Shriver Hood Chevron gas station invites you to let's yours do it brought to you by the makers of climate tailored Chevron Supreme gasoline and RPM compounded motor oil George Valentine would be the last person in the world to take a job that was not exciting even with a large salary attached that's why he opened his office and advertised to solve any problem for a fee of course well he's had his excitement all right sometimes more excitement than he bargained for right now George his secretary Claire and Sonny are driving along in his car Valentine why so much mystery where are we going just play and hook you from the office so Mr. Valentine we can't afford to play hooky Mr. Valentine you know that have you two ever heard of the Harding book shop not I never why should we have well that's where we're going to buy a book of course not sunny Mr. Valentine has a book here bright girl take a look at his newspaper clever what does it say sis hmm William Harding except eccentric owner of the Harding book shop died in his sleep last night leaves his widow Harriet and nephew Frank Mr. Harding had been in poor health okay that's enough but what about it man dies in his sleep where do we come in well his widow phone she wants me to meet her at the bookshop at 11 she made it sound urgent jeepers I wonder why she wants to see you an eccentric book dealer dies in his sleep his widow is very anxious to see me kids I don't know what it's all about but it has all the ingredients for some real excitement what's no use with the Valentine the bookshop's closed maybe Mrs. Harding hasn't arrived yet wait a minute I think I hear someone in there I'm sorry but we're not open for business the shop is closed oh Mrs. Harding I'm Mr. Valentine and these are my assistant oh of course I've been expecting you come in look at the place bookscattered all over somebody been searching for something Mrs. Harding you can see why I called you someone broke in here last night did you phone the police no no I didn't know why not because I think it was an inside job the windows were securely locked they don't look as though they've been tampered with someone unlocked the door and walked right in I see you suspect someone in your family that's why you didn't phone the police Mr. Valentine I won't try to keep anything from you I suspect my husband's nephew Frank did he have keys to the shop as far as I know my husband and I had the only keys but you must have some reason for suspecting Frank well he's always been a wild boy I never had any use for him my husband was fond of him he even had Frank helping here in the shop Mrs. Harding just what was this person looking for you know money money I'm not sure of course but I think my husband had some money hidden away here you may have heard my husband was well he was odd it would be like him to hide the money in his shop then he mentioned some money to you he always said that we'd be well taken care of in our old age and yet he died penniless I see and just what do you want me to do there's any money here I want you to find it I'll pay you of course of course but the shops already been searched maybe the money's been found I don't think so you see I've frightened the person away oh then you saw someone I just caught a glimpse of someone running away it was dark but I think it was a man mm-hmm why did you come down here last night Mrs. Harding I wanted to look around myself oh yes yes of course all right Mrs. Harding I'll keep in touch with you come on kids I'd be waiting to hear from you let's go kids what do you make of it Mr. quite a girl isn't she her husband dies and that same night she's down at his shop looking for any money he may have hidden why don't we stay here and search the shop because someone beat us to it sonny besides I want to know a little more about this case and a little more about Harding's death too Mr. Valentine do you mean you think he was murdered I'm just guessing come on let's go to car hey wait a minute on a word with you she was I wonder who that is must be the nephew I just want to warn you not to believe half of what my aunt tells she's she's not herself she's hysterical oh well I don't agree with you Frank your aunt seems unusually calm considering calm she called you in didn't she she knew what she was doing why would she call in a private investigator how did you know I've been called in well you were weren't you suppose she told you there's some money hidden away that's a lot of baloney is it you're just wasting your time it said some money disappeared after my father died too but we never found any there's always that kind of talk when someone eccentric dies just when did your father die five years ago Frank were you with your uncle when he passed away now during the day I was in the shop with my aunt Miss Barry Fonda's very Alice Barry the nurse my uncle's known her since she was a child of course she's a young woman now very attracted to okay Frank see you again sometime now you won't gonna tell Aunt Harriet to call you off and do that you think she'll listen to him Mr. Valentine now she doesn't trust him Claire I want you to get all the information you can on Harding's death and meet me here here in front of the bookshop about 10 o'clock tonight and sunny yes sir get down to the evening express talk to Ben Steeley's a friend of mine he'll let you look through the old newspaper files but what am I gonna be looking for well Frank's father died five years ago get what you can on it okay Mr. Valentine hey what are you gonna be doing oh he's gonna talk to the nurse of course why Claire how did you get oh she's young and attractive naturally you'd want to investigate that yourself Mr. Valentine Mr. Harding have been ill for years there was nothing mysterious about his death but don't take my word for it talk to Dr. Mark oh I'd rather talk to you Miss Barry and I know Mr. Harding didn't leave any money you're wrong about that too if you don't mind my saying so Miss Barry when a woman is beautiful she can toss my theories into the ash can and I don't open my mouth I'll find that out after I get to know you better oh you're going to know me better of course what makes you think Harding didn't leave any money because he couldn't even afford to pay me a salary he gave me this box of old phonograph records instead I see the Miss Barry Alice Alice did Harding die in his sleep oh yes then he didn't say anything before he died well he mumbled something mumbled something what could you tell him I suppose he thought he's a little boy again listening to Mother Goose why what are they saying Mary had a lamb Mary had a lamb are you sure well the words Mary and lamb were playing enough look here's my card if you think of anything else give me a buzz with you I'll give you a buzz okay say how does that first go do you remember Mary had little lamb it's fleece was white as snow and everywhere that Mary went the lamb was sure to go you're late I was detained by the nurse I'll never mind what are we gonna do Mr. Valentine how are we gonna get inside this bookshop hey Mr. Valentine where did you get those keys they've opened lots of doors they never fail I'll try to find the light switch I don't bother I'll use my flashlight sunny yeah Mr. Valentine stand near the window with you let me know if you see anyone okay Mr. Valentine the books are all back in place well Mrs. Harding must be a neat housekeeper come on Claire now we're looking for the section that has books for children then the nurse did give you a clue was she helpful oh yeah and beautiful really tell me about it well I haven't time couldn't do it justice here we are now let's see Peter Rabbit Alice in Wonderland hey look for Mother Goose is she a blonde yes a natural blonde Claire will you concentrate on Mother Goose this what you're looking for yeah good good now find Mary had a little lamb fly oh Claire all right little Jack Horner little Miss Muffin Mary had oh here it is good good now read it Mary had a little lamb it's fleece was white as snow everywhere that Mary went lamb was sure to go do you want all the verses well isn't there anything written on that page no well maybe there's some more Mother Goose books these are all there seem to be okay hang on to it what's your hands up Mr. Valentine's offering cats now what are you doing here Frank where did you come from I was in fact I've been waiting for someone to show up why what made you think someone would show up well the place was ransacked last night and you thought it might happen again tonight huh can't tell and Harriet says she frightened the person away you might come back that may be why you're here or then again you might be looking for the money yourself I told you there isn't any money okay Frank I'll put that gun away you might hurt somebody get out of here all of you all right we're going coming with us I'm gonna stay here and keep an eye on things say that's a very good idea Frank just keep an eye on things Mary had a little lamb it's fleece was white as snow everywhere that Mary went the lamb was sure to go I can tell Mr. Valentine's a little late to be reading Mother Goose well look here's what we've got so far kids Harding's brother who's supposed to have money dies but he doesn't leave anything on the other hand Harding who's supposed to be poor tells his wife they'll be provided for in their old age oh I see you think he had his brother's money and he hid it in his bookshop that's what Mrs. Harding thinks and so does Frank go on well this mother Goose rhyme should lead us to the money why because Harding tried to tell Alice about it before he died Alice the nurse oh first name oh definitely hey who'd be falling at the start I get it would you clear hello is Mr. Valentine there yes who's calling Alice Barry oh just a minute your nurse and she's not a natural blonde I can tell by her voice have it your way hello Alice Mr. Valentine maybe I can't help you after all yeah what's up would you remember that Mr. Harding left me a box of records yes well I was looking through the box of phonograph records when suddenly I oh hello Alice something's happened to her I've got to get over there quick to get to Alice's apartment meantime I'd like to tell you about a conversation I had recently one of my Chevron dealer friends asked me the other day what qualities I looked for in a gas station so I said that first of all I looked for a Chevron Supreme gasoline and RPM compounded motor oil well that's easy he said just keep your eye peeled for a cream green and burgundy station that's your cue for Chevron then I told him that I'm a credit card user don't blame you says he and don't forget that Chevron credit cards are as good as gold at our stations so then I told him my favorite gas station must be a friendly place where I can depend on getting good service for my car the dealer laughed and said sure sounds like a Chevron