Bwa-bwa-bwa-bwa-bwa! Hey, welcome back! This is part two, to our reaction to, Kabi-ha? Kabi-na. This is part two. If you're watching this on YouTube, obviously, just like the first part you can see a very cut up version of it. Sometimes, yeah, sometimes no! Woo! So smart. We're so smart. You can see a very cut up version. If you'd like to see the full one, cut version, you can head over to Patreon, of the language scriptural and the pinned comment and let's just get back into this. Thank you. Now the turntables. Let's go. Hey, Chris. Why are you cursing Manak? This is our mutual matter. Let's just talk here. Why? Manak, I'm sorry. I know that I've been waiting for you since 6 o'clock. Since 6 o'clock? Yes. But Sunil had told me at 7 o'clock. That's what I want to say. Look, we had fixed the time at 6 o'clock. He's gone mad. We had fixed the time at 6 o'clock. He took me to the restaurant. Yes. You told me that you were meeting Manak at 7 o'clock. You're lying. I had told you at 6 o'clock. No, Chris. You had told me at 7 o'clock. Remember. Don't be shy, Sunil. But why would I lie?  I could have told you at 8, 9, 10, or Monday Tuesday. I could have told you that Chris isn't coming. I could have told you. Do you agree, Chris? I don't know who's lying. Who's that? NSN, if you're pretending to be in love with people, if you promise to lie, and if you get caught in their trap, and if you touch a number of flowers, then tell them that you also pretended to be in love with them and tried to trap you in your trap. What? Yes, right? But I didn't mean that. I swear, Rana. I respect you so much. Why does that mean I swear? You probably deserve that Shah Rukh Khan. If we're being honest. So, Shah Rukh Khan is a bad guy. He's manipulative. He's a bad guy.  It's really hard not to like him, though. Don't touch me. Please. We treat our food like gods, okay? Come on, let's not disrespect the food. Am I right? Was that foam? Sir, this is not a road. Shorty shorts. Wow, sounds like Coldplay. That's what I have on the hook. If it was in Manak's place, he would have slapped you. He also slapped you. He slapped you? What can I do? Forgive me, Father. Father, please tell me a way. Please, Father. Shorty shorts. They're really shorty shorts. Listen, there will be something in you that can win Manak's heart. But what, Father? I don't have anything. There will be something. Music. Music? Oh, music? You play such good music. That's a very bad fake beard, by the way. Thank you, Father. Thank you very much. One, two, three, four. Look at that place. The drums and the... I heard that you play very good music. Thank you, Father. Thank you. But not here. Keep the sheet over there. Come. Come. Here. Keep the sheet over here. I was thinking that this song won't work in Chinatown. It won't work at all. Actually, it will flop. Really? It will flop? Did you hear that? When Kiriqi was getting married, this song was so popular. Chinatown? Yes. Wow! There's something else in the world. Brother, what will be the result of this Thai-suit song? You can think. What did you say? There should be a song in which there is something about the people who come to Chinatown. Oh. No. Something about their life. Something that they can identify with. A song about... A song about crime and criminals. Do you agree? Do you agree, Anand?  It's all nonsense. No, it's not. It's nonsense. And anyway... Put a quass down here. I've seen this song. Wow! It's not even written. You don't need the song. Just forget it, okay? Come on, Chris. You don't need it. You don't need it. A song about crime and criminals. Don't waste your time, Sunid. It's all old songs. It's nonsense. What's that electric piano plugged into? Wow. Talent? Talent. If you say it, I'll leave Ben too. If not, I'll leave Ben too. Ben? You don't need it. Somebody just said it? I'll take care of them. The quass. Uh-oh. Not again. The quass is off the charts. Off. No. Dreadlocks, guys. Back. Who's Dori? Anthony. The city is very big. Don? Don. You guys are quiet.  Hilarious, boss. Give us a chance to listen to new songs. Boss. He's the guy who broke our car. Really? Is this a mosquito? Yes. Don't do it. We'll finish this show after this show. Seamless transition. And do this musical number. They just had prepared and ready. How's it done? How's it done? How's it done? What production value? It's like, oh, this guy sounds great. He sang. He moved me, Bob. He laughed. He cried. Come here. Yes, boss. Oh, yeah. We hate him. I forgot. But he did make the criminals not kill us. So that is a positive. I'm very sorry, huh? Bye. Hey, Sunil. Come here. Where are you going? Because of you, we're saved today. No. And because of you, the band is hit. That's right, Sunil. You're too good. You're really very good. Thank you very much, Chris. We forgive you for trying to steal his girl. She's yours now. You're welcome. I'm sorry, Sunil. It's all right. Yeah! I'm not sure why she apologized. Yeah, I don't know. Sunil should still be the one to apologize. Yeah. I thought it was that for a second. Whoa! You're not even married. Lip kissing? What is this? Bacquoise. Become dark. My best friend and my chick love each other. And I'm so sad. Man, does that make me feel... really bad. Improvved. Just tell him to kill him. Vasco. Feel it. Feel it. Feel it. Yes, Vasco. That's what happened to me. And we'll talk to our friend. We'll talk to our friend. Such a caring, emotionally available, Don. We love to see it. Don't worry, my friend. Sunil crawled through all of his walls with his song. I'm not your Anthony. I'm not your Anthony. I'm not your Anthony. You're not asking, right? We'll get it. What's the point in crying about this? Look! Yes!  Oh my God. And she's yours, you marry her. Do it. Vasco, book a hotel in Ooty. Hold on. Hold on.  Are you insane? What? That's where Rahman happened. Okay. Vasco, go to the hotel. Just break the bar. She doesn't love you. She doesn't love you. Chris, Bangalore is going away. Just from his lock. I am talking about that relationship that is being arranged between you and Sharon right now. What? She is beautiful, talented and hopeful. I can't believe this. Look, Sharon doesn't have a sister in my life. Your family is a very big family. Where name, money, respect, everything is there. Your parents also want you to get married in the same society. What are you saying aunty? I don't believe in all this. There is a good news for you all. You will be happy to know that right now we have arranged for our son Chris. Bro, talk to your child first. Can you just stand here and wait? I am going to go announce my marriage really fast. Now the door is open for Sunil. Even though he is a terrible person. Try to deceive you. Okay brothers, now you will start preparing for your next show. You only have two days left. Why do you have a month? Like a cigarette. You should have a new song. Where are you alone? She won't come today. Why? She is not feeling well. Isn't there anything serious? No, nothing serious. She will come on time from tomorrow. Okay. Tell me. Tell me. Chris's parents have arranged for her marriage with a girl named Sharon. Really? I came to know about this last night. This is very unfortunate. 14th? 14th? There was something today. Something very important. I had some work. But what was the work? There was something. But what was it? I can't remember now. Oh my God! What happened? Hey Imran! Tony! Tony! Tony! How did I forget? But what happened? Today my result is going to come. Result is going to come? Hey Imran! I am going. What are you doing? Hey Prabhu! It has happened three times. Pass it this time. Please. Oh Lord and Master. Master of the Universe. Please pass it. Hey God! Please pass it to me. His results are in the paper. Hotel! Look! Pat! Pat! Tell me. This doesn't make any difference from degree to degree. Ask me. Pat, it makes a difference. It makes a difference to my father. If they know that I have failed, they will put me in that garage. And then stop coming out of my house. And then neither this music, nor this band, nor this Chinatown. You didn't fail. You have passed. Pass, man. You have missed your number in this newspaper by mistake. Got it? No. It is very simple, man. Fake mark sheet. Daddy is very angry. He has found out that you have failed. Be careful. I am dead. I am dead. Pat! Do something. Save me. Don't worry. What did you say? Did you pass? Yes. I am trying to say this from such a low level. Yeah, he has passed. He missed his number by mistake. He missed it? No. Look at the mark sheet. Prabha! Come quickly. Sunil's results are in. You checked the mark sheet, right, Pat? No. It will be fine. Anthony has made it. If God wants, he will definitely pass next time. Yes. Prabha! This time in the first class. What? First class? Yes. If you look at the mark sheet, you will go crazy. And in economics, you are 95 percent. What have you done? 95 percent? Is there anything less? No. It is too much. It is too much. I just wanted to pass. I wanted a mark sheet. Third class. You should have told me earlier. Anthony is a great fan of yours. I can do more than that. How can you get such a good mark after failing three times? Why can't I get it? My son has got it, right? Yes. Yes, mother. The truth is that I had studied only this time. And today, you have brought your talent first. Sunil, give it to your parents with your own hands. The total is Rs. 1500 for one show. Rs. 1500? Well done. Well done, son. Pat, I don't like it. I cheated my parents. I shouldn't have done that. You cheated your friends and your love just earlier, though. Starting to realize what it does to people. Ah! Turning a new leaf. Yeah. It's going to be reformed.  I was wondering how they were going to get the girl with Shahrukh Khan. Think, Panther? Yeah. Very similar. It's been Panther. Is that sweet or creepy? I mean, I think right now, with the way she's feeling abandoned, she finds it sweet and endearing. Nobody in this movie has spatial awareness. She didn't hear or see her at all. Hey, and that'll be the number part. One reaction to sometimes yes, sometimes no.  If you saw us on YouTube, obviously you saw a very cut-up version. If you'd like to see the full-on cut version, you can have it on Patreon. I'll put the link in the description on the pinned comment. On to part three!


