Hey, hello and welcome to stand the energy man here on Think Tech Hawaii, Stan Osterman coming to you live and direct from beautiful Kailua, Hawaii. And it looks like we're starting to open up a little bit. So maybe we can get some tourism going that when you tourists come over here, if you like stand energy man and all the other shows here on Think Tech Hawaii, we're having a fundraiser this fall here to try and pay the folks that do all the real hard work like Eric and the studio there and Haley to keep these shows going. And there's some really great shows on every kind of topic you want to look at and especially energy. I think we have probably four or five energy shows here on Think Tech. But if you can contribute, we'd appreciate it. Thanks for all your support over these years. This is going into year number seven for stand the energy man, which boggles my mind completely. Anyway, today's show, we're going to do part two of what I call the bane of hydrogen, which is compression. And last couple of weeks ago, and go and gave us a appetizer or a teaser on compression and how we can make it better. He's going to enlighten us a little bit more today, probably not to the point where everybody will be happy because he's got proprietary stuff he's got to keep under wraps. But I'll tell you a spoiler right now is I'm going to I'm going to expect him to come up with a piece of hardware that I can come look at and say it really works so that so that we can go to market and solve the biggest problem in hydrogen today, which is compression. So then we'll come to the show again, and we can get started with your presentation whenever you're ready. Sure, sure. So if I get slide number one place up there. So I'm just making another pitch for the company. Thank you, Stan, for letting me come on your show to talk about these issues. Oh, it's great. I love having you on. I'm sure the when we do the after action, the audience will love what you and I are going to talk about also. It's kind of a serious issue. But in any case, so I'm just putting our pitch up there to the company. So if I get slide number two, so and all I'm talking there is just to just to refresh everybody's thinking about, you know, all the issues with with the current mechanical compressors.   That's that's how tiny that that molecule we can go to page number three, please. That's just another recap of hydrogen embrittlement. And if you look at our the previous video, if you want to understand all the materials that are impervious to hydrogen and the materials that are not impervious to hydrogen as and as to what causes hydrogen embrittlement. But more importantly, I talked about those huge industrial compressors, which is what that top image there is. And that's just the head of what one of those compressors. Those protrusions are valve coverings. What's inside there is a giant piston. I do a huge rod, which ties back to a crankshaft. That image there on the left hand side is what hydrogen does to one of these heads after about two years. It destroys it, literally destroys the metal, right? So they have to rebuild these things every couple of years. And if we can go to slide number four, please. OK, and this is just from from General Electric. General Electric builds these gigantic industrial reciprocating compressors. And these are gigantic machines at an LNG plant. A small they'll use sometimes use an electric motor and usually the induction motor they use to drive one of these things will be about a seventy one a seventy five megawatt induction or that's seventy five million watts per hour. If they have higher energy requirements, they'll usually use a gas turbine. And that can be an LN, twenty five hundred to an LN, nine thousand and LN, nine thousand will produce the equivalent of five hundred megawatts of power per hour energizing one of these huge compressors. And the reason why I'm talking about this is because you know, when you when I show you how little energy it really requires to compress hydrogen to to a thousand bar, that's about fifteen thousand PSI in comparison to these machines. And the first question, a lot of these people in the oil and gas business will say, well, that can't be right or it can't be possible. And my only response to them, that's because you've been doing things the hard way. Right. You're not using the physics, you know, just to kind of give some folks some perspective, and I wish I had the exact numbers in my head of the different grids on the different islands. But if I if I'm not mistaken, seventy five megawatts is probably close to the max production capability for the entire Hawaii cooperative utility or probably more than half of the power required on the big island. I mean, we're talking a lot of energy to run that one compressor unit you're talking about. Yeah. And that's at all refineries or LNG facilities. That's how much energy these machines are chewing up in the oil and gas business.  And it has to do it because their experience is this piece of machinery and it's been around for a hundred years from the age of steam. And I don't know if they've, you know, if they've bothered to look inside of the National Institute of Standards, Technology, their database and the data they have on hydrogen. It that data tells you right there what what materials are impervious to hydrogen, which ones are. And if they just did some more investigation on those materials to find out why they're impervious to hydrogen, they could figure out a lot of the stuff that they just have. And it has to do because their experience is with this piece of machinery, not understanding that that you're doing it the hard way that you have to do this in a different way. It's definitely not using this piece of machinery. We can get to slide number five. OK, and there I'm just doing a recap of of an effect. One is the boundary and has to do with electrons and long surfaces. But there's another thing that's going on in that picture that most don't realize. So in that picture, I'm standing I'm sitting next to a distribution transfer and the business we call it a pulpit is attached to a toflopole. But have you ever wondered why that big container looks like a bucket?  