أعوذ بالله من الشيطان الرجيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم الحمد لله رب العالمين الحمد لله الذي هدان لها ذا وما كنا لنهتد لولان هدان الله الحمد لله الذي أنزل الفرقان على عبده ليكون للعالمين نذيره وصلاة والسلام على خير خلق ونور عشي أفضل الأنبياء والمرسلين حبيبنا وسيدنا وسندنا وشفعنا ومولانا أبل قاسم محمد وعلى آله التيبين والتاهدين المأسمين المضلومين أما بعد فقط قال الله سبحانه وتعالى في كتاب المجيد بقوله الحق وهو أستقص صادقين بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم يا يهول الذين آمنوا لا تقدموا بين ايدي الله ورسوله واتقوا الله إن الله سميع وعالين صدق الله العلي العظيم سلوات ألا محمد وآل محمد كل محمد يبقى بالنسبة الله سبحانه وتعالى ويبدأ في بلسة نايمة لرسالنا هذه الموجودة ويجب علينا أن نحاول أن نتحاول فقط لأننا نعرف أين نحن في العالم of His Divine Mercy وإن الله هو مرسي في أنه يساعد في تسلبه عندما نحاول أن نحاول ونجمعه أو نحاول أن نفعل الأشياء في الحياة لأن الله أحب أن نساعد والله يحب التوابين والله أحب الذين يحبونه والله هو غفور الرحيم هو أفتوغيب نحن as a human society نحن نعرف this grace of God in that He has given us this opportunity to seek forgiveness from Him but by the same token we must not forget that we should also be very forgiving because Allah loves those who forgive والقاذمين الغيذ والعفين عن الناس والله يحب المحسنين they hold back the anger they forgive mankind God loves the good doers so we hope and pray that in this blessed month of forgiveness it's a month of reflection it's a month of improving ourselves it's a month where we set our goals higher goals in life that insha'Allah we achieve it within these 30 days in the 30 nights insha'Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم the holy prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم says indeed I was sent to perfect your moral traits your akhlaq, your behavior we find that there is nothing more powerful in the message of God for those of us who believe in the message of God than when we practice it we don't have to tell people the philosophy of religion nor do we need to go deep into the historical context of religion if we practice in the best of ways with the most sublime of characters people will be attracted to us in a magnetic way because they will wonder how is it that you are so refined as a person the messenger of Allah the most refined people that ever walked on this earth and they were patient they were wise they were intelligent they were witty they were quick they were very pleasant they smiled a lot they were very generous very forgiving very caring very sharing and these are the characteristics we hope that all of us will develop before we die because I believe that the more we get into that the higher the stations we will achieve in the next world particularly in paradise so tonight I'd like to touch on a few subjects as you noticed yesterday I touched on the issue of womanhood and it's all part of this balance of the equation to recognize Allah's mercy and gifts and that he has placed us on this earth for us to be tested due to his mercy but it is for us to recognize his grace and for us to put ourselves in position to continue to fulfill his creation in the sense of giving us existence how do we achieve that the Quran is rich with stories of prophets and Allah gives these examples about Yusuf for example Allah says نحن نقص عليك أحسن القصص بما أوحينا نقص عليك أحسن القرآن سنعرف سواء جميل ونقص ونقص كل سواء when he's a child he talks to his father about the dream he has you know the eleven planets the sun and the moon bowing to him and so on and so forth and you find that the whole story is rich with all kinds of nuances and one of them of course is jealousy jealousy which is one of the roots of corruption in society and Iblis who fell from grace was also removed from the grace of Allah due to jealousy and Allah says أم يحصدون الناس على ما أتام والله من فضلي are you jealous for what Allah has given and Allah gives and he has given much to Ibrahim وآل إبراهيم and he gives to prophets and imams much and he needs to guide and to lead but he has given us much but if you look in our society today there is so much internal destruction within families and within our communities simply due to jealousy so tonight's lecture is the holistic message of Ahlaq and why do we indulge in jealousy why do we indulge in backbiting in fault finding in suspicion الله says إنه بعض الظن إثم ولا تجسسوا ولا يغطب بعضكم بعضا سبشن in most cases is a sin and do not find faults and do not backbite each other لا يغطب بعضكم بعضا why do we do this why do we as a human race do this why do we do it to such levels that we enact wars because of that كرب الله is a great example إمام السلام صلاة الله محمد وحمد إمام السلام is asking the enemy on the other side why have you done this why are you doing this I'm not after the Khilafa God has already conferred that authority on me whether you accept it or not and I'm willing to leave I'll go to India I will leave why have you cornered me in my family they say we are jealous of your father the prophet loved him too much he loved you too much he held you on his shoulders he kissed you lip to lip he said حسينه مني وانا من الحسين حسين is from me and I am from حسين لحمهم لحمي ودمهم دمي their flesh is my flesh their blood is my blood anybody who makes war with them makes war with me I make war with those who make war with them you see and I make peace so what is the reason for this I believe at the core it is because of our lack of trust in Allah we feel we are a creation that is surviving in this vast jungle and we feel the only way we will succeed is if we hoard if we destroy others or we call survival of the fittest if we can preempt to move and marginalize the other person if they are weak take advantage of them put them down why do you think bullying is such a big thing especially in the young generation because they have the least amount of security in their self identity children bully each other for that reason sadly even adults do it they never give up the bullying and they never have that tranquility or security and therefore it leads them to be destructive more than constructive jealousy is a sickness the prophet said when you are jealous you are like fire burning wood you get destroyed in these months of Ramadan when we are fasting we should look deep into ourselves and say no I must never be jealous for the treasury of Allah is infinite he created all of us he has been creating he creates now and will continue to create forever and his treasury doesn't end God's is the entire universe but we doubt it that if somebody succeeds we feel there is only that much success and if he has succeeded then I must bring him down so that I don't look like a loser or rather than saying let me work to become as good if not better and pray for this person to become even better as Allah says yeah you are you are a servant to your Lord oh mankind struggle upon struggle until you meet your Lord but don't defeat people that are good defeat people that are evil so the story of Yusuf for example is an elegant story showing jealousy of the brothers which then leads them to plan a strategy by which to take the young brother and throw him in a well with the hope that he will die can you imagine somebody dropping their own brother into a well their own beloved brother the thought is repulsive just the thought is repulsive but it happened and they planned it and they lied and they strategized due to jealousy and I want us to know that these are children of prophets to be children of Adam who is a prophet but these are direct descendants of a prophet Yaqum directly the prophet is getting revelations from God and they are his children you can imagine how ignorant society can be even in the family of prophets but there is no such thing that because you are a family of the prophet that you are an angel or that you are necessarily superior here the brothers but Allah has chosen them as prophets to guide and they get the biggest trial within their own families and you find that they take this brother they throw him hoping that he will die then to be sold to