PSA just graded my polls from the 200k special What's up guys? We're back with another epic PSA return video And we got back our polls from the different 200k specials We did like the LOB first-aid openings the IOC first-aid opening and the retro pack 2 opening and the big 200 pack opening So if you've not seen those videos yet, go check them out right now So you don't get spoiled on what we pull but there were some really really good polls in there Hopefully we got some tins before we get into it. We do have a giveaway I'll be giving away this PSA 10 Korean trihorn dragon and prismatic secret rare all you have to do is like the video be subscribe turn notifications Let me know down below will we get any tins at this return and what is your favorite card today's video is sponsored by?  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Alright, we've gotten the cards out We have only a five card return today, so it's not absolutely massive But these are all massive pulls that we've had recently so we're just gonna go one at a time We do have a pre-grade. We're gonna see if I was right on any of those. We'll have them popping up on the screen Let's start off with the first card. Here we go. We're just gonna go in order. I think wait. No, these aren't in order I got the lowest cert first. Let's do that the back of this one see if I can figure out which card is which They're all old so it's gonna be like I can't say odds a new card looks pretty good Whatever it is definitely looks older. I can't tell if this is an LOB card or not Corners look pretty good Corners look okay. All right. Let's see if we can cover it up We have okay polymerization it is an LOB card We have a wavy first-aid polymerization that we pulled out of a heavy pack. How does this thing look so there isn't okay So this is a wavy poly which is really really cool There is a little bit of a warp to this card as you guys can see it's not like super warped But it does have a little bend to it usually doesn't matter too much in PSA grading from my experience But we'll see if it does the card looks pretty nice overall. Let's get it out out of here the back There's a little bit of scuffing if you guys can see that but it's kind of a normal thing for wavy They tend to have that corners appear to be pretty good corners are looking nice there It's sintering is pretty good slightly pushed that way, but it's not terrible. I think it has a chance at a PSA 10 It's not perfect. I mean he's absolutely not perfect. It's a little warped has Slight slight scuffing on the back. I want to be optimistic and say 10 I think realistically I should probably predict 9. That's what I'm gonna predict I think there's a very good shot at a 10 though Which is why I'm sending it in and I do not own this in a PSA 10 So I really hope that I'm right. Well, I guess I'd be wrong because I said 9 but hope that I'm wrong then how about that sintering looks Slightly pushed that way. I think I predicted a 9 on this, but we'll find out Hopefully we get a 10, but you never know corners. Yes sintering is definitely not perfect That's what's gonna do us in if something does look at the surface of that thing that thing looks beautiful Polymerization. All right, LoB first ed think I predicted a 9, but you guys will see what I did here I feel like it's a 9. Let's see All right, it is a 10 that is super cool I do not have this card in my collection for LOB. So hey, that's a big win. I was worried that the sintering I think it might be a little slanted. It gets a little bit worse when it goes to the top I was worrying this would be like too bad, but but not looking at it's really yeah It's probably about 60 40 which is about the borderline then it as it goes lower. It looks a little better So that is super cool. I've never had luck grading LOB So I think this is only my second PSA 10 from a pack that I've opened from LOB and we've graded like 15 16 17 hollows. So I'm like two out of whatever now. So hey, that's a huge start. I'm super excited for that That's going in the collection my very small LOB PSA 10 collection been working on it for years And I think we have like six or seven hollows. All right, that makes me think this is probably the flame swordsman Okay, that one got a 10 that I'm feeling a lot better about the flame swordsman because they were very similar condition Okay, cool. I'm pretty sure I predicted nine on these might have said 10. Maybe it was a little optimistic I can't remember there's maybe some slight scuffing on the back I can't really tell through the case got corners look pretty similar. The problem is these little uh, this little thing There we go. Yeah, if you move it a little bit, you can see that better. Okay Problem is it's always got this thing in the way. Maybe there a little corner issue right there Maybe maybe right there as well. Let's see. Okay. This is the flame swordsman. All right This would be a huge dent on someone the someone the case it looks like here's our second LOB technically our first I'll be I recorded this one first the flame swordsman super rare So we've had some great luck with supers out of LOB recently This is also a wavy card. So it is really. Oh, yeah, you can really see it there You don't know what wavy is you guys see how the card stock is a little bit wavy And yeah, that's kind of what it means a little bit, you know, it kind of ripples across the surface It's pretty nice looking Really really nice looking card sintering is pretty nice on this very similar to the poly. It's a little bit to the Right, but it's not too bad corners appear to be pretty good There's more scuffing on this card. You can see there's scuffing there's scuffing in the middle That makes me think this one really probably doesn't even realistically have Much of a tin chance. I think this still will probably get a nine in this condition I think this one is probably a nine and then with looking at this one if this gets a nine I think Polly should probably get a ten But I'm gonna predict nine for both of them because you know, they both have their issues I think this is a really nice card and it could probably even I mean, I don't think an eight would be fair I think a nine is probably right eight is probably a little bit too harsh But I'm gonna go nine for the prediction on that one as well wavy first edition flame swordsman. That is beautiful. Wow That looks so good. All right flame swordsman sintering looks better on this one than the other one that we got to get that off Oh, okay. I'm hoping for a 10. Let's see if we can get another one An eight and a 10, I mean that's better than two nines to be honest, but why Okay, I got to get this off Okay, I've been working on it somewhat coming off, but I got to keep working on it a little bit more I think it'll eventually come off, but okay eight on this I'm in the corner down here is not awesome. I'm trying to figure out if maybe the scuffing on the back, too I think that might be scuffing in the middle Ouch, and now it's pretty rough on that pack fresh Lo be I mean but pack fresh really doesn't mean anything you got to remember that you can open a pack And it can be damaged many people have done this especially with the Konami's quality control these days You know you might pull a bent card off out of the pack. So it doesn't necessarily mean anything I don't remember it being an eight, but whoa, was that it? Oh wait, maybe that's it Was that there that nick I Don't remember seeing that is that a nick at the top that makes sense if that has a nick up there I think that I think that we might have a little bit of damage going here Oh, I don't remember that on the on the rock card, but we have the video of the rock art So I guess if it was there, maybe I missed it You guys can let me know in the comments that happens a lot where I'm like, whoa, this wasn't here And then you guys like actually if you look in the pre video you can see it So that might happen this time, but yeah unfortunate. I'll still take it eight and ten though It's not like the worst ever. Why am I not doing this? There we go All right, that hurts a little bit, but we got some other big cards coming up So we got a couple big ones. Let's see. What is this one going to be? I don't remember the fifth card. I know we have black blaster soldier and we have harpy harpy spat dragon So those are coming up. This one looks like I don't know what this one is This could be the harpy spat dragon looks pretty clean on the back Which makes me think it might be the corners look pretty good. I think yeah, not terrible that that top left one It's not the best, but oh dimension fusion, right IOC. Yeah, okay I said this thing in because it was pretty clean next up We have dimension fusion from our 200k box opening IOC first edition So this thing looks pretty good centering on this is also really really nice It's the same thing. It's pushed a little bit, right It's a different set still the same centering pretty crazy corners Look pretty good from what I can tell back looked really clean. There is a print line right there if you guys can see that The rest of it though pretty good I mean a little bit of scuffing, but usually that doesn't take off too hard Corners appear to be pretty good on this card really good actually they look really nice So this thing is probably a 10 candidate It also I mean it still had some stuff wrong with it same reason I you know with the LOB this thing is not warped though So I guess I mean I don't think warping matters that much But it could factor in if the cards close I am gonna go with a 10 because it has a little bit on the back But if the only thing is the back, you know like a print line and a little bit of like not even really scuffing It's just like it came out of the pack like that. I think that thing has a 10 chance I could see you getting a nine, but I think 10 would be fair can we get a 10 from IOC I'd love to I'd rather be on the BLS, but I'll take both, you know, that'd be cool Here we go dimension fusion Another eight I don't see anything on this one Wait, what happened? Is it like bent or something? Bint would probably be a seven. What's it? What is an eight here? What am I missing? What am I missing? I don't know what I'm missing. Oh, no Centering mate. No centering is good. Is that corner bit? Maybe it always looks like that But that's just like usually just the reflection. I don't know. I'm baffled by that one This one at least seems like it has a nick that one I don't know about that one But maybe there was something in the pregrade that I missed all right I'm guessing this is the BLS then please don't be an eight I think it is the BLS based on that really faint dot right there And that's definitely the BLS that that makes me worried that we can't get a 10 It's very slight but you know, it's something, you know, it exists on the card Also, we've been getting eight so I'm not really sure And then the one that we've really been waiting for the blacklistor soldier Envoy at the beginning centering as you can tell same little bit to the right But not really bad enough to take off for that. I think the rest of the card's really clean Then we have or the rest of the I mean the centering is good enough I don't know. I just said clean. It's