrating on industrial engineering. Now, here there are two components of industrial engineering, one is a method study, another is a work measurement. Now, what is method study? Method study is nothing but the best way of doing any work. Now, it can be defined as a systematic recording and critical examination of existing way of doing work in order to improve the process wherein it should be cost effective and it should be efficient and it should increase the productivity. What is work measurement?  So, time study is one technique under work measurement. So, where the time required by a qualified worker to perform a particular task. So, in this diagram we can see method study is relevant with the process chart and work measurement is relevant with the standard times. Now, process chart means making a chart based on a symbol or by using the symbols and calculation of the standard time is dependent on the observed time for each element of a particular cycle. Now, let us see what are the process chart symbols and what is the meaning of that. Now, these are the process chart symbols. The first is circle. It is an operation. Any operation which is performed on the raw material, any operation which is performed on the work piece, a job or task normally performed at one location. Could it be turning, could it be milling or any machining operation? So, example is machining of any material. Second symbol is transportation. So, it deals with the moment of the atom form one location to another location. So, it could be moved by manually or conveyor. So, here the moment of the material from one destination to another destination. So, in the product type of layout, the material has to move horizontally from one station to another station. Inspection, the determination of acceptability of an atom. So, inspection means what, whether the part is accepted or rejected. Now, how we come to know, it is based on the dimensions and the tolerances which are given on the product. So, examine material for quality or quantity. Next is delay. A pause or interruption in scheduled work. So, here the work piece is waiting for the machine and the machine is busy with the other material. Material waiting to be processed. Next is the storage. Scheduled holding of atoms before, during or after production process. So, when the raw material is waiting in store or the product is waiting in store for the delivery. Now, we are making use of these particular six symbols. We can construct any type of chart. Could it be a man-based where the man is moving? Could it be a equipment-based where the equipment is moving? Could it be a machine-based where machine is moving? Or could it be based on the material where the material is moving from one's destination to another destination? Now, this is a flow process chart for a material type. So, here six symbols are there and in all ten steps are there, we can call ten elements are there. So, let us see this particular process chart where all the symbols are given and the movement of the material from one destination to another destination. So, it is for an existing way of doing work. Now, just think for a moment and study this particular flow process chart and try to draw based on your intuition a flow process chart for a material which moves from one destination to another destination. So, you can include these six symbols in order to construct a chart. You can construct a chart for the movement of the material. You can construct it for movement of the equipment or the movement of a man. Now, in the next video, we will see the quality engineering which is acting as an input for the process planning. Now, the references for this particular input and output model is process planning by Ari Johnson, process planning by Peter Scallon. Thank you.


I'm going to demonstrate an LRI now. It is very important to dry the surface of the eye before you mark. Otherwise, the ink markings can run. So I use a wax cell sponge and I use a Mendez ruler. There are many different ways of marking. One is better necessarily than the other. And in this case, I used an inked Calibri to mark my three dots. My arc that I'm going to connect with a diamond blade that's preset. I go in perpendicular to the cornea and in one gentle move, drag the LRI blade and connect the three dots and then remove. And the LRI is done.


Your coca-cola bottler presents Claudia based on the famous play and novels by Rose Franken Brought to you transcribed Monday through Friday by your friendly neighbor who bottles coca-cola Relax and while you're listening refresh yourself. Have a coke and now Claudia Claudia stop tapping your foot. You're getting me nervous. Oh am I tapping my foot? I didn't know Mom I'm starting to feel stood up. Well, then why don't you sit down on that suitcase? I feel stood up sitting down. I Wonder where David is. You'll be along in a minute So far from here to the garage. He shouldn't be taking this long. Don't leave that poor boy alone, Claudia I feel kind of silly standing around on the sidewalk with all this stuff Rune around since when do you get embarrassed? Oh, I'm not embarrassed. I just feel silly. That's nothing new Baby doesn't seem to mind. Look mommy sound asleep in his carriage Think it a couple of hours. We'll be back on the farm if David ever gets here from the garage leave the poor boy alone mama Really, you are impossible. It's one thing for you to say something quite another thing for me to say it Hmm that is a brilliant observation On second thought we don't have so much stuff to bring back. Do we your second thought is wrong? I still think we should have hired a truck. Oh nonsense David's wonderful at packing cars He'll be able to fit everything in with room left over that I will have to see you will you will Hey, what's in that little box over there that little box yeah, let me see let me see I better open it to make sure we want it with us. Don't you touch it? Why not? It belongs to me It's when are you so private since always? No, I get little chance. Oh, tell me what's in it. I will not and that's final Oh, see if I care Say what about the baby's bottle he's due to have it in about oh half an hour It's nestling in the carriage right beside him. I have it wrapped up so it won't get too cold. Mama. You're so brilliant You act as though you had experience with lots more babies than just me sure you were all the experience I needed There's David now Everything ready darling Everything's been ready for half an hour. It's about time. You've got here. I break my neck and this is the thanks I get paying no attention toward David Claudia Why is it we always have more stuff when we leave a place and when we arrive there that doesn't make any sense Well, we came to mama three weeks ago with there was just a couple of releases and now look well We've acquired a few things. We certainly have can't help that a few things It looks like you've been acquired a whole department store. I suppose you'd like me to leave them behind That would help. I suppose you'd like to leave the baby behind since we've acquired him since we've been in New York, too Oh, that would help even more stop quibbling children. Let's get started quibble. What's in this big box? ouch Rocks what would I be carrying rocks to Connecticut for our place is full of rocks. This is no time for whimsy What's in this that is mine and no questions will be answered What's in this crate? Oh just a few books I received since the hospital if I thought you'd ever read them I wouldn't mind so much and there's an idea what for lugging them back to Eastbrook I'm going to make you read every single one of these They don't like bundles Maybe it'd be simpler to pack up the car and carry this stuff very funny I dread to think of repeating this process at the other end. Oh, it won't be so bad Undressing is always easier than dressing. No, let's see. Now. I suggest you stop grumbling and get going We'd be in Eastbrook already if you weren't making such a fuss Wonder where we can sit in the baby carry. Hey, wait a minute. Let me take the baby out.  What do you think? Hmm, I guess it won't too many wheels. I'll have to put the beliefs in the trunk.  All right. All right. All right. I was only trying to help Carriage won't fit in there. I like to put it in the back and then the four of us will have to sit in the front Good thing the baby isn't grown up yet. It really is You know, I think we ought to stand the little one up on the side And the three big ones can go one on top of the other and then the little one get away from me get away from me I don't know why you can't bear to have some good advice yet away What about tying the carriage on top of the car, you know like ski. Oh great great David I have an idea you too mama You can put all the coats and small boxes in the carriage. Yes, then we can put the boxes and oh No, I guess it wouldn't work Of course we could send the car up by itself and then we could take the train I wouldn't mind. Oh, but think how all the other people on the road is feel seeing a car on the road with nobody driving it No, let me get these releases in I'll feel like an Armenian peddler standing here on the sidewalk with all these boxes around You look like a peddler you are mean, but that's the only Armenian thing about you Oh, yeah, men don't appreciate jokes at the time like this. Oh, I'm sorry. Not this way. This one's too tall They had sideways Listen to how he talks to me. I don't blame him. I'll try and get the carriage in the car darling They just can't bear to part with anything Don't look around now, but there's a man watching you probably fascinated at how impact a man can be Sidewalk engineer to me Coming over Look just the suggestion my friend. Yes Now wait a minute. Look Why not prop the two little suitcases on their sides in the corner then the three large ones will sit in the center Yeah, I've tried that but they don't fit No, oh, you know, that's very strange Very strange indeed my wife went to great lengths to choose them so they wouldn't oh Married huh? Yes. I'm married and I'm trying not to lose my chamfer You were moving today Yes, yes, we're we're moving you're very fortunate to find another apartment. Well, I haven't found another apartment You haven't Hello, David How are you doing? terrible oh Darling, I don't think the carriage is gonna fit in the back either Did you say you were moving that you haven't found another apartment? Yes, that's exactly what I said This one fits in sideways better. Well, that's terrible. It is terrible There's now there's no room for the leather bag. Well, how about propping it up with some and why are you moving? Because I like packing the car Wait, it was nothing to get sore at Now you're moving without a new place If you must have an answer, we've been evicted David evicted You mean Evicted that's what happened Effective, huh? Oh, David wasn't it terrible. Yes turned out of our apartment forced to leave suddenly made to pack all our belongings into the car and Move well, you know, that's one of the most terrible things I've ever heard of What happened?  