Welcome traders to today's online educational series next installment with me, Patrick Mungley. Can I just quickly do an audio check? Make sure you guys can hear me. Could you type a Y in the chat box if you can? Also, you should be able to see a welcome screen. Great stuff. Okay, so let's first of all, as always, just review the risk disclaimer. And take a second to appreciate that obviously foreign exchange trading or any trading really is a risky endeavor, but certainly you are doing yourself a service in terms of mitigating that risk by participating in these educational sessions and equipping yourself with extra levels of risk. Extra levels of knowledge before you undertake any trading activities. So, before we jump into today's contents, hopefully by now most of you know who I am, but for those who don't, those of you who have the first time, I'll just give you a brief overview of my background. After I graduated from King's College in London, I went on to join a city consulting firm and after a period at the firm, I left with a group of guys from the firm to do a startup. The startup experienced a significant period of growth and after four or five years, I catched in my stake and I began to pursue my passion for markets as is often the case with new traders or people who are making their first steps into the market. What I refer to as more meddling in the market and trading as such, I had a pretty good run in terms of beginner's luck. And when I started to make some quite significant gains, however, as is often the case that that beginner's luck ran out and I gave those gains back and then some. After taking a significant loss, I took a period to reflect upon what I was doing and I'm really as to whether or not I wanted to make a serious commitment to trading and to treat like a business and I took that decision. I sought out a mentor, someone who demonstrated excellence in the field of trading and I underwent a period of educating myself through his mentorship. Not only in the technical aspects of trading, but more importantly really in the mental aspects and we focused a huge amount upon my mental game and really was a period during which I became far more self aware and I really began to become a student of risk. So during this time I developed a trade plan, I back tested it, I forward tested it and I then underpin that with a rigorous risk management strategy. That plan and strategy I took to the market in 2008 and since then, on an annual basis, I've delivered profitable returns and I say annual basis because really that's how I assess my performance. I'm not interested in the outcome of individual trades or really even in a set of trades as such. It's really that to my mind, what I'm doing in terms of executing my plans, I'm collecting data and that data should over an extended series of outcomes, so weeks, months, years should demonstrate the edge of my strategy and like I say, fortunately for me it has done since 2008. Since 2010 I've also mentored hundreds of private traders from complete novices through to former Chicago pit traders who have made the move to the screens in really developing trading plans, execution strategies and mental performance. Since 2013 I have actually been responsible for managing investor capital through a managed account service that I run and again that strategy since 2013 has also delivered profitable annual returns. Most recently I was approached by Tick Mill to become a resident market expert. I deliver research and analysis to them and you can access that through the Tick Mill blog page. I believe you can now get email alerts as to when you post are put on there. And I also, most recently have been hired by an online trading education firm to head up their trading and trader education program. The unique aspect of that firm is that not only do we provide trader education, but we also then fund retail trading talent through a funded account service that we also run. That firm is called fxcareerswap.com if you want to take a look. And that really brings up speed with who I am and where I'm coming from. Now let's move into taking a quick look back at what we've been talking about over the previous weeks really and then an idea of what we're going to be talking about with the next phase. This is what we refer to as the intermediary phase in terms of the education process that we've been running now for about eight or nine weeks. Today we're going to delve into market cycles and really the idea of time as well as price. In the past few sessions we've been focused on how we can use simple strategies to help us identify very quickly when we open a chart what type of market phase we're in. Are we in a trend or are we correcting and if so how those those different phases can offer trading opportunities using some very simple tools and for the purpose of what we've been doing it's been for nachi retracement extensions and projections. Once we complete today's session in terms of looking at market cycles. We in next week's session are going to move on to actually looking at specific trading strategies that I use. So over the coming four weeks we're going to look at four of the key approaches that I use to identify trading opportunities and you'll see how the educational aspects of what we've been looking at over these prior four weeks. The first four weeks were just basic introductory information to to the markets these prior four weeks we've been looking more at how we can actually consistently analyze and identify and frame the market data in front of us in terms of the charts. Like I say coming four weeks we're going to to move into looking at how how we can actually execute trading strategies that have proven themselves consistently profitable over over many, many years. So that's so that's just to give you a heads up in terms of the structure and where we're moving to now let's take it back to to today's session and and what it is we're going to be looking at so. Traditional cycles. Or are based upon time between highs and lows. Okay, that's how markets. That's how people who look at the markets tend to frame the reference for cycle so an average cycle length is actually not particularly useful information because it doesn't continue because it doesn't really consider our title widespread the range of the numbers are. That are used to make up that that average cycle length. If most of the cycle repetitions that were used to come up with the average cycle were tightly grouped or gave a confluent area that average would actually be far more useful in terms of information. Unfortunately, an average can be made of any series of numbers which may be widely dispersed the average, maybe meaningless really predicting the next. Repetition point. So traditional market cycle analysis also assumes a cycle length is static and the static cycle will continue indefinitely into the future. It just doesn't work that way price and volatility cycles change over time. What might have been a fairly regular cycle in the past may no longer be evident in recent market activity, because cycles in and of themselves and not static they're actually dynamic. So the typical low to low or high to high cycle lengths are generally different for bull and bear markets and will fluctuate over time as volatility and price cycles fluctuate. Additionally, markets generally make their highs and lows at dynamic proportions of past trends and counter trends. Just as we discovered in the previous sessions that most trend and corrective highs and lows are made at or very near proportions of recent sections of the trend book correction a similar approach can be taken to time proportion. So what we're going to do today is we're going to use some tools that will help identify time targets for reversals. So you'll learn a logical practical approach to time target analysis. Time retracements are made up in the same way as price retracements, except time units are used instead of price units. As we know, if most corrections are made at or near one of the key Fibonacci retracements, why shouldn't they also be made at or near a key time retracement? That's the question that I've asked myself and after studying GAN, WG GAN, a famous market analyst, price and time strategies. GAN price and time limits often seems very complicated, but for the most part it really boils down to a simple concept. Most highs and lows are made in proportion to one or more previous sections of the trend or counter trends. So to learn how to make price retracement zones, time retracements are made just in the same process as the price retracements, but on the time access. And they use some of the same ratios that we use for the price retracements. So the ratios for time retracements are the 38.2%, 50%, 61.8%, 100% and 161.8%. In most cases, we just use the 38.8% and 100% proportions to help identify time targets for corrections. The ratios are often expressed as percentages just like the price retracements. It will probably not be complete a time retracement in terms of when it tests the 38.2% retracement. As we talked about last week in terms of the price, when price retraces the 38.2% retracement, normally that suggests price is going to pause and then we're going to correct and actually make another leg higher in terms of the correction. But it will probably, in terms of time, be complete more often than not between the 61.8% and 100% structures. If a market is correcting into a price target and a momentum reversal, remember we use the stock stochastic RSI to help us identify momentum. Then we can actually combine these tools so we have price retracement, time retracement and stochastic momentum indicator to help identify when a correction or a trend is likely to have completed. So what I'm going to do now is we've used this example, we've been looking at it over the past few sessions of the Euro. This is a setup that I identified in the daily market outlook that I posted on the 7th of January at the point I posted it. We didn't have all this data, we completed this move to the downside and we had this corrective type price action. And I suggested at this point that we would make another leg higher before seeing the next leg down. Now, let's just remember some of the key concepts that we