not actually what I meant Okay corners look good. We can actually look at it and see if it's clean So there is That in the middle it has that little dot couple of dots down here I mean, it has a couple things on the back the corners look great This is a great condition card Like it's a really really nice condition for a card that dot is just so noticeable That's the problem like as soon as you look at the back You see that dot on the back and like it's not even bad, you know It's like a tiny little thing. I would try and get it off I don't really know if it can come off But I mean, that's the only thing wrong with it I think it'll probably get a nine because of that though BLS centering. Okay. How the corner is looking? Come on BLS be a 10 for it. We already have a 10 But I mean, this would be a cool one to half because I actually pulled it Come on, baby blacklist or soldier on for the beginning we pulled this In the IOC box. It was crazy. What is this down? What it's the same spot as the flame swordsman. What is going on with these slabs? Oh, that's annoying. Okay. What else do we Now I'm just hoping it's not an eight. Okay. Come on. Let's see Ah Why are they all eights? Are you kidding me? This is insane What is an eight? I'm so confused What did I miss? I mean, this is obviously there. So there's something like it's not like a perfect card But what you know like the corner is bad What am I missing? I think I predicted a nine on this but an eight is A little low. I have no idea plus this plus this. This is making me frustrated right now All right. I tried didn't have a lot of luck there. So, uh, three eights and a 10. Okay Maybe maybe I didn't want three eights and a 10. I mean one eight and one 10 was fine All right. Harpy's pet dragon this thing. I thought this thing was a 10, but now I'm not so sure I'm not so sure what's gonna happen here. This thing was really clean I don't know what we're getting docked for on those last two So maybe I missed it here as well And then finally we have our retro pack to harpy pet dragon that we pulled in the 200 pack opening What an awesome opening that was Secret rare from retro pack to look at these retro pack two secret rears Beautiful looks awesome. Uh sinnering is immaculate on this. This is like one of the best center cards Definitely the best center card of these five right here.  I think that this card is a 10 I'm going to predict a 10 on it. We're not even going to go too in depth on it Just because this card looks absolutely incredible looking at it. I mean there's some slight back scuffing But the card's not really warped sinnering's perfect corners look great I mean, it's just a couple of back scratches this not even scratches. That's a strong word back like scuffs I guess you would call it like varies very very slight. I think this is a ps a 10 I'm going to predict it right now and I'm going to be really happy ps a when you give me the 10 Uh, yeah, I'm scared. I'm scared harpy's pet. Just be a 10. I'll be happy if these two are 10s Even if those three eights, I'll be really happy if this is a 10 This is the one I really wanted as a 10 the sinnering's pretty good Surface is super clean Corners look good. Come on harpy's pet dragon do it for us be a 10. Let me uh check the back again Corners. I mean even the corners look solid. I mean, this is a really nice retro pack card Okay, here we go. Let's reveal it. Come on be a 10 This card was so clean. I don't know why I don't know why I don't know what you need to be a 10 I don't know. I just don't know this card was way cleaner than this card in my opinion This card was cleaner than this card. That's a 10. This is not I don't get it. That is an unfortunate return right there Very unfortunate I mean we got a 10 so it's not the worst like we could have gone like, you know Two nines of three eighths or something, but this card was super super clean. I'm not sure what I missed Oh, what a bummer. All right, you know, that's just how it goes sometimes Uh, these will probably end up being in my binder instead of uh, you know in ps8 slabs this I feel like it's a 10. Maybe we'll give it another shot at some point and then this one will be in the collection So if you guys enjoyed it, make sure to subscribe to the channel for more content like this Hey guys future rux in here to uh transition from sad rux. We just kind of had a rough ps a sub and I wanted to give you guys a Quick update. I don't know exactly what's gonna happen But I have contacted ps a and they have allowed me to send that flame source and back to them And they're gonna review it So I don't know how this works. I've never actually had a card reviewed because I've never had a card that they I thought they actually damaged before and I'm pretty sure they did hear based on what I saw So I think if they review it and they see like that, you know, previously it wasn't damaged now There's a little nick up top. I think they'll commentate me for that, but we're gonna see what happens I'm not really sure because I've never been through this process before It is a huge bummer because I really need that card in ps a 10 when the poly got a 10 You think that that one would have gotten 10 did have some stuff on the back So maybe it would have got a nine But it's never fun to have your high end card damaged But I can say that this is the first time in according to my playlist on youtube before this video I 57 ps a returns So we've done a lot of ps a returns on this channel And I've never noticed anything like this before where they've like chipped the top of my card or anything So it is good that that hasn't happened before.  I mean that's just how it goes. It's a it's a big company So I expect that it's going to happen. I'm not happy with it But you got to accept that it's probably going to happen at some point if you do send your cards So that's fine Hopefully it goes well and thank you guys for watching the video. Shout out to the home photo show Daxer jt show puffins of doom or nestle dnm the cycle america doister supreme stage 21 and undertie show Ian moosa junior barding and mimic echo. Thank you guys for supporting the channel and i'll see you guys in the next one peace


Oh, what the heck is that? Oh my god, that thing is definitely cursed y'all All right.  You look adorable from the curse bro And creepy right now move on to our deck man I've been liking these so far. These are pretty dope. Right.   All right, what is this? Backrooms chaos in the hub. We have already reacted some back rooms. Let me know in the comments down below All right, next we got sonic the problematic hedgehog Right, I see what this is about Oh Boy, oh great.  Oh What is going on here? RIP Hey, why does your body look like that? Just slow for him man He just what? Just blew up. Oh, wow. Okay. That was the problematic hedgehog Oh, man. All right, next we got sonic xc in the back room who found footage Me sonic would be able to speed him in the back rooms. What did he since he's fast? I mean, I figure he would be able to I am God. I Am God. I am God. I am God. I am God. Oh My god. Oh, there he is. Oh, he's charging up. I'm going slow, bro. Oh What? That's pretty sick. Don't hey, that was a sonic yx y jumpscare. I think All right, that was pretty cool Pretty cool animation next we got star dot mp4 I'm starving give me animals Don't demanding bro found you That's pretty cool. It's actual sonic in the game. Oh, what he didn't get to eat him He did not see him getting eaten alive. That's probably the best part to be honest All right, and our last clip is how sonic became sonic.exe an SFM so How that goes? Thanks.    All right, ladies and gentlemen. Well, that was the end of the sonic videos Now you're like the first one probably left me cursed at lumpy touch one Like where he changed his face and all that and then he should take both his face onto it. That was pretty creepy Probably have nightmares like I said, all right. Well, thank you for watching if you guys have any other recommendations on On any other characters you guys want me to search up or ex you could be possible Let me know in the comments down below I will gladly try to Search them up and grab some videos and yeah, thank you for watching and I'll see you guys in the next one. Peace


Good afternoon, and thank you for coming out to, I believe it's the first Burak lecture of the season, academic year, in a brand new facility. So thanks to the business school for allowing us to use the space. I also want to thank the president's office and Susan Davis, and in particular Susan who's still here. I highly recommend using the Burak lectures to bring folks like Mark LaBelle, caliber of Mark LaBelle, into town. Very, very helpful and we're thrilled. Also, so thank yous to my co-conspirators in bringing Mark here, Asensia over in community development and applied economics, and Meredith Niles in nutrition and food science program. They've both been really, really helpful in helping to craft Mark's visit. And Meredith and Mark go way back at UC Davis and it's been great to rekindle those connections. Also thanks to the Gund Institute for cosponsoring this to my own department of community development and applied economics. The office vice president for research, he's very much supportive of water research, and all the colleagues who have met with Mark over the last two days, and those who are going to mix and mingle with him later tonight. So following Mark's talk, we will be having a reception just outside the doors here. We invite you to stay around. There will be some question and answer periods, so please also stick around for that, feel free to come with your questions. So today's speaker is a real leader in the field of water governance, water governance research. We all know with the specter of climate change, political conflicts, increasing resource scarcity, conflict over water, water use, water quality, water quantity are ever present, aren't ever present challenge and will only likely continue to do so. So how are we going to govern our way through these challenges as we face the changing dynamics of the changing climate and ever evolving political systems? He's currently a professor and vice chair of the Department of Environmental Science and Policy of the University of California, Davis. He's also the director of the Center for Environmental Policy and Behavior. He possesses his PhD in political science from SUNY Stony Brook, so he's East Coast trend. It's a credit form. Mark, even though he looks like a young guy, he's prolific. He's authored or co-authored over 90 articles in peer-reviewed journals. His work has appeared in such high caliber journals as the College in Society, Journal of Environmental Management, Public Administration Review, Governments, Behavior, Water, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Global Environmental Change, Plus One, Society, Natural Resources, and the list does go on. His research has been funded by the National Science Foundation through many grants, as well as the USDA, as well as the State of California. So a lot of Mark's work, as he's going to talk about today, is done in partnership with collaborators with stakeholders. So it's a real action agenda. As you assume, many national