Rwyf wedyn ti'n celtio gan ein golfer gydy'r gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio, roeddwn i'n gilydd ymlaen arna mewn. A dwi ddim gwych ar gweithio'r gweithio'r gwell lle mae gennych hynny sy'n dweud gyda fy rhaglion. Ydyn ni'n ysgol iddyn nhw'n gefnol gyda gael ein golfer. A chwed i chi'n ysgolnau cyfaint o'n cymhau plwysgol dyw. Mae'r gweithio'n cynghwyl, ac mae'r cynghwiliau yn ffordd fel y gweithio'r ysgol yw'n fwrdd mewn ysgol. Every brand offers some significant choice. Oh. That's nice. That felt good. Cut a little bit more. Oh. We got a kind bounce there. On some cases, it's almost impossibile to tell the difference between different clubs nowadays from different manufacturers, even from a visual perspective. That's never more true than the two we are going to have a look at today.  That's a good line as well but always undercooked for pace. I can't understand this putter. Do what it does uphill straight. Oh it did as well. So in today's video I'm going to look at one of the most popular irons in recent years that is the y Taelimade P790. Rwy'r cyfnod yn gweithio'r cyfnod. Mae'n rhan o'r cyfnod oedd yn ymweld yn 2017, ac mae'r newid yng nghymru yn ymddangos yn ymddi'r cyllid. Rwy'n credu bod rhan o'r cyfrwyr cyfrwyr Fforged-Tec iron, ac y ddwy'r cyfrwyr yw'r cyfrwyr ar y cyfrwyr, ac mae'n cyfrwyr yw'r cyfrwyr yn cyfrwyr P790. Mae'n cyfrwyr yw'r cyfrwyr yw'r cyfrwyr, mae'n cyfrwyr yn gyfrwyr, mae'n cyfrwyr. os mae'n credu llawer yn ei gwybod, iawn mae'n cyflwyno. Mae'n ffordd iechyd, mae'n cyflwyno sy'n iawn. Mae'n ffordd iawn, mae'n cymryd. Ond yw oedd ymarfer yn cael ei gwrth o'i ffordd, a eiaeth o'r tyfu pob sicrhau a'r ffordd iawn, mae'n rhaid o'n cyflwynwyr sy'n ysbyt llwydd. Mae cymrydau yw, erwaethau hwnnw i gyfyngau sy'n llwyll. Dwi'n gwych. Rddw'n ddim yn ni. A dyna yn oddi oherwydd i'r fideo. Dwi'n gwneud hynny, rydyn ni'n gwneud yr cyfrifwyr ysterfodol cyfrifwyr Ffordge-tek ac Yrwfwyr Ffordge-tek Ynni, ac rydyn ni'n gwneud hynny yma ychydig arnynnu'r ystafellau ynnyn wedi'i'r rhannu gyfrifwyr. Byrwyr cyfrifwyr. Dwi'n gwneud yma. Rwyf wedi fynd i'w gwneud hynny yn llawer o'r cyfrifwyr dych chi'n hanes o'r rai cyfrifwyr. Rwy'n gwybod i fydd ymlaen o'r cyfrifwyr. Ond, oherwydd, sydd y cyflwyno cyflwyno, rydyn ni'n meddwl gael dwy ffwrdd y llwyddiadau'r llwyddiadau. Mae'r cyflwyno 5, 7, 9, 9 a rydyn ni'n meddwl i'r llwyddiadau. Nid yw'r llwyddiadau'r llwyddiadau o'r gweithio'r llwyddiadau oherwydd mae'r llwyddiadau, felly mae'r llwyddiadau oherwydd yn ysgwrdd i'r rhai. Mae'n gweithio'r llwyddiadau. Rydyn ni'n meddwl i'r llwyddiadau Cobra Ffordge-Tecar, Roedd yn yr wych yn ni'n meddwl'r llwyddiadau, ond rydyn ni'n meddwl i'r gweithio'r llwyddiadau, a mae'n meddwl i'n meddwl i'r un veganaanting sy'n meddwl i'r llwyddiadau. A dworddech chi, yw'n meddwl i'r gweithio arall dwi'r ddifen ag i'r llwyddiadau. Fel hynny, gyda pre aimed, dy ddechrau pierson, dy ddechrau, dy technologi, ddim yn dod o'r wion.  Dyna ymgwysig ychydig i'r llwyffpl yn y nine-iron. Rwy'n meddwl o'r ffordd y mynd, mae'r ddechrau'r ddechrau yn y hand. Rwy'n meddwl ar y side by side, gyda'r ffordd, ac rwy'n meddwl i'n gwneud, yn wneud hynny, yn y nine-iron. Dyma'r iawn, yn argymru, y taur yn wneud, maen nhw'n ddiwodol. Nghymru og rhai a yn ôl ffawr. Cfain a rhai a'r tufawr скажa. Mae'n ddyn nhw'n cael llawer o'ch trwm. Mae'r ddodos deilig yn y fwyllwr pen. Mae'n i'r ddod yn llwyll o'r dd Tokos, cerddw i'r rheidio a i'r tref. Mae'r ddod. Rhaid, ydych chi fod yn hwn o gufords, o rhai o rhai o ddiwodol. Mae'n cael cyngorion ar merd. Mae'r p790. Mae'n ddwy anghyd-o'i. a bod yn lawer yma yw'r cyfaint. Mae Swing fel yr wych maen nhw yn digon gwyb taraf o'r pethau. Felly have un bod yn cael fwy yn gyffredinol o'r produ, o bobl Llywodraeth a Ddygu, i cael ym hynny'n gweithio'r Subwyr. Yn cael y gallu'r Cylwyr ar Faskwyr, rydym eich gynnig ar gwellio'r phaith, ond chi'n ei gweithio'r gweithiau yn beth y mae ymlaen i'r bagon yn y clwys. Rhaedau chi'n ei ei gweithio'r llwys, rwy'n ddaf yn ceisio'r gwybion trefiadol. gwneud i weld nifer o'r blwys. Yna a'n gweithio'n gweithio'r gweithio'n gwybod a'n pwynt o'r�udio'n gofyn yn ôl. Ond gweithio'n gwneud o'r y teimlo, gwneud i yn fwy o wneud. Rwy'n cael ei gwybod gyda'n cymdeithas, ac erbyn o'r 160 yma yn y flag, ac MC yn rwy'n oGS 7. Ond dyna'r gweithio, rydw i'n fawr, mae rhan i'n gael y gallwn ni'n cael cael y cefnoddau y llwys ar gyfer i'w bwysig. Ond oedd waith ym Mwg Ielifon hwn i'r gwahodd eraill gyda'r cy arquagol, oedd mae'n bwrdd eich dyfyrdd yn bwysig o'r bwysig. Fyddill, mae'n rhaid i chi dda i'r bod yn thliadau chi'n wglawniaeth eich gwahodd. Ond mae'r cyfnodd wedi'i gwerthiaeth, mae'n rhaid eich cyd-di-gyrdd fel yr cyd-di-grwhwysau, edrych yn roiw ar y tydd maen nhw yn y tm maen nhw. Mae'r ddweud o gwmp iawn i'r cyllid gynyddiad erbyn. a'r profiwn gwahodd yn y cobratech yn ymddiolol, yn ddyn nhw'n rhoi. Mae'n ddyn nhw'n gwahodd yn ymddiol, yn ymddiol, yn ymddiol, yn ymddiol. Mae hynny'n ddyn nhw'n ddyn nhw. Ond ydych chi'n gwybod, mae'n gwybod ffyrdd ymddiol, mae'r ffyrdd ymddiol maen nhw'n gyfrannu, chyfrannu, a'r ddau'r ddau'r gwrs o'r ddau'r cyfrannu. Mae'n gwybod i'r cyfrannu. Mae'n gwybod i'r gwybod. gyda'r hynny'n hynny'n hynny'n hynny'n hynny'n hynny'n hynny. Let's see how we go. Oh, I'll pull that massive down the left. It felt superb. I can't tell you anything other than how it felt because it was a pretty poor shot, as you can see, in terms of where I pulled that down the left-hand side. Let's see if we can do slightly better with the P790. Yeah, we did. Again, my alignment is obviously down the left because we aren't hitting the green. That's gone very much straight in towards the bunkers. Do you know what's interesting is because I've been a big advocate of the P790 in terms of what they do in terms of feel in a not properly forged eye and a forged face. But I'm almost swayed towards the way the feel and sound is of the Cobra Tech, what they've done. It's a slightly softer feel. There's more of a harsher sound that comes off the tailor-made. On a low, those performance-wise, they were very, very different. I actually preferred the sound, I think, of the Cobra Tech. I just want to show you where those both finish. Can you see the ball in the bunker? That was the tailor-made ball, and like I said, we'd certainly pulled it left of flag. There wasn't a huge difference, in fact, as to how far I'd also pulled that left. But in terms of a distance perspective, great camera workhand, there's not a great deal of difference in terms of how far they carried. Not great shots, but each performed the same with the swing that I put on them, which is interesting. Okay, so the couple of seven irons, not the greatest of shots, maybe didn't tell us a great deal, and now it gets a little bit more difficult because we've got to play a couple of five irons. So certainly, like I said, a more difficult shot. We've got 175 uphill. It's on the tips of my five iron, I'll be honest with you, but we'll see what these things do. More interesting putting a solid strike and seeing if we can get some real feedback in terms of what they do differently. And in particular, where they both come to rest. It's a solid strike and the best shot of it today. Oh, it's still going to come up into that front bunker. That was a real nice strike. Interesting enough, and again, I didn't know what I'd hit at the time. That was the Cobra Forge Tech. Feeling out of them is so, so good. I, yeah, difficult to criticise. So it looks like we're front bunker, which would mean, well, we're a little bit short. I mean, it's not a huge miss. But let's see what this does in terms of carry distance. That's a much higher ball flight. It's again going to come up short. That wind's going to hold it. Oh, do you know what? It's made front edge. That's really interesting because there were two, the strike with the Forge Tech or the swing with the Forge Tech was far better. But I will say that the ball flights are very different as well. There's always you've got to think of the anomalies that the swing has on the impact of the performance of the golf club as well. But visually, they were very different in terms of the ball flight. The five iron from the P790 was a lot higher. And interesting enough, it's carried to the green, which surprised me a little bit because I thought the wind just might hold out a little bit, but it didn't. So they've always been really, really good in terms of performance, in terms of the power that comes out, the ball speed I suppose, that comes out of the face of these clubs. So again, two five irons, very, very similar in terms of where they've gotten to, I would think. And yeah, that's hard to pick. How do you pick a winner? How do you separate these two things? I can't separate them at all. Well, let's just have a look at where they finished again. So the ball in the bunker was the cobra and the ball there just did come up short was the tailor made. So they were short of the flag, which I fully expected, like I said, uphill into the breeze 175, probably playing more like 185, plus was on the tips. Nothing to split them, I would have thought. I mean, obviously the ball's been killed once it's landed in the sand from the forge deck iron, but absolutely nothing to split them again. So interesting for me would be, I said at the beginning, I'm not too sure about the lofts of these clubs and how they differ. What I'd like to know, and I suppose I should find out really, is that they're travelling the same distance irrelevant of what the loft says. Maybe they're getting there differently, but they're travelling exactly the same distance. That's interesting, because I