Welcome to the Homeland Show, episode 37, Proxmox Backups and Proxmox Backup Server. This is a topic that Jay's gonna take the lead on. He is our resident Proxmox expert here. I also already have linked in the show notes a more in-depth discussion where Jay put together a long, more visual oriented tutorial. And this podcast we plan to just kinda discuss it, talk about some of the features of it and learn about it. But if you're looking for the visual side of it, that is of course linked in the show notes and linked right over onto Jay's site and his YouTube channel for a more in-depth step-by-step tutorial on it. It's a pretty cool product. Now, first thing we gotta do is get all the way is think our sponsor, Linode. And Linode is how you're listening to this if you downloaded it from our website. And that's actually a question someone, I think had tagged me in Twitter on just asking what it looks like on the backend. Jay actually managed it specifically in a Linode instance with WordPress open light speed and then just raw MP3 downloads we make available to people. But of course we are using some other tools such as Blurberry to syndicate it everywhere. But actually it all sources from the server we host over in Linode. So it's not just something we talk about as a sponsor, it's something we actively use and engage with. We have an offer code down below if you'd like to start using Linode for any of the projects we talked about here on the Home Lab or any of your other things you wanna host in the cloud. Cause as cool as it is to host a lot of things in your house, we have made the decision that the website should not be hosted in-house for either one of us. It is more practical because our goal is to make this very popular. And I think when we hit Jay, we have like over 40,000 downloads I think on the podcast now. I don't know seems like everything every time I look at it is different. I think the metric I use is did I have to increase the instance size on Linode? Because, you know, when it gets to the ceiling I get all these alerts that the CPU is going crazy and the IO is going crazy. So that's happened twice now. So that's my favorite metric but for the actual metric, yeah, it's like going crazy. I love it. Yeah. And that's in addition to all the streams we get here on YouTube. So it's kind of cool to see that from the backend. Maybe that will be some other episode we talk about as some of the hosting we do in Linode and how we actually run this server that puts this podcast in your ears and lets you download it right from the RSS feed. So thanks a lot for being a sponsor. Offer code down below if you're interested and Jay's gonna take it away with the Proxmox backup. Yeah. So a few quick updates on my Proxmox server installation just so people have like a visual of what I actually am running here. So I have two Proxmox servers currently. So I don't have high availability enabled because you'd need at least three servers for that. But I have some flexibility because it's all mine. So if it's down, it's down. I don't have anything on there that can't be recreated from a backup which we'll get to how to do that shortly. So I just have the two servers high availability.   But so I have a PVE1 and PVE2 and I have them in a cluster which means I can pass VMs back and forth. And one of the amazing things and I'm sure other platforms do this too. And I think you'll be my commentator on the XCPNG side of things for equivalency. Does that support live migration even if you're not using shared storage? You can do live migration even when you're not using shared storage in XCPNG. Okay, I figured that you could probably do that. So live migration is the best if you have shared storage. And shared storage is essentially you have your network attached storage server that stores all the VM disks. So the actual hypervisors themselves only have to pass the VMs back and forth but the storage is in the same place. That means you can switch VMs back and forth between the servers in seconds. But on my end, I actually went about it a different way though. I have two, I just mentioned I have the two servers but I have on each an NVMe SSD of one terabyte, local storage. And as much as I love having shared storage which I technically do have shared storage as we'll talk about later when we get to the backups which I'm just giving you a summary. It's just so amazing having NVMe because it's just the data transfer is just so fast especially over 10 gig with NVMe is just great. I mean, but that's overkill for most people, right? So I have all these VMs, they're fast. I can transfer them back and forth. I have to back them up. So that's where we get to Proxmox backups. And I think the main topic is probably gonna be the Proxmox backup server which I did a video on but you don't need the Proxmox backup server to backup Proxmox VMs. You just need a place to put them. You can have an NFS mount, Samba mount which I haven't used for this purpose but NFS is fine. So you have an endpoint somewhere to send the backup files. You could create a backup job per VM. You could create it per server if you'd like basically put it on a schedule and then send your backups to somewhere such as TrueNAS. And I like that because TrueNAS has versioning built in so I could have it take snapshots regularly of the backup storage. So even though let's say I have like four weeks of backups in Proxmox then I have more than that because I also have snapshots in TrueNAS of that volume containing those backups. And I could probably go back a couple of months which is pretty cool. So that's a super high level of how mine is set up. Before we go into too many details is there anything I missed? I think that's for a quick summary since the stage pretty well. Yeah, I think we kind of get it here. I mean, if you didn't know if you've never heard the word Proxmox to use before, we have a whole episode on virtualization I can reference where we talk about different virtualization servers, the pros and cons which I'm a big XTP and G-fan and J is a big fan of Proxmox but there's plenty of other ones out there if you like, you can love other ones, that's fine. There's KVM virtualization, there's VMWare there's plenty of options out there whichever one works for you, a lot of opportunities. Oh yeah, absolutely. So that was just a summary of how I have mine set up. So when you're dealing with backups, I mean VM backups especially, you have to have a lot of space and I always recommend doing file level backups as well even though you have snapshots of the disk, that's great but I like to have file level backups as well and Proxmox backup server which we'll get to kind of marries those things together which is pretty cool. Now on my end, I just finished an entire tutorial series on Proxmox itself and I have this horrible habit I keep saying Proxmox like just Proxmox but what I'm supposed to be saying is Proxmox virtual environment that's the virtualization solution.  Well, the way they do it is a little because isn't there a Proxmox mail server too? I've never looked at it, isn't that another product? They have Proxmox mail and it says Proxmox VE for virtualization environment and then Proxmox backup and each one of these are technically separate products correct? Correct, 100% correct. So I could say PBS for short although I don't like doing that because that PBS to me is that TV channel that has all the educational programs on that I like a lot but Proxmox backup server that's a separate product. So in my case, I'm usually saying Proxmox when I mean Proxmox VE when I shorten it like that but I have a whole series of like, I think 16 videos and a bonus video that you could check out on my channel. So I'm not gonna go too into detail about what Proxmox is VE specifically what that is because we've already talked about it plus I have the video series so I think everyone's covered when it comes to that. So going back to the backups we have several different modes now there's a stop mode there's a suspend mode and a snapshot mode and my understanding is that the I'm trying to think like the stop mode is gonna give you the best consistency because what this that's actually what this pertains to if your VM is off then you're gonna get a pretty good backup because you don't have to worry about any files and use or anything like that. So if you can do that, it's the best. Now when it comes to HomeLab we usually can because we sleep sometimes at least when we're not trying to figure out this crazy problem that's been bugging us for the last two weeks and we can't stop thinking about it but normal situations we actually sleep and while we're sleeping it's pretty easy to have your VMs just go into stop mode for the backup it's the best thing you can do but if uptime is important to you and you really don't want your VMs to be down then that's really not an option and you choose one of the other modes. So there's a basically hybrid approach there where it just pauses it or maybe it tries to do it live different modes, different types of backups but you choose which one works best for you but if you don't care about being down I would just go a stop mode because you'll always get the best backups you could get in that situation and then you just have to worry about where you're sending your backups to and we've talked about TrueNAS a lot we've talked about Synology it really doesn't matter you could have a Linux server in your closet that's running NFS and you could send your backups there if you want to I always recommend offsite that's another topic altogether I think everybody has heard me recommend offsite backups at least a hundred times I've probably recommended a hundred more times within the next 30 episodes but just have to get that out there so you could basically schedule the backups any way you want there's a backup section in Proxmox VE so you could choose when you want it done what the mode is you want it to use which VMs are going to be a part of which schedule or you could just choose all which is what I do I just have one schedule it's I think it's like two in the morning if I'm not mistaken and it just backs up everything so you could have like one server backup one time and then another server backup another time if you have a cluster or just have it all in one go I like to choose all because I don't have to worry about oh I just created this VM did I add it to the list of servers to backup I don't remember well if I choose all it's just gonna back up everything so I never have to really worry about that so once you have a good backup system going you're fine and also you have to worry about like when to age out the snapshots if you take snapshots on your NAS but that's again another story so that's a high level of how the backup works there's a backup section you choose when it happens the mode which VMs are a part of that and you also choose where to send the backup to your NFS share, Samba share or whatever it is you happen to have and that's the Proxmox VE side of things before we get to the Proxmox backup server side of things it's kind of interesting because it sounds like now do you run the Proxmox backup as a VM in the Proxmox VE system or you run it as a separate physical box or either one's viable the Proxmox backup server component yeah so that one I mean that's the thing right we could always run these things in a really cool way right I mean I've seen so many cool different really I mean awesome things that people have been doing whereas they you know run a VM and I didn't even think that you could run it as a VM you can run it as a VM but even if you couldn't somebody would find a way to do it because that's our audience we're clever so and I could if I was to say no you cannot run that as a VM and you should never do that then someone's gonna say well I'll show you I'm gonna do that right now and it's gonna be the most awesome VM ever just you wait and see so but you know it really doesn't matter because it's an ISO image just like any other Linux server so now we're talking about the Proxmox backup server the separate component here now one thing I do want to mention before I get to that is what I discovered when I looked at it recently because I did a video about it in-depth video about it so I'm not gonna go terribly in-depth right now because it's kind of it's really hard to give you guys a you know a vocal description of all these things without showing you and pointing to different things so that's a little one of the reasons why I'm I'm struggling here but that's just kind of the nature we're gonna keep this as kind of an overview but I just wanted that clarification like where does this device live or you know do we build on a physical machine outside of our Proxmox we have our Proxmox single or multi-cluster of hosts and then where does this this particular component live that's all that makes sure I'm clear on oh no worries yeah I just wanted to you know mention that so we'll get to that definitely but as an aside one of the first things I discovered that I didn't know was that you don't need Proxmox Virtual Environment use Proxmox Backup Server when I first heard of it you know before I actually read about it before I learned about it I'm like well that's cool that must be just getting the backup component of Proxmox VE but putting it in a separate place okay that sounds