Hello everybody. Thanks for joining us here. I am also in London, you can see there's some rare sunshine for this time of year. I hope you're having a good start of the weekend and for those of you who celebrate Lunar New Year, Happy New Year. I'm going to quickly introduce myself and then talk a little bit about my own research just to give you sort of an impression of what anthropology is like. So my name is Fabio Gigi. I was born in Switzerland. I was raised and educated in Switzerland, Germany and Japan. I lived eight years in Japan and Japan is also my regional specialization as an anthropologist.  So I'll be talking a little bit about the things. And let me start by sharing my screen. Here we go. So I called the talk today, the anthropology of stuff from clutter to robots, because this is really the two topics that sort of link my research interests together. But of course, that is not representative of anthropology more broadly. That's just what I'm interested in. Hey, Joel, I could just see you coming in. Excellent. So first things first. So when you think about what is anthropology? Again, there's a broad range of different ways of answering this question. And I just brought in a few of those in the broadest possible sense. And apology is the study of cultural differences and similarities. That's sort of the kind of definition that you find in the dictionaries. But over the last 50 years, of course, interest has also shifted not only in describing cultural difference and similarity, but also to understand how power relations with the state and other institutions shape individual and collective experiences. So it is trying to understand the world from a particular point of view, which may not be the mainstream point of view, right? And this allows anthropology to really investigate a very broad range of different questions. So anything to do with human beings that refers to the cultural, to the symbolic, to the embodied aspects of existence really is the object of anthropology. So for me personally, I like to think of anthropology not so much as sort of a predefined set of ideas, but really as a way of asking questions. So the most basic question that you always ask, of course, is why are things the way they are? And sort of trying to find out about that makes you think about common sense makes you think about what is taken for granted? What do you assume automatically to be part of a particular cultural world? And it is in many ways, the an understanding and analysis of this common sense and understanding that this common sense may be very particular to your own experience or very particular to your own cultural backgrounds that this is really where anthropology starts. So understanding what is taken for granted is really an extremely important sort of starting point. And we'll see in some of the examples later, how that works. Now, this question, why are things the way they are? For me, automatically leads to the question, well, could things not be different? If they are not naturally the way that they are, if the way they are is the result of a particular historical and cultural situation, then of course, we can imagine things to be different. And really here, I think is the liberatory potential of anthropology to think about things, not just in a descriptive manner, but also thinking about how could things be different? What would have to change? What changes when we change our assumption about what is right and what is real? And so often, anthropology in a sort of a shorthand is described as making the strange familiar and the familiar strange. And this has to do with the particular method that anthropology uses. Now, we call it simply fieldwork.  So really what we do as anthropologists, we immerse ourselves in a particular field, usually for one or for two years, we do participant observation, which is exactly as it says on the tin, we participate in the social life of a particular place, and we observe what's happening. And we do in-depth interviews to find out what makes people pick, what makes certain ideas circulate. Now, this includes learning local languages and learning local codes of behavior. It means to keep extensive field notes and diaries. And crucially, it also implies thinking about your own position as a researcher. What is the particular relationship that you have with your object of research? And what makes that possible? Which also has to include a reflection on the larger context in which your research happens, right? And the result of this fieldwork is called ethnography. It's usually a book-length study that tells you that, well, basically, you try to put in everything you know about the thing into one book. Now, add to this picture. This is one of the founders of Anthropology, Bronislav Manilnowski, the Trobriand Islands in the 1920s. He was one of the first anthropologists to use fieldwork to use the full immersive experience. But many of you may think that this is still what anthropologists do, but that is actually very misleading, because contemporary anthropologists are as likely to do fieldwork on contemporary protest movements. You can see here the removal of coast in Bristol, or do fieldwork in a robotics laboratory, which you can see at the bottom on the right-hand side. So you don't just take the question of cultural difference and sort of assume that this is only applied when you work with native tribes, but you think of it in a much broader way about the contemporary world. And this is really what makes Anthropology interesting. So I just thought I'd take you briefly through some of the topics that I've been working on. I've been very interested in my early fieldwork in what it means to own stuff. Now, think about the things that you surround yourself with. You use pen and paper and probably books, but also machines like computers and cell phones. And all of these come to you because of elaborate systems of production and consumption. You don't know who made them. You have actually very limited knowledge in general about how they work. They are the result of long technical production and creation processes, but they really are quite enigmatic. Now, if you look at before the Second World War, the average person used to own about 500 objects. If you try to count everything you own in your house in a sort of in an average London house, and this is some kind of some fieldwork that Daniel Miller at UCL has done, you'll find that people no matter what class do they belong to, no matter what socioeconomic status they occupy will have between 10,000 and 15,000 objects, right? So where does it all come from? More importantly, where does it go? Of course, this question intimately linked to the idea of disposal and waste. And how do we deal with them in your everyday life? So my research is about hoarding, hoarding basically defined as a psychological problem when you cannot get rid of things of little or no value. And my fieldwork took place in Tokyo, as I said, as I said, I lived in Japan for eight years. And I basically my fieldwork was helping people clean up their flats, and sort of finding out what makes them attached to things, and what consequences that this phenomenon has. It's very interesting, because when I started my fieldwork in 2006, it was sort of there was quite a bit of media attention given to it. But this all sort of starts in the 90s. Before the 90s, you never hear the term hoarding. There's one case in the States before the Second World War. But it only really comes into being sort of, you know, at the end of the 90s, when consumerism, you could say reaches its most extreme place, especially in Japan, where you have a bubble economy, a very buoyant economy in the 80s, where people basically buy new furniture every year, or every two years, and throw everything else away. Now, after the economy crashes, there is a massive change. You suddenly have 100 yen shop, which is like a one pound shop popping up everywhere. We have recycle shops, things are no longer thrown away, things are recycled. And it's really comes only sort of into being in the 90s. And this is where hoarding in Japan becomes visible as a social problem. Right, I'll just give you here on the left hand side, you have the psychological, the psychological definitions of hoarding. But of course, as an anthropologist, my interest is not so much what is how can I describe this as a particular mental disturbance or a pathological state of mind? But how can we understand the relationship that people have with objects? Now, this is from the magazine spa. It just give you a sense of Japanese media reports on what is called Gomiyashiki rubbish houses, or Kadatsukerari-nai on that women who cannot tidy up. And you can see here, I'll just give you a very short summary of what I found in the field is the interesting thing is that the phenomenon of hoarding, which in Western psychology and psychiatry is understood as, you know, non gendered phenomenon, meaning that both men and women are equally like it, are equally likely to be hoarding things in Japan. There is actually a very clear distinction made. So when a man holds that sort of part of the deal, so to speak, that's just it's been being male makes it okay to be untidy. But if you're a woman, that is considered to be socially very problematic. So what you have is a whole discourse in society that pathologizes these women. And that's why the term used is explicitly gendered, right? So this for me was quite surprising. When I set out to do the research to find out that gender plays a big role in Japan, but does not play a big role in the States. And in Germany, where I did comparative fieldwork with it. So this is sort of one, I just give you a very brief overview, because I also wanted to talk a little bit about my current research interest. So from thinking about what interests us in objects, what is the particular attraction that an object has for us? My interest moved towards dolls, because they were a category of things that were extremely difficult to throw away. As you can imagine, think of, you know, teddy bears, or stuff that that remained from your childhood, for example, it's very difficult to get rid of, because there's both memory embodied in it, and there's emotional attachment, but also, because these things are relational artifacts, they are there because they have a particular relationship with us. But interestingly, over the last 20 years, this understanding again, has been revolutionized, because now when we talk about a relational artifact, what we mean is an object that reacts to your presence, right?  So it's can only be unlocked by you. And think also about the almost symbiotic relationship that we have with technologies. Now, of course, this is also something that is exploited by companies who create, who create technology. Because of course, it's much more attractive to interact with a machine, or an object that has a state of mind that has a particular mood, right? So a relational object really is an object that engages our affect and amplifies our reaction. And the American anthropologist, Sherry Turkle, who's at MIT, sort of summed this up in one sense, a sentence saying, we connect to what we nurture. So most of you, I assume, will be too young to remember the tamagotchi. But that was sort of one way that started. It was this little tamago watch egg watch, literally translated, where you could hatch a little chicken, but you had to feed it, you had to push the button regularly, otherwise it would die.  