slavery he hasn't died so he sold to slavery just think about that your young brother taken into the vast jungles of earth you don't know where he is going to end up what will happen to him and they don't care how ugly the world can be even within families I've seen brothers and sisters kill each other for inheritance they hate each other for inheritance I've seen people kill each other as spouses married couples shoot each other and kill kill their children think about it this one woman was going through a divorce case with her husband she was a young beautiful boy and jumps off a tall building and kills herself and her son so that the husband doesn't get the child now it was a heated divorce case of custody issues but should one go in that direction what happened to patients what happened to justice if we don't believe in the justice of Allah then we will do such things if we don't believe in the day of judgment then we will do such things if we don't believe in the grace and the infinite treasury of Allah we will be jealous we will be destructive we will kill each other the problems of the world come as a result of this this conversation about Allah is not something that we have made up it's so central as a solution to all the problems in life but on the flip side there are those who have taken belief in God who have become lethal too in the name of God they kill in the name of God they take the rights of people ISIS is a good example or the right wing Christians who do the wrong things or the extremist Jews that do things even the extremist Buddhists who do what they do in Burma in the name of God in the name of their religion all of these are false ideas this conversation is about who is Allah this 49th chapter Allah lays the rules of خلاق although the entire Quran is a book of خلاق it's the book of manners but this is much more specific Allah starts by saying يَا يُولَّثِنْ عَامَنُواْ لَا تُقَدْمُواْ بَيْنَا يَدَيْلْ لَا هِوَا رَسُولِيْ all you who believe do not go ahead of Allah and his messenger لا تُقَدْمُواْ بَيْنَا يَدَيْلْ لَا هِوَا رَسُولِيْ be God conscious do not go ahead of him meaning obey them they are your commanders in chief they are your guides they are the ones who are going to bring harmony you find even in the prophet's time the ones who troubled the prophet were the ones who acted more smart than the prophet they would instruct the prophet what should be done they would disobey him blatantly they would call him names they would call him delirious when Allah says وَنَجْمِ إِذَا هَوَا مَا ضَلَّا صَاحِبَكُمْ وَمَا غَوَا وَمَا يَنْتِقُواْ عَنِ الْحَوَا إِنْ هُوَا إِلَّا وَحْيٌ يُوْحَةَ Allah swears by the stars وَنَجْمِ إِذَا هَوَا your companion مَا ضَلَّا has not gone astray he is not lost مَا ضَلَّا صَاحِبَكُمْ nor is he you know insane by any standards you're calling him delirious no this is a clear revelation from God to you so imagine his companions were accusing him because Quran says مَا ضَلَّا صَاحِبَكُمْ وَمَا غَوَا don't forget that part مَا ضَلَّا صَاحِبَكُمْ meaning the companions were complaining of the prophet accusing him replying no he is not so people even in the prophet's time bothered him so much but Allah is telling us if you want security if you want success obey Allah in the prophet obey them follow them as one وَإِنْتُطِيُوا اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ لا يَلَتْكُمْ مِنْ عَمَالِكُمْ شَيْئًا if you obey Allah in his messenger then your deeds will be intact so Surat al-Hujirat starts with that be God conscious God is all hearing or knowing he sets the standard many of us don't understand Allah hence we indulge in jealousy in back biting in fault finding in quickness to try to marginalize people because somehow we feel we have to do this as we're swimming in this vast ocean and if I don't dunk people I'm not gonna stay afloat this is a false idea الله says لا ترفع أسواتكم فوق صوت النبي ولا تجهر له بالقول كجاهر بعضكم لبعض ان تحبت أعمالكم وانتم لا تشعرون all you who believe do not raise your voices above that of the messenger of the prophet لا ترفع أسواتكم فوق صوت النبي higher than the prophet unless your deeds become nullified and you don't see it that's amazing now you might ask today 21st century the messenger is not among us in the physical tangible sense how can I gauge my voice above his actually this verse they were those companions who raised their voices above the messenger they were arguing in front of the messenger and they were being disrespectful to the holy prophet but the message stands for us too that the next verse الله is saying that you should respect your prophet so much that even if he is not with you you must respect him this is what the ayah لا ترفع أسواتكم فوق صوت النبي what Allah is implying is you must respect him at all times even when he is not with you so it means that we should love the prophet respect him when his name is mentioned we're all ears what did he say the prophet said I want to hear it he is my number one human being that is the most central to my iman الله in the Quran says أسواتكم I'll explain it the prophet has greater right on the believers than they have on themselves and the wives their mothers meaning you cannot marry them once a woman gets married to the holy prophet she is forbidden to be remarried that's why Allah says أسواتكم it's not like our mother who inherits we inherit from them that's another subject the prophet has such authority so Allah says respect him or you believe do not raise your voices meaning do not fabricate things do not attribute wrong things to him do not make fun of him do not make jokes of the prophet do not be negligent when he is mentioned when he talks to you pay attention لا ترفع أسواتكم in its purest form means this that do not disrespect him and if you do having said الله says that your deeds may be nullified if you do not respect the holy prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم صلى الله عليه وسلم the next verse الله says أسواتكم عند رسول الله ينتهن الله قلوبهم للتقوة لهم أغفرتهم those who lower their voices in front of the prophet إن الذين يغضون أسواتهم عند رسول الله the ones who respect him the ones who are calm and humble and listen to what he has to say الله says we test them with تقوة we give them higher stations and they are the ones who will be forgiven and a great reward will be given to them this is the principle of Islam brothers and sisters when we talk about سنة and شيع as Muslims they are five great five مضاهب in Islam five major schools of thought the جعفري is the شيع school of thought we all have to come to discuss this matter at this level of Allah and رسول الله because that is the axis of the religion of Allah when we praise Ahlulbayt its credence is from Allah when we love Ahlulbayt and we talk about them it's not because we created it it's because Allah in the prophet told us how great they are it's because Allah in the prophet told us how important they are but at the end of the day if we have a dispute in that matter then let's come back to Allah in رسول الله so do إلى الله و الرسول إن كنتم تؤمنونا بالله و رسول اليوم الأخر if you believe in it God says يا يولدين أامنو in verse 59 of سرط النساء أطيع الله و أطيع الرسول و أولي لامري منكم or you believe obey Allah and obey the messenger and those vested with authority from among you إتاعة is mentioned twice for three groups means the third group has to be appointed by the first two أطيع الله و أطيع الرسول و أولي لامري منكم but Allah continues but if there's a dispute in legal matters شريع matters فقه matters if you're not sure what is حلال what is حرام how is it Allah says then and if you're not sure of who that authority is then go back to Allah in the messenger if you believe in God in the day of judgment you see Allah says if you believe in it it's Allah in the messenger it's a beautiful system that the axis is the deen of Allah is Allah in his messenger the messenger is the practical connection to God that shows us how to behave and what to believe in and he becomes the role model for us and Allah is the ultimate owner of the universe and