think about in terms of identifying trend or non-trending action. The trend in terms of swings in the price should not be overlapping. So once we made this correction and we exceeded the prior low, we then had another trend move to the downside. Identify the trend move as non-overlapping sections of price, which we've got here. So once we had our trend in place, we then, using our retracement tools, had a couple of levels that we wanted to focus on. We trained it up into the 38.2% retracement and as we often do, that level caused a pause in the price action. It wasn't sufficient really as a minimum requirement for the corrective cycle to complete it. But we then made another swing high. Let's bring back in our momentum tool here. So we have this swing and then we look for a swing low and we've got this swing low here. And then once we've taken out this high, we had an A, B, C, D pattern that we talked about. So we had this price projection versus the last corrective move. So this is the tool we use, the Fibonacci trend-based projection. And that gave us a price level of 111.65. But we wanted to see a test of in terms of a minimum target from a price perspective. Now in today, what we're going to do is we're also now going to bring, we'll just get rid of the Fibre Tracement, the price projection for now. We'll also get rid of the extension there from price. And now we're just going to focus on time. What you'll see here, this tool is, let me get some settings. This is the Fib time zone tool on the TradingView platform that you can all access. And these are the settings I use.  There will be a link for the video shared, and you can review these in your own time. But these are the settings we're focused on in terms of the Fib-based time retracements. We've got the 0 to 1 basically identifies the swing. So that gives us the original time structure. And we then have the 38.2, 61.8, and the 100%. Now on here it says 1.382, 1.618, and 2. The reason it says that is that we have 0 to 1 being our original measurements. So these are the extensions. So the 1.382 represents 38.2% of this time period. Is that making sense? Can you type a Y in the chat box if you're following along with respect to that concept? That the 1.382 on our settings represents a 38.2% of the time it took for this swing to occur. Y in the chat box would be useful to let me know that this is syncing in, guys. Good stuff. Okay, so we have the 38.2% of this time. We then have the 61.8%, and then we have the 200%. Now a couple of things I want you to bear in mind. As I said from the outset, more often than not, the 38.2% time retracements, when we test that level, although it's the minimum requirement for a completion in terms of a time cycle, we would only really pay attention to that level if when we trade that 38.2% level, we've actually seen an equidistant swing, so maybe CD pattern, or we've traded the 50% price retracement of the swing. Okay, but more often than not, the 61.8% of this swing in terms of time projected here with our fib time zone tool will be where we see the patterns complete in terms of corrections. The maximum we want to look at is a 100%. So this swing here, if I draw this in, so this swing here, by the time we trade, by the time trades to this level, this has actually been an equal measure in terms of time. Okay, so by the time we've made that equal test of the 200, which is 100% equivalent in terms of time of the original swing, more often than not, that should represent the completion of a complex correction. And let's just draw back in the complex corrections for those who want a quick refresher on that. More often than not, using the Elliott Wave tool here, corrections occur in three waves. Yeah, so that would be a correction. But they can also extend to make what we call a complex correction, which looks like this. Okay, so it's two sets of threes. Yeah, now the minimum requirement for an ABC correction is the 38.2% time retracement. So in this instance, we have a swing high. We have a swing low. Yeah, again, for objectivity in terms of taking away the guesswork out of the swings when you're first starting out, you can use just reference the stochastic swing points to give you an objective measurement of the structure. So what we've got here is an ABC, so a simple correction completing at the 38.2% retracement. So what we've got there are the minimum requirements to suggest from a time perspective that a correction could have completed. Now, again, we want to factor in the concept that the 38.2% retracement is more often than not a pause than the actual reversal. So we get a pullback, we make a new low in our momentum indicator, but know that we don't break the prior swing low, so we can't at this point accurately suggest that the completion is complete. Okay, so once we have this low in place and we take out the prior swing low, then more often than not, we understand that we could be going into a complex correction. And in this instance, that's what plays out because we have our swing points to draw these in quickly. And then we make a complex correction. So we have an ABCDE pattern and note that the ABCDE pattern completes at the 100% time projection. So key takeaways from this section are a simple ABC corrected pattern at a minimum should complete at the 38.2% retracement. More often than not, they will complete at the 61.8% time retracement. If we haven't completed the correction by then, the only other correction we can consider or we want to pay attention to is the complex correction which should complete at the 100% time projection. Okay. Now in a minute, we're going to add in the price retracement, but for now we just want to focus on these time levels so that we get familiar with them before adding back in the price. So now that we've got our fib retracement levels, what we can also now look at are our fib expansion levels. So as we say, as we use the trend-based fib extension to measure in price, our ABCDE patterns, is anyone else having an issue with the sound? No. One second, guys. Gordon, you'll have to log out and log back in. Okay, let's carry on. Gordon, we'll have to can hear. Okay, great. Okay, so we have our, it's just the same as we have our price levels in terms of the ABC pattern or ABCDE, any which one you want to use. We also have the ability to do that for time. And for that, we use the trend-based fib time tool. Okay, so what we do there is we measure our swing points again and this time we get a projection in terms of time. Okay, so once we have our swing levels in place, our A, our B, swing high, we measure time projection for our B points. Okay, let me just get rid of those. So now what we get is a time-based extension, which gives us a window for where this, from a time perspective, where we're likely to see the correction complete. And what we notice similar to the principle that we use in terms of price, we get a cluster. We want to pay attention to the fib clusters. Okay, so here in terms of the cluster, we actually get a confirmation not only in terms of the time-based retracement, but now we have a time-based extension suggesting that from a time perspective, this correction should complete in and around one o'clock in the morning on the 14th of January. Okay, so we can be that precise here with these time tools. We also then have our momentum tool indicating that the correction is overbought. Okay, from the RSI to cast it. And we've got two time-compliant factors. Okay, now if we bring back in our fib-based retracement, so now we're looking at price and we start to see where that sings up. Well, we've got a 50%, so we achieve the minimum price requirement for the correction to complete. And we can also bring in our tool for measuring the trend extension, so we have A, B, C. And a couple of things are interesting, aren't they? Because what we've got here, actually, what we've got here is that we don't actually make the minimum, more often than not the minimum requirement. Again, remember how we want to phrase our approach to the markets is that we're always thinking in terms of more often than not in probabilities, not in absolutes. We don't actually test into the equidistant swing from a price perspective. Now, more often than not, as a minimum requirement, that's what we'll achieve, the A, B, the equality swing, A, B, C. So we don't get that, but we have confident time factors and we do achieve the 50% retracement. So from a probabilities perspective in terms of building the case for a trade, the minimum requirements have been met. We meet it from both the time and price perspective and we do sell off. But we know that when we get that next swing low using our momentum tool, we see we haven't taken that price swing and we haven't got a new low in price. So immediately what we can think to ourselves is that there's a high probability that the correction is not complete and we have some new levels to measure from. Okay, so now we have this A, B, C and we can change our time tools to reflect change in time. And then we watch to see where we get confidence and what do we get? Well, we now have the 61.8% retracement from a price perspective. We have an A, B, C, D from a price perspective coalescing in and around this 111.65 to 111.59. So that's giving us a six-pip window from a price perspective. And now what we want to see is where we are from a time perspective. Are there any cluster points that are available to us? And what do we get? Well, we have the 200% level, which we know is where a complex correction, that's the maximum time perspective for a complex correction to complete. If price exceeds this level in terms of time, then more often than not, we're actually seeing any trends occur. So again, we can't, you know, not every correction is going to fit this model, but more often than not, it will. And that's what we want to focus on as traders, probabilities, not certainty. We're just dealing with probabilities here. So we've got a time and we've got a price cluster. Okay, so what we do on our charts at this stage would be we just mark that area as being a high probability time and price window. And we just mark it for the correction to complete. Okay. And we see price trade up into there and although we break through in terms of