But of course, the implication that this has go far, why it go far further than just, you know, it's not just the question of the toy. Many of you may remember Sony eyeballs, this is the original incarnation, there's a new one now, where really the question is, what is this? What kind of object is this? Is this a pet robot? Is it a high tech toy? Or is it a new family member? And in order to find out if you do fieldwork, if you spend a lot of time with people who have eyeballs, you find that often what people do with the technology is quite different from what the technology was initially intended to be. And this gap really is only something that you can find out about through a longer engagement, right? So for example, Kubo Akinori, a Japanese anthropologist has written about eyeball. And basically, his conclusion was that the owners were much more fascinated by dancing and dressing their eyeballs rather than to have them behave like a real pet. So they didn't really think of them as pet robots. And when he asked them, well, do you think the eyeball is actually alive? They didn't say yes or no straight away, but they said it is some kind of enigmatic existence, right? And if you think about any kind of object that enters your own space, there is an enigmatic dimension to it, because you don't know where it comes from. It is usually packed in a particular way to suggest a pristine state that comes completely new. You unpack it. And if you search on YouTube, you'll find hundreds of videos of people unpacking things. It's sort of the unpacking itself has become a ritual. Oops, that was one too fast. But of course, there's always a thin line between technology and social engineering. And so relational artefacts have been used in the research and development stage to add a further dimension, a further social dimension to the care of the elderly in Japan, perhaps. For example, this is parol, the robot seal. It can't really do all that much. It can react to your touch. It can react to voices. So it does have a particular reaction that is partly random randomized, but it's precisely the fact that it's randomized that gives the people who engage with it the idea that this thing actually does have a particular state of mind, and that it does have a mood. So the reconstruction of human emotions or human interaction through technology, really, in a sense, is the holy grail that all the big tech firms are hankering after at the moment. And of course, from an anthropological point of view, that raises a lot of questions about how we think about the human, what is it that we consider to be human, and what is non human and how can the human and the non human come together. Now, often that is considered to be a question of the connection of the relationship that we feel, but not in all cases. And I'll finish up with a case that that is sort of a goes in the other direction, right. So here you have Azuna. Azuna is a reception Android. It can't actually walk or move around. It's basically it's just a torso of a robot. And also the software wasn't quite developed enough for it to actually function in a receptionist capacity. But the interesting thing, of course, there were all kinds of other uses. And so Azuna launched her own book, for example, sort of belonging to the Japanese genre of, well, picture books really, where she's posing in slightly risque dresses, you can see here in the background, and the person sitting there on the left hand side with how holding the microphone is the engineer that created her. Toritani Naoshi. So he said in an interview, and this is, I think, where anthropology, again, becomes very relevant. When you create an object like a robot, of course, you don't quite know what it is capable of in the beginning, right? How will people react to it? And the only thing what you can do, you can let it interact with people and then observe what's happening. And this is a bit of a long quote. But this is quite interesting. Showing have these sometimes unforeseen things that happen when you let people interact with new forms of technology. So he writes, when Azuna participated in an event, a disabled person was moved to tears of joy, because Azuna continued to look at them steadily. According to that participant, when people avert their eyes while talking, they suspect that if it's distressing for people to look at them and feel hurt as a consequence. On the other hand, when someone looks at them steadily, they worry that they are being stared at in a strange way. But because the participant knew that the Android had no hidden intentions or judgments and the Japanese term was used. So something that is hidden, that you don't want the other person. No, they felt looked at with pure eyes and did not worry. And this is something that never occurred to us before this event. So in this particular case, it was not about creating a human connection with something that is not human, quite the opposite, it was because Azuna was an Android, because it was non human, that this disabled person felt that there was some kind of real interaction. So yes, I just bring this up to quickly illustrate, you can do quite a lot with anthropology, you can move from clutter to robotics. But of course, if you look at the SOAS anthropology homepage, you will see that there's a lot of people who work on all kinds of different interesting topics. So thank you very much for your kind attention. And I'll stop here to take your questions. So, Fabio, thank you for the presentation. We've got plenty of questions from students in the chat box and also Q&A. There's some questions to our student ambassador as well. So now it's the time to ask questions. Can you see them Fabio in the Q&A session in the chat? Can see, yeah, excellent, yeah. Okay, I can see them. And let me check the Q&A. Yes, I also can see them in the Q&A. Jor, do you want to start off? So I'll have a quick look at the questions while you talk. Yeah, sure. Hello, everyone. By the way, I have introduced myself. My name is Jorwell. I'm currently doing MA in social anthropology part time. So this is my first year. As Fabio, I mean, I haven't I haven't specialized there by intending to focus on Japan and my research as well. So I did East Asian studies for my undergraduate degree and I focus on Japanese culture and society. And yeah, the reason why I decided to do anthropology was because I felt like there was something missing from my degree. I just saw myself burning towards, you know, society, culture, and always speaking modules related to anthropology. I know my life shoes told me, oh, you should really do anthropology because that's why you're what you're good at. And yeah, I like the size. And now I'm here. I'm just going through the questions. Right, shall I take a few from the Q&A box. And then maybe we can change back and forth between the two of us. That's it. Okay, so Laila asked, when studying anthropology, is it more of choosing a culture and looking at the different dimension and aspects or more of choosing an aspect and assessing it across multiple cultures? Or both? Excellent question. Now, this really is something that sort of changes quite a lot in the history of anthropology, right? So there's always sort of a swing back between these two aspects. At the moment, we're moving away from the comparison from the idea of comparison. Because in many ways, it's really, you know, if you focus on collective and subjective experience, it is, it's really difficult to think about a comparative framework that does justice to this particular data. If you have a more abstract notion or something that you can operationalize in a more sociological way, yes, then that is absolutely possible. But I think the important thing in anthropology is always to put facts into their context and to consider how they are also interpreted and understood not only by the anthropologist, but also by the people in the field. And that makes a direct comparison quite different. Sorry, quite difficult. On the other hand, there are many anthropologists who sort of like the people like Tim Ingolt, for example, who recently have sort of shifted more towards sort of a renewed call for comparative work, really to look at what comparison can tell us about the human condition rather than just ethnography. But this is an ongoing debate. And in anthropology, you always have aspects of both. Shall I take this into the second one as well? Just to do a quick, there's not that many. I can go through them and then we'll look at the chat. Okay. So thank you for that. Somebody asked, are there any links between social anthropology and sociology? I really enjoy sociology, which is why I became interested in this course, and was just wondering how similar the two are. Excellent question as well. Now, of course, anthropology and sociology, we share quite a lot of forebears. We share sort of a theoretical ancestors, you could say, people like Carl Marx and Weber. But normally, nowadays, when you think about sociology, do you think about people who work in their own cultural context? And that is the only difference.  So there isn't that clear a distinction. So if you enjoyed sociology, you will definitely also enjoy anthropology. One thing that I may add to that is that, well, sometimes the difference is sort of formulated in a distinction between quantitative and qualitative methods, meaning that sociology is more prone to use statistics that you need to have knowledge and background in or some knowledge in mathematics to do that kind of work while anthropology is usually mostly qualitative, meaning mostly based on interviews, in-depth interviews, and participant observations. And there's a question, hoarding in Japan, does socioeconomic status play a role at all with a rich woman who would be looked down on more less than a poor woman who does the same? Very good question. Now, actually, if you think about accumulation, more generally, you will notice that almost everybody is hoarding to some degree. But of course, if you can afford to put all your things in storage, for example, I call that offshore hoarding, it will not be visible in the same way. So in a sense, you can pay for the hoard to disappear. And that does not make you the target of all these ideas of pathology. So socioeconomic status plays a very important role. But again, in my, I worked with about 56 informants, which for anthropology is quite a lot, but for sociology or for somebody who works statistically, of course, is far too little to make sort of broader generalizations. But I can say I've worked with people from all socioeconomic backgrounds. So it's not just, I mean, that's the common perception that it is experiences of deprivation, for example, war experience sort of lead people to hoard more. And that is something that that makes sense to us when we hear it. But actually, if you look at it statistically, which is what the psychologists have done, there's only a weak correlation there. Okay, and there's a few more. There was one more that's, so yeah, would you say the evolution of relational artifacts has more or less been spareheaded by Japan? And that is a result Japan has experienced relatively less than human interaction between the people that's leading to their aging population, lowering birth rates, etc. I wouldn't say that it has led to the aging population and lowering birth rates. But there is clearly a link. And I think most of these technologies are invented to compensate for the loss of the workforce. That was already very apparent in the 80s, right, where you have the basically the Japanese workplace, the factory was automatized was mostly robots, assembling costs, for example. But the relational objects that really became important in the 90s, they come in, as you as you suggest that when sort of this society is going through transformation, and where social ties are being rethought. And so in many ways, the development of