Stan, you ever thought about that? I've heard that it's hazmat. No, the old transformers like 30 years ago were hazmat. OK, all the transformers these days, what they put in there is just mineral oil. It's refined crude oil. And so so the oil, what it does, it does two things. One is oil, crude oil, hydrocarbons. It's actually an insulator. The other is it provides cool. So the reason why there's that transformer that's actually inside there, that's why it's a tub. It's because there's there's mineral oil. There's it's oil. It's highly refined crude oil. That's what's in there. And it's an insulator. And so what I'm describing as is carbon can be a conductor and also be an insulator. And the same thing with hydrocarbons, it can be a nectar. It can be an insulator. And it really all has to do with the structure of the molecule. So you'll find there's a lot of things in nature just by the shape of how things are put together, gives it different physical characteristics. OK, and that's one of the ones right there attached to a telephone that was to be inside that distribution. Slider six. Here's where we get into the good stuff. OK, so back in 2015. After looking through all that data that I had from this and took me about five years to put all the pieces together. So what is that? Well, that is taken from an engineering blueprint that I put together and I had to take it to a machine. And what I started out with was a piece of the Stenix stainless steel, three 16 stainless steel. The billet was six inches in diameter, 12 inches tall. That upper chamber there is four inches in diameter. The bottom chambers, four inches in diameter. That center area where the two colors come together, that boundary area, that is two inches in diameter. Now, the largest boundary I've built was 10 feet in diameter. OK, and the maximum amount of pressure with that boundary has been able to withstand so far is 57,000 psi. So what is that? What it is is whenever your hydrogen is compressed greater than one hundred eighty eight cosine, it turns into that super critical fluid. It starts taking on some other characteristics, right? It starts taking on characteristics that are a lot closer to being a semiconductor. So there are different forms of hydrogen at that in the form of molecules when you're dealing with hydrogen that's been compressed to the point to where it acts like a fluid, right? That that super critical fluid. So to give you an example, if you take oxygen, if I take two atoms of oxygen, I bind them together, that forms O2, that's that life breathing stuff we all need and love, right? But if I take three oxygen atoms and I attach them together, that forms ozone. And ozone has an effect that's a lot like chlorine. You can disinfect water with it. You can bleach your clothes white with it.  It's a lot like chlorine. In fact, chemically, it reacts a lot like chlorine. And all that is the difference between two atoms of oxygen attached to each other versus three atoms of oxygen attached to each other. Well, you have the same similar structures inside of hydrogen and these are probably closer to metastates of hydrogen. And that those metastates exist whenever you can when hydrogen is compressed to greater than one hundred eighty. It gives up. I first started encountering this and it had to do with the fact that most of the electrolysisers that you can you can get today. There's actually like a fuel cell story where I used to be where I used to buy my original electrolysis proton exchange member on electrolysis. And one of the things I noted was that most of those electrolysisers when they output hydrogen, that hydrogen usually come out coming out of about 20 bar pressure with 20 bar pressures, about two hundred ninety psi. So the hydrogen that was coming out of the electrolysis or the pressure was coming in at two hundred ninety psi. So it was a super critical fluid. And that's when I started seeing these effects. So one of the. So you've got there. There is an N type hydrogen and a P type high. And it's a type of molecular hydrogen that only exists when hydrogen is in the super critical state. And when those two boundaries come together, what if that boundary that forms there, the hydrogen molecule can only pass one way through the boundary. It can only pass from the N type region to the P type region, but it cannot go from the P to P region to the N region. It's just not possible. And if you want to know how not possible it is, fifty seven thousand psi is a heck of a statement to say it's not possible. The other thing is to think about the fact that this surface is dynamic, meaning is it'll fill up the entire cavity that that this thing is inside of. OK, now, how is that useful? Well, first of all, in that device right there, the boundary is stationary. It doesn't move in twenty nineteen. I had a sort of an idea, sort of a, you know, one of those accidental sort of ideas, right? Like, I wonder if I could do that kind of thing. And it has to do with that. And the question was, is it possible to move that back? That was the question. And that was March of twenty nineteen when I asked that question, and I was able to answer. So if I can get you to pay a slide under several. So this boundary, if I can interrupt, is the boundary is a physical thing? It's a difference between anti hydrogen and P type hydrogen. When those two come together, it forms this boundary. It's a lot like a diode or some kind of diode. Electrons can only pass one way through the device, right? Well, this is a boundary where the hydrogen molecules can only pass one way through the bound. It can't go the opposite direction. It can only pass one direction. And the reason why it occurs is because hydrogen is one of these materials that set a boundary between the atomic world and the quantum world. Is what's passing through that boundary? Is it a whole atom or is it just the protons? See, I'm going to get it again. It's sort of like the proton exchange membrane. What actually passes through that membrane? Is it the entire atom or is it just a proton? Well, we know the proton exchange membrane is just a proton. Well, this boundary is the same way. It's just probably just a proton. I don't know exactly. All I know is is that the laws of physics at that boundary don't work normal. OK, there is definitely a different place in physics. And I don't know how else to describe. I bounced laser beams through the boundary, microwaves to try to figure it out. And what I can tell you is a lot of the laws of physics don't work the same at that boundary. But what I can tell you is the hydrogen molecules can only pass one way through the bound. So I think it gets you to show slide seven up again. So if you if you do have hydrogen migrating from the end to the P and they're a different construct of hydrogen, are you pressurizing a proton only or are you pressurizing a full hydrogen atom? It's compressing a full hydrogen. So well, so if I use if I use if I use my check valves for gas going in and gas going out, check valve for gas going in and check valve gas going out and only worry about gas going into and out of the top of the tank. Now, if I move the boundary from the top of the tank to the bottom of the tank, right, that really doesn't do anything. OK, the only thing I'm really doing is I equalize the pressure with my electrolysis, or in other words, the electrolysisers will fill up the tank with hydrogen all the way up to 20 bar, right? That's all that really accomplishes. Where things get weird is when I move that boundary from the bottom of the tank to the top, right? When I do that because the hydrogen can't pass from the end from the P type area to the entire. You can't pass the boundary. It has a tent that compresses the gas. Now, normally when you compress a gas, you get browning motion. The amount brought the molecules vibrate, everything gets really hot. Well, that process of moving that boundary dampens browning motion. In the easiest way I can describe it, it has to do with how I move the boundary. And I'm not going to explain the details, but the easiest way I can describe it is sort of like having two waves and the waves crash against each other. When they crash against each other, they cancel their energy. So by moving that boundary from the bottom of the tank to the top of the tank, it symmetrically cools and compresses the gas. And it's not permeable anywhere along with on the edges.  