Yes? She has to move to don't let mommy here. You're talking about it like that Beware this is one of the most terrible stories. I've ever heard Say look here. Have you had you called the authorities? What good would it do? If if it's this kind of a world where families have to be turned out into the street, well That's the kind of a world it is Come on, Claudia. Hand me the little suitcase. We'll try to find a home for it, too I ought to throw it at you. Are you sure there isn't some way I can help anything I can do to help Don't worry about it. There's nothing you can do except well. It's nice to have met you You know, I think you're all very courageous. Well, we really don't have very much to be courageous about Are you sure I can't do anything to help? I'm sure we'll get along some way so, you know I've got a suggestion if you put the big fat one on the bottom It might fit a lot better that way. Thanks Aren't you ashamed? No, I'm not ashamed. You ought to be pulling that man's leg like that strumming on his heartstrings He turned out to be pretty nice. I can't stand sidewalk cabitzers Say it does go in the way he said What do you know? When are we going to get underway? It's almost time for the baby's bottle Let the baby wait. It's time. He did his share There I guess this is as good as I can get the back of the car. We'll put this one under your foot So no grass will grow now. I'll get the carriage in the coats and boxes will be all set You see it hasn't been so bad Just a little why don't scrape the paint off. That's the least of my words there Now the coats and the boxes and Claudia Claudia get in front and take the baby mommy you get next to her and close the door quickly so nothing falls out It's so bossy Hand me the baby mama. Here he is Claudia move over and make room for me Take a deep breath mama Here we are all on our way to Eastbrook I can hardly believe it Now David you less grumpy now that everything's fit into the car. I knew it would I never have been grumpy Now move over make room for me moved over as far as I can move over It's your son. He's so fat Last I Hope the tires hold out wouldn't it be funny if we had done pack the car to get the spare tire Oh, I apologize for her David. She has a misplaced sense of humor Are we all set all set. Wait a minute David don't start the car. What's the matter now the black frying pan? What about it?  We're going to Eastbrook without the black frying pan.  It takes years and years to train a black frying pan It's like antique and we'll have to do without it. You are heartless David please let me get out of the car to get it. What do I do now, Mrs. Pay no attention to her. Just start the car. Let's be on our way. Oh You have no understanding. I have understanding the black frying pan is in that heavy box I was a little embarrassed to say so But I wouldn't go step without it either. Oh mama now. I love you as much as the frying pan. Mrs. Brown You have no idea how I love you. Well, let's go It's no accident that Coca-Cola has become such a favorite with young people it belongs with friendly occasions It's delicious and wholesome and it only costs a nickel a bottle Why not have your grocer put a case of coke in the car this afternoon? With coke on ice the young people in your house can play host to their friends in great style That makes them feel good and it makes you feel good too Say my friend, uh, did those people really have a place to go? Oh, yes Yes, they do a rather nice place at that. They'll be getting to their farm tomorrow Well, I'm certainly glad to hear it that the gentleman get all those pieces of his puzzle put together just about they left a minute ago Oh I'd like to have seen how we packed the car didn't think it could do it. I Got the same job coming up. The wife and I are going off for two weeks. Well, I wish you a pleasant vacation Thanks friend. It'll be okay if the little woman doesn't pack too many duds. Well, so long Well, so long and thanks for your help if all goes well, we'll hear the big arrival home tomorrow till then As I was about to say every day Monday through Friday Claudia comes to you transcribed with the best wishes of your friendly neighbor who bottles Coca-Cola So listen again tomorrow at the same time and now this is joking saying or if wire and remember Whoever you are, whatever you do, wherever you may be when you think of refreshment think of Coca-Cola For Coca-Cola makes any pause the pause that refreshes and ice-cold Coca-Cola is everywhere This broadcast of Claudia was supervised and directed by William Brown Maloney And now here's a word from your friendly neighbor who bottles Coca-Cola


Byland, who I think is, what is he, an economist in Scandinavian economists, thinks we should drop the term capitalism. He basically said it is futile to defend the term. I think we should have defended liberalism like Mises wanted. Capitalism is the in-your-face term we need to stand behind still. When are people going to understand that it has nothing to do with terminology? It has nothing to do with terminology. People don't hate capitalism because of the word. They hate capitalism because of what it means. Indeed, people haven't rejected, people don't understand what liberalism means anymore. And rescue liberalism, yeah, defending liberalism, it's a good word. I like liberalism a lot. Liberalism is also a mealy-mouthed, centrist, non-committal word. Liberty was a liberal. I mean, 19th century, anybody from John Stuart Mill, the egalitarian, not egalitarian, utilitarian turn socialist ultimately, to, I don't know, you could argue the funny fathers were maybe liberal, but then everybody, but there's no edge to liberal, there's no principle behind liberal. There's generally, generally, we should be for freedom. God help us from defining freedom. We don't want to define it. We don't define what it means because then you might have a definition very similar to that of capitalism and everybody will hate you. There's no such thing as enlightened self-interest. Enlightened self-interest, when you ask people what they mean by enlightenment self-interest, they mean not self-interest. They add the enlightened to distance themselves from the self-interest. Now we can invent our own terms, we can invent new terms, but self-interest is a pretty cool term and the fact that people don't understand it is their problem because they choose not to understand it because it's right there. It's called self-interest and the same with selfishness. It's the opposite of selflessness. Everybody understands selflessness, not caring about self, not taking care of self, but they refuse to accept that selfishness is the opposite. Taking care of self, caring about self, and they want to stick in at the expense of others. But that's because they hate the idea of having people actually pursue self-interest. Not because they're confused, not because if we change the word they'd buy it. What people hate about our ideas are our ideas, not the words we use. I don't care, you want to replace capitalism with something else, fine, replace capitalism with something else. You think you'll make one iota more impact, I don't, not one iota. If the intellectuals who think about these things, who are not impacted emotionally by a word here or word there, if the intellectuals embrace capitalism with the masses follow, of course they would. If the intellectuals embrace selfishness as a good term, with the masses follow, of course they would. Our battle is a battle for the intellectuals or to replace the intellectuals. And the intellectuals understand the difference between concepts. They understand what words represent. And we're not appealing to their emotion, we're appealing to their intellect. And there's a reason why selfishness is a good word. Because it's the opposite of self-lass. Because it means taking care of self. And the addition of its expense of others is just gratuitous. It's unnecessary. It's not in the word. It's in what people want to imbue the word. They want you to believe that there's no such thing as taking care of self without abusing others, exploiting others. So you know, I don't think it's worth, I know, I've debated selfishness and people debate capitalism to no end. It's a waste of time. It's not the issue. It's educate people about ideas, about content, about what's important, what's right. Let's use out terminology because we have clear definitions and most people don't. They just have vague notions in their mind. Let's give them our definitions. Instead of being mealy-mouthed about it, let's go out there and declare ourselves capitalist, and here is what we mean by the way. What we need today, what I call the new intellectual, would be any man or woman who is willing to think, meaning any man or woman who knows that man's life must be guided by reason, by the intellect, not by feelings, wishes, whims or mystic revelations. Any man or woman who values his life and who does not want to give in to today's cult of despair, cynicism and impotence and does not intend to give up the world to the dark ages and to the role of the collectivist broods. All right. Before we go on, remind them, please like the show. We've got 163 live listeners right now, 30 likes. That should be at least 100. I figure at least 100 of you actually like the show.  There you go. Start liking it. I want to see that go to 100. All it takes is a click of a click of a thing. Whether you're looking at this and you know, the likes matter. It's not an issue of my ego. It's an issue of the algorithm. The more you like something, the more the algorithm likes it. So, you know, and if you don't like the show, give it a thumbs down. Let's see your actual views being reflected in the likes. But if you like it, don't just sit there, help get the show promoted. Of course, you should also share and you can support the show at your own book show dot com slash support on Patreon or subscribe star or locals. And and show your support for all, for, for, for the work, for the value. Hopefully you're receiving from this.  You'll know what shows are on when they're on. You'll get notified. Right. So, yes, like, share, subscribe, support, like share, subscribe, support. There you go. Easy. Do one or all of those, please.