leadership roles advancing policy, network, and environmental management topics within the field of political science is real, I would say, I would argue, is probably the foremost environmental, next to Bob Barton, environmental policy, particularly in water in the political science field. He sits on the editorial boards of such journals as Society, Natural Resources, Public Administration Review, Behavioral Science and Policy, and the International Journal of Blogger Governance. You're going to see all of those threads in today's talk. He teaches courses regularly on some topics, obviously politics and policy, land use management, public lands management, and also is developing courses in social ecological systems. And that's another area where Mark is at the vanguard of. He's helping us think about how to analyze and model social ecological systems. In his own words, Mark's work, as you'll hear, is about cooperation. It's the study of cooperation problems and decision making and environmental, agriculture, and public policy. Many of us are probably likely familiar with the tragedy of commons issues that I think drives a lot of Mark's work. He views these cooperation problems as the causes of many, many environmental conflicts. The largest areas that Mark's contributions have been the area of theory advancement in the concept of ecology of games as well as the idea of integrated water resource management. These are two keystone theoretical frames that really guide water governance as well as environmental governance in general. And his breadth in where he applies his empirical research extends to flood hazard mitigation, plant disease, transportation behavior, invasive species, among others. Methodologically, Mark is one of the leading users and employers of social network analysis, a lot of which you're going to hear about today as it applies to water governance. In addition to all that, Mark is a renaissance man. He plays a mean guitar, I'm told. He's been in bluegrass, but he's phased out of that because it's not electric. So he's in a funk band called Funk Defied. Well actually, it's changed now. It's changed. It's in the following band. But if you're around the Bay Area, look them up that way. I can also vouch for he's an avid fisherman, outdoorsman, soccer player, probably a swell dad too, I'm sure. We just thank Mark for taking the time out and engaging us in this talk. So without further ado, Mark, let's go. That's a very kind introduction. Thank you very much. I feel like I should put up the YouTube videos of our band and just let it be done with. We don't have to talk about water governance. But thanks very much for the invitation. It's been a very fun visit so far. I've been very impressed with lots of different things that are happening here at University of Vermont. A very interdisciplinary environment makes me feel like I'm at home at Davis from that perspective. So as Chris mentioned, I basically focus in my research on the evolution of cooperation and how you solve cooperation problems in the context of environmental governance and water governance is where a lot of my research has been done. And in particular, what I've been working on in the past about a decade now, the 2013 was where the paper that I published that laid out the theory of the Ecology of Gains framework is how cooperation evolves in the context of really complex governance systems where you have lots of different collective action problems, lots of different actors, lots of different policy venues in which decisions are being made. And I've done a lot of my work in California, but you're going to see some comparative work here in a second. So let me just kind of motivate this with California. This is the San Francisco Bay Area of California and the Delta. Here's the Delta. Here's San Francisco Bay itself. Golden Gate Bridge is here. There's nine counties in this Bay Area that I've done a lot of work on and this is just the map of it. This program here is called Integrated Regional Water Management which has been one of California's flagship programs for trying to get actors to cooperate together in the context of water management in the Bay Area. This is the San Francisco Bay Joint Venture. Another partnership, this one spearheaded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service about how to get waterfowl habitat back in place and restored on the Pacific Flyway because California has lost 90% of its wetlands, the Bay Area, and it was a big part of that. So these little dots here are different project areas for that. This is another one called the Baylands Ecosystem Habitat Goals Project that tries to figure out what are the different kind of wetlands and coastal areas and how to restore them and what values they represent. This is at a smaller scale, the Sonoma Creek TMDL.  This one's for sediment in Sonoma Creek which feeds into the Bay and then you get another program that's trying to get stakeholders to work together to solve an environmental problem. Alameda County Art Project. This is a more recent one that focuses on adapting to rising tides. That's what art stands for and how to deal with impending sea level rise and coastal flooding is already happening. The infrastructure to put in place, what are the vulnerabilities, how do you deal with disadvantaged communities and that sort of thing. This is the South Bay Pond Restoration Project which is mostly U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Project because there's some national wildlife refugees down here and these were salt ponds that during the Gold Rush were used to mine salt and as you can imagine they're pretty much destroyed the wetlands there and you're trying to restore those. So what is that? That's six different collaborative partnerships all in one geography at different scales. So one of the studies that I did which I'll show you some of the results of I went out and found as many stakeholders in the San Francisco Bay as I could and asked who were involved with water management. I asked them to identify the core projects slash policy venues that they were involved with. They could name up to three. So I had about 300 stakeholders answer this. They named things like Sonoma Creek TMDL, IRWM and stuff like that. How many total water management policy venues do you think I discovered through that process? There's six here. How many total do you think I discovered? This is an audience participation part. It's kind of like Jeopardy or something like that. You don't have to answer it in the form of a question though. So how many total projects do you think I discovered? 70. Higher. 100. Lower. 120-ish. Yeah. Over 100 different projects at different scales in which people are collectively getting together to try to understand, to try to deal with water management. Most of policy analysis in my view up to this point basically would take one of these things and say how effective is this TMDL? How effective is this project or that project getting cooperation? The whole point of my research in the ecology games framework and really what I've been studying at this level has been to how to understand how that system operates. How the cooperation and learning and distribution and fairness works across that entire system. So if you leave right now from this talk and you leave with the point that we need to be studying the entire system and its structure and function and dynamics over time, I will feel I have succeeded in delivering the message here because that is to me like the major challenge of what we need to be studying and researching and communicating with stakeholders around water governance because when you go out in the real world and look at these systems, they all look like this. You will not find, in my opinion, if you do find a system which has only one policy venue in it at a place in a region, come tell me because I'd like to know about it. If you start thinking about this in this way, wherever you go, you are going to start seeing systems like this and hopefully be convinced you should be studying in this way because I'll tell you, I'm going to do a little bit more on telling you about the structure and function of these systems but we need a heck of a lot more research to understand what is going on. Okay, so that's really the reality, right? The reality of these systems is that they're messy, they're polycentric, they're fragmented, they're complex adaptive systems, they're multi-levels with cross-scale interactions, they have all these multiple actors and institutions. This, policymakers realize this, this is a quote from Phil Eisenberg, one of the leading former mayor of Sacramento, chair of the Delta Stewardship Council, one of the leading water policy practitioners in the history of California and one of the most interesting ones, in my opinion. This is his response to one of our papers in public administration review. Public policy is always a mess, it's acknowledging and enabling how to figure out how to manage a messy situation. They are always messy. Democracy creates messes of this sort and we need to figure out how to manage them and then this is Eleanor Ostrom in her Nobel Prize address from a theoretical perspective to explain the world of interactions and outcomes occurring at multiple levels. We have to be willing to deal with complexity instead of rejecting it. That's what I'm trying to do here. So I kind of view Ostrom throwing down the theoretical gauntlet here and this type of work trying to pick that up and carrying it forward to deal jointly with the practical and the theoretical issues there. Okay, I'm not going to spend a lot of time on this but this is from the 2013 framework that says the Ecology of Games framework. That's the theoretical framework that I evolved from an old sociologist paper, a guy named Norton Long who talked about it in the context of urban. So I did not coin this term but I kind of updated the framework by integrating it with some other things and it talks about how multiple actors might be involved with different policy institutions. So this would be like a TMDL or IRWM or whatever it is that you're looking at and you're like the Lake Champlain TMDL and then multiple collective action problems. This could be water supply, water quality, invasive species, how they're all linked together. And so you can read the paper to get into depth about how this is all put together. This is kind of a conceptual framework. Within these systems I think there's three core processes that we need to be paying attention to and I would submit to you that what I like about this is only three. I don't want to deal with a whole bunch of things. I want to deal with three. I think this is in any complex governance system, possibly complex societies. These are the three key ones. How people learn about what are the nature of the problems? What are the nature of the solutions? And importantly from a political perspective, what are the preferences of the other actors involved? What are they doing? Then how do you cooperate with each other both at the policy level coming to agreement about different policies and how implement them at the resource use level about how to use resources without and avoid the tragedy