You're dealing just with the atomism of self. Yeah, well, think about I'm dealing with it. I'm really dealing with the fluid. It's a fluid on a fluid. Right. It fills the entire cavity because you're dealing with the fluid. It's a fluid on fluid boundary. It's what it is, right? Two different types of hydrogen having different molecular structures, but it's molecularly tied at the bottom level because it's a light fluid against a light fluid. It's just that there's a slight difference between one type of hydrogen versus the other. And it just so happens when they come together that boundary that the hydrogen, the molecule, however that works, can only pass one way through that boundary. Could you make a corollary between fresh water and salt water that would kind of that would be that would be a good analogy or maybe the difference between oil and water might be another, you know. So there are some examples of maybe different ways that could happen for different types of material. It's just so happens that this is an effect that happens with hydrogen. Yeah. OK. So what do you know why I've got that analog if I can get you show slide 70? The reason why that's there is because when I first did this, my only goal was to move that to move it, move that boundary by 24 inches. The first time I did this, that little analog pressure meter right there went from zero to 5000 psi and exploded and happened in seconds. It requires a very small amount of energy to do this. That was probably the more surprising thing about this. I actually being a dummy that I am actually went down and bought another one of those things, thinking maybe defective or something. I blew up the second.  I can't use those analog pressure meters that max out at 5000 psi. Actually, I had to go out and get a pressure chance used from the digital meter. And when I measured the pressure, then it was closer to 15000 psi. And that was just moving it 24 inches up inside of a six inch standstill drill pipe. So that's how this was discovered. Nothing to get ahead of things, but could could you just kind of give us a rough order of magnitude of the difference in getting your system to get to 15000 psi and getting a traditional compressor to get to 15000 psi? In other words, how many kilowatt hours of energy or no? Well, if you're if, you know, as far as the numbers like a lend or offer, I don't know those guys keep that under wraps. I know as far as the hydrogen refueling stations, it's not unusual for that equipment to run for almost 24 hours, 24 hours just to compress the gas up to 700 bar or 10,000 psi. And that's 24 hours to generate the gas, but probably doesn't take any amount of time at all. But it's taking most of that 24 hours just compressing it all the way. Exactly. The 10,000 psi. Exactly. So I have a way of compressing this gas that you go from zero to 5000 psi, you know, in 10 seconds is probably astounding, considering that those machines spend, you know, hours, if not days trying to do the same thing. Exactly. You know, that's and that's probably what you you probably have more experience. We kind of couldn't most of my experience has to do with me going over and talking with Chris, Chris McWhitney and watching him fill up his Toyota Mirai car. And he had to let that refilling station run for 24 hours just to generate enough gas to refill his car.  And I don't know if I shared with you, but back when I was working at Hcat, I led a contract out to an individual who claimed he could get 30,000 psi off of an electrolyzer stack. And he is a smart guy, he had well over 100 patents and hydrogen. And so I found some money, and I contracted him to build a electrolyzer that would come off the stack with 3000 psi. I'm still waiting for the prototype. And I saw some videos where he kind of got the pressure up there, but he couldn't he couldn't show me a whole system that did it. And, and he had problems with, you know, getting bubbles to separate from the from the membranes and stuff. And it's like, so a compression is a is just a it's going to be the tough thing to get past an hydrogen.  And I know some of the people over at the Department of Energy were part of it. And I was watching a lot of reports were going because there's a lot of good indications that she should be able to do this with electrolysis, right? The problem is, is when you start getting those pressures up in the materials that you have to use to build the electrolys either. And then what happens is that the combination of the temperatures of the hydrogen, the materials hydrogen embrittlement, and what happens is the amount of current and amperage just goes skyrockets right through the roof, right? So you quickly figure out that a combination of all these things that do electrolysis, combined with compressing hydrogen that it should work in theory. But when you put all the parts together, it just doesn't. And even if you built your electrolyte, I mean, you couldn't build your electrolysis are out of the materials that are produced hydrogen, because those materialists are here's the list for making the electrolysis are here's a list for making the materials that are produced hydrogen, they're on the not on the same list. That's what gave me the clue how to do this was basically I had to sort of separate. I mean, there were a lot of things in electrolysis are that sort of led you down this path, but you couldn't do it with electrolysis, that it had to be a completely separate thing. And what I had to do is focus on like I said, that boundary, that boundary exists a lot of different things like you said, fresh water versus salt, oil and water, it exists in it, but it exists in that fluid state, and it only exists under high pressure conditions. And so for example, what one of the things I know that plagues like the hydrogen refueling business, because Chris and I talked about it, is that whenever your pressure is real high, it's hard for you to close the hydrogen for through those tubes. And the reason why is the tubes are too small. Why? Because what's actually inside the tube is a fluid, not a gas. I mean, you used to thinking of the hydrogen at 700 bar burning car, but that's a gas, it's not. What's going in your car is a fluid, a super critical fluid. So you need larger diameter tubes to get over that resistance or because you're dealing with the resistance of a fluid being passed to the tube. And it goes back to just understanding you're not dealing with the gas, you're dealing with the