gas station to me we all had plenty of experience before branching out on our own now that we're in business for ourselves we know how to keep our customers happy by keeping their cars in good shape I had to agree with my friend Chevron gas stations offer just about everything a motorist wants try them yourself and see George was about to get some important information the nurse Alice Barry phoned him but before she could explain something happened to her now it's a few minutes later George is opening the door to her apartment Alice Alice oh are you poor kid here I'm just having a couch I'll take it easy you got to be all right oh Mr. Valentine wait a minute I'm gonna put you down here there you are now you better lie still for a few minutes I'll get you drink a water no no please don't leave me don't be frightened hey you've got a nasty looking bruise on your forehead otherwise you seem to be okay how do you feel like I've got two heads now but want to tell me what happened well there isn't anything to tell I was talking to you on the phone and and then it happened somebody took a sock at well who was it don't you know no he must have crept up and hit me from behind behind yes you didn't see him at all huh no for all I know it might have been a woman yeah it might very well have been a woman what about the records no I guess they're gone they're on that table that's bad luck oh don't worry about them was just an old bunch of records believe me if all those endearing young charms who is Sylvia and a few more like that but I thought you discovered something about them I guess the person who stole them thought so too no Mr. Valentine that's not why I phoned you feel like telling me about it of course you see while I was looking through the record I cut to thinking about Mr. Harding and and what he'd said just before he died yes I could almost see the whole thing all over again he was moaning and and tossing around in the bed I ran to him and felt his power go on I told you that he said Mary had a lamb but now as I think back Mr. Valentine I'm almost certain he said Mary Hayden lamb Mary Hayden lamb Mary Hayden lamb a woman's name that's right you think it means anything well it must mean something yeah it'll probably lead us right to the money that is if there is any money now look I gotta beat it but I want you to lock the door behind me understand don't worry after this I'll always lock my door good better put some eyes on that for it it's turning a beautiful purple I'll be all right Mr. Valentine yeah if it does mean anything will you let me in on it I feel as though I have a stake in this now I don't blame you okay Alice I'll keep in touch with you open up hey Mr. Ward the ward hey open up you out of your mind what are you doing here at this hour I want to buy a book I'll go away go away we're closed come back in the morning on I'll wait a minute don't close the door Mr. Ward I gotta have something to read tonight he realizes after 11 I know I'm terribly sorry but let me in would you all right I mean other people have sane customers but I suppose it's got to be a mystery with at least six murders in it Mr. Ward did you ever hear of a book called Mary Hayden lamb who never know are you sure I came here because you have a reputation for knowing every book that's ever been public there's never been a book published by that name now however if you were to ask if they were ever a novelist by that name I'd give you a different answer a novelist yeah of course why didn't I think of that well tell me about it would you well she was a local writer and to my knowledge she wrote but one book thank heaven what do you say that because it's by far the worst trash it's ever been my bad luck to read I see what's it called I love it's about a girl in an island and a man and if you want something to put you to sleep I'll personally guarantee you your money back then you've got a copy huh one almost sold it this afternoon almost sold it is that so someone wanted it huh well ask me about it anyway but evidently I had the good taste to turn it down I found it on the counter when I was putting my books away well who asked to see the book Mr. Ward do you remember certainly not I do a big business young men and I can't keep track of every customer who walks into my shop unless they make a special impression by getting me out of bed at this end of the hour okay anyway you've made a sale I'll take I love love no you've made a bad choice mark down 89 cents and young man believe me I'm cheating you sonny come on wake up maybe go home now I'm sorry kids I know it's late but we can't stop now don't dare take the chance somebody may be getting desperate what do you mean what do you expect to happen nothing if I can beat him to it now Claire I've got a job for you how are you in the charm department yeah that's right have you got any don't answer that whom do I have to charm Frank the nephew I quit hey I knew he was suspicious as soon as I saw my son to myself now there with your sonny Claire I want you to get Frank out of the bookshop tonight so that you can get in there without a seat that's the idea I think you can do it oh it should be simple even if my hair isn't long oh don't worry Mr. Valentine take care of Frank put that gun down Frank it's Claire oh you're Mr. Valentine's assistant aren't you what do you want well Mr. Valentine's just down the street your aunt's house what do you want well I was with them but then they wanted to talk alone so well they sort of left me stranded don't look stranded yeah well your aunt was giving Mr. Valentine an earful not very fond of you is she you can't forget that I was once a wild kid I I have straightened out since then oh I can see that what do you want I want to come in use the phone to call a cab why didn't you stop at a drugstore oh well all right if that's the way you feel about it good night wait a minute pretty late for you to be wandering around I knew you had fine instinct Frank all right come on I'll take you my car okay sonny come on the coast clear yeah they just drove away in Frank's car now don't turn on the light excuse me for asking Mr. Valentine but just what are we looking for we are looking for a book more mother goose no the Isle of Love there ought to be a copy just like this one somewhere in here why do you want to copy don't you understand sonny I've got to have Mr. Harding's copy of this book oh no I don't understand never mind just start looking yeah but Mr. Valentine there's at least a thousand books in the shop let's see now Mary Hayden Lamb was a local writer now why would Harding choose her book unless wait a minute I think I got it sonny you must have known her well what of it that means it would be Harding's personal book see oh no I don't see come on there's a little Roman back at the store remember that's where Frank was hiding the last time we were here yeah that's right come on it's dark careful now here we are I'll look around with my flashlight let's see if there's a desk Mr. Valentine any books on it sure we did titles webster dictionary the complete Shakespeare cooking for fun and the Isle of Love that's it grab it sonny let's get out of here okay Mr. Valentine we'll take it back to the office hey aren't we ever gonna get to sleep tonight we haven't time now let's get to the car sonny duck jeepers what was that somebody took a shot at it Mr. Valentine it's all right sonny you miss yeah but let's get out of here quick I don't think that person likes us and then somebody started shooting at it oh it's plenty exciting sis you're lucky Frank's a bore this conversation is brilliant is he the yeah or yeah I guess it was Mrs. Harding shooting out of some Mr. Valentine because Frank was with Claire not for long no no he just took me to a cab stand I see run out of charm oh jeepers Mr. Valentine you've just about taken that book apart well as nothing in here no secret compartment no writing on the pages I can't find a thing well then let's go home and get some sleep oh we can't stop now okay kids make yourselves comfortable what are you gonna do well I'll have to start reading the book allow certainly I might miss something you're gonna read all of it that's right here we go the summer son was sitting in a blaze of glory casting its light like a shimmering ribbon of golden orange across the lake on the bank her wavy hair streaming from her uplifted head stood Jennifer I can tell this is gonna be a classic perhaps her dream of love was to become a reality for coming toward her was a canoe and in the canoe was a man it's a Valentine you think Sonny's over now I'll keep quiet with you Jennifer sighed longingly Sonny perhaps her stay on the island was in a net her face was alive with expectancy weeks had gone by Jennifer knew that this was her man what choice did she have on a desert island in spite of his aloofness in spite of his air of Mr. E Jennifer knew that she loved him and then a wonderful thing he knelt beside her and kissed her well it's about time oh she said then you do love me naive creature isn't she yes he answered I love you with all my heart if you don't believe me look carefully when the grandfather's clock strikes the hour of midnight and I love you too she told him I love you too she told him no no no go back to where he loves it oh yes he answered I love you with all my heart if you don't believe me look carefully when the grandfather's clock strikes the hour of midnight that doesn't make sense wait a minute wait a minute the printing on this page looks a little different and so does the paper clear get my copy of the book here it is okay turn to page 82 okay now read that part yes he answered I love you with all my heart I swear it Jennifer that's enough this is it kids Mr. Harding printed this page himself look carefully when the grandfather's clock strikes the hour of midnight Mr. Valentine there's a grandfather's clock in the bookshop that's right sonny and there's where that money must be hidden Claire get Mrs. Harding in the phone tell her to meet us at the bookshop right away at this hour and then phone Frank at the shop tell him to expect us all right oh and Claire phone Miss Barry will you she wanted to be in on the kill oh now you've got me phoning your blonde for you well whatever you say Mr. Valentine what are you waiting for Mr. Valentine why don't you give me my money you mean my money and Harriet I don't fight over the money we don't even know if there is any and why did you call up here and why bring Alice into this if there is any money you'll have to thank Alice she gave me the clue then it really was a clue that's right Alice it led me to a book and in the book I found some words that Mr. Harding printed it said look carefully when the grandfather's clock strikes the hour of midnight the grandfather's clock I'm going to see about I take it easy for now Frank that's not your