Hey everybody, welcome back to magic orthodoxy. My name is David and this is how to build your own magic kit All right. So in this video, I want to show you how to put together your own magic kit for kids Okay, so it's the gifts giving season right now at least for me And so there was a couple of kids on my wish list that I wanted to Get magic kids for and the problem that I ran into and probably the problem that you're running into is there are magic sets out there on the internet or in the stores and For one, they're really expensive. They're really expensive for what they are and second You don't really know what's inside of it a lot of times I'll say 50 tricks included or a hundred tricks included and it's a little bit Deceptive because what they're doing is they're they're gonna being you a deck of cards and they're counting that as 25 tricks, you know, they're saying oh, we gave you instructions for 25 tricks And the other part of that is a lot of those instructions that come with those kits are really Convoluted and hard to explain Sometimes I'll even give you a DVD and it's just not well produced and so, you know, there's expense There's the mystery of what are you getting in the box? And then there's the added mystery of is this gonna be good quality? Is this the kind of magic my kid wants to do because right now a lot of kids They're heroes, you know our Dynamo and David Blaine and Chris Angel and the truth is the magic They're watching on TV. It's not the magic. They're gonna get in their magic kit. So what do you do? How do you build your own? magic set Okay, so first off you'll need a box and I guess you could do this one of two ways You could find all the stuff that you're gonna put in the box and then find the box that fits it That would probably make more sense, but that's not the way I did it Or you could find a box and then just fill it with stuff So I found these boxes at Walmart and couldn't pass them up because it actually says the word of magic on it Right, so it was the holiday season when I picked these up. These are tins. Okay, so that's really cool They're about the size of an eight and a half by 11 Which I thought that'll work if I type up in some instructions says believe in the magic and it's just a pop-off lid Like I said, I found these at Walmart. They're really cheap. They're on an end cap But I guess you could go to Hobby Lobby or someplace like that where you could look for a cute box That would actually be sturdy my kid got a Chris Angel magic set like a long time ago It comes in the same kind of box that you'd put like a board game in but probably not as well Put together even though there was like a plastic tray in there where all the vacuum form Holes where you could put all the tricks back. It never went back in that box We ended up getting him another box for all of his stuff anyway, so find yourself a box Okay, so what do you put in your box? Alright, so I have the advantage of actually being a magician So I realize that not everyone who watches this might not have the same knowledge as me I'll do my best to help you and I'll put some links below in the description To try to guide you in the right direction and of course if you ask me questions I'll do my best to answer them. So what I put inside of my magic box at first glance might not look exactly Magical okay, so the first thing I did was I made sure that all of my kids got a brand new deck of bicycle playing cards That for me is a must number one There are standard decks, so they're going to look like any other deck So they won't draw suspicion and number two. I know they're well made Most card decks that come inside of a magic kit are cheap Garbage decks from China. Okay, you want to get a good deck of bikes This might even be one of the most expensive things in the in the entire box I think you know a standard deck of bikes might be around $3 So just make sure you get a really good deck of cards that will last them a long time Next up I put a couple things in my magic kit that you might not think are magical items like really thick rubber bands Why would I do that? Well, I actually know a lot of rubber band tricks And I think they might be really fun for kids, so I made sure I got the nice thick Rubber bands and then I'm going to show you the instructions for them a little bit later in the video But yeah, I got the rubber bands Another thing that I got there was a household item is I got a crystal pen now Pens are good from additions because a you write with them a lot of times But I know a lot of pen tricks also and be another household item again I know it's not a magical item like why would I put it in there? but I know like five or six tricks with a pen and I want to teach the kids in my life how to do them So I wanted them to have their own pen next up every magic kit comes with a thumbtip and a silk and They're not always the best quality And so I got mine from a magic house and like I said, I'll put all the descriptions and links below Just so that you have access to them and just to show you where I got them And I made sure I got a child-sized thumb tip. Okay, and so that's just that's I think that's important I think a lot of times you'll get those kits and they won't have a child-sized thumb tip And so this is a legitimate thumb tip legitimate silk square. And again, these are pennies These are so so so cheap also what I think a lot of magic kits fail to put in is a magic wand And this is a good one. It's solid. It's got brass tips, and it was really cheap It's very inexpensive when you buy it from a magic store I think every kid expects to get a magic wand and I've never seen a magic kit come with one And so I made sure that our kids got a magic wand. Okay, so as far as putting gimmicks and gas inside of your kit You can't go wrong with royal magic royal magic makes a lot of the props That you would normally find in a magic kit, but they make them way better And like I said, they're pennies. They're dollars a piece You're gonna get way better quality tricks than the ones you find in the dollar store If you use the links that I put in the description, you could go to the dollar store and get those I'm just saying they won't be as nice. Okay, so ball and vase is one of the tricks You'll find always in a magic kit. However, this ball and vase is really well made This trick is called wonder blocks and it's a little black tube with three colored beads And the kid will put the beads into the tube one at a time like red white blue and when they turn The tube the beads fall out in a different pattern. So that's a pretty cool trick Royal magic has their own version of the two card of Monty and the neat thing about their Gaff cards is that they are the standard red bicycle backs So they will go with the deck that I gave them and the cards that are included in here could be used for other magic tricks as well This is a really great trick called viz escape and it comes with a little red sleeve and a little black Hot dog shape piece you stick the one inside the other and you stick a brad through it And then you try to give it to your spectator and they can't take the black piece out But then when they give it to you it slides right out. It's a great optical illusion Another really fun one is the sure shot dice box. It's a little plastic box looks like this on the inside There's a couple of dice This your child can give this out and have anyone put the dice inside of it with any numbers up And when your child shakes it the dice numbers that they want will appear another thing I put in was a little book of instructions now granted I made this so I mean yeah This is the advantage that I have of being a magician And so I made sure that they had instructions for rubber bands and pens deck of cards thumbtip There's tricks inside of this that they can do with the stuff that's in their box now I I know obviously that you know not everyone can write their own magic book So I'll put some links below in the description of some magic books that you can buy these magic books will include way more tricks than your child could ever learn in a year and The other great thing about it is there'll be tricks inside those books that they can use for other household items way more card tricks and And and these books are way better than any set of instructions that will come with a standard deck of Magic tricks alright, and the last thing I put in my kit was a DVD. Okay, I put in a DVD and you can actually find free DVDs free children's instructional DVDs from Penguin Magic, and I'll put those descriptions in the link below as well They're probably gonna be video downloads And so you'll have to download the entire video and then burn it to a disc You'll have to do that yourself, but again, this is pretty much a DIY kit anyway So you'll burn that to a disc and you can put that in the box as well Then your child will have a DVD instruction that they can watch again filled with tons of tricks that they can do with all the things that are in their box and just get a wonderful Experience and I think something that's more personal like this something that you build something that you create I think will go so much farther with the child being receptive to it and loving it And I think it'll further enhance their Knowledge and their desire to become a magician. Hey, thanks for watching this video. Like I said, I'll put all the links below in the Description I'll do my best to answer any questions that you might have about putting together your own kit And if your child has you know certain desires or certain wishes or certain interests I'll do my best to find the answers for you. Thanks. Bye