like a good thing to do but what I found out is that even if you don't use Proxmox Virtual Environment at all there still might be some value in Proxmox Backup Server anyway because backing up Proxmox VE is not all it can do so I just wanted to get that out there in case someone is like well this episode doesn't apply to me because I don't use Proxmox VE so why would I want to use Proxmox Backup Server I can't because I'm not running Proxmox VE well actually you can we'll get to that in a moment now going into the installation side of things so can you install in a VM yes absolutely you can do that I'm sure it'll be the best VM ever but I wouldn't do that if you have the infrastructure that can support that that's great but if you think about I think the bigger question is where do you send your backups to so if you are running Proxmox Backup Server as a VM okay and that VM is running on your NAS that worries me a little bit because you're sending essentially the backups to itself I think it's great to have a different endpoint like a NAS or something like that and again you can just do a desktop out of your closet just have a different place to send the backups to but Proxmox Backup Server is an ISO image it's a Debian Linux installation you install it and you'll get a web console basically the installer is just like just like Proxmox VE if you've ever used that installer before really simple you put in the name of the server the time zone where you want the storage like your local storage for the OS it reboots you get a command prompt that just says go to this URL HTTP and then I forgot the port number but gives you the IP address you log in and then you can start adding your backup destinations right there in the web console and it's a great web console everything's written in Rust that's my understanding so it's really fast it works really well and the interface is pretty easy to use the only thing that confused me I think was the term remote at first because when I first saw that I'm like oh remote must be where I'm sending the data files to where like I'm mounting a remote NFS or Samba share but it's not that actually remote is another Proxmox backup server so that way you could actually sync one backup server to another for redundancy that's what remote pertains to which I didn't get a chance to use because I only had the one server the other thing I didn't get a chance to use which it does feature is support for tape backup I don't have a tape backup system here so I was unable to test that I kind of wish I could have for all time's sake you know I have a single client it's looking at just the volume of data that they have to purchase more servers they have an across redundant true NAS servers but they wanted to also have tape archival just so they have something there but yeah it's pretty wild because tapes are still used I mean it's still in for their use cases still practical for those really I say archaic if you look at the old ones but if you look at the new modern tape systems they hold quite a bit of data and it's impressive that reminds me actually and I don't think the audience will disagree but we might want to talk offline about doing an episode about long term archival because each medium has a different shelf life and I think that's a pretty important topic to go over but I'm reminded because of tape backup I'm not gonna go down that rabbit hole right now let us know if you want us to talk about that I was thinking go for a whole old technology episode might be fun too April 1st is gonna be here before you know it we could be rocking a TRS-80 and having some of our TRS-80 and we could have like CRTs in the background I could just decorate the office with old 8-bit technology it sounds okay we have a topic if we dive down this rabbit hole yeah I talk about old computers and I love it anyway so back to Proxmox Backup Server so you have it installed and well actually before I go on I can't believe I didn't mention the system requirements so the system requirements are their recommendations let's be honest it depends on how much you're storing and things like that if you're using it for evaluation this is straight from their documentation I kind of wonder if evaluation means home lab but I know we're not using things for evaluation we actually use things to use things but we're often just one user so they recommend two gigs of RAM and eight gigs of hard drive space which I assume we all have by now two cores it needs to be installed on a 64-bit CPU so there's that obviously it says you need a network card of course how else are you going to communicate with it you need that so that kind of goes without saying now when you look at the recommended requirements they start to recommend four gigs of RAM and four cores and how much hard drive space so they want a gig per terabyte which is probably they're referring to ZFS support if I had to guess and they also recommend that you use SSDs which you know that's really expensive I mean I would love to have SSDs and NVMe storage on everything even like my true NAS server with eight terabytes of space but I can't afford that and a lot of people can't afford that much but if you can get SSDs I mean that goes without saying of course you would I mean everyone in home lab goes with an SSD if they can but that's what they recommend if you can do it it'll still work fine on spinning rust if that's what you have they always say use what you have try it out worst case scenario after you install it if it runs too slow you just remove it and then use something else so just go ahead and give it a shot Yeah most of the home lab is running on whatever you have whatever deals you found at a recycling center or eBay I think that's why Ceph is such a huge topic because people have unlike systems and unlike hard drives the most in home labs so I think Ceph storage is probably the best benefit for most people to pull it all together and make one big server I'm not going to remind you though but we have storage That's awesome I'm kind of reminded of serial experiments Lane if anyone's an anime fan where she has like all these computer monitors and servers in her room but anyway so once you have it installed then okay what can you do with it so obviously the first thing is backing up Proxmox virtual environment which of course I mean that goes without saying it's a product by Proxmox it kind of fits in very well with the rest of the portfolio although I can't confirm mail server because I haven't used it but it integrates very well with Proxmox backup server there is an option for Proxmox backup server when you create a endpoint and VE for where to send backups to there's actually dedicated options so you choose Proxmox backup server what the address is your IP address or domain name whatever it is you have attached to it and you could just go ahead and send your backups to it which is great but I mentioned earlier that you don't have to use Proxmox virtual environment to use Proxmox backup server but there is one downside I'll get to because that sounds great it is but it's not you could do file level backups too now what that means is you have a Debian system and Ubuntu system or any distribution that's based on Debian or Ubuntu you can install a backup client and what you could do with that backup client is you can you could basically do what's essentially in our sync of the whole file system I mean I'm oversimplifying it it's much more than that but if you think about getting a tar ball of your entire file system I think most of us have tried that if you haven't tried that definitely try it it's very unique a rabbit hole to go down into you could actually take a manual tar ball snapshot of your entire file system but what it's doing is it's grabbing everything on your server's disk and it's sending it over to the Proxmox backup server it does incrementals it does deduplication so you don't have to worry about it using excessive space on the side of the Proxmox backup server you just install the repository for the client on your Debian or Ubuntu system you log in or cache the credentials there's different ways that you could do it and if you choose to encrypt your backups are encrypted at the source not in transit not at the destination it's encrypted before it leaves the server you are backing up so if I back up my Debian web server to it it's going to encrypt it on the web server and then send the encrypted blob over to Proxmox backup server so that's the way I like it I don't like things to be encrypted after the fact I like things to be encrypted before they transmit the wire and that's exactly what it does so you have this file level backup or a Proxmox VE virtual machine backup or a Proxmox VE container backup you could actually restore individual files regardless so if you have a server and you totally botched your Apache config and you just want that one file you don't want to restore the entire server just for that one file you could pull that one file you can mount the backup as a local file system and then grab the file that way you could just go right in the web browser and go through the files there and see them right in the GUI so the only downside to that is that the layout looks a little bit different depending on if it's a container file level virtual environment backup it puts the file backup button in a different place but that's just a very minor quirk now the big downside that I have here is notice that I said Debian or Ubuntu-based distribution what if you're running Fedora or a Red Hat system or CentOS or OpenSUSA my understanding is that you could still use Proxmox backup server for a file level backup via the API that it has but I don't know of any clients that were made for those other distributions which means you gotta kind of be in the Debian or Ubuntu camp for this to really be effective again I'm not saying you can't use other distributions I think when it comes to HomeLab whether or not you can do something is exactly equal to how determined you are to do that thing because we'll still find a way to do it even if we can't do it normally but with a backup solution I don't really like to go through that much trouble to force it to do something but if you're good at hooking into APIs and writing scripts and things like that you should have no problem with this whatsoever but if you are running mostly CentOS or Red Hat based servers you'll probably have a little bit of an onboarding issue trying to get this all on there unless those servers are running directly in Proxmox virtual environment because you don't need a backup client on your VMs or containers you only need the client if you're doing a file level backup on a system that's not in virtual environments that's the distinction. No quick question here I like that it does the encryption at the source for all the file level backups but it doesn't exactly the same thing when it's backing up VM so when it's backing up the raw VM out of a Proxmox VE system it does do encryption at the source for that as well. You know what that's a good question I can't believe I forgot to look into that during the video that's kind of embarrassing but I don't know I would like to assume that it does but assumptions are not always correct but I would certainly hope so but I didn't go explore the options for that but the file level backups I did and I really like the way it works you could set up environment variables for everything or put your credentials in a file there's different ways that you can do it and I think as long as you're careful and you don't expose the credentials obviously you should never do that then it's a very powerful system because even if it encrypts it locally but you expose the secrets then it may as well not have been because then at that point it's blown wide open and they have a backup group system it's a naming scheme it's weird but backup group naming scheme it's a naming scheme for backups called the backup group which has the backup ID or the ID of the system that you're backing up the type that it is VM I think a CT for container I forgot what it was for file so there's three different types of backups but in the GUI they make it really easy especially if you have Proxmox virtual environment and you have a non Proxmox VE machines you're doing a file level backup on or you could even just do file level backups on the VMs if you really want to go crazy but you'll know where the backup came from the system it belongs to and you'll have that information right in the name so it's kind of cool how it sorts it that way so that way if you sort it by name oh it's that virtual machine it's this type of backup and from there it's pretty easy to drill down and find the file that you're looking for so I actually did a whole video on it like I mentioned check it out it goes into more detail but what I have been planning on doing is that video I set up Proxmox backup server on one of my servers is actually the one you gave me and donated to the studio and I think I'm just going to actually wipe it reload it and put Proxmox backup server on it and use it full time because I actually like it that much it looks pretty interesting I didn't realize I purposely didn't watch your video before coming in to do this podcast because I didn't realize it did more than just backup Proxmox I almost like I think a lot of people