spiking on the closing basis, we don't close above that level and we sell off and we make new loads. Okay. So is everyone following along there in terms of how we overlay these time structures with the price structures to give us even better confluence. Let's look at another example. So what do we, so let's get rid of all these tools will start from a fresh. So once we take out this prior swing low, we then want to look at the structure of the price of that price action to identify as best as possible as to whether or not we've seen another trend move. And so in this instance, we can just bring in the other way tools to simplicity here. We can clearly see a structure that suggests a five, what a five wave move has occurred non overlapping price action. Remember the basic concepts or what we want to use here that will get caught up in analyzing every, every move on the chart and drawing as many lines as possible and really just getting paralyzed by our own analysis. So we want to keep things as simple as possible. So we know how to five wave structure we take out the price, we know that the last move was a correction. So more often than not, we're now we can confidently say that we're in a new trend. So let's see where we are from a time perspective to see if we can identify in time where we might see the next correction complete. So we bring in our time zone tool. And we've got ourselves a window there now. You can get rid of those settings so we now we've got a window minimum level from time. So at this point is generally the 20th. And we know by the 21st would be the minimum to 10 10 10 am on the 21st will be the minimum time scale that we could expect reasonably expect the correction to complete. And once we see our swing in place, our swing low, we have a swing high, we get a pullback using just the simple tools, the momentum stochasticist, stochastic RSI. So now we can start to think to ourselves, right, we've actually got a swing level in place that we can measure from. So let's do another time based measurement now. This one, going to use our trend based big time tool. And here we have a low, a high and a low. So now we've got a window here from a time perspective between the 20th. So let's draw in time zone here. So we've got on the 21st from 10 to three and 10 am to three o'clock in the afternoon is a time window we when we could reasonably expect this correction to complete. At this point obviously we don't see this data we're projecting into the into the future. But we can we get once we've got these two swing points in place, as as just using our stochastic RSI, then we're able to with a level of objectivity identify this time slot. Now, let's see in terms of bringing in some price measurements, what we do is we throw it into that area. So 38.2% is we know that prices will pause there, but we see that 38.2 and we try just shy of the 50% level. Okay, but we also have another tool to help us, which is our trend based fit tool, which gives us an A, B and C. So now we have an A, B, C, we have a minimum time requirement and we're trading into a price retracement. So okay, and we're able to identify that that zone there, even if we go up to 50. So 50, so I give this 111.20 from 111.10. So 14 PIP window and a four hour time window, when we can confidently expect that this correction completes and we do complete ultimately, we take out the prior swing loads. Okay. And what happens now as well, trend continues. So now we'll do one more here, remove all these drawings and I'll just bring it all back in for you. So the price extends lower and we are watching for the correction. So we now have this swing high down to this swing low. Okay, and we bring in our time tool. So we have this, sorry, that first of all, we'll take a look at, we'll bring in our price tool here and then we'll overlay the Fibre retracement in terms of price. What we won't do is here, we won't scroll forward. So let's do all this from these two swing points and see how, see how this works for us. And now we want to do a Fibre time zone retracement and just swing higher to the swing low. Okay, so now we've got two levels on our charts already. So we can scroll forward a few bars here. We can start seeing what we want to see now is the swing low in terms of our momentum tool to potentially give us a level to identify the first leg of this correction. We've got some price levels that we're watching. And in a minute we'll see some time levels. So now we have a swing low. So this could be our ABC. So once we take out this high, which we do, we now can bring in our trend-based Fibre extension. So now we have an A, a B and a C. So we've got some, so we've got some price levels now we can start to look at. So this one 1064 is one area we can look at. But we have the 1618 extension up here at 109.36 and we have the 111 there as some additional resistance. So let's track forward here a few candles. Now take out the equidistant swing level, but we knew that there was a high probability that wouldn't be the completion of the correction because 38.2% of tracements more often than not are the pause as opposed to the correction. And let's just now start to look and bring in the time from our A and our B points. So we knew that when we got up to this equidistant swing, we didn't have any time confidence. So let's start to see where we get some time confidence. So first area, first time zone was on the 3rd of February, 3rd of February, where we also had the 1618 extension of our A, B, C, and just above there we have the 61.87 tracement. And we had, and we had a price rejection from that point. Okay, now do we, does it, does price, so at this level we've satisfied some of the minimum requirements in both price and time. Now let's track forward and see what happens, and we actually break down through the lows. Okay, so once we break the lows, then we've got another section of price and time that we can start to look at. So let's go through and see once we make the low here, we'll bring in the tool again and we'll do one more of these measurements. Okay, let's remove all the drawings. So this leg completed the minimum. And so now what we've got is a potential swing low in place. Let's see, do we, we know we break lower. Let's follow this into getting the swing low and then we'll do the measurement. This is the current, so unfortunately that's the actual current we agree. So actually this is interesting in terms of mapping going forward guys for you guys. Let's take a look now and just overlay. This is real time. This is versus the current price levels. Let's bring in our tools and start to track some levels and we can revisit this in next week's session. So we have, if this is our low, or whatever we make our low, but for now we'll use this is our low. So we have some price levels and let's bring in our time levels and identify this point. We can only do the retracement because we haven't got our AB level. Let's look just from a time perspective where we could anticipate if we hold these current lows. We could be looking at the 18th of February minimum 50% retracement more often than not. But certainly 38.2 so between 10950 and 10980 at a minimum on the 13th of February. More often than not into 20th, sorry the 18th of February or the 20th of February. Now let me just draw in for the purposes of tracking this, the types of corrections we can see. So if we have this being our A so we trade into the 38.2 and we pause a B and a C point will bring us up into this area. Yeah. And once we've got that once we've got the A and the B we can also then bring in again just so that you can start to follow this at home. The trend based fib time. So once you've got that A, B, you then get a C window. So we can start to see how the time is clustering here around this 18th of February. Obviously we're tracking this into the future. What I'll do is when this pattern plays out I'll actually do a post on the data market outlook for you guys to follow along as I track this. So once we've got that swing low then we can do time and price calculations that at this point gives a cluster in and around the 18th of February. And we've got a 30 pit window in terms of price. In terms of tracking this forward into if we make, if this is our low, if we make a new low then we repeat this process into the new low. So that makes sense guys. So what I'll do is I'll update that with a post on the on the blog, the tick mill blog and we'll actually track the development of this in real time so that you'll get a real time example over the next week of how we can use the retracement tools, both time and price and how we can use the expansion tools in but we're using both time and price. Okay, so that wraps up the content for today in terms of looking at cycles. Does anyone have any questions at this point. Yeah, I mean it can really that's that's a depending upon the instrument you're trading if you're trading some of you know some of these majors because we're not a fairly low volatility environment at the moment, then the setups can take a bit longer to develop. But really that that's where you know the patience aspect of trading comes in I mean you, you know you can go a long time in terms of trading using a process or a plan and not get any signals but that's part of the patience and discipline of being a professional trader. But I mean you know you've got 28, 4x pairs that you can trade. You've got CFD you've got CFDs you've got indexes you've got commodities so there are there's a broad array of instruments and if you know if you were going to use this work and track that across all those instruments I'm certain that trade frequency wouldn't be an issue. Any other questions guys. Okay, there are. Okay currently trade effects.  Encourage you to take a look at the you know the strategy in terms of Fibonacci time and price of tracements and extensions works on all instruments and on all time frames. Okay, if there are any other questions I'm going to wrap this up here and like I say I'll update you in real time regarding this this Euro dollar chart as we go through the week and next week we will start looking at specific trading strategies that I use in the markets. Okay, thanks very much for your time everyone I hope this content was useful.