fluid. And that's sort of where it led me to figuring out I had to use this fluid boundary thing to make this work. Okay. So if I can get you to go to page eight, okay. So on that page right there, that'll tell you how much energy it actually takes to do this. So prototype equipment. So that power supply right there, it's a prototype, it weighs 5200 pounds. I have to move it around with a pallet check. Okay. I wish I could put that in the back of my pickup truck, but I can't. That ASME certified pressure vessel right there, so 3000 liter tank, and I don't know how many tons it weighs. Right. But the power supplies on the right and the pressure vessels on the trailer on the left. Right. And so the scale that that that's a huge trailer and and probably not a very big power supply, size wide. Yeah, yeah, that power supply there. I mean, so the equation is an understand that that is not the maximum amount of pressure that that power supply actually is capable of pushing. So there's an equation and I'm not going to talk about the equation, but the easiest way to understand this is it's 0.038 watts, 384 watts times 1000 bar. That's the pressure times liters per minute times 60 minute. We'll tell you how many watts per hour that device will consume. Now that 3000 liter tank at 20 bar pressure will hold five kilograms of hydrogen gas. And if I compress it to 1000 bar, that'll that'll basically compress the hydrogen, which is occupying 3000 liters, it'll actually compress the hydrogen down into three liters. So five kilograms of hydrogen being compressed into three liters of volume, equal to three one liter, you know, bottles is what it's equivalent to. So. But but that actual device, the top end of the device, well, it should be 60,000 PSI. I was only able to drive it up to 57,000 PSI before a couple.  Oh, yeah, it's just 50,000 PSI. Oh, 57,000.  And you know, but anyway, my my CO got mad. He said, damn, stop risking your life until we would get you the proper lab that you need. OK, well, I tell you what, we're getting really close to the end. Do you want to just keep going on? Let's keep going and I go to page number eight and then we can we can sort of try to finish this thing up. So that there, if you were going to match a megawatt grid steel electrolysizer, that that'd be the tank you would match that electrolysizer up that that tank would hold 13,200 liters of gas. So that's that's a fracking tank, right? Right. That's that fracking tank we're talking the 15,000 liters. And what the idea being is you would probably spend your first hour filling the tank up with 13,200 liters of hydrogen. That's one to two kilograms. You would probably spend the second hour actually compressing it to a thousand bar. So the power supply for that tank doesn't exist yet. That's something I haven't built yet. So so everybody understands I'm at the lab stage. So let's go to page number 10. So I built a model just to give everybody an idea. And that's two tanks of redundant, redundant power supplies. The idea there is basically you're filling one tank up with hydrogen. How long the electrolysizer to fill up one tank? The second tank, you'd be compressing the gas. And when the second tank, the gases was compressed and the first tank was filled up with gas. And those two tanks would swap states and you'd be compressing the gas and tank A and you would be filling tank B up with gas. So there'd be a system that would be generating 22 kilograms of hydrogen per hour and compressing it and pushing it along to like a gas well to pressurize that gas at the thousand bar. So that's where we are right now. Are you actually in the process of building a model with a larger power supply and a little bit, you know, a little bit more of a prototype you can actually demonstrate with hydrogen gas? Well, the issue is as I really don't, I actually don't have a reason to build it.  But as far as a 15,000 liter, I just, I don't have the reason to build it. So part of this is a capital issue. And in the environment we're in right now, venture capital, hopefully some venture capital certain to clear up and we can finish taking this out of the lab and then industrializing it. Hopefully we can get there. But right now I just don't have a reason to build that, you know, the next one. I mean, what I'm doing right now fulfills all I need with the experiments I'm doing right now. So hopefully somebody with an industrial need for megawatt plus scale green hydrogen will be interested in building something a larger scale to take care of this and work with you on it. So if we succeed in nothing in this discussion except furthering the discussion and getting it to the next level, I'm happy with the discussion. Well, just so everybody understands this video that the target market for this really isn't the transportation sector. What I'm actually proposing is actually a really large change to the power grid. That means that the people I'm targeting is the mayor of your town. It's your sheriff. It's your state congressmen and senators as the governor of your state, right?  This has to come from, like I said, a governor of a state because your public utility is a regulated monopoly controlled by your state government. And what I'm proposing is a huge change to the infrastructure, the energy structure of your state, of any state, right? So this is really something that can only be handled at the political level. All right, well, we wanted to get into a little bit more general discussion of a worldwide energy situation. And shoot, if we wait till next week it may already come to fruition but let's go on and have a new back next week. Well, we know it again next week and we can talk about these bigger energy pictures and I'm pretty sure that it won't play out by next week's stand. Yeah, but it'll certainly show some trends, I'm sure. Yeah, yeah, we'll have that much more trend data that we know what path we're working on but I'm pretty sure it will be resolved by then. All right, Dan, well, thanks for the discussion and enlightenment today.   You were talking salt domes and stuff before for storage. That's the scale we're talking about and we don't even think about producing that much hydrogen right now but that's to replace the fossil fuel industry that's in place right now. That's the scale we gotta work at. Well, not only that, not only that Stan but if you look at the machine that I'm proposing, this is the machine that will solve this issue. I'd be different if we could solve it a different way but from the physics I'm seeing it's not solvable. This is the only way to really do it. You can't, what's old saying? You can't solve a problem by doing the same thing you've been doing. We gotta do it different. Well, Dan, we've gone a little bit over time but I'd like to thank you and we'll have you back next week and we'll talk a little bit more about the macro energy economics and what's going on in the world. Thank you, Stan. Well, until next week, Stan Energyman signing off and we'll get some exciting discussion next week. Bye-bye.