don't think the lofts are the same. Right, so for those of you who are interested, I just took a quick break onto the phone and had a look. The seven iron comparison in terms of loft is one degree different. So there's one degree stronger loft in that of the Cobra forge deck, but I've not seen a great deal to split them in terms of distance. It's got to go a little bit. Run out, run out. Yep, we take that. Now, something for you also might have queried the shaft that we're using in both the irons. So just to clear that up, we've got a KBS S-Tall light 105 gram shaft in the Cobra tech, and I've got a dynamic gold 105 stiff in the tailor-made. So very, very similar shafts, to be honest with you. Do you know what, I'm going to finish things up there. I was doing my own little test there just to see how they differ in terms of feel, and there's just a couple of little nine irons dinked along there. And they do differ. That's the one slight difference. I think there's a little bit of a more of a, almost more of a slightly more hollow sound right throughout this hole since 2017 to the latest iterations of the P790s. For me, there's just a slight issue with almost a clicky little noise. And I think they've almost got the perfect iron if that was resolved, but still that little bit of clickiness. I've got to say, within the forge deck, it's just a little bit softer. There isn't that clicky noise to it, and I found it throughout every iron that I've struck in just those little, two little dinks there again. You just notice that. Other than that, quite honestly, I can't separate these two clubs. It's very, very difficult. Maybe we should do a more extensive trial and get these in on the likes of the GC3 and look at data and see what separates them. But this is reality. This is what happens. You've seen some all right shots. You've seen some poor shots, and you've seen how the clubs have performed. I think equally, I don't think there's been anything that we've seen out here that separates them so they don't look any different. They don't, the technology's no different. They don't perform any different, in my opinion. There is a slight price advantage to that of the Cobra, but it is only slight. So it's all about really, and I was even saying it from an aesthetic's point of view, I mean, I think they're both really good looking irons. I go back to the beginning of the video. I think golfers are very lucky right now because we have an amazing amount of products to choose from. So if you're in the market for new irons, I would certainly put these two on the list and see how they perform for you. Anyway, as ever, thanks for watching. The like the odd is, there's a lot of you will have one of these sets of irons in the bag, so please get involved in that comment section below, and let me know your opinion, but more importantly, let your fellow golfers know because that's a good pointer and helps them. There might be things that I've got wrong in this video, so put me right and let your fellow golfers know otherwise. Right, that's me done. I'll see you all soon.


I'd like to congratulate my elder brother, Stalingi for the wonderful book that he has authored. It's been a long struggle for him, many, many years of struggle and I congratulate him on what he has done for the people of Tamil Nadu. Yesterday, my mother called me and she has sent a letter to Stalingi, so she called me and she told me that it is Stalingi's birthday tomorrow. And I said to my mother, I said, I know. I said, do you know how old Stalingi is? And my mother says, no. So I said, he's going to be 69 years old. And my mother said, that is impossible. So I said, I said, how old do you think he is? So she says, I think he must be 58 or 60. Afterwards, she googled. She does, she does Google these days. She Googles, Stalingi's age. And then she called me, she sent me a message, my God, you're right, he's 69 years old. So I don't know if it's in the book, but if it isn't, he has to write another book telling us how he manages to look so young. I'd like to thank Stalingi and all of you for inviting me here and giving me the honour to speak to you. It's always a pleasure for me to come to Tamil Nadu. And I don't mean that in a light way. I mean that in a very profound and deep way. Some days ago, I gave a speech in Parliament and I believe it was appreciated in Tamil Nadu. And as I was walking out of Parliament, these journalists, they tried to be clever all the time. As I was walking out of Parliament, one of the journalists asked me, you gave this speech, why did you mention Tamil Nadu so many times? And suddenly I realised that I had mentioned Tamil Nadu many times.  Then I got in the car and I was thinking, but why did you say that? Why did those words come out of your mouth? You're not born in Tamil Nadu. You don't speak Tamil. Tamil is a 3,000-year-old civilisation. You don't even begin to understand that civilisation. How can you say you are Tamil? I asked myself, how have you given yourself the right to say that you are Tamil? And I was thinking this for some time in the car while I was driving home. And then I realised why I said those words. Because my blood is mixed with your soil. It was a very sad experience for me, losing a father. Very difficult experience, but also an experience I learnt from. And so I realised that I do have the right to call myself Tamil. Now, what does it mean to be a Tamil? The first thing it means is when I come to this state, I come with humility.  And I come with a desire to understand your perspective. In the speech I said, India is a union of states. So when we say state, what is a state? Where does it come from? It starts from the land. From the land come the people. From the people comes a voice. From the voice comes a language. From a language comes a culture. From a culture comes a history. And from a history comes a state. So when I say that India is a union of states, I am saying that the union of states come together to form India. Like, letters form a word. A word forms a sentence. And a sentence, sentences become a poem. If you do not respect the letters, you do not respect the words, you do not respect the sentences, you cannot respect the entire poem. So when the Prime Minister comes here and he tries to impose some other idea on the people of Tamil Nadu, when he does not understand that Tamil Nadu is just not two words. Tamil Nadu is 3000 years. Tamil Nadu is the land. Tamil Nadu is the people. Tamil Nadu is the language. Tamil Nadu is the words. He does not understand that. He insults the state and he insults our country. How can you take away the voice of the people of Tamil Nadu and then say to the people of Tamil Nadu that I respect you? When the people of Tamil Nadu repeatedly ask you and want to talk to you about need and you don't answer them, what type of respect is that? When the voice of Tamil Nadu says the GST is unfair, the GST harms productive states and you do not respond, who are you disrespecting? And I said in parliament they do not understand the history of Tamil Nadu, they do not understand the history of this nation. In 3000 years, in 3000 years nobody has been able to impose anything on the Tamil people. And in 3000 years from today nobody will be able to impose anything on the Tamil people. But I have experience of the Tamil people. You talk to them with love and affection, you can get anything out of them.  It's a misunderstanding that the Prime Minister has and it is a misunderstanding that applies to all states of our union. My friend and colleague Omar spoke wonderfully today and he said probably the most important thing that was to be said today. And I want to repeat it here, we have to understand that for the first time since independence a state of the Indian Union had its powers taken away from it. It has never happened before that the rights of the people have been snatched from them. Today the people of Jammu and Kashmir do not rule themselves. Today bureaucrats from UP, from Gujarat rule Jammu and Kashmir. And that is the extreme what they have done to Jammu and Kashmir. In Punjab they have unilaterally taken land away from Punjab and given it to the BSF, hundreds of kilometers of land. Without any question, without any discussion and they do the same to Tamil Nadu. We always speak about unity from diversity. India has very very diverse people, diverse states, diverse languages. And historically India has taken advantage of this diversity. It's our biggest strength. I learn from the people of Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu learns from the people of UP, Tamil Nadu learns from the people of Maharashtra. We learn from each other, we respect each other. So our vision is unity from diversity. And their vision is unity through conformity. You will conform to what we have to say. But who gave you the right? Who are you to decide what India should be? Why can't the people of India decide what India should be? Who has given you this honour? Why? So this is the central fight in our country today. The voice of our people is represented in our institutions.  The judiciary, the election commission, the media, systematically one by one these things are being attacked. But the BJP should not be under any illusions. We know how to fight them. We are going to fight them. We are going to defeat them. Because they are fighting history. They are fighting tradition and they cannot defeat it. Once again, it's an honour for me to come here and say these words to you. I'd like to conclude by wishing Brother Stalin a very happy birthday tomorrow. And I've noticed he's trimmed down a lot. So he should eat properly the cake tomorrow. Thank you. Thank you.