This happened a year ago, and I can't stop thinking about it. No matter how hard I try in quiet times, my mind goes back to that night. The night I found out, you really should be frightened of the dark. My sister lives in a backwater town, a bit of a drive away. I hadn't gone to see her in such a long while. I decided to use my week vacation to drop by. She's a fantastic cook, spending a week having some good home-cooked meals and no reliable internet was just what I needed. I packed up and got on the road pretty excited for my week away, but I'd been so busy tying up loose ends for my trip. I got going very late in the day. The sun was already setting by the time I got on the highway. She knew I was going to be late. I might arrive by 1 a.m., and I'd call her when I was close, and she could greet me by the door. I found myself on a dark highway surrounded by farmland for miles. When it wasn't farmland, the highway cut through dense trees. While I was driving, I saw something I never thought I ever would, something that made me pull over. Speeding along, I saw a figure walking along the side of the road, my headlights reflecting off the white sweater they were wearing. It was a small figure, so I felt safe stopping and at least looking to see if they needed help. In my entire life, I'd never seen someone just walking along the side of the highway. I hadn't seen a house for a long time or a car that had been pulled over. I had no idea where this person came from or where they were trying to go. I stopped my car and got out, trying to get a good look at the person in the dark. They had also stopped when I pulled out in front of them. I lifted my hand and gave a weak wave and got one back. Do you need help? I called out and waited. When I didn't hear anything, I started to walk towards them. I was concerned because the figure was clearly a child. When I got close enough to see, I could tell he couldn't be older than 13. I was guessing it was a boy, but it was hard to tell with the baggy clothing and shoulder length wavy hair. White, wavy hair. I had my cell phone out. And using the flashlight function on it, I checked to see if the boy was hurt. I stopped a few steps away from him and he looked up at me. One side of his face was covered by his hair, but one red eye looked back at me. I froze in fear for half a second, but mentally berated myself for such a reaction. The boy's hair now made sense. He was albino. I never personally met someone with a condition, but I'd seen it in photos. Would it be possible to get a lift to the next town over? The boy asked in such a low and soft voice, even standing as close as I was, I could barely hear him. Of course. What are you on the side of the road for? Come on, get in the car. I have some water. He followed behind me silently. He wasn't carrying anything. And the odd thing was, he wasn't wearing any shoes either. It was just so strange. I had to call the police. I knew that, but I wanted to make sure he was all right first. He climbed into the passenger seat so I could see him more clearly. He was so pale, his skin almost looked silver. He looked so small and frail. He would have had no chance with someone with bad intentions. I gave him a bottle of water and let him drink before asking any more questions. What's your name? I asked. Ellie. Again, he spoke so softly I could barely hear him. I at least got a name out of him. I needed some more answers though. So what were you doing on the side of the road? Do you have someone I should call? I asked as nicely as I could, hoping it would make him speak some more. I'm heading to the next town to meet an acquaintance. He's an officer. I have no one you could contact. If it's possible, it'd be nice to get a ride to the police station, but please do not go out of your way for myself. At least he was a polite kid. I debated on what I should do. He wasn't injured and he wanted to be taken to the police. If that was the case, I could just drive him and not bother calling someone to pick him up. It really wouldn't be any trouble to myself and he wasn't a threat to me either. He was so small, even if he pulled a weapon, even I could swat it away. I decided to take him where he needed to go. Alright, I'll take you. Are you sure there isn't anyone I can call? I asked once more. He only shook his head. Either the poor kid really didn't have any family or he was running from them. At least he was on the way to some help, so I decided not to press the matter. I started up the car and put indirections in my phone to the police station he wanted and we were on our way. The whole thing was a bit weird, but not supernatural weird. That came after. Ellie didn't talk while we drove.  I'm glad he trusted me enough to take a nap right beside me. I would send a message to my sister later, telling her I'd be late. We drove in silence for a little while. When I saw yet another thing I never expected to see. A car just sitting in the middle of the road. I saw it soon enough that I slowed down and stopped a few feet from it, just staring at the odd sight. We were on the highway, but it was the dead of night and I saw no cars. Plus any cars coming up behind us would see both cars stopped soon enough to break safely. The car had both the doors open. It sat on a strange angle, idling. When I reached to undo my seatbelt and get out to see what was going on, I felt a small hand on my arm and it made me jump. Keep driving. Ellie's voice was so stern it froze me in my place. It was no longer the voice of a soft-spoken child I'd heard before. But someone could be hurt. I stammered, not knowing how to react. They're already dead. My mind couldn't process those words. I suddenly started to question who I'd led into my car and if I was safe. But my rational mind said that the car in the middle of the road was a trap. Once I got out, I could be dragged into the middle of the woods by whoever put the car there to start with. Movement made me pull my gaze away from Ellie and to the road.  At first, I thought it was a breed of husky, but it took me a few moments to realize my mistake. That wasn't a dog, but a wolf. I'd never seen a wolf in person before. They were much bigger than I ever thought. Its yellow eyes stared us down, waiting for us to react. Then another came from the trees. This whole thing was crazy. My mind couldn't put together the two facts of a car in the middle of the highway and wolves wandering around it. Wolves weren't native to the area, coyotes maybe, but not wolves. If the car was placed to ambush people, then why were wolves in the area? I didn't understand any of it. I understood less when the wolf by the car started to stand up. My throat and body tensed as I saw the creature seamlessly turn from a wolf just standing on its back legs to a hulking monstrous form that towered in the darkness before us. Drive, Ellie ordered, and his hand gripped into my arm, hurting just enough to bring myself back. I… I don't understand. I said still a bit dumbfounded. Silver king, oh silver king, a pleasure running into you here. Come out to greet us. The figure standing in the road roared at us in a booming voice and outstretched its clawed arms in greeting. It was covered with a dark, rough fur, with a body similar to a man. Its head was large, but looked like the wolf that had been looking at us seconds before. Its legs were the same of the wolf also, and I wondered how it was even standing. Behind it, a tail nearly half the size of its body moved back and forth. Is that… is that a werewolf? I asked, the idea sounding completely insane. Monsters weren't real, they just weren't. I couldn't believe what I was seeing, but it was in front of me, standing there, beckoning us out. I looked over at Ellie, expecting him to disagree or even call me crazy, but I only saw a look on his face, saying not to ask him to say the ridiculous truth out loud. Before I could ask again, the creature outside spoke. Come out. We have such treats tonight. On its odd legs, it walked over to the open door of the car and reached to bring something out. My blood froze when I saw he was holding a stuffed rabbit, a child had been inside that car. My head started to swim, and I felt sick. Again, my hand went to the seatbelt, even though I had no idea how I could help in any way. I told you, they're already dead. Do not leave this car. I can't protect you. Ellie warned in his gravely stern voice. Didn't he just call you the Silver King? What's that about? I demanded. That is my title. I am the king of them, the king of everything born in the moonlight or the dark. And as I could easily kill them, I cannot do so in order to protect a human. I am their king, not yours. So stay in the car. I couldn't help but stare silently and helpless at this boy. He no longer looked like the weak and frail child I'd picked up on the side of the road. He looked more frightening than the monster outside. But I couldn't help but trust him. His hand gripped into my arm one last time, then slowly pulled back. He was done warning me. If I got out, I'd be killed. I may have already been killed if I hadn't picked him up. I turned my attention to the dark beast still on the road, teeth gleaming in the moonlight. Without a second thought, I got the car out of park and I slammed down on the gas. Ellie was jerked forward in a seat as my car sped forwards directly towards the monster in front of us. The thing could have jumped out of the way, but I think he wasn't expecting it and his reaction had been delayed. My car slammed into the werewolf, knocking him back. I expected more damage to both him and the car, but we got off pretty alright. That was until I pulled the car in reverse and ran directly over the creature's legs, it howling in pain. It wasn't good for my junker of a car, but it was worse off for the wolf. I could only risk running over it once though. I saw more of the wolves in the woods glaring at us. Slamming on the gas once more, we sped off leaving the monster with a set of broken and twisted legs in the road. Even as I drove, I could see that his legs were healing and snapping back into place. I doubted I did any lasting damage, but I was sure I heard its pride. The others in the woods could have caught us before we got away, but my passenger must have scared them enough to stay away. We were silent for a very long time as I drove along the empty road, listening to my car make grinding noises from time to time.  