That was the best money I've ever spent by far. I'm never not working with a mentor again. Today we're going to be talking about how to find a mentor for yourself, the importance of having a mentor and whether or not you should have a free mentor or if you should have a paid mentor. So I'm going to go into many different aspects of what this could be for you. And we're going to explore every single avenue that you can go down. And I'm going to talk about the importance of having a mentor first.  So why don't you just find them? I know it's easier said than done, but they're out there. Find them. Ask them what they did and see if they can help you along the way to create the life that you want. Now, why would they do this? Well, just so you know the average, why would you do this? The average millionaire by the time they have become a millionaire has already had seven mentors. Let me say that again. The average millionaire by the time they become a millionaire has already had seven different mentors. Why is having a mentor important? Let me explain this to you. This I hope never leaves your thought process, never leaves your mind.  A mentor collapses time. What does that mean? A mentor will collapse time for you. Let me give you a couple of examples. The first example is this. If I walk into a grocery store, they always say like, Oh, men have trouble asking for directions. They have trouble asking for help. No, they, I don't, I want, I want to save time. I am a production efficiency type of person. I want to make sure stuff gets done as quick as possible. If you walk into a grocery store, you can walk up and down every single aisle. Let's say that you want peanut butter. You can walk. Okay. I'm going to walk into this grocery store. I'm going to find some peanut butter. Okay. I'm going to walk down this aisle and there's 17 different aisles that you can walk down. You can walk down every single aisle, looking to the left, looking to the right, taking your time, trying to find the perfect peanut butter. And there's a chance you might find the peanut butter. There's a chance you also might miss the peanut butter and you have to go back around and do all 17 aisles again until you find the peanut butter. But maybe you miss it. Maybe you get it. Maybe it takes you some time. Maybe you find it faster than you thought you were going to. But the importance of it is this. If you wanted to find that peanut butter quicker, you could walk up directly to somebody who works there and go, Hey, where's your peanut butter and have them take you directly to the peanut butter? Why? Because they have been there before. They know where it is. They know how to get you from where you want to go from where you are from wanting to go is I need peanut butter to peanut butter in your hand. It takes away the time of searching. It takes away the messing up. It takes away happen to possibly missing it. They literally take you to the peanut butter. That is what a mentor does, right? That person will collapse time for you. Instead of spending four minutes trying to find peanut butter, it could take 15 seconds to find peanut butter. They have now collapsed time and you have three minutes and 45 seconds to stuff your face with peanut butter longer than you did before. You found that person. That is your peanut butter mentor is a person that works in the grocery store. That is the exact same thing that a mentor does for you. But instead of collapsing three minutes and 45 seconds, they might collapse 10 to 15 years sometimes, right? Let me give another example. Let's say you're in California and you're on the beach and you're like, you know what? I would love to go to Hawaii today.  You could go to Hawaii in a lot of different ways. You could you could go, you know what? I'm going to swim to Hawaii, right? Probably not going to make it, but let's say that you do make it. It's going to take you a really, really long time to go swim from California to Hawaii. You could get a kayak, take the kayak from California to Hawaii. You could rent a boat. You could get a speedboat and you could speedboat it from California all the way to Hawaii or you could get on a plane and you can have that plane taking from California to Hawaii, which I guarantee the majority of people listening here are going to take the plane, right? Or you could get a private jet to get you to go from California to Hawaii. And that's going to move faster than anything else. So one of them could take you months if you were to be able to somehow figure out a way to swim from California to Hawaii. Or if you were to kayak from California to Hawaii, one of them could take you hours. That is the same thing that a mentor does. They collapse time. You're still going from California to Hawaii. You're still going from broke to millionaire. You're still going from broke to successful, from non-successful business to successful business, whatever it is that you're trying to do. But a mentor will take all of the time that it would take you to find the peanut butter or any of that stuff, go to Hawaii and they collapse that time. A mentor is somebody who has done what you want to do. They have what you want, right? Either they've done what you want in business. They've done what you want in relationships. They've done what you want in money. They've done what you want in mindset. They've done what you want in your body, whatever it is. They've done what you want in singing music, right? You could get there's mentors for literally everything that you could possibly want. There is somebody who is really good at something that you want to improve at. You can either spend time messing up as much as you possibly can, or you can just find someone to either do it for free for you and help you because they're out of the good of their own heart or you can find somebody that will actually you could pay them for their time because it's worth it to condense that time, right? I hired my very first mentor, my very first coach. When I was 19 years old, because I saw the value in hiring this person to help me. And I paid five hundred dollars a month for this mentor. I paid three hundred fifty dollars a month for rent. I paid five hundred just to have this person coach me and talk to me for 30 minutes every single week for two years, right? He was successful. He was actually the fastest rep ever, sales rep ever in the history of this 50 year old company to get to five hundred thousand dollars in sales. So I thought to myself, I can either go and I can try to figure it out and I can go on these appointments and I can screw up a lot of stuff or I can hire this guy that by twenty one years old had hit five hundred thousand dollars in sales and the Hall of Fame in this company, the fastest that anybody said that anybody had ever done it. Why don't I just pay money to learn from the best? Doesn't that make sense? Like if you sit there and think about, you're like, OK, did it take money in my bank account? Yes, did it speed up my process of being successful in that company? Yes, this guy changed my mindset. He changed my bank account. He changed my relationship with personal development. He literally changed my life. It was worth every dollar times a hundred. Now that I've fast forwarded 16 years and I look back to that myself at 19 years old, I'm like, that was the best money I've ever spent by far, right? So now what I try to do is I try to have a mentor in all areas of my life and every year that I possibly can't, you know, in my business, I have many mentors in my relationships. I have friends that have great relationships that are great with other people that have great relationships with their significant other that have great relationships with everybody around them. I have friends and mentors in money, in mindset, in my body. I have a personal trainer that I pay for, a nutritionist. You know, I'm starting to get back into playing basketball again. I've hired a coach to actually coach me one on one to help me with my shot to try to get it back because I lost it back in high school. I have a mentor and a coach in every area of my life that I want to improve at. Now, I realize some people listening to me right now, you're like, I don't have a whole lot of money to hire all of these different mentors, different places. That's completely fine. What I'm telling you, though, is if there was one place that you want to improve at more than anything else, what would it be? Right? I will pay someone money to save me time.  