Alright guys, so on today's vlog what I'm gonna do is take a graduated bob that we cut a few haircuts ago and I'm gonna turn that into a layered bob haircut which I think you guys will like a lot. It's very usable, salon friendly, here is the end result so you can see how it kind of stacks up a little bit more in the back, it's a little sleeker, it's not so fat, it's got the layers around the face so it's a nice and sleek look and the cool thing about this cut and why I want you to hang in there until the very end is that I'm gonna show you through the wet cut then I'm gonna show you what it looks like when you blow dry the wet cut. It's an unfinished bob it's not dry cut it there's no dry cutting, no texturizing so the haircut just it doesn't the shape is too much it's it's got too much weight build up so I'm gonna show you guys how to take that away so that's what I really think you're gonna get from this haircut so just hang in there watch till the end when you get to the end let me know I love seeing that and also to answer you guys's questions about the mannequin heads I use a mannequin head every day because of the fact that I'm creating a video every day so it's very hard to find a real model and I don't want to use my clients because I don't feel like throwing my clients in videos is really the way I want to do business so I use the mannequin head thank you to pivot point for sending me tons of mannequin heads that allow me to do the vlog the big supporters of it and and that's pretty much it so here we go we're gonna get started with our step-by-step alright guys so we're gonna start off this haircut by taking a right hand side parting down to mid crown then across mid crown and down the parietal ridge what this is gonna do is give me a little bit of an offset kind of asymmetrical rectangle on the top of the head then I go straight down center back and separate the two sides clip it away and now I'm gonna work diagonal forward partings and start my cutting so I want to work with the head shape here the the whole point of that is I'm collapsing the shape so we're creating more of a layered bob this is from a previous haircut where we did a complete horizontal graduated bob now we're switching it to a vertical diagonal forward layered bob which is gonna take out a lot of the weight in the haircut so depending on how your guest wants to wear their hair there's two different options for you so just working bringing everything straight back to the previous section so I'm working my way across the back just bringing it back slightly about an inch back to the previous parting to make my cut now I work vertically so I shift from diagonal forward to vertical when I get to right behind the ear and I work that all the way back bringing everything straight back to a stationary guide at this point what this is gonna do is push a ton of weight to the front so that's something that we're gonna address later in the haircut but just keep that in mind when you're over directing something all the way back to a stationary guide you're gonna have a lot of weight it as the end result when the hair falls forward so working diagonal forward still this the big switch here is that my fingers are now pointing down on the other side my fingers were pointing up the reason for that is it allows me to comb my new hair towards the middle of the head towards the guide you never we talked about this over and over again you never want to comb the guide to the new hair because that shifts the guide from where it lives and if you do that you're making the guide shorter which is gonna make one side of your haircut shorter so to keep consistent you need to comb the hair the same exact way on both sides of the head so working vertically another key thing to look at is how the head shape curves up around the crown that's obviously gonna give us our graduated point so we we're layering the hair past the occipital bone to low crown and then when we get to the mid-crown part you can see that the elevation of the hair is actually more at a zero degree angle so that's gonna give us our weight line there bringing everything straight back pushing that weight forward just keeping nice clean sections I'm using the fine teeth of the comb that's helping keep more tension on the hair and that's pretty much it's a pretty simple structured haircut and I think that this is a very common haircut that you'll see people doing in the salon the big thing that I want to go over in a little bit is how we can kind of make adjustments to that to make it have a more modern feel so we're gonna go through the back we're gonna work diagonal back through the crown area what I want to do is take and just blend in the crown to the bottom more around the occipital high occipital bone area so I'll take my guide from top of the occipital bone and then just follow it straight up so keeping that weight line in there but just blending it a bit everything's being over directed back to that one point so you can see that there's a slight bit of over direction coming away from me which is going to push that kind of weight around the corner and it's gonna be a little bit longer right behind the ear which I like that