property get away from that clock there's nothing in here the clue didn't say there was something in the clock it said look carefully when the grandfather's clock strikes the hour of midnight well it's striking 12 now but what's different about the clock when it strikes 12 than at any other time when it strikes 12 both hands point up white girl Claire sunny hand me that chair okay you think there's something on top of the clock no above it on the wall here yeah there's a false panel need me help oh thanks Frank I think I could do it with a heel of my hand that does it what is it if there's something in there yes a package what's in it a minute I'll see oh well well Phil large denominations and lots of let me have that I don't rush it is a note here too what does it say this is hiding is this your husband's handwriting no no it isn't that's my father's handwriting you see the money is my so fast Frank it says dear brother Bill I'm leaving this money in your care Frank is too wild to be trusted with it when he settles down you can give it to him give it to him wait a minute there's more there's a condition I attached to this Frank must provide for you and your wife as long as either of you shall live that all that's it Mrs. Harding and it is Frank's money give it to him he doesn't have to provide for me no this money is for both of the time Harriet all that's more than I deserve Frank you can stop talking right now and hand that money over Alice give it to me Mr. Valentine and hurry up about I never argue with a beautiful woman especially when she has a gun in her hand Mr. Valentine was she the one who was after the money all along that's right when she phoned me and got bumped on the head I thought it was funny I didn't hear the blow over the telephone and if she was hit from behind why was the bruise on the for it never mind the explanation hand that over then she's the one who shot at it certainly she couldn't get in here to look for the book because Frank was guarding the place first she tried to put me off the track with that mother goose stuff but she finally gave me the right clue she figured if she told me the truth I'd get the money and she'd tail me and pick it up that's enough out of you Mr. Valentine give me the money oh certainly here you are Ms. Berry but Mr. Valentine I'll try to stop her Frank it's dangerous you're right it is dangerous say just where you are don't even make a move but Mr. Valentine careful but you're letting her get away not very far the police are out there your money will be returned to you Frank thanks I owe you a lot that's right but you'll get a bill in the morning come on kids good night Mr. Valentine good night good night well I'm really gonna sleep tonight yeah so my too bad too bad it had to end this way huh what do you mean he's thinking about the nurse aren't you you know Claire I believe she was a natural blonde after all meanwhile it doesn't matter whether you sit in an office or ride a tractor life these days seem to be getting more complicated for everybody any convenience that makes living a little simpler is always as welcome as spring your chevron dealer knows this as any friendly businessman should so he tries to make you his friend by making his cream green and burgundy station as convenient and efficient as he can he'll make it a point to know your car and the grade of rpm compounded motor oil you use he'll urge you to use a chevron credit car because he wants to save your time he handles chevron supreme gasoline because he knows it'll give you good going wherever you drive he takes the trouble to know the country nearby so that he can give you good travel tips when you get right down to it at chevron gas stations you get the same sort of convenience service you expect from any other wide-away home-owned business get acquainted with the one near you you'll like it well next week george valentine is confronted with a problem a big problem you probably hear something like this client or no client mr valentine you can't keep a dog that big in this apartment cheapest do you realize he eats six pounds of food a day six pounds what kind of food i'm not sure but he seemed awfully fun to my head okay sonny go out and buy him a bone chevron gas stations all through the west invite you to be with us again next week for another chapter of let george do it brought to you by the makers of chevron supreme gasoline at rpm compounded motor oil let george do it starring robert bailey as george with francis robinson as claire and eddie firestone junior as sonny is written by pauline hopkins produced and directed by oan vincent others in the cast where jane morgan is mrs harding harry barthel is frank harding evelin scott as alice barry and paul mcvay as mr war the music was composed and conducted by charles dan your announcer john heaston listen again next week same time same station to let george do it this is the mutual donnelly broadcasting system


were you surprised with how the offense looked I was and then I guess when you're looking at how the Packers start the season three years out of four on their mat with four they just have got not to a really slow start offensively but when you don't have the safety blanket that is Devonte Adams and you have these working receivers that again are making their first NFL start they're gonna be some jitters or to be some big plays where you're thinking well I should have had that namely Krishnan Watson on that drop on it would be touchdown it is kind of shocking as to how disjointed this team looked again you have all this time to prepare for your season opener you know it was you know said that Matt LaFleur was kind of questioning their energy and their effort in the first half whatever was said during locker room I'm not sure what it was but it seemed to galvanize his team but it certainly was a game where it felt just nothing was gonna go right and that's just kind of what snowballed into a loss in week one


Going on everyone Sam here with late sports gargantuan 23 Panini flawless collegiate football hobby at 2 box case number 5 random team style There is a look again at your random results as always you can find these on the website under the results tab as well as a link in chat Brett W with the Packers Larry S with the Browns Brett W with the Niners and Eric B with the Chargers on the bottom So good luck everybody. Let's do it as he should be man. Good for him Yeah over on fanatics live tomorrow. We'll be giving away the Texas in seven different PYT prism breaks. It's like a six hundred dollar spot, man Give it away with mr. Kyle stash He has been working on his English lately, too.  He's gonna lose his mind.  I don't know if you know shipe and Jason are cousins. I'm not one. Yeah, shipe and Jason are cousins That's awesome. I didn't know that I've got shipe got Jason over here with us. Yeah Welcome Jason. I'm glad you guys been here for a minute now. I mean that was the biggest one you did right Jason That sounds cool. It is pretty cool, man. I heard Kyle's been working on his English, too. Is that the last game? Yeah, the night. Yeah, I think I got basketball, right? Yeah, all right three of five Michael Meyer that's a disgusting patch man go into the Raiders. Oh, yeah, nice one there. Yeah, Kyle's been pulling some monsters. Did you pull their first? black finite of The year in prism six of 20 Sean Clifford Congrats on that one there at Packers I got you.   No worries, buddy We've got two of 10 for the Cardinals that is BJ ojolari Congrats at Arizona Arizona God for the Seahawks 14 to 25 Kenny Macintosh Congrats on that one aka the apple as they call him nice one there at Seattle Going to Nola four of five for the Saints that is Kendre Miller. Yeah, I got Marvin Mims Marvin Mims P He'll be the main guy He'll be the main guy Four of 20 is Mike Vic. He'll be going to the I'm assuming the Falcons by way of majority I'm sure double track that because I think it's close with the Eagles if I'm not mistaken Yeah, six six years with the land only five with feelings gotta go to the Falcons Magnus last one Three of 25 go to the Niners Brock Purdy Congrats on that one good stuff Sand Fran on the patch patch auto Mr. Purdy, it's pretty good. Very nice Congrats on that. All right going to Colts Peyton Manning six of twenty That's Indy by way of the longest Kenya Need a 420 Ricky Williams that beat dope that beat dope That's on that one literally dope haha Ah DHOP that is 10 of 25. I'll be going to Tennessee. I see is currently a Tennessee Titan Titan. So that will go to the Titans. Congrats on that Tennessee Titans. I said Tennessee Titans about 10 times. Come on. Very nice. And then how about four of 20 for the Seahawks, Jackson Smith and Jigba. Congrats on that one Seattle gorgeous JSN. JSN. Very nice. That'll play. Ampty. Rude up in there. 2023. Clowless Colleges. Yeah, JSN is, he's a monster man. I like JSN. Jose Flowers. He's good though. Him and Zahra are like the same tier. Top tier rookie auto. We've got a Luke Schoonmaker 15 to 20 going to the Cowboys. He was, I did not know he was Michigan until right now, to be honest with you. Congrats Dallas. Max Duggan. That is going to be one of 20 jersey and patch. Yeah. Champ Bailey for sure because he'd go by longest tenure and I know Cortland does for sure too. And then Mims as well. Got Otto. That is going to be 10 of 25 Cooper Cup. Congrats on that one. 10 of 25 Cooper Cup. Three colored patch Otto for the Rams. He is still I believe in. Yeah. Go into the Saints. Jamal Williams. Congrats on that one there. New Orleans 13 of 20. That's pretty cool. Jamal. Mal. Bradley picking up a couple of Bowman's Best U Spots. Got nine of 20. That is Jake Hayner. Three colored patch Otto. Go into the Saints again. Going to the Saints again. Very nice. Skymore aka Groundless. Five of 20. Go into the Go into the Chiefs. Congrats on that. No, that's last year. That's rookie. Yeah, that is last year I believe I think. Team logo signatures. And then nice one here. Go into the Texans. Will Anderson RPA. Five of 15. Five of 15. Will Anderson on the RPA. Congrats on that. Texans. GMT. Encased card time. Going to the Cowboys. That is Roger Staubach. Six of 20. Congrats on that one. We've got an Otto. That is nine of 10. Zach Charbonnet. Going to the Seahawks again. Seahawks with two encased autos. Congrats, Seattle. I probably should anyway. No, I mean, yeah, that's whatever you want to do. We usually just get rid of them aficionado. If you're local and you want one, or if you're in the area, you can take one, but we usually just toss them. And then RPA for the Vikings, Jordan Addison. Five of 15. Congrats on that. Minnesota. The Vikings getting the Jordan Addison. Very nice. Jordan Addison. That'll do it for the break, everybody. Thanks again for the field. Do appreciate it. Very quick break overall. Empty. Um, coming up next, we've got the Panini One Mixer.