So how do I do that? Well, there are also free coaches, well, free mentors, and we'll talk about that as well. But it is so worth it in my opinion, my personal opinion of now being 16 years deep into doing this and to working with different mentors and coaches. It is so worth it to pay someone to collapse time because I get to success way faster, right? And so some people, they keep messing up in life. They keep messing up in their relationships, in the business, in their finances, in their mindset, all these different things. They can't figure out why they keep messing it up. A lot of times it's because they don't have the right mentor. They don't have the right like a lighthouse that is someone in their life that shows them exactly how it should be done so that they can follow in their footsteps. It's so much easier when you have somebody who can be a mentor. Right? I'll give you a perfect example. I teach people how to grow coaching businesses. Why? Because I've already built a multi-million dollar coaching business, right? I've messed everything up that you could possibly mess up. I found out what works. I found out what doesn't. And I can, you know, I can save someone five years of trying to figure it out if they want to and they get to the peanut butter quicker. That's the way that it works, right? So what is it that you want to improve at? Like if I ask you right now, sit here and think about it. What is it that you want to improve it in your life? Maybe it's your business. Maybe it's your relationship with your significant other. Maybe it's your relationship with your children. Maybe it's your your body. Maybe it's your health. There's something out there. What is the go find the mentor in at least one thing.  And then what happens is you start working with more mentors.  Your skill set in a lot of things will improve exponentially very quickly.  And so some people are like, how can somebody go from from where they are not having any experience of something to really successful in a couple of years? I guarantee you they are surrounding themselves with mentors, free mentors or paid mentors that are helping them succeed at a really, really high level. Right? So so many people I know that send me messages, Rob, I want to succeed, Rob, I want to do this, I want to do this. They I asked, I sent a message back and I talked to them. They have no mentors around them. They've never even searched for mentors. And I'm like, you got to find people they're going to be in your corner. Right? Now a lot of people ask, well, what would a millionaire get from me? You know, what do I what value do I have to give to this person? I can't give them money's not going to do that much. I don't have value to give them. One of the craziest things about it is that if if someone connects with you, let's say you want to be successful, let's just use that. You could this could be anything. This could be, you know, you could get a meditation mentor if you wanted to, you could get, you know, a body mentor. It doesn't have to just be quote, unquote, success financially that we're talking about. But let's just go down that route. If somebody's out there, they've already got all the money that they want. And they see you and they connect with you vibrationally. They're like, I like this kid. I like this guy. I like this girl. We're vibing in some sort of way. And they see and not everyone's going to vibe with you. So that's an important thing to realize. But they see a piece of them in you. Almost always they've got all of the stuff that they want in what fills them up. It's not making more money. What fills them up is seeing you succeed. And so so many times I see people like, I have no value to give them. Right? It's not about not how it's not about giving them value. It's about filling up their cup by seeing by feeling like they help somebody else succeed, right? That's the thing you have to realize.  I guarantee you have some value to give people, right? So there's free mentors and there's paid mentors. Let's dive into both of them. Free mentors are great. Why they don't cost you any money, right? I have many friends of mine that I've worked very hard at over the past six years to get into the right circles of people to provide them value, to help them out. They help me out. And, you know, it's a very incredible relationship when you help someone out, they help you out. And there's massive benefit to having friends that are great mentors that are further ahead than you in certain aspects of your life so that they can help you. And just being around them, you will hold yourself to a higher level. Right? The thing I you've maybe you've seen on my Instagram stories. Every single Wednesday I go and work out with a group of men, 15 to 20 men. Almost every single one of them has a very successful business. And just being around them and seeing what they're doing on Instagram and being around them in conversations make me hold myself to a higher standard. Just because I'm like, I'm not going to hold myself to a lower standard. I want to hold myself to at least the standard that everyone else I'm surrounding myself with, right?  Like it will determine it. That you're the average of the five people that you spend the most time with. Who are the people that you spend the most time with? If you spend time with five alcoholics, you're probably going to be the six. You spend time with five people who are overweight.  You spend time with five millionaires. You're probably going to be the six. If you spend time with five people who are extremely fit. You're probably going to be the six.  They are. That's the crazy thing about it. You're going to be the average of the five people that you spend the most time with. So free mentors are great, but there is something bad about free mentors is they don't feel morally obligated to help you succeed in something, right? And they can't be hard to find as well. Like it could be hard to find somebody that becomes a friend that's great for you, that you vibe with, that you want to connect with, that you get value from them, they get value from you and all that stuff. They can be hard to find and it takes time to find these people. Years sometimes to build up the right net worth of people. Right? I can tell you that because I've spent like six years now building up the right network of people in and it's great. It's taken me years to get there, but some people don't have six years that they want to spend into building that network and they want it now because everybody wants everything now. That's just the way that it works, right? So free mentors are great. They're amazing, but also at the same time, there is a downside. A downside is they don't feel morally obligated to your success. That's the reason why if we jump into the next section, which is paid mentors, that's the reason why paid mentors are great is because in many ways, there's so much better. And the reason why is because they will hold you accountable. If I pay money to a fitness coach and I pay money to a nutritional coach, they are not going to want to see me gain weight. They are not going to want to see me look worse. They are not going to want to see me miss my workouts or text them and tell them not to come over. There is an extra level of accountability that they are there and they help me, right? If I hire a coach for, let's just say mindset, right? I want to hire a coach for mindset. We're going to talk every single week. That person is going to make sure that my assignments from last week are now completed. That's a whole other level of accountability. And your success in whatever it is, is their obligation. If I hire somebody to help me be better in my relationships, then my relationship success, they feel they're obligated. There's an obligation there. So they feel like they're responsible for