might just pass it off because of that reason yeah I mean you're probably not alone on that so I think it's a great solution if you're using a Debian or Ubuntu based distribution for your Linux instances then you could just go ahead and back it up to that system and it's totally fine now it's free to download there is like this enterprise repository that's completely optional that you could I always recommend you support projects if you have the money to do that don't force yourself to donate money if you can afford to but if Proxmox backup server is saving you money maybe give them some of that money and you get that enterprise repository but you could just use it without that it's the same as Proxmox VE you get more enterprise quality packages and I think they're a little bit more stable I think sometimes it could be a little bit more bleeding edge the other way but I've never seen a problem either way so it usually works just fine and I usually support them just because you know well I am a business to be fair and I am using it but even if I wasn't I probably would like to throw some money over there to I think it was like 70 US dollars for a Proxmox license for the lowest tier if you're a business you could buy support and things like that but I think it's a pretty decent system to look into so the only time I think twice about it is if you're running something other than Debian or Ubuntu for your local systems but even then if you want a good exercise at writing scripts to hook into an API you could probably do that or maybe somebody on GitHub fork the backup client to your distribution which would be even better I didn't look but I assume someone out there probably did that if you there's always someone writing something like that there's probably ways to make it work if it works in one Linux distro it's just a matter of determination to get it to work in the other distros and the Arch user repository is a good example of that I'll bet it's in there I didn't look I'll bet you it's in the AUR it's usually in the AUR because they have everything with the kitchen sink they probably do have the kitchen sink in there too yeah pretty much everything so it's available there's other backup solutions to that we should probably look into in the future I think duplicati comes to mind and what's the other one oh boy there's backup which Deja do another one that I've never used but a few people have asked me about is like backup PC there's there's a few different ones out there and we're kind of narrowing it down to the open source ones I know someone's going to be throwing out there it's already in the comments a bunch of times like Veeam because they have a free version my problem is when these companies have free versions it kind of dates the podcast because you'll go but Tom an episode whatever number you said there was a free version and they discontinued it because lots of companies do freemium until they go that's not something we feel like doing anymore because we've got a big enough name in the market that we don't feel like offering a free product so I'm always wary of the offerings that some company has a covering that on there and you know people ask you why I don't do more videos on something like Veeam because it's popular they have an entire marketing team they're a big company with lots of money if they want to sponsor me that's a whole different topic but there's not it's not even something I use so we try to bring awareness to different open source projects out there open source even if they have a business plan around it such as XCPNG which is an open source you can use it for free by the way you can support the project by buying licenses only if you want to but not necessary for usage of the product those kind of products are ones that more align with what me and Jay like to use or what we cover would you agree that Veeam is more often used in the enterprise I mean that's probably obvious but do you think there's a use case for Veeam in a non-enterprise home lab environment I haven't tried personally I don't know enough about it other than it seems to be you know because I attend my other day job so to speak running an IT services company means I see ads for Veeam they're advertising in the enterprise service space that's just where they know their market issues the people that use it seem to be happy I've got nothing bad to say about the product but it's one more closed source backup product that competes with many other ones out there there's other ones that we have used by the way it's not that I'm opposed to all backup systems videos I'll be doing on my channel about the MSP tooling that we're using and of course that does include backups that are you know part of cloud backups that are completely proprietary it's just the ones we've chose to use I can't cover them all as much as I want to do due diligence and test them all there are only so many hours in a day I can't possibly test every single system that's out there yeah that's the thing we would love to if we could we would have like 10,000 videos on our channel and everything you could possibly think of we would love to do it if like there's 48 hours in a day rather than 24 and you know 15 days in a week I don't know but yeah so beam it's one of those things where when we I love it when people recommend something for us to go over sometimes I have to ask the question though if someone's looking at beam like asking us to do a video on it is that that they like it for their homelab or are they using it at work and they want to use it in their homelab so they can learn it and do their job better which is a completely valid use case and that's probably why homelabs came to be that in Plex let's be honest but that being said I don't know I mean I always kind of wonder if there's a fit for it but beam yeah like you said I haven't looked into it either but there's definitely other backup solutions we should probably look into ROXMux backup server is just one of those it's like I mentioned a perfect fit if you're running Debian or Ubuntu and you have an extra box that meets the minimum minimum requirements or if you're feeling lucky just try it anyway and maybe it'll be a good backup system for you and even if it's not we will eventually I'm sure have episodes and other backup systems out there there's no shortage of topics in this space to go over and we will do a video just because we covered this part we may either do a dedicated XCPNG video or one dedicated to XCPNG backups that's on our list that we threw together because we covered ROXMux backups but I wrongly assumed ROXMux was only for doing ROXMux VE backups but XCPNG backups are exclusively for backing up XCPNG so that's maybe I can probably roll it all into one episode where we cover just we'll look at exactly how to do it because it's not going to be as visual but these are much like Jay has ROXMux on his channel I have a series of in-depth videos on ROXMux or sorry XCPNG on my channel so I can do a video where we cover all of that topic that's on our to-do list as well so yeah we have literally a to-do list we have a lot of things on there and I have some things I'll be adding just as a spoiler I have the Turing Pi 2 in the studio I'm checking it out so I'll be doing a video on that I'm going to be checking out Seth in a couple of weeks so there's going to be some traction on that there's a lot of stuff coming and most of those things will probably be at the beginning of the year let's be honest because this month is going to be sporadic but lots of really awesome topics and just to close out the backup server side of things again just try it out if it matters I mean I like the fact that you have if you have ROXMux VE you can use the same system for virtual machine container backups and also all your other machines as well all in one place assuming you're running WNB on those other places I think that's a good fit for a lot of people but if it's not a good fit for you just well we'll be covering other systems so you'll find yours absolutely so thank you for joining us it's been fun and as always had our feedback for and leave us some links leave some comments down below here I did leave that video is already in the comments description so description of this video you'll find the full tutorial on ROXMux backup that Jay put together and thanks see you guys next time thanks for listening


In today's lecture, we discuss about Clojure properties of regular languages. Some of the Clojure properties of regular languages are very straight forward from the definition that you have already observed. For example, if you say the regular the class of regular languages is close with respect to union that is straight forward from the definition or we can say that the class of regular language is close with respect to concatenation that is also straight forward from the definition and the class of regular languages is close with respect to clinic star that is also the part of the definition. Now, several set theoretic Clojure properties that we can see because a language is a set because this is a subset of sigma star. So, several set theoretic questions we can have and see like whether the class of regular languages are close with respect to those set theoretic constructs. Let us go one after another systematically and main point here you can observe that these Clojure properties will be helpful to understand further some of the new languages are regular. For example, if you have identified a language which is union of some of the known like regular languages you can use the definition or you know the Clojure property to say that the new language is regular. So, let us first look at this compliment. So, that means the question is if you are given a regular language L whether L compliment is regular this is not straight forward from the definition as you understand. Now, the answer is the class of regular languages is closed with respect to compliment that means if you are given a regular language L L compliment is regular. How do we observe this you consider a DFA for a given regular language and then you can do this by interchanging the roles of final and non-final states you can quickly understand that the compliment of a regular language is regular. That means for example, if you consider a language L and a corresponding to which let a be a DFA has given here q sigma delta q naught f. Now, you construct a dash states that is same as q as in a the alphabet of course is same then the transition map also we are not going to change the initial state is same, but the final states now the original non-final states you make them as final states and the original final states you make them as non-final states. That is by interchanging the roles of final and non-final states if you construct then you understand that the language accepted with a new DFA is compliment of the given language. So, this is the construction of a dash now you can quickly ascertain that if you take any x in sigma star if x is in L compliment that means x is not in L that is if you put x in the initial state of the original DFA then it will not reach to a final state. If it is not reaching to a final state that means in the new DFA that is a dash you see that delta cap of q naught at x by a supplying to the initial state you will be getting a final state of the new DFA and hence you conclude that this x is accepted within new DFA and as you see you know these are equivalent statements all what are all what are all written here and hence we can conclude that the new constructed DFA is precisely accepting a compliment of the given language. Now, if you have already identified a language is regular then it is compliment is to understand that the compliment is if you want to see that a language is regular if it is compliment of a known regular language you can conclude quickly that it is also regular. Now, let us look at certain corollaries of this result for example, intersection you consider the class of regular language is closed with respect to intersection why because the intersection has a relation with respect to compliments and unions as I mean by the de Morgan law as stated here L 1 intersection L 2 is L 1 compliment union L 2 compliment whole compliment this is the de Morgan law. Now, if you assume that L 1 and L 2 are regular as we have understood that L 1 compliment is regular L 2 compliment is regular and hence union of regular languages that is from the definition this is a regular language and a compliment of a regular language once again you use the result just we have observed and understand that intersection of two regular languages is regular. So, given a language if you want to see that is regular if it is intersection of some known regular languages you can quickly conclude using this result that it is regular, but one may be interested to find a DFA or an NFA finite automaton for a given language to say that it is regular for which I will give you an alternative proof for this result that means a construct constructive proof here we give a DFA to accept intersection of given two regular languages. So, what do you do you for in general let me give you the construct here consider 2 DFA say a 1 and a 2 let me call as the state sets q 1 q 2 and of course, common alphabet is sigma and the respective transition maps are delta 1 and delta 2 and the initial states here you may call it as q 1 and q 2 and the final states f 1 and f 2 for each here. So, I am considering 2 DFA as given here and now if you set a DFA as given here this is the quintuple the Cartesian product of the respective state sets of the given DFA and of course, the common alphabet sigma is the input alphabet for this and delta you define point wise that means if you take any state in the new DFA it is of the form a pair p q. Now, if you take any symbol a in sigma what do you do what are the transition that it is taking place in the first DFA you give as a first component and similarly, in the second DFA what are the transitions it is taking you give it as a second component and that is how this delta is defined and the initial state is the initial component first initial state component of the first DFA and the initial state of the second DFA we take it as components and declare that as q 1 q 2 here that is a initial state and final states is f 1 cross f 2 here because f 1 is final states of first DFA f 2 is final states of second DFA you consider f 1 cross f 2.  