robotics in Japan is closely linked to that. And interestingly, if you talk to roboticists, they will always say, Well, we work on human machine interfaces, we don't work on Android robotics, because we don't want the military to use our technology. Right, so there's also a particular sort of, we could say post war ethics that plays into it, very different from the States, for example, where firms like Boston Dynamic very, but I mean, they, they do all these, I don't know what you may have seen on YouTube, the dancing military robots, they try to cutify them, but they're clearly there as military machines. When we are counting stuff, do we also include a digital clutter? Oh, yes, absolutely. All the emails we don't do current inbox. I would just check this morning is about 5,450, in my case, blocks of the dormant and files on our desk desktop as well, absolutely. So digital clutter is an interesting thing. It's not as obtrusive, of course, as as actual objects that sort of spill out of your desktop. But it is problematic as well, especially once you, you know, if you have 15 windows open in your background, there's a similar thing. And I think it's not only about materiality, but there's a certain fear about losing the information that if you close something, it will be gone. It will be lost. So there's an idea that it's the presence of the object that that that makes it that that with basically, you know, if you don't look at it, it stops existing. That's the implicit fear there. Okay, do you want to take a few as well? And then I'll come back to the question of how secure is social anthropology? Sure. Yeah. So I'm just going to answer Sahana, she did a few she asked a few things. So the first question was, is it difficult learning virtually? Um, I don't think it's difficult. I think it's different. It's definitely, it's definitely a new experience. But it's in my, in my, in my personal experience, it's been quite easy to adapt to. Um, because there's relates to your second question, your lectures pre recorded live. So all all lectures have been pre recorded this year, which is really good.  Or if you feel you didn't understand the topic very well, you can always go back and just release the whole lecture, which I do sometimes. Um, and it's been, no, it's it's been really good. Um, I think tutorials are quite engaging as well. Um, you, like, you get a chance to speak whenever you want. Just use the raise hand function, which is quite quite fun sometimes. Um, yeah, I know it's been it's been a good experience for me in these past six months. Yeah. Um, in terms of disabled, disabled access on campus. Um, I can only speak for the library because that's where I've been. And I know there is, um, there is ramps and there's disabled access. I'm pretty sure to like every level in the library. Um, so I would assume the other buildings would also have it, but I'm not 100% sure. But I mean, um, I would, I would think so. Yeah. Um, um, what other question can I ask? Mary, how do you sell into your ethnographic target community? It's not easy unless you're already familiar with the gatekeeper. Um, you know, I'm not sure either because I've never done fieldwork. Um, I'm very excited to do it. Hopefully, fingers crossed next year. You know, things, um, settle, settle down, but from do you want to? I can, I can take that. Yes. Okay. So yes, how do you settle into your ethnographic target community? Now, I was very lucky because I did an exchange year when I was a high school student. And so I lived with a host family in the 90s. And we've been in contact ever since. And, uh, so that's, that wasn't, that wasn't about in a sense, that was my gatekeeping to not to my fieldwork, but really just to, to, to, to, um, you know, to get a sense of living, um, in Japan. Um, the other way, now when you work with, uh, you know, in private spaces, uh, with people who are sort of looked at as the being slightly odd or eccentric or pathological, that of course is much more difficult. So I recruited, uh, people, um, via, uh, an online forum. And of course it was all sort of, you know, I offered them the opportunity either to, to work with me directly or to, um, sort of keep a photo diary, for example, of their tidying up. And we would meet, uh, regularly, um, to discuss progress or to discuss, uh, how this was difficult. Uh, but it is a long process. And that's why really you, you need, uh, I spent, uh, almost a year and a half on my first fieldwork. Um, and it's only really in the last few months where things really start to, uh, to happen. So it is a lot of time going into, um, into sort of relationship building. Um, and, uh, yes, until you actually really get access. And sometimes it doesn't happen in the end, right? Um, so it is, it is a long process and it is not always successful. Uh, but it is that which is really at the core, um, of, um, of ethnography. Um, there's another question. I wanted to ask about the process of finding a specialism in a specific country for your research. For example, how do you go about choosing that country for your research? Again, that's, I mean, it's up to you. Um, if you do a PhD in anthropology, um, we do expect that you speak the language or that you plan extra time to, uh, you know, to acquire the language. So that is, uh, very important and very time consuming. Um, and, uh, so yes, but, uh, but other than that, it's up to you. I mean, so as we're specialized in basically everywhere, everywhere, apart from Latin America, that's, that is probably fair to say that, um, here, right? Um, okay, so one more question. So as a recently closed answer, of course, because of financial difficulties, how secure is social anthropology? I can reassure you that, yes, we are up and running. Um, we are okay. We're a small department. Uh, we're quite flexible. Um, and we're, we're definitely here, um, to stay because, uh, anthropology as such is sort of, is very close to the, the core identity. Also, uh, Fabio, we have significantly improved our financial position this year. So there's actually a sample. So, um, we're doing well. We, um, did, uh, curriculum review last year. That's why some of the programs were consolidated rather than cancelled completely. Uh, so again, in anthropology, I can assure that it's very, uh, anthropology, the anthropology department is, is very safe. Uh, it's one of our, um, most popular departments as well in terms of courses, um, at the UG and, um, PG level. Thank you. Uh, there's another question, what fieldwork opportunities are there for undergrad students? Now, there are fieldwork opportunities built in some courses. Obviously, uh, this year, that was quite difficult. So most people had to do some form of digital fieldwork or Zoom interviews. Um, but you, you do a course called, uh, ethnographic research methods for which you do a little, um, uh, an ethnographic project. But there's also courses, um, like, uh, contemporary religious movements, for example, that have, uh, built-in fieldwork part that's usually, um, built around London. Um, if you're an, uh, uh, uh, uh, if you write an independent study project, which is the, uh, anthropological equivalent of a dissertation, you can do, uh, fieldwork. That's a process that, uh, happens over your last year, and you usually do fieldwork over summer. So you have two or three months, um, of fieldwork, and you will be supervised by a member of, uh, staff in the house to do that. So there are, uh, opportunities, uh, for undergrad students as well, but not, of course, not in the sort of the one year, um, uh, time length. Um, to what extent does anthropology try to address historical events? Uh, there is a whole subfield called historical anthropology. Um, and especially recently, you know, with Black Lives Matter, for example, there's, there's, uh, been much more attention being paid to the institutional history of anthropology itself and anthropology's complicities in colonialism, uh, for example. So this is also something, um, that has, uh, led to, uh, uh, sort of a much greater research output in historical anthropology. Um, so, uh, just to take these food, and then maybe you can take some more of the chat. Uh, in terms of field work, how will that play a part in the course? We will have to choose a field of study. Um, so as I mentioned, some of this already, it's, um, it depends on the course that you take. So for one of the courses that was not on offer this year, because of COVID-19, you will participate, uh, in a religious movement somewhere in London and write about it, uh, for example. Uh, and it is quite daunting, yes, but you will get, uh, this peer support. Uh, you'll sit together in, uh, research design groups where you think about what to do. You have methods classes that sort of tell you, um, where to go and what to do. Uh, and, uh, there's a lot of, uh, peer support, uh, as well. Uh, then there's, uh, uh, lately a more specific lesson. Good morning. I'm very interested in exploring the strong emergent countercultures in Japan as juxtaposed with traditionally assigned gender roles and expected societal duties after spending time there. I was curious how you found connecting with people happy to participate in your research initially and how open to involvement they were, uh, if you, uh, of course I don't mind anything. So the, um, the thing, it's, it's really, it's about, often about language ability. If you speak the language fluently, you will be able to reassure, uh, you know, participants very quickly that this is, you know, something that is doable because there's lots of, um, anxiety also about misunderstandings and so on and so forth. But, uh, and again, it, it, um, obviously it also has to do with your own positionality. Um, so if you try to do research on the subculture, for example, but you're a complete outsider, you know, you don't share any of the interests, for example, then that will be more difficult. It would, you would appear as a more strange figure. Um, but if, of course, you share some of the interest and some of the sexual orientation or gender identity, then that will be a way to, um, you know, to address the things. And I have several of my PhD students are doing that. Um, so there's definitely the possibility, to do, uh, work like that. Um, could you give an example of the sort of task assignment you would set in first year? Um, yes, so traditionally what you do in first year is, um, you do a lot of, um, uh, you learn to write an academic essay. But that is not as daunting as it perhaps sounds. So there's usually a broad range of different ways of doing it. Um, so one way, um, for example, this year we had students write a dialogue between two anthropologists or two thinkers for the social theory module, which is, um, uh, one thing, one module that you have to take as a first year undergrad. So imagine what would Karl Marx say, uh, to, um, let's say Michel Foucault, two thinkers that we treat, um, in the course, um, or what would Freud, Sigmund Freud, um, say to, uh, Evans Pritchard. So there's, there's ways in which that, you know, you can, um, make it a bit more creative and interesting. Uh, Fabio, Joao, unfortunately we need to finish now because we have another, um, taster session scheduled. Uh, thank you very much, Joao and Fabio for answering all the questions and for a wonderful presentation. I've shared your email addresses with our students. I hope you don't mind. So everyone, I'm, I'm very sorry we're not able to answer all the questions right now, but if you have any, any questions, any inquiries, please please feel free to reach out to Joao and, um, Fabio. Thank you very much. So thank you very much, that was excellent. Thank you for coming and I hope you have a nice weekend.