your success. They also feel like they're responsible if you fail. And so what happens when you have a paid mentors number one, the frequency that you talk to them is usually a whole lot more. The amount of accountability that they give you as a whole lot more and the tough love that they give you as a whole lot more as well. So it all depends on what you want. So when you're looking at the life that you want to create, I know that when I was 19 years old and I hired my first coach for 500 bucks a month, I did not have 500 bucks in my bank account, but I did have a credit card and I was like, I'm going to figure it out because I just don't want to be broke anymore. I don't want to be broke anymore. And that was it. And that was enough motivation for me to go. I'm going to put on my credit card. I'm going to figure it out. Now, some people will do that and some people will jump off the ledge like I did and some people don't want to. It's completely up to you, whatever you want. If you want a free mentor, then make it your mission to go to as many network events you possibly can meet people, go get coffee, see who you vibe with. When you find someone you vibe with going, be around their friends, get them around your friends, see if you can get into their network. They can get into yours and you guys can start to help each other out and help each other grow. That's a super important aspect of it. On the other side, if you're like, you know what, I want to condense time quicker and I want to find someone who's really good at finance, someone who's really good at investing, someone who's really good at body, someone who's really good at basketball, someone's really good at playing the guitar, someone's really good at running a business, someone that's already a millionaire, someone's got a successful relationship, I will pay that person so that they can help me succeed in that one thing because I don't want to search up and down the aisles and up and down the aisles for the next five years. I want to succeed fast and that sometimes is going to require money. So if you're willing to part with your money in a lot of cases, a lot of times those people will be able to help you and they will feel obligated to make sure you succeed because they don't want to see you fail. Why?  They want to see you succeed and they feel obligated to do so. So once again, the importance of finding mentors cannot be understated. You can either find yourself a free mentor, you can find yourself paid mentors. I recommend both in many areas of your life, whatever you want to improve at. They're both amazing, but the point of a mentor once again is to collapse time, to get you to where you want to be way faster than if you were trying to figure it out on your own. Hey, thanks so much for watching this video. If you want to learn even more about master your mind, click right here and watch this video as well.    Everybody better get out of the way.


Everyone, I'm very delighted to be here. I want to thank folks for coming to the presentation on Saturday afternoon. I want to really thank the organizers for what has been a really engaging and interesting session for inviting us to be here. And I also want to thank the YouTubers who might listen to us one day if we end up online. And I would like to give this presentation on the behalf of my colleagues, one of whom is going to come really into play, who's an assistant professor of neurology, the University of Kentucky Medical School in the United States, as well as my Hungarian-Germanian collaborators. And this presentation today is really hopefully going to get us thinking about a fairly common kind of bioarchaeological data. And that is the reality of anti-mortem cranial trauma that we see, that oftentimes gets interpreted in the context of thinking about interpersonal violence, that maybe gets discussed when we think about the conflicts that people engaged in, sometimes practices about weaponry, sometimes even sex-specific or gender-violent practices. And so this is something that is fairly common. However, an area that's probably and woefully understudied when it relates to anti-mortem cranial trauma in bioarchaeological context is that soft tissue interaction related to the reality of traumatic brain injuries. And what I want to do today is get us thinking about the way in which bioarchaeologists might be able to think about traumatic brain injuries when we look outside of our discipline. Because there's a lot there when we think about what psychologists, neurologists, and people who deal with clinical context of traumatic brain injuries. And these are just two screenshots of some review papers that sort of drive home what I hope is the thesis of my argument that traumatic brain injuries are a disease process and not a static event, and that they're ultimately longitudinal in their manifestation. So that even though when we see the dry bone lesion of a healed cranial injury, what we're really looking at is something longitudinal that has potentially effects from a short-term consequence to a prolonged consequence and sometimes even a permanent consequence. And that's something very important that I think bioarchaeologists can consider. We also realize that digging into some bioarchaeological data, for example, Jesper Bolton's group in Denmark have actually shown this when they've looked at medieval people who had cranial injuries and who did not have cranial injuries. And that they've seen, for instance, that individuals with depressed cranial fractures that are healed have earlier onset mortality. And this is something that is mirrored in the clinical literature depending on the studies and there's a lot of them where your likelihood of earlier mortality is virtually guaranteed if you experience a traumatic brain injury at some point in your life, as well as a host of other kinds of complications. What's also interesting about this reality, about thinking about traumatic brain injuries are historic accounts and I have on the slide here pictures of two Americans who were both well-known to have sustained traumatic brain injuries at different points in their life. On the left is the American abolitionist Harriet Tubman who during her early years as an enslaved person was injured by her overseer which led to a lifetime of narcoleptic episodes and headaches that are well reported.  On the right hand side is the well-known case of Phineas Gage who was the American railroad worker who suffered an accident where the spike that he's holding in his right hand actually was launched through his skull and was the first time that physicians realized that a brain injury might permanently alter a person's personality so that it was the first time people realized that maybe if you injure your frontal lobe this is what a consequence might be. If you injure a parietal lobe this is what might be a consequence so on and so forth. So with this background in mind I want to take us through one example in the bioarchaeological literature that is really recent from 2018 that sort of couples this question about interpreting brain injuries as they've been mapped on to cranial defects. And so this is a paper that looks at a case study from Neolithic Sweden with an individual man who had suffered an anti-mortem injury to his parietal bone I use this pointer and I'm staring at it all day. And the paper goes into what the consequences of injury that part of the brain might have involved and the paper very eloquently then describes through the lens of the bioarchaeology of care what might have been the manifestations of how a person might have sustained help or care in both the acute period right after the injury and over the long term. So with this background we'll go into what has been the last seven years of my field work focusing on the historic and medieval region of Transylvania. This is really why I wanted the pointer. So we're looking at this region here which of course for the majority of its history was part of the Kingdom of Hungary. This border of Hungary of course existed for about a thousand years and it didn't really change until the end of World War I. And within this particular region