And we're live. Hello, everybody. We're starting the MIT computational law course of 2019 right now And we're coming to you live from the MIT Media Lab To get things started. I just want to go over a few live Basic Here we go, okay So the way that you can navigate this okay, so first of all If you have applied to be in the course at law dot MIT dot edu and been accepted We will have sent you a link so that you can be Watching this now, but also to review Lectures that were produced in advance for you and you can find all of those Linked from our agenda page so we've created a new kind of structure and format for the course The top kind of menu bar now will take you home take you to the agenda We've got our people page and some other resources. So for right now, let's focus on the agenda Right now we're beginning I'm doing some kind of housekeeping notes But we'll we'll get into the first Discussion on high-level view of what is computational on you can go back and check out that video at that link and We'll address some of the feedback that's come in so far on this pigeonhole Pigeonhole feedback widget and then as we're talking live We'll have opportunities for prompts and for those of you that are in the class to go ahead and put questions ideas and comments that you want us to address during the live session, which is a basically a conversation into that pigeonhole widget and I'm going to turn it Do you want to do you want to take it? Okay, great, so let me So while we're doing this housekeeping, let me also just click on people Are you ready to me? Did you have the email handy? Okay, great So our core team You can you can find on on the people tab our core team of instructors and and the rest of our core team all of the speakers which are a collection of invited Lecturers and breakout session leaders and best and perhaps most important of all all of the students who so far have Have created little hello videos and To introduce themselves, so we've got quite a few here About there we go and Kevin Sandoval is the last and and so moving on We've got the first speaker here from the second session just came in welcome Bill and so Let me get back to that page Great So to do a little bit of housekeeping. Oh, I'm sorry actually in the spirit of finishing introductions Let's just go down the line and and introduce the core team And then we have a little bit of information for you about how to connect throughout the day. So Who's going first?  Doha. I'm a Brazilian lawyer and I'm teachers Assistant for the course, please come to me in for any doubts you have you can reach me out either on email or telegram and Basically everything you need. Hope you have fun Hi everybody, I'm Brian Wilson. I work at risk genius in a policy and operations role and I also made his kids to use legal hackers chapter and I am here to you today as a co-instructor and if you have any questions about things Any of the topics that we go over I can at least connect you with somebody who knows about them And that's kind of the the world I'm living in now Hi everyone, my name is TMA rogue here. I was most recently principal at in blockchain a Chinese venture capital fund This week, I'll be your team monitor Advocate and you can reach me for which asking you for any questions you have about connecting or the course itself So I'm going to briefly go over the email that we sent you earlier this morning so today's course would be a series of Conversations that we have lecturers coming in to give and in order to access them We ask that you go to each sessions page, which is linked in the agenda and Keep going okay, and in each session Page you'll see the link to the YouTube live that will be connected to the Conversation and then also a pigeonhole widget where you can post any of your comments So if you have any issues accessing that just reach out to me via telegram and just at me there Okay, and now I'll pass it back over to Dazza Great Okay, great. Thank you so much so we we have a star team here and For what it's worth by way of context For lat at lat. This is the fourth annual computational law Course at MIT during this January IP session last year Brian Wilson was a teacher's assistant and he's still relatively new to the practice blog and but already heading up the legal hackers chapter of Kansas City, Missouri and Camila was a student and You were a student can they or teachers assistant And TMA was a teacher's assistant now TMA has moved on up to to basically to be your main point of contact by way of Mentor and also your your first Basically touch point for communications with the course to make sure your experience online is great Brian Mila has moved on up to teachers assistant role and Brian has moved on up to co-instructor and so it was Nailing in on some some of the class sessions This could be you. I'm so go ahead and Discontribute to your heart's content do a good job and and welcome to the community So let's see now what I would like to do is Address some of the questions that have come in on The video what is computational law the sort of high-level overview so One question was So in the hack MD which by the way from get to in the back channel on telegram We see Here's a couple certification of identities will be crucial. You think computational law has any Inclinations on this issue centralized versus self sovereign or does it depend entirely on the architecture employed? Very interesting. So on that point Let me say I Touched on it a little bit in the in the remarks in China on sort of a high-level overview of a sort of This law dot MIT dot edu view of the key components and kind of the architectural stack of computational law But let me go deeper into online identity now So online identity is is key to computational law and to long the digital age in many ways for one thing as More and more of the activities that we do regularly, you know from commercial transactions to education To health care, you know, you name it occur online transportation We have an identity with with respect to each of these types of transactions and in a sense very important Dimensions and facets of our identity are occurring online So the legal implications of that will the business legal and technology implications of that are profound it means that we need to really figure out how to Ensure that our online identity affords Adequate capabilities to meet the different requirements and constraints that we would expect from official identity and also from times when we want unofficial identity like anonymity for whistleblowers or Certain civil liberties like the right to assemble and the right to associate It's been held to include some pseudonymity or anonymity with respect to what groups And so exactly so Brian was saying that this brings up a point if we go to official transactions for a moment I'm making online court filing. I'm signing a contract or a transaction online We want to be able to rely upon that identity And so one of the first things to take a look at is the uniform electronic transactions act and the electronic signatures in global and national commerce Act or e-sign. These are us legislation Uniform state and federal legislation respectively Respectively that implement international Instrument from unsatral the United Nations Commission on international trade law and that's a late 90s model law for Electronic commerce which includes the base and almost all nations have implemented this now and it articulates the basic legal Standing of electronic signatures and electronic contracts electronic records You can find aspects of identity within that and basically the rule is that any Fundamentally it's any sound symbol or process Executed or adopted With an intent to be bound by or authenticate a record Can can can act as a valid enforceable electronic signature So you'll notice that there's no particular certification needed for that and it would allow for any type of technology It could allow for a typewritten signature like a signature line. It could allow for a Biometric authentication it could allow for a public key cryptographic digital signature and the main thing is that you Applied it with an intention of signing the electronic record but if we want to now Authenticate who is signed it if we want to test whether they had authorization to say Conduct a certain transaction where they needed to be approved to spend more than $500 in the expense fund or where they needed to be a licensed attorney now We get into these questions of certification I think also we've in the past talked about we had that discussion one time about having a kind of like a Blockchain scenario move court where you're trying to authenticate records from a blockchain into a Into an evidentiary proceeding under the federal rules of evidence and so You know to what extent can that happen now? Yeah, um, and so what Brian's referring to and for for the monitors who are helping to create the HackMD I might ask if we could add a note to add a link to the digital signature mock trial Yeah, can you remember that? Thanks, I will do that. What Brian's referring to is about a year ago One of our guest lecturers coming up later today Kristen Smith and I through Massachusetts legal hackers conducted a mock trial to test how to bring electronic signatures and some other authentication information in into evidence in a litigation proceeding under State rules we chose Massachusetts Superior Court procedures, which are quite representative and We learned the great deal about how to lay the foundation to and for admissibility of evidence and then also which specific proofs are afforded easily by the Cryptographic system in that case the fundamental thing I want to say about certification is that there's kind of three or four competing legal regimes One of them is a government oriented regime You know a driver's licenses passports Permits specific authorization credentials Which is very much a centralized kind of regime And that's where we find the most prevalence of Processes like the certification that the student asked about And so some certification regimes that you'll find there include in the US NIST has HSPD 12 homeland Security presidential directive, I think whatever is a 12 which creates some the requirements for personal identity verification for issuance of Basically on government IDs on cat cards in the military and it's been extrapolated in a light way for things like Minimum federal requirements into the real ID act for issuance of driver's licenses by the states and Washington DC and territories, I think So these types of requirements deal with enrollment, you know, how did you? Identify the identity of the person when they're coming in show and that's like an I-9 list we call so show me a birth certificate show me Other identity credentials and we're that's enrollment there may be a valid Validation so we'll check to see was that birth certificate in fact issued by the city of Oakland that year that kind of stuff And then there may and then there would be an issuance of the identity credential and these are all be operated under some minimum set of standards for You know a due diligence and to that are auditable to make sure that people ask for the right information They did the right kind of stuff and we could validate and audit that Later after these kind of certification these certification regimes sometimes also include usage of the card after issuance So how do we do verification and how do we do like how do we use the card for authentication? So for? for electronic and physical dual credentials such as a and an ID that includes a Maybe like a Bluetooth or a or a RFID scanner Something that could get you kind of logical access and also Network access and physical access they may have some sort of audit over an access control list And they may look to to provide a second factor of authentication that kind of stuff So those are the sorts of things that you see in certification regimes the best work that's been done in the US on that was by a multi multi Stakeholder organization called identity ecosystem staring group which was created out of national policy Campaign called n-stick national strategy for trusted identities in cyberspace and you can if you Google that you can find a bunch of very interesting accreditation and certification guidelines and how an auditor could go into an identity system to actually Check and assess and evaluate compliance against these guidelines. It's a really good piece for those who interest in certification Now on the other side of this spectrum Like the by the way, welcome Christian Smith one of her friends and in Charest lectures tour at the end of the day. We're talking