here Allah says those who respect the messenger your deeds are intact humbleness when we say the prophet was humble that means we have to be humble for if we are rude then technically we're disrespectful to the prophet when we lie we're disrespectful to the prophet when we hurt others we're disrespectful to the prophet when we cheat we're disrespectful to the prophet when we reject the prescriptions of Allah or we fabricate stories against Allah then we're disrespectful to the messenger of Allah and Allah says your deeds may be wiped out on judgment day you will stand there and you'll be asking for the rewards and Allah says what reward you didn't believe in it إن الذين ينادونك من وراء الحجرات أكثرهم لا يعقلون they were those who you know the desert dwellers they were the nomadic people who were nomads who traveled in the desert they lacked akhlaq they lacked manners they were crude they were rough and tough you know in arabia they used to fight with each other so when they were in madina they would come to the prophet and say Muhammad come outside they would scream from outside so Allah says those who call you from outside behind the private chambers most of them don't understand they're jahil they have no manners because the religion of Islam is mannerful the prophet says indeed when you are sent to perfect your moral traits akhlaq here I notice when food is being served sometimes people are crude not here I'm saying but when food is served in places even here we should respect each other we do alhamdulillah but let's remind each other when we put the food and give them the food those who are serving respect them they are working hard to deliver and I know you do this community I've watched it a lot of very good people in our community it's a blessing to be in your circles but remind our children help out clean pick it up make noise be silent there's dirt pick it up it's Allah's house help it akhlaq sit somebody is not eating give it to them you may want I've seen people they cry for Imam Hussein and then when the food comes they take all the meat and then they pass you this is Mashallah Imam Hussein was so sacrificial I look at him and I said really right it's unfortunate but we haven't connected so Allah SWT is saying to us that akhlaq be sophisticated don't turn your face away from people don't turn your face away from people smile at them hug them this community Mashallah and I'm not patronizing honestly but such friendliness everybody smiles wants to come and hug you but let us open this also to outsiders people of other faiths people of other cultures let's welcome them let's make it a rich environment of conversations where Allah loves now Allah says by the way the next verse although they are patient God says if you were to be patient till the prophet comes out it will be better for you now notice Islam God is talking about calling from outside on the street to a person inside the house you would think the scripture of God is so detailed exactly إن هذا القرآن يحدي للتي هي أقوم this Quran guides you to that which is most upright it even teaches us how to call somebody how patient to be where to stand when you sit in a circle are you giving your back to someone are you looking at them people are sitting next to you are you disturbing them in any way are you doing something that may be bothering them that awareness is taqwa Allah says if you were to be patient you see it would be better for them God is merciful the next verse when somebody comes and gives you news a troublemaker فاسق is a troublemaker in our communities in every community they seem to have seen the world as a glass that is half empty they just can't get enough of trouble troublemakers they love trouble they are pranksters they feel making jokes out of others is a fun thing they anger spews out of the ears troublemaker or silent but very strategic they come to the Islamic centers they become members board members and then they create trouble they get on the phone they cause trouble sometimes you wonder sometimes our institution is never progressive why is it not progressing why are the atheists progressing because we got a monkey in the wrench we got troublemaker who is going to constantly create fitna did you hear that she said الله says when a troublemaker comes validate because perchance if you believe the troublemaker as true you will cause more harm and you will regret it فتبينوا أن تصيب قوما بجهالة فتصبيوا على ما فعلتم نادمين so if an evil duo comes to you with a report look carefully into it lest you harm a people in ignorance then be sorry for what you have done if somebody says by the way I heard this brother saying bad things about you say oh really let me call him I just spoke to him no no no don't call him you are sharing this one on one secret really now notice this person is maligning it's dangerous if you and I take one more step to validate the troublemaker will have been prevented and the minute you prevent a troublemaker for them to create trouble the second time is harder it's like a thief if they keep walking into houses and they keep breaking and they take the jewels and the money and they run and no one stopping them then they'll keep breaking houses research shows that even if you put a sign outside that there's an alarm or you know beware of dog even if there's no dog they will think twice because a troublemaker doesn't want resistance so Allah is telling us in Akhlaq resist when trouble comes resist don't be silent validate question its integrity but what you are doing is do two things saving yourself from embarrassment and you are also telling the troublemaker don't do more of this now as you know there was a man who was a troublemaker in the prophet's time and he goes to a city and says that these people wanted to kill me and they were starting to amass an army to go and fight but the prophet validated and found out that this man was a troublemaker he brought false news we have that in our communities too validate and you will see many troubles will go away and no the troublemakers create trouble because they lack faith in Allah the same Walid became governor and he was so drunk he used to do extra sujud and then you would look at the people you want more sujud I can do more sujud if you want that's how bad he was so what I'm saying to us is the troublemaker and the root word here فاسق the root word is فسق one of the meanings of فسق is when a silkworm breaks from its cocoon it's safe but when it breaks from its cocoon and it leaves the cocoon it comes in a state of danger it's causing danger when Allah says يا يهلذين أامان أامان in Arabic means security so Allah is not only telling us all you who believe he is telling us all you who are secure so فاسق is the opposite one who challenges security so let's be not like that وعلموا أن فيكم رسول الله لو يوتيئكم في كثير من الأمر لأنتم ولكن الله حبب إليكم الإيمان وزيّنه في قلوبكم وكرّها إليكم الكفر والفصق والعسيان أولائك هم الراشدون this is a beautiful verse that you notice when Allah is talking about bad behavior he keeps bringing me back to the Prophet and tells me let me tell you why it's important to behave don't forget Allah and your messenger are the center this is why you should behave he says no that among you is Allah's apostle should he have obeyed you with your whimsical suggestions we would have fallen into many issues and problems لو يوتيئكم في كثير من الأمر لعنتم ولكن الله حب بإليكم rather God has put love in religion to you he has endeared faith to you and made it seeming in your heart and he has made hateful to you unbelief, transgression and disobedience these it is who are the followers of the right way meaning you love religion and you don't like oppression don't like unbelief, transgression disobedience you don't like it it bothers you Allah says that's my mercy to you my gift to you it's a gift of God and he is all knowing all wise it's a gift of God for in fact it's a gift of God it's a gift of God it's a gift of God it's a gift of God when two groups of believers fight two groups it's all here I'm touching very