You know what's true, Marcus? It's an unruly, peaceful, and then pictures of downtown, as well as the neighborhood. It's a little ranger to be said. It's a great park. I think it's always the best of the audience, at least. I don't think you can do anything about it. It's just a big thing. What do you think? Is that a camera? It's not a camera. I don't think so. The moon? What is that? Right there. Oh, it's beautiful. That's literally the conversation between people. So, it's very beautiful. Those are pretty much the people who are really excited about what you're seeing. There's so much to see here. There's so much to see here. There's so much to see here. There's so much to see here. There's so much to see here. That's a great place to be. I've said you know what I'm saying, though. Which is helpful, because it's probably even two cameras. One of the things is that it's beautiful. Good to know. I don't know about the baby. Do you know when he was previously pregnant? If you were a spay on a North Pole. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. Nobody else is coming? Is that right? If you want to re-enter your address, then you can click. Welcome to Astronomy Untapped. Again, it's good to see you all. We are about to get started with trivia, like we normally do. There is a slight difference between tonight and past Astronomy Untapped, and that is because Bruce Baelic, who is our speaker in March, is back to give a full hour-length talk about cosmology, which absolutely deserves a round of applause. He liked you guys so much that he wanted to come back. The event is going to stay the same. The first step is go through the trivia questions. Per usual, you'll have 30 seconds per question to get your answer down, and then I'll go back through all the questions, but this time you'll only have 15 seconds. We'll collect the trivia sheets, and Bruce will get started with his talk, and then we'll have an intermission, during which time we'll announce the trivia answers and winners, and then Bruce will finish off the event with the second half of his talk. That was a lot of information. Does that make sense? Yeah, in that case, and it's random astronomy and space questions. 30 seconds, a question. Don't forget. Very scattering today. I'm going to, well, I have to, we're going to flip through the questions one more time, and then we'll be good to go. Okay, so that was the first round through all the questions. Now I'm going to put them all up one more time and only show them for 15 seconds apiece this time. Can everybody see the slides? Okay, cool. Thank you. After this, can you collect the trivia sheets while I get the laptop switched, or do you want to do the laptops and I'll do the trivia sheets? Either way, I'll have to like refresh one thing one last time, but I can do that. Okay. I can also, as soon as we kind of get them unplugged, I can jump over and help you and take over. One more question. 15 seconds. Thank you. Are you switched? I'm ready. Cool. There are trivia answers down. Time, could you please bring your trivia sheets and to Joseph, you're going to get the speaker set up. Hi. Great. Switch presentation mode to it. Hello. The easiest way would be to just hear what that's possible instead of having a presenter mode. I don't know how to do it on a Mac, do you? Use slideshow. Yeah, it's... I think the issue is it's not duplicating the screen. Oh, okay, do you know how to do it on a Mac? Also, that one's for the streaming, so the mic over there is the one that's on. He's already in the screen. So this works, but it's for people watching online. So that's live for people online, but the mic over there is the one, so you can take it up. Display the... sees it. Why is it not letting us duplicate it? It goes into presentation mode because it sees both displays. Well, it should have been from his background. Brilliant. You got it. Yeah, thank you. So as we get started, there's one really important thing. Megan produces this evening. Myself and the other graduate students. The graduate students of the University of Washington. They're doing this out of love. And I might add that our undergrad students put on a public outreach program at the old observatory on the University campus 12 times a year during the spring and the summer. We're all sold out for this summer, but watch our website if you're interested in going.  Kids love it. The old observatory was built in 1895. The telescope inside it is even older than that. It's driven on a grandfather clock gear system and you wind up cannonballs to make it go. It's an incredible thing to see. But tonight, the last time I spoke here, it was dark out. You're kidding. Last time I spoke it was dark out and it was easy to see the slides. I think people in the back may have a little bit of a struggle. The problem here is the fact that the earth is round and goes around the sun. So blame the astronomers. We did that. Cosmology is the study of the birth and the evolution of the universe and the structure of the universe. Actually, the word formally means the structure. But today we use it to mean structure and evolution. It's perhaps a question which has troubled mankind for a long time. And every culture has a story of how the universe began. The story tonight is based on evidence. So that makes it scientific. But wait until you see how thin the evidence actually is. I can't do it. At the end of the slide I have a nice wrap-up since the quotes Mark Twain, who has a way of saying things like that very, very poetically. So there are many, many questions that people ask. These are among the most common. I'm going to trip. It's dangerous up here. These are the most common questions that I've been asked for almost 50 years of teaching at the University of Washington. Wonderful, wonderful career. Wonderful students and great research and wonderful support from the university as well. These are questions you have all asked yourself, maybe when you were much younger. Maybe you didn't ask every question and you'll be happy to know that not every question on this list has an answer. So we're wading into territory which may be a little bit strange. Keep drinking beer. So you're going to have to keep an open mind. Things are going to start out not terribly strange, but as we get into the first... This talk has two halves. The longer half is the one we're going to do now. It's in many ways the most difficult of all of follow. It's what we realize and have realized without any theory of the Big Bang, we realize this about the nature of the universe. It's based on some really simple observations, observations that have been around for the most part for a long, long time. That's the cue to have a sip. Now some of these questions are pretty simple and straightforward and here is the simplest of all. How big is the universe? Anybody want to take a stab at that? The answer... So the universe is not infinitely old. The universe was born in what we call the Big Bang. We know that the universe is not infinitely old, not because of the theory, but because of the simple observations that Hubble made in 1929. The age of the universe can easily be measured by the expansion of the universe. The size of the universe, and by this I mean the knowable universe, is the distance that light can travel since the beginning of time. So the universe is 13.8 billion years old. The size of the knowable universe, the visible universe is obviously 13.8 billion light years. That is a gigantic number, but the universe is going to be around for much, much longer than that. The universe is basically in its youthful stage right now, possibly just entering adulthood. Now one very important thing about the universe is it is absolutely monotonous. It is pouring everywhere you look. It looks the same in every direction. This is a shot from the James Webb telescope. This is the deepest image into space that we have ever obtained. And we look in different directions and pretty much the galaxies are not in precisely the same location, but the statistical properties of the universe, the large-scale structure of the universe, is the same no matter where we look. And that allows us to justify, do it again, the so-called cosmological principle. The cosmological principle is a very important principle because it allows us to fill in many, many gaps in our knowledge. It's an assumption that we make. It's a very reasonable assumption. Next? Go back. Oh, sorry. Okay, we'll work with this. So the Webb image shows the monotony of space and that allows us to assume that not only in the visible, knowable universe, but even beyond it, space is pretty much the same. There is no evidence to the contrary. And that means the universe is both homogenous and isotropic. The isotropic means the same in every direction. Now, that doesn't mean that this is a static universe, that the universe we see around us is the same sort of universe of a long time ago or a long time in the future. The cosmological principle allows for evolution. It just says that as the universe evolves, it all evolves in the same way all the time, right? So we can look back into space, and we have many times, we see galaxies that are younger, all of them at great distances than they are here us. And that shows that the universe is a universe of change. There are many other ways to show that. So these are the kinds of things we... These are tools. These are assumptions, really. We can't prove that they're right because we can't see beyond the edge of the visible universe. But in order to construct theories about the universe evolved, we have to make some assumptions about the things we can't see. Next. Now, this is kind of interesting. How can we explore cosmic history? As we look out into space, we're seeing things that emitted their light to us. If they're nearby, they emitted the light very recently. Next. So we see sunlight. We see the sun, rather, as it was eight minutes ago. We see the nearest star, Proxima Sin, as it was four and a quarter years ago. We see the Orion