about your topic right now or one of them identity so on the other side of that spectrum is the as the as the student mentioned we have these notions of self sovereign identity or what will sometimes call In my research group self sourced identity. It's identity. It's coming from an individual and being asserted In a way that others could could choose to accept or or not accept it. These are it's a very different mentality here than a centralized kind of authorization Hierarchical regime for that with certification. This one's more of a bottom up kind of Network topology and some people have tried to use blockchain as one source of Credentials for the self sourced or self sovereign identity where you have a public private key pair, which we'll hear a lot more about at In the this afternoon with Christian Smith Other examples of that in the 90s here at MIT We used to have something called the web of trust where we would generate public private key pairs using PGP pretty good privacy which was a real thing and we would have them on these discs and stuff and We would we would exchange them with each other at key parties not as exciting as the Hollywood key parties, but still pretty good Where we basically change we would we would give our friends our public key and they would know from firsthand knowledge Oh, this public key came from Daza that public key came from Brian and we put them on key rings That's how it was we established a basis of trustworthiness for Linking a public key to a person. That's not a external certification That's something that's very much built up that supports and reflects existing Relationships that are trustworthy and then and then attributes the key to a person so that you can do online transactions later Brian. Yeah, I was gonna say it also seems like to kind of in the private space. We're seeing Multi-factor authentication be in a sense a way to kind of source out some of these some of the certification of identity, so As far as models go, you know, maybe that I think there are probably some lessons that can be learned from there In as far as you know, how do we get some of these pieces to interoperate in the ways that would be most helpful improving that you know if Some combination of you know my cell phone being in the right spot my watch being in the right spot And even if I don't have my car keys, maybe I'm able to get into my car To some degree that would be desirable But there it also need to be some sort of offset so that you know if all of those things get stolen I'm not completely out of all of my possessions here here So anyway pulling back up I was just looking at the the feedback kind of first in first out and the first thing happened to be certification of identity that is a little bit of a You know a leaf on a twig on a branch on a tree of computational law So let's get back to the trunk of that tree for a moment what I hope that people will have Gleaned from the lecture and from some of this initial setup is that When we say computational law in the law dot MIT edu kind of sense and from this perspective and Context what we're trying to get across is Is a almost like an architecture by which the law can exist as As as a Computational system and so as an example if you look in the travel industry They have a system called saber that has basically allowed for the booking of flights on a wide variety of Of airlines and so they have some interoperability that works very quickly so you can discover Well, what you know what flights from what airports and endpoints exist you can get pricing on them you can actually get ticketing and And things go From many to many and it works pretty well. They worked out the data structures. They worked out the network topology They've worked out how to conduct transactions and messaging. They've worked out how to um, basically express The the itineraries and things as a service that can be ingested across many systems and then displayed on screens It's a good example of a working system in the industry of Transportation that includes many of the stakeholders, you know from consumer right back to the airlines or back to intermediaries It's global Does that sound like the law to you Not really like not at all, honestly So part of what we're trying to get across in that first lecture was just in a very methodical way We encourage you to start thinking about law as a stack kind of and so At the one there's many ways you can conceive of the stack But one way would be just a very matter-of-fact way would be at the bottom. You can imagine there's data Well, there is data in law that laws are very in that laws are very information-intensive field for sure But to be computational we'd be looking for structured data and so You know something like JSON XML Standard into a specific format Data that's input into a specific format and so I'm about to hand off to Brian who did a great job I think in your in your kind of more in your deeper dive lecture And looking at doc assemble into what structured data is. Yeah, so I think in terms of that model, you know having the This kind of here we go Yeah, so the data The data layer the simple layer the computational layer and the output layer Uh It may be an over simplification in a way But I think it touches on some of the critical points that you would need to have in order to Have something that allows you to compute the law whether that's um at the level of You know some internet service provider Whether that's at the level of me as a as a citizen, you know, they're they're going to be different kind of tiers At which we're we're operating um And so I had pulled up Let me get some of the questions. Okay. Um, so well while Brian is doing that Just to kind of walk up the stack a little bit You could imagine once we have the concept of structured data so we can manage the data we can Sort filter search the data some things like that. We can begin to compute the data with things like regular expressions and more complex Um software We could then start thinking about an a concept of um applications perhaps. Um, and then from You know apps on a phone applications on your computer Um applications that can interoperate and interrogate data for multiple sources And could themselves be integrated with platforms in some way so like a major platform in the law right now is um Relativity is a is a good example in the litigation space And they do um, they make it easy to basically apply computational methods and some reasonable data science to discovery requests, which can be, you know, like Gigabytes and terabytes of of information. So they they've got some nice methods to do that They're not there. There's several other vendors in the marketplace The reason I'm mentioning relativity in this case is not an endorsement but because they're a good example of um Of a company that it's a platform company But they provide a big developer page where you can get a developer key and you can Integrate a whole any kind of app or service that would be part of your workflow And we're actually going to hear on a wednesday and thursday from an example company in serio that That does a bunch of creative apps and services and they'll and they'll walk you through What it looks like to design and build an app quickly that integrates with the developer interface using um rest um and um awaq tokens and Little front-end stuff so you can kind of get used to that in some different use cases walking up the stack I already mentioned platforms, but there's also going to be some kind of concept of um of an of uh I guess I'd call it like uh um And of uh analytics, uh, so some some some concept of algorithms would be somewhere on that stack So right now we're looking at the application of sentencing guidelines that are algorithmically driven Hiring is increasingly algorithmic. There's a lots of algorithms. We're looking at um Trying to predict what a court will rule. Dan tats has done brilliant work on that. Um other sorts of descriptive and predictive analytics Somewhere in there as some of these algorithms become part of legal instruments and legal processes We'll want to be looking at more regular Um and standard and common approaches to algorithms may have classes of legal algorithms Some of them may be official. Some of them may be um Incorporated by reference into statutes the way the building codes are now um, and so um, those are some examples of some components up a stack of um of a computational law So why don't we start why don't I start to transition or uh to to you and your topics brian And um, well, we're doing that. I do want to make a call out to the um viewers, which are steadily increasing Ah, welcome vicki. Uh, so we've got our next two um lectures in the Watch we've got almost the gang's all here. Uh, so um, but we'll go to brian. I want to encourage everybody out there Um to go to brian's session page Right, and I'll do a little screenshot of this and to start giving us some real time feedback Using pigeonhole of what we're saying now so that we can have a conversation with you And you know the best part of this conversation Is you can all talk at once And that's pretty good and you can all upvote your um You can upvote the the comments of others so that we know which ones most people want to hear about So let's see if I go to agenda what i'm talking about just so you're So there is no confusion is click on brian's session at 11 30 or four minutes late, but you know We're in hack time. Um It was by accident. Oh my goodness And so we've got a few things now it looks like we've got some top questions here, so Stick with us um and keep in the conversation live online in this new pigeonhole widget in this new pigeonhole widget So why don't you take your um your mute off? I would say and I'll hand the controls over to you Take it away brian. All right So oh now I got to get back to the right time It's a process. Yeah, so as as you were kind of talking about e-discovery one of the things that I think it's very helpful about e-discovery especially to the people of the legal community who have You know, maybe not been as immersed in the technical side of things Is it helps contextualize what a lot of data can do for you? Because e-discovery was really the first big widely accepted legal tech use case in the legal community Because e-discovery was necessary um and What that kind of demonstrates I think is that all of these computational apps empower The production of large amounts of data that can then be used to kind of You know reassemble things we can Derive insights from them and we can use them to come up with new and fun stuff um and and so uh brendan points out, uh, you know with iot and transactional applications that are going to be hugely Computational in their in their very nature, you know, we're going to have to we're going to The the frameworks for regulating that will necessarily need to be computational themselves the there will need to be permissions on iot regulations in terms of what sensors can and cannot collect um, so whether that's you know, pii or um just data that in aggregate could be used to In some sort of way like build this mosaic of who you are From all these disparate pieces of information, you know, that's not really desirable So we're going to have to you know, also build in maybe something like an obfuscation layer that You know distorts maybe up to like five or ten percent our ability to like Reverse engineer somebody's identity from all the different pieces that we know about them Yeah, so that's that would be an example um in identity circles at least that we would call um First of all, um anonymizing or de-identifying Identity data, um so that we can maybe gain some insight or work with with information for good public goals like um epidemiology and disease control traffic analysis without Risking violation of individual privacy and then one of the ramifications of that is making sure we don't have enough data points in there So that a clever data scientist like people in our lab do all the time and have published a lot about cannot So it's the re-identification risk. Yeah. Um, and so just FYI well, we're at well, we're sharing knowledge is three good ways to Not just to find and replace like it takes some wrangling of the data to get all the percent identifiable data information out of a data set number two, um doing some Aggregation is a really good way to do it. So if you're not applying the raw data But instead you're providing some aggregate so like, um, you know traffic flows between You know, um this stop and that stop on route 128 Included, you know, this many trucks and that many that and that many of the other that were aggregating