priorities. I commend the Institute for fostering this great interest it has in China. It's the world's oldest culture, new superpower, largest population and most dynamic economy. And I commend it also for stimulating interest in climate change, the greatest challenge confronting us as a species. These two issues, the rise of China and the growing threat of climate change, are joined together in my address today which we've called Saving the Planet, China and Climate Change. The address is motivated by the belief that it's essential for the good governance of the global community that we in Europe should develop a deep understanding of China's social and economic policies and their systems. It's imperative that our two civilizations cooperate rather than compete to deal with this menace that confronts both of us equally and that is of catastrophic climate change. This is essential because the global community is scheduled to meet in two years' time at the conference of parties to try and agree to the successor to Kyoto and deal with climate change in the post-2020 era. It will do so at the conference of parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Paris. This will happen in December 2015 and will be known as COP 21. The general expectation is that binding emission targets will be set for high-emitting countries. Bargains struck between developing and developed states and decisions made about equitable division of the remaining carbon budget that we can afford to release into the atmosphere. There were similarly high expectations, of course, from COP 19 or COP 15, which is held only four years ago in Copenhagen and it failed completely. COP 21 has to succeed and here's why. The International Panel on Climate Change produced its fifth assessment report at the beginning of September, which said that there's now only a 50% chance of keeping global warming to less than two degrees by the end of the century. It went on to say that in order to stay within the two-degree threshold, total emissions can't exceed 1,000 gigatons of carbon. I mean, there are some 12,000 gigatons of carbon locked up in the Earth surface and our species only emerged when they got locked up. It went on to say that in order to stay within the, sorry, yet more than half this amount has already been put into the atmosphere. So we're dealing with a very low amount of carbon that we still can afford to shove up into the atmosphere, somewhere in the order of 230 gigatons and nothing at all, two or 3% actually of the carbon that's in the Earth's surface. And so we've had all kinds of commentary about this. We've had, you'll be familiar with Lord Stern in the UK and he tells us that we have to reach, in the next 15 to 20 years we have to actually have conquered this emissions of carbon and that we have to engage in sufficient international negotiations to limit that. And this should focus all the minds of all the governments of the world on what's going to happen at COP 22. We've been reminded last year of the threat we faced, reminded as we said by three international organizations which have no axe to grind except they want to preserve the future of our species. Perhaps the most ominous came from the World Bank, which published a report called Turn Down the Heat, prepared by a team from the Potsdam Institute in Berlin led by Professor Schellenhuber. They warned against a four degree rise in temperature by 2050 unless we accelerated plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It even suggested the rise in temperature could get as high as six degrees under certain circumstances, which is actually staggering when you think that the average temperature in the Earth at the moment is about six degrees in the atmosphere. These warnings were repeated when a delegation from this institute of which I had the great honor to be a member of visited Potsdam some months ago and met Professor Schellenhuber and his colleagues. The International Energy Agency consisting of all OECD countries had a similar message in its 2013 World Energy Outlook which was launched by its chief economist Fatih Biral here in this institute. The IEA was equally uncompromising in its forecast of rising temperatures and believes the increase will be in the order of 3.6 degrees by 2050 unless we cut back on the use of fossil fuels and achieve major savings in our use of energy. The report said there was little chance of keeping the rise in temperature to two degrees if we fail to act over the next five years. You know we're on a very very tight time scale here after that and be too late. At the same time the United Nations Environment Programme published its annual report of the gap between what emissions should be in 2020 and what they're likely to be and the conclusions were chilling Madam Chairperson. The report said that the gap is now bigger than it was in earlier assessments and that the situation is getting worse. Akim Steiner, the UN Undersecretary General who heads up the programme, said in his introduction that unless action is taken to close the gap urgently, the longer term challenge may be insurmountable. You'll all be very aware in any event that these and similar conclusions are reached by Lord Stern who I had the great pleasure of meeting recently in a report commissioned for the British Government. That's when the British Government was seriously interested in doing something about it. He described climate change as the greatest and widest-ranging market failure ever seen and said that what we have to do over the next 10 or 20 years can have a profound effect on the whole future of our species and indeed the British Government went on to join with Europe at that time as a result of these thoughts from Lord Stern. But if the science of climate change is clear, the mathematics of the carbon budget simple, the politics of acting on the IPCC report are neither clear nor simple, but daunting. The task at COP 21 will be to strike a global deal that faces up to the urgency of the task as defined by the international agencies we've just talked about. There's no time left for provocation and no room for maneuvering compromises. We can't bargain with nature was a great quote from Professor Schellenhuber which he said here at the Institute last year. The laws of science are implacable and the clock is ticking. COP 21 is therefore one of those occasions when the countries of the world will have to act as a global community confronted by common if differentiated responsibilities. Or else if the countries elect to act individually, the fate of each will be sealed and the reports that I've just quoted I have no doubt will come to pass. No region, no country, no part of the globe, no land or sea would be immune from catastrophic climate change. Continued carbon emissions said one summary in the assessment review five, which we talked about earlier on, will drive further heat waves, rise in sea levels, melting ice and extreme weather. Just to say, you know, a few years ago you saw simultaneously with floods which displaced 20 million people in Pakistan, you saw 10% of the Russian forest getting burned down. And the scientists who can be a bit reticent about attributing blame said this is almost certainly like 95% certain to have been due to anthropogenic global warming. So we have to change human behavior. That's the task that faces us all and particularly our politicians. And this conclusion, Madam Chairperson, is the context of evaluating China's response to the threat of climate change. The background is that China produces about a quarter of the world's carbon emissions. It is already the world's second largest economy, and it generates about 70% of its electricity from coal. It's obvious if its present rate of economic growth is sustained, and if the heavy reliance on coal is maintained at current levels, that China will imperil itself and endanger the world. It requires little analysis to conclude that in broad terms, China needs to put a cap on its carbon emissions and a physical limitation on the use of coal. But it also needs to green its transportation system, retrofit the existing building stock, reengineering its manufacturing processes, build new sustainable eco cities and towns, base power generation on renewables, and reforest vast tracks of grassland to name only a few of the tasks that face China and the world. The question is whether China has the political will, the administrative structures, the technological capacity to live on this agenda. Now, I'm convinced that the answer is yes. And this debate is really about the future of civilization. My belief is that the oldest and, in my opinion, the most perfect civilization will lead in the global struggle to save all our civilizations. In terms of scale and urgency, I believe China has the ability to deliver on goals that measure up to this climate change challenge. And the main reason I say this is because of its planning system. In China, economic development has been consciously planned on the basis of long-term coherent, mutually reinforcing policies in which progress is iterative, cumulative, and sequenced in the right order, and that's something to accomplish in any planning system. The plan has been put together in a society based on meritocracy. The civil service examinations in China go back, I believe, 2,000 years, and always the brightest selected to run the country. And it's a deeply historically rooted affair in China, this meritocracy. China's planning today represents the greatest ever exercise in organizing the collective intelligence of the people. And there's nothing to compare with the way China mobilizes and uses its combined intellectual power for planning its future. The system is open, it's properly resourced, it's based on learning experimentation, and is highly organized with an established methodology for dividing up the process into a series of 10 different phases, which drive the process forward on an iterative basis. Outlined by one of China's leading thinkers, Professor Hu An Gang, he calls it the most democratic and participatory planning system in the world, a process which I explored in depth in the last lecture that I gave. And it was amazing to study. In many respects, the planning process itself is the secret of the so-called Chinese miracle. Essentially, it's a process that enables the country to think about itself continuously, as it has done for 60 years now. And to engage in what Michael Spence, the Nobel Laureate for economics called continuous policy navigation during his lecture here two weeks ago. Now, the value of planning, as we know from business, is that it can accomplish that most difficult of tasks, of marrying continuity and change. Because it is iterative, planning can help the country to maintain political stability, while simultaneously undergoing profound shifts in the way its economy and society are organized and managed. The Chinese five-year plan not only achieved this objective, but also have the enormous benefit of detecting emerging problems in advance so that they can be tackled before they become insuperable. One such problem, of course, is climate change, and the good news is that the Chinese are tackling this problem, and in doing so may well save the planet, especially if we Europeans choose to work along with China. In the new study on China, Orville Schell and John DeLaurie analyzed the perennial preoccupation of Chinese leaders with the concepts of wealth and power, the title of their book. The logic is simple. To be wealthy is to be powerful. To be poor is to be weak. To be weak is to be exploited, and to be exploited is to be humiliated. This is what happened to China during the century of humiliation, imposed on her by the imperialist powers, which ended only in 1949 with the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The