I asked finally. Yes, but justified. I wanted to laugh. The whole night had been so out there, I didn't know what else to do, but I held it in thinking it would be in poor taste once my racing heart slowed down. I noticed I was going well over the speed limit. I thought to slow down, but would rather the ticket instead of those creatures catching up. Ellie didn't talk to me again until we arrived at the police station. Are those things going to find me? I asked slowly. No, I doubt it. They're unaware of your relationship with me. If you had some future use and they killed you, I would be very upset with them. And creatures of the night do not wish to upset me. I sighed in relief, but it came too soon. However, since you have encountered something like them, you are more likely to encounter something else you humans would call supernatural. You are almost guaranteed to be killed by a supernatural threat after surviving the first one. I am unsure of when that shall happen. It could be when you're a hundred or a week from now. Going by your luck, seeing as you came across myself and a pack of wolves in the same night, I think you don't have a long life. I should have been worried about my bleak outlook, but I couldn't help but want to laugh again by Ellie apparently being embarrassed calling them werewolves. I wonder why he disliked it so much. So is there anything I can do about that? I asked, hoping for a good answer. Enjoy the life you have left.  You just so happened to know the most likely reason why you are to perish. I would suggest not to fear it. Just live the way you would like. It wasn't the answer I was hoping for, but I take it. My face fell trying to figure out what my life would be like from now on. How I'd be able to live knowing there were things in the dark just waiting for me. Ellie noticed my face and let out a small sigh. He looked from me to the police station we were parked in front of. You did do me a favor, so I shall grant you one in return. If you come across something of the night and if you have time to do so, tell them you are useful to the Silver King. However, you may only use my name once and I do not promise the thing you face shall spare you. It only gives you a better chance of survival. I didn't know much about his world, but even I could tell that was a great big favor he was giving me. I was thankful for it. Just dropping his name may give a few more years on to my life. He saved me twice that night and all because I just gave him a ride. Thank you. I gave him a smile and watched as he got out of the car. I waited until he was on the steps of the police station out of habit. He could handle himself, but I still wanted to make sure he got safely inside. I sent my sister a message saying I was late, but I was going to be there soon.  Since then, I haven't seen anything strange. I sold my car while I stayed at my sister's place and got a new one just in case a certain wolf remembered what hit him while I drove back home. I didn't tell my sister what happened aside from finding a kid on the side of the road and turning him in. There was a report of a car found on the highway, but I didn't want to know any more information about it. I don't want to know who was lost that night and how I couldn't do anything to help. I still can't help but wonder how Ellie's doing and who he was meeting that night, but it's best if I never see him again and if I never find these answers.


All right, good afternoon, Cybertraders. Welcome on back to Close Things Out for this week, but happy March. Welcome to March, everybody. March 1st, Friday, that being great to see all of our students and members alike. Just joining us here, you've got Michael, Kathleen, Bill, Larry, Brian, and Yahuda from just before. Lawrence and Michael included. Great to see all of them there and all of us back on social media, Facebook Live, LinkedIn, Twitter, YouTube, et cetera. That being as always at CybertradingView. I got to get water before I start this meeting. That's a real key mistake. All right, so let's try and make this quick, not because of my lack of water, but because, well, we got the phase two class continuing along this afternoon for all of our gold students, platinum and diamond students of CTU have access to class coming up this afternoon. I look forward to it. We'll be talking more about historical charting. Not, or I mean that I rather, pardon me, I mean that in the sense of charting the market. I get those two always confused just in my head. Historical charting, we just came off of earlier today and actually this is the prime example that we were covering. So I don't want to talk too much about this trade here, at least the lines that you see. And with that, one second, forgot to even do this for all of our students in our room. Here we go, I caught it myself this time. I gotcha, I gotcha, right there, perfect. All right, so this trade real, R-E-A-L. We are going to cover this more so in the phase two class, at least recap it from the morning class that we had and basically all the lines that you see on my chart there. We talked about inner class, if you wanna learn more about that, just click the link that Rich posted just before and I'll see you at 305. But this real trade, the fact that it's at the highs, I'm gonna put this on our watch list at least to begin. And again, we gave you the game plan in class folks, we're on the way up towards 283 at least, if not 294. If it ends up breaking below 250ish, then obviously we'll see what happens from there but a nice trade for real. Now with that in mind, let's go from top to bottom here and see what else we can grab. Let me actually also flip this back to a spy chart here. There we go, because markets have been pushing up and up all throughout the day today. So just wanted to show that as well. MTC, ooh, nice little push right now on this trade starting to rev back up again. So I will add this to our watch list now, MTC pushing up, had a good pop heading into the late morning off of nearly two, basically 175, one adhesion then ran up from there. All right, Bivi, B-I-V-I, a lot of these stocks are gonna look like this at this stage. So pop and drop for Bivi, pop and drop for the, maybe move back up for Jack.  All right, we're gonna stay away from this trade. Jaguar, Jaguar held, we actually used to do really well on the stock as a former runner, but you take your eyes off a ball for a little while, you realize how cheap it becomes. That's a 10 cent stock. Yeah, that's not from me, I'll pass. ADIL, this thing we're gonna pass on to because it's just making it lower high, pulling back to support. Doesn't look too good, too tempting. Then we keep it going from here, CRDF. I mean, in a little choppiness right now, this one has, it's trying to rev back up too similar to the MTC trade. I guess if I put one on our list, I'll have to put the other on as well. So CRDF, what else we got here? XP-OF, is this an ETF? Oh, exponential fitness, interesting. Ended up seeing a little, actually not even a little, a pretty decent push up throughout the day today. This thing is just on pretty thin volume though. So I feel like we're probably gonna have a decent watch list heading into the end of the week, especially with the way the markets are looking right now. So I don't really want to find like too many crazy looking stocks, big spreads, thin orders out there. Keep it moving through here, folks, just going down the gainer side right now, kind of skimming through them. OCEA has been a familiar name. It's just not really moving as well for us right now. It's been popping up a little bit here and there, looking at the daily chart. Blue, Jumea, Jamea, my speech impediment always on this one. Actually, this one's not looking too bad, a little lackluster of late, but it's sticking near the highs, right? Good order book, you know, it doesn't hurt us to kind of put it on the back end of our watch list for now.  What else we got? BBAI, possibly a little flat recently, but again, it's still kind of near the high of the day there. I'll come back to it and give it a second look. That BBAI has been on a tear of late actually, so I'll definitely come back to that one at least at the end. All right, what else we got here? NXU, I was a little disappointed in this trade earlier this morning in pre-market, you gotta realize though over time with lower highs, lower lows, and it ended up just dumping much lower from that point, filled the gap essentially. I called out before 95 cents potential support for a bounce, just so far, it's not even given us much from there. Little five cents, seven cents push, but that was it. This NXU trade, I'm not really too keen for it right now. Where does that call out right there? Just at 158 Eastern time on the top, right of your screen should see that pop up. At this point now though, right, lower high, lower low, so unless it starts to really pop in at the end of this meeting, I'm gonna pass. All right, let's see if there's anything looking just as good on the loser's side from here. Fiskar's going out of business, I know that. FSR, SCLX, SIDU, this was a pop and drop into the extreme here yesterday. It looks like real is starting to make a real push up towards that 283 we were saying before. And a great trade from 242 level, then really 250 at an average up on it, I don't have to. But once it broke over 250, I did. NYCB ended up leading to, actually, this had a good little dead cap bounce earlier today, didn't it, dropped off at the open, but then made a good slingshot right from support. Gotta say, that was a pretty decent play. I wasn't a part of that myself. I had no skin in that game, but you know, just a very tradable opportunity. S-O-X-L up, actually, you know what, I should have even just put that one on our watch list there. I didn't. S-O-X-L, this chip ETF, yeah, I gotta put this on our watch list here at this point too, right? You know, obviously when the video's pumping up breaking new highs, AMD's right there. You know, this is the chip ETF. We trade this all the time and, you know, just went over this before, but I actually didn't write it on my notepad there. So, you know, that makes five tickers now to work with, not bad. And expectably so, not gonna really find too much on the loser side at this point. I just had to cross my T's, dot my I's. All right, so folks, Kathleen, Lawrence, Michael, everyone else, let me know if there's anything else looking good here in chat. Otherwise, I think that we'll just call it. I like what we got already. Don't need to overcomplicate life. See if there's anything I'm really missing. C-R-D-F, we said we'd come back to that. You know, NVACs? NVACs, it's only up 8% compared to everything else. Ah, it's filling a gap. It's doing good on the day, and it is tradable, right?  