feeling so everything's gonna come back to that guide it's gonna be stationary there so you can see in the bottom left diagram how I kind of angle the haircut so we're cutting short to long just keeping a little bit of extra length in there and you comb everything back until you run out of hair and then you're good to go now we're gonna start our blow dry do a flat wrap blow dry and what I want to do is show you guys the what this end result would look like pre dry hair cutting alright guys so I want to pause the haircut right now the step by step because I want to talk to you about the status of where we're at in this cut this is a haircut that I am constantly seeing all over the place this kind of half done haircut with the stack in the back the weight on the sides what I wanted to do is show you guys what this looks like right now and then I want to go in and I'm gonna do a ton of dry cutting for you guys and show you how to modernize and how to really finish the look Simon about making it modern it's about making it functional because there is no way you're gonna wear this any other way about this because it's so heavy so we're gonna go through take out some of the weight really create a finished look out of this haircut and using those dry cutting techniques so hopefully you guys will take that from this video and use it so here we go back to the step by step alright guys so we're gonna start off in our dry cutting portion of the haircut I'm going through with my vibrostrate iron just polishing out the ends of the haircut what this is doing is allowing me to see where the weight seems heavy and where we need to go in and just lighten it up a little bit so I'm gonna take a horizontal section throughout the side I already noticed that this side is heavy the sides are gonna be heavy because we over directed everything back to a stationary guide so now I want to go through and diffuse the weight so I go through horizontal elevate the hair as high as I possibly can and just work using a Mizutani puff in dry cutting scissor I love this scissor it's a five and a half inch blade goes in nice and deep into the section and just diffuses any weight that's built up that I don't want so going through horizontally in the back as well doing the same thing elevating it nice and high not trying to take or create a line at this point just diffusing some of the weight so what I'll do is I'll take that section I'll actually look in there and see where the density seems heaviest and then if I see a really dense spot that's where I'll do most of my point cutting so I'm not going through there evenly and cutting I'm going through there and actually visually looking to see where it's really heavy so right there you can see that part's heavy so I'm gonna go through and diffuse that a little bit same thing on the top work that line out a little bit go a little bit deeper just removing that weight creating that texture and a lot of movement and modernizing the haircut so same thing here going through you can see how the ends you can see light through there and then as it gets a little bit deeper there's it's more dense so you're just going in there and polishing and removing that now we're gonna do the same thing but we're gonna actually cut a line but a nice broken line because I want to create a more side angled fringe in the front nothing crazy I'm not trying to create a short bang in the haircut but just something soft that lays across her cheekbone so working diagonal forward section over directing it to myself to a stationary guide but the guide is is really diffused because we're doing some deep point cutting there now going through slide cutting using the same scissor this is a good look at the Mizetani puffin just going through gliding through the hair the reason a dry cutting scissor is so good is because the blade is so thick it has a ton of power when you go in to cut hair so it can get through pretty much anything and that's what makes it a great dry cutting scissor so I'm just going through you can see how I push the top away and then I slide cut and then I pull the top back around that's because I wanted to almost disconnect the underneath you don't have to go through and slide cut the entire side of the head what you want to do is go in and just diffuse the bottom then push the top over and it makes it look nice and soft then I'll go through a little tease cutting connected all together same thing on the opposite side just going through slide cutting just to break up and add that texture into the haircut I'm always going through and working with my hands when I move it with my hands it just allows me to see kind of how it's going to fall and how that texture is going to move within the haircut the last thing I'm going to do I got my Mizetani type z dual texture scissor so both sides have teeth and I just go through and glide into the back portion just to add again more texture and movement and then I always blow out the hair to get all those loose hairs out of it and to kind of bring life back into the haircut that's how that's how I see it so we're going through I've got the Ergo paddle brush working through it and then I just finish it with a little bit of hair spray and she is good to go so I hope you guys like this haircut if you do let me know in the comments let me know what you want to see next thanks for watching all right you guys know what to do if you made it through this video let me know in the comments below also if you like this haircut hit the like button hit the share button share this video with all of your friends thank you guys so much for watching I'll see you on the next video