mindset of wealth and power explains Ding Xiaoping's statement that to get rich is glorious, and President Xi's recent launch of his China dream. In short, to be rich means to be free, and to be powerful as well. Hence the relentless focus on economic growth, which has produced the biggest economic success in history. Since Ding Xiaoping first set China on this new path in 1978, the Chinese economy has grown more than 15 times in volume, and is set to become the biggest economy of the world within the next decade, possibly surpassing America by 2017. The most recent growth figure is 7.8% for the last quarter, belying some Western attempts to say that the economy there was slowing down. But economic growth brings its own problems, and the depletion of natural resources and the pollution of air, water, and the earth. The Chinese experience has been no different, and the authorities had to start responding to environmental degradation. But the rate of response couldn't keep pace with the rate of economic development, so that the quality of air and water rapidly became major public issues, and anybody who visits China would be well aware of them. This became particularly evident in respect of the smog affecting Beijing and other cities, especially in the northeast, and the flooding of cities, which is now a major concern. This became particularly evident in, or sorry, but within the minds of the Chinese planners, environmental problems began to take on a broader dimension, with the realization that man-made activities had even wider implications. Consequently, the negative effects of climate change began to get factored into the planning philosophy. This became particularly evident in 2007, when the National Development and Reform Commission, the NDRC, which is at the apex of the Chinese planning system, published a national scheme for tackling climate change. Design for the period up to 2020, the scheme included five major objectives, which have been incorporated into the five-year plan, and they are, you know, quite logically really. Energy conservation at a rate of 20% reduction every five years, very ambitious target, and the aim to achieve a cumulative reduction of 50 to 80% by 2020. Emission reduction at a rate of 10% every five years. Here the aim is to have a cumulative reduction of 50% by 2020. China is to become a green technology's innovator and leader. China is to become the world's largest wind power and solar power market and increase the use of clean energy to 20% of all energy consumed, and China is to build the world's biggest artificial forest, carbon sink, and the world's largest green screens. Now, I believe there are 48 million people working planting trees in China. I haven't been able to verify that, but I've read it, and I believe it, like it's staggering. As can be seen, climate change policy itself itself has progressively moved from energy conservation to a combination of energy efficiency and emissions reductions. The reduction targets are, you know, seriously ambitious and highly challenging. For example, the 20% reduction in unit GDP emissions means that the annual growth in total energy consumption has to be kept to 5.2%, so in simple terms, if they were growing at 10%, they wanted to keep the the energy growth to 5.2%. Now that's quite a challenge to do, and it's actually it's actually been accomplished, and that target was reached on time, and this is what amazes everybody who who studies China is to see how they set themselves what we in business called B-haggs, big, hairy, aggressive goals, and then they exceed or equal or exceed those. The scale of the achievement can be gauged from the comparable EU targets where we set ourselves a 20% target, the 2020 vision, and is now enshrined in our law. They're going to get, Europe is going to get there nine years after China. The Chinese reduction targets are obligatory and are legally binding binding for reasons that are instructive as the insight into their way of working. Originally the targets had been obligatory, and then in one five-year plan they went to a voluntary set of targets, and then they suddenly found of course that in the 10th five-year plan the emissions actually went up, and the energy usage went up, and so they went back to what is the real logical way to do things, and the way we've chosen in Europe is to give ourselves binding, statutory targets, and measure, and manage according to those targets. And there have been reapplied in China now and everything is working according to them. But the significance of the 20% reduction target went beyond the economic. More importantly, it was the political commitment by the Chinese government to both its own citizens and to the people of the world. And I believe that the political commitment and its successes implementation is grounded in such deep cultural constructs as Mi'anxi, Guangxi, and respect for due authority, which seems almost to be, well they are, unique attributes of the of the Chinese culture. The political will and determination of the Chinese government to promote energy conservation and emissions reduction, cope with climate change and develop a low-carbon economy. The target is the first bold attempt to create a low-carbon economy, its political significance overshadows its economic significance, particularly in a world where leadership is called for. The political significance of creating a low-carbon economy is clear. Of equal interest is the fact that has never been tried before, not even in the developed world. For a country in the course of development like China, the challenge is more complex than for the developed world since the task is not only to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but simultaneously to increase economic growth, a really difficult target. Experience tells us however that emissions increase with growth, hence reducing emissions while growing the economy would appear to be a contradiction in terms. But the task of reconciling these policy goals is complicated further by the broader process of economic transformation underway for the past 30 years in which the Chinese economy has been moving from a centrally planned one, the classic communist-type economy, to a combination of planning and market forces. The process is now well advanced and irreversible, giving rise to the coexistence of two parallel economies and to what Deng Xiaoping described as socialism with Chinese characteristics. In these circumstances, it is no surprise that administrative controls over greenhouse gas emissions are now to be replaced by a market cap and trade scheme. Nor should it be a surprise that the scheme will be introduced on an experimental basis, this time in keeping with Deng Xiaoping's advice to cross the river by feeling the stones. Tricky process, by the way, but it's done in China with great success. And while the process of getting to this point has been enormously complex, it can be summarized as follows. First of all, the National Development and Reform Commission issued the low-carbon provinces and low-carbon city pilot notices to determine how the pilot scheme would work. The Commission next issues a market readiness proposal setting out a three-year work plan for its core competence of a national emission trading scheme. Then in a move that was foreshadowed in the 12th five-year plan and which has attracted much international attention, a pilot program was approved for seven regions, consisting of five cities, Shenzhen, Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Chongqing, and the two provinces of Guangdong and Hubei. Now, despite the fact that in the first 100 days in Shenzhen, there were only 185 carbon trades, and despite the fact that events with the imprisonment of Boljulai in Chongqing has meant that it hasn't participated in the scheme, we see this as, you know, the very traditional way that China, particularly since then has learned by doing.  These regions together amount to 7% of China's carbon emissions and in aggregate terms will cover between 800 million to 1,000 million tons of carbon by 2015, which to give you a sense of scale is more than Germany's annual emissions and about half that of the EU. The scheme began in Shenzhen on the 17th of June, gone by the choice of location being significant as Shenzhen was originally picked by Deng Xiaoping as one of the country's proving grounds for market capitalism, an experiment which was reputedly based on Jiang Zemin's visit to Shenzhen here in Ireland where he will be going to that some other time, but I believe that was based and Liming will explain that to us later on. At that time, Shenzhen had a population of 30,000 people fishing town and now it's one of China's largest city with 11 million people. And when they're, you know, you hear about restrictions in China, I walked down through the university and I found the least addition of the economists in English, uncensored, no red marks through nothing. So I'm very delighted I must say see that. In view of its symbolic role in the modernization of China and the scale of its economic success, it can be taken for granted that whatever works in Shenzhen will be extended to the rest of China in a while. For its part, Beijing recently launched its own pilot scheme, having circulated trading rules last year regarding the allocation of allowances and the use of offsets and price control mechanisms. According to its draft implementation plan, more than 600 companies in Beijing will be required to cap their carbon emissions. It is expected that free permits will be allocated on the 31st of May each year and that participants will have to surrender their permits annually to the municipal government. Allowances are to be determined by emission intensity rather than absolute terms. This is quite a sophisticated process, as you'll understand, different from very different from what we did in Europe. There will be an annual review of each company's industrial value added, which will lead to an increase or decrease in the absolute emissions allowance so as to maintain a fixed ratio of emissions to GDP. Intensity-driven allowances are a novel concept and if it succeeds could be set as an example for other countries to follow. If all goes well, China aims for a nationwide scheme to be in place by 2016. That's really, really ambitious, even for China. Surveys in China, by the way, are the key question of price where we've gone so wrong in Europe. Surveys of businessmen in China suggest that if they could get a price or if a price was to be dictated of 23 euros per tonne per tonne of CO2 that that would begin to impact on human behavior and businesses would actually spend money and diversify their technology base and change their behaviors in order to accomplish reduction in carbon emissions. And that's not enough, a lot different from what we in Europe thought as the base price when we introduced the ETS which was about 20 euros per tonne. So let me sum up this development by quoting our report published last September on new markets, new mechanisms, new opportunities by the London-based financial advisors carbon trading capital. It said that China had proven itself a worthy advocate of climate change policy with the launching of its ETS pilot scheme and with the great potential for the development of a national market. It believed China are likely to provide a multitude of socioeconomic, financial and learning opportunities for other countries and most importantly could act as a model for the rest of the world to follow. There's no doubt whatever that the prospect of China introducing a national emissions scheme by 16 is the best possible news for those of us who want to see change in global warming. Going into COP 21 with the national scheme about to be launched within months, China will set