Welcome back to the session on latex. In this session, we will learn to color the text and pages of our document. Some basic colors are blue, red, green, etcetera. To use colors, one must include a package called color. Apart from the basic colors, there are other many colors as well, which you can use. For that, you would need to include a package called X color with a parameter dvips names. For more information on the colors, please visit the wiki book link given here. Now, let us see how to color the text. The command is slash text color, the color name in curly brace followed by the text to be colored. You can combine a color with white or mix two colors as well. The command remains the same except mentioning the colors and the percentage of the color. Let us see a demo. Let us write some random text and define it as red color slash text color red. My text is in red color. Let us use package X color with the parameter dvips names. As you can see, my text is in red color has been colored red. Let us add some other text as well slash text color blue. My text is in blue color. Let us build and run. There you go, red color and blue color. Well, let us write something more slash text color and we write red exclamation mark 50 exclamation mark blue. This text is a mixture of red and blue colors, we build and run, there you go. Now let us add slash text color plum and I say plum is my favorite fruit, we build and run. Now, let us add a page color to our document. So, we come here and we write slash page color, let us have a fancy color called golden rod. We build and run, there you go, the page is colored in golden rod, but I think it is a bit gaudy. So, let us make it lighter by writing exclamation mark 50, build and run. So, I have some text colored with red, blue, mixture of red and blue, plum and the page is colored in golden rod with a mixture of white. Let us switch back to our slides. So, we saw how to color the text, we saw how to mix two colors and we also saw how to mix a particular color with white. We also saw how to color the page. So, now you can color the text using single color or by mixing colors and adding a background color to the page. Thank you, have a nice day.


OH MY GOD!  FRIGG! Rixxelonated $3.  Nice. Okay. Ready? I'm not stalling, I'm just making sure... It's a little bit loud. I'm gonna turn the game sounds down just a little bit. It's a little bit... Okay. When I switch to Silent Hill... It's Silent Hill. It's PT Silent Hill.  No! I don't want to turn around, dude! Pause the tutorial. Hold on. Okay. I'm... Okay. Relax. It's just a video game. Nothing bad is gonna happen. But now what? Right mouse button. My voice. Can you hear it? This sign? Can you read it? I'll wait forever if she'll just come to me. OH! The door's open. Okay. I wasn't expecting the door to be open. Okay. I didn't notice. I didn't notice the door was open. Okay. Is that a baby? Why? Do I go close to it? Okay. I don't want one of those. Guys, I don't do well with scary games. Does this game have jump scares? Why is it darker with a flashlight? 204863.  What is this? Okay. That's so bad. That's... That's so bad. I passed the whole 10 times. I heard of this game in Legends. I've only heard stories about this game. People say that this is one of the scariest games ever. It was so scary that it never even got finished. Okay. Here's my question. What am I supposed to do now? Where do I go? Cause I'm lost. AHHHH! AHHHH! Okay. I'm so scared. It's not... Well, let me open. Wait. What? She's stuck. Hey. Okay. Okay. Hold on. We're good. We're good.  Okay.  Don't cry. I'm not crying. How do I stop it? You know what the heck? Yeah. Sure thing. You definitely looked up guys. This guy's a speed runner. Wait. What? True. True. So good. Actually, so good red knights.


It's got some other rewesses on it. Maybe they saved it. I don't know. Always confused me. Okay. I guess we're ready. This is a talk on basically what is DNS. Then we're going to talk about alternate routes and controversy. They're in. The talk changed a lot a few days ago because ICANN came out with a rather obnoxious paper. And they seem to be moving down a road very fast that kind of changed the talk. So I'm going to go over DNS real fast and at about 80,000 feet. So we get terms like root server and cache down. And then we're going to move ahead to talk about alternate routes, what some of the ICANN decisions mean, some confusions that happen with trademark and that are being made to happen on purpose with trademark by some intellectual property concerns in ICANN. And then we'll try to talk about where we can go from there. So start right off. Smack into DNS. You've got a browser or something and you look something up. What happens? You go to a page. So let's say you look up DEFCON. First thing that happens is your machine queries a local caching name server. That's a little box that says DNS server. It's going to go there. It basically, I can get into a lot more detail, but it basically asks for the IP. And it gets back a record and response that gives it that. DNS is a big distributed database of information and you're just asking it for an answer. The cache server then checks to see if it's already got it. Then if it doesn't, it goes upstream, taps a root server. A root server is something that I can ask, who's got www.defcon.org? Who's got that information? Technically speaking, the root server should respond just with who's authority for org. But the current root servers blur that line a little bit and do top level domains as well. So they're going to respond, who's got org and who's got defcon.org. There's the response you might see there. It actually wouldn't look like that. But that's a response you could get out of a program that would show you what the roots told you. Yeah. Anyway, it'll recurse to a certain level. It'll give you as much response as it can. Most name servers ask, the caching servers ask for full recursion to try to get an answer as fast as possible. That means they ask for the whole thing, not just part of it. The cache server goes to one of the listed name servers from that list, gets the answer, spits it back to your machine. Okay, that's DNS. I hope I made that clear. Now we get into the real meat of the talk is about ICANN, about what is the root? What can we do about the root? Because the root presents certain technical and political problems. And where can we go from there? ICANN is the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. One guy used to do everything that it now does. It is huge. The org chart I saw put up at a conference once on a screen about four times the size you couldn't read any of the boxes in it. It's monstrous. ICANN is basically making decisions about what we're going to be doing with top level domains, IP allocation, when you move to IPv6 on some of the backbones and things like that. They're very significant in what happens with the net. They're also totally loaded down with special interests. And they have official committees built of special interests who have official roles. That URL up there just came out not very long ago. It's the result of an ICANN board meeting in Japan. I recommend you read that. It's awfully spooky what it says. What it basically says is we're moving forward and releasing new top level domains. In fact, although you guys may not have known it, the deadline is August 1st to submit a new top level domain. They can come in from new registries. You can say, I want to be a registry. I want a top level domain or existing ones. If they accept it, it will cost you $50,000 to start it up. So obviously there aren't going to be many bit players in this game. This isn't for discussion. This has already been discussed. This is what's happening. Under discussion is a provision called sunrise or sunrise plus 20. Now that's been rolled into this proposal for new top level domains. And it basically came as a compromise, so to speak, from the intellectual property concerns. They say it's a reasonable compromise between their interests and the need for new top level domains. What is sunrise plus 20? Basically it means that if I've got a registered trademark and you start up a top level domain, you've got to hold my name for me for 20 days so I can at least get the first crack at it. Well, this doesn't do a whole lot for the usefulness of top level domains. If IBM is going to have IBM dot bakery and IBM dot banana and IBM anything else in the top level, it's sort of meaningless. ICANN as well will be operating the route. They will be operating a super route, a master route that all the other routes will feed off of. So I'll get any question about whether you can get out of the sunrise plus 20. The answer is no, because they're not going to let you add into your zone. They will block it, anything that shouldn't be there because IBM or whoever has 20 days to buy it should be spooky. A lot of people confuse root DNS and top level DNS, TLDs, partly because currently the current routes have both. They've got comnet or GDU and they're also root for comnet or GDU and all the two level, two letter domains and really everything else that you can get to on the internet unless you're using some other root name service. So to use another top level domain that they don't have, you've got to not use the top level name service and not use the root. That means not using ICANN's root. So for example, there are problems with the whole sunrise provision and this is a good example of it. Ajax, this is a real example. At least you think you have. Ajax.com you'd think probably is owned by Colgate Pomalov. It's for their cleaner. That's true. Unfortunately, if you give the trademark holder the first crack at a new name and a new top level domain, it causes some problems because Ajax has a lot of registered trademarks from different companies. So we should get it. There's Ajax football. They're Ajax.nl right now. Ajax, which is a town. Ajax, right. And actually this was just about three minutes worth of searching. There are a lot more. It's a very common name. I think Sophocles probably has the right to it first. But I don't know whose current errors are and the rights are probably gone. So the issues are actually kind of thick and yet the intellectual property concerns, who perfectly well know that this is an issue, are nevertheless talking about