For this first observe first observe that delta cap of p q for any state p q of the new DFA if you supply any string x in sigma star it is precisely delta cap delta 1 cap p x comma delta 2 cap q x. This you can observe by applying induction on the length of the string x that is not a big deal you can take it as an exercise and try that this is happening here. Now, I use this to quickly understand that the new DFA accept precisely l 1 intersection l 2. Now, take a string that is accepted by the new DFA a that means by definition by this observation you can say that you can say that the component wise that is going in f 1 cross f 2 because if you say a string is in language accepted by a this is the definition that is going to the final state by supplying the string x in the initial state of the DFA. And now by as this observation you can say that this is these are the values of that you are getting in f 1 and f 2 that means if you say a pair is in f r cross f 2 the component wise they belong delta 1 cap of q 1 x is in f 1 and delta 2 cap of q 2 x is in f 2. And now here now you have got the x is in l 1 and x is in l 2 as well and hence x is in l 1 intersection l 2. And you understand that this is you can follow conversely that if it is in the intersection this is what is happening and if it is in l 1 this is the situation with the first DFA and this is the situation with the second DFA. And these components if you take as a pair that is in f 1 cross f 2 and what we have observed by in this line you can again go back to here because these two are equal. And hence you can say that x is in x is in the language accepted by a. So, this constructive proof gives you a DFA which accepts intersection of two regular languages. Now let me give you an example because for example if you consider this all those strings in 0 1 star with the property that the number of zeros in x is even and the number of ones in x is odd. Suppose if you consider this language we can observe that it is regular of course you if you know that then this with this property if you consider the strings it is regular. And with this property if you consider the strings in over 0 1 if it is regular from the previous result that means intersection of two regular languages is regular you can get it. You see that this DFA this we have constructed earlier this DFA accepts all those strings over 0 1 with even number of zeros. Similarly you know that this DFA accepts all those strings with odd number of ones. Now from the result you can say the given language is regular, but using the construction you can give the DFA that accepts the given language this language. Now you consider the Cartesian product of these states here you have q 1 q 2 p 1 p 2.  And then in the Cartesian product the DFA what you have to do you have to put the respective transitions component wise and construct the DFA that is the construction given to you. So, if you construct using that you will get this. And now you see from the construction I have to declare s 2 s final state because in the first DFA q 1 is final state and second DFA p 2 is final state. Now q 1 p 2 that is state s 2 if you declare that as final state from the previous result this particular DFA gives you gives this particular DFA accepts the language given to you. Now by choosing the appropriate final states here you can vary this for example, if I choose s 3 what is the meaning of s 3 choosing as final state instead of s 2. This q 2 p 1 in q if you consider the first DFA q 2 as final state instead of q 1 you understand that the number of 0s accepted by this the number of 0s in any string accepted by this DFA is odd. And s 3 this is p 1 if this is if this is the situation if this is the final state with the second DFA then the number of 1s accepted by this DFA is even. And thus you can see if you makes s 3 as final state instead of s 2 this accepts all those strings in which the number of 0s is odd and number of 1s is even. For example, if you consider s 4 as a final state instead of s 2 that is q 2 p 2. So, q 2 if you consider the first DFA this accepts all those strings in which the number of 0s is odd. And in this case number of 1s is odd and thus intersection that is number of 0s is odd and number of 1s is also odd. Similarly, if you consider s 1 or now if you consider say s 2 and s 3 or any combination s 2 s 4 both of them that means, then this or this the property pertaining to s 2 or the property pertaining to s 4 or if you consider you know any of the combinations you understand that you know this particular construct is helpful to understand that various combinations of you know languages with the number of 0s and number of with the property of number of 0s and number of 1s either even odd can be observed here. So, this construction the Cartesian product construction of course, here we have observed the intersection of 2 regular languages is regular, but this construction will be helpful to understand some of the complicated languages to see they are regular. For example, you consider this set of all those strings over 0 1 in which the strings have number of 0s is even if and only if number of 1s is odd. If you consider this language you see this is a conditional statement whenever x has even number of 0s, then the number of 1s should be odd and conversely. So, the condition is looking little bit complicated. So, what you you can you know little bit analyze this little bit analyze this logical statement and formulate the appropriate connectives in terms of you know and or not or whatever and the previous construct that Cartesian product construct may be helpful to observe that this particular language is regular. You can take it this as an exercise and try to show that this particular language is regular. Now, let me consider another set set theoretic construct this is set difference and see that from the previous results that means, the complement and intersection if you consider the class of regular languages is closed under set difference.  You know that l 1 different l 1 minus l 2 is essentially l 1 intersection l 2 complement this is set theoretic property related to set difference.  So, you can understand that set difference you know set difference that preserves regularity or regular languages. Now, let me give you an example consider the language a power n such that n greater than equal to 5.  And l 2 you consider these strings empty string a a square a cube a power 4 consider these strings and you know a finite set is a regular language.  Here from this I will give you one important observation that is in general if you remove finitely many strings from a regular language that leaves a regular language. This property will be useful in several context because you see that you have come up with a language in which certain things are missing if the missing things from a known regular language. If what are the missing strings if they are finitely many then you can conclude that the given language is also regular. Now, I consider this construct that is reversal you know reverse of a string. Now, the property here is if l is regular then l power r that is defined by considering all those strings by reversing the strings of l l power r is equal to set of all x power r such that x is in l. So, take a string from l reverse it and put it in l power r. So, this is what is l power r and now I observe that if l is regular l power r is also regular. For this I require a small result that is for every regular language l there exist a finite automaton a with a single final state such that l of a is equal to l. So, here if you are considering a DFA what I will do if you are considering a DFA assume l of a is equal to l for l we construct suppose the DFA is like this certain states are there some initial state is there certain final states are there assume some n number of final states are there. Now, what I would say certain transitions here what I would suggest you consider a new state you consider a new state outside this state set of given DFA you make that as a final state and remove that they are final states you just make them as non final states just these are non final states whatever the final states that you have earlier in this. But, you put epsilon transitions from here to the new state epsilon transitions and you see any string that is accepted by a is the original DFA what is the situation any string if you put it in the initial state here it takes the transitions and finally, end up with a final state here. But, since there is an epsilon transition from each final state to this new final state the original final state to the new final state. Now, you understand that this particular string you know using this particular string from initial state to the final state you can always reach and when you can reach to this final state any string that is ending. If you put in the initial state ending in this state only you can reach to this new final state thus you can understand that this version of NFA can be constructed with unique final state and which precisely accepts the given language L that is now if you consider q sigma delta q naught F a DFA accepting L what do you do you set b to b q union singleton p a new state p and of course, the original alphabet transitions all the original transitions of the given DFA will be lying there in addition to that you take the transitions from the final states to the new final state. Because, this p is declared as new final state the original initial state is the initial state. So, this delta dash is defined as if this q is in the original state and a in sigma then as it is delta q a and if this q is in the final state. So, in addition to this transitions we are declaring that through epsilon transitions you will be reaching to the final state that is what is the construction I have shown. So, if you construct a finite automaton of course, this is an NFA then you can understand that this accepts the same language, but you have only one final state. So, now once you have this what you what I will do given a regular language L I consider finite automaton with unique final state. So, given L I consider a finite automaton with unique of course, initial state is always unique now I have only one final state. Now, you have certain transitions here you have certain transitions in this finite automaton a what I would suggest you now whenever you have an arrow in a for example, from p to q if you have an arrow under a you simply reverse this arrow in the new DFA. So, let me call this DFA to be say a r finite automaton let me let me not say it is a DFA because whatever that we have constructed with unique final state that is a non deterministic automaton NFA. So, what do you do you the final state of the finite automaton a you make this as initial state and the initial state of this you make that as a final state and whenever you have an arrow here from p to q you reverse that arrow that is all. So, the transitions will now flow back from final state to the initial state here thus in a power r you can understand that whatever is the string accepted in a it is reversal will be accepted in the new finite automaton because you know you take a string a 1 a 2 a n that you apply it in the initial state here you are reaching to the final state. Now, since arrows are reverse whatever the edges that you have here they are reverse you can understand that by applying that particular string the reversal of the string a 1 a 2 a n in this state you will come back to this you will come back to this state.  So, an exercise here is give a formal construction of a power r you see when I have demonstrated the idea that if a language is actually a DFA or you know finite automaton. So, for every regular language there is a finite automaton with unique initial state I have demonstrated like you have to construct this way and of course, here you have to observe that the language actually b is nothing else but l. So, this is a part of the exercises and now you have one more exercise first you give the formal construction whatever the idea I have explained here you give a formal construction here. So, of a power r and observe that and observe that this new automaton accepts precisely l power r.  