Nebula as it was 1500 years ago. What is it now? It'll take 1500 years for it's light to reach us, and only then will we know for sure. The center of the Milky Way is 25,000 light years away. We can't see it because it's hidden... We can't see it visibly because it's hidden by dust. But we can see it in radio waves, and as you may have heard, a huge black hole four million times the mass of the sun lurks at the galactic center. The nearest galaxy that looks anything like us is two million light years away. So we can look at it, and pretty much assume that that's the way that we look. Our galaxy looked two million years ago. Now, the most distant galaxy that we've ever seen... I have to update the number there. The most distant galaxy that we've ever seen was somewhere in the ballpark of 13.5 or 6 billion years old. We see it at the time that it was forming. These ancient galaxies, the ones at the limit of web vision, are not like ours. They're very ragged. They're filled with hot stars. Otherwise, it wouldn't be able to see them. So the universe of change allows us to... and the finite speed of light allows us to look back into time and see how the universe evolved to study cosmic history. And that's something that no faculty member in our history department can do. Now, as we do that, we look in what's called the local neighborhood. That's within roughly the first few million light years. And we see a very familiar universe. Could you go back one? Sorry, I'll keep up here. So there's an astronomer on the right side looking way, way, way back out into space and seeing things further and further and younger and younger. In principle, we can see the big bang itself except the universe doesn't cooperate. I'll say a little more about this later, but let me just mention that for the first 350,000 years of cosmic history, the universe was not transparent. We can't see through it. It's just as opaque as this wall over here. So we can look back, and we do look back to within about 350,000 years after the big bang, after that, all we see is the wall. Now, I'll mention this a little bit later, but that wall is not blank. There is structure on that wall that comes from the earlier evolution of the universe. So looking at that wall and the inhomogeneities that are on it allow us to infer how they got there, and that's one really critical way of exploring the earliest universe. Okay, next. So as we, a pointer, I should have brought one. As we look back, we're in the middle of the no oblique universe. Its edge is 13.8 billion years. Oh, thank you. Can people listening remotely see this? No, not on the live stream. Okay, all right, I'll be cautious. But for the audience here, we have Megan. It's the green button. So we're at the center. We look out the universe's uniform in a statistical sense. It looks the same as we look out. It keeps getting younger and younger and younger. That opaque wall is this yellow circle here. It's 350 light years thick. And the big bang lurks behind it. All right, so one common question is, what's outside the universe? We can say, I think, without any reservation, we will never know for sure, because we can't possibly see it. Now, it's true that the size of the no oblique universe is getting bigger at a rate of one light year per year. So every year, we can see incrementally further than we saw the year before. But humanity's not going to be around for another few billion light years. Another few billion years. And so there's very little hope of really capturing through observations what's on the other side of the edge of the visible universe. But probably more of the same. The cosmological principle allows us to infer that. I've covered this. Skip to the next slide. Okay. Time for a little more beer. We're going to do a little homework exercise. It's a very simple one. I'm going to ask you to help me here. It's one slide long. And it's going to give you a flavor for what's coming up after the slide. What is the simplest possible universe? The simplest possible universe. The simplest universe is the one that takes the fewest decisions to design. So any suggestions for the, let's say the size of the simplest possible universe? Say again. She said a neutron. A neutron. A neutron. That's too small. But you made a decision. I'm looking for a size for the universe that really is generic. That's right. Infinite. The size of the simplest universe would be infinite. Because that's the simplest thing we can imagine. We know the universe is big. But infinite, in this exercise, infinite I think is a very good answer for it. How old would it be? Infinitely old, exactly. What about motions of the universe as a whole? Our universe is expanding. Would the simplest universe be one that's expanding? Contracting? Static. Who votes for static? I'm fine. This is an exercise and nobody's right or wrong. What would you put in it? Nothing.  When I do this in Astronomy 101, I have to coax all these answers out. You have beer, the students in the classroom go. Okay, now we're going to come back to reality and ask a couple of questions whose resolution is really profound. Chicken Little predicted that the sky would fall. What's stopping the sky? It hasn't fallen. What's going on? What are some ideas for explaining that? Dark energy. You're way ahead of me. We're trying to keep this very, very simply. Dark energy works really well. Why haven't the stars fallen? Yes. That's a darn good answer. If the universe were infinitely old, that wouldn't matter, would it? It would have crunched by now. One possible way of explaining this is just what you said, basically. It isn't old enough. There hasn't been time for the crunch to happen. Any other ideas? I'm sorry. It's expanding. Exactly right. If it's expanding fast enough, it can't collapse. So if you take a stone and throw it into the air, it goes up, but eventually it turns out it comes back down again. There's something known as the escape speed, which on Earth is 11 miles per second. And if you can throw the stone up at that speed, it will never come back. The Earth gravity will never stop it. And so expansion is another possibility. That is wonderful. There's another possibility. It wraps around. Sorry? It wraps around. The universe wraps around. The universe wraps around. I don't see how that... It's all orbiting. Centrifugal force. Centrifugal force. Oh, okay. Yeah, that would work. There's no evidence for it. But I mean, we're looking for hypothetical possibilities. What I'm really looking for is that the universe has a finite age. It may be infinite that stars in the back way far away have not had time... Sorry, that's why it's a nice sky dark. I moved on that one. Okay, so now we'll talk about why isn't the night sky bright? If we lived in an infinite universe, that really simple universe, that universe is just sitting there, not expanding, right? Then you would expect that every line of the sight up into the sky would land on the surface of the star. And that the sky would be as bright as... If all stars were like the sun, the sky would be as bright as the surface of the sun. And you can show that mathematically. If the universe is static, if it's infinite in size. So resolving this conundrum suggests it may be expanding, or it may be finite in size. That is, those stars that lie in the areas of darkness just haven't had time for the light to arrive here yet. So, a finite universe would do it. An ageless universe would do it. That is, a universe of infinite age would have stars out there, but their life just hasn't arrived yet. And finally, an expanding universe. This brings us to the concept of the Doppler shift. Could you click on the... Do we have sound here? We don't do it. People at home do. Okay. So, I'm going to assume that you're vaguely familiar with the Doppler shift, but if you haven't, you may not be. And I'm going to go over it very quickly.  What happens to the pitch of the siren? The siren shifts to lower frequencies, lower frequencies, after the fire truck has passed. The train has the same effect, right?  The sound shifts from... to... That's a lengthening of the waves. So when the train is on its way at you, the waves are compressed and the frequency seems to be higher as the waves pass you. As the train is receiving, the waves are stretched by this motion and the pitch goes down. So the Doppler shift would be very important, could be very important in an expanding universe. And one way of resolving this conundrum is to say that the distant stars are there, whoops, are there, but their light is Doppler shifted out of the visible part of the spectrum into something that we can't see. So these are three possibilities that emerge from these very simple observations. The sky hasn't fallen and the sky is dark at night. Newton recognized many of these possibilities back in the around 1700s. So these are not new ideas, but they're of profound importance in understanding cosmology. Okay, next. Now, Edwin Hubble, the name is familiar to all of you, in 1929, well, in the 1920s, he and a small team of people using the new 100-inch telescope at Mount Wilson above Los Angeles were taking pictures of galaxies. At the time it wasn't clear whether galaxies consisted of pools of trillions of stars or whether they might be nebulae like the Orion nebulae. And so Hubble set out to take their photographs. He suspected that they consisted of stars, but to find out for sure, his colleagues, Hummelsen and Seifer, obtained spectra of the light from galaxies. Stars have a very different sort of spectrum from nebulae, and it became quite clear that these objects, called galaxies, were filled with stars. And once you know something about how bright a star is, it's immediately that these galaxies are very far away. But there was a little surprise waiting in the spectrum. When they compared the... So we're going back to the Doppler ship. The light from stars contains a lot of features in the spectrum. If the object is moving away, those features are shifted towards the red side of the spectrum. And