Welcome to this course Introduction to Interfacial Waves. Now this course will have many this is a very rich course and it will have applications in chemical engineering, but as we go along the course you will also find that it has applications to other areas of engineering such as mechanical and aerospace engineering. Now the way the course will be structured there will be two parts to the course. In the first part we will be looking at vibrations in mechanical systems. The idea is to introduce the mathematical techniques which will be necessary to study interfacial waves in the second part of the course. In the first part we are going to look at mechanical systems with typically finite number of degrees of freedom, point mass systems connected through springs and so on. In this case it will be governed by the mathematics will be governed by ordinary differential equations. We will learn the basic mathematical techniques in the context of finite degrees of freedom and in the second part we will go on to study interfacial waves in fluid systems. In this case there will be infinite degrees of freedom and the systems will be governed by partial differential equations. So with that let us start with one of the most elementary examples of vibrating system a spring mass system. So let us say I have a spring connected to a point mass the rest length of the spring is x naught let us say which may essentially means that at when the spring is of length x naught it does not exert any force on the mass m. The spring constant is k now I disturb the spring and the mass and extend it. Now its position is some x and if I leave it x will vary as a function of time we know that it is going to oscillate. Let us write down Newton's second law of motion applied to this mass. So the rest length is x naught Newton's second law implies the minus sign indicates that the force opposes displacement. The way I have drawn it x t is greater than x 0 and so the force will be towards the left note that the positive sign so every quantity which is from left to right is positive and vice versa. So this quantity the way I have drawn it is positive because x of t is greater than x 0. So the force acts in the opposite direction. So if you draw the mass like this in this configuration the force opposes the displacement. This is also true when x t is less than x 0 in that case x t minus x 0 would be negative and this additional negative sign outside would make the force positive which means the force would be again opposing the displacement. Now this is something which we have studied which we have all studied earlier. Now how do you solve this equation? We can see that it is there is x t minus x 0 on the right hand side whereas only x t on the left hand side. So we make a simple transformation we define a new variable z of t is defined as x minus x 0 and in terms of z of t we can immediately see that this equation becomes m d square z by dt square plus k z is equal to 0. So now let us try to so this is our governing equation let me put it in a box. Now I will introduce a method called method of normal modes to solve this equation. We are all of you I think know how to solve this equation this is a linear constant coefficient ordinary differential equation you know how to solve it. But I will introduce in particular a method called method of normal modes and the advantage is that this method will generalize to more complicated systems where we will have more than one mass and more than one spring. So let us learn about this method we set z of t to be equal to some constant e to the power i omega t. Now this is the normal mode assumption note that we are using complex notation. So e to the power i omega t has a real part and an imaginary part and we expect an oscillatory solution with a frequency omega. Our task is now to determine omega and how does omega depend on the physical properties of the system. Also note that this a is a constant but is it is in general a complex constant which means it will have a magnitude as well as a phase. So if we substitute that into our governing equation which we have written earlier in the box then we can immediately see that we have minus m omega square plus k into a is equal to 0. It becomes our ordinary differential equation becomes an algebraic equation. Now clearly we are not interested in the solution a is equal to 0. So we would rather have a not equal to 0 because a equal to 0 is a trivial solution where the mass does not oscillate at all. So then the only other option is to set this part to 0 and this tells us what is the frequency of oscillation in terms of the physical parameters of the system the spring constant k and the mass m. So this is the frequency of vibration of the system. So now how do