the agenda for Paris for doing what we all know is essential and what most believe to be inevitable that is capping and progressively reducing the amount of carbon we've met to the atmosphere. With the European Union scheme broken and no possibility of a national scheme in the United States China is to be thanked for leading the world again. Many other measures almost too numerous to mention and I have to apologise for the sometimes the detail you have to talk about here but there's almost no way to think in terms of 1.3 billion people that's a ridiculous number that's 1,300 million people and to think that there's vast experimentation going on there and you know how much we could debate about things going on here in Ireland with four and a half million of us. We just have no real concept of how this government runs this country and does such a spectacular an amazing job at doing that. But as I say there are many other measures that are going to be adopted for example the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Development have launched a small green towns initiative under which financial support is being provided selective towns for a range of new activities including energy efficiency and renewable energy applications. Earlier this year the Minister for Transport took the initiative on greening the transport system which will cover railways, roads, waterways and airlines. And this is flanked by a major program on introducing electric vehicles which we know from separate knowledge that Warren Buffett has invested down in Shenzhen in the batteries that will power most electric cars of the future. Around the same time the NDRC issued a proposal on energy conservation plans for no less than 10,000 enterprises which may be later expanded to cover more than a million enterprises. Then as we said on the to coincide with the opening in Shenzhen of the carbon trading scheme they held a national low carbon day and that was launched to the theme of practicing low carbon energy building a beautiful homeland. The aim is to raise public awareness of energy saving low carbon development and it's clearly destined to be an annual reaffirmation of the national goal of creating low carbon society. As at the structural level investment in energy efficiency and renewable energy came to 50 billion last year an increase of 20% of the previous year making China the number one global player in this field. So mention of renewable energy brings us back to the use of coal and generating electricity the real elephant in the room. No serious progress can be made on reducing carbon emissions until Chinese coal usage is drastically reduced but until last month no attempt had been made to do so and it was possible to envisage that coal usage would have doubled or maybe even trebled by 2050. On the other hand the 12 five-year plan contained objectives on climate change that could only mean momentous change in generation and in the middle of August the State Council announced plans to make energy saving central to the economy of 2015. In an attempt to stimulate technological innovation environmental protection industries are to receive funding from the government not unexpectedly the plan will address air, water and soil pollution. It's intended that the sector will grow by 15% per annum so that it becomes a pillar sector of the economy with the projected annual turnover of 320 billion and the end of making China the biggest manufacturer of environmental protection technologies in the world. But welcome as it was the initiative could have been incomplete without and unconvincing without corresponding action on coal. The action came a month later on as recent as September the 11th. The State Council announced it was banning the construction of new coal fired plant power stations in industrial centres like Beijing and Tianjin in northern China and the Yangtze and Pearl River deltas in eastern and southern China covering both Shanghai and Guang Shan. The hope is that by 2017 Beijing residents will be breathing in 25% less particulate matter when compared to 2012. If achieved a reduction of 25% in five years will be truly impressive but actually needs to be. Anybody who's been there knows that they have to accomplish this. This is when you can see the end of the room and you know things are very bad. The State Council announced our announcement was met with shock on the part of the world media and most particularly by the global coal industry and Forbes has said well that's one way to do it. Indeed it was and it was a graphic example of how China uses the most appropriate tools to hand to achieve its objectives market mechanisms for carbon trading and an administrative fiat on coal. The State Council decision is intended to reduce the dependency on coal from 70% to 65% by 2017 and while the percentage may drop the absolute amount of coal used will not. But as many analysts have noted the decision is a significant step in the right direction. Again it's amazing China builds a new Greece economy every 10 weeks I think and a new Chinese electricity system every year or sorry a new English electricity system every year. So you know when you when you start moving percentages down from 70 to 65 that might not sound a lot but that is a lot. That takes a big commitment and endeavor to do that. This is just the beginning of what is going to be the biggest ever transformation of any energy system in the world. In my last lecture two years ago I said that plans for clean and efficient coal fire generation sets the use of shale gas and the development of nuclear power were incompatible with the ecological objectives as set out in the 12 year plan and I expected them to be heavily modified and eventually abandoned. And I think that's what's happening right now. The old system can't go on in China. The people won't have it and the government doesn't want it. The overall energy transformation remains to be unveiled but is clearly in the course of preparation as the planners tinker around with different technologies and I believe that transformation to be underway. The coal question had to be attacked and it has now been put on the national agenda. There's a great deal of damage to be undone like the smug that shut down the city of Harbin this week with a reading of 1000 on the PM 2.5 index compared with the world health organization safety level of 20. So you understand when I say it has to be done. Beijing itself regularly records levels of 150. Organization has penalties such as smug as well as the floods that afflicted 258 cities last year and cannot continue at its current pace without drastic remedial action. And that is why I expect even faster advances in reducing the use of fossil fuels and increasing the rate of renewables adaptation. And China will be is the largest investor in renewables in the world and that will be reinforced over the next few years and they'll also be moving into offshore wind as well an area close to my own heart. I hope this evidence I have assembled proves that China is seriously intent on combating climate change and that has already taken a global leadership position which can only grow stronger as it delivers on its targets and as other others falter in their obligations. The effects of these policies will be cumulative and increasingly persuasive. For example according to the International Energy Agency last year's emissions in China were the lowest for a decade due to the greater energy efficiency and increasing reduce of renewables so the policies are beginning to bite. The climate institute in Australia an independent think-tack reacted to the emissions scheme pilot schemes by saying that between 25 and 2020 China's policies may well lead to the largest single reduction of any country in the history of action on climate change by cutting emissions by 4.5 billion tons. Going into COP 21 China will be there on the basis of its achievements and of its ambitions and the record behind it and it'll be armed with a moral authority that almost no other country can match certainly none that we know of. In an otherwise gloomy world Europe is the other bright hope for success at the COP the Conference of Parties to be held in Paris in 2015. Europe led at Kyoto without it there wouldn't have been a Kyoto and later again Europe led at Copenhagen but as we said that was a real disaster. What the EU did in the past was actually very brave leadership in the world and it needs to get its act together now as with a functioning emissions trading system the so-called ETS. The European ETS system was defective at its outset we wrote the Commission telling them this that it couldn't work and this has been reinforced and has led to such disasters as we were importing American coal into Europe now because the price for carbon dioxide is three euros a ton and our emissions have started to go up in Europe as a result of our ETS our emission trading system which is an absolute dismal and complete failure and given the imminence of COP 21 Europe's strategy should be to design an emissions trading system which mirrors what's happening in China indeed the moment is right for the EU and China to cooperate together in working out a common or harmonized and compatible system which could then be progressively adopted as a template for the rest of the world and the price is huge a joint trading scheme would put a floor on the price of carbon put a cap on emissions and create the framework for a global carbon budget which we mentioned early on it would meet these three objectives all at once the problem with the proposal for coordinated action is the absence of a strategic relationship between Europe and China which exists on paper of course but whose main outcome seems to have been meetings about meetings the failure seems to be of greater concern to China than actually does to the member states of the European Union which are each busy trying to outdo one another in concluding bilateral deals with China instead of working together on European positions in fact I have to confess I'll be heading off I think in March with David Cameron on a bilateral visit to China and my excuse is that we're going to try and help them build off shorewind and we're going to get a couple of billion or trillion to invest in European offshore wind but it's a lame excuse we really should be doing this as a European society the Chinese Academy of Social Science in a recent paper on the strategic relationship between China and Europe asked how many Europe's are there and the answer is too many national interests are predominant again and this is the very antithesis of the European Union if I'm going to borrow a phrase from President Xi the euro crisis has fragmented the European Union and has led to a breakdown in the sort of solidarity that characterized its early days the economic depression drove countries back in on themselves and fractured the unity of purpose that had previously been the hallmark of the new Europe built by Jean Monnet and Jacques Delors such fragmentation is out of place with our past successes our present preoccupations and our future ambitions it is certainly at a step with the threat of climate change on the one hand and the challenges created by the rise of China and the other as Marshall McLuhan said in the early 60s we live in a global village and we can't compete and we can't work and we'll never succeed if we treat one another as just a whole bunch of separate nations trying to swim in a sea that's created by others we Europeans have an opportunity of responding by resuming our leadership role on climate change and developing a strategic relationship with China and global affairs if we were to do that I believe it can't be ignored by the rest of the world I see you know about 50% of the American people would wish to have a