rapidly when you get into a quarrel make peace between them but if one of them acts wrong towards the other fight until you bring the wrong back to Allah's command and if they return make peace between them with justice and act equitably surely Allah loves those who act equitably when we Muslims fight with each other make peace don't allow it and be hesitant to get into a fight even if somebody is instigating and making bad things to push to you hesitate don't get into it try to delay it hopefully they'll have a second thought now this verse actually became very powerful after the Prophet's departure it became very real one example was in the battle of Jamal in Basra when Imam Ali A.S. fights Aisha the wife of the Prophet in Basra and I think it's important to mention this Imam Ali A.S. same thing when he fought Muawiyah in Sefine one group against the other but they're all within the banner of Islam Karbala excellent example two groups claiming to be Muslims one is right, the other one is wrong وينتعي فتاني من المؤمنين قتطلو pay attention to history here Aisha had amassed an army and put herself in a cage on a camel the messenger forbade his wives from leaving their homes after his departure وقرنا في بيوت كنة remain in your homes Allah commands in the Quran but there was a violation of that but look while she's violating because of her jealousy and hatred it's not a secret you find Imam Ali was very gentle with her respectful to her and you would warn her and say please stop don't do this it's not the right thing to do they say that on the day the battle started in Basra Aisha's army delivered the largest amount of arrows to Imam Ali's army and they say the sky was black it's amazing find that Muhammad ibn Hanafiyah was with him you find Imam Ali told him take this flag and go forward he said the sky is black with arrows he says I felt a breeze after I said that I felt a breeze and I saw the flag in the front I saw my father take it from me and charge forward unafraid when the liberals come to Imam Ali and say that they are attacking us they are killing our soldiers Imam said be silent be patient but they are attacking us they are hitting us Imam said don't respond give it peace give peace a chance maybe they will think twice until finally Imam gave the command fight but how did the Imam end the war strategically it was causing too much trouble the camel it was causing the other side to get very full of fervor and emotional so the Imam sends one of his soldiers and says cut the legs of that camel let it fall not to kill the other side because he hates to kill people he hates to kill believers he cuts the legs and soon after Imam defeats Aisha's army in Basra she goes back to the tent she sends her brother Muhammad bin Abu Bakr to go and talk to her to give up her fight and to go back to Madina per the command of Allah she refuses but look at the respect he gives her he sends her brother as Mahram he sends her brother as an honor but she still rejects and rejects that Imam Hassan goes and finally she accepts that something Imam Ali will use that she won't like which was the command the Prophet gave him should this problem ever come and she knew about it I won't talk about it here and she goes back to Madina so Allah says respect them honor them even if they fight you you defeat them don't dishonor them hold them with dignity this is the akhlaq of Islam I'll end this very quickly indeed the believers are brethren therefore make peace with each other so more mercy comes to you and you will be more God conscious all you who believe let not one group laugh at another group this is bullying you are in the back pay attention to this verse I advise you to read the 11th verse of the 49th chapter memorize it talk it walk it I say this without any compunctions without any fear read it talk it this is how we eradicate problems in society this is how we eradicate jealousy this is how we eradicate destruction in society we have a president today he is the chief executive bully we want to counter this with the Quran we are not going to be bullies we are going to be gentle we are going to be sophisticated we are going to be dignified and we are going to swallow our anger and we are going to hold our respect with quietness let not one group laugh at another sometimes a group comes and says look at those people بلا نساء من نساء أسايا كنا خيرة منهم and let no women group laugh at other groups as you know one of the wives of the prophet entered the masjid and some of the other wives were laughing at her when Ms. Salema had entered and a piece of her dress was hanging out and they started to laugh so Allah says بلا نساء من نساء أسايا كنا خيرة منهم ولا تلنيزون فساكم don't find faults in each other اسم الفسوق بعد الإيمان و لا تقوموا بشكل جيد و من لم يتوفأوا لايك و من الظالمون و لو لا تستخدموا انت مرحبا يا يولذين أهامن جتني بكثيرا من الظن إن بعض الظن اثن ولا تجسس ولا يختب بعضكم بعده أيوحب أحدكم من يأكل لحم أخي ميتا فكره تمو و اتقوا الله إن الله طواب الرحيم ايو you believe و اتقوى من الظن ايوه اتقوى ربما هذا ينزلني اتقوى اتقوى انت مرحبا لأنها لدينا أتقوى لأن أحدهم و أمين اتقوى من الظن و لا يوجد شيء لكي تقوى لأن الظن يقول الله في الكثير و لا يتقوى عندك سيكون على شخص يتقوى و اتقوى من الظن لا يتقوى ما يتقوى إذا كانوا يتقوى و يتقوى في الكثير لا يتقوى اتقوى أمين و أمين إنه حسن لا يتقوى ولكن في العام إذا كانت أحدهم لا يتقوى أمين و أمين لا يتقوى لا يتقوى لا أسف لا يتقوى لأنني سأكون لدينا حالة لا أريد و لا يتقوى عندما يتقوى الله يتقوى أمين أمين أمين هل يتقوى أمين أريد أن أصدر أمين و now you're carving out a piece of his meat and sticking it in your mouth الله says it's disgusting that's what you do when you backbite and history shows there are people who backbite the prophet said I see a flesh stuck between your teeth because you backbite we must stop that by the way people who backbite are dangerous people there are people who can't stop backbiting even in their love for someone they backbite they're constantly backbiting backbiting all the time now bear in mind if they're your friends I can guarantee you they backbite you so be careful with those kind of people keep a distance or teach them to stop backbiting because it's a disease that's gonna hit you the last verses I don't have time قالت العراب و أمنه قول لم تؤمنه ولكن قولوا أسلمنا و لما يدخل الإيمان في قلوبكم إسلام is a religion that's a verb submission in Islam action is the real Islam not lip service does it dwellers say we believe قالت العراب و أمنه قول لم تؤمنه ولكن قولوا أسلمنا rather say we submit و لما يدخل الإيمان في قلوبكم قولتي الله و رسولي لا يلتكم و عملكم الشيئة now if you obey Allah and the prophet your deeds will be intact so notice in the beginning god says if you are disrespectful your deeds will be wiped out in this same Surah in the end Allah says if you obey Allah and the messenger then your deeds will be intact there are a few more verses in the end but I don't have time tonight I want to end tonight let's reflect in these nights فرمضان كيف أفضل myself to become less suspicious less vindictive more forgiving less gossiping in fact one brother came to me and said brother you say less gossiping great point should we not stop gossiping I said of course of course stop all bad behavior but let's be hopeful less to zero that's my point stop it stop all gossiping stop all fault finding but it's not easy it takes time it takes a lot of effort but let's start doing it let's make our society is healthy you will be surprised how many people will love to come to these kinds of gatherings because they know these gatherings are safe this friendship is safe these families are good you know how the deen of Allah grew in Makkah and Medina through such behavior with the prophet and his companions it was this kind of behavior that they were the very good ones that people were so attracted to they became great followers I ask Allah سبحانه وتعالى إمام صاحب الزمان عجل الله تعالى فرجك is present among us he's in غيبة I'll talk about him fully tomorrow Insha'Allah on a much more explicit understanding of his occultation but I want I ask Allah سبحانه وتعالى to grant us to follow his footsteps as our witness on this earth today and that Allah brings him back to us soon for there is much injustice in this world there is much carnage taking place the war mongers who are beating the drums in Washington right now and in UK and in Europe and in other parts of the world and in Israel they're just ready to get into a battle and war ya Allah diffuse that so that there is peace and tranquility on this earth for all of humanity وأخرى دعوني الحمد لله رب العالمين والسلام عليكم جميعا ورحمة الله وبركاته