right of first refusal. And this is for any registered trademark holder. It would be a big difference if it wasn't for just any registered trademark holder, but for holders of what are called, well let's just call them strong trademarks. There was a provision put into the law recently that gives them extra protection. It really just reflected some court decisions that said there are some names that are so well known and so odd that really you just can't use them anywhere without causing confusion because people will think it's the company. A pretty classic example is like Chrysler. You probably wouldn't find a Chrysler bakery without thinking about the car company. But those names are entitled to some special protection, but there aren't many of them. Now what this does is it gives them all preemptive strike, if it was just for them, on the domain names, but it's not. It's all trademarks. So this is effectively a total overkill of the trademark system. So let me move forward a little. So you can see odd things happening with this system that just don't make any sense and yet these companies have a preemptive right to it if the sunrise provision actually becomes part of the final charter. It don't make any sense at all, to me. Okay, we're going to get into another idea is the local virtual route which is a lot of companies already have something like this. A large company has a three letter, eight letter or whatever internal top level domain. So for example, you might have the foo company and you have dot foo as your top level domain. For internal use only, you run a little root name service on the inside. It mirrors everything, the soon to be ICANN root does. So you can reach everything in the world, but you also reach foo. This allows people to type in just one name without the dots and be pretty assured of getting the correct server. It also helps you distinguish between inside and outside. Because on the inside if you try to hit mail, you hit the inside mail server mail dot foo. On the outside we'll hit mail dot foo dot com or whatever. So there's great uses for it and a lot of large companies use it. Some of them have monstrous networks built around this stuff. You can imagine if one of the new external top level domains that somebody talks through ICANN is dot foo. This company is going to have some problems, particularly because they won't own the whole thing anymore. So they've got to create a difference between the inside and the outside anyway there and actually filter, which is going to be a real pain for them. The proposal ICANN has to take none of this into account. That's real world stuff. So flip through this, I'm moving too fast. OK, so ICANN is really just afraid about squatting ultimately. That's the big eek end all. On the other hand, as you can see, GM can grab GM dot foo and general muffins incorporated might get squeezed out of it and have to pay GM for the right to get it because GM has the right to buy it under this provision, which is very odd because under the normal trademark law GM, the car company never would have been able to do that. Moreover, if they're afraid of someone squatting on it or using their name in a manner that confuses the public, they have remedy already in the courts and they could have gone to the courts afterwards through the person. If the person wasn't worth any money, they'd still get the name back and stop the person from using it. They were actually using it. So what this has given them is a preemptive strike that doesn't exist in the law. That's rather odd. So the question in the past, again, was not would the name confuse the public, which is what the question is now, but has the name confused the public and then they have a remedy to it and the motto is at law, where there's a right there has to be a remedy, but the remedy is in civil law except in rare circumstances or always after the fact. You just can't stop someone from doing that. That's not just in the US, it's in a lot of places. So the ICANN proposal just goes way overboard. In fact, there are examples in common everyday life where this kind of situation happens all the time now without needing preemptive strikes. It happens in the phone book where the phone company is not held responsible for a misleading ad in the phone book, but they can be ordered by the court after someone sues the party who's probably worth $12 into the ground and they can be made to not run that ad next time. Of course, the phone book lasts for a whole year and yet this has not put any large corporations out of business. So the damage is even greater there and it takes a full year for those phone books to basically more or less go out of circulation where it could take an hour after the court decision on the net or figure four days when all the time to lives go. So it happens with 800 numbers. It happens with your local sign maker. You have the right to walk into a car painting stop, so say anybody's neighborhood car painting joint with a white van and have a nice AT&T logo painted on the side. You can do that. No one can stop them from doing it. AT&T can't call ahead and say, no, no, no, don't paint that on the side. You can't do it. You can drive down the street and go into alleys and start climbing up holes and things. At that point, AT&T probably has the right to stop you, but until you've done something that confuses the public or defraud somebody, they don't have the right to stop you. So the other question that stress raises when moving to fraud is why are the trademark interests getting so much power in the new domain name system? And I don't mean as opposed to you and me. I mean, what about the libel interests?  I really would. But I have no right to preemptively stop that. I do have a right to stop it as libel after the fact. And what about criminal utterances? www.theholocaustneverhappen.com is completely fine here, but is a criminal offense in Germany? No right to stop that in advance. So why do trademarks get this special protection? When in fact, you know, libel is very harmful to someone in a direct way, criminal offenses are considered pretty serious because that's why they're criminal. And yet there's no preemptive strike for those. So you have to think about what's going on in ICANN with the intellectual property concerns that they have so much about biting it. Well, they say they're compromising. I think the confusion is over words. We all think that trademarks are in words, but they're not in words. They're in certain uses of certain strings of letters and shapes and colors and symbols in certain circumstances in certain lines of business. Again, it's a very rare or strong mark that can overflow its riverbanks and get into other areas of business. Otherwise they can't. They shouldn't. This will allow them to do that. So we take it a little different. Let's take our internal top level domain at Foo Company. And let's stick it outside the company's firewalls. And we'll run it on, let's assume, something that not too many people will break into this week. And so we do that. And we put it out there maybe for our vendors so they can get at our internal namespace without, I don't know if any of you have run a VPN around a firewall with internal namespace. It's health.  So put it out there so they can tap it. They just add that to their list when they're in the VPN thing. They get a number over DHCP. They go to that server on the outside and they get routed all nice and happy and they get the right names. But when do we put it out there for everybody? Well, like Microsoft runs Microsoft Usenet news groups that don't exist in the regular Usenet distribution space. You have to tap their news server for it. Same thing with this. We could run a namespace that certain people tap when they run maybe some of our software, maybe on purpose. Think about it. We could actually do some interesting stuff with it. We could. This has been up there for you to watch for a while. You run a filter service on it. You won't get to certain domains that you don't like because you won't. You could subscribe to an ISP that basically does that and then your kids can't go to certain places by name. Maybe it's whole countries you don't want them getting to. This would be great for China. But they can already do this, of course. Maybe you need to give faster name service response. That's certainly a possibility. Learning a local route basically means you don't go flying out to the regular routes very much. And you cache everything the route has locally so you don't go out there for anything just about. Except for top level name services, the routes in top level name service are blurred right now. You can create useful namespaces. You can get specific with stuff. This is where it gets interesting because IBM.com, you could always have pcs.ibm.com and mainframes.ibm.com or you could have mainframes.ibm. It's a flattening of the namespace in some respects. But in other respects, that becomes very useful because if you say I'm switching over to the IBM Dominion and I want PCs and mainframes and so on, it's very trivial to write software that does the right thing with that as opposed to having to use a regular name service system. So now we have the fear and certainty and doubt stuff that people are talking about with doing this. And this is pretty straightforward things. Somebody's going to come out with an alternate.com. Oh my God. Okay. Who's going to use it? Right. Route zones are monstrous. Route name servers require massive systems and the traffic is intense. That's because you're serving the entire Internet. If you have one that's serving your 20,000 ISP customers, you're not going to have it melt. Trademark violations will run rampant. They'll run rampant anyway because I can register Kodak.fujie.nobisco.mikeshare.com Right. I can So putting that out on the net, I can put it into web pages. I can put in my Usenet post. The name will go everywhere. That is about as much effective confusion as Kodak.mic. And yet Kodak.mic would be preempted and me using the existing system to build something very odd. It wouldn't. And trademark violations will get prosecuted as they are known. Civil court, people will sue and people will be shut down. It's very boring. These are real concerns here. Flattening the namespace. We were talking about that. We get names and instead of being