some of the data Which makes it really difficult to re-identify people There's other ways to aggregate data and then the final one which is you know, the most sophisticated is um Technically it's sometimes called perturbing the data But what we mean by that is um, well obfuscating that is Brian's that's probably a better way you can actually Mess with the data a little bit put some false Synthesize people or change the start and end time or the start and end location Of cars if it's a transportation thing so that it's you entered some of that five percent would be a lot You want to do it at the lowest possible percentage of messing the data up Where it also creates it makes it um exponentially harder to re-identify individual people Um, and so that's a whole data science there, but anyway back to you Yeah, and I think a bunch of this stuff is getting to Help frame the you know where we are now You know, we've we've got these kind of building blocks that people are realizing that we can start assembling together in these massive scale ways And and to me it's almost like we're entering Sort of a legal techno industrial era where you know people are figuring out how to Reconfigure these things in a meaningful way, but also I think in terms of framing the uh Discussion around you know, where are we in terms of like the the power structure of the way that data is being used So in the same way that the industrial era saw The people who were coming up with this stuff Being able to control like the way the labor was Organized, you know, right to what extent are we seeing that with data now? I I think is a important question and maybe there are some interesting parallels that we can wind up drawing from That kind of historical context and kind of retrofitted to what we've got In the current like data paradigm that we have Yeah And actually this so the top question right now Um might be one entry point into that. Um, let me let me read it out loud. Um, so Weighing in at four votes Is uh from uh from rena Rana rather sorry. Um, my view is is a bit different I think the law is anything but black and white and I hope when developing systems We don't pigeonhole. Uh-huh Users into boxes when the law allows for wiggle room Oh, um, and it's saying that the video just froze. So Be patient. Um It should unfreeze Okay, uh, and so Okay, so, um, so let's speak to that for a little bit and like maybe can I start us off? Sure. Um, so Um, I think that that's a very very good point. Um, just to give an example of that In elizabeth renaris's breakout session on thursday She's going to address I think one instance where where the law not being black and white is Is very important, especially for computational methods Applied to law and and she's going to be talking again about identity. I guess that's incoming sort of a sub thread here And what legal framework should apply to digital identity up to now? In particular in the human dynamics research group in the media lab where where i'm a scientist and Basically law.mit.edu is um is housed in we have very much since um since Well before 2010 um had this concept of a new deal on data. Welcome, ryan. Um um Where the idea is that people should be able to exercise ownership control or own Of digital identities and personal data, you know the same way um in common law property People can own their own property. So it shouldn't be just expropriated from us and use without our knowledge or consent that would You know arguably some be some form of theft or conversion or something like that Whereas if we could have a place to put it No, you know be able to manage it be able to uh exercise, you know more fine-grained authorizations for others to use it or or exclude use Um, but we were the principal decision maker wouldn't that be a better world? It would be a better world, but um now comes the next level question, which is this property the only legal framework that should apply Is it that? Um and out there on the speaker circuit talking about sometimes human rights frameworks Maybe need to apply to individual identity. It's sometimes civil Liberties framework supply. Yeah, you know if you have a um a diary for example Or a journal I could sell my journal on ebay for anyone that wants to see my doodles or something And that would be property. I probably get 10 cents for it. Um, but I could also If I had my pocket during a traffic stop and an officer wanted to you know flip through it They actually now we need to start applying on some civil liberties of legal frameworks. It's a stop in seizure It's my papers and effects. It's an emanation of my identity as a free person with some with some rights And they might need um reasonable suspicion or might need a warrant So we need more flexible thinking when it's not so black and white as ron is saying But which legal frameworks apply under what circumstances and then it gets even more Um complex I think as we as we look at um times when the law is more like almost like poetry And we're talking about who is the sister city of my city? I don't know There's no there's not like an algorithm but it's the feeling in the heart of the people As expressed through the city comes the referendum and I think that brings up two things in my mind the first that kind of helps frame the second is that um in the in one of the The recommended readings by Walter Maynard where he talks about you know, whether computer ethics is unique or not Um, just one quick thing. We've gone down to three viewers and telegram is going wild. What's going on? How do we fix that So one quick technical moment. Oh, we're up to 15 viewers. Okay. Why don't we give people a moment to catch up and And dig back in. Okay. Okay. Yeah. All right. Um, hey, welcome back everybody We didn't say anything that good During the freeze. It was pretty good. We can summarize it But let's let people get back in and we had a freeze frame You can imagine a disco dancing move if you want But uh, we're back up to 22. I think we were cruising altitude at about 32 to 35 viewers So when we get back up to say 30, let's take back into the content. Welcome back everybody.  Let people know that it's Unfrozen 25 24 it's going the wrong direction again Okay, well 25 is substantially everybody. Could you let people know we're gonna pick up and um, They can go back and view the we can have them sound out the archive We should have people sound off, shouldn't we? Well, let's let's get back into what we're saying and then and then um, Should we do should we do a sound off? Okay You want to try the sound off? Okay, let's sound off.  Yeah Okay, hi, okay. Um, we we know that we've had some technical difficulties. So we'd like to ask that you um Join us in the pigeonhole for the current lecture, which is um Which is Brian's lecture. Um Which I'm helping a lot with uh, and we're kind of co-doing the first two lectures. Um, Let me present to everybody boom. Here we go. Um, so this is um computational on doc assemble. I'm now Screen sharing it and we want to ask that everybody that can hear us now Please sound off In doc assemble and what we want what what phrase should we have them sound off with? Hack the lawn Yeah, we could have them just do the hashtag Okay, the hashtag so we have a hashtag. So this is also a bit of announcement. Um sound off by typing mit law hashtag mit law boom ask into the um pigeonhole Um, and let's just see if we can get um Everybody doing that. There are new questions view it MIT law venessa welcome Okay Getting more comments. Okay. I uploaded my pump Min panel run the links. Okay. How are we looking? Is it working? Okay, we have a lot of sound offs Accident ha ha and my tila. Okay. It looks like okay. We're back on okay. So we apologize Okay, it looks like we've got also the right number of viewers. So we apologize for that. Um, little freeze frame we're Working with google technology here and and it's pretty good for free. I gotta say so, um, brian, you were just um You were just making a point the question about You know to what extent the law is black and white It kind of Can be answered a little bit or at least framed a little bit by one of the Instructional readings that we had um where walter manor discusses the extent to which you know things that Have a computer or some level of computation involved in them are unique And he he has like eight criteria that he sets out. I can't remember them off the top of my head but it's like Is it like compared to something that exists in the physical world? There are these unique differences that something with a layer of computation has and one of them is that you know You can copy it. So it's not the same sort of privacy paradigm Privacy legal paradigm or uh, not intellectual property legal paradigm where you know, I have this thing or Property paradigm for that matter. I have this thing And if it's a physical thing, you know, you you just can't copy paste it But if it's like some source code for some software, you can just copy and paste that an infinite number of times and so the There are these unique considerations that computation has And and I think in terms of what we can do now and especially with data You know data could touch on a number of those considerations and I think it probably involves You know different Different levels of balancing each of them based on the based on The data in the context that is applied. So I think it points to you know In different situations, you're going to have a series a different series of combinations That might best be managed Yes with some some series of permissions or some way that people can go in and say, hey, you know for this application I'd like this or I prefer that and you know based on that series of preferences, you know You get some sort of legal outcome that takes place. Sure. And there's lots of great examples of that out there the q&a markup and Thompson Reuters and others provide tools and services for attorneys at intake to start to Narrow down What what the client's probably interested in so you do routing q&a for what type of deal are you doing bloomberg law? He said the very interesting one That's where I'm heading next and take a look at the second number four Go get her. Um, so I'm going to hand it right. I'm going to hand a softball to you but uh bloomberg has a um A very interesting tool for corporate counsel Where they have analyzed the entire corpus of sec filings on edger filings and have done some interesting analytics um on that that to allow for Basically drafting expert system kind of advice and recommender tools So, you know for what clauses would be maybe um kind of standard or appropriate and combinations of clauses and sometimes even terms Um, you know for a given type of contract. I've seen some other systems with startups that uh in real estate where they're where they'll Automatically let you know based on um interrogating a bunch of sometimes very expensive back-end databases What is the going price? For this kind of fixture in that type of dwelling in this kind of zip code So, um, these are all good examples. Um, the next question What would like you to address because it you get the top votes and some people's favorite is um, what if Dock assemble was developed into an automated regulatory compliance tool such as for business Permit filings or corporate reports. That's sort of a specific example of where you're going, right? Yeah, I think what's interesting about, you know, the ability to turn these things into measurable with into applications that are measurable with data that we can use to Understand at a deeper level, you know The health of the system is that we can start having templates that say, hey, you know this combination of facts or data indicates that This corporation is very healthy or is likely to succeed or maybe this combination of facts is less healthy and less likely to succeed or You know, if you have some area in your community that you want to improve You could say, okay. Well, let's let's try and figure out how we can reconfigure this series of facts in order to achieve the outcome that we desire so it allows for like in my mind a larger degree of creativity and figuring out how we want to govern the way that these These transactions with our community are Happening. Yes. Yeah, just so and so I'm thinking of some experiences now with oh gosh, I was Screen sharing the whole time. Sorry everybody I'm thinking some experiences with the national association of secretaries of state and especially their corporate the chronic corporations division subgroup where they've Some secretaries of state have have adopted and embraced at the u.s. Level Some very advanced processes for Like things like auto form