What is going on guys welcome back to the channel and I appreciate you being here today I bring you another Destiny 2 video and today I have information on every available Exhaustic weapon masterwork including the stats and perk changes addons and some of these are absolutely incredible it's unbelievable people waiting to hear what some of these changes are but before we go any further guys if you do enjoy the video leaving a like truly helps me and my channel out and I do appreciate that support also this information was provided by soabaddon on reddit which was obtained from a website called light.gg so let's get into it guys and starting with the ball realis this gets a plus 20 reload speed stat increase the colony plus 10 magazine plus 30 weapon size which I believe means magazine size deeper pockets perk increased ammo reserves crimson gets a plus 20 ranged stat darsie gets a plus 20 stability stat fighting lion plus 30 reload speed stat shurima perk after these weapon fires equipped kinetic and power weapons gain a brief period of increased handling and precision damage damn gravitan lance gets a plus 20 range stat plus 15 aimacy stat hidden hand perk better target acquisition I cannot wait to get my hands on that people it's a beast as it is the hard light gets plus 25 stability the hawkerberry gets a perk called ambitious assassin overflows the magazine based on a number of rapid kills before reloading nice jdrabbit gets a plus 30 stability stat merciless gets a plus 40 ranged stat and a plus 40 stability stat mother multitool gets a new perk called outlaw precision kills greatly decrease reload time this thing already reloads quick so it's going to be absolutely instant that's crazy Polaris lance drag-and-fly perk precision kills create an elemental damage explosion the previous lens gets a plus 20 stability stat and a plus 20 handling stat the prospector gets a plus 40 blast radius stat plus 17 magazine size with the deeper pockets perk increased ammo reserves the plus weapon size is the magazine size and that's the perk called deeper pockets which increases ammo reserves racking a plus 20 aimacy stat a plus 20 recoil direction stat infestation perk improved aim assist and recoil direction refreshes health and vermin invisibility trigger damn that is going to be so OP now if you don't know vermin once you get a kill you reload you call invisible now you also regen health that is absolutely ridiculous risk runner gets a plus 30 ranged stat skyburn is off gets a plus 30 ranged stat sleeper simulant gets a plus 25 charge time stat with accelerate coils perk speed up weapon charge storm gets a plus 20 ranged stat and plus 40 handling stat sunshock gets a plus 30 ranged stat and a plus 20 stability stat the sewers regime gets a plus 50 recoil direction stat and it also gets a new perk called sewers ascendance increased chances for kills regen health sweet business serious business perk when its weapon is fully spun up the flinch from incoming damage is greatly reduced not bad the telesto gets a plus 16 magazine stat and a plus 40 weapon size stat which is a part of the deeper pockets perk increased ammo reserves tracks again and gets a plus 70 magazine and a plus 50 weapon size stat again a part of that deeper pockets perk increased ammo reserves vigilance wing gets a full auto trigger system perk holding down a trigger will fire this weapon at full auto damn world cliff coil pinpoint guidance module perk improve tracking on projectiles nice and then we have the world line zero another dimension perk reduces the activation time of the tesseract oh nice now all these data money for may not make complete sense especially when it talks about magazine size but i believe this works in a percentage way i believe weapon size stands for the ammo reserve for every 10 in the magazine stats you get one more bullet in it but i could be wrong but yeah guys there's some pretty incredible changes coming for sure it's hard to say which i most look forward to seeing probably the racking because that just looks absolutely ridiculous but there are so many great additions here these are exotics i feel will feel exotic how they should be now i will say how you get most of these is still yet unknown some you get clues others are just random as time goes on though guys guides will come especially from me but on that note guys we have come to the end of the video if you enjoyed the video leaving a like truly helps me and my channel out thanks as always for stopping by and hopefully people i will see you on that next one


Hello and welcome to our video summarizing all you need to know about The Hound of Baskervilles, a novel by Arthur Colon Doyle. My name is Zara and in this video we'll look at the novel specifically beginning with a plot summary. We will then examine the necessary information you need to know before looking at each character in depth, key themes as well as important symbols. This video is very useful especially if you are studying this novel as part of your English coursework or exam. As I'll get into the details you need to know to get top marks. So let's get started. First an overview. So The Hound of Baskervilles is the third of the four crime novels written by Sir Arthur Colon Doyle, featuring the detective Sherlock Holmes, originally serialized in the strained magazine from August 1901 to April 1902. It is set largely on Dartmoor in Devon in England's West Country. And tells the story of an attempted murder inspired by the legend of a fearsome, diabolical Hound of supernatural origin. Sherlock Holmes and his companion Dr. Watson investigate the case. This was the first appearance of Holmes since his apparent death in the final problem and the success of The Hound of the Baskervilles led to the character's eventual revival. One of the most famous stories ever written in 2003. The book was listed as number 128th of 200 on the BBC's The Big Read poll of the UK's best loved novel. In 1999 it was listed at the top Holmes novel with the perfect rating from Sherlock Holmes's book, The Hound of the Baskervilles opens with a mini-mystery. Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson speculate on the identity of the owner of a cane that has been left in their office by an unknown visitor. Wowing Watson with his fabulous powers of observation, Holmes predicts the appearance of James Mortimer, owner of the Hound of the Baskervilles. Entering the office and unveiling an 18th century minuscript, Mortimer recounts the myth of the literate Hugo Baskervilles. Hugo captured and imprisoned a young country lass at his estate in Devonshire only to fall victim to a marauding Hound of a Hale. The Hound of the Baskervilles is known as the Hound of the Baskervilles. He has been called victim to a marauding Hound of a Hale as he pursued her along the Lonesome Moors late one night. Ever since Mortimer reports the Baskervilles line has been plagued by a mysterious and supernatural black Hound. The recent death of Sir Charles Baskervilles has rekindled suspicions and fears. Next of Ken, the duo finds out, has arrived in London to take up his post at Baskervilles Home. But he has already been intimidated by an anonymous note of warning and strangely enough, the theft of a shoe. Agreeing to take the case, Holmes and Watson quickly discover that Sir Henry Baskervilles is being trailed in London by a mysterious bearded stranger and they speculate as to whether the ghost befriend or foe. Holmes however announces that he is too busy in London to accompany