hierarchical are kind of flat. We got a .idm and a .microsoft and a .everything else something more hierarchical. The current existing namespace is that right now you just slash off the .com or the .net and you've got that. Because .com and more differences have been not enforced for over four years. So it's a flat namespace now. There's just a .com on the end of it. So will this flatten it anymore? I don't think so. I do think it's a concern but I think that if the namespace goes to get flattened and we're already seeing this happen, meta-search indexes will start being built. Already it used to be if you had a domain name just without the .com and without the machine name into your browser window it would start searching machine names. Kind of attack on the com, attack on the .net, attack on your local domain, whatever. But now actually they kick you off to search engines half the time, depending on the browser you're using. So there's already a sense that people really just want to be able to describe what they want to get to and go there. I expect that will continue to be the case. If I want to get to it, I'm not probably going to type IBM.com because I think I know what IBM the machine maker is. On the other hand if I want to get to it I should be able to type IBM if that's what the company goes by, bagel space food and not have pages about computers come up in my face. So you need a meta-search that gives you best answers. I think that's going to come. Another real problem is transparent proxies. If you've got DSL from I think it's southwest bell you're going through an HTTP proxy even though you don't realize it. It's caching. It is there to keep your bandwidth costs cheap. That's why DSL is cheap. It's massively oversold in most places but you get pretty good response because they have massive caches making most of the traffic not really hit their internet pipe. Unfortunately that caching proxy has to do a name service lookup and it may not be using the route that you think you're using if you go to multiple routes. So you'll lose all those alternate domains. The thing that you may see in the future though is that these companies will start running services where you can set up your software and you'll pick the route you want to use. Maybe you can switch it on the fly. That would be kind of neat. And then finally you need to regularly update the local virtual route. So suppose I should dig into what I mean by a local virtual route. I mean you take root name service from various places and combine them in an intelligent way so you don't have overlap. So I want .web which is sort of an existence now. I want .buff there's a feather not for a BLFH and some other root things. I want to combine them in an intelligent way and in case there's overlap between top level domains in them I want to pick which one I want to win out when I do my searches. So I can do that build this root zone file on my local caching name server and it becomes a local root name server. And that's it and I built a virtual route on it. It's very simple. Companies do it all the time. I've got one running at home it's not very exciting. I do it at home basically because I don't want to go to certain sites mostly advertising sites. I seem to pop up on my screen a lot and I want that to get turned around to to my machine where I policy route it into something that gives me a little 4k smiley face instead of the ad. And I can do that. I can do that very easily. So when you start building this the top level conflicts don't really matter so much unless you're using an old name server software where the glue could get poisoned or could cause poisoning. Unless you shift your view and name space on the fly by jumping from root to root if you clear the cache and if you're using just a client you can do that almost instantly rather than having your root name server jump around. And it cuts down on external DNS related traffic which really is very small anyway that it is a benefit. So the question is how to do it. One of the problems right now is bind comes with the zone file for root a root hints file. It comes with it nobody is really told who sets it up that you just bought into the legacy root. That's funny because there are in existence other roots. They're not big but they're there and you could jump through them. You cannot combine roots in bind's hint file. If you do you get bad answers. You get no such domain when there is such a domain in one of your root servers you've got listed in there. So you've got to build a super root to do it with bind. Bernstein's DNS cache now djbdns lets you do it a little more easily on the fly. On the other hand you can do it just like you do with bind and build a virtual root. So really most of the people I've talked to which includes Aurobok and Bernstein think that the way to go with this is to write a simple protocol that's very flexible for your roots down they can be PGP signed and you can actually start updating the list of root servers in that zone off the PGP signed content. So you no longer have the problem of old machines with old hints file going to DNS root servers that no longer exist which make them slow. The upshot then is that you get all your personal wants and desires or your company's personal wants and desires into the system and you can jump it around if you are an ISP you could run four or five different virtual roots on one box different IP for each and serve different interest of your clients and it's very straightforward. So some of the references are existing alternate roots that are out there and these are all super roots although I think the way to go is to build them locally to increase speed. These are just proof of concepts. One is the open root server coalition. They run a lot of weird domain names and they're kind of a in some respects a land grab and they'd like to see the namespace get flattened for the same reasons I would because it's really silly if it doesn't and I used to be quite against it and the internet namespace consortium which actually holds no top level which serves as a super root and gives access to a lot of other domain name registrars that are non-official. So the thing you should be aware of though is that ICANN is moving ahead rather quickly with this plan and they're going to put out some new domain names real soon. One of the suggested ones is bank.banc which almost makes sense. It segregates a portion of the commerce market into a name that makes some sense. Currently IBM is going to get the right to buy IBM bank before anybody else and Chrysler is going to get Chrysler bank and so on. So it once again doesn't make sense and it results in a flattening of the namespace and you wonder why they're doing it. Right in the sunrise provision though is still up in the air and it would apply to all new domains so it would be interesting to see how that works out. It's supposed to work like that against sunrises up in the air. In the back there are local doing business names, right? No, no I don't. After the trademark holders get their 20-day whack at it, it becomes a land grab what they're talking about. The... Well, there's almost the same thing as just a national trademark anymore that trademark treaties that make it fairly international. It is international trademark law they're looking at and they're trying to focus in on various countries that have a lot of commercial interest basically to find out exactly how they're going to do it but if you look at the ICANN rules they have very little to do with trademark law so it works very well internationally even though they purport to be doing something with trademark law. One of the things you may be missing when I do go and register a doing business name locally and reserve it I'm still subject to the federal trademark law so if I manage to register locally something that I really can't use in commerce I'm going to get stopped from using it. I'm allowed to register in advance all I want I have to be stopped by the trademark holder and I think that's the way things should go but that's not where ICANN is going they're going quite the opposite. That registry would be automatically empowered and required to stop me from registering it so that IBM would get a whack at it or whoever. There's an RFC that talks about one fairly new one anyway that talks about how a root server should be run and one of the things it shouldn't do is do a zone transfer on the root so you would not be able to just pull it down. In fact, about a week ago I went and tore through A through M of the roots and only F allows root transfers for the whole zone transfers for the root so that's f.root-servers.com no.net excuse me and get it while it's hot other than that you're going to have to apply and that's partly an effort to sew up the root space. I don't think the trademark interests by the way are pushing that in part. To the root servers no because that would undermine the point of them but to the zone file that is the root content so you could build a local root sure I'm sure they might there's definitely money interests behind this they would claim it's to fund the root servers or something and that zone transfers are very heavy on them in fact transferring the whole root zone down to an ISP that's fairly busy and then running a root locally would probably save a lot of work on that root server but zone transfers trivial in terms of computational energy it's a bit of bandwidth for a burst that's it lots of little lookups all day long is actually computationally much more complex and so if anything would save them effort but they don't want to say it's not about effort it's about name space control and trademark .xxx and .sex and yeah it's one of the six proposed names but then they put it out for general public if you have $50,000 the public interest so we don't know what the final ones will be right now we actually will very soon I would think but we don't right now but what do I think of that I think that at least put some focus which is good right it's at least a meaningful name but in reality I think they just think it's going to be a hot seller so because I you know www.xxxgirls.com doesn't really leave me much doubt about what that domain is so actually a car dealer go ahead I can isn't going to try to affect the two letter country designation names registration