Wouldn't hurt us to put this on our main watch list, right? Let's just see if there's anything else looking even better. C-R-D-F, since that's been pushing back up, that one's already actually on our main list. That one made the cut. All right, well, looking even better. How about that? Bivi, nope. M-I-N-M, nope. B-B-A-I, we said we'd come back to this one at least, not really looking too enticing. All right, so you know what, NVACs, I'll be kind to you. I'll put that one on our watch list there. It's a good show for the time being, just hopefully more eyes catch onto that trade at least. But I'll tell you what, folks, I think that we're gonna call it for the meantime. We got our class coming up just in a bit this afternoon at 3.05 Eastern Time, which just says not for the afternoon watch list, but Root has been a great swing play over the last week. Yeah, let's take a look. I'm sure it has been, yeah. Oh my, yeah, that's a hell of a push. Well, where did this come from, right? Root, Inc., Root beer. From 11.64 up to $40. Yeah, you're telling me. Just way too thin of volume. And, you know, Richard definitely knows that because he wrote it in the beginning, you know, it's not for the afternoon list, so be it, but yeah, absolutely right as well, though, great swing. That chart kind of reminds me of the SMCI, just kind of up, up, up, flat consolidation. And then once it rebroke, it exploded. So, that's pretty cool. All right, folks, so I'll tell you what, I think that we're gonna wrap it, call it up the afternoon here. So, I'll be in class with all of our Gold Platinum Diamond students. I see students like Lawrence, Rajan, Michael, Abdul, Leda, Michael, Kathleen, just all of our students, Gold Platinum Diamond C2 students. I look forward to seeing you there. Click the link that Rich will be posting one more time. Rich, if you wanna do me the favor there, and repost that link. Just so you're squared away with the audio and video. And I'll tell you what, make sure I refill up on water myself, at least before I press start for that one. I look forward to it, folks. And otherwise, if you're not joining me in class, best of luck trading here, heading into the market close. Talk to you soon.


Hi, my name is Molly Smith. I'm the Outreach Programs Coordinator in the School of Horticulture. Right now we're at the EW Shell Fish Center at Fisheries in the North Auburn unit. We're looking at the Auburn Aquaponics System. So aquaponics is the use of the fish culture water to furtigate vegetables or other plants. So right now we're feeding and culturing Nile tilapia. We grow them to about one pound using commercially manufactured feed. They ingest that feed. They excrete waste across their gills. And then the bacteria in the culture tank converts that ammonia to nitrogen in the form of nitrate, ultimately. And we use the fish water to water the vegetables and get a bonus of vegetables out of our fish production. Fish are typically fed a percentage of their body weight per day. So based on the biomass in the fish tank, we feed between 2 and 3 percent of the fish body weight every day. We think this technology is good for fish farmers who are already feeding fish by incorporating aquaponics into their fish production. They recover some of the cost of the feed. Feed costs can fluctuate and be a burden to fish farmers. But if they're recouping some of that cost in the form of vegetable production, then we think that that's a win-win for fish farmers. So the food that we're getting comes from Cargill. It's from a plant in Franklinton, Louisiana. And we order about three times a year. The fish food already has fertilizer applied to it when it was either corn or soybeans. So we're not escaping the fertilizer use as much. But once the feed comes here and we feed it to the fish, we do negate a lot of fertilizer use downstream. So there is some fertilizers applied, obviously, to our raw ingredients in the beginning. But afterwards, we can generate fertilizer here that relieves us of the need of chemical fertilizer downstream. So the fish act as a giant battery obviously for vegetable production. So there is a market for fish. It's not in line with what this system is capable of producing. Ideally, fish would stay here six months. And so they would go from a five-ground fingerling to a 450-gram food-size fish, marketable fish, and then we would sell them. So we're on a staggered market, some because of demand, not outstripping supply. Some fish will end up staying longer, but ideally six months. So after the fish leave here, half, about half, 100 to 200 pounds a week go to local live markets in the area, and then another 120 pounds are filleted for use on campus. So this tank is about 25,000 gallons of water, can support a standing crop of 5,000 pounds. So we could have 5,001 pound fish, or we could have 10,000 half-pound fish. So just depending on the size, but we do not exceed 5,000 pounds in the tank at any given time. So for the fish side, obviously this water goes a long way. So we've determined that this tank here can support three additional vegetable greenhouses. So right now we just have those three vegetable greenhouses supported by this single tank. So the large body of water, 25,000 gallons, makes a very stable culture system for us. There's not much fluctuation in temperature, pH, ammonia level. And so by having this large body of water, we can have confidence that not much is going to change in the culture environment. We kind of run into trouble is having different sized fish in the same large body of water. So to combat that, we have installed some hapas, basically a net in the fisheries world are called hapas. And we have different size classes sorted throughout the different hapas so that when we need a certain size class, we can easily go in and get the proper size fish. These tanks were donated to us and we were really lacking in replicated aquaculture research here. So we installed these nine large tanks are going to be used for replicated aquaculture research. And then these two tanks are just kind of to increase our water volume to give us extra water and to do some solid removal. Okay, so we do produce vegetables for campus. And this is what you see in this house. We're producing cherry tomatoes and bell peppers for campus. We've been partnered with them since 2015 to provide produce for campus. And this is just some of the production that we do. So we try to match our production schedule with the campus schedule, obviously. And that does coincide pretty well. Summertime, obviously in Alabama is hot and there's a lot of production competition from outdoor gardeners. So we tend to stop about mid-June and get out of the house. We take everything out and solarize the greenhouse. And then we go back late June with our transplants and in preparation for the following year. So cherry tomatoes, we could plant early July in the greenhouse and we could grow them all the way until next May. Bell peppers similarly, we can't grow them quite that long, but we could do two crops. Starting again early July and then in preparation for the big fall semester and the rush of students on the campus. So horticultural research has been easier to obtain than fisheries research just because of the ease of having individual plant units. So we are able to do horticultural research. Our main focus has been on cucumbers. They seem to really like the fish water and campus likes them as well and we were able to produce them fairly easily without many problems. So right now we're doing about 240 plant cucumber research comparing aquaponic water, hydroponic water and kind of a nutrient boosted fish water as well. So this is just solids that come from the fish tank and they get on, obviously they stay on top and the water passes on through but then they'll just grow like an algae on top. We do, we have a passive kind of filtration system but it doesn't get all the solids and we've actually found that the micronutrients like to stay in these solids. So they may not be even present in the water but our plants are not deficient. So that's one of the unique aspects of the fish water. So each of our plant greenhouses is equipped with hydroponic controls as well. That allows us to compare hydroponic water with aquaponic water. This is the brand Dosatron and we've been very happy with that brand. Similar to other injectors out there, we simply for hydroponic controls mix a fertilizer A solution and a fertilizer B solution and then they're injected into the water line. So part of our production for campus has included Romaine lettuce. We produce about 400 heads of lettuce a week for campus. That's helped us practice with our lettuce production and timing and it's also giving campus a lot of returns from their investment here in the aquaponics system. For leafy greens we're producing them hydroponically for food safety concerns. In leafy green production the edible part of the plant does contact the water and for that reason we're using city water with the hydroponic controls rather than the fish water. This table is simply used to germinate new seeds to be transplanted in our greenhouse. Here we're germinating peppers. We're also germinating okra and you see the past germination of cucumbers there. We're almost finished with the planting season for now. Maybe by the middle of July, middle of June we'll be starting more seeds. So this is pretty much it for now. One of the benefits of aquaponics is that we're reusing water for multiple uses. So we'll use the fish water, obviously to grow fish. Then we can use it in the greenhouses to grow a high value crop. Then we can actually catch that water, bring it outside and use it in raised beds to grow some of the less valuable but still highly desired crops like squash, okra, peas, things like that that you couldn't really justify putting in a greenhouse. So me being a fisheries person and then the rest of my colleagues being either horticulture, biosystems or food science, we don't have a lot of experience in pest management. But believe it or not pest management comes into play a lot more than you would imagine or ever hope in greenhouse production. So Dr. Ayanova has played a critical role being that extension person to come out, give sound advice, give some critical guidelines in monitoring pests and treating them before they become a problem. For anyone starting an aquaponics operation, I think my main advice would be to really consider why you want to include fish. Are you a fish farmer that wants to include vegetables or are you only interested in the vegetables? If you're only interested in the vegetables, you may consider doing hydroponics first and then including the fish later. There's a lot of the expanse that goes into starting a fish operation that would not exist if you were just to do hydroponics.