Mortimer and Sir Henry to Devonshire to get to the bottom of the case as he sends Dr. Watson to be his eyes and ears insisting that he report back regularly. Once in Devonshire, Watson discovers a state of emergency with armed guards on the watch for an escaped convict roaming the Moors. He finds potential suspects with Mr. Barrymore and Mrs. Barrymore, the domestic health, and Mr. Jack Stapleton and his sister Beryl, Baskervilles neighbors. A series of mysteries arrive in rapid succession. Barrymore is called Skull King around the mansion at night. Watson spies a lonely figure keeping watch over the Moors and the doctor hears what sounds like a dog's howling. Beryl Stapleton provides an enigmatic warning and Watson learns of a secret encounter between Sir Charles and a local woman named Laura Lyons on the night of his death. During his best to unravel these threads of the mystery, Watson discovers that Barrymore's nightly jones are just his attempt to aid the escaped conv who turns out to be Mrs. Barrymore's brother. The doctor interviews Laura Lyons to assess her involvement and discovers that the lonely figure surveying the Moors is none other than Charles Combs himself. It takes home he then so as not to tip off the villain as to his involvement to piece together the mystery. Mr. Stapleton, Holmes has discovered, is actually in line to inherit the Baskervilles mansion and as such is the prime suspect. Laura Lyons was only a pawn in Stapleton's game. A Baskerville beneficiary whom Stapleton convinced to request and then miss a late night appointment with Sir Charles. Having lured Charles onto the Moors, Stapleton released his ferocious pet pooch which frightened the superstitious nobleman and caused a hurt attack. In a dramatic final scene, Holmes and Watson used the younger Baskerville as bait to catch Stapleton red-handed. After a late supper at Stapleton's, Sir Henry heads home across the Moors only to be waylaid by the enormous Stapleton pets. Despite a dense fog, Holmes and Watson are able to subdue the beast and Stapleton, in his panicked flight from the scene, drowned in a marshland on the Moors. Beryl Stapleton, who turns out to be Jack's haired wife and not his sister, is discovered tied up in his house, having refused to participate in his dust ordly scheme. Back in London, Holmes ties up the loose ends, announcing that the stolen shoe was used to give the hand Henry's scent and that mysterious warning note came from Beryl Stapleton, whose flandering husband had denied their marriage so as to seduce and use Laura Lyons. Watson files the case closed. On to character analysis. Sherlock Holmes is the ever-observant, world-renowned detective of 221B Baker Street. For all he's assumed, genius and intuitive, he's virtually omniscient in these stories and Holmes becomes more accessible in the context of his constant posturing and pretension. He lets down his guard and admits of a fragile ego. When challenged at the beginning of the book, Mortimer calls him the second best crime solver in Europe and Holmes lets down his guard and asks who could possibly be the first. By a large, however, Holmes' ego is kept in check by a constant dose of adulation from Watson. Holmes regularly announces some absurd and unsubstantiated conclusion only to mock Watson by revealing the most obvious of clues. In the end, Holmes toys with his associates, in particular Watson, at least as much as he flouts his enemies equivocating, misleading and making fools out of them only to up his own crime-solving cachet. Dr. Watson, the good doctor, plays the sidekick to Holmes' self-obsessed hero figure. Watson is a lowly apprentice and live-in friend who spends most of the book trying to solve a difficult case in his master's steed. Always on hand to stroke Holmes' ego, Watson is nonetheless intent on proving his own middle by applying Holmes' techniques. His never-ending adulation, which is presumably meant to mirror our own understanding of the legendary detective, comes through most forcefully at the end of the novel, when Holmes arrives at Devonshire. Holmes announces that he meant for Watson to think he was in London and a pouty Watson reacts, then you use me and yet you don't trust me. Co-dependent throughout Holmes and Watson feel each other's needs. Watson provides Holmes with an ego boost and Holmes needs Watson's eyes and ears to inconspicuously gather clues. Watson is awestruck by Holmes' power of observation and Watson feels more powerful by association. Mr. Jack Stapleton, intended to incarnate ill will and malice, Stapleton is conflated at various points with the licorice libertine Hugo, whom he resembles. Stapleton is a black-hearted, violent villain hidden beneath a benign, bookish surface. If Hugo operates as a kind of double-ganger for his entomologist air, then the convict offers an interesting parallel as well. Serving mainly as a red herring in the mystery's death of Sir Charles Baskerville, the convict also operates as a foil for the real culprit, Stapleton. Personifying peculiar ferocity, wanton brutality and even devious sanity, the convict is shown to be a pathetic, animalistic figure on whom the detectives ultimately take pity. Not so with Stapleton, a man with a murderous heart and a wolf in sheep's clothing. Stapleton is the worthy adversary because of his birthright. If the convict is a simple murderer, he is also simply born, related by blood to the Baskerville's domestic help. Thus, the convict is part of a lower class than Holmes and, therefore, is not a worthy adversary. Stapleton, however, is an intellectual and when his evil side comes out, his hidden nobility comes out as well. Once Holmes is handling an educated and noble rival, he begins to take things much more seriously. In this sense, Stapleton's character adds to the strong classicist themes embedded in the book. On to theme analysis. Natural and supernatural truth and fantasy. As soon as Dr. Mortimer arrives to unveil the mysterious curse of the Baskervilles, Hound wrestles with questions of natural and supernatural occurrences. The doctor himself decides that the marauding Hound in question is a supernatural beast and all he wants to ask Sherlock Holmes is what to do with the next of kin. For Holmes' point of view, every set of clues points toward a logical, real-world solution, considering the supernatural explanation. Holmes decides to consider all other options before falling back on that one. Sherlock Holmes personifies the intellectuals' faith in logic and on examining facts to find the answers. In this sense, the story takes on the Gothic tradition, a brand of storytelling that highlights the bizarre and unexplained. Doll's mysterious Hound, an ancient family curse, even the ominous Baskervilles Hall, all set up a Gothic style, mystery that, in the end, will fall victim to Holmes' powerful logic. Doll's own faith in spiritualism, a doctrine of life after death and psychic powers, might at first seem to contradict a Sherlockian belief in logical solutions and real-world answers. Holmes is probably based more on Doll's scientific training than his belief system, but the struggle for understanding the search for a coherent conception of the world will live in, links the spiritualist Doll with his fictional counterpart. Throughout the novel, Holmes is able to come up with far flung if ultimately true accounts of the world around him. Much as his authors trove for understanding in fiction and in fact. Holmes focused on the natural and supernatural spills over into other thematic territory. The rigid classism of Doll's milieu, while to do intellectual that he was. Doll translated many of the assumptions of turn of the century English society into his fiction. The natural and supernatural is one example. Throughout the story, the superstitions of the shapeless mass of common folk everyone attributes an unbending faith in the curse to their commoners or their ancestors. The superstitions of the shapeless mass of common folk everyone attributes an unbending faith in the curse to their commoners or den. To the commoners or denigrated and often dismissed. If Mortimer and Sir Henry have their doubts, it is the gullible common folk who take the curse seriously. In the end, when Watson's reportage and Holmes' insight have shed light on the situation, the curse of the commoners who believed it end up looking silly. At the same time, Sir Henry's servants vince a kind of docility and their brother the convict is reduced from dangerous murderer to pathetic rodent under Watson's gaze. Holmes' classism is also imaged in questions of entitlement. Who has the right to basketball hole? To Holmes' attention to our attention. So that's it for this video. If you found it useful, give it a thumbs up and do subscribe to our channel where we offer free materials that you can use as part of your studies. To really get a better grasp of specific areas you might find challenging. Make sure to visit our website where you'll find useful revision guides, model answers and tools to get top marks. Thank you for listening.