processes this is solely for a new global top level domains ones that don't have a geographical element to them so there are some guidelines and they're actually talking about making everybody charge the same which would kind of kill competition you have to somehow tout speed and quality of service as your competitive edge which would work versus some of the existing registrars but it's not much of a competitive basis if you can't do it monetarily right we're smart we have a good database system we can do it cheaper we're not using a 16 year old database you might have been able to and you might be able to but one of the things on the table right now is to fix the domain name price for second level domain names and that's assuming that they like your proposal and they let you buy .adult that's also still in ICANN's hands what domains will be created and the phrase they're using is that it will be a task of proof of concept to see how it works out how the intellectual property interests are hit how much it destroys the internet you know etc if you've dealt in large corporations you know running oddball internal and when we say oddball and internal for a large corporation that could be 75,000 systems distributed around the world it works fine if you know what you're doing and I don't think too many people will be running root names so there's vaguely without knowing what they're doing and the hope is that software will be coming out that will allow you to roll your own even if you don't entirely know what you're doing and do it safely so that small ISPs or middle sized ISPs could do that the questions basically first what can you do with regard to the ICANN proposals and how can you become something of an activist what can you do what's important is will IPv6 do much for this the nice thing about IPv6 it will force people to start using at least at their borders because there are going to be a lot of IPv4 protected zones mostly protected zones let me answer that one first actually it's not going to do a whole lot it's not going to increase the name space it's going to increase the number space but that's not really that issue it will reduce the ability to spoof but it actually means that you can have somewhat overlapping root zones without accidentally giving someone a name server in the other dot com and ruining the look up currently older versions of bind will very gleefully take a name server reference that's in something called the glue which is sort of by the way if you wanted to look this up I'll give it to you now anyway that may be out of the zone of authority of the machine that you're asking for something from so I asked for FUCOM from FUCOM's name server well FUCOM is in a name server that is genuity.nets and by the way the IP address of genuity.net is blah unfortunately I use a different net than genuity does and genuity.net on my net is completely weird and I've now just made your name server remember that so you're completely whacked proper name servers for the last couple of years really don't cache that and the newer ones definitely don't so you have to actually very intentionally go whacking them to poison their caches it was actually easy to do it accidentally before so when Eugene Cashproof basically made internet go to alternate net for a significant portion of the internet he did that by simply throwing bad glue around and it was actually trivial so that would be harder so what you can do as an activist ICANN word site www.icann.word which was up there somewhere that's going to end has responses to all of their papers and so on going on and we start writing on it which is probably one of the best places to start there you go so www.icann.word all of their topics all of their white papers all of their committees have feedback there so you can at least give them feedback but I recommend taking it into companies you have talk about if you're technical and you're at the company start building alternate routes they do wonders for corporate networking and then I would take it to the press I mean this is interesting stuff definitely unusual in the law too www.icann.word.com right and working group C actually had some amazing people on it so it was depressing www.icann.word.com has some people on it that make you scratch your head as to why they're there so you gotta watch out for that anyway anything else thanks


Everybody forced here Ron 22 23 Dono's basketball hobby five bucks number 20 bigger team style Adam B Raptors a deal with the heat Andrew G Thunder Brian P. Bucks Chunwei Hornets Ed B has the Sixers Garrett C with the Bulls Jeffrey C Grizzlies hung wise with the Warriors Jake as the Blazers Jason T Celtics Carl has the Nets and the Clippers Kenneth Nuggets Lee Magic Lursak with the Pacers Morgan L Pelicans Peng Jinsi Spurs Ryan B has the Wizards Ryan S Cavaliers Scott H Maverick Scott C Nicks and Timberwolves Sean M Kings Shigunori with the Pistons Vaughn has the Jazz and the Suns Yeeming with the Rockets Yong S Hawks and Yun C has the Lakers. Good luck everybody Vaughn still says hamburgers are generally one of the most overrated foods of all time. He still says that in his order to everybody Here we go. No Carl, no hit list pack for you. Who do you have again? You have the Clippers and the Nets So again, I'll jump past the vet base and get to the meat and potatoes here Trevor Kiehl's press proof Knicks rated rookie Grayson Allen Bucks red laser to 99 LeBron crunch time Houston, there's Ivy Baldwin Lofton Roddy My moves Kevin Durant. All right. All right. We saw him hit an animation, which is kind of insane I want to pull an animation so bad. Maybe this is maybe this is the break. Maybe we're due press through Luca Trey young production line press through for the Hawks. Maybe we'll pull rookies of either of those guys in the next break Unleashed purple press through fianas. Oh, yeah, there's my goker bear Two on right now press through bam Crunch time Kevin Durant diamond for the Nets Sohan Matherin Ty Ty and Ben caro All right pack. All right, I see you pack That's primo press proof fan out of bio heat press through purple to 199 Houston Murray Yolvig Walker Kessler Patrick Baldwin junior warriors rated rookie base auto press for Jalen Noel a crunch time press proof Luca Donchich Mavericks Netmarvel's Luca and a crunch crunch time press through purple Damien Lillard Blazers Daelyn Terry Jalen Doran Tara Easton press for rated rookie for the Rockets dirt press truth The Mavericks Janice net marvels Purple press through Dominique Wilkins throwback for the Hawks AJ Griffin Del Jang Next basketball releases Wednesday everybody Don Russ elite Don Russ elite basketball on Wednesday. You got pen pals in there Ron James press proof Lakers Justin Holliday basketball to 75 Hawks Pen pals autos in elite basketball Jabari Smith press proof Grayson Allen AJ Griffin Hawks rated rookie hollow laser One of 149 Atlanta nice card good rookie press proof purple craftsman Luca Donchich Mavericks Jalen Williams and Jaden Hardy Portland down 27. Yeah, that happens. Joshua Portland's not that good Especially a defense. Oh, there's an animation.   Now, let's see a night moves. I see one of those two Purple net marvels Steph Curry Warriors Say Branham Yeah, JT it'll probably stay right around there. These things are tough tuft bowls I think so. That's what it looks like Right, it's not like a white thing. Why no more junior to 49 rated rookie red laser to for there for the uh T-wolves Why no more? That was a two-auto box too What the heck? What's going on? Chair Murphy to 199 pelicans two autos Almost number two chat home grin For sure pull another ssp So the animations are way rarer than the night moves night moves are like one a case or so Maybe we'll see the other one too though. I don't know. Maybe it's in place of it Maybe it's just totally random shade on sharp press refrated rookie for the Blazers Sheik Hildes Alexander to 149 thunder hollow laser. Uh, no okc hits yet You remember there was a number to shake elders there though if you count numbers as hits They allow bass chargers. They get out of it or they don't eight to one now though Press proof of the uh, we've got gary trans junior raptors number to 199 press through purple and leash uh, kate cunningham pistons jail and doran Press through marquel folds collin sexton jazz basketball to 75 Agbaji, there's ivy Get your wiggins press prove a kevin durant net marvels for the nets purple crunch time kawaii landed clippers and caro base mixers down to 12 now. Yeah 12 to go in the mixer We're at 12 get your spots for tomorrow everybody as well mats live at 10 am each on the baseball channel some moments best some moment chrome mixers Other goodies as well press roof and bead crunch time jimmy butler heat diamond sohan Coloco and matherin pan for no one again today They've been playing less competition though Max christy press proof rated rookie isaac stewart pistons red laser to 99 beef stew Net marvels press proof purple nicola yokich nuggets chat holmgren random Another crazy stat line. He yokich was like 35 20 and like How many assists did he have 35 and 20 though? Yeah, it is kind of wild press through valentunas Miles turner pacers number to 199 Shade on sharp kate and watson. Oh 11. Yeah triple double. He had two steals and two blocks, too Bogdanovich press proof press through Tony parker throwback for the spurs There's a cadenet marvels lebron crunch time purple ray allen press proof jay griffin So Literal video game numbers. We got a next day. Looks like it's going to the lakers too. Yes Oh, it's lakers rookie next day auto max christy to go lakers press through pokusevski rj barrett nicks Blue laser to 49 jaylin williams jaden hardy And a jabari smith there Uh marcus smart tray man to 149 thunder hollow laser Press through purple craftsman jama rants Walker kessler All right through you boxes And if you guys are looking for the next basketball release like I was saying Wednesday is don rus elite basketball release day again Pen pals are the chase in that you'll also get two numbered rookies per box if it's the same as it was last year I've not tried the checklist on that yet, but Again, if it's the same as last year, it's two numbered rookies a box and I think two autos You're chasing pen pals It's not gonna be a fun one Sometimes it goes like that josh. Well josh minot timberwold