fell when you're doing a corporation if it's your Third or fifth or hundredth corporation. You can do some interesting bulk kind of data Transactions and and I think the best example I can think of for for the very structured Handing glove fit between data science and And software development and law is actually buy into it and it is turbo tax And quick books and quicken Where they they have very fully expressed the complex tangle that we call the eternal revenue code The tax code in the United States as working software. That's very much data driven so I want to make a I want to do I want to try a stretch goal before we end this session, which is For those of you that are listening and you're if you're on the session page um Let's get one more question on the fly from everybody in our final five minutes So there hasn't been much action up voting at least that I can see Right now. Um, yep. There we go. Um, so if there's a question in there that you'd like us to address That isn't already the top one or two questions um um Upvoted Or put a new question or comment or idea in there for us to address in the last couple minutes So everybody invite you to take a moment now And we should adjust it'll be like a 30 second pause to get into the pigeonhole widget on brian's page for um for uh for this lecture and um and upvote Things you want us to deal with or put a brand new thing in there and give people a chance to upvote that And you can even do the lightning round A lightning round. Yeah, so this is a lightning round Okay, so we're looking so we have new questions view the new questions A lot of good sound ops anybody else Oh, okay Okay, well, we're waiting for new upvotes. Um, here's one from Luciana Telles aka aura. It was also a very, um Constructive member of the course last year My understanding on law is that it still implies practices for specific geographic locations. For example gdpr Which of course applies in in europe. Um, that's um general data protection regulation a privacy rig And not just europe, but there is a geographic a strong geographic, um jurisdictional boundary condition that's part of the The application of that law the scope of the law And so do you have any references for literature regarding the disruption of VPNs virtual private networks and digital IDs And I think what aura is getting at is this sense of almost like a post jurisdictional Cyber layer Of law and of legal processes and transactions that in some sense transcend A country or a state jurisdiction Any any thoughts on that Including from our august speaker Lecturer group all of the lecturers that are here in person. They are actually in the room with us So we've got the brain trust. Um, any any thoughts on that from anybody? I'm looking at you brian. By the way, you see, you know But anybody You'll learn. I mean, we do have like the onion router like tour onion router so you know So that deliberately obfuscates the geographic origin of um of all sorts of communications and transactions for the Exchange of rights and and possession of digital files. Yeah There's one any others I will put one out there blockchain. Um like, uh ethereum and um And bitcoin and so you can do some forensics on transactions there and start to Figure out if people have not covered their tracks. Well, like where the identity and the location a bunch of other stuff about The endpoints and and through points of those transactions But um, if it's coupled with good information security, you can Significantly is deliberately designed to obfuscate and really delink from the specific jurisdictional rules and and uh financial processes Of um of wherever the party What would otherwise apply if uh the transaction was conducted with fiat currency? Like um with automated clearing house or or or a certain like credit card It was like bitcoin is meant to be stateless meant to be stateless In the sense of jurisdictional state. Did you think of anything? Well, I mean, I like the the point that uh the essential rights identifier people make that know http based Identifier is you're basically leasing your identity, right and uh if the domain Changes hands that who knows what you're you know, what do you reference saying that identifier for the point to? so on so um, that's definitely Concerned that the centralized stuff So Two things just occurred to me as brian was just using on the question One of them is that people probably couldn't hear you and the other one was we had a kind of a crazy idea And so everybody's in the room that maybe before we get to our 12 p.m. To 12 30 break Maybe uh, this the speakers from this afternoon could come up and join us Just say hello and just say kind of what your session is and we'll say when your session is and that might be a very nice way to Close the morning. Would you be willing to come up? You've traveled so far. Um, come on up everybody That's a speaker and um, let's um grab a few cheers for everybody And we will produce your Face Actually, can we pull this back to where it was? Okay. Um, can you come around this way? Thanks Motion to compel production of the speaker's face This is like that um that big mash-up when like Batman and you know iron man Wherever the transformers are all together. Oh my god Okay This is the justice league Okay, so I'm going to take this off and could could you um Help facilitate just a quick round of introductions and what people know when the when their sessions will be and I'm going to be um Doing it from this. Okay. Yeah, so Vicky we have not formally met but I'm brian very nice to me too Could you tell us a little bit about yourself in your session? Yeah. Yeah, absolutely. So, um, I am coming in representing um kind of the music industry licensing landscape and the value chain and um, and You know my motivation in speaking here is that music is undergoing a massive amount of of disruption And the you know, we've got new service models new ways for artists to release music And I think the way that the contracts and the arrangements between parties That's that's a an outsized Heavy burden that most dsp's have to to get all the rights And so I think it's it's you know, it's really exciting to put some of these ideas into the hands of And into the minds of of technologies because I think there are better ways to execute on on music licensing deals And uh, what time is vicky session vicky session is from 1 30 until 2 what time so eastern great. Thanks vicky Hello, um, I'm bill rosenblatt and I am a consultant. I run a consultancy called giant steps media technology strategies And I have been looking at this intersection of copyright law and technology for over 20 years um, I wrote a book about digital rights management in 2001 and I've written a whole bunch of stuff since then um Do a conference called copyright technology. I work with the open music initiative which vicky works with And I'm going to be speaking about something called rights expression languages, which are formal machine readable languages for expressing rights that are Relate let's call them related to copyright law if not exactly copyright law but attempts to emulate copyright in in machine readable terms And this is going to be I think of interest as people start to implement Actual solutions in the digital music space to solve these massive scale licensing problems that that vicky is going to tell us all about here So I'm excited to be here and my session is at 12 30 eastern time classy. Thank you And one of those that happens to the otrl 2.2 And we've got a special guest and a friend of the program Who is on the drafting committee and he's going to be doing a session on thursday on that tax Who are you? I'm brian listening. I work at tonsil writers labs here in Boston and also labs in dallas as part of t.r um So the the head of the odrl 2002 Working group was actually also one of my colleagues at tonsil writers in montan Tonsil worries has who's that then uh, Benjamin with um smith then would have said it Was it smith sorry? Yes. Yeah, I gotta run too. Yeah, uh, very very british benedict with smith and um, so yeah I'll talk a little bit maybe about the if there's time about the motivation for this that t.r Has all of these content sets that are have from third party providers that have Restrictions on where they can be distributed and how they can be distributed when they can be distributed and so on Which led to our participation in this I'll talk a little bit about that and And uh, yeah, it's like to be here as always wouldn't be january without the iap computational law Festival and and seminar here.  I stole your beard. He stole my beard part of it i'm christian smith and I am a co-founder of stranger labs And prior to that I was here at MIT Working on some some plant stuff I am a programmer or a hacker. I teach on cryptography by implementing open standards By reading rfcs and other kinds of facts and writing code and helping folks for those in production and so I guess i'm here to be the kind of reality check on some of these brand Technological ambitions that involve her faculty And and help make sure that they're well-rounded These sessions are particularly interesting to me because my first life was as a musician I went to Berkeley College of Music in the late 90s and it was uh, I was actually studying I was taking the mandatory music business class and learning all about royalties and contracts right at the time that abster came out So so that was the thing that kind of pivoted me into startups and technology now it's Full circle. Yeah, okay, and welcome back to MIT. Where do you have a nice stint? all right, so With that Let's close out the morning session Okay, and we're back So there you have it a a star studded crew To be sure and I can I'm giddy. I cannot wait to get into the conversation. I've got a lot of questions You are first. Um, so first we'll take your questions. Go into their session pages. Um pose your ideas and your comments up vote the ones that you think are most interesting and presto change Oh auto magically we will address and adapt in real time So, um, we will send out I think we will shut. I think we should shut this Well, okay quick um quick question from the crew. Should we just go blank on this and keep rolling in the same video? Or should we do a second video for the afternoon for the session in 30 minutes? We're going to send uh, we're going to terminate this broadcast It'll make it easier to watch it later as well not having a five hour honking video Um, so we're going to terminate this broadcast and we're going to go live again at 12 30 in about 22 minutes from now on eastern time Starting up with uh with bill and uh writes expressions languages I might ask that you sort of join the discussion a little bit brian as well because of your depth there an interest So, um, everybody stand by will email and also put in telegram the connection Links for the next sessions. So thanks very much and we'll see you online soon