Welcome to the session on Bitmap Indices in Database, Myself Rashmi Dixie. So let us begin the session learning outcome at the end of this session students will be able to explain Bitmap Indices. So Bitmap Indices, Bitmap Indices are special type of index designed for efficient querying on a multiple keys, although each Bitmap index is built on a single key. Records in a relation are assumed to be numbered sequentially starting from say 0. Given a number n, it must be easy to retrieve record n and particularly easy if the records are of fixed size. So in its simplest form, a Bitmap index on the attribute a in the relation r consists of one Bitmap for each value of that a can take. So applicable on attributes that take on a relatively small number of distinct values. So for example, consider gender, so gender, gender either male or female, country, state. You can also use Bitmap indexing on income level, income broken up into small number of levels such as 0 to 9,009 means 9,900, 10,000 to 1,9,999 means etcetera. We can apply Bitmap indexing when we can broke a income into smaller number of levels. Now what is a structure of Bitmap index? A Bitmap is simply an array of bits, array of bits in its simplest form. A Bitmap index on an attribute has a Bitmap for each value of the attribute. Bitmap has as many bits as record. So how many records are there in a particular relation that much Bitmap bits. And in a Bitmap for value v, the bit for a record is 1, if the record has the value v for the attribute add is 0 otherwise remember this sorry. So we will take one example on Bitmap indexes. Consider a relation in structure sorry instructor info with attribute id, gender and income level. Now from 0 to n the record number is given. Now how to create a Bitmap, so Bitmap for gender. So one thing what is our one characteristic of a Bitmap? So it contain number of bits as many as number of record. So 5 record, 5 bits for male, female, 2 Bitmap, 5 record, 5 bit and 1 where male is there in the gender attribute. So 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, so this is a Bitmap for male, for female 0, 1, 1, 0, 1. So Bitmap index on attribute gender in the relation instructor info consist of 1 Bitmap for each value of that particular gender means attribute gender can take. So male and female 2 Bitmap, so male will contain 1 where the value of means where the male is there in the gender attribute. Similarly Bitmap for income level L1, L2, L3, L4, L5 so depending upon level is broken into how many levels, income levels that much Bitmap we are going to create. So where is L1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0 same for L2, L3, L4, L5. So what are the different operations are possible with Bitmap? So Bitmap indices are useful for the queries on a multiple attributes. It is not particularly useful for a single attribute queries and queries are answered using Bitmap operations we can perform intersection, union or complementation that is AND or NOT operation. So how the operation takes place? So each operation takes 2 Bitmap of the same size and applies the operation on the corresponding bit to get the Bitmap result. For example 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0 AND operation OR operation NOT operation. So whatever the AND happen with the AND operation that is a result means 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0 AND 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1 the AND 1, triple 0, 1, 0 same for OR AND NOT. Now if the query mail gender mail with income level L1. So gender mail, so Bitmap for gender mail 1, 0, 0, 1, 0 AND with income level L1. So 1, 0, 1, 0, 0. So if we fire a query, find a record with gender mail or mail with income level L1 we are going to perform AND operation on 2 Bitmap of mail and income level L1. So 1, then 4, 0 means record number 1 with it will return you ID 7, 6, 7, 6, 6 means gender mail with income level L1. So can then retrieve required tuples and counting numbers of matching tuple is even faster. So what are the characteristic of Bitmap indices? Bitmap indices generally very small compared with relation size. For example if record is of 100 bytes space for a single Bitmap is 1 by 1800 of the space used by relation look at it is very small as compared to relation size. If the number of distinct attribute values is 8 Bitmap is only 1% of the relation size only 1% and deletion now one care should be taken deletion needs to be handled properly. Existence Bitmap to note if there is a valid record at record location and needed for complementation means not attribute with particular value there not a Bitmap A with the value and Existence Bitmap should keep Bitmap for all values even null values to correctly handle sequential null semantics for not attribute with a particular value intersect above result with not Bitmap with attribute with null value. So remember one thing should keep Bitmap for all values with null value. Now all of a student takes some time to answer this particular query. Now what is this query or what is this question? Instructor relation is given with 4 Bitmap S1, S2, S3, S4 now identify this S1, S2, S3, S4 are represent which Bitmap? So 4 options S1 is a bitmap index for salary below 40,000, S2 is a bitmap index for the salary 50,000 to below 60,000 means between 50,000 and 60,000, S3 bitmap index for salary 16,000 to below 70,000 and S4 is a bitmap index for salary 70,000 and above. Now S1, S2, S3, S4 so number of bitmap bits equal to number of record. So we will check or you will check one by one and try to give me the answer ok. So check out with your answer S1 is a bitmap index for salary below 40,000 am I correct? Yes, so only 40,000 value set here 1, so correct and 4th one S4 is a bitmap index for salary 70,000 and above ok 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 correct. So B and C, S2 is a bitmap index for the salary 50,000 to below 60,000 no all are 0, there is a salary bitmap index for salary 50,000 are below this must be 1, but this is 0, so this is wrong and S3 is a bitmap index for salary 60,000 to below 70,000 this is also wrong ok. So how to create index in SQL? So create index with index name on a relation with attribute list on which you are performing or using as a index. So for example create index the name of index is B index on branch with attribute branch name, use create unique index to indirectly specify and enforce the condition that the search key is a candidate key ok and not really required if SQL unique integrity constraint is supported to drop an index drop index index name, most database system allow specification of type of index and clustering. Now how to create a bitmap index? Create bitmap index, index name on relation name ok. So example student ID name address age gender and semester. So create bitmap index IDX gender that is the name of index on student with attribute on which attribute you are performing or you are creating bitmap index. Same create bitmap index IDX semester on student with attribute list. So this is a reference, thank you.