All right, so you guys are sick of seeing Copenhagen, so I thought we'd go to Jackson Hole. So this is, for those of you who haven't been up to the Grand Tetons, it's worth the trip. It's a fantastic, fantastic trip to go in the summertime. So that's the Grand. That's what David and his buddies climb. So you're impressed with looking peak there. And here's the close up. As a testament to global warming, when I used to go climbing around these things 35 years ago, there were summertime glaciers all the time on here now. Another decade, there's going to be no glaciers left on here, just because climate is warming and things are drying out. It's got no more glaciers up on the Grand this summer. So this is the new Wild West, Wild Life Museum they built, which is pretty cool because they basically put Western art into a museum and they got some donors and did it. And this is on the other side. So this is not looking toward the Tetons. This is looking out onto this massive meadow where in the wintertime, like 30,000 elk live.  So a lot of them. And this is the Ascus Executive Committee Retreat with families. So hanging out at the museum. OK, retina. So when we talk about the retina, we want to talk about several different areas of the retina. So we, since you're at the hot seat there to my left, what are the different areas of the retina when we describe them? So looking at the retina, talk about the nerve, the vessels, talk about the macula. OK.  So that's kind of the main areas we really want to look at. And then when we look at the retina, Eileen, what do retinas, ogres, and onions have in common? Layers. Layers. Layers. I hope you guys studied your layers because we're going to beat these layers to death this morning. All right, so Eileen, starting from the inside to the outside. Interlimiting membrane. Interlimiting membrane. All right. Chris, neurofiber layer. Neurofiber layer. Back there. Gangling cell layer. Gangling cell layer. Shrub. Interplexiform layer. Interplexiform layer, OK. Inter-nuclear layer. Inter-nuclear layer. Outer portion. Outer-plexiform layer. Back to you, Eileen. Outer-nuclear layer. Outer-nuclear layer. OK. Eileen. Photoreceptor layer. Yeah, photoreceptor layer, Chris. Arcane. Rental pigment epithelium. Are you there? Ah! You didn't realize it's part of the red, the hot medicine. Well, is that the Choroid? Choroid, more specific. That part of the Choroid. Choro-capillaries. Choro-capillaries. Exactly. So again, I'm going to count on you guys. Don't let your voice go up when you're dancing. When we're dancing. Save with conviction. Courage of X. Even if you're wrong, you still get half credit. I have an objection. Ma'am, we skipped the layer, which we skipped. Brooks memory, exactly. I was going to come back to that. You know my PIP questions. We skipped the layer. We, the Choro-cap, between the RPE and the Courage of Choro-capillaries is Brooks memory. We're going to go into that. All right, so looking at it a little bit closer now, what I want to do, Choro, we're going to start, we're going to trace a photon of light. So it comes through the cornea. The cornea bends two-thirds of it. It comes through the lens. The lens bends the other third of it. And then it goes back and it hits the retina. So what does that photon of light have to do to become seen? And where are the photoreceptors? Close to the RPE. Exactly. So that light, so the retina's built upside down. I mean, if you're going to build a retina, you put those photoreceptors out on the surface where the light wouldn't have to go through. But there's one major problem. Those photoreceptors are incredibly energy-intensive. And so if you put the photoreceptors out here, they're so far away from their nutrients that they wouldn't be able to function well. So the retinas built such that the photoreceptors are down here near their nutrients near the chloride. So the light has to go all the way through that retina and hit the photoreceptors. So what happens? What part of the photoreceptors does that photon of light hit? All right, so where does the rhodopsin live? So it actually lives right on the little membranes here on the surface of these. And if you look at them, they're stacked up like coins with little tubes on the outside of them. When the guys are talking about retina, I'm sure they're talking to you about the physiology at Nazion, but that photon of light hits a rhodopsin molecule, it goes from cis to trans, and you get a hyperpolarization. So that hyperpolarization starts here in the photoreceptors, it goes through to its cell body here in the outer nuclear layer. Where does it go from there, Ashley? To the... Not yet. To the inner nuclear layer? All right, where in the inner nuclear layer? The bipolar cells. And so it hits, it synapses here in the outer plexiform layer and it synapses with a bipolar cell, so that bipolar cell is a relay cell. So then the bipolar cell sends its axon out here where it synapses to what? I mean, ultimately a ganglion cell. All right, so now that hyperpolarization has gone to the ganglion cell, leave, once it leaves that ganglion cell, where does it go next? So once it leaves the ganglion cell, the axons are then transported along the nerve fiber layer towards the optic nerve. Okay, and where does that axon finally synapse? It finally synapses at the lateral geniculate nucleus. Exactly, so that's a really long axon. So that axon from that ganglion cell goes all the way along the nerve fiber layer through the optic nerve, through the chiasm into the radiations, all the way to the lateral geniculate body. So anything that interrupts that axon, anywhere along that pathway, can eventually lead to death of these ganglion cells here. So a really, really long axon. All right, Eileen, now we talked about the bipolar cells in this inner nuclear layer. What other three cells live in there? Horizontal, amicron and fielder cells. Exactly, so the horizontal and the amicron cells, they're kind of the mediators of that signal. So if you look at EMs of them, they almost look like octopi, where they've got little tentacles going all over the place. And so what's interesting is that tells us that signal modulation is already going on right there. So if you think about it, you know, these guys at USC and other places, they're putting these electrode arrays in there. You know, there's like 32 little electrode arrays and they're stimulating it and firing it off, but there's really no processing going on there. And so at best, if you look at the pictures, I mean, I think it's wonderful the work they're doing and it's gonna get better, but you look at those pictures when they're checking these people who've had these, there's like an E as tall as I lean. You know, E for I lean. So can you see that? Oh yeah, that's a E, whoa, that's great, that's an E. But there's, without that processing, you know, the ret has a lot more complicated. So you've got horizontal and amicron cells putting little tentacles all over the place to process that signal. Chris, what does a Mueller cell do? A Mueller cell. So it's basically like the easiest way I can think of it is like a scavenger cell basically the red one. It is, it's like a microbial cell. It's a scavenger cell and it's interesting because it sends its little processes all the way out here to the area where these cell bodies and the rods and cones go.  So it's kind of like a scavenger, like a microbial cell in the brain. All right, back up, what's different about this picture from the one I showed you previously? I think there's some disruption in the ganglia cell layer. Okay, there's something going on in the ganglia cell layer. That's a little bit of a pathologist with that picture. That's a little bit of a pathologist with that picture. There's something going on in that ganglia cell layer. What's going on? Maybe, it looks like maybe blood vessel or something. Oh, there's only little blood vessel in the ganglia cell layer, absolutely. How many cell layers thick is the ganglia cell layer in much of the retina? Normally just a few cell layers. Yeah, or one, even. All right, how many ganglia cells are... Thicker than usual. All right, so where do you think we are now? Probably closer to the phobia. Yeah, it's actually in the macula. So when you talk with retina people, you know, macula to them is the areas in the arcades. When you talk to a pathologist, retina is the area where there's more than one ganglia cell layer thick. And so by definition, this is in the macula. And so there's more than one ganglia cell layer. The other way you can tell you're in the macula, well, Shroud, this is a, in this picture, there's one other way we can tell or we're close to the phobia, but in the macula. This is a tricky one. Anybody? It worries me. It knows up there. It's out of pocket right there. Exactly. Look at these fibers here. So what do