from that you can tell that the galaxy is moving either towards you or away from you. Is that fairly clear? So what Hubble found was a pattern that he never expected to find. That is, that further galaxies have larger red ships than nearby galaxies. And in fact, there was a very simple relationship between a galaxy's distance, which you could measure using the light from the stars, and their speed of recession from us. None were approaching, but there's only one that's approaching, the nearest one. Galaxies have some random motions, but all the others follow this very consistent pattern shown in this graph behind Hubble's view. This is a graph that he published in 1929. And the trend is absolutely clear. His data weren't all that good. They're much better now. And the trend persists, but the scatter and the points has almost gone away. So, the way to visualize, a simple way to visualize, what he saw is to imagine that the universe is like the surface of a balloon. There are galaxies on the surface, and the balloon is expanding. When you think about it for a minute, galaxies on an expanding balloon follow the pattern that the further they are, the faster they're receding. So, just think about that for a second. It should be fairly obvious. So, boy, we're having... No, no, no, go back. The projector's taking all the life out of these colors here. So, what you're supposed to be looking at is a loaf of raisin bread that's been put in the oven. The bread is a matrix that holds the raisins. Our attention is on the raisins, and as the bread expands, the raisins move apart from one another. Right? And they too will follow this pattern of the further apart they are, the faster they've recede from one another. That's another way to... I think a much better way to visualize what Hubble found rather than a balloon. Next. All these galaxies are moving away from us. What's wrong with us? Now, I always give this as a homework problem in Astronomy 101, but it turns out this pattern of motion is the same for every observer, no matter which galaxy they happen to be on. Move yourself to another galaxy and in an expansion in which the speed increases with distance and preserves the relationship between speed and distance no matter where you are. Everyone will see the same thing. So we're not at the center of the universe because everybody can see what we see and can make the same plane. Here are some of the spectrum that obtained back in the old days and it's a little hard to see with the light here. There are faint black features. This is the spectrum of the star and there are atoms in the atmosphere of the star that absorb certain wavelengths of light. They tend to be blue which is on the left here. And these are galaxies whose relative distances you can see from their size. The smaller ones are the furthest and the little black lines have moved over here to the red side of the spectrum. So that's the evidence for the expanding universe. And here is Hubble's graph and here where you can't see it it's a much more modern plot Hubble's realm with this little square down here and if you can see the images the data points they lie along the line that goes all the way to the top here. So this is a uniformly expanding universe. Next. This shows a plot that you can see. These are supernovae whose distances can be measured from their brightness. Supernovae are exploding stars and a certain sum class of them all have exactly the same luminosity just as car headlights tend to have about the same luminosity. So the fader they are the more distant they are and this shows the trend that we see out to two billion light years which isn't very far the universe is 13.8 billion the knowable universe is 13.8 billion years. So this is a graph made back in the early days and the speed of recession here goes up to 40,000 kilometers per second. So kilometers and miles differ by a factor of two thirds for our purposes. Forget about the difference. The point is the trend is very clear. It's very very clear and there's no way to refute the expansion of the universe. Now one nice thing about this Hubble law is that you can turn around and play it backwards and you can measure the age of the universe from the time when all the galaxies crunch together at the center that would represent the big thing. So the age of the universe can be determined by these observations of Hubble and more modern observations to an amazing degree of accuracy. Right. And I think this is where we take our break. What's the next slide? Yeah, okay. So this is where we'll pick up after you've had a little more beer. Would you, is there any way that you can send me the power? That helps us usually. Okay. With the help of David and Bruce in the intermission so I will no longer have to advance the slides and hopefully only through the trivia answers and the trivia winners that was just sent to me by a bunch of young budding astronomers. Okay. So I'm going to go through the trivia answers now starting with number one. Who is the first woman in space? The answer is B. I don't want to mess up her last name. Which astronaut wrote his daughter's initials on the moon? That would be Eugene Cernan. Is not bigger than the United States believe it or not. Now we know why it's not a planet anymore, right? Okay. The first ever meal eaten in space was curried meat and chocolate sauce. Galileo is not credited with the discovery of Neptune because he thought it was a star. Proxima Centauri is the nearest star to the earth other than the sun. Now this question we are going to note for a second. What is the most common type of star found in the Milky Way? As it turns out, red dwarfs are a sub-category of main-sequence stars. So we kind of just made a goof there, but if you answered main-sequence stars or red dwarfs we marked you as correct because red dwarfs are the most common type of main-sequence star.  Thank you. Okay. You have to fly for a thousand hours before you can apply to become an astronaut. It doesn't ask a safety mascot. That makes sense because I think out of all of these people he's the only one with significant flying experience probably above a thousand hours, right? Okay. And Alan Shepard flew in the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo program. So we have three winners tonight. One of the winners got nine out of ten right and is slightly better than the other two winners who got eight out of ten right each. However, they didn't put their name on it so they don't win actually. I'm just kidding. Since you know who you are you can win so you guys can come up. The first eight out of ten winner is Singularity. Well done. And the second eight out of ten winner is Kids Again. One trivia please come up at the end of the talk to get your prize and the winner is Nick Bickerson. Did you want to say something to your intermission? Yeah. Thank you all for coming out tonight. I'll take all the applause. She doesn't need to know. Thank you all for coming out. Check our events. We have a bunch of talks this month being well I guess next month because it's tomorrow as well as astronomy back on top. We have a bunch of talks on the tables. We will actually have food that will be delivered for free starting next month. It actually should be here. We tried to get it all set up for for tonight but they needed a few more days. So it's going to be cycle dogs that's right down the street here that used to kind of partner in this space. They're going to kind of set up table numbers and QR codes. They're going to be delivered to her next month. So thank you again for all coming tonight. So I guess that concludes trivia. Just give us 20 seconds to switch the slides and Bruce will be back. Okay. So you will have this now. Let me just switch the slides over. Okay. You went forward a bit. Okay. Good. All right. All of the observations that we went through before and a lot of newer ones all accommodated very nicely in the theory known to you as the Big Bang Theory. It is an incredibly complicated theory. We're certainly not going to go through the principles to how it was derived. But I can summarize the history. When Einstein in 1917 or 1919, I can't remember now, when he published his General Theory of Relativity, he looked at an equation which is similar to one that Newton had but with one important difference. And that is the theory, this is in the General Theory of Relativity there is no such thing as a stable universe. And the long story is short if the universe is expanding, it can continue to expand. If it's contracting it will continue to contract. But one thing it cannot do is just sit there. The forces of gravity will send it into a contraction. I mean that was clear from Newton's day but Newton had no idea about the expansion of the universe at the time. So the Big Bang Theory could be summarized in this cartoon out of nothing comes something. That was a conundrum back to the ancient Greeks. Their philosophers spent years asking the question can you get something from nothing? And in the Big Bang Theory we do. Well, you get something from something that we don't understand but we can't describe something that has no laws of physics that we know of associated with it. So in the Big Bang Theory the universe just materializes instantaneously. And the weird thing is it was infinite in size at the time it was born. So out of nothing comes an infinite universe. Another swig of beer. What? Wrong button. Now, the Big Bang occurs. When it occurs our universe is born. It is born with all the matter that is now in it. All the energy that is now in it. Right? Excuse me. And it's born in an incredibly dense and hot state. So the energy the thermal energy of the universe forces it into a rapid state of expansion. I'm leaving out a lot of details here. Very strange details like the era of inflation which if there's time I'll come back to later. So this hot universe begins to expand. It was infinite at the beginning but things move apart in this expanding universe in much the same form that we see them