we write the solution to the equation using the same complex notation we will write z of t is equal to a e to the power i omega 1 t plus or rather a 1 and a 2 e to the power i omega 2 t. Why omega 1 and omega 2 because from this frequency relation we know that omega 1 is equal to plus square root k by m and omega 2 is equal to minus square root k by m they are just negative of each other. So we can write this as a 1 e to the power square root plus a 2 e to the power minus i square root k by m t. Now notice that this part and this part the exponentials are just the complex conjugates of each other and z of t is a displacement so it has to be a real quantity. So we must find that a 1 and a 2 should be complex conjugates of each other. I have told you earlier that a is a complex constant so a 1 and a 2 are complex constants and in order to make z real a 1 and a 2 should be complex conjugates of each other. So now we determine a 1 and a 2 from initial conditions there are two constants of integration the equation is a second order ordinary differential equation. So we have two constants which are to be determined from the two initial conditions. So let us say that z of 0 is some initial displacement that I have given the mass and z dot of 0, z dot indicates derivative with respect to time at time t equal to 0 we have given it also an initial velocity.  Now you can see that 2 and 3 are two algebraic equations for a 1 and a 2 we can very easily solve these two to determine a 1 and a 2 in terms of z 0 and v 0. If we do this we obtain the following expressions notice that we had inferred earlier that a 1 and a 2 should be complex conjugates of each other this is indeed so as you can see from these expressions z 0 and v 0 represent initial displacement and velocity. So z 0 and v 0 are real quantities. So this it is immediately clear from these expressions that a 1 is the complex conjugate of a 2. Now substituting this in the expression for z of t recall that z of t was e to the power i square root k by m t and if I substitute this then I obtain. Now I am going to use e to the power i theta is cos theta plus i sin theta now if I substitute that and write it in real notation in terms of cos and sin then I get cos square root k by m t plus i times a 1 minus a 2 into sin square root k by m. Now as it is clear a 1 plus a 2 is a real number i times a 1 minus a 2 is again a real number. So this is going to eventually give us a real expression and if you just substitute from these two expressions the value of a 1 plus a 2 and i times a 1 minus a 2 you will finally obtain this is equal to z 0 cos square root k by m t plus square root m by k v 0 sin square root k by m. So this solves our first problem the problem of a single point mass attached to a linear spring and this is the most general solution to the problem. If you give initially if you just give a initial displacement but do not give an initial velocity then the second part is 0. If you give it an initial kick without giving it an initial displacement then the first part is 0. If you give it both then this is the answer and the final answer has been written in real notation. So now let us go on to slightly more complicated problems where our governing systems will still be linear but we will have more than one point mass and more than one spring. So now I am going to make a diagram and you should understand this very clearly because this will help you write down equations of motion for more complicated problems where they may be many masses and many springs. So I have a spring connected to a point mass connected to a second mass and then another spring which is connected to a wall. For simplicity let us assume that both the masses are the same the spring constants are also the same. In this case we will assume that in this configuration where there is no net force on the mass this is an equilibrium configuration which essentially means on any no net force on any mass. So every mass is acted upon by equal and opposite forces in either directions. So let us say that the rest length of these springs is slightly less than L.  So the same it is the same spring here this also has a rest length A naught and the way I have drawn it L is greater than A naught. So let us indicate the equilibrium configuration like this. Later on when we do when we do interfacial waves the equilibrium configuration will also be referred to as Baye state but let us stick with the word equilibrium configuration here and now let us say that we have perturbed. So again once again my left to right direction is positive and we are displacing the first mass by a distance x1. So only this much is x1 and we are displacing the second mass by an amount x2. So you can notice that the way I have drawn it I have intentionally so after displacement the second mass is here the first mass is there. So you can notice that the way I have drawn it L is greater than A naught x2 is greater than x1 so x2 is this displacement and A naught is greater than L minus x1 L minus x2. So what is L minus x2, L minus x2 is this length L minus x2 is this length and the way I have drawn it the rest length of the third spring is greater than L minus x2. Now under these