of the commons? And then another one that's really important is distributional fairness and procedural fairness thinking about the equity of those outcomes because in any society where you have to think about the use of resources, if you don't have some fair use of resources or some notion of equity driving that, eventually that society is likely to run into some serious problems. And this is where a lot of the political power and bargaining aspect is happening which has long been a criticism of Ostrone's framework of not being able to effectively deal with that. I think that's where it comes in here. All right, so now I'm going to report the results of some studies and a few of the core hypotheses that we've focused on and we've done it comparatively in a number of different systems. So this is the San Francisco Bay and I've basically spearheaded those with some surveys of stakeholders in 2012-2014. The same survey was rolled out in Tampa Bay, Florida in two years and the Paraná River Estuary in Argentina, Uruguay with this is Romero Barado at Ohio State. This is my old advisor, John Schultz, who made me study taxes at first and I said the environment's cooler and he studied the environment ever after. And this is Jack Muherter, who's a University of Ohio Cincinnati or University of Cincinnati. I've always forgotten the name of that one, sorry, Jack. And then this is Matt Hamilton, a former PhD student. He took the framework and the survey and adapted it to the context of climate adaptation in Lake Victoria in Africa. So I'm going to show you results from all of those different comparative sites. And in case you didn't think that this is an exportable framework, it's not just about water governance. It's about any sort of complex policy system where there's complex institutional arrangements. So my favorite and most exotic in a sense, extension of the system has been the application to the Norwegian handball talent development. So you see the ecology of games, a case study of Norwegian handball, which might be more fun than water governance, I don't know. It looks kind of difficult. And so this is from their app, there's a need for well-developed coordination mechanisms. So the same things are happening in such diverse locations. Water governance, education, health, climate change, Norwegian handball, food systems. You'll find this issue in all of them. We need to be studying. So here's all the hypotheses that I'll be trying to get through. Complex policy systems have structures for cooperation and learning from a network perspective. I'll get to that. How they change in response to new problems, the dynamics depends on their capacity and the sorts of constraints that they have on central versus decentralized authority. There's this idea of institutional externalities, which is like if you make a decision in one institution, it may have a positive or negative effect on your capacity to get things done in another one. Institutions co-evolved cooperation. So we show that if two actors participate in the same policy form, they are also likely to cooperate. But it depends on the nature of the form, the scale at which it operates. And then on the performance of the system, there's different variables that are linked to that that have kind of a transaction cost perspective, which is the idea of transaction cost is that when you're cooperating, you have to overcome the cost of discovering the solutions that you might cooperate on, the bargaining over the distribution of the benefits and costs, and then monitoring and enforcing the resulting agreements. Okay, so let's start with the first one about the structure. I have to get to this. I have to get a little bit of a detour into policy network analysis. So in policy network analysis, network analysis is basically about nodes and links. So you have some actors or different types of entities which are linked via some social relationship. So if I was dealing with what's called a one-mode network, I'd like ask everybody in this room who collaborates with who or who sends money to who and we'd have an actor-to-actor network. But you can also study what are called bipartite networks or two-mode networks, which is what we're studying here, where you have actors, these could be policy actors, all the state agencies, local governments, NGOs, whatever participating in one of all those 120-so policy institutions that I found. And then in what one of the classic approaches to network analysis is to say within these networks, as we measure them, you're going to look for structural configurations that are the fingerprint of some type of social process. And one of the really common ones is that you have so-called closed network structures, which are here, two actors participating in the same institution. So this would be like me and Chris going to lots of the same conferences together. And if we go to lots of the same conferences together, we're likely to form a bond with each other. And if Chris behaves really badly at a conference, I can see it and tell other people.  And then these are more open network structures where you have actors participating in, lots of actors participating in a single institution or lots of institutions singled around one actor. And that's like a coordination point. So they're open. There's not a lot of non-redundant information happening there. And that's where efficient transmission of information is the theory. So there's hypotheses that would say, this is like bonding social capital, bonding for cooperation, bridging for information sharing. And these network structures, these different types of network structures, when you see them in the network are consistent with their like the fingerprints of those sorts of social processes. We can talk about in the Q and A whether you believe that, but that's the logic of a lot of the network analysis that's happening in policy analysis right now. Okay, so this is the actual, from the first study that I did and the first paper we wrote about this, this is from the Bay Area around integrated regional water management. All of these red circles are actors of various sorts and the blue squares are the policy venues in which they participate. For example, I started with the list of integrated regional water management which at the time was the big story there and that's where the biggest game is. So all the lines are actors participating in these games. So this is a two-mode network which is where that came up. This number is like 100 and something in here and you can see this is what governance looks like. It's not pretty, it's messy, but within this are those little motifs to think about what are the structural configurations. This is zooming in on the most central actors and you can see this is that big square Bay Area IRWM and there's several other ones, East Bay Water Forum, Central Valley Flood Plan, Cal FED, which at the time was still alive and then all these big actors here, a lot of these actors here are government agencies, state and federal government agencies and some regional government agencies that span a broad geography just to give you a sense of who's in there. So ignore everything for the most part here except where these circles are but I wanted to show the canonical regression table here. These are the results of what's called an exponential random graph model. Exponential random graph models are the cross-sectional models that are in a sense the regression analysis for networks and what they do is they take the network structure and think about which, given a link, does the link produce particular structural patterns that make it more or less likely to observe the network. So you basically say to yourself, how likely is it to observe different structural motifs? You put those motifs in here as independent variables in a sense and the coefficients tell you if it's a positive coefficient you're likely to see a link that creates these motifs is more likely to exist and if it's a negative coefficient, a link that creates that motif is less likely to exist. So this is basically showing you here that there's a lot in the Bay Area, there's a lot of centralization among institutions where you have those big blue squares that are centralizing a lot of actors providing bridging capital and this one there's a lot of actors within the same geography. They operate in the same county in the Bay Area working together and then these are showing that larger, that more actors that are state government, federal government or water or environmental special districts are more densely connected in the network so they're more powerful within the network in a sense. And then down here there's some convergence issues in these sort of models so you can analyze what's left over and what's left over is there's also a lot of closed network structures. So the overall network actually has motifs that are related both to learning and cooperation, both bridging and bonding social capital exist in these networks and that's crucial. These networks are not built from one purpose, they're multi-purpose networks that have to deal with all of those problems. Okay, so then we can think comparatively what's happening. So this is a paper in public administration review where we looked at the networks in the Paraná River, Tampa Bay and San Joaquin River and again we see a lot of open network structures around forums, individual policy venues like down here in San Francisco Bay and the Delta but in Tampa Bay you have more around the actors and in particular there's a really strong type of actor in Florida called the Southwest Florida Water Management District which integrates a lot of the different types of water policy decisions. So depending on the overall institutional structure in a particular state you get the networks to have different types of structures. And this is, you know, the comparative but also you notice the Paraná is much smaller so it already gives you a hint that in the developing country context the institutional capacity for developing these sorts of arrangements could be smaller. Okay, so how do they change in response? This is Romero's work from Paraná. So he did the network in 2010-2012 and right before he did it here there was a big wildfire event in Paraná. This is a picture of the smoke from the satellite. And as a consequence of that the network responded by creating a bunch of new forums and getting a lot more participation but what Romero showed over time is when he did it again a lot of that stuff had disappeared. So that gives us a hint that, well number one, dynamics are crucial but that's also not a guarantee that something that the institutions are built and then they stay. And the hypothesis that Romero is working on here is that because of the lack of capacity in a lot of developing countries this is like a key characteristic. They get together, they respond to an event, they talk, they come up with some informal ideas and maybe some plans and then nothing really happens because they don't have the capacity to keep that institutional development going. Okay, then you can look at as a comparison what's happening with sea level rise in San Francisco Bay and I just want to point out that adaptation to