From the CUBE studios in Palo Alto in Boston, connecting with thought leaders all around the world, this is a CUBE conversation. Hello everyone and welcome to this week's Wikibon CUBE Insights powered by ETR. In this breaking analysis, we're changing the format a little bit. We're going right to the new data from ETR. You might recall in last week ETR received survey results from over a thousand CIOs and IT practitioners. And they made a call at that time which said that actually surprisingly, a large number of respondents, about 40% said they didn't expect a change in their 2020 IT spending. At the same time, about 20% of the survey said they're going to spend more, largely related to work from home infrastructure. ETR was really the first to report on this. And it wasn't just collaboration tools like Zoom and video conferencing. It was infrastructure around that, security, network bandwidth, and other types of infrastructure to support work from home like desktop virtualization. So ETR made the call at that time. Did it look like budgets were going to be flat for 2020? Now you might also recall consensus estimate for 2020 came into the year at about 4% slightly ahead of GDP. Obviously that's all has changed. Last week ETR took the forecast down and we're going to update you today. We're now gone slightly negative. And with me to talk about that again is Sagar Kedakia who's the director of research at ETR. Sagar, great to see you again. Thank you for coming on. Thanks for having me again, Dave. I really appreciate it. So let's get right into it. I mean, if you look at the time series chart that we showed last week, you can see how sentiment changed over time. That blue line was basically people who responded to the survey starting at 311. Now you've updated that forecast really tracking after the COVID-19 really kicked in. Can you explain what we're seeing here in this chart? Yeah, no problem. So the last time we spoke, we were around an N or sample size of about a thousand. And we were right around that 0% growth rate. One of the unique things that we've done is we've left this survey open. And so what that allows us to do is really track the impact on annual IP growth essentially daily. And so as things have progressed as you look at that blue line, you can really see the growth rate has continued to trend downwards. And as of just a day or two ago, we're now below zero. And so I think because of what's occurring right now, you know, the overall current climate continues to slightly deteriorate. You're seeing that in a lot of the CIO's responses.  What I really like about what you guys are doing is you're essentially bringing event analysis in this. So if you see that blue line, you see on 313 a national emergency was declared. And that's really when the blue line started to decline. What ETR has done is kind of reset that, reset the data since 313, because it's now a more accurate reflection of what's actually happening in the market. Notice in the upper right, it says the US approved, the Senate last night approved a stimulus package. Actually they're calling it an aid package. It's really not a stimulus package, right? It's an aid package that they're injecting to help a number of out-of-work workers. Actually it sounds like existing workers and small businesses and even large businesses like Boeing. Boeing was up significantly yesterday powering the Dow and potentially airlines. So you can see ETR is going to continue to monitor the impact and roll this out. Really ETR is the only company that I know of anyway that can track this stuff on a daily basis. So Saga, that event analysis is really key and you're going to be watching the impact of this stimulus slash aid package. Yeah, so here's what we're doing on that chart. So if you look at that yellow line again, effectively what you're seeing is if we remove the first, I think six or 700 respondents that took the survey and start tracking how budgets are changing as a 313, right? That's when the US declared a national emergency. We can recalculate the growth rate and we can see it's around, it's almost negative one and a half. And so the beauty of doing this, really polling daily is it allows us to be just as dynamic as a lot of these organizations are, right? I think one of the things we talked about the last time was some of these budget changes are going to be temporary and organizations are figuring out what they're doing day by day and a lot of that is dictated based on government actions. And so uniquely here, what we're able to do is kind of give people a range and also say based on these events, this is how things are changing. And so I think we think the first biggest event was on 313 where the US effectively declared a national emergency over COVID-19. And now what we're going to start tracking between today and over the weekend and Monday is, are people getting more positive? Is there no change or is there further deterioration because of this aid package that got passed this morning? Now I want to share with our audience. So I've been down to EPR's headquarters in New York, staffed with a number of data scientists and statistical experts. The ends here are well over 1,000. I think we're over 1,100 now. Is that correct? What is the end that we're at today? That's right. Yeah, we're pushing right over 1,200 and we're going to expect a few more hundred respondents. And so the good thing is it's balanced, which is important, right? All these events that are occurring, we want to make sure that we have at least a few hundred more CIOs and IT executives answering. And so every week as we kind of continue to do some of these breaking analyses, there are going to be a few more hundred CIOs and we'll really be able to zero in or hone in on what they're saying. And so the growth rate on the IT side, it's going to continue to fluctuate. It's going to continue to be dynamic over the next few weeks. But right now, versus just last week ago, we are in negative territory now. Now I want to also explain. I mean, the end is important, but in and of itself, it's not the be all end all. What's important about the end, the larger it is, the more cuts you can make. And I want to share, you guys have been doing this for the better part of a decade. And so you have firm level data. And so, and you've got indicators and markers that you've tracked over the years. So for example, one of the things that ETR tracks is giant public and private, GTP we call it. And so, and that's for example, I'm not saying that Mars is one of the companies, but Mars is a huge private company. UPS before they went public, huge private company. So ETR tracks firm level data, they first anonymize that, but they can see markers and trackers and trends and probably have, I don't know, dozens of those types of segments. So the bigger the end is, the higher the end within those buckets and the better the confidence interval. So, and you guys are experts at really digging into that and trying to understand and read the tea leaves. That's right. The key to this survey is it's not anonymous. We know who is taking the survey. Now to your point, we do anonymize and aggregate it when we display those results. But one of the unique capabilities is we're able to see all of these trend lines, the entire drill down survey that we did on COVID-19 through the lenses of different verticals. So we can take a look at industrials or tools manufacturing, healthcare, pharma, airlines, delivery services, health, and all these other verticals and get a feel for which ones are deteriorated the most, which ones look stable. And we talked about last week and it continues to remain true this week. And again, the ends have gone up on all these verticals on the supply chain side, industrials, materials, manufacturing, healthcare, pharma, they continue and they also anticipate to see these things in the next few months, broken supply chains. And then on the demand side, it's really retail, consumer, airlines, delivery services. That's coming down quite substantially. And I think based on what United and some of these other airlines have done in just the last few days in terms of cutting capacity, that's just a reflection of what we're seeing. So let's dig into the data a little bit more and bring up the next chart. So last week, where about 40%, actually exactly 40% were that gray line that said CIOs and IT practitioners said no change their IT budget, the green, the green was actually at about 20, 21%. So it's slightly up now at 22%. And you can see, most of the green is in that one to the 10% range. And you can see in the left-hand side it's obviously changing. So now we're at 37% and the gray line slightly up in the green and a little bit more down in the red. So take us through what's changed, Sagar. Yeah, so to reiterate what we were talking about last week and then I'll kind of talk about some of the changes is, I think the market and a lot of our clients, they were expecting the growth rate to be more negative. Last week when we talked about 0%, the reason that it wasn't more negative is because we saw all these organizations accelerating spend because they had to keep employees productive, right? They don't want to catastrophe in productivity. And so you saw this acceleration, as you mentioned earlier in the interview, around work from home tools, right? Collaboration tools, increasing bandwidth on the VPN networking side, laptops, MDM, so forth and so on. And so that continues to hold true today. Again, if we use the same example that we talked about last week, Fortune 100, Fortune 500 organizations, they have 40, 50, 60,000 employees or more working from home, you have to be able to support these individuals. And that's why we're actually seeing some organizations accelerate spend and the majority organizations, even though they are declining spend, some of that is still being offset by having to spend more on what we're calling kind of this work from home infrastructure. But I will say this, you are seeing more organizations versus last week, which is why the growth rate has come down, moving more and more towards the negative bucket. So again, there is some offset there, but the offset we talked about last week, work from home infrastructure is not a one for one when it comes to taking down your IT budget. And that continues to hold true. Right, so let's talk a little bit about some of the industries, retail, airlines, industrials, you know, pharma, healthcare. What are you seeing in terms of the industry impact, particularly as it relates to supply chains, but other industry data that you squinted through? Yeah, I think the biggest takeaway is that healthcare pharma, industrial materials, you know, manufacturing organizations, they've indicated the highest levels of broken supply chains today. And they think in three months from now, it's actually going to get worse. And so we spoke about this last time, I don't think this is going to be a V shaped recovery from the standpoint of things are going to get better in the next few weeks or the next month or two. CIOs are indicating that they expect conditions to worsen over the next three months on the supply chain side. And in even demand, you know, the ones that are getting hit the hardest on the retail consumer side, airlines, delivery services, they are again indicating that they anticipate demand to be worse three months from now. And so, you know, the goal is to continue serving and pulling these individuals over the next few weeks and months and to see if we can get a better timeline as we get into two H, but for the next few months, conditions look like they're going to get worse. Yeah, I want to highlight some of the industries and just make some comments here. Retail, you guys called our retail airlines, delivery services, industrial materials, manufacturing, pharma and healthcare as some of the highest impact. I'll just make a few comments here. I mean, I think retail really, this accelerates the whole digital transformation. We already saw this starting and I think you'll see further consolidation and some permanence in the way in which companies are pivoting to digital. Obviously, the big guys like Walmart and the like are competing very effectively with Amazon, but there's going to be some more consolidation there. I would say potentially the same thing in airlines. They're really closely watching what the government is going to do, but do we need this many airlines? Do we need all this capacity? Maybe yes, maybe no. So we're watching that. And of course healthcare right now, as I said last week in the breaking analysis, they're just too distracted right now to buy anything. I mean, they're overwhelmed. Now of course pharma, they're manufacturing. So they've got disruptions in supply chain and obviously the business but there could be an upside down the road as COVID-19 vaccines come to the market. Yeah, on the upside, I think you kind of hit it right on the nail. When you get these type of events that occur, sometimes it speeds up digital transformation. One of the things that the team and I have been talking about internally is this is not your father's keep the lights on strategy, so to speak. Organizations are very focused on maintaining productivity versus significantly cutting costs. So what does that mean? Maybe three to five years ago, if this had occurred, you would have seen a lot of infrastructure as a service, platform as a service, right? So a lot of these cloud providers, you would have seen those projects decline as organizations spent more on-prem. And we're not seeing that. We're seeing continued elevated budgets on the cloud side and Micron just reported this morning and again cited strong demand on the cloud and data center side. So that just goes to show that organizations are trying to maintain productivity. They want to continue these IT roadmaps and they're going to cut budgets where they can but it's not going to be on the cloud side. You know, that's a really important point. This is not post Y2K, not 2008, 2007, 2008, 2009. And because we've been a 10 year bull market, companies are doing pretty well. Balance sheets are generally strong. And so they somewhat can weather. They use the stronger companies can weather this so they're not focused right now anyway on cut, cut, cut as it was in the last two downturns. Let's go into some of the vendor data and some of the sector data, Andrew, if