Now, what are the properties so far we have discussed using this let me give you an example using all these properties we conclude that a particular language is regular is a very important language that you feel once I give this once I present this language consider the alphabet with 8 symbols say a naught to a 7 what are these symbols they are essentially the binary representation in this form of the numbers decimal numbers 0 to 7 that is a naught is triple 0 0 0 like this a 1 is 0 0 1 and so on a 7 is 1 1 1. So, you know now what is a naught what is a 1 and so on now a string over the sigma this alphabet is said to represent correct binary addition if correct binary addition if the first row I will say that is b i 1 dash b i 2 dash and so on b i n dash that is the first row of the of each symbol and plus second row of each symbol is equal to third row of each symbol because what are the string that you have considered a i 1 a i 2 a i n if you put them side by side the first row of each symbol plus the second row of each symbol if you consider those strings these are these are the binary numbers it should be equal to the third row of each symbol what are the string that you are getting for example, a 5 a 1 a 6 a 5 represents correct addition because this a 5 a 1 a 6 a 5 if you consider what do you have essentially let me write here 1 0 1 1 a 5 a 1 a 6 a 5 if you consider a 5 is essentially this 1 0 1 a 1 is 0 0 0 sorry this is 0 0 1 a 6 is 1 1 0 a 5 again is 1 0 1. We say this string represents correct addition because if you consider this first row that is 1 0 1 1 the second row that is 0 0 1 0 if you sum up these 2 you get this 1 1 0 1 and thus I say that this string a 5 a 1 a 6 a 5 over sigma represents correct addition. For example, if you take this a 5 a 0 a 6 a 5 if you put the symbol side by side and see the first row and second row if you take up the sum that is not equal to the third row and thus you see a 5 a 0 a 6 a 5 over this alphabet that does not represent correct addition. So, now you consider the language over sigma which contains all those strings that represent correct addition that is all those strings a i 1 a i 2 a i n over sigma star if you sum up the first row with the second row that should be equal to third row consider those strings we observe that it is regular that means essentially we are understanding that this binary addition you can represent a language of this form and we can see that particular language is regular. Now, if you remember we have constructed a millimission to perform the addition in which whatever the format that we have followed we are precisely adopting the same format here. Rather there you have considered a pair as input and you know the particular bit as output here the third bit is also included in the input and we have considered each symbol as a triplet and thus you have 8 symbols here. So, among this over this 8 symbols we have formulated the strings and we consider we consider only those strings which represents correct addition as defined here. Now, we observe that this particular language is regular you follow the same pattern as millimission for carries 0 state carry 1 state and you can observe very quickly that you can identify an NFA accepting this particular language. Let me present that here this is how the millimission we have constructed there only thing we have mentioned for example, here if you have 0 1 1 there we have mentioned 0 1 as input 1 as output because this is a carry 0 state and this is carry 1 state. And for example, here if you give 0 0 as input in the 0 carry state you will have 0 as output in case of millimission here we made it as a triplet because 0 0 0. So, for convenience I am writing this is horizontally 0 0 0, but you know the what is the symbol this is vertically we are writing in the bracket that 0 0 0. So, likewise here for each state I have only 4 symbols used for 0 carry state and 1 carry state. So, this among these symbols you know depending on the carry that if you add for the first 2 symbols the third symbol will be reflected as a third component of this triplet. And thus we have constructed here an NFA and now you can quickly understand by you know recollecting the construction of millimission are right here also. If you take the string like this a 5 a 1 a 6 a 5 what you are doing you are summing up these 2 and whatever is the corresponding symbol that is given as the third symbol here in the triplet. And if you have some carry here that carry will be considered while counting while summing up while summing up the components of the second symbol to look at the answer for the to look at the answer in the third component. For example, here 1 1 that is you see 1 1 when you are adding whatever is coming up, but what we have to look at here is when you are adding when you are adding these things because 1 0 1 1 and this is 0 0 1 0 when I am adding up this 1 0 that is 1 here when I am adding 1 1 here that is 1 0 here you have 0 as the you know result and, but you have 1 here as a carry. So, when you have 1 carry here so that is going that is changing the state there the input is 0 0, but you have 1 carry. So, the in the result it is reflecting 1 1 is reflected, but you look at when I am when I am giving the string a 5 a 1 a 6 a 5 I am not getting these transitions because these transitions are essentially carried from a 5 a 6 a 1 a 5 in this direction if you feed to the constructed n f a here then it represents the correct addition. Because you are adding from right to left not from left to right because the carry is important when you are coming from this side to this side in the usual way of adding to binary numbers. And thus you understand here whatever is the string accepted by this those symbols that you are adding component wise from right to left. And hence the strings which are accepted here is the elements of alpha aura and of course, since we made this initial state this initial state as vinyl state we have 1 more string that is empty string accepted by this, but what do we require we require reversals of the strings in alpha aura, but we do not want this epsilon as well. Now, what do you do you apply these properties this is the language accepted by this n f a and hence this language is regular you can safely remove finitely many strings from a regular language to observe the resultant language is regular that property we have observed. And thus what I would suggest first you remove this what is the resultant one that is alpha aura and from that property you say that l power r is regular. Now, since now since if x power r power r is x you know this property this is the property of reversals of the string you can understand that if you consider l power r power r because for each string again you take and obtain the reversal that is what is essentially l. And hence since l power r is regular its power that is l only where l is given precisely here. So, you conclude we can conclude that for l for this language we have a finite automaton and hence this language is regular see what are the properties so far we have discussed like reversal of a language is regular language is regular intersection and differences. So, this particular example has demonstrated some of the things and understand to understand that, but the language is looking little bit complicated, but you see applying these properties we can conclude applying this claudal properties we can conclude that the language is regular. Now, let me introduce one more that is right quotient this is new because so far whatever that we have discussed these are the all these things we have already defined earlier this operations. Now, this is a new operation that we introduce here that is right quotient between languages how do I define this let l 1 l 2 be two languages over sigma and alphabets right quotient of l 1 by l 2 we denoted by l 1 by l 2 is a language comprising all those strings x and sigma star such that there is y in l 2 such that x y is in l 1. That means, you see if you have any string x y in l 1 and there is a suffix in l 2 you can remove that suffix and the remaining thing you can put it in l 1 by l 2 that is how it is defined and this you can do it for any string and the resultant language you have to construct. Let us look at examples consider because this is a finite language. So, that you can understand the things very quickly consider l 1 to be this having four strings 1 2 a a b b a b a b a and in l 2 I simply considered a a b. If you want to have l 1 by l 2 what I have to do these two strings wherever that you get a subscript suffix those suffixes you remove and whatever the remaining prefix that you will be considering in l 1 by l 2 that is the definition. Now, you see a is suffix of this and this and the resultant strings now here it is this a for the first string a this is a suffix and the remaining prefix is epsilon and hence epsilon will be in l 1 by l 2 and a is suffix of this string also and if you remove this a the resultant string is b a b that will be in l 1 by l 2 similarly, if you look at a b a b is suffix for this for this these two strings and as this is suffix of this and the remaining prefix is epsilon. So, epsilon will go l 1 by l 2 already it is there and now for this string the remaining prefix is b. So, b will go in l 1 by l 2. So, l 1 by l 2 is now epsilon b a b and b. So, these three strings are there in l 1 by l 2 consider let me consider some infinite language in. So, l 3 is 1 0 star 1 given by this regular expression that means you know 1 0 star 1 means this is the for this regular expression the language is 1 0 power n 1 such that n greater than or equal to 0 and l 4 is considered to be 1 this is given as l 3 represented by this l 4 is given as 1 the regular expression that means this is singleton 1.  So, a general string is of this form 1 0 power n 1. So, in general for each string 1 is there as suffix and thus by removing that you get this is 1 0 star 1 0 star. Now, the question is now the question is is there any other string will come into the picture here since the regular expression this is 1 0 star 1 and the strings are typically of this form every string has 1 as suffix and only that suffix you can remove and the remaining strings are this 1 0 power n of course, for each n greater than or equal to 0 and hence you can conclude very quickly that l 3 by l 4 l 3 by l 4 is simply 1 0 star. Now, let me consider 1 more example consider l 5 to be 0 star 1 0 star. Now, if you consider l 5 by 0 star what is that as l 5 is given to be 0 star 1 0 star. Now, if you take the quotient with 0 star it is not that just it is not something like this do not get confused with this example that is in the previous example what has happened if you consider the regular expression 1 0 star 1 by 1 what we have got this is 1 0 star does not mean that we have cancelled this 1 1 and to obtain this this is not the situation. You cannot adopt the same to conclude here something like 0 star 1 0 star by 0 star by cancelling 0 star 0 star if you write 0 star 1 this is wrong what you have to do you consider from the definition you consider the strings in which 0 power n because 0 star is having 0 power n such that n greater than equal to 0. So, any string from this that is the typical of the form 0 power n which is having this as a subscript suffix and that particular suffix you remove and the resultant string that you take it in l 5 by 0 star. Now, you see for example, if you consider epsilon of course, for any string epsilon is suffix and all the strings are coming into the picture because of epsilon because l 5 by singleton epsilon if you look at all the strings are coming and even if you take say for example, single 0 you see here 0 star 1 0 star this is having you know all possible number of 0s as suffixes. So, that is 0 power m 1 say 0 power n such that m n independently greater than equal to 0. So, this is the language here since all possible number of suffixes of 0s are available you take anything the remaining string is of the form 0 power m 1 say 0 power n 1 where n 1 can assume any natural number and here you can observe that it is in fact, l 5 that is 0 star 1 0 star all strings will come in l 5 by 0 star and now if you consider 1 0 star of course, as you see in the arithmetic here you may feel it, but of course, you have to do that calculation and looking at the possible subscripts. Here this 1 will be helpful to understand that this is you know 0 star and now if you consider l 5 by 1 that is the language containing singleton 1 you understand that it is 0 star. So, this is the quotient the operation quotient between languages.    Now, set a dash to be the same state set same in of course, alphabet is same and now you consider here l and l dash over the same alphabet sigma assume this way and now transitions are same initial state is same, but the final states we change it this way. Consider all those states in q by applying any string x in that particular state if you reach to a final state then you consider that state to be the new final state that is in f dash. You can quickly understand that this is a d f a and you can observe that this d f a accepts l by l dash. So, you can take this as an exercise take any string x that is in l of a dash and observe that this is in l by l dash. So, this is a formal proof to understand that l of a dash is l by l dash you can take this as an exercise and conclude that.