is rated rookie base auto so you spell minnow press through voosevitch crunch time kd press proof nets purple tim duncan Press through spurs daylin terry jaylin doran Not not numbered this year kellen's not interesting. Why do they go away from that? I like that Trevor kills ready rookie press through nicks katie cunningham hollow laser to 149 pistons jaden ivy Yeah, I like to read Press through nick only yokech chris middleton bucks to 199 Zion purple press through for the pelicans Jalen williams jaden hardy I guess be rude to illegal He's asking for it though. Look at him. I think it's great. He knows it. I guess one too That's why I have to react like a jerk press proof andrew wiggins Danny green basketball the 75 grizzlies I didn't know he was a grizzly to be honest. I did not know until now uh crunch time lebron keegan murray Walker kessler Huh, I hope it's good. I mean, I hope it's nice. It leads pretty cool I like that they had numbered rookies last year, so Maybe the auto's ready this year. Guess what to see It's press proof hero kevin herderts 299 for the hawks red laser. Oh, thank you for letting me know von jeremy sohan matherin ben caro It was a camera guy doing camera guy. I was looking like it was gonna leave left field and it was a pop out to third Really? Yeah, I did camera guy went like it was gone. What was that about? First day on the job. Yeah Must be jake out there operating the camera exactly tarry some press roof rockets Kobe white bulls hollow laser to 149 Purple press proof production line Steph carry warriors A j griffin I look up and it's just showing left field and then they pan down to third bay The dude catches it like 10 feet away from third base Why von knows these things I I'll never quite understand what he does he does know all the basketball things basketball basketball Jones throwing finish smith Will barden to 199 for the wizards Sam's cousin Yeah, sam's cousin will barton Jabari smith junior. Oh, we got a night moves now We got a night moves Of jammer and congrats grizzlies now I had a feeling we get the other ssp too That's awesome.  No, I didn't say it's supposed to I just figured you would There you go Carl there you go Carl was on it It didn't his night moves guys It's true. There you go. There you go. Very true. It's a marjorose into 199 bowls Well, I guess we'll see what happens because I don't know if the league is gonna suspend him Well, they didn't say like they said they're not gonna charge him in colorado for like bringing a farm on a plane They didn't have evidence purple net uh net marvels damian livid blazers but I guess The league is probably gonna see what the what the grizzlies do I guess But it's not a hundred cent that will legal suspended because if he's gonna be out for like a few more weeks and like Maybe they'll see that as like suspension time. I really don't know It's a wait and see I'll probably have a hearing and talk to him about it and all that stuff and do their own little investigation He go to jail. So that's the big thing for him. But as far as like this season, I don't know Crestroof mcgallon's rated rookie hornets Christian wood mavericks to 75 from the basketball parallel Oh, he's got a second chance basically to uh Not do anything stupid like that again Get better friends Hopefully it's a learning experience would hate to see someone like john morant not Yeah, man, you know have like a 15 plus of your career Canard pressproof ray allen sonics go to the thunder Unleashed purple pressproof kevin durant nets this is sohan matherin So while we're on this subject remember when gilbert arenas brought the The gun into the locker room. How long was he suspended for I know that's way different than now It's a lot different now like they're cracking down on things like that I mean, obviously it was a no-no back then but nowadays it's like a hey pressproof to sunmu diamond craftsman chamarant grizzlies Does he yeah, really good one now the kibranum 50 games for arenas. Okay, so it was the same back then pretty much That kind of was like well, I mean he was already like slowing down at that point arenas was sort of like on the court Yeah, then the knees messed them up magic legend. Gilbert arenas actually Josh Richardson press proof a Justin holiday hawks haul a laser to 149 kevin durant net marvels for the nets purple press proof Press proof Ben Simmons. Yeah, I can't imagine Dude insane grace and allen press through purple to 199 for the bucks Gigi griffin He wasn't prime agent zero and at that time. No, he was a little bit. He was slowing down a bit And I mean that might have been one of the reasons He'd be in a fool ready rookie press for random for the spurs. I'm believer that uh comes around goes around He made a lot of money, man. And that marvels press from nicolayokage nuggets Purple press through tony parker spurs. Yeah, if you make a lot of money, you're not surrounded by the best people It's gonna go downhill If you don't have discipline, it's going downhill. Whether you're like intentionally doing things wrong or not It'll work for it. It'll reflect eventually Gary Payton Lonnie Walker the fourth Lakers red laser to 99 Walker kessler 12 to go in the mixture everybody coming up later tonight But the high-end basketball make sure this one that is gonna be fun. We've gotten the war in there unpackable And tea the fingers of prism Let's pull a luga gold prism tonight and i'm a home's gold prism tonight Let's do both of those things press proof. Yannis eric gordon hollow laser to 1 to 49 rockets Craftsman purple press through harden for the nets Mike, what's up, buddy? She's doing some breaks watching the world baseball classic Watching a porter. We could get rocked right now Honestly pretty surprising to see him lose this bad Jabari smith jr. Rated rookie red laser auto rockets 23 of 49 That is sick. Congrats, houston This is a great case overall huge break here, too Congrats rockets. That'll go in a mag Press proof loot door torture chamber as sam calls them Grayson allen won 99 bucks Sam knows all the obscure nicknames For like every player did you triple did it? So is that a uh, is that a cycle? It shouldn't be Oh, I ended up at third. I was gonna say a salvatore fresh triple would be actually wild That'd be electric to watch press roof towns press roof crunch time kawai Leonard Purple press route to edwards teawolves That was a double. Yeah, I was gonna say if you get a salvatore fresh triple Then you're on the other end of that you're having a really bad night Yeah, exactly right corner The right field took like three bounces. Yeah One guy just stopped running controller disconnected That's a fine take to have Justin But at the same time if you post something like that on social media What are the odds that somebody else would pay attention to it? Like not like like how many eyes are gonna see if I post something on social media rather than jam a rant Like if I posted a video of me having a gun like a nightclub No one's gonna care because it's me.  No 149 lukadanshach mavericks Jaden ivy For sure vans. I've missed it. I'm telling you I missed the pitch clock. I missed it already It's not it's not a tear break. It's a random teams break press through paul george Ionis production line for the bucks press proof Unleashed press through purple kawai Leonard clippers Baji So in the same sense that like if you Broke they also they also didn't they also didn't find evidence like it's not like he did something They know he did something wrong. They're not punishing him and they didn't find evidence. That's why they're not Going into it. They can't prove that he took a firearm onto the plane press rift jamal Murray Kevin garnett diamond for the tea wolves They already said I mean it's the law like if he broke the law and then they could have evidence and they would just He would go to jail probably sohan matherin Ben caro press return Bam out of bio basketball the 75p. Oh, I'm not saying those are special treatment. I'm just saying in this case I'm not sure if that is the case Keegan Murray Job being a young star has luxury or probably getting a little bit of beneficial treatment and like more help and a little more understanding Like more willingness to have like a second chance But yeah, Jabari Walker blazers rated rookie base auto They might get bored the issue is is like when you have that much money Like I said, if you don't surround yourself with the right people you're gonna get in trouble no matter what It doesn't matter if you're trying to get in trouble. It will happen if you don't surround yourself the right Crafts of press fruit kairi Irving crunch time press through purple lebron james lakers Sohan press fruit for the spurts unleash press through jammer and grizzlies purple vince carter press through for the raptors Hey jake riffin, but yeah, if he had actually like they could really broke the law he'd probably get off easier than one of us I mean It's been like that for people with money in this country since the literal beginning of the country Like it was founded that way It's never not been like that in the united states press through damien lillard Or most places honestly to 149 rudigo bear tea wolves on the hollow laser most places barry smith Yeah, hopefully you'll answer me. Hopefully it's like a wake up hauling.   Yeah, like a sad is like a saloon Yeah, the throwback jacy williams are cool trevor keels nicks on the Irrated rookie base auto Take an extra auto in this last box as well. We have a lot of autos in this one press fruit Kobe white malik monk for the king's red laser to 99 Shotgun willies Yeah, if I were to shotgun willies, I feel like I'd be a chat home grin drinking like lukewarm beer This saloon there'd be like a An outhouse to go to the bathroom in I'll be adjusting No one's doing nothing wrong Pablo Lopez dealing out there 4 plus 2 hits for beast He's pitching his home ballpark too. I just realized that Kind of put kind of put it together there Autos of trevor keels jabari walker joshman knot max christie next day Red laser wendell more jr. Patrick baldlin jr. A red laser jabari smith jr. To 49 Night moves john morant and our first animation poll Is a jaden ivy Big congrats to the pistons That dot is part of the card. So I'm not sure what that's not a perfect surface either A big card for the pistons. Thanks again everybody Onto the mixer