you'd bring up the next chart. So what we're showing here is really comparing the blue is the January survey to the current survey in the yellow and you're seeing some of the sectors that are upticking. So you've identified mobile device management, big data and cloud, some of the productivity. You know, you mentioned DocuSign, Adobe, Zoom, Citrix, even VMware with desktop virtualization. We've talked about security. You've got marketing and LinkedIn, my LinkedIn inbound is going through the roof as people are probably signing up for a LinkedIn, you know, premium. So let's talk about this a little bit. What you're seeing sort of help us interpret this data. Yeah, sure. So one of the things that everybody wants to know is, okay, so work from home infrastructure is getting more spend for the vendors that are benefiting the most. And so one of the unique things that we can do is because we're kind of collecting all the DNA, right? From a tech stack side, from these organizations, we can overlap how they're spending on these vendors and also with the data that they provide in terms of whether they're increasing or decelerating their IT budgets because of COVID-19. So what you're looking at here is we isolated to all of those organizations and customers, right? That indicated that they're increasing their budgets because of COVID-19, right? Because of the work from home infrastructure. And what we're doing is we're then isolating to vendors that are getting the most upticks in spend. And so this actually really nicely aligns with a lot of the themes that we were talking about, collaboration tools. You see VMware there, all right, on the virtualization side, MDM with Microsoft. And you're seeing a lot of other vendors with Citrix and Zoom and Adobe. These are the ones that we think are going to benefit from this kind of work from home infrastructure movement. And again, it's all very, it's not just qualitative in the commentary. This is all analytics. We really went in and analyzed every single one of these organizations that were increasing their budgets and tried to pinpoint using different data analysis techniques and to see which vendors were really getting the majority or the largest, you know, high of that spend. Yeah, now we had Sanjay Poonan, who's the COO of VMware on yesterday. And he was very sensitive to not trying to appear as ambulance chasing because obviously they do desktop virtualization and a VDI big workload. At the same time, I think he was also being cautious because there's probably portions of their business that are going to get hit. Michael Dell similarly, I think he was quoted in CRN and saying, hey, we're seeing a momentum in our laptop business and our mobile business. But as you guys pointed out, the flip side of that is their on-prem business is probably going to suffer somewhat. So it's a, it kind of like the work from home is a partial offset, but it's not a total offset. You're seeing that with a lot of these companies. Obviously Microsoft, AWS, a lot of the cloud companies are very well positioned. How about some of the guys that are going to get impacted?  Okay, but this, you asked the question, is this a reprieve for the legacy guys, not quite, was your conclusion? What did you mean by that? Yeah, I think a lot of times when you have these type of events, the clients, you know, a lot of the market think, okay, some of the legacy vendors are going to do well because, you know, we're in tumultuous times and we don't want to keep on this kind of next generation strategy, but we're not seeing that. And to the point that you highlighted earlier, there are, even though these companies like Dell, like Cisco, where they're seeing some products accelerate, there are products to your point that are not doing as well, right? The desktops, right? As an example for Dell or the storage. And so on the negative side or the legacy side, where we're just not seeing any traction, the IBMs, the Oracle on-prem, right? Symantec, right? Which got acquired by Broadcom, checkpoint, micro strategy. And there's probably another half dozen other vendors that we're seeing where they are not capitalizing. There is no reprieve for these legacy names and we don't anticipate them getting additional spend because of this work-from-home infrastructure kind of movement. So let's unpack that a little bit. I mean, it's interesting, Symantec and checkpoint and security, you think security, you think would get an uplift here, but what you're seeing here, let me just tell the audience who you've called out. Symantec, Teradata, MicroStrategy, NetApp, Checkpoint, Oracle, and IBM, and I know there are others, but I would say this, these are companies that are getting impacted in a big way by the cloud. I mean, particularly you think Symantec and checkpoint, that's cloud security companies are actually probably still doing pretty well. You take Teradata, Teradata's getting impacted by the cloud from folks like Snowflake and Redshift, MicroStrategy, a lot of modern BI coming out. NetApp, here's a company that's embraced the cloud, but the vast majority of the business continues to be on-prem. I think IBM and Oracle are interesting. They're somewhat different, actually a lot different. IBM has services exposure and you guys call that out, particularly around outsourcing. At the same time, it's going to be interesting to see IBM's got a lot of resources. It's going to be interesting to see if they start coming out with coronavirus related services. So we're watching for that. And then Oracle, their whole story is, okay, we got Gen2 cloud and mission critical in the cloud, but they're on-prem businesses, I think clearly going to be affected here is kind of what you guys pointed out and I would agree with that, your thoughts. Yeah, so I think what we're seeing is organizations, they had a cloud roadmap and that roadmap is continuing. The one thing that is changing in some of that roadmap is we need to be able to support employees as they work from home as we achieve this roadmap. And so that's why we're not seeing a reprieve on the legacy side, but we are seeing upticks and spend where we just wouldn't anticipate them, right? Maybe on Citrix, on Dell laptops, Adobe and a few other areas. Now, in terms of security side, some of the next-gen security vendors like Crowdstrike, Okta, right? Which is an MFA, those vendors are doing well and it makes sense, right? You have more people working from home, you have more devices that are connecting to data applications, right? Just accompanying itself. And so you would expect spend to continue going up as you need more authentication, more endpoint protection. Cisco, Merakai, right? They do cloud networking. That piece is looking very good, even though hardware networking is not looking very good at all, but cloud networking is looking good, which again makes sense as you're increasing bandwidth on that side. Yeah, so definitely stories of two sides of that coin. I want to, Andrew, if you wouldn't mind bringing up the next chart, we're going to go back to the first one that we showed you with the time series. This is a very important point again. We can't stress it enough. We want to understand the impact of the stimulus or aid package and ETR is going to continue to track that. What can we expect from you guys over the next week or so? Yeah. The goal is to determine whether or not the stimulus is having an impact on how people are responding to our survey as it relates to how they're changing their budgets. And so the next four or five days, if we start seeing an uptick in this yellow and blue lines here, I think that's a positive. I think that shows that people are kind of wrapping their heads around, great, the government is taking action here. There is a roadmap in place to help us get out of there, out of this. But if the line continues coming down, it just may be that the last few weeks or the last month or so, there was just so much damage. There's no coming back from this, at least in the near term. So we are kind of watching out for that. Yeah, well, the Fed is definitely active. I mean, they're doing what they can, pushing liquidity into the marketplace. People think they're out of bullets. I don't agree. The Fed has quite a bit of headroom and some dry powder to go for, which is awesome. But the Fed itself can't do it. You needed to have this fiscal stimulus. So we're excited to see that come to market. I think what I would say to our audiences, my concern is uncertainty. The markets don't like uncertainty. And right now there's a lot of uncertainty. If you saw the peace on medium of the hammer and the dance, it lays out some scenarios about what could happen to the healthcare system. You see people who say, hey, we should shut down for 10 weeks. The president's saying, hey, we want to get back to work by April. So the big concern that I have is, okay, maybe we can stamp it out in the near term and get back to work by late April or early May. But then what happens? Are people going to start traveling again? Are people going to start holding events again? And I think there's going to be some real question marks around that. So that uncertainty, I think is something that we obviously have to watch. I think there is light at the end of the tunnel. When you look at China and some of the other things that are happening around the world, but we still don't know how long that tunnel is. Sagar, I'll give you final thoughts before we wrap. Yeah, I think, and that's the biggest thing here is the uncertainty, which is why we're doing a lot of this event analysis. We're trying to figure out after each one of these big events, is there more certainty in people's responses? And just when we were talking about sectors and verticals and vendors that are not doing well, well, because of the uncertainty, we're seeing a lot of downpicks and spend amongst outsourced IT and IT consulting vendors. And as long as the uncertainty continues, you're going to see more and more IT projects frozen, less and less spend on those outsource IT and IT consulting vendors and others. And until there's something really in place here where people feel comfortable, you're going to probably see budgets remain where they are, which right now they're negative. So folks, as we said last week, Sagar and I, ETR is committed, theCUBE is committed to keep you updated on a regular basis. Right now we're on a weekly cadence. As we have new information, we will bring it to you. Sagar, thanks so much for coming on and supporting us. You're welcome, thanks for having me again. You're welcome. And so thank you for watching this CUBE Insights powered by ETR. And remember, all these breaking analysis available on podcasts, go to ETR.plus, that's where all the action is in terms of the survey work, siliconangle.com, covers these breaking analysis and I publish weekly on wikibon.com. Thanks for watching everybody, stay safe and we'll see you next time.


Technology has the power to transform student learning, but what happens when it doesn't? What happens when that class set of iPads is nothing more than a class set of really expensive digital worksheets? The SAMR model tackles these issues with a focus on the intersection of technology and pedagogy. This model has four different layers, the first two focusing on enhancing the learning task while the next two layers focus on actual transformation. With substitution, the technology acts as a direct substitute with no significant change, so a student typing an essay on a computer is merely swapping out paper for a laptop. With augmentation, the technology acts as a substitution with some functional improvement. So that same essay is now done on the Google document with the ability to have classmates leave comments on one another's work. With modification, technology allows for significant task redesign, so that same essay is now a blog post. Students are doing research online, editing on a shared document, and publishing to an authentic audience. It is no longer an essay, it is an article crafted for the world. With redefinition, the technology allows for new tasks that were previously inconceivable, so that same essay is now a multimedia package. Students are not only researching online, but connecting with experts through video conferencing. They are co-writing their posts with a digital blogging cohort from around the world. They are producing not only a blog post, but also a corresponding podcast and an edited video. Notice that the higher up you move through the SAMR model, the more transformative the technology task becomes. Both in terms of multimedia content creation and in terms of communication with the rest of the world.