Anyone that's trying to promote a particular diet or lifestyle has to have something going for them to build a following whether it's their educational credentials, their attractiveness, how they look, their physique, whatever it may be. Credibility in one of these aspects is necessary. Unfortunately, in these young vegan women, their youth and beauty is being used to misguide young girls who are in key developmental stages of their life. This causes malnutrition, damage in the long term, and this is what I have a specific problem with. A young girl that's following a starvation diet or even a young man who's taking steroids and promoting a certain workout, these are big issues that we see on YouTube in particular. People that are taking advantage of either their genetics or certain stages in their life to give poor advice. I mean, we see this with doctors too, but that's a whole different story. Let's see what this young lady has in store for us today. Guys, this morning I woke up probably about half an hour ago. I haven't eaten or anything. I'm just doing a little bit of an at-home workout. As you guys have probably seen in our other vlogs, maybe on the Kyle and Maddie channel, I'm not sure. We discovered we have a bar, so I need to get my back back into shape because my pull-up game is weak. My pull-up game. I used to be able to do four pull-ups, easy, no-band, and now I'm struggle-city right now. It makes me sad that I've lost some strength, but we go through ups and downs with everything, especially with training. I think a lot of people get really upset about this, as if they lose progress. For me, I've been traveling, I haven't been consistent in the gym, and it's been weird to have so much upper body strength, and now I'm losing it. But I think it's good, and it's challenging me to build more strength just doing bodyweight exercises. I'm really loving it, and now I'm really stoked that I have a bar and that I'm actually going to be able to practice pull-ups. Yeah, I'm doing just a little bit of a back workout. I have already posted the full workout on my MadFit Instagram, so if you want to check out everything that I did, it'll be linked in the description down below. I'm going to do a little bit of calf raises and possibly a little ab workout just out here because it's a beautiful day right now. It's windy, there's a nice breeze, there's sunshine, it's going to be a good day, guys. Oh, there's the belly ring, gotta show it off. If you guys haven't seen my recent Carnivore Goes Vegan video, this is where I got that from. Which means use up all of your bananas, freeze them all because we're about to get some new ones. Got some apple bananas in there. This is acai, acai, acai, acai, acai. A milk scoop of banana cinnamon perform. This might actually be my new flavor, my new favorite flavor. But actually, vanilla has always been my go-to, but this is just so good. The banana cinnamon protein is a little bit more sweet than the other ones. The vanilla is a little bit more mild, it's not as sweet, but this one just works really well in smoothies. I don't know, it's really good. When you start talking about fruit smoothies not being sweet, I think we have a bigger issue here. Vegans are very good at camouflaging their sugar addiction by playing music at intervals throughout the video. I mean this does add a sort of childish element in there that fits in perfectly with their vegan lifestyle. The second thing is the lighting. You ever notice how vegans never film inside at night? They're always filming in daylight or like perfect lighting? It's because they would look emaciated as they are. And it might actually wake people up that a vegan diet is not a good look.  The loss of muscle mass that she mentioned, not being able to do as many pull-ups, slowly but surely she will degrade over time and lose muscle mass on a vegan diet. The B12 deficiency, depending on your genes, takes a couple years to really take its toll. And in regards to what she actually ate in that smoothie, the acai, the banana, pretty much sugar, no significant vitamin content there, the phytates in the almond milk, phytates, a.k.a. phytic acid, bind to minerals, take them out of the body. Not too big of a deal if the meal doesn't have any minerals, right? And that protein powder, though, has probably anywhere between 40 and 50 ingredients. I have done a full analysis on vegan protein in the past. I'm not doing that this time. But basically, every single one of those ingredients has pros and cons. And 20 to 30 of those aren't things you should be putting in your body. So in regards to a health perspective, we're not good. Kyle has already edited this video this morning. Yes, I have. The vlog for the Kyle and Maddie channel. So that's going to go up today. Oh yeah, it broke down our travel expenses. So if you want to know how much money we spent in six months of travel, go check it out. I was thinking I might do a kind of similar video on my channel, just talking about, like, all the places that we've been to in the past three years and, like, I don't know, giving more of a breakdown and, like, I don't know, if you guys have any questions or any ideas for that kind of video, let me know down below if you want to see it. Let me know. Also, girl is breaking out on her neck today. I know. You don't got to tell me in the comments. Um, I just, I don't care anymore. Like, I will come on camera with zero makeup and be completely transparent. And it feels liberating. Let me tell you to have the camera this close and be like, yeah, I got pimples. Also, a lot of people, like, to, like, kind of diagnose it in the comments, like, oh, if you just cut out this, it'll go away. Cut out that. Like, Manny's literally tried everything and it's not food. It's hormones. Yeah. And I mean, I understand where people are coming from when they're like, it's just nut butter for me. Cut out nut butter. Cut out soy. And I'm like, yeah, I've cut out nut butter. I've cut out soy for over a year. Absolutely. Nothing's changed. It's all hormonal. And I have tracked it down to the very days. Like, I know when I'm going to break out and why I'm breaking out. Yeah. So when we go home, I am going to get my hormones tested. I'm going to do a saliva spit test to get the most accurate form of hormone testing and start figuring out how to rebalance my hormones because for those of you that don't know, I was on the birth control pill for four and a half years. Ever since I've come off the pill, I have had wacky hormones, really painful periods. I even had that before I went on the pill, before I was even vegan.  I've been on acne medication. So when I get home, that's going to be my focus is just really diving deep into my hormonal health and getting that under control. And I have no doubts that that's going to help clear out my skin because this adult acne, it's all hormones. You know, breaking out on the neck. That ain't from soy. That ain't from nut butter. Maybe this is from eating out too much processed foods. But you know, I just don't care anymore. I eat all the same things and I don't get any acne. Yeah. So it's not like it's just a food. Although, it can be for some people because they have food intolerances. But yeah, I don't know. I wasn't even going to talk about that in this video. But I just like, every video I post now it's like, what happened to your skin? What's wrong? I got acne. And I just have stopped wearing makeup because I've decided to not be insecure about it because so many people have fricking acne and it's normal. And I just want to feel okay with being bare faced and talking to you guys. So we're trying to fix it without salmon and eggs. Yeah, I'm going to fix it without eating salmon or eggs. Quote me on that one. What do you mean by you're not insecure anymore? You mean you're no longer going to lie to your viewers about your appearance to promote your wacko diet? The arrogance here is unsettling. Him complaining about people diagnosing it in the comments and saying that she tried everything is comical. Because then she goes to say, oh, it's hormones. You know what precursors to hormones are? Fat and cholesterol. You know what's not present in the vegan diet? Cholesterol. And saying that you tried everything when you're still on a vegan diet. I mean, obviously makes no sense because you didn't try everything. But this is a pattern that we've seen. Literally in the past two weeks, Ravana, Royal Alignment, all of these young vegan women had hormone related issues. They went to a doctor. The doctor told them to eat meat. But these young vegan women know so much. So they say, oh, no, the doctor's wrong. They continue trying everything until their health is so deteriorated that they forced themselves to eat meat. And him saying that he eats the same things and doesn't have acne.  Whether it's a year from now, three, four, five, six, seven years from now, this young lady will be doing one of two things. On a vegan diet, looking like a ghoul, no longer being able to promote her crazy lifestyle because of her appearance or eating animal products. Either way, in the end, unfortunately, vegans lose. And it's not about being right. It's not about being wrong, even though they're wrong. She's taking hundreds of thousands of people on this crazy ride with her. Anyways, I'm going to finish my smoothie. And then we're going to have some pancakes. All right, so we've got the pancake mix. We've got the pancakes on the grill. They literally eat like children.  And all you have to do is add water. This one is vegan. They have keto and paleo. It's vegan. But if you find these ones or this one. There's no eggs. And you should try it because they're dang good.  