cap and trade system and if China and Europe go and do it I see China's influence with the emerging world as working great great oracles there and I see that you know America will be actually left out in the cold and we'll have to climb on board the fact that the COP is taking place in Paris is cause for some degree of optimism the host country France has a global diplomatic reach and negotiating skills and prestige necessary to conclude an agreement we believe furthermore it is a real interest in the matter on the first anniversary of his election President Hollande outlined proposals for a European energy community which has long been advocated by Jacques de Laure through his institute North Europe an energy community would enable Europe to act in unison on matters as diverse as the deployment of wind and solar power the building of super grid the orderly transition from fossil fuels to renewables and of course the reduction in carbon emissions I've actually heard President Hollande speak himself very passionately about this in Abu Dhabi in January of this year and his proposal is an imaginative one now that the federal elections are the way in Germany and the free democrats have left and they had no interest in climate change they didn't believe it now you'll see either a coalition with the Greens or a grand coalition with the social democrats with Mrs Merkel of course being the chancellor so we see Germany actually moving in the right direction and we think a deal with France if France proposes something France and Germany can once again work together to reconstruct and re-reconstruct Europe the European dream may have weakened by the economic depression but as I said with France and Germany once again leading we believe that the European dream envisaged by Schumann and Monet can take on a new vigor and restore unity of purpose to Europe in place of the fragmentation that afflicts us at present it is essential that the European dream is restored for while the American dream is fading the China dream has been given new impetus by President Xi part of that dream is a harmonious world which includes a world of harmony with nature and this springs directly from the civilizing concepts of me and Xi and Guangxi which we refer to earlier on and we Europeans should match that dream and work with China to save the planet and I don't use these words lightly the planet is endangered every single part of the globe is now affected by human activity and all of it is bad even the Arctic ice cap and I was delighted to sponsor a rowboat which attempted to row the northwest passage this year it didn't make it not because the ice wasn't there but the ice was there the ice wasn't there but they faced headwinds all the way and this was the first time in history in in our human history that you could actually row or travel across water over northern Canada I can't understand how anybody can look at the evidence before their very eyes and deny the climate change is underway nor do I understand the mentality of those who acknowledge the threat but refuse to do anything about it there's been a question raised a lot in my presence lately about the temperature doesn't seem to have gone up a lot in the last few years well no but the enthalpy and here's the chemical engineer coming out the enthalpy of the atmosphere is increasing and what that means if you imagine a bucket of water there in your boiler it the temperature stays at 100 degrees but you're putting gigantic amounts of energy into the atmosphere and so the temperature doesn't change but the enthalpy of the entire of that entire volume of gases has dramatically altered and that's what we're looking at now and that's what's leading that's how it's building up currently we will see it right the temperature is the best measure of it but we haven't yet begun to describe and the scientists haven't got down the engineers aren't on board to talk about this problem of enthalpy and increasing energy in our biosphere so anyway I find this particularly obnoxious when I recall that John Tyndall a great Irish scientist from County Carlaw went to work in the Royal Institution in London and in 1861 he passed a stream or some infrared radiation through a bunch of gases oxygen and nitrogen it went through and there was no effect whatsoever when he passed it through CO2 and methane and water vapor there was almost a full absorption now we have increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 270 which it was from the dawn of our species until the dawn of the Industrial Revolution now it's over 400 and that is absorbing energy and it doesn't matter it's no point in being climate-skeptic we might not think the world is flat out there but you know like we dealt a long time ago with the guys who said the world looks flat so anyway we've also had Jim Dougue by the way a great Irish man and he was a polymath who helped create the international panel on climate change and I believe he often spoke here Brenton when he was alive so ladies and gentlemen let me sum up by saying I've advanced five propositions for your consideration one that we've only got about 15 to 25 years to reverse carbon emissions otherwise we're faced with a catastrophe two that COP 21 had better succeed in arriving at the global agreement on capping emissions and dividing up the carbon budget three that China has proven it is seriously intent on reducing its own emissions and will play a leadership role in Paris four that the best prospects for success is for Europe to forge a strategic alliance with China and agree on an emission trading system that can act as a template for the rest of the world and five that the first step towards this alliance is for Europe to get its act together and come to Paris with the functioning emission trading scheme which mirrors that of China I hope they commend themselves to you as a strategy to avert global warming and to save the planet in the closing paragraphs of his memoir Jean Monnet finally exposed the grand motivation for his dream of Europe unites us in peace and harmony it was he wrote to create a region of the world where the people prospered in peace and which could act as an inspiration for what he called an organized world other regions he hoped would work with Europe to build this new world with those words he closed his memoirs and shortly afterwards his life that dream of his could not be more apt we need a world organized in its own defense there are only two at world powers that can provide the necessary leadership that's we in Europe and led indeed by China for these reasons I have proposed the creation of a strategic relationship between China and Europe devoted to the task of systematically cutting greenhouse gas emissions to a level that will prevent this catastrophe of climate change happening it would be alliance like no other in history but then history was never presented with such a challenge as the one that we face today thank you very much


Hey there friends, thanks for checking in. It's time for another Handgun Showdown where the viewers of this channel decide which manufacturers produce the better handguns. Here we have Taurus vs Rock Island Armory and each of these companies sell guns at the budget price and I think each have a lot of fans out there, so this will be a good one. But before I get into that, I have to report the results from the last Handgun Showdown where we matched up, Glock vs Springfield Armory. And I have to say, I have never had a handgun showdown with as much participation as this one. They came out in droves, fans of each. But once it was all done and said, Springfield Armory took it. It was razor thin and it was a great handgun showdown, but that's how it turned out. So we've got a good one today, so let's get to it. Let's begin with Taurus and we'll start right here with the little 380 Spectrum. What makes this unique? Not only does it weigh just 10 ounces unloaded, but it has these rubber inserts throughout the grip and even where the serrations go. They call it a soft touch and it gets a nice firm feel on the gun and it has lasted as long as I've owned it. It does come with a 7 round magazine. They also have a 6 round magazine with a flat base plate, 2.8 inch barrel, double action trigger pull. It does have restrike capability. Integrated sights on the top of the slide including the front sight there, completely snag free known as a pocket gun. You know, 7 rounds plus one in the chamber, 8 rounds of 380 ACP, not bad to slip into your pocket. It shoots really nice. I shoot this really well and I'm very happy with it. But over here we've got the new G3C. You replace the G2C, it's a third generation, it does have a wider trigger bar safety in there that is nice. They use the same 12 round magazines except for it has that indentation there that allows you to rip it out of the mag well if needed. But the trigger is very nice single action and you're looking at a reset right there. They now offer front serrations and metal sights that are interchangeable with Glock. They also have a sight hole indicator there and that same grip and the same thumb safety that so many people love with the G2C and they also have a rail. So they upgraded the G3C and many people who are certainly excited about it. But over here we've got a Taurus Defender 856 revolver with six rounds of 38 special. We will accept plus P. This is the matte stainless model. They have a rubber grip very comfortable. It's an ultralight model so it's very light with a three inch barrel and a tritium front dot with an orange outline that makes for nice night and day sight with that front sight. Tunneled rear sight already mentioned six rounds and a very nice single action trigger pull at the range. It's a straight shooter and people wanted a longer barrel 856 and they got it with this Taurus Defender. Rock Island Armory offers a huge line of 1911's and this one in particular. I've enjoyed a lot throughout the years. This is a TAC Ultra Combo chambered in 22 TCM but it also comes with a 9mm barrel and recoil spring. You just change those out. You can use the same 10 round magazine and it'll fire both just fine.  Nice setup here. I enjoy the option of shooting 9mm or 22 TCM with that very same handgun. But over here we've got a new revolver from Rock Island Armory. This is called an AL 3.0. They also have an AL 3.1 that's all stainless. This is the blued model. These are produced in the Czech Republic but it's a 6 shot 357 magnum and it has some weight behind it. You can see that it does have the rubber grips, some texturing on there for a nice firm feel. You need that with the 357. Two inch barrel, ramped up fixed front sight and a tunnel in the rear. I shoot this very well and I really like the way it performs. It's heavy duty and it gets that 357 downrange with an uncomfortable fashion. But over here we've got the Rock Island BBR 3.1.0. It's a subcompact 45 ACP 1911 with a 10 round double stack magazine. Check that out. With 11 rounds in the firearm it weighs just over 42 ounces. So it's a beast. And also has that same single action trigger pull. It has a ported slide and barrel. Right there you can see that ported slide and barrel, adjustable rear sights and a tank. It's thick, it's stout, but it gets the job done. I don't know many manufacturers that produce a subcompact double stack 1911 and 45 ACP but Rock Island does with this BBR 3.1.0. Nice setup and Rock Island really has some nice firearms in their lineup. So which company do you feel makes the better handguns? Is it Taurus or is it Rock Island Armory? Be sure to weigh in in the comments and I'll add them up and report the results back with the next handgun showdown. If you like videos like this, please subscribe. And share. I always appreciate thumbs up button. Thanks for watching and you guys be safe.