conditions our Baye state in our Baye state spring 1 is in tension. Spring 2 is also in spring 3 is once again in tension that you can see very easily because L is greater than A naught. So in this state all the springs are extended to a length which is greater than A naught so all of them are in tension. What about the perturbed state? You can see that in the perturbed state the mass 1 is here and mass 2 is there. So spring 1 is in tension even in the perturbed state spring 2 is also in tension that you can see because now the distance between the mass 1 and mass 2 is given by this much. In the perturbed state and this is more than L in the way I have drawn it spring 3 the way I have drawn it is in compression because spring 3 has been pushed beyond its rest length in the way I have drawn it. So with this it is now easy to set up the equation of motion of the two masses because there are two masses we will get two ordinary differential equations by applying Newton second law of motion to each of the masses. If you do that then for the first mass and for the second so there are two forces acting on the first mass one exerted by the first spring and another exerted by the second spring. The first term on the right hand side represents the force exerted by the first spring. This is spring 1, this is spring 2 and this is spring 3. So we also have to add the force exerted. Now note that there is a pattern in the way I am writing things the I have written these forces according to the diagram that I have drawn. So each of these square brackets is positive the quantity inside each of these square brackets is positive and in the curve bracket whatever I have written represents the spring length in the perturbed state. So this is the spring length of spring 1. Similarly this is the spring length of spring 2 in the perturbed state. Now you can write down a similar equation of motion for mass 2. Once again we just follow the same reasoning and we have I am just going to write so that we have both the expressions of the same page. So now we have two equations for the two masses. Notice that these are linear springs hence the equations of motion are also linear. But unlike before we have now coupled linear equations and we are going to simplify these equations and once again solve them by the method of normal modes. So doing that let us simplify the equations. You can see that in both the equations sometimes cancel out and if you do that cancellation say if I call this 1 and this 1, 2 then m x1 I am just shifting to dot notation so that it is easier to write. So this is the simplified equation let us call this a and b and now we can write this using matrix notation as a single matrix equation. So now I am going to define a vector x and that vector is x1 x2 a column vector and this is a function of time. So I can write this as m d square x by dt square plus some matrix times the vector x is equal to 0. Notice the analogy of this equation with the equation that we had written earlier for a single mass. This was what we had written in our first example. You can think of this as a column vector with only one entity in it. Since there was only one entity we did not explicitly use matrix notation. But now because we have more than 1 degree of freedom here we have 2 degrees of freedom because there are 2 masses we now have a governing equation for our system written in terms of using matrix notation. We are next going to do a normal mode analysis on this by generalizing what we had done. So here we had done x is equal to a e to the power i omega t. You can think of a as a column vector with only one entry in it. Here I would have to write x is equal to a1 a2 e to the power i omega t. So we will do this next.


Welcome to the session. I am Deepika here. Let's discuss the question which says the minute hand of a circular clock is 15 centimeter round. How far does the tip of the minute hand move in one hour? Take pi is equal to 3.14. Now we know that the distance around a circular region is known as a circumference and circumference of a circle is given by the formula 2 pi r. So this is a key idea behind that question. We will take the help of this formula to solve the above question. So let's start the solution. Now according to the question the minute hand of a circular clock is 15 centimeter long. This means the radius of the circular clock is equal to 15 centimeter. We have to find how far does the tip of the minute hand move in one hour. Now in one hour the minute hand of the clock will complete one whole circle. So the distance, the tip of the minute hand moving one hour is equal to circumference of the circle because according to our key idea the distance around the circular region is known as a circumference. Therefore the circumference of the circle is given by the formula 2 pi r. We have to take pi is equal to 3.14. So this is equal to 2 into 3.14 into 15 centimeter. So this is equal to and this is equal to 94.20 centimeter. Hence the tip of the minute hand will cover a distance of 94.20 centimeters in one hour. Hence the answer for the above question is 94.20 centimeters. I hope the solution is clear to you and you have enjoyed the session. Bye and take care.