sea level rise also has a lot of cooperation problems involved. It's not just mitigation where collective action has to happen with climate change. But for example, this is with my engineering colleague Mark Stacey out of Berkeley. If you knock out Berkeley with flooding look at all the regional transportation impacts that happen. People have to move all around so you get these big regional interdependencies and then if you protect Alameda County like do a shoreline scenario where you just armor Alameda County and say no flooding is going to occur there, it moves water elsewhere. So it actually is like a bathtub type of effect where protecting, doing infrastructure protection in one county actually creates regional effects and given those interdependencies you have to find cooperation. So this is what's happened in our more recent analysis in the Bay Area. These statistics were derived from looking or these networks were measured looking at different planning documents and you can see and when those planning documents were created and you can see time one, there's a very few things that are looking at sea level rise but over time this network just grew and grew and grew and you have more and more projects, more and more actors involved with looking at sea level rise and climate adaptation in the Bay Area. This is kind of the vintage, it's from California so we got to think about the vintage of things. So the first one was born around 1992 but then around 2010 the rate at which these new institutions were created to deal with sea level rise really accelerated and it's still happening. You're just seeing this like a Cambrian explosion of institutional development that's happening right now in the Bay Area around sea level rise. I mean I'm deeply involved with talking to people about what is this going to look like. They're trying to figure it out right now. So you're at a moment of institutional change which makes sea level rise a cool thing to study. But also what's happening there is these connections right here are the presence of different connections, local actors to local venues. So for example a city connecting to another city operating at the local level or a local actor connecting to a regional venue or a regional actor connecting to a local venue or a regional actor to a regional venue and what you see is that it's a process of decentralization not centralization. So to actually address a regional problem what's happening is you're getting a lot more regional actors going to local venues like saying hey sea level rise is a problem we're going to create a local vulnerability planning process and help you with it and local actors cooperating with each other and there's not very much region to region stuff so the relative importance of region to region and local going up to the regional decreases. So it looks like in California which has a very strong home rule tradition of local governments trying to maintain their autonomy the only way to make region happen is to go local is to decentralize it. Now we don't know if that's the same thing that would happen in Vermont or whatever which talks about the comparative studies but that's what it's looking like in California as far as the dynamics go. Okay next hypothesis institutional externalities and political power of actors so we try to figure out how do these institutions affect each other. So we would ask in one of our surveys this is 2014 version of our surveys we said to people name the primary most important thing that you're involved with and a lot of people might do this in California may say CalFed which was one of the big partnerships at the time and then we would say out of a list of other ones how much does influence do these other ones have on yours? So they say well I'm in CalFed and I'm either doing well or doing not well in CalFed but now does IRWM another form does that influence positively or negatively what I'm doing in CalFed and the central value flood protection plan yeah I participate in that or not does it have a positive or negative influence or the Bay Area IRWRM does that have a positive or negative influence and you add all that up and when you get that across all the respondents these are all the arrows here show interdependencies between institutions in other words the overall strength of a decision being made in one institution affecting the other institutions so the question this analysis was given those interdependencies how well are people able to achieve their goals because you go to these policy actors go to try to like achieve their goals how well are they doing that and then what we were able to show is that when the externalities are really strong and people are but they will also say that I'm doing well in another institution we like say Chris is saying I participated in the University of Vermont but I'm also participating in some other thing and I'm doing really well that other thing will not will not have much of an effect on how well Chris does at the University of Vermont but if he says that he's doing poorly in those other places it has a really negative effect on your capacity to get things done so kind of one of the interesting policy lessons from that is like if you want to succeed in winning in one policy game like the big policy game go to other policy smaller games that are linked and win and if you do that you can kind of mitigate the effect of a portfolio of participation which I would say is also if you want to change something in the administration of a university you better participate in multiple games to figure out how to do it and win a few of the small ones and then you can win the big ones okay so that's institution X9 the next one is how the institutions co-evolve with cooperation and the question here is that for a long time we didn't really know the joint participation in one of these policy forms would actually lead them to collaborate here so we tried to figure out okay does this actually happen that you will develop bilateral collaboration as a function of institution this is like a huge core hypothesis in the entire institutional literature is that institutions can at least co-evolve with participation with cooperation of not produced cooperation so does this link exist if these two actors jointly participate here but we argue in the paper that it depends on geographic scale so this is from the Lake Victoria if it's working at the Lake Victoria regional level it's less likely to evolve cooperation than if they're working at the national level or if they're trying to make a very large policy change like at the level of major rules governing decision making it's harder than if they're trying to deal with implementation of projects and what this shows here is from the network modeling we did in there is the probability that this link exists based on whether or not the two actors participate jointly in a forum so the first question is yeah if they jointly participate in a forum they're more likely to cooperate but the likelihood of that goes down as you go from the national sub-national level scale to the country in Lake Victoria to the regional, to the Africa continent to the global scale so it gets much harder at higher levels of geographic scale and if you're dealing with what we classify as more kind of operational choice that would be an Ostrom term versus collective choice that as you go up the levels and this is a core hypothesis in the whole Ostrom framework as you go up from operational rules to collective choice to constitutional it gets harder and we show that exactly that exact thing in this paper this is Matt Hamilton made up this graph by the way Kudos to Matt Hamilton for like my favorite graph I hope you like it too okay now finally how do these institutions perform we looked at to measure performance I mean obviously you're gonna ask the question and everybody does how does this affect environmental outcomes I'm not gonna be able to answer that question right now because we need a heck of a lot more research but as a proxy to start out with we can say how do well do people perceive the performance of the institutions in terms of having an impact on your interest if they're fair if they think they've improved the problem if you had some efficacy in it so for each in many of our studies we say which ones do you participate in like this would be you know policy actor X central valley protection flood protection plan and their views on how effective that thing was so you can imagine in a survey design that's kind of it's a tricky business because you might have people nominate 10 different things that they participate in and then for each one of them we had them say how effective were they and then we're able to analyze that so our kind of hypotheses are based from transaction cost theory saying the performance of these institutions depends on the payoffs that people see cooperative or conflict how much scientific knowledge is at play how much they understand the preferences of other people their level of participation how experienced they are in water and whether or not they are a government actor and so this basically shows the marginal effect of all those independent variables depending on that so you do a regression analysis and say how much does each of these I'm focusing on two how much do each of these independent variables, political knowledge and scientific knowledge affect performance across these different systems Tampa, California, Paraná for all these different things so for example if you see here this is people that say I really understand political knowledge I understand the preferences of other actors really well that has a fairly negative effect on how the contribution to the problem but it has a really strong effect on how well they perceive the fairness and efficacy of the thing so it's kind of like you're going in, you're talking to people and as soon as you understand their preferences your perceptions of the procedural fairness get better and it's really strong for Paraná and not as strong for California and Tampa so it's like Paraná is an earlier stage of institutional development so that a hypothesis there is that at an earlier stage of institutional change this political knowledge and procedural bit is the most important because that's the thing that is affecting people's performance the most but as you go into more mature systems scientific knowledge plays a much larger role and has a broader role across different performance so it has an impact on fairness and efficacy and also on the more kind of output outcome oriented perceptions to solve the problem does it help me achieve my interest and especially in California and Tampa Bay the more mature systems so the relationship between these transaction cost variables and the outcome and performance of the system depends not only on the type of the dependent variable or performance metric you're looking at but depends on something about the stage of institutional development possibly something about the level of political development in a country with the idea that we think as far as developing when you're creating new institutions paying attention to the policy preferences and that type of political knowledge