today, but at slightly different speeds. The state of the universe at first was so hot and if you're familiar with powers of 10 notation the universe is born at a temperature of 10 to 40 40 first degrees Kelvin. And nothing no state of matter is stable at that temperature except for the most elementary particles which we can only speculate about. They're much more elementary than quarks. Who knows what they were. We don't. We don't have a theory for that. Now as the universe expands it begins to cool. And so the theory of called inflation which is necessary to explain the fact that the universe looks uniform. There must have been an event early in the universe that made the universe homogeneous. And I can go into more details about that later. The universe expands for about 350, 380,000 years and is still hot but it's cooling rapidly. It is hot enough that particles break apart into basic elementary particles at least for a while but then as the universe cools the particles can still break apart but they can't reform. So at first you have matter and antimatter sorry light is making matter and antimatter the energy of light is going into particles of both types but those particles of both types annihilate one another and go back into life. As the universe cools the formation process which takes an enormous amount of heat stops because the universe is too cold. The annihilation process continues on. Now in a perfectly balanced universe that matter and antimatter would be exactly equal and we wouldn't be here. One of the big challenges of modern physics is to figure out why there was slightly more matter than antimatter. In the calculations it looks like there was one matter particle that survived for every billion particles that had been around earlier. So we are just almost an afterthought in this annihilation process but here we are and we're here to talk about it and we need to explain it and there has been some progress on this that I don't understand it's buried deeply in physics it's far above my head. Anyway out of at 380,000 years the universe becomes okay and we can begin to see things that had been formed earlier but now they can send signals to one another. We can see them and they can see us. That brings us to the present era lovely catwalk we brought in. So at the end of the after 380,000 years the universe became transparent and that blobs of hot material could radiate away their heat and form into smaller clumps of stuff which continued to fragment and cascade until we make stars and planets. That's how we get here. We'll talk a little bit later about what's in the future and the stars and the planets will be around for a long time. We can't make them go away but the universe in which they are found was going to turn out to be a very, very cold decimal place. I'll come back to that. What triggered the Big Bang? We have no idea. There's to figure that out you have to know the physics at the time before the Big Bang took place but we don't know it. Now we can conjecture that universes were being made out of whatever this stuff was that universes were made out of not just our universe but zillions of others that's the concept of the multiverse that this universe creation process continues now and has been underway basically forever. We don't know any of that. We don't know and there's no way to find out. But one way or the other, here we are, survivors. We can't look back before the beginning of time, right? Because there was nothing there to send light to us so we'll never know for sure but a lot of science fiction and a lot of really, really complex physics is being used now to try to explore this and it's fun to think about but as yet there are just ideas nothing that reaches the level of fact, verifiable fact. There are red characters up there which aren't very red and you can't see them. In the year 2000 there was just an amazingly difficult experiment performed an experiment to measure distances in the depths of the cosmos. We had learned by then that supernovae like the one you saw during intermission were very useful for estimating distances. So any galaxy that had a supernova of the right type in it if we observed the supernova we could figure out how far away it was. At the same time observing a supernova requires that you take a spectrum in order to figure out that it's a supernova. So we began to amass data on the nature of the spectra in particular the Doppler ships in these very distant supernovae as a function of their distance. What we found and this puzzled people for a long time and I think we finally have come to accept the fact that the Hubble law isn't really a constant law that is the universe is accelerating the expansion of the universe is getting faster and faster at a rate which is really astounding. It's hard to put that into words you have to look at the numbers. But the acceleration of the universe is something we never expected to find. It was never predicted it was found experimentally and so we're in the usual awkward place of having to understand something without adequate physics to do it well. We use the term dark energy as a way to pretend that we have a way of explaining the acceleration of the universe. Dark energy it's like big bang. It's a clever way of using two words to hide our ignorance of this. Dark and energy make perfectly good sense. Dark energy doesn't make much sense. I have to emphasize it is not predicted. You can go into the theory of general relativity and you can just stick a term in there completely ad hoc with no justification and then you can sit the rate of expansion that we deserve. But doing this is not physics. This is metaphysics. So dark energy is amazing stuff. There's a lot of big universe out there with a whole lot of mass in it and getting overwhelming the force of gravity to make a universe expand or accelerate takes an enormous amount of energy of some sort. What we do know is that dark energy is three quarters of all the energy in the universe today. And most of the rest of the energy in the universe is in the form of matter. Right? But the energy budget of the universe is being owned by the forces of the forces, not a force the strange dark energy. So you know that we don't understand what dark matter is. We can characterize it. We can locate it. We can observe it. We can observe its effects on things that do emit light. And so dark matter is a state of matter that we don't understand but we know where it is and we know how much of it there is. Dark energy is even stranger. We know how much of it there is. It seems to be everywhere. If you go to Einstein's equation and put that term in it then what you find is that dark energy is completely unlike anti-gravity. So gravity and anti-gravity you can kind of imagine how they work with one another. The problem with dark energy is that the force that it exerts on particles, on anything increases with distance. Newton's law tells you that gravity gets weaker as things move apart but this dark energy has increases in its impact on expanding the universe as the universe gets bigger and bigger. So it's a way of situation. You can't see that. It's a cartoon from the New Yorker which I really like. It's a way of portraying the acceleration of the universe. It's a way of saying that things in the universe are not only moving apart from one another but moving apart at speeds which will increase over time. Now what this means is pretty strange. So take two galaxies that are far apart today. They're moving apart from one another. Over the course of time they'll separate at a speed which exceeds the speed of light. What? It turns out space can expand faster than the speed of light. It's just matter can't move through space faster than the speed of light. But space doesn't have that limitation. These galaxies spread through this rapidly expanding space will move apart until they're relevant velocities will exceed the speed of light and at that point they'll be invisible to one another. They'll just disappear. As this acceleration takes firmer control of the motions of the universe things in the universe are going to move apart and become invisible to one another. It won't... I'm going to use the term it won't be that long. We're talking hundreds of billions of years. But this radiation from that wall that we now see that wall with a little bumps on it and from which we learn that the universe or infer the earlier history of the universe that wall is going to disappear and more and more galaxies are going to move apart faster than the speed of light and they're going to disappear. And so I remember as a kid reading an Asimov science fiction story about stars blinking off one after the other in my age you might have read that. And that's what's going to happen. The galaxies that we see in the web images are going to disappear from our sight. We're going to be in a very, very dark universe. And of course as the universe expands it gets colder just as any material gets colder when it expands. The universe today is at a temperature of 2.7 degrees above absolute zero which seems awfully darn cold. It really is. It's very difficult in the lab to get excuse me to cool things to temperatures that small. But the universe is going to get colder as it expands and get darker at the same time. It's a very dreary picture of our future. I lost something. Okay, hang on. So the big freeze and the big escalation lie ahead of this. Not on a time scale that any of us have to worry about.  