Let's bring in Cal down for you. Let's chat with him four more goals here tonight And we use the term heat check a couple of times because a couple of those it seemed like as soon as you got the ball on your stick He said I'm gonna turn and see what happens here. Yeah, so they changed their goalie a few times I knew that so I was gonna know exactly heat check.  I know just took the space and just stuck it Donnie it looked like tonight those guys weren't sliding to the Dodgers right there kind of just showing and not going to you guys I mean not from a respect standpoint, but from an offensive standpoint What do you what are you guys looking for when you see that? Well, we knew going into it We know we saw a lot of film one on we saw they show a lot like you said So we were we were playing on I'm moving the ball forward cutting through and getting that follow guy Also, like rollbacks were there so you can you know dodge it right-handed a show heavy to your right hand rollback It's wide open. You know Ethan did that a few times. I was doing it And I think we just figured it out tonight Okay, we mentioned what happened last year obviously in the first round of the tournament And we're just talking about that with coach was that on your guys mind as you prepared for this one tonight Oh, yeah, definitely. You don't want to lose in the first round again You know, I was a junior that year and you know losing it for the seniors was you know taught for me And I was a 7-4 game and I'm not 7-4 15-10. That was the first time but Yeah, it's you know, it's NCA as the jitters got us and I'm a senior now It's it's behind me and I know that you know, I gotta play my best to cross to get us through it Yeah, speaking of you being a senior.  What is the team's mindset going into that game? You need to play a full 60 minutes, you know, I think going in there We scored about like seven goals in the fourth quarter. It's just a little too late to make a run So I know we need to know that it's just another Jersey We just gotta go in there play our game play together and I'm sure we can come out with a win Just probably you guys best complete performance of the season here tonight. What do you think? Yeah, I'd say so I think early in the season against OWU and Gettysburg, we were playing pretty good and then we kind of fell off a little bit had a loss against york And toughs, you know back to back. It was tough on us, but we made some personnel changes And I think we just play well now, you know, we we're making some changes at the attack Bringing in Colin Mason for Wade from time to time, you know, just to be a pace setter for us, you know Get us get the midfielders going. So I think I think we're pretty pretty sound right now It's gonna be a big day on saturday. Yeah, I can't wait. No doubt Kyle congratulations on a big win tonight and a thorough performance from the entire team and we'll see up there on saturday All right. Thank you. It is cal down a frio Four goals tonight helped Stevenson to a big win here in the second round of the NCAA tournament as they knocked off Nazareth 19 to six


Happy birthday LACC! My name is Dr. Ana Fakinato and I'm the Dean of the Los Angeles College of Chiropractic. The thing I'm most excited about LACC is that we have a traditional program that was born in 1911 that has evolved to incorporate integration with other programs. So at LACC students have a great opportunity to interact with other programs, with other practitioners since their first year until they graduate they have this great opportunity where they are going to interact with other students, interact with other programs and see for their benefit to see the patient as a whole, to provide the patient with better options, better opportunities and better treatment.


Welcome back. In the previous lecture we have recovered molecular partition function from the more general canonical partition function. We discussed that how to connect these two partition functions for distinguishable molecules and for indistinguishable molecules. We also discussed conditions that when the molecules can become distinguishable. And then we were trying to connect internal energy with molecular partition function. First we talked about distinguishable molecules and it turned out that for distinguishable molecule the expression for internal energy is the same that we had a real derived when we were connecting internal energy with molecular partition function. Now, let us discuss that if instead of distinguishable if the molecules are indistinguishable then what happens. Now, let us talk for indistinguishable molecules indistinguishable molecules. If indistinguishable then q is equal to q raise to the power n over n factorial that 1 over n factorial is required alright. Now, let us see what happens u minus u 0 from this expression is minus 1 by q that means minus n factorial over q raise to the power n that is minus n by q minus 1 by q into derivative of q raise to the power n over n factorial with respect to beta at constant volume. In other words now what I have u minus u 0 is minus n factorial over q raise to the power n 1 by n factorial will come out from here and then I will have n into q raise to the power n minus 1 into del q del beta at constant volume. This is what I have n factorial n factorial cancel and what I will have now u minus u 0 is equal to minus n by q into del q del beta at constant volume because this q raise to power n minus 1 is there which is q raise to the power n divided by q. So, q n q n will get cancelled and I will have minus n by q del q del beta at constant volume interesting result to be now noted. Even for indistinguishable molecules the internal energy is still in terms of molecular partition function the same as we got for distinguishable molecules right. We have the same expression u is equal to u 0 minus n by q del q by del beta at constant volume which in other words in terms of logarithmic terms also you can express which is minus n del log q by del beta at constant volume that means we have now shown that whether the molecule is distinguishable or indistinguishable you can use the same expression in terms of molecular partition function right. So, same expression for distinguishable that is q equal to molecular partition function raise to the power n or indistinguishable q is equal to q raise to power n over n factorial the expression turns out to be same. So, what what are the points to be noted that first we need to identify whether the molecules are distinguishable or indistinguishable use appropriate definition for the canonical partition function which at least for internal energy it shows that in both the cases the expression turns out to be same. Internal energy and entropy are connected this we have discussed earlier also. So, therefore, obviously our next goal should be to discuss entropy, but now we will discuss entropy in terms of canonical partition function. Let us see what is the general expression that turns out to be in such cases we have derived an expression or we have connected entropy with the canonical partition function that was s is equal to u minus u 0 by t plus k log q we will begin from this. So, when you say monatomic gas then we need to decide whether we should use q raise to the power n or we should use q raise to the power n by n factorial that means we need to decide whether the system given to us has distinguishable particles or indistinguishable particles or distinguishable atoms or indistinguishable atoms. When it is gas obviously it is not going to be distinguishable it is indistinguishable. Therefore, we need to use q equal to q raise to the power n over n factorial this is the expression that we need to use let us use that. So, I have s is equal to u minus u 0 by t plus k log q raise to the power n over n factorial.  That means n k is equal to now k times n a is equal to r r is gas constant. So, I have s is equal to u minus u 0 by t plus n r log q minus n r log n plus n r. We have the expressions in terms of molecular partition function total number of molecules and of course, we have the gas constant. Now obviously, the next step is that we can we have to now work on u minus u 0 by t. You can use u minus u 0 in terms of canonical partition function then convert into molecular partition function then expand upon that you can choose that route or what I can simply do is since it is monatomic perfect gas therefore, I can use that is result of equipartition theory internal energy of a monatomic gas which is free to move in 3 dimensions. Remember that result was 3 by 2 n r t I once again say we need to find out what we should write in terms of u minus u 0 by t u minus u 0 if you go back to previous slide. We have this expression right and it is the same expression whether q is q raise to the power n or q is q raise to the power n by n factorial and then we can express in terms of molecular partition function and then write the expression for q and come up with the result you are still going to get 3 by 2 n r t. You can do it or you can let us for the time being use the result from equipartition theory.  