we call this layer where these fibers are running obliquely? Henleys layer. So what happens is, is in the center part of the phobia, it's almost all pure combs. And that's where you get your fine vision in. And the way they're linked is one comb goes to one bipolar, goes to one ganglia cell. It's that one-to-one-to-one. And so because of that, there's a whole bunch of combs there and they've got to go to one ganglia cell. So the ganglia cells stack up. So there's a lot of them around there. But because you want that clear zone in the center of the phobia so that that light can come through uninterrupted, those fibers actually go obliquely to hook up to that bipolar to that ganglia cell. That's Henleys layer. The reason that this is important is what disease process do we usually see evolving Henleys layer? Macular or D, my exact. So here's Henleys layer. When you go out to the periphery, as much as 100 rods are linked to one ganglia cell. So you don't have them all stacked up because they don't link in. And the reason for that is summation. So what does your peripheral vision do? It warns you. You know, when you're out on the tundra there's saber-toothed tigers out there to eat you and you can hide from it or run from it. So it picks up movement. It also picks up light. You've been out on a dark night and you see a little flicker and then you look at it and it disappears. It's a weird phenomenon because those 100 rods to one ganglia cell, some of them, wears an aphobia, it's one-to-one-to-one. And here's the phobia. You can see it's almost like I say this is akin to wind blowing through a wheat field. You know, the vibrous part so that that light can come through unimpeded and hit those cones right in there. So here's the phobia. Here's Henleys layer going sideways and here's all those ganglion cells stacked up. All right, and this is just showing you again. Henleys layer stacked up ganglion cells, blood vessels. All right, you know, I didn't ask one other pin question and I should have put this on a picture. See if I can go back and show this here. Oh man, we're not seeing Brooks Mambrane. So Eileen, you mentioned Brooks Mambrane. Brooks Mambrane is between the gloria capillaris and retinal pigment epithelium. How many layers has Brooks Mambrane? Five. Five, and what are the layers? The base of membrane of the RP. Collagenous layer, no, yes, an elastic layer, another collagenous layer, and the base of membrane of the gloria capillaris. Okay, so how do we remember that? It's like a turkey sandwich. Okay, I like the ones upstairs that's measuring the turkey sandwiches upstairs. So the bread on both sides is the base of membrane of the RPE and the gloria capillaris. The turkey is the collagen layer, that really stringy turkey that got upstairs, and then the middle layer is an elastic layer, the cheese that's elastic. And so that's Brooks Mambrane. Now, we're looking at one, Lee, I skipped you. Lee, back to you. I skipped a lot of you. Well, we'll start over. Lee, what are we looking at here? What's going on in this retina? A lot of pathology. Yeah, what kind of pathology? There's retinal hemorrhages. Right, hemorrhages? What layers of the retina are the hemorrhages in? It looks like it's in a nerve fiber layer. All right, and what do nerve fiber layer hemorrhages look like? Flame shape. All right, so these little flame shape hemorrhages are in that nerve fiber layer, because remember when the ganglion cell layer sends out its axons, they turn the corner and they run perpendicular to the rest of the retina. So if you have hemorrhages superficially, they look like flames. What do we call them when the hemorrhages are deeper? Dot and blot. Dot and blot. So they're down where the fibers are running now, perpendicular to the surface instead of parallel. So there's dot block hemorrhages. What else is going on in here? There's hard-action dates. Hard-action dates, and where are they located? So they're typically in the outer plectiform layer? Well, what part of the retina in this particular picture? That's in the macula. It's in the macula, exactly. So it's in this layer. And then also, you see here, quite hard to tell, but I don't know if there's a little swelling around the edge of that right there. What do you see when you look at the vessels? Tortures. All right, so especially the venials or tortures. Look at the arterials, though. What do you see in the arterials? Silver wire. Silver wiring. So normally, there's no muscle or layer around the arterials that lining is clear. But if you have a hardening of the arterial sclerosis, what you get is you get this silver wiring. And look, what happens when the artery crosses that vein? You get a sausage in, right?  So what could cause this? Yeah, this is hypertensive retinopathy now. The severe diabetic can look like this, too, but this is the one. Don't forget that thing that's hanging somewhere in the clinic. I don't even know where it is in my clinic that you put her out of a person's arm and you pump it up and what's the less of the difficult. So you can make sure that I'm one of the techs. They know how to do that. But severe hypertensive retinopathy can give you a look like this, where you have hemorrhages in all layers of the retina. You get vascular congestion. Usually it's in the setting of severe arterial sclerosis. And in the long term, you can even get this exudate in the maculans. It's star-shaped. And this, again, corresponds to the exudate out here in Henley's Lake. So you get this star-shaped exudate. You get these hemorrhages. And look at that fuzzy disc. Now, this was someone I saw when I was first here. This is a young child. She was like nine or 10, and I looked and said, what the heck? And we did find a pressure cuff when we measured her. And she's like 200 over 100. Turns out she had a problem with the valves in the ureter, and the urine was backing up into her kidneys and burning out her kidneys. Now, I just saw a patient the other day. I looked in, and I said, man, that can't be hypertensive. It's something else weird going on. I sent her to a hot bar. He said, man, that can't be hypertensive. Something else going on. And then, I don't know why, but fortuitously, he checked the blood pressure, and the patient was like, again, 200 over 100. So you've got to watch for this once in a while. I just missed it a month ago. And here's severe hypertensive retinopathy. Remember, they will grade hypertensive retinopathy. Depending on the scale you look at, 1 through 4, 1 through 5. But the last grade, you actually get papillodema. So you get swelling of the nerve fiber layer, swelling of the disc, hemorrhages are out there. So in severe hypertensive retinopathy, you can even get papillodema. All right, let's see, Chris. OK, so kind of diffuse whitening of the retina with a cherry red spot. So what would this be? Central retina artery occlusion. All right, so this is a central retinal artery occlusion. Why do you get a cherry red spot? From the edema around the actual phobia. So why does it stay red? Because it's so thin, and then you're seeing the capillary, I mean the cordiocapillaris. Exactly, so remember that picture we showed of the phobia where the retina overlying it thins out. So when you get a central retinal artery occlusion, all of the retina inside gets ischemic. But right here, you're seeing a window into the cord. So in the central phobia, you can still see that normal cordial blood flow. And so you see that so-called cherry red spot. And you see that the retina is ischemic. Because of the ischemia, it turns white and it gets swollen. All right. How is this different, Beckham? Oh, so you don't have the same level of diffuse whitening. In fact, there's kind of a more focal area of diffuse whitening. Yeah. So what do we call this? Branch artery occlusion. A branch artery occlusion. And if you look, you can see that you've got this area right here. So this is not the main central retinal artery. But one of the branches now is central retinal and branch retinal artery occlusion thrombotic or embolic. It's usually embolic, exactly. So if you see the central retinal artery or branch retinal artery occlusion, you've got to look somewhere. Because it's usually either a blood clot or a piece of cholesterol or something that's broken off, carotids, aorta, heart valve, somewhere that causes this to be occluded. And so you see this is a branch artery occlusion. And what are we looking at right here, Shravan?   Yeah, look at that blood vessel. It's got all this fat from the crown burgers, pastrami, that kind of air, that kind of tourists or else that human. It's like this, by the way, I love crown burgers. That human is like this big. It's really easy to food. But what part of the eye are we looking at right here? Give me a hand. Look out here. Believe it or not, this is the optic nerve head. And this is where the central retinal artery and vein share a common advantage. So she does it come into the eye. Why would I be showing you this? Because the most common cause of central retinal vein occlusion is arteriosclerosis in the central retinal artery. So that artery is all fat with cholesterol and with the sandwiches from mucis and all that stuff that we love. And so that is susceptible to emboli forming in there. But if you look at it, it shares a common advantage in the tissue or sheath with the central retinal vein.  