So this is the wrap up slide. You've seen what we've derived what kind of information we've derived from just observing that the sky is dark and the sky hasn't fallen that the universe is expanding and that that expansion is accelerating. I love this quote from Mark Twain. Oh, sorry. It's not coming up. Oh, there it is. This is an excerpt from a long a couple of paragraphs that Mark Twain wrote in his book called Life on the Mississippi. I think it's very, very fitting. I love the context from which this is derived. I'll show you but you won't be able to read it because there are too many words. I keep hitting the wrong button, sorry. So there are all the words and I'm going to leave them there. Basically what Mark Twain wrote was he lived on the Mississippi River. The Mississippi River runs through what's basically a plane and it's very difficult for the river to decide where to go because there just aren't hills to guide it. So the Mississippi River is filled with kings and after major floods one of those kings can be cut off or war. And Mark Twain wrote this. He says in the space of ah, sorry phones. There we go. In the space of 176 years the lower Mississippi has shortened itself by 242 miles. This is an observation. These kings keep getting cut off and the river gets shorter and shorter. That's a mile and a third per year.  The lower Mississippi will only be a mile and three quarters long. And that's where this quote about something marvelous about science comes from. With that we end. Questions or comments? Questions? Yeah. Well, it's rather late. Anyone who would like to leave please do so without any fear of embarrassment. Anyone who would like to stay, I'd love to answer questions if I can. Okay, folks, I wear hearing aids and I had trouble but Megan is going to tell me what the question is. He said back in the day we thought that the sun and the moon and everything orbited around the earth and so why isn't it shrinking at accelerated rate? Why are we shrinking? Why aren't we shrinking? Why aren't we shrinking? Do you know why you're not shrinking? Do you know why you're not a black hole? You have mass, you have gravity. You could in principle squash through a black hole. Why haven't you? The answer is calcium. You're bone. I was seeing an entire sky. I wasn't even asked this question then but I you want to speak to the microphone? Here. Not longer. Speak to the microphone. Okay, well here's my question. So that wall that Bruce was talking about I think is everywhere in the night sky. It's all around it. Which kind of seems like we're in the middle then, right? Essentially. So how are we not in the middle of the universe if we could see the wall in all directions? The answer will make sense is for you to finish your beard. In principle, everyone in the universe sees the same expansion from every possible viewpoint. The universe we see is in large scale of the universe that they see. They see a wall it's slightly different than the wall we see but it's there and has little bumps on it left over from the history of the universe. Yes, we're at the center of the visible universe that we can see. They're at the center of the visible universe that they can see. These universes are slightly different. The statistical properties according to the cosmological principle the statistical properties are exactly the same. Does that answer your question? Yeah, it does. We have constants like the force of gravity the stronger the force and all those we assume those to be constant through the history of the universe but if they aren't because we already have the expansion of the universe we notice changing. So if those have those constants what if they change how would our universe be different? So I think my interpretation of your question is there are certain constants embedded deeply in the theory of gravity. The gravitational constant is the best known of these. Gravitational constant is critical in an equation that tells you how fast a rock that you drop will fall towards the earth. It's the constant of proportionality between speed well between force and acceleration. And the question is what if that has changed over time? If we assume that it hasn't and any changes would have found effects on the theory of gravity very profound effects off the top of my head I can't say exactly where they are, what they would be but that equation in general relativity that looks a lot like the Newtonian force for gravity for gravity is basically an equation that equates the speed of motion or the acceleration due to the force of gravity to the mass that's there and that gravitational constant the one that you learned at high school is embedded in the Einstein theory as well so if that changes I think all best are off the universe could accelerate it could decelerate it's fun to imagine what might happen but we have to look for changes in the gravitational constant by measuring gravitational forces over the course of time by looking way way way out into space we're in a younger universe and we see no change yet. That was a great question. So isn't that a good question about kind of two kind of contradictory ideas like relative speed to say that another EF space is not limited by the space in the span of faster than ui it seems like it's relative to something that's similar to astral table so how can it be that something that's massive to say a star that is in the universe can then travel relative to us faster than to be like even if things are massive to not travel faster than ui it's difficult to answer in a way that makes a whole lot of sense so I I don't know what to say the raisins in the raisin cake can't move through the raisin cake any faster than some speed but the cake can expand faster than that if the cake is the entire universe and it follows a couple law of expansion if you wait long enough there will always be particles moving away from one another faster than the speed of light being swept by the expansion of space gravity has nothing to do with this the raisins weren't fired off anywhere there's just markers in this space which have always been there and they just do what they do that was great and great job giving an hour long talk not a lot of people do that here at AOT of course so thank you again I'm gonna give another audience great audience so I just want to make the quick announcement that the next Astro Attack will be here on June 28th so that is the last Wednesday of June I have not found speakers yet most of those on the social media once we have speakers if you want the trivia come put your pies it is a sheet of stickers not everybody get home safe and thank you so much for coming you


One of the main attractions at the Minnesota State Fair is the food, and our Josh Peterson tonight shows us how some familiar faces from local fairs and festivals are now making an appearance at the State Fair. With an area that covers 320 acres, you are bound to see some familiar faces. And when you're at an event as large as the Minnesota State Fair, food is the economic driver that drives people to the fair. We get hundreds of applications to be as a fair, but we call ourselves the Super Bowl of Fair. So it's not easy to get in here, and then it's based on quality. Are you able to serve, you know, two million fair guests? Are you able to serve them a really good product? With an average of 1.9 million visitors annually for concessionaires, this is the place to be. For Miller's concessions, this is the first time at the fair for their popular cheese curd stand. The central Minnesota-based concession plays many of the fairs and carnivals in Minnesota, which is one of the reasons why they feel they were invited to be part of the great Minnesota get-together. Grand Rapids to Bemidji to St. Cloud, so a number of events all summer long where we've kind of pioneered or helped pioneer the flavored cheese curds out there. The Minnesota State Fair has cheese curd vendors spread all over the fair grounds, so for Miller concessions to get into the State Fair, they had to get creative and introduce their flavored cheese curds to the fair. I think it carries a lot of weight to be able to get out there to prove your product and get the notoriety going to make it to the big leagues, you know, the State Fair here. With a prime location at the base of the giant slide, business has been great, and the customers are pleased with the variety. I'd have to say the garlic is probably my favorite so far. The original is really good as well. They do, they like the ranch and the jalapeno ones. I give it a pass. I think they're delicious. It's just as cheesy and greasy as ever, so it's exactly what you want when you come to the State Fair, right? So when you're at the State Fair, say hello to the familiar faces who may have served you in your hometown and congratulate them on making it to the big leagues. In Falcon Heights at the Minnesota State Fair, I'm Josh Peterson, Lakeland News. And the Miller cheese curd stand is located near the corner of Carnes and Nelson Street on the fair grounds. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


Messages and notifications in Moodle 3.2 Messages and notifications are easily accessed from menus at the top of the screen. Preferences may be quickly updated and searching for and sending messages is more efficient. Here our student Donna has just logged in and she sees that she has one notification. Clicking there will let us see what it is and view more details and she has the option to see all notifications and mark all as read. A gear icon takes her to the preferences page where she can decide how she wants to be notified. Our student also has new messages which again she can see by clicking the messages menu. Again she has a link to her preferences page. She can choose a message to read and reply to and filters work in messages so they can contain images, emoticons and videos as here. Videos resize to fit the screen. By clicking edit she can delete selected messages. New messages can be sent in several ways. She can access messages from the user menu or she can click new messages and then either message a contact or search for a contact for instance from her course by adding the course name. Messages can also be sent to anyone in the course by clicking on their name. Here our student is reading a forum thread and wants to message the teacher. She just has to click his name and then can send him a message using the button in his profile. To summarise, notifications and messages may be accessed via new menus and messaging is now even easier in Moodle 3.2.