The Ukrainian military on June 4 renewed its plea for operational silence around a long-awaited counteroffensive against Russian forces, the latest in a stream of messages by Kiev as it prepares for the assault. Anticipation has mounted around what is expected to be a broad attack by Ukrainian forces to retake Russian-occupied territory in the east and south. But Ukrainian officials have repeatedly discouraged public speculation over the operation, saying it could help the enemy. These in recent days have also cracked down on citizens sharing images or footage of air defense systems shooting down Russian missiles. Plans love silence. There will be no announcement of the start, the ministry said in a video posted to official telegram channels, apparently referring to the counteroffensive.


Griffith University's art collection amounts to over four and a half thousand objects. It's the second largest public art collection in the state. Just recently we've renamed ourselves as Griffith University Art Museum and we feel that this most encompasses all of our activities and gives us a new perspective and simplifies our message. Our collection is an amazing resource and we often have researchers as well as students and student groups led by teachers coming in and looking and viewing works in our collection. But we also have an on-campus exhibition program so we hang works from the collection all around the different campuses of Griffith University. We've been able to partner on publication projects assisting Dale Harding and Gordon Hookie with publications to accompany their showings in documentary this year. It's also fed into our exhibition program. These are some of the most significant Australian artists working today. We've got a really important internship program which has been going for several years now and it highlights the importance of real skills and in the development of a visual arts career. And I think that a space like this offers an amazing venue for that kind of activity where they can learn skills in terms of collection management, curatorship, exhibition logistics or marketing and communications.


Welcome to The Commentaries, a podcast series from Tan in which you'll learn how to read and understand history's greatest Catholic works from today's greatest Catholic scholars. In every series of The Commentaries, your expert host will be your personal guide to not just read the book, but to live the book, shining the light of its eternal truths into our modern darkness. Tan commentaries.com to get your copy of the book and to subscribe for access to all the great reading plans, new episodes, bonus content and exclusive deals for listeners of The Commentaries. Welcome back to The Commentaries series on St. Teresa of Avila's interior castle. I'm Father Timothy Reed and today is day 14 in our series. So far we've looked into the first four chapters of the six mansions, having looked at chapters three and four last time, and today we're going to examine chapters five, six and seven. Now keep in mind, as I've said in previous podcasts, that St. Teresa was in the six mansions during a very busy time in her life. She was occupied with founding new monasteries all over Spain and she was also going through what St. John of the Cross calls the dark night. Moreover, her time in the six mansions covered nearly 15 years of her life. So it was a very considerable portion of her life. Now last month we spoke at length about the locutions, raptures and ecstasies that are often experienced in the six mansions and we're going to continue that conversation today. So let's jump into chapter five. Now in chapter five, St. Teresa discusses a variation of a rapture, what she calls flight of the spirit. Now in this phenomenon, it seems that the soul is carried away with an alarming speed and an intensity that cannot be resisted. Again, Teresa speaks of this as a tremendous favor, although it would be terrifying if God did not grant us the courage necessary to endure it. Now in a sense, God forces the soul to abandon itself into his omnipotent hands. But as he does, the soul is granted many favors such as knowledge of very many things. The soul is shown light that is completely different from earthly light and afterwards it is loved with great peace and tranquility. And in particular, Teresa says the soul is left with a greater perception of God's greatness, greater self-knowledge and humility, and contempt for earthly things, accepting those things consecrated to the service of God. Of this experience, she writes in paragraphs 10 and 11, with the swiftness of a bullet fired from a gun, an upward flight takes place in the interior of the soul. So noiseless, it is to manifest of movement to be any illusion, and the soul is quiet outside itself. At least that is the impression made upon it. Great mysteries are revealed to it meanwhile, and when the person returns to consciousness, she is so greatly benefited that she holds all those world's goods as filth compared to what she has seen. This fourth earthly life is grievous to her, and what used to please her now remains uncared for and unnoticed. Those children of Israel who were sent on first to the land of promise brought back tokens from it. So here our Lord seems to seek to show the soul something of the land to which it is traveling, to give it courage to pass through the trials of its painful journey now that it knows where it must go to find rest. You may fancy that such profit could not thus quickly be obtained, yet only those who have experienced what signal benefits this favor leaves in the soul can realize its value. Now Teresa believes that we can be confident that such experiences are only from God because neither the devil nor our imagination could reproduce the peace, calm and good fruits that are left in the soul. St. Teresa also believes that anyone who experiences a flight of the Spirit would not dare offend God after seeing his grandeur. These souls are also filled with tremendous gratitude, a desire to serve others, an acute awareness of their own faults and failings, as well as a sense of one's own spiritual poverty. Now both imaginative and intellectual visions are associated with this type of rapture. Moreover, like other raptures, this type is not easily forgotten except through one's own fault. Now, because of the intensity of the experiences and the graces that come with it, St. Teresa expresses several times the need for courage. Furthermore, as we get into chapter 6, St. Teresa speaks of how the soul who experiences flight of the Spirit simply wants to die and be with God.  Such a one often implores God with tears to take her from this exile where everything she sees wearies her. Now these souls may also experience fear that the devil will trick them into doing something offensive to the Lord whom it loves so much. And so the soul in this state who experiences this seeks only to obey our Lord and resign itself completely into his hands, letting him give what he wants. St. Teresa goes on, The soul feels she would prefer to be cut in pieces rather than willfully commit a venial sin yet is greatly grieved at seeing that she cannot avoid unwittingly falling into a great number.  