And so arteriosclerosis can cause a vein occlusion in addition. And so when you look at what a retina looks like in a central retinal artery, Ashley, what part of the retina gets affected when there's a central retinal artery occlusion? Actually, no. Oh, oh yeah, inner. How much of the inner? It's like an inner third. Yeah, maybe even the inner are almost two thirds. And so when you look at the blood supply to the retina, it's a dual blood supply. The inner almost two thirds gets its blood supply from the central retinal artery. The outer third gets its blood supply from the coroid. And so when you get a central retinal artery occlusion, that ganglion cell layer is wiped out. Almost all of the inner nuclear layer is wiped out. But that outer nuclear layer and the rods and cones are still intact. They just got no place to connect. And so they get their blood supply from the coroid. But that inner two thirds gets it from the central retinal artery. So it wipes out about two thirds of it. What do we see in right here? This is more like blood and thunder. Yes, this is the so-called blood and thunder retinas. I don't know who names these, but blood and thunder. I don't know what thunder looks like. Blood and thunder just sounds cool. Whoa, blood and thunder.  Oh, the Patriots' defense, the blood and thunder defense. So what causes this? So this is a central retinal vein occlusion. So as opposed to the artery occlusion, where blood is not getting in and it's a schemic, here blood is not getting out. So it blocks it off. Now it can still cause a schemia, but you see a central retinal vein occlusion. You get blood all over. It's in all layers. It's all over. Now what is this? What's going on right here? This is more of a branch. So this is a branch vein occlusion. Again, like a branch artery occlusion. It's more in one focal area. Usually, at what point do the veins get occluded at arterial crosses? Exactly. So again, when the veins cross those fat arteries that have arterial sclerosis in them, you'll often get pressure and stasis, and you'll get blockage. Right there, one of the veins crosses over where that arterial is. And so this is a branch vein occlusion. And you see not only does blood back up, but you can also get ischemia in these. And these are what you worry about, especially a central retinal vein occlusion. Not only does it affect the retina, but you get ischemia, and you get all kinds of problems down the road. So this is an eye that's been cut in half-sadually. Here's the optic nerve. Here's the aureus erotic. And you see the hemorrhages are just diffuse throughout the entire retina, and in all layers. Here's the RPE. Here's the retina. You see it's swollen. There's exudate here, and there's hemorrhages all over. So that's a central retinal vein occlusion. All right, back to Lee. Kind of almost a similar picture. What are we seeing here? Similar findings. You have the flame-shaped hemorrhages. You have the heart exudates, and you also have congenital spots, congestion of the vasculature. So what could be causing this? Well, a lot of things. Diabetes can cause that. All right, so the most common would be diabetes. And unfortunately, we're just seeing an explosion of diabetes now, again, because of all this darn Crown burgers and reality TV shows that act to make us all obese as Americans. And so in my average clinic now, you guys don't rotate with me, because I just have a general clinic, and that's my registered resident. So I probably see five to 10 diabetics per clinic now. And almost all of them are now type 2 diabetics. And so we're seeing an explosion of type 2 diabetes. And so you guys are going to see this for the rest of your career. And what we see is, in background retinopathy, you see dot blood hemorrhages. You see flame hemorrhages. You see heart exudate.  All right, let's look closer. So, I mean, what are we showing here? You're showing the retinol capillaries, and those are microangerisms. Exactly. So the first thing that happens in a diabetic retinot is you get dropped out of the little perisites that line up along the vessels. And you start to get microangerisms. So this is a trypsin digest. We've taken a retinopreparation, just digested everything but the vessels.  And then you start to see this later on. Chris, what is this? It's a laryngeal exudate. All right, so they call it heart exudate.  And so that's out of the literature, but the term heart exudate has stayed. And so when you get leakage out of the vessels, again, in a diabetic eye, there's the Dopplot hemorrhage is you start to get heart exudate. And if you start to get that exudate building up in the macula, that can be a real problem. And that's really lipid rich. So what happens is lipids and proteins and fluid leak out. You eventually absorb the fluids, but the lipids and proteins are really big and they're hardly reabsorbed. And so they end up getting deposited here. You can imagine what that's going to do to your vision. Here we see what heart exudate looks like. It's this kind of pink on the H&E spade. And so you see exudative material. Here you see a big dilated vessel, a lot of exudative material in the retina. It's a heart exudate. Becker, what are we highlighting right here? Those look like cotton wool spots. Cotton wool spots. What exactly are cotton wool spots? Areas of ischemia. OK. So they're focal areas of ischemia. What layer are they? Layers. Well, they're dot-shaped. They're not flame-shaped. So I'm going to guess that they are deeper in the retina. Actually, they almost are kind of flame-shaped. So if you look at it, it's not. So they're kind of deeper but superficial. So they're actually in the ganglion cell and nerve fiber layer. So they're actually superficial. And the way you can tell that is every once in a while, you get one of these right overlying vessels. You can literally see it inside of the vessel or above the vessel. And so what these are is they're focal ischemia here in the nerve fiber layer in ganglion cells. And so these ganglion cells get ischemic. Now these can come and go because you get focal ischemia. And then the ischemia will go down.  And so when you get a lot of these cotton wool spots, although they may eventually go down, it'll leave a little dead area in there. And if you were to truly get a pinpoint of the focal ERG, you'd be able to find where these are. But diffusely, they're not going to cause any changes. And here you can see, again, these are ganglion cells. Spollen they are. These swollen ischemic ganglion cells. And then you get this cotton wool spot right here. Shrava, what are we looking at here? It's the lightning of the retinone. And the pressure looks like it's dark. That's just a bad picture. I'm sorry. That's just a bad picture there. So ignore anything that looks darker. I've been looking here. I wonder for the sinks here in the retinas of the core. Actually, this is still superficial retinone. So there's some cotton wool spots for you. And what's going on in here? There's hand wedges. But even beyond that, yeah, there's neobascularization. So we've gone from background retinopathy to pre-perliferative, where you've got cotton wool spots in ischemia and funny tortuosity. Finally, to this, which is now called or proliferative retinopathy. So neobascularization. Now we divide neobascularization crudely into what two types? And those would be, this is an easement, because it's neobascularization of the disc and neobascularization elsewhere. So basically, the disc is the most serious, but everywhere else counts as elsewhere. So this is now NVE, neobascularization elsewhere. So this is peripheral neobascularization. And then, of course, we can have neobascularization of the disc, NVD. And this looks like, I like to call this, it's like Medusa. Remember in Greek mythology, Medusa, with the snakes coming out of her head? So this is the Medusa look. Look at all those abnormal blood vessels coming out here. And so those could be a real problem, because if you don't treat those, those vessels are very fragile. They don't have perisites around them. And you can get hemorrhaging, you can get scarring. And you can see right here, here's some scarring along the arcades. The reason that's pink is there's hemorrhage here on the vitreous. And this is the classic hemorrhage. Ashley, what's the shape of this hemorrhage? Look, like a boat. It's called boat shape. So it's kind of flat on top, and then rounded at the bottom. Why is it that shape? Because it's under the ILM, so it's just basically just pulling. Exactly. So it kind of pulls between the retina and the internal limiting membrane kind of between the retina and the vitreous. So pre-retinal for that kind of shape. What's that? It's a Greek word for that kind of shape. I don't know. Someone look that up. Scaffoy. Scaffoy. I don't know. Scaffoy is like the scapula. The scapula is boat shape. So, you know, coming from the Greek, of course. So you know, kimono is a Greek word. No, no. So this is actually a hemorrhage from head near vascularization in front of the retina between the retina and the vitreous. And so this is the so-called boat shape hemorrhage. So you want to