Hi, I'm Matthew Kost, head dating coach and founder at commitmentconnection.com and in this video today We're going to talk about how to attract men who are on the same energetic and emotional level as you But before we talk about that if you're struggling to attract the right man into a committed lasting relationship, make sure you go to my website and take my quiz So today's question comes from a woman in our community and she's asking How do I attract men who are on the same energetic and emotional level as I am and so you know, this is kind of a trick question here in Some ways because you always attract men who are on the same energetic level as you are If you're having a problem with the energetic level of men that you're dating You may want to reconsider What energetic level you're on? You know, it's it's always interesting to me because everybody thinks that they're on a higher energetic level than you know, the opposite sex and You know women always are like, oh, you know, I'm trying to find evolved, you know, mature men You know and men are like, oh, I'm trying to find you know Evolved mature women and and you know when when I was coaching men It was the every everybody thinks that the opposite sex is is less put together than they are and so Yeah, you know, you might want to reconsider what energetic level you're on right now and and figure out how to raise your vibrational level and you know, you may end up attracting men that aren't quite up there yet, but if you're you know at that level and you're coming from a space of being on a high vibrational frequency and you're you know going out to where Other types of men like you know other types of people like that Especially men are going to be then you're gonna attract one of those guys and if you're not You may want to rethink You being on a higher energetic level than they are And as far as an emotional level is concerned You're unlikely to attract a man who's on the same emotional level as you are You know, I hear that from women a lot like where are all these, you know, super emotionally mature men, you know And and really most of them don't exist and a lot of the guys that are kind of on that higher emotional level are You know kind of feminine type of guys and and you know once in a while you'll have a really mature Emotionally, you know put together guy, but You know he's probably never gonna be on the same emotional level that you're on It's like trying to find a man trying to attract a woman who's as rational as he is You know, I've met women that are rational like that, but most of my wouldn't want to date and so Yeah, you know, it's not that you're not gonna attract a guy like that It's that you're probably not gonna want to date a guy who's like that because he's not gonna be very attractive to you So if you can find in a guy who's incredibly emotionally aware and masculine at the same time You know, hopefully you're on those levels as well So that you can attract him and if I were you that's what I'd focus on and I would focus on going out to places where Mature masculine men would be and there's you know groups and you know communities, especially personal growth communities a lot of Guys will go out to and be a part of those types of things But you know, you can find guys all over the place that you know It's I get women all the time. They're like, where do I find the right guy?  So that's it for this video if you're if you are If you'd like more information on what's stopping you from attracting Mr. Wright into a committed lasting relationship Make sure you go to my website at commitment connection calm and take my quiz I'm Matthew coast and I'll speak with you again soon


So, as you have seen, a nucleotide is made up of three components, but a DNA molecule is a polymer of these deoxyribonucleotides. Then next question arises, how different deoxyribonucleotides are joined together to make a polymer of DNA, poly nucleotide. So, the successive nucleotides of DNA are joined together through phosphodiester linkage. How this phosphodiester linkage is formed and what type of linkage is this? Let us see in this picture. So, in this picture you can see these two deoxyribonucleotides, how they are joined. This is a deoxyribonucleotide and look at this. This phosphate group is attached to the 5-prime carbon of pentose sugar and this phosphate is next attached to the 3-prime carbon of the next deoxyribonucleotide. So, a hydroxyl group is present at this 3-prime carbon, similarly another hydroxyl group is present on this phosphoric acid. So, these two hydroxyl groups, they combine together and a water molecule is eliminated and an astrolinkage is established. Again, this is an astrolinkage because you know this is an organic acid and this is alcoholic group and when an organic acid and an alcoholic group react, they form an astrolinkage. So, this astrolinkage is established between pentose of one nucleotide and phosphoric acid of the other nucleotide. So, one nucleotide is attached with this astrolinkage with the other nucleotide. Then why this linkage is called phosphodiastrolinkage? Because this is one astrolinkage and this is another astrolinkage. So two astrodes and a phosphate group are included in this linkage, in this whole linkage. So, that's why this linkage is called phosphodiastrolinkage. So, all these successive nucleotides are linked through this phosphodiastrolinkage. So, this molecule, this whole molecule, it is a dinucleotide. So, in this dinucleotide, you can see this phosphate, which is attached at 5 prime, is again free to form astrolinkage with another nucleotide. Similarly, this hydroxyl, which is present at 3 prime, this is again available to make an astrolinkage with another nucleotide. So, in this way, this chain grows and it make a polynucleotide chain. So, look at this picture. This is a polynucleotide chain and these, in this picture, the nucleotides are linked together through phosphodiastrolinkages. So, if a chain containing 50 or lesser than 50 deoxyribonucleotides, it is called polygonucleotide chain and if this chain contains more than 50 deoxyribonucleotides, this is called a polynucleotide chain. So, as you know, DNA is a polynucleotide chain. So, in this way, a polynucleotide chain is formed.