On the other hand, they seek to live amidst men in the hopes of helping if but one soul to praise God better. Now these words should chastise us just a little, I mean truly how many of us take such great pains to avoid even venial sin, how many of us are ever really conscious of displeasing God, at least on a regular basis. And so St. Teresa is certainly giving us something to work for here. Now in speaking of the ardent desires of the soul to see God at this stage of the spiritual life, Teresa cautions that these desires really should be checked rather than encouraged. And she says one's reason should conform itself to God's will. She also gives some very practical advice for those who are naturally sensitive and emotional namely that they could deceive themselves about the source of their tears and end up too weak to pray or keep their religious rule. Ultimately Teresa says in paragraph 10 of chapter 6, I think it best for us to place ourselves in the presence of God, contemplate his mercy and grandeur and our own vileness and leave him to give us what he will, whether water or drought, for he knows best what is good for us. Thus we enjoy peace and the devil will have less chance to deceive us. Now at the end of chapter 6, St. Teresa discusses another prayer experience, a feeling of jubilation and a prayer that the soul does not understand. In this gift the soul desires to praise God unceasingly and to get others to do the same. The soul enjoys an intense joy in God that it wants to share with others. And St. Teresa concludes chapter 6 by praying that God will often grant this type of prayer which causes a soul to be forgetful of self such that it can neither think nor speak of anything but praising God. We now move into chapter 7 which deals with suffering for one's sins. St. Teresa begins his chapter by writing, It may seem to you sisters that souls to whom God has communicated himself in such a special manner may feel so sure of enjoying him forever as no longer to require to fear or to mourn over their past sins. Those of you will be most apt to hold this opinion who have never received the like favors. Souls to whom God has granted these graces will understand what I say. This is a great mistake. For sorrow for sin increases in proportion to the divine grace received and I believe will never quit us until we come to the land where nothing can grieve us anymore. So in other words as the graces and extraordinary favors from our Lord increase as we move through the interior castle so too does one's suffering over past sins and this suffering lasts until one dies. And while the intensity of this particular suffering increases and decreases yet the sins remain like the mire in the riverbed and dwell constantly in the memory making a heavy cross to bear. Now this suffering is not a matter of worrying about what punishments it will endure because of its sins rather the soul simply has the pain of knowing that it has been so ungrateful to the one who deserves so much. There's no fear of hell just the fear of offending God again. Now St. Teresa believes it is good for a soul to be reminded of how miserable it was in the past because of its sins and this too should give us pause. For do we really think much of our past sins? Do we ever give sufficient thought to how we've offended God? Now though others think are wrong, Teresa holds firm to her conviction that even at this advanced point in the spiritual life favored souls should continue to meditate on the humanity of Christ which so often forms the meditations of one in the first three mansions and not focus simply on his divinity which she says really belongs to the angels. We live in a corporal world and therefore it is good to derive some consolation from thinking about our Lord, his mother and the saints and all that they suffer. However, as a soul grows in contemplation, discursive meditation upon Jesus' life and passion becomes more difficult. While we might like to be completely taken up in contemplation, it is impossible to live constantly in that delight. In fact, Teresa thinks it is unhealthy to be in a constant state of absorption and says that those souls who feel in danger of being that way should ask for demanding tasks to do. Those souls who are able to meditate discursively on the humanity of Jesus should continue to do so because it's not going to impede growth in prayer. Teresa teaches us that once a soul reaches the seventh mansions, the most interior part of the interior castle, there's very little need to try to incendal within oneself a greater love for God because Christ is at that point one's constant companion. And so until we've reached that point, we should strive to obey the commandments and think upon our Lord's life, death and all that we owe him. We've now covered seven of the eleven chapters St. Teresa devotes to the sixth mansions. Now in the past several chapters, Teresa has given us great commentary on the extraordinary prayer experiences that God often gives to souls in the sixth mansions. And while there are so many graces given to the souls who make it this far inside the interior castle, there is also much suffering to bear with. What is important is to keep our eyes fixed on our Lord and on His most adorable will, and to seek to do His will, to do whatever is pleasing to Him in whatever situation we find ourselves. That completes our podcast for day 14. Thank you so much for listening. Join us next time as we continue working our way through the sixth mansions. Until then, let us pray with St. Teresa. Let nothing disturb you. Let nothing frighten you. All things are passing away. God never changes. Patience obtains all things. Whoever has God lacks nothing. God alone suffices. Amen. May God bless you and may St. Teresa intercede for you. This has been an episode of The Commentaries, a podcast brought to you by Tan. To follow the show, study more of the greatest Catholic classics, and to support The Commentaries and other great free content from Tan, visit tancommentaries.com to subscribe and use coupon code COM25 to get 25% off your next order, including the interior castle and countless more spiritual works to deepen your interior life and guide you to heaven.


Now one of the things I showed was that I could highlight a single column or a single row. But what if I want to highlight everything? Well, that's what we got this guy for. This guy right here, if I click on him, he actually will highlight everything. And so, say for example, I want to get rid of those bees. For example, I can actually make everything yellow. Now my entire background for my cells is yellow, or I can actually select no fill in my drop-down menu. And what that will do is that will remove out the color. And so you can see I can start to play around with this a little bit more. Now one of the things we like to do is we like to create what's known as a documentation sheet. And just so you can see that, one of the things I can do is I can rename sheet one. I can either double-click on sheet one, or right-clicking brings up my shortcut menu. And for my sake, I'm just going to select rename documentation. And we do this as a good identifier of what we're looking at. In three months, you're not going to know what any of this stuff is. In 10 months, you're not going to know what any of this stuff is. In 10 years, why are you still looking at this? So this is a good way to identify what we're talking about. So we can say, OK, author. We can say date. And we can always get that purpose. That purpose is pretty important. So obviously the author, that would be yours truly.  I know one of the things you might notice is I can input my date any way I want. So we'll say to 2815. Notice what happened when I hit Enter. I said to 2815. It automatically interpreted what I typed as a date because Excel is smart like that. And it properly formatted it for me. And so purpose, we can say to demonstrate Excel's functions. Yay. Now one of the things you might notice is B is getting cut off right now. B is still right here. What I can do is I can actually resize this by clicking, holding, and dragging. And you notice this will actually allow me to see sort of where it is. And I get a little indicator at the very top here telling me how big width is. And you see I can drag it all the way to say Adam Guida. So it's all the way there. But what happens if I don't want to play that game? I don't want to play the making sure that's right. Especially since I got to do it again over here. One of the things I can do is I can use auto fit simply by double clicking. It will jump all the way to the end of my text. Now notice what happened here. My date all of a sudden jumped all the way to the right. That's because inside of Microsoft Excel, dates and numbers are right aligned. So what we can do is just like we would see inside of Microsoft Word, we can use our alignment section. The longer the paragraph section is the alignment section to select left alignment. Now what if I want text? I don't like the fact that I got text right here, text right here. And then I'm dealing with the shorthand version of numbers. Notice what happened when I click on Adam right there. I get general. When I click here, general. But when I click here, date. All right. It means we can format our numbers. If I click on that drop down menu, you'll see that we have a few options. One of those is long date. And what long date will do is it'll flesh it out entirely. Notice, yeah, I'm doing this video on a Saturday. So these things, they allow me to kind of work on this and format my data as I like it.