try to prevent these. So what are some of the other complications that can occur from diabetes? That's neovascularization of the iris. Neovascularization of the iris. What do we call that? VI. Okay, NVI, neovascularization of the iris. Okay. Or some people would call it rubiosis, you know, redness of the iris. We used to call this ropiosis because you know, the vessels are so big you and a student can see them. An intern can see them, so. This is iris neovascularization and it's caused by ischemia. So ischemia in the retina can cause neovascularization in the iris because it makes these magical angiogenic factors be produced. And so our whole treatment now, macular degeneration, is blocking these angiogenic factors. Okay, we didn't know what these were 30 years ago, but now we know. So they're not magic anymore. We actually know what they are. So these humors come forward into the anterior segment and they actually stimulate neovascularization of the iris in addition to neovascularization of the retina. And so we look at it, Lee, what are we looking at here? What part of the iris? The iris. The iris. And what's happening here? It's like a trope in UVA. Exactly. So you see the edge of that pigment epithelium is coming around the corner. So it's as if something has pulled it from the back to the front. So when you look at the iris from the front, you'll see a little dark edge around it. This is ectropion UVA. And what's it, what is it here that's causing that? It's a neobascular membrane in fibromasculin. Exactly. So you see that little neobascular membrane on the surface of the iris as it contracts. It pulls that pigment epithelium around the corner and causes that trope in UVA. What else could it cause, Eileen? Lacy vacuolation of the iris pigment epithelium. Okay, could do that. What am I showing here, though? Sorry. Neobascular elation of the angle. Sorry, I was so excited to get that lacy, though. But I don't really see it here. Actually, there it is right there, so you can tell me. So it can cause lacy vacuolation of the epithelium, but what else does it cause? Neobascular elation of the angle. Exactly, so you see these neobascular membranes grow on the surface of the iris right here now so that regular measurement would clear over here somewhere. So you get closure of the anterior chamber angle with broad peripheral anterior synechia. And then due to ischemia, you get focal lacy vacuolization. All right, Chris, what are we showing here? What part of the iris are we in? Why the heck would I show this? So iris, some periphery then. So see, this is all folded, kind of plight-keeded. Oh yeah, so this is a parse placata, but no, that's not it. Yeah, parse placata, the folded part of the cylinder body. What stain is this and why am I showing it to you? So it's a PAS stain. And what is PAS stain? So it's basically stains and membranes. What membranes? Basement membranes. So if you look right here, you see that the basement membrane of the cylinder of the film is massively thickened. Why that happens in diabetes? I don't know, but it does. So this is a sign of diabetes. The reason I love this picture, I took this when I was a Dave Appel fellow. Dave Appel said, I have to submit a bunch of pictures to the American Board of Ophthalmology for boards. Take some and submit them.  And so when I was a senior, taking no caps, my picture was on there. I took that picture on there. So you get thickening of the basement membrane of the cylinder body. That's what that's showing here on the PAS. How do we treat it? Becca, how do we treat neovascularization? Antibedgef. I should say, how did we treat it? I don't know what the previous treatment is. We would do pan-retinal laser. There you go. And so the analogy of this is, I call it the Vietnam analogy. You guys are too young to remember Vietnam, but they would put these generals up there and say, well, we bombed this village in order to save it.  So what you would do is, you would do pan-retinal photo coagulation.   And here's what one of those laser spots looks like. It's absorbed by the RPE. It really destroys the RPE, kind of fuses off the core capillaries, kills off part of the peripheral retina. And in doing that, decreases the ischemic load in order to have the neovascularization go away. All right, Shroff, what is this picture of? Okay, of course you do. Neovascularization? Exactly, there's a big frond of neovascularization, but if you look more peripheral to it, that's not an artifact, that's just black. So there's like no blood vessels beyond that. So you've got this frond of neovascularization, you've got this black vest beyond it. What could cause that? Do you laser? No, no. You know, I guess in a kid, this could be right now through prematurity also. This is an adult. An adult from the Indian subcontinent, which includes Pakistan. This is Eald's disease. And so you can get a disease where you get lockage of the blood vessels. You get dropped out perfectly and then you get this C-fantai neovascularization. Also what can cause this is sickle cell can do this too. Sickle cell, Eald's disease, things like that. Is Eald's, you know how to work by the way? By the way. By the way. So this happens to be a patient with sickle cell. And so if you look right here, you see the sickling out of the vessels there and then you get eventual occlusion and you can get all kinds of problems in the retina from sickle cell disease. All right, what are we looking at right here, Ashley? Oh, it looks like a... All right, so you look at the macula. You've got this macular hole right here. And you wanna try to catch these before it gets to that point because when you have a full thickness macular hole that's about, you know, 500 microns across, by then the game's over. So even if you seal it, the vision still isn't very good. This is a close-up. You'll see you'll often have that cuff of edema around it. Pathologic, oh man. I have a fellow picture here, sorry. So you've got a macular hole here. This is the edge and then you get an edema of the macula around it. It's a macular hole. Boy, this one's a little more subtle, Reese. I mean, there's a little bit of white thing there. What else is going on here? The vessels look a little drag. Exactly, the vessels look a little squiggly and tortuous, it could give you that picture. It could be like something that hadn't run off of the primaturity or fever. This is a 75-year-old distortion of vision. It could be an epiretinal membrane. Exactly, this is a subtle epiretinal membrane. And I'll show you one that's not quite so subtle. So this is a severe epiretinal membrane and you see that it's pulling the little vessels in so you get the tortuosity of the vessels and this epiretinal membrane pulls the man and this is a red-free image kind of showing you that. We don't do many red-free images but you see that little subtle epiretinal membrane and you see the vessels being dragged to the center of it. And so when we look at this on OCT, you see that little curve every reprimanded membrane there on the surface. And this shows you're gonna have to update my... I said T, so this is the generation. Sorry. There's a severe epiretinal membrane here on the surface of the retina and so it causes wrinkling and distortion. And the nice thing is these OCTs now basically give you pathology.  Here you see the wrinkling on the surface of the retina from that epiretinal membrane. So a very common thing that we see. What do we see in here, Leigh? Looks like full of light spots in the macular area. Could be a drusen. All right, so they look like drusen now. How do they characterize drusen? You characterize it based on the size, shape, and how discrete the borders are. Exactly, so we say they can be kind of little small, discrete, hard drusen. They can be larger, softer drusen. What would this be? This looks more confluent and soft. Yeah, so this looks like kind of a soft drusen and they're almost confluent here. When we look at a drusen, where are the drusen, where are the deposits occurring? So they concur basal laminar or basal linear. Basal linear, it's within the Brooks basal laminar is between the RP, our basement membrane. Technically, if you get just a regular, small, hard drusen, it is actually on Brooks, but under the basement membrane of the epithenium. So technically, it's intra Brooks. And so you see right here, they're on Brooks, but they're underneath the RPE, these focal deposits right here, and eventually what they can do is they can cause the RPE to drop out in that area, to be damaged in that area, which eventually damages the retina. This is a larger drusen, so this is a large soft drusen. Here's Brooks' membrane down here, and you see that the RPE and the retina have been completely disrupted, overlying it. So larger, softer drusen. And here you can start to see they become confluent. So you worry when drusen become confluent because not only can they cause more loss of vision, but they can sometimes be a precursor to eventually getting sub-retinal neovascularization. And here's confluent drusen. RPE on here, go right down here, totally disrupted with these large, affluent, softer drusen. All right, what do we see in here, I mean? We see RPE hyperplasia and loss of the folgale reflex and RPE