is the first step and later the science part comes in which is counterintuitive to a lot of people like oh it's a solid policy problem so we have to get the best available science in place which is true but probably before that you got to understand what the preferences are of the actors that are involved with these processes if you don't get that right then you're never going to be able to figure out how to find a solution set and this is just fresh fresh from the airplane editing that I was doing on the way over here this is in Lake Victoria where we asked them similar questions and so how good is the information available to you how would you describe the cooperation between organizations is it fair for all the venues in the different measures of social capital either closure and or bridging and what it shows here like for example this bridging type people who participate in a lot of forums that are very popular in other words have lots of participants they get more information but it has a negative effect on cooperation and fairness while the collaborative closure as expected has a positive effect on cooperation and no effect on information and procedural fairness which means that two types of social capital bridging and bonding social capital have differential trade off effects on the different types of performance so if you're building one of these systems or thinking about managing the systems you need to have both information sharing and cooperation and fairness as performance criteria that you want to meet but there's going to be trade offs there and how you manage those trade offs is going to be a key to the effectiveness of the system especially if you have to think about the system over time that at one stage learning needs to be emphasized and in other stages you might have to deal with cooperation more significantly so this is a cool paper in my opinion too alright so here's the recap of all the hypotheses we think that they have structures, cooperation and learning that the institutional change over time is crucial but it depends on the capacity and the type of political culture institutional externalities not only do they exist but they constrain how actors perform and makes it so that the actors have to have a deal with a portfolio of policy participation I think we have got now strong evidence from our work also some other works have done it that institutions and cooperation do indeed co-evolve which comes first is still an open question but I think they co-evolve for sure and that the performance of these institutions is affected by variables that are related to transaction costs such as political knowledge and scientific knowledge but the dynamics of that again varies across space and time so where does that lead us to the future you guys said you wanted to about the future of water governance well I'm not exactly you know who's Johnny Carson prognosticator guy what's what's that? Carmack yeah it's probably we should have asked all of the 20 somethings in here if they could have said that but anyways it's a what I view I mean for sure it's messy and it's gonna it's messy now it's gonna be messy later and we need to learn how to steer it so what I view from the research perspective what this perspective has done is kind of open to Pandora's box to think about to try to get as many people as I can to study policy systems from this perspective and build on what we've done here if you want our surveys you can have them please use our surveys adapt them to your systems because if we don't get some cumulative knowledge here we're never gonna answer these other big questions like we did some comparative research in other in other systems but guess what a lot of countries a lot of estuaries a lot of social ecological systems there's food systems there's health policies education system how do these how do these complex policy systems work in there what what are the things that we're always gonna see across the systems and over time and what are the things that are gonna vary according to the institutional context or the ecological context we do not know the answer to any of those questions yet in my in my opinion and then over time right are you getting cycles shocks how are things evolving are these systems that change incrementally I think they're they they're probably subject to punctuated equilibria of various sorts because that's how most complex system behavior works how are we gonna see that a lot of my research and other research is focused on cooperation specifically which obviously is important but I would argue these systems have to have learning and fairness and cooperation are the three core functions and they do not always work in positively each other there can be trade-offs with those things and how do those trade-offs play out and how do we effectively manage those trade-offs and how do we steer the system so that those trade-offs are made in the best way over time to have for a society to deal with new problems and environmental outcomes all right so I had the performance thing but I didn't show you anything about the water quality in the California Delta the health of the Delta Smelt or if there's harmful algae in there or not because all those problems of course are linked to each other but I've got one snapshot and it's not only do those problems unfold over very long periods of time which makes it necessary to track the performance of these systems we have to be doing long-term research and one of my goals is to establish an observatory network of socio-ecological systems that are capable of studying this on a scale 20, 30, 40, 50 years time so how do we solve the researcher collective action problem of doing that I would invite everybody to cooperate together to do that because if we don't do something like that we're not going to be able to answer questions like this so not only do the environmental outcomes unfold over very long periods of time the counterfactual analysis is very difficult to do to think if I took out one node from that system what's going to happen to the environment take the Delta, how do I do a counterfactual analysis over a 50-year period of the governance system of the Delta, what am I going to do go back in time for 50 years remove what node or remove what half of the governance system and then see how things are going to unfold very difficult to do but that's the reality there's a lot of cool work going on randomized control trials and counterfactual analysis and that stuff but it's a very small scale compared to what actually the scale of governance arrangements are in the reality in my opinion and then policy recommendations what do we tell policy makers I said a few things I think that are policy relevant that might be recommendations for either individual actors to help them succeed or that we ought to manage this or that but right now I'm still struggling I'd love to hear any ideas what are the top five things I'm going to go tell the governor or the chair of the Delta Stewardship Council about how to effectively manage the system because what I usually do if you go sit around offices in California right now you will find pictures from my research sitting on coffee table various things in agency places and when I have a chat with agency people in whatever form they go over beers or formally in a workshop or whatever we're looking at these networks and they're like oh yeah that's our world we've definitely recognized that they all recognize it there yeah it's messy it sucks to have to go to all these meetings and try to figure out how to do it there's fragmentation and conflict and then they say to me well what do you do about that and I'm like oh man well we're trying to figure that out still you know I don't have a magic bullet answer for that I wish I did but I believe that the only way that we will be able to find really good answers about policy recommendations is to embark as researchers on this type of approach where you're looking at these systems over a long period of time and if we have enough people doing that of enough places over a long enough time then I think we're going to get to some more solid answers about how to effectively manage it alright so that's it so thanks very much for listening I hope I didn't go too fast over some of these things and I'll take any questions I guess did you want to are you going to manage this or yeah so we have one mic so if you could ask your question oh you have a mic if you could ask your question that I will recede it for this is getting video I have a question about the survey technique and the interviewing it's enjoyed your talk and the analysis of the data results from those interviews and the research could say a little bit about how the interview how the surveys are actually conducted and then it's kind of getting into the weeds but is it an app? is it in person? is it online? and when you talk about the complexity of the networks and the connection between individuals who are bikinos they have a lot of connectivity that is replicating a single methodology and I'll be fascinating to hear excellent question so what we've done is we've embedded microchips in every single policy actor we can find and track them in real time that's not what we've done but it would be really nice to do that and have it like satellite enabled so we can kind of see it I tried that but it didn't get past the IRB so but yeah so we do we do a lot of survey research and most of it is online via online survey platforms I think Qualtrics, I've done it in live series Qualtrics I think is a pretty good platform for that where and we've done some customization of Qualtrics using their JavaScript interface to be able to get it to be pretty user friendly as far as reduce the respondent burden as much as we can with nominating people that you collaborate with or nominate institutions but there's no doubt in issue with surveys we do not have 100% response rate we're ranging somewhere between 35 to 50% depending on things so network analysis is definitely sensitive to non-response but nevertheless I think we've learned a lot about these networks I kind of think of it as like a Monet painting of the networks like you look at a nice realistic Monet painting you learn something about the landscape but you don't have a realist version of it yet so we try to get there so you got to reduce the respondent burden and then if you can honestly if you can like some of these we did by document analysis we pulled every single plan that we could find around sea level rise and then went through on the document or the website the list of actors and populated it that way and not only did we populate it that way to make the network we collected all their contact information at the same time and there's a survey in the field right now to over 3,000 potential sea level rise actors I think our list we took was too big in the end but you got to do stuff like that and if you're going to do surveys just face it you're going to have to accept the limitations of response rates here and deal with that as best you can there's some network methodologies that allow you to estimate the models with missing data on links but you know that's like not that many