Let us continue this is 3 by 2 n r plus n r log q minus n minus n r log n and I have another n r term here I can combine this 3 by 2 n r with this n r. So, what I have 3 by 2 plus 1 is 5 by 2 n r plus n r log q minus n r log n. Let us see can we now convert this 5 by 2 n r into some logarithmic term we can do that. So, it is going to be n r log exponential 5 by 2 plus n r log q minus n r log n r log n right. So, this 5 n r log exponential 5 by 2 is 5 by 2 n r ok. So, s now becomes n r log what I have is exponential 5 by 2 q by n that is what I have now. Now, we need to decide what we should write for q this is a partition function and partition function will depend upon your degrees of freedom. The given system is monatomic gas perfect gas monatomic will have translational degree of freedom it does not have rotational degree of freedom. It does not have vibrational electronic we will discuss later it is not required here. So, that means we need to consider only translational degree of freedom and translational partition function you remember was V upon lambda q where lambda was equal to beta h square over 2 pi m let us substitute. So, n is a s is a n r log exponential 5 by 2 V upon lambda cube V upon lambda cube and instead of n let me write n times n a the expression that I have now is s is equal to n r log exponential 5 by 2 instead of q I have written V by lambda cube instead of n I have written n times Avogadro constant. What I have now is s is equal to n r log exponential 5 by 2 V n by 2 V upon lambda Avogadro constant lambda cube where your lambda is equal to beta h square over 2 pi m it is to the power 1 by 2 or you can write this as h over square root 2 pi m k where lambda t you have expressed beta in terms of temperature. I can now calculate the statistical entropy to calculate this what I need is volume what I need is a value of lambda and if you see here lambda h is constant 2 pi is constant m depends mass of the particle and it will depend upon the temperature ok. So, you need the mass of the particle and temperature that will decide the value of lambda. So, therefore, from the knowledge of translational partition function now here we are able to get the entropy of the system provided we know its volume and provided we know its temperature and also the mass these are the parameters properties that we require. So, we have now been able to obtain an expression from s is equal to u minus u 0 by t plus k log q s is equal to n r log exponential 5 by 2 v over number of moles into Avogadro constant into lambda cube where lambda thermal wavelength we already know is given by beta h square by 2 pi m. This expression is called sacour tetrod equation. So, remember this equation sacour tetrod equation which allows you to connect entropy with the volume with number of moles and with the thermal wavelength fine we have this expression now this expression is in terms of volume sacour tetrod equation and since we are talking about monatomic gas monatomic gas we assume these are ideal gases. Assuming ideality let us use the gas law ideal gas law and see what shape it takes if I use p v is equal to n r t then v upon n is equal to r t upon p this v upon n I can substitute here v upon n.  So, therefore, the new expression that we get is exponential 5 by 2 r upon n a is k t upon p lambda cube we have sacour tetrod equation in terms of volume we have sacour tetrod equation in terms of pressure in both the cases you see lambda is there lambda is there temperature term is there. In fact, lambda also depends upon temperature sacour tetrod equation allows you to calculate entropy based upon partition function and remember partition function whether we talk about molecular partition function or we talk about canonical partition function you can calculate the partition function from the knowledge of energy levels. That means the information that you require is from spectroscopy once you have the information about partition function you are able to then translate that in terms of derivable thermodynamic quantities. Now, here we have done what we have done is we have simply used q is equal to v upon lambda cube and then come up with these equations which are basically different forms of the sacour tetrod equation one connects entropy with volume the other connects entropy with the pressure. Let us now consider this comment sacour tetrod equation implies that the molar entropy of a perfect gas of a high molar mass is greater than one of the low molar mass. That means the molar entropy of a perfect gas of high molar mass is greater than one of low molar mass under the same conditions why the molar mass is greater than one of that comes into the denominator. High molar mass means lesser thermal wavelength if lesser thermal wavelength then the molar entropy is high and that is what is the comment that the molar entropy of a perfect gas of high molar mass is greater than one of low molar mass under the same conditions. Because the former has more than one more thermally accessible translational states more thermal thermally accessible translational states because you have for high molar mass you have lesser value of thermal wavelength and then in order to connect with the thermally accessible states we need to think about q translational is equal to V upon lambda q. If lambda is small then qt is more and if qt is more then directly it tells that there are more thermally accessible translational states. Now if you carefully examine these two expressions whether entropy expressed in terms of volume or entropy expressed in terms of temperature lambda is the term you examine here is depending upon molar mass and is depending upon temperature. So, that means if you fixed if you fix the temperature constant temperature constant temperature means isothermal conditions then for a given system of a fixed molar mass then this also becomes constant carefully understand that. If you consider an isothermal process where the temperature is constant for a given system this whole term becomes constant at a given temperature in that case the entropy will simply depend upon volume in other words it will also depend upon the pressure. So, therefore when you allow the system to change from one state to another state under constant temperature conditions then you should be able to derive expressions for delta s in terms of changes in volume or in terms of changes in pressure under constant temperature conditions. We will derive such expressions and see how to use that and also compare the results with the results that we got in classical thermodynamics, but that we will do in the next lecture. Thank you very much.


TFNN, headline news update. Good morning everybody. I'm Tommy O'Brien, coming to you live from TFNN, 9 a.m. Eastern time Monday morning, 30 minutes to go until that opening bell and we got markets climbing higher, S&Ps 31.99 right now up about 20 points futures with 30 minutes to go. We got the NQ's up 99 points, almost 100 points in the green. The NQ's just under 11,000, not that long ago we passed 10,000. We're trading 10,937, the Dow up 181 points, back above 26,000 this morning at 26,158. We got the oil contract pulling back a bit, but still above $40 at 40.16 off about 39 cents. We got the gold contract catching a bit up $9 at 18.10, silver up 44 cents, notes and bonds, we're pulling back in price. We got the 10-year off about four ticks at 1.3902, the 30-year off 22 ticks at 1.7904. We're looking at a 10-year yield right now of approaching 0.66%. We'll start things off. We'll jump over to some of the stocks with action this morning, Pepsi out with their numbers. Drinks pulling back a bit, but people are eating snacks. They're eating Quaker Oats, Pepsi up about $3 on their earnings, the conference call beginning at about 8.15 this morning, 137.70. Tesla shares, it just don't stop, folks. If you thought Friday was quite a run, maybe Monday's got more in action. We're up $100 from where we closed on Friday. Tesla, remarkable. Just on Friday, we were trading at $13.76. We're going to open at $16.48 in the price of Tesla. Amazon shares, don't leave Amazon out. They're trading higher as well. Up about $62 right now at $32.62, closed at $3,200 on the dot. Remarkable of Amazon. We're up exactly, folks. Well, a little bit more now, 100% from the lows we had on March 16th. You bought it at $16.26. You doubled your money in the span of about four months. The other thing that I was thinking about going over all these numbers this morning, it is remarkable that we are now four months, four months removed from the lows of March. Remarkable, right? Yabaka does not seem like four months, but time, folks. Time just keeps marching on. You look at the low on the S&Ps, there it is, March 23rd, the same day. We're actually almost five months away from when the market started falling apart in February. What else we got? We got a lot of action. Let's check in on the VIX. With this market climbing higher, though, the VIX still sitting above $27 at $27.35. It's going to be a bummed where we closed on Friday. Watch out for that volatility. Stay tuned, folks. Larry Pezzamento coming up live at 9. I'll be back at 10 o'clock with Tom. We'll be right back, folks. Stay tuned.