of the Kingdom of Hungary we imagine what we know now as the modern borders of Hungary which were changed after the war where we're going to be next year for EAA and Budapest but I also want to draw people's attention to a region in the far eastern reaches of the Carpathian Basin where an ethnic group of Hungarians called the Sike have lived and lived today numbering somewhere between 550 to 600,000 people. So this region is where my work has been centered that if you were to go there today you're going to be right in the middle of Remain. And so one of the co-authors of this presentation is an archaeologist based at a museum depending what language you speak and the city of Oterpliusek we ask if you're a Romanian speaker or the city of Sike-Udvarhe if you are Hungarian speakers. And on this map you can see these yellow dots which is where Zolt and his team have conducted large numbers of salvage excavations usually around medieval-era churches in one village or another related to different kinds of mitigating flood events, erosional events or in some instances historic preservation as is the case in the Romanian village of Mugeni or if we call it by its Hungarian name the village of Bogos. And so in this community of Bogos is a beautiful if you ever have the opportunity to go into Transylvania I recommend stopping by this beautiful church that had probably its origin in the 12th century that for several years was the subject of a really wide-scale renovation and in the churchyard there was a drainage ditch that was installed you can sort of see where that is and you can see on the map where the trench is on the outside of the church within that trench 191 burials were recovered and were part of what myself and my field school students analyzed over a two-year period a couple of years in this context is the subject of today's case study who was grave 195 who is a middle adult now whose radiocarbon date puts in somewhere between 1450 to 1640 so a late medieval or perhaps early moderner depending on how we define the medieval period in Transylvania we might still be able to fudge it and say he's a late medieval man his skeleton is not complete the preservation is fair to moderate but what was preserved is a really remarkable healed defect on his left parietal bone which you can see in the image that has well-healed margins it also is represented by having a radiated fracture and is luckily intact if the technology works I'm going to show you I've got a three-dimensional scan that we'll take a look just to see what this cranium looks like in the posterior region you're going to see some taphenomic alterations in the form of coffinware but as the skull rotates around you're going to be able to see the margins of that defect as well as the radiating fracture in a bit more detail I haven't included any endocrinial shots but what's interesting is we can see some of the healing right around the margins of the defect but what we don't see is the radiating fracture puncturing the endocrinial table regardless it's interesting to think about the anatomical location of this above what in forensic anthropology we call the hat brim line it's interesting that it's on the left hand side and another talk discussed what I think happened as the etiology of this injury but suffice it to say this man suffered a significant penetrating defect to the cranium which is where my colleague who is a neuropsychologist comes into play and when I talked to him about this case he said how come bioarchaeologists aren't really investigating these kinds of questions like Tim because we don't know neurologists like you he said well let me help and he said first of all if you injure your skull in this region you will have injured your left parietal row and he said there's manifestations of things that can occur that again could be a short term impairment could be prolonged could be permanent one of those are impairing to some degree your tasks of working memory so that might be for example today if someone tells you their phone number and you write it down if you have this region of your parietal lobe damaged you might not be able to recall what it is or you might be able to say let's go to restaurant X after the meeting or this pub not being able to retain that information that you were given immediately and again that could be a permanent fixture of this person's memory if you're injured on your left parietal lobe because of the way in which sort of the brain functions the sense, sight, taste functions on the right side of the face might have been impaired so that might have meant if there was something hot or cold he would not have known would not have been able to sense that and could have had some kind of degree of paralysis of this side of the sensory portions of the face there could have also been a serious inability to comprehend speech so people in his household in his community might have been having conversations to which he no longer knew the meaning of simple words whether those were things related to food stuffs bodily hygiene family members whatever people were saying he might not have had the same ability to understand what he was told prior to this injury and then lastly is that there could have been some disruption of visual tasks and we know that of course the occipital lobes are where our vision senses are but in that parietal lobe are where the important fibers are that transmit some of those signals and so it's known in the clinical literature that sometimes people with a parietal lobe injury have some cortical blindness as a result of that of that defect so to bring this back to this individual I think it's quite useful as we move forward for this as we think about this in other instances to not exclude a traumatic brain injury from his osteobiography when we think about also through the very eloquent extension of the bioarchaeology of care for instance there is virtually no way after sustaining an injury like that that he would not have been made unconscious for some amount of time and so what kind of care does a person need who is made to be unconscious for how long as your cranium is healing up that has an open wound what kind of care is required in that instance and then lastly over the period of time that the injury healed what are the manifestations of how if there was some kind of prolonged or permitted damage how might of people in his household worked with him how might of they worked with him at his frustrations for not being able to recall words that he knew or words that he might have thought that he might have should have known so on and so forth so I think that this is going to be a case study as my colleagues and I continue to think through it that the clinical literature that is really clear on the experiences of people with parietal lobe injuries as well as any other kind of study where you might see a cranial injury I think that those are going to be really important data sets to draw from as we continue to think about, re-examine and maybe improve upon how we have dealt with our interpretation of anti-mortem cranial injuries so I want to thank you for your attention and take any questions if there's any time maybe there's not yeah, oh great, thank you


It's a crazy story. I haven't told this story much. I have a friend and he's best friends with Donald Trump forever. He was up there on stage with Donald Trump. Okay, his name's Hal. Years ago when I lived in LA, it was probably 2011. I never checked my voicemails, okay? I get a voicemail, I check it like two weeks later, I'm checking my voicemails like, yo, I'm here at the club in Hollywood with me and Donald Trump got a table. He's like, come out with us. This is two weeks later, I'm listening to the voicemail. An hour later on that two weeks before, you know, I listened to the second voice.   Come, it's just us, it'll be us three. Shit. I heard that two weeks later. I've always regretted that. Cause I was like, had I gone out with Donald Trump that one night and had gone to Vegas with him, then he became, so I never have met him. I've always been mad at myself, man. So now, practical life lesson in this podcast. Check your voicemails.