links that have missing data that I feel those methods are robust too so those are all yeah it's tough in the archival data using the web or meeting minutes or whatever whatever it is I think allows you to get more complete network pictures but the what you observe is limited because all the things on the list it on a document may not capture the fact that there's more informal or not unofficial collaboration going on that's not observed so they all have different tradeoffs there yep yeah go ahead I was really interested in your discussion about cooperation and learning being embedded in all complex systems and I think if you practice I wrong you're connecting cooperation to bonding social capital and the learning to bridge social capital but what it sounded like was when you have people interacting let's say you and Chris at a conference and you go to the same conferences you're sort of redundant right you're seeing the same person which helps to bond you but perhaps limits your learning and I'm curious though because I do I should say I do in depth qualitative research what kind of interaction would you be learning in a more deep sense rather than a superficial sense like so it's diversity of knowledge rather than depth of knowledge yeah possibly I mean I definitely think that these open network structures are more about diversity of knowledge and learning new things that you may not have known before rather than like deepening a relationship over time with the idea and you know it's kind of like strong ties weak ties that all this goes back I mean there's a I shouldn't go back there's just a long tradition in social network analysis about the difference between open and closed network structures and there's like bridging and bonding social capital structural holes strong and weak ties all those different things are related but in my opinion the open network structures are about for novel information rather than deep information I guess if I wanted to like toe the line of the theory as much as I could I would say the deep learning you're referring to is really something that enables cooperation more than learning something totally new about a novel policy or something like that I mean you could definitely challenge the theory from that perspective but that's like just to keep with you know in line with what the theory would try to push you to do that's that's how I would respond to that but I do think the systems have to have the novel information bit too because otherwise you get locked into a pattern of cooperation around one particular say solution and you can't get out of it and but so you have to have a capacity over time if you can't learn about what are the new problems how to solve them what are the new actors want your system will for sure fail so you have to have both and then how to manage and if you believe that which I think there's plenty of evidence for that now the question becomes how to effectively manage that and whether or not the closed network structures provide some additional benefits it could be it's a paper a hypothesis worth exploring for sure other questions I have so many I'm not sure where to stop but I will say this that from my experience Vermont is a beautiful mess but not nearly as messy as California well that's an interesting statement because comparatively what makes one more or less messy is a great question of the questions I have I'm going to ask you this one so organizations sometimes come together organically or self-organized a group of people will around a common interest will create sort of an association right if you have if you're a sort of a central policy actor maker which space that I think I occupy can you use a map like yours to identify and provide guidance as to how to direct the enthusiasm of that group towards an under occupied space or an under occupied leverage point what position are you in I I will tell you I am the senior policy advisor for the state's department of environmental okay man it's a good question it's not politically charged you know I think that there's probably two ways to look at that at least two ways to start or maybe even three you look at the map and you say what's going on in the periphery right who are all those actors in the periphery that are not connected to those planning process which means they're not very active and you do an assessment about how important those actors are actually to the environmental problems and the fairness that are there if they are like they don't matter because they don't care much or they don't have a huge effect maybe it's okay to leave them out there but they do matter because there's a fairness like an environmental justice consideration they're having a huge impact and they're not connected it's probably a good thing to reach out try to get them included because if they're not then whatever your system is doing is likely to have a limited impact because you're not changing or being informed by those actors another thing I think to look at is like thinking about the if there's a segment of the network like a set of planning processes that are very disconnected what's going on out there in assessing whether or not that could be like a set of planning processes that are mandated by some law or something like that that's acting quite independently of the rest of the system what's going on out there does that need to be linked more and another important thing I think is how to in a sense make the system a little bit more efficient possibly because I think what happens in one of the problems the pathologies of these systems that you'd like to guard against is having too many redundant forums that are kind of doing a lot of the same things where people like you have to spend every day going to these forums talking about the same exact thing over and over and you get a lot of meeting fatigue about that and how do you reduce that but not too much because you do want some redundancy but you gotta think about assessing does each of those blue squares does it really need to be there is it really doing something functional for the system or is it just kind of a waste of time and over time some of these things do become a waste of time and stakeholders abandon them and then they die that's kind of the birth and death process according to an evolutionary process that's basically the selection process is whether stakeholders think they're useful so I think it's good to be explicit about that when you're thinking about the system so those are kind of three general things that I'd love to hear what your thoughts are how you do it principles here that would be generalizable to the other environmental issues or do you think they're all unique say air or water or soil or food do you think there's common principles there I think that all of those issues involve collective action and cooperation problems you gotta solve so I think that the governance systems in all of those are gonna have a lot of common properties it's kind of an educated guess because we haven't really done enough research to get a handle on that but I think let's say 80% of the findings from water are gonna generalize to what you're seeing in these other systems but then there's gonna be some interesting 20% that's gonna be like more specific to types of resources that is gonna be interesting we're gonna need to have some theory about too because that customization to the nature of the problem is part of the story that's going on here not to mention the interconnections between the problems water, food, energy, da da da that's what a lot of it so if I tried to do water, energy, food, nexus with this sort of thing and dealt and tried to bring all those things together it's not gonna be simple any other questions one over here yeah I was wondering I think that you were previously saying about meeting fatigue kind of gets to this but do you ask in your surveys any questions that you get at how people, how actors from the network feel about the complexity of the network because it seems to be like there's probably a sweet spot and from a collective action framework would say try to all get pointed in the same direction use the same metrics set similar goals so that you're reducing some of the complexity but at the same time you're speculating that a certain level of complexity promotes some of the learning and evolution I have in the 2014 version of the survey that went out to Tampa in California a series of questions that are what are the major challenges to cooperation in your system and like fragmentation, time fatigue are in there and I think we replicated that in the C level rise one that we just let out I'm just remembering if we got that battery in there, I think we have a version of that in there but that data is currently being analyzed right now Jack is leading an analysis on that so I can hopefully report to you at least what the rank order is, the key challenges but definitely we put on things about you don't have enough time or resources to participate across the system which I expect will be a pretty high highly ranked challenge because you kind of at least anecdotally hear it all the time


So, let's write the dehydration equation of sodium sulfate-decahydrate, okay? So, sodium sulfate-decahydrate, I know it's written up there for you, but I'm going to figure out how to come up with that formula, okay? So, sodium sulfate. So, sulfate, well, we know sodium is in a plus, right? That's the common ion for sodium, is everybody okay with that? Sulfate, you're going to have, that's one of those polyatomics that I wanted you to remember. So, I know everybody's looking up there, so I'm not going to ask you what sulfate is. But if you don't know it, you know in your head that you don't know it, so learn. It's SO4 2-minus, okay? So, sodium sulfate part, if we were to put that together, would be Na2SO4. Is everybody okay with that, right? Because we need to use sodium to cancel out that 2-minus. Everybody cool with that? Then the decahydrate, okay? Deca means 10, and when it says hydrate at the end, that's just water molecules associated. So, what we would do is write that little dot, 10 H2O, okay? And that's a solid, so I'm starting to write the chemical equation, okay? So, if it said write the chemical equation of the dehydration, do you think you could do that, right? So, help me out. So, what would I do? I'd write the reaction arrow. I'd show that we were heating it up, because that's how you're going to dehydrate these things. And remember, you do this in lab, so you heat these things up, stir them around, and then they lose weight, right? Okay? So, there's going to be two products that I'm going to show over here, right? What's the first one going to be? Sodium sulfate, very good.  Anyone? No. Very good. And then I'm going to, well it's going to be a solid, okay? Then I'm going to add that to what? H2O. H2O, but how many of them? Ten of them. Ten of them. A lot? Because ten are coming off there, okay? And if I'm saying the dehydration, remember, that's gaseous water. Using this, you could figure out, you know, weighing the before and after, how much water came off, or whatever. And again, that's all due to the law of conservation of matter.