I have this electrolytic cell here. So, there is a power source here, let us say a battery and we have two plates dipped in some electrolytic solution and let us say the length between both of these plates is L and the area of each of these plates is A and we know that the circuit here is complete. So, if we think of some electrons leaving from this negative terminal we know that they are going back and completing the circuit. So, then how is the conduction taking place in the solution? How can we describe that? So, we have seen something very similar when we have looked at resistance and resistivity before. Let us go back to that idea. So, if we have this metallic wire with a cross section area A and a length L, we know that in this case the resistance R is defined as rho times L by A where R is the resistance and rho is the resistivity. So, if I just rearrange this I can write it as 1 by R is equal to 1 by rho times A by L. I have just taken each of these terms to the other side of the equal to sign. So, since R was our resistance I can write 1 by R or the inverse of resistance as conductance and let us say I denote this by the symbol G and similarly for this 1 by rho rho was resistivity. So, I am going to call 1 by rho that is the inverse of resistivity as conductivity. So, if this conductivity is denoted by this kappa we can write the conductance G is equal to kappa times A by L. Now, in the case of this wire A was the cross section area and L was the length of this wire. But what will be the area and the length for our electrolytic cell? You can probably guess what it is going to be. So, the length L is the distance between both of these plates and the area A is the common area in the solution between these two plates. So, you can see that both of these plates are dipped in the solution and both of them each have a area which is equal to A. But the important point is that this A is the common area or the effective area. So, if I pull this plate that is that only half of it is dipped in the solution the effective area will now become A by 2 and if I keep pulling this plate out so that it is completely out of the solution the circuit breaks and we do not have any conduction. So, the A here is the common area of both of these plates and for simplicity I have taken both of them to be equal. So, I know that the common area is A. Now, if we look at the units of the terms in this equation G which is the conductance is 1 over resistance and we know that resistance is measured in ohms. So, the units of G will be ohm inverse and similarly if you look at the resistivity because this is length so the units will be meters and area will be meter square. The SI unit of resistivity will be ohm meters. So, conductivity or kappa which is inverse of resistivity will have units of ohm inverse meter inverse. Now, in SI units this ohm inverse is referred to the unit Siemens which is denoted by S. So, we can write the units of conductance as Siemens and the units of conductivity as Siemens per meter. Now, let's say you want to find the conductance of different solutions. So, we use the same cell we just drain out the solution and use a different one. So, in that case the length and the area will remain the same because we are using the same cell. So, sometimes in problems this ratio of L by A is given as cell constant which is denoted by this G star. So, if you are using the same cell the length between these plates and the common area is going to be the same. So, for that particular cell the cell constant will be defined as L over A and so we can rewrite this equation as G times G star is equal to kappa where G is the conductance in Siemens and G star or the cell constant has a unit of 1 over meter or meter inverse which is the same as we saw before. So, kappa was ohm inverse meter inverse ohm inverse can be called Siemens and kappa here is Siemens per meter. So, when we started out we wanted to better understand the flow of electrons in this electrolytic solution and to do that we used what we knew from conduction in a metallic wire and we drew some parallels and based on a very similar idea we came to these equations. But if we go back to this wire in this case when we write the relationship between resistance and resistivity, resistivity is a fundamental property of the material. So, let's say if I have a copper wire I know that the resistivity of copper is some value and if instead of copper let's say I want to use a silver wire or a gold wire I can just compare these values of resistivity to find out which one will be a better conductor. But this was in the case of a metallic wire for the electrolytic cell if we use this form of the equation and we know that the L by A or the cell constant is a fixed value and we use this kappa or conductivity in the same way to understand how the conduction changes when we change the solution and the key word here is solution because unlike the case of this solid metallic wire if we are comparing solutions we need to think about how much of the solute are we adding and into how much of the solvent so we probably need to think in terms of concentration. Let's see how we can do that. So, we looked at this way of defining conductivity before. So, let's say I want to standardize this conductivity in some way and the idea is if you look at this cell constant which is G star we saw how the cell constant was equal to L over A where L is this distance between the plates and A is the common area of these plates. So, what if I take this common area to be 1 square centimeter and the length between the plates to be 1 centimeter. So, essentially what I am doing is if I think of this cube I am saying that this face has an area of 1 centimeter square and this length is 1 centimeter. So, the volume of this cube will be 1 centimeter cube which can also be written as 1 cc or 1 ml. So, if I take the plates of areas 1 centimeter square and if I keep them 1 centimeter apart effectively the volume inside this space is equal to 1 ml but the problem here is that when I talk of the conductivity of this unit volume I'm not including the ions anywhere. So, unlike the case of the metallic wire it's the ions here that actually take part in the charge transfer and where are the ions coming from. The ions are determined by how much of the solute you added in this solvent to get this solution and so it would be useful to rethink this value of conductivity on a per mole basis. So, let's define a new term called molar conductivity and we're going to define it as this kappa divided by molar concentration or molarity c. If the symbol looks new to you this is actually the upper case lambda. So, the other lambda that you would have seen is small case lambda which is written like this. This is the upper case lambda that we are using to define this quantity called molar conductivity. I know what you're thinking, why do we have to define this molar quantity? Can we not directly use this value of kappa from here? So, the problem with looking at this kappa for solutions is that if we look at this unit volume this is the unit volume of the solution. So, when you talk of a solution you will have some fixed amount of solvent and some amount of solute and the amount of solute is what is determining the amount of ions in the solution and the transfer of charges and therefore the conductivity of this solution will depend on how many ions are there in the solution and so we use the molar concentration or the molarity to take this into account. Now, if we look at the units of molar conductivity kappa in SI units is given as C-minus per meter and concentration can be written in the form of mol per meter cube. So, if we cancel out this term the units of molar conductivity then become C-minus per mol per meter square but usually the kappa is given in C-minus per centimeter and the concentration is given in moles per liter. So, let's adjust these units here since such a way that if we are given this concentration in mol per liter and the kappa in C-minus per centimeter we can directly plug them in and not worry about adjusting these units and we can work our way backwards. We know that one centimeter cube is the same as one ml. So, I can write this as 1 instead of centimeters I can write it as 10 to the power minus 2 meters and this I can write as 1 times 10 to the power minus 3 liters. So, I have 10 to the power minus 6 meter cube is equal to 10 to the power minus 3 liters. I can cancel this out on both sides and so I can write 10 to the power minus 3 meter cube is equal to 1 liter. Now, if we take a reciprocal on both sides we can write this as 10 to the power 3 per meter cube is equal to per liter. So, we can already see that we are getting there. We need a mol per liter on the right hand side. So, we can write this as 10 to the power 3 mol per meter cube is equal to 1 mol per liter. Now, if we take this 10 to the power 3 to the other side, we have 1 mol per meter cube equal to 10 to the power minus 3 mol per liter. Now, why we did all of this unit conversion exercise is because we want to be able to plug in this mol per meter cube here to get the molar conductivity in CGS units. So, if we do that we can write the molar conductivity lambda m as kappa in Siemens per centimeter divided by the concentration given in moles per liter times 1000 and the 1000 here is when you take this 10 to the power minus 3 from the denominator to the numerator. So, if a numerator is equal to 1, then we can write this as 10 to the power minus 3 per liter. So, we can write this as 10 to the power minus 3 times C in mol per liter. Now, I can just take this 10 to the power minus 3 above. So, I can write this as molar conductivity is kappa which is expressed in Siemens per centimeter divided by the concentration given in moles per liter If in numerical problems you are given the kappa value in these units and the concentration in mol per liter you can directly plug them in into this formula to get the molar conductivity in Siemens centimeter square per mol.