atrophy. Yeah, pretty much the RPE atrophy is all around here. So what do we call this? Geographic atrophy. Exactly, so geographic atrophy, GA, and this is difficult because you can't really treat it with VEGF injections or anything. This is just diffused geographic atrophy and you can get severe loss of vision for macular regeneration with geographic atrophy without going on to sub-retinal neovascularization. And here you see diffused geographic atrophy. RPE totally wiped out some soft drusen here and here. And you just see the retina is pretty much gone. There's some vessels, but the retina's just gone. So diffused geographic atrophy. People are looking at ways to treat that now. We will get some treatments here someday. What do we see in here, Chris? So salmon hemorrhage, so something that's more red. Yeah. But we'll go right here. Yeah, and there's some elevation, a demon of kind of that area there. So I mean, this could be wet and need neovascularization. So when you have sub-retinal neovascularization, especially sub-RPE neovascularization, it almost looks kind of green and straight red. Because it's under the RPE and then it can break through to underneath the retina where it looks red. And so this is a picture I copied out of the book because I'm not lucky enough to get this exact cut. But look, here's the RPE. Here's the cordic capital errors right there. There's a focal break in the RPE. These vessels are growing through and they're growing underneath the RPE. So this is, we call it sub-retinal, but it usually starts off as sub-RPE neovascularization. This is the nice thing about it, this is what we do treat it with the anti-veg F injections nowadays. So sometimes you get a big one. So you see, this is sub-retinal where it's red, sub-RPE where it's kind of dark green. And eventually, if you don't treat these, what do you get? Chris? See, it gets, this is a dis-conformed scar. It's actually a gliotic scarlet conformant. That's that white scar you often see in severe end stage sub-retinal neovascularization. And so I guess that's stained with PAS, basically. No, it wouldn't be PAS because that's not a basement membrane. It's got sphaliosis. It's connected up to a shoe. All right, this is kind of what we're looking right now. So we've got some funny things going on in the macula, but we've got these little peripheral lesions here too. And so I'm sorry, I'm running out of time, so I'm gonna have to go a little quicker. This is presumed ocular histoplasmosis because you've got macular problems and you've got punched out lesions peripherally. We call it presumed because it's not an active histo. It's thought to be results of a histo. So when you do blood tests, you find signs of histo, but you don't really find live histobugs in there. So histoplasmosis, this is one where I'm looking here and boy, what's happening? I'm gonna show up to that folio reflex there. That's pretty light. That's pretty light. There's some funnies going on there in the fovea. We do a fluorescent angiogram. What do we see in here? Exactly, look at the pattern, this flower petal pattern. So this is called cystoid macular edema and it is actually in what layer? Outer plexiform or near the macula here in Henley's leg. So this is cystoid macular edema in Henley's layer and there you see the ganglion cell layer, multiple layers thick. Okay, what is this, Ashley? So it's also lost the folio reflex migraine. This is one of those pattern things. Bullseye. Bullseye, so what can cause bullseye maculopathy? They're basically toxicity is. What's the one we worry about? We worry about timoxifen's reminiscence with them. Yeah, I see probably four of these a month now. Platinum. Platinum. So you can see this in chloroquine, you can see it in timoxifen, but this is an end stage bullseye maculopathy. Again, we wanna catch these sooner than that. So we do a central phobia visual field, we do a OCT in the macula. So this is a bullseye maculopathy, usually due to toxicity. Plaquanil is now the number one that we wanna look for. When you do fluorescein angiogram, you see a little bit of staining in that area, but no leakage and you see window defects. So you get this bullseye maculopathy. All right, Thrice, what do we see in here? Those angelic streaks. Exactly, so you see these little things, they look like vessels, but they're not. They are underneath breaks in, what layer? Brooks membrane, so breaks in Brooks, they look like vessels. These are called angioid streaks because they kind of look like blood vessel streaks, angioid streaks. So why am I showing you this ladies' chin? Snack anthoma last year. Exactly, so this is the plucked chicken look they call it. So there's a condition called suposanthoma elastica that can cause Brooks membrane and other connected tissue to be brittle. So you get these angioid streaks, you can also get it in what other diseases besides suposanthoma? Colors, damlos, hash disease. Padgets.  Sickles, exactly, so that's sickle. So know that in mind. Good, all right. What is this leak? All right, what makes you say RP? What are the findings you're gonna tell you? It's an aspingmintosa. So you look at the nerve, it looks, powers, you look at the vessels, they look, are tenuous, you look at the bone spigilization. So that's kind of the triad you look for. You have a pale disc, attenuation of the vessels, and then in the periphery, you get the bony spigial pigment. So for extra bonus points, why do they form that bony spigial pattern? It's let a pleasure, the RP, go along the vasculature. Exactly, so you get the RPE cells, release that pigment, it's either deposited along the vessels, or for some reason grows along the vessels. So you get that bony spigial pattern, but the RPE eventually gets wiped out, as does the retinase, the retinase pigmentosa, many different types, many different inheritances, but they all look the same at the end. Eileen, what do we see in here? We're seeing like a yolk. Yes, this is the sunny side up egg. What disease is this? Best disease. Best, or if you see it in an adult, they call it the teleformed history. And that's not from the Greeks, sorry. So you see these deposits of this material underlying the RPE in the center of the macula, best disease. Doctor, yes. In the book they say it's between the photoreceptor layer and the RPE, is that correct? Why, well you have to say to me, I've always thought it's under the RPE, because usually RPE are here. But you have to go by what's in the book, because that's what you're gonna be tested on. So whether the book is true or not, the book may have some alternative facts. Oh, I didn't say that. So there's some alternative facts in the book. So the book is a Trump-like book, so alternative facts, but whatever the book says is the Bible, so you have to go by the book. All right, what do we see in here, Chris? You've seen some flecks kind of around the macula, maybe Stargardt's disease. Exactly, some people call these piece of form, or fish-like, I don't see it, but they supposedly look like the little goldfish things that you eat, and so this is what Stargardt's? Stargardt's, or phobias, fundus flavii maculottum. But in any event, it's characterized by this lipophucillic periodal that gets deposited in the RPE cells, so Stargardt syndrome. What do we see in here? This is not out of focus, Becca. My guess would be vitreous hemorrhage, but then we can't see it. It's kind of white here, though. And you're seeing the nerve through this. Yeah, there's something hazy in the vitreous. So we see that, and you see this, it's called the so-called headlight in the fog. You can still see the optic nerve barely through all this haze in the vitreous, but there's this white going on right here. This is acute toxoplasmosis. This is active toxo, because you get a vitritus secondary to it. So this is a toxo lesion, and when you look at them afterward, you get these pigmented with these white lacunae in them. So this is a quiescent toxo, but those toxobesties are pretty sturdy. There's still some toxo in here that might be able to reactivate later on. So toxo, it's thought to be congenital when you get it, and then it can activate later on. So this is toxo, and the problem is, is it could have wiped out, again, the retina and the RPE and the choral. So toxoplasmosis. What do we see in here, Sean? People call this kind of the pizza pie or tomato ketchup retina. What infections? Infections? This is CMV. So we had a huge outbreak of this when the HIV was rampant, but now with triple therapy, we just don't see these anymore, which is nice. And so this is CMV, subtle magulovirus. Usually we see these in severely immunocompromised people, HIV, chemotherapy patients, things like that. And you get hemorrhages, but you also get areas of ischemia and whitening, and so these, we call this, as I said, the pizza or the tomato ketchup retina. And when you look, you actually get both intranuclear and intracelloplasmic inclusions in the ganglion cells here from CME, subtle magulovirus. Okay, and as we're floating the snake on a flat part, there's the gray ad popping up logistically. All right, so next week you guys get a week off. Isn't that nice? Because there's a fifth Tuesday and that's, so the first Tuesday in February is optic nerve. Questions? Sorry.