I've played soccer in Australia with a classmate. They have come from the neighboring country like Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar. I love soccer and I watched Brisbane play in the Sun Corp stadium. But I have become a huge Aussie Rolls football fan. Personally, I like playing soccer but I'm a fan of Broncos. I've played football as part of my school's football team. I've played cricket every time I've played cricket. Yeah, I played basketball at local facilities so I enjoyed it a lot. I'm swimming. Sometimes I go to a swimming pool in near my house. I play soccer in Australia. I always followed the matches between Collingwood Macpies and the Cats. I did kayaking and it was really fun. I'm playing badminton at the moment. I joined in the badminton club at the University of New South Wales. I followed rugby in Australia and there is nothing better than an Australia Fiji rugby test.


So I'm here at the ID2Get show with Notionsystems. Michael, tell us a little about the company. Well, Notionsystems manufactures high-precision inkjet systems integrating a lot of different print heads, processes, curing, etc., and enabling the industry to really build unique process sequences at an industrial strength. So taking the Bernat Electronics from the laboratory really into the production environment of 24-7 production. Great. So tell us what this is. It's really interesting. This is one of our, I would say, machine bases. So we can, as I said, we customize the tools. We adopt them to the insides and in the arrangement of heads and post cure, post treatments. So this is what we call our ancient gantry system where the print head moves. The print head is a static table which can be used for cutting and for laboratory research. But we also make those with an in-line automation so that you have the substrates that are printed on, moved automatically, automatic loading, printing, unloading. What are the sort of main applications where you're seeing interest as a business? The interest is really widespread because our customizing, working with the customer to really bring the process into production means that we are quite flexible in adopting to many different industries, not just printed electronics. And there are many, many applications where you appreciate the digital printing, digital non-contact printing capabilities of inkjet printing. Also thanks to your conferences and to the media, it's really becoming a mainstream production tool. And so customers from many different areas really come to us and are looking for a customized solution. So that's really a good element. And so the company is based in Germany. How big is it and when was it founded? It was founded two and a half years ago. We are now a little over 20 employees, still growing. Obviously main markets are in Europe for now. At the moment yes, the main market is in Europe. I mean there's still a good production capacity within Europe in many industries and a lot of activity in Germany. But the company as such is international. And so do you help companies choose the right grid heads and materials? Yes, yes. So we have process development. So people turn to us, they say, I do, I would like to, well of course you might have a process set up already, but you're not happy with one of the process steps. You would like to replace that by a digital inkjet process step. So people turn to us and say, I have this problem. Can you maybe, do you have an ink? What ink do you think would work? What post treatment, pre-treatment should we do? Can you automate this? You put this really into real world production, you know, dependable. So that's one set up. The other set up is people who have already the smaller laboratory printers, say from Fujifilm Dometics, who know about inkjetting and who already have selected a certain ink or at least they know in which direction to go or have selected print heads and then they are looking for someone who can really build this to a very high precision, very high availability and integrate it into a factory. Michael, thank you very much. Thank you very much.


Hi, good morning and welcome to today. Hi, good morning and welcome to today's products and focus as we'll see there The US there is approaching potential resistance at 16 5 9 8 as earnings from Facebook and Apple beat expectations last night We've given a shot in the arm for global outcays right across the globe A move slightly higher would allow us to have a potential technical breakout right here So this is going to be the strategic level to watch throughout today's session I've ever looked at UK 100 is also re-challenging potential resistance has already had a volatile start to the morning With that level at 6 7 13 being a point to beat today If we then look at Japan 2 to 5, it's come off a little bit on the back of a failure to reach an agreement with Obama and old Abe over in Japan Trying to get unilateral us and Japanese trade agreements in place and also a self-defense pact signed It will happen. It's not happened yet. So the japan 2 to 5 index has come off slightly today There's also been a bit of Yen buying as us dollars been meeting across the board potential support there at 14 2 on 9 potential resistance remains at 14 9 77 If we ever look at that chapter the US dollar Japanese yen and it affects pair right now As you can see there, we've slowly been rounding off. We're slap bang in the middle of two ranges right now potential support a 101 spot 80 potential resistance at one or two spot 87 It's not really massive the yen strength as us dollar weakness So you'll be able to see that when we look at your dollar and cable in one second cruel west texas is still coming off from chew these losses as The market believes that the is obviously believing that the ukrainian crisis isn't escalating Some people had feared it's just gonna be skirmishes between small punches or grips of militia over in the region there We're trading below potential support at 103 next potential supports at 100 spot 61 And the next potential resistance if you do get a move back to the top end and things escalate as closer to 105 Gold is still floundering around the middle of a range right now It's been quite flat the last couple of sessions The fundamentals still look kind of relatively bearish in the short term But potential resistance remains at 12 95 potential support remains at 12 67 If we then jump on to euro dollar You'll be able to see your dollar there had a very volatile session yesterday Kind of surprised me that it moved on again today But I guess with that US dollar weakness That's helping to drive it a little bit higher Usually when you have this candlestick formation right here That's quite a negative sign showing you that there's a lot of selling pressure Which obviously there was at the time But we look like we might be re-challenging that potential resistance at one spot 38 63 soon And if you break above that the next potential resistance is one spot 39 68 But we're far away from breaking through there out of yet And we finished things up by looking at gbp usd Um, I had quite a strong reversal yesterday as we did close above potential resistance at 68 20, but um We got pushed right back down there again So hopefully the sterling is going to have retest of that As we do have some decent fundamentals coming out tomorrow and today Today you've got us jobless claims due at 130 that could be a catalyst for gbp usd And if you fast forward on to tomorrow, you can say you've got uk retail sales Which will be a nice potential catalyst to push this to that little bit higher And join me again tomorrow to find out