So in this new future of incredible new tools, technology and software, it's easy to feel overwhelmed and lost as to how to start your journey. And that's why today I'd like to share some advice and direction that may help you identify what your next move is. Now I have found the solution to most of my problems is to spend time where you naturally enjoy spending at most. If you're working on a project and your favorite part is 3D modeling, then don't be afraid to spend most of your time making models and then find tools to help you do the things that you're not interested like programming. If you're passionate about programming, then spend most of your time programming and then use other software to generate things that you don't really care about like animation or special effects. Now I know this sounds really basic, but I think this advice gets hugely overlooked, especially now with the dawn of new generative technology, there seems to be a huge push where people are trying to tell you not to use any of the new tools and just learn to do everything yourself because that's what quote unquote real creators would do. But there's a huge caveat to doing everything yourself that nobody really talks about that I think you really need to know because if you don't then reality is going to hit you in the face and by then it might be too late. So you need to be honest with yourself about what your goals are. If you are making a game or a project, are you doing it for the fulfillment of knowing you did everything yourself?  If doing everything on your own makes you happy, then do it because you'll probably succeed because you're doing what you love. But if you are not doing it for the sake of doing it, then odds are you are not going to get the same fulfillment doing everything yourself. Like personally, I wish I enjoyed doing everything myself. I mean, I really enjoy 3D modeling and animation, but I would be lying to you if I said that I also love UV mapping or that I love texturing or love programming, debugging, making sound effects, writing and storyboarding and voice acting and uploading and marketing. I've got things that I genuinely love to do and then there are things I really don't care about that are just required to complete the project. And I feel like this is really the crux of what determines whether someone is for or against generative technology. And what I mean by this is if you are the kind of person that believes the journey is the destination where your fulfillment comes from being on the journey and you don't really care where that journey goes, or if you ever reach the end, then if this is you, you probably are against generative technology.  Some people enjoy the process of making art and that is awesome. I fully support that. But some people do not like the process of making art and for others, art is just a necessary piece of the puzzle in a bigger project. And I understand this and I support that too because I have seen what happens to people who don't enjoy making art and try to force themselves to make it. I cannot tell you the number of programmers that I've had in consultations where I can see them just hate their lives trying to force themselves to learn to make 3D art and animations for their game and just feel completely wasted two years later. Because remember, your art is always a reflection of you. If there's parts of your art that you are not passionate about, then the viewer will 100% feel that and it's going to work against you. And if you've ever wondered what would happen if you went down the path of doing everything yourself, then I can tell you what that path is like because that was the path I chose before I started this channel. I bought the Kool-Aid. I took the bait hook line and sinker. I forced myself to do everything on my own even though I hated most of the process because I was told that's what I was supposed to do as a quote unquote real artist. So today I'm going to share a personal story about my experience doing everything myself and what happened when it was over. I don't normally share this kind of experience and information with people because it's very subjective and personal, but I feel like it's highly relevant to the big questions that many new young developers today are struggling to figure out. So I'm going to go ahead and share this now. If you've been on the channel before, then you probably know that I released my first game in 2019 on Steam. This was the first project that I programmed, directed and created nearly everything by myself. What most of you probably don't know, though, is even though that it technically says in the description that the project took four years to complete, in reality, that was just the time it took for me to learn to teach myself how to program in unity with C-Sharp. If you take into account the time it took me to learn how to model, texture, rig, animate, motion capture 3D characters, vehicles, weapons, bosses, and environments for the game while I was in middle and high school, then the true development time for the game was really about ten years long. Even longer if you count the time it took for me to learn how to create and produce music for the game. Nobody really knows this, but in addition to creating all of the models, animations, assets, engines, UI, and programing for the code of the game, I also created the entire soundtrack from scratch by myself. I learned music theory, major and minor chord progression, melodic harmony, and my fantastic brother even got me the producer edition of Fruity Loop Studio in order to create all of the songs. And this is why there are only nine songs in the game. Each song took me about three weeks to complete, and by the end of the ninth song, I had run out of time, money, and resources to extend development any further before release. And honestly, I genuinely really did enjoy and love producing music, but it was clear to me that I had reached my mental and physical limits with the soundtrack, and I had no more reserves to come up with anything else. Regardless, what I'm trying to say is, I learned how to actually do everything for this project. The 2D, the 3D, the images, models, textures, animation, engine, programming for collision, physics, special effects, weapons, attacks, bosses, UI, sound effects, soundtrack, story, voice acting, debugging, marketing, everything. Any time there was something I did not know how to do, I hunted down all the tutorials and information I needed in order to figure out how to do it. I was under the impression that if I could figure out how to do it myself, that I should do it myself. And in the end, that is ultimately what harmed and made my project suffer. You see, I was a 3D animator forcing myself to write a story. I was a 3D animator forcing myself to make music. I was a 3D animator forcing myself to learn to advertise and market. And the truth is, each of these things that I was forcing myself to do normally takes trained professionals a lifetime to master. The idea that I was going to pump out a AAA story on my spare time was never reasonable to begin with. What I really enjoyed was making animations and gameplay. So that is where I focused most of my attention. And the things that I didn't really enjoy or specialize in, I didn't do very well at. I poured my heart and soul into the gameplay mechanics because that is what I loved. But I can't really say that about texture maps or marketing or the story. Don't get me wrong. I didn't try any less hard on those other aspects of the game. I simply didn't enjoy and wasn't as good at doing them. And that was very apparent to people who bought and reviewed the game. And luckily, I feel like most of the reviews for the game were very honest and fair. A lot of it was, the gameplay was good, but the characters were bland.  Or the game was fun, but the soundtrack was basic. And for me, that made a lot of sense because those are the aspects of the game that I really weren't very good at. Or naturally enjoyed creating. You see, the fact that the basic soundtrack took everything I had to create did not matter. Because at the end of the day, the only thing that matters is the audience's experience. Was it a fun game? Was it a good game? That is all that matters to most people. Nobody cared how the game was made. Nobody cared how difficult the game was to make for one person. And honestly, that's just how it is. And that's okay. Because I just feel honored and happy with the fact that they enjoyed the gameplay, which is where I spent most of my time and effort. When people say the story sucks, I don't even really blame them because it's true. And I know it's true because I as the director did a poor job scaling down the story into a feasible size for the resources and time I had available. In fact, if you play my game now, please just skip through all the cutscenes because they're not going to make any sense. It technically has a story, which was basically the main character is a fighter pilot aboard a ship like the Enterprise. The pilot is proud and has firm beliefs of being a good officer that does the right thing. Early on, you encounter an enemy rival pilot who shares similar beliefs, but on the opposite side, we're just going to call them the evil Enterprise.   So you decide to listen to the captain and let them go towards the end of the game, though the evil Enterprise that you spared ends up regrouping and destroying your entire crew later on, killing everyone and the captain that you so loyally served at the end of the game.  That's the gist of the story, but it is so poorly executed that I'm sure nobody understood what was going on. My point is I could have made it a more enjoyable experience for the target audience if instead of trying to do everything, even the things that I hate, I probably could have made the game better if I had just focused my time and energy on what I enjoy about gameplay and animations and just had an AI to help me debug or chat GPT to help make a better story. Or instead of killing myself to make a soundtrack, use something like Ava to make better music that players think would have fit the levels better. You have to remember your art is always a reflection of you. Your feelings, your emotions will leak into your work unconsciously, even if you don't mean for them to. It was clear to everyone playing my game that I was not a story guy. At the same time, it was also clear that I was very passionate about high octane action and epic boss fights. And in a crazy way, the player can actually feel the emotions I had while I was building the game. See, in real life, when I was working on the project, I felt like it was a war just to build one more piece every day. I felt stressed and overwhelmed making it. And the farther into development I got, the more stressed I became and the more overwhelming and impossible it seemed. And that just so happened to be reflected in the boss battles. Every boss is bigger, faster and more overwhelming than the last one. And that really wasn't on purpose, it's just how I felt as I was making the project. So ask yourself, if you enjoy all the parts of the journey and you're just doing it for your own fulfillment, then sure, by all means, go do all the parts yourself. But if your goal is to create a better experience for your target audience, then I think the right thing to do is to spend your time and resources in a way that will provide your audience with a better, more enjoyable experience. Remember, nobody cares how hard you struggled to make the story or to make the graphics or to make the music or the sound effects or the programming. The only thing most people care about is, was it enjoyable and would I like to see more? And this has been my philosophy from the inception of this channel. For me and many others like me, the destination is the destination. The art is just one piece of the puzzle for the experience of the player. And if there's anything I can do, any tool or software available for an affordable price that I can use to create a better experience for my target audience, then I feel I have an obligation to use it because it's not about me. It's about the player experience. So keep this in mind if you're not sure about going down the path of doing everything yourself. I've been down that path and personally, I realized it wasn't for me. And after coming to this realization, I've accepted and come to peace with what I truly enjoy, which is crafting fun experiences for other people. So ask yourself, are you there for the journey or the destination? Let your answer help you decide what's best for you. I hope that helps. And as always, hope you have a fantastic day and I'll see you around.


Before we started using ClickUp, our production windows were close to nine months. After we implemented ClickUp, we were able to shrink our production window down to four months. After soul crushing 10 years in banking, I started an electric bike company with my co-founder. And you know, we're all about bringing beautiful electric bikes to people. So you can imagine operating a business that produces in China designs and engineers, the bikes in Brazil, and then sells throughout the world. We need to really find efficiency in all operations of the business. And having thousands of orders from around the world, we need to be ultra efficient. I'm Justin Cosmitis. I'm CEO and co-founder of VeloBikes. And ClickUp gives me the confidence that all the tasks involved in producing and selling our bikes are getting done.