At least acknowledge you burnt them. But vegans aren't used to being wrong, so what are you going to do? Oh, I always fix my hair. I have a nervous habit. I always touch my hair when I'm about to do something or get nervous just like I play with my hair. I've done it since I was a little girl. But you still get nervous before you talk to everyone on YouTube? No, it's just like I'm about to like do something and like... She said it's a nervous habit. It's not like a nervous habit. It's just like a thing that I do. I don't know. Anyways, we are in the car, as you can see. We are going to Kapa'a. We are going to the Kapa'a market because it's Wednesday. Farmer's Market Day. And we're actually going to stop at the grocery store first before we go to the market and pick up a few things that we need. And then I think we're going to go to the beach and go for a swim because it's an absolutely beauty day out. There's no clouds in the sky. We had a full week of rain like the first week that we were here. So it's been real nice to have some sunshine, eh? Eh, Bubba? Absolutely. It's funny when I call you Bubba because I just think of the dog. Bubba! It's okay, Bubba. Bubba hates us. So we're a little bit early before the market starts. So we thought we would stop by Kauai Juice Cokes. I have a gift card. We're going to get some juice. What is that? $15 with the juice? Green bottle juice, which is pineapple, cucumber, kale, cilantro, and lemon. This is a unicorn rainbow juice. Beet, carrot, pineapple, kale, shard, blueberry, and lemon. Delicious. Better than the juices I make at home. I'm sure it is. They know the ratio of fruit to veg. They've got it dialed up. And that's a pretty unique combo. It tastes like unicorns and rainbows. Alright, we're off to the bank. Take out some cash for the market. And then we're off to Hoku Foods. I probably wouldn't have eaten at this point in my day when she's already eaten several times. The blood sugar fluctuations up and down. Plant foods aren't too available to the digestive system so she's constantly craving calories. This is why vegans eat so much. It's unfortunate that there's this conventional wisdom that fruits and veggies are so good for you. Yet if you actually pressed someone to explain the nutrient profile of a fruit or a vegetable and what the availability of the vitamins and minerals were, they wouldn't be able to tell you. Do you like my singing? Hoku Foods! Kyle's a much better singer than I am. You're actually good at singing. Am I? Well I think you're like pretty decent and you don't like suck at singing, that's for sure. I don't think I suck at singing either but I think you're better. I think everyone wants to hear me do music covers. Maybe I'll cover Ariana Grande. The first time that I came to hang out at your house you played the guitar and sang One Direction because I was obsessed with One Direction. I was like, he knows me. I just wanted you to like me and hit it One Direction. I'm kidding. Kyle, how much is Kyle? Two for five. Yeah, three dollars. Okay. Which one? Hello. I've never tried that before. I should be interested. I do feel bad here at how bad she looks and how misguided she is but the fact that she's influencing so many people is really the only reason I have to speak up. The interesting thing I notice here is when these vegans go to farmers markets or supermarkets even just the average person in general going to a supermarket, it becomes very apparent how our modern world has made food so accessible and when I look at things in the supermarket I think how did that get here? What's the step in the process? Did someone have to grow it, pick it, ship it? How did it get from point A to point B? And how practical is it to be buying that food?  Now that's one food and the more foods you incorporate into your lifestyle the more unrealistic it is. Among vegans though, we notice that vegans eat the same 30, 40, 50 foods that they would never really be able to obtain in a practical environment. Kyle's got his bean fields, chips, we came to the beach. I'm a happy camper. She goes from complaining about her acne, hormonal issues to, oh happy, sexy, hot on the beach, boyfriend, perfect life. This portrayal of an ideal lifestyle is misguiding everyone. This is what's wrong with these vegans. It's like, oh, I'm having all these health issues but oh, look how happy and healthy. It's completely contradictory. It doesn't... Psychotic behavior. Oh, well that was fun. Nice little quick ocean tip. Kyle's hair is growing really long. I'm telling him that he should grow his hair long because I really like when his hair is long and that him when his hair is long. Ooh, well that was fun. Nice little quick ocean tip. Kyle's hair is growing really long. I'm telling him that he should grow his hair long because I really like when his hair is long and that him when his hair is long. Yeah, it was a really great ocean tip. The ocean is my happy place Haven't heard that before, but I just feel so good when I'm in the ocean. It just makes me feel Makes me feel like Happy I just feel like I'm a worries. I'm a stresses are gone the washed away by the waves Was that cheesy enough or what? It was vegan cheesy. All right. We're back home. I'm gonna make some food I didn't really have lunch those pancakes were They were really filling out like I had six No, I had seven I had seven small pancakes. I think I had 12 Yeah, we made a lot of pancakes, but I was quite full and I didn't really feel like having lunch before we left And then we just had those juices and yeah, so I'm just gonna go home make an early dinner and Yeah So done have you guys heard that song swan song? I think it's hilarious swan song swan song swan dive This food volume thing ties into the nutrient availability of plant food versus animal food these vegans are eating Incredibly high volumes of food yet. They're still eating five six seven times a day It's really crazy the amount of food they put in their body Compared to someone like a carnivore diet or it's complete opposites Have you guys heard that song swan song? I think it's hilarious swan song swan song swan dive All right guys, we're back home, and I'm just whipping up some potato nachos We've got some mashed avocado here Some veggies. We've got cherry tomatoes cucumber chopped bell pepper We've got some quinoa here These are the sliced potatoes that I've baked in the oven They got a little crispy, but I've got more coming as well. This is actually a How much food how much food do you need to eat like the brand Amy's? And I'm gonna add the quinoa to this and kind of make it like a quinoa Acting like she hasn't been cooking for the past four hours and easy But also something really fill in to put on quick and easy Potato nachos, so I'm gonna whip that up whip it up. Yeah real quick whip it up real quick 19 different foods Now we got the belly ring is back. All right That makes it okay. I'm gonna get a belly ring for my next carnivore goes vegan video Is this is this arts and crafts? We really are children, aren't we? Chose I actually have a recipe for these in my what I eat for life e-book The recipe is a little bit different, but basically all you do is Bake potato circles and then you top them with whatever you want as little nachos it's really good with like cashew sour cream and like Cheese sauce and stuff, but this was just super quick and easy and delicious to make so Cashew sour cream and cheese sauce make regular sounds like animal foods to me I've been obsessed with sweet potatoes lately. So I've been eating lots of sweet potatoes, but These are these are the golden nuggets The yellow potatoes are the best kinds of potatoes ever. This is so good I'm like really hungry to you right now. So it's probably why it tastes so good I'm also probably gonna eat some Something else later on tonight because I didn't really eat lunch today. So I'm definitely gonna be hungry after this She's already talking about her next meal Somebody talking about her next meal She's not even done eating, but it's only like seven something and I'm not gonna go to bed for a few hours So who knows mighty something else might have one of those amy soups. Yeah, I was gonna make The powder is raw when you cook it. Oh, it's just cuz it's a rock a cow But like you're heating it up. It's just hot chocolate made from raw ingredients So I'm gonna have one of those magic lattes and possibly a soup. Yeah That's gonna do it for today's video. I hope you guys enjoyed So notes on that last meal, you know, no significant source of fat soluble vitamins And this leads to the bigger issue These vegans are consuming diets clearly deficient in vitamins and minerals yet. There was no mention here of supplements macronutrients micronutrients any sort of thing indicating a care for health and nutrition. So To me, it's like What kind of dimension are we living and these people are Promoting a diet and lifestyle, but they're not talking about the nutritional aspect of it and don't have an understanding of the nutritional aspect of it It's to me. None of this makes any sense Well, we'll see you boys and girls Anyone want to place a bet on how long miss limberner will last on the vegan diet? Let me know down below. Thank you guys for watching Please like subscribe hit the bell icon and share the video If you guys do want to support me, check out some of the other youtube videos on my channel If you want to go a step further down below in the comments is my patreon That's a great way to get personalized question support.  You guys want to join the carnivore community carnivoreform.com I have a discord on my channel under the about page And also the perfected health podcast is something I recently started doing some really great information on there Really promoting the nutrient density of animal foods and how we can become the perfected versions of ourselves If you guys do want to reach out to me for one on one consultations You can shoot me an email frank a to final at gmail.com or contact me through the form on my website below Frank dash to final calm.