There has come, these last several years, a succession of announcements that show our day to be a day of intense revelation, equal perhaps only in those days of beginning 150 years ago. But then, as now, the world did not believe. They say that ordinary men are not inspired, that there are no prophets, no apostles, that angels do not minister unto men, not to ordinary men. That doubt and disbelief has not changed, but now, as then, their disbelief cannot change the truth. We lay no claim to being apostles of the world, but of the Lord Jesus Christ, the test is not whether men will believe, but whether the Lord has called us. And of that, there is no doubt. We do not talk of those sacred interviews that qualify the servants of the Lord to bear special witness of him, for we have been commanded not to do so. But we are free. Indeed, we are obliged to bear that solemn special witness. But that witness, the testimony of this work, is not reserved to those few of us who lead the church. In proper order, that witness comes to men and women and children all over the world.


going your useless visa in the UAE law. by the way the question is who is responsible for renewing your free learning the UAE that was a question i was ask men of the subscribers and he needed to know it would actually  shortages or it may be on this visa that is changed into a work visa. But still all, when you try to look at that, your residence visa is one that will enable you or that will guarantee you the stay in the UAE. And remember that when your residence visa expires, also your ID or what you call the residence permit will also expire in the same soil. But the question is, who is responsible for renewing your residence visa? Yes, the person responsible for renewing your residence visa is your sponsor, is the one that is responsible for renewing your visa. And what he has to do is that he has to renew your visa before your residence visa, before it expires. Remember that you are only given what you call a close period of only 30 days to renew your residence visa in that case. And now that we have the residence visa and the residence permit altogether or the residence ticket visa put in the residence permit, then it becomes a little bit very easier for you to renew because all the applications are being done in what you call in one place. For those that are living in the UAE right now, for the new procedure, you definitely know what I'm talking about. But remember, if your residence visa is renewed, then you will automatically be allowed to stay in the UAE for that period that it is renewed. And when we face that, however, something that you need to know definitely is that if it's not renewed, then you'll face the consequences. You definitely have to face the consequences if the gross period gets over. So that means it is not your responsibility of your sponsor himself alone but also you as a person. Because much as your sponsor he may incur what you call the fines from the directorate of the passports and the foreign affairs. But what about you as a person? If it's not renewed, you also under a threat and a risk at one moment of time. Because that means there are some things that you will not do. You will not be permitted. And that is exactly what happens. So it becomes a responsibility of me and you that you will have to remind your sponsor in case it's the one that is supposed to renew it. You remind your sponsor in time. One month before it's expired, you keep on notifying him that it's about to expire such that he gets to keep it in mind in one way or the other. However something that you need to know as per the immigration system you are only given what you call a gross period of only 30 days to renew your residence visa. And once it is not renewed once it is not renewed the residence visa in the UAE once it is not renewed within that gross period that is being given to you then you are going to incur what you call the fines. Your sponsor if it's the one responsible it's going to incur fines. If you are on a free visa you will also incur fines in whatever situation it may be depending on how you went into the UAE or how you are living there. If you are responsible for yourself if someone else is responsible for you you definitely have to incur those fines or he has to incur those fines. So it becomes a responsibility to both of you to keep on reminding him because you are in need of it.  Something that you need to remember that as per the UAE UAE immigration system the fines that are being given for example for the first 60 days if it's not renewed that means every day you will have to pay 25 dillams if your visa is not renewed per that required time and the gross period of 30 days is off that means extra charge per day for the first 60 days it will be 25 dillams which is quite very very big amount of money then to the same situation if it is again it is not renewed it is again it is not renewed for another 60 days that means for the 180 days then your charge it will be a double charge meaning that every single day you will only be incurring what we call a fine charge of 50 dillams that is per the UAE immigration system that is per the fines that are being spirited by the fines that are being put forward you cannot get over so that means that if in the six months if in the six months your visa or your residence visa is not renewed then you will have to incur a charge of 50 dillams per day remember when your ex ticket visa or when your residence visa expires even your residence permit at the same time it will expire that is what you need to know with the UAE still if it is not renewed after passing a year for example it takes a year and it is not renewed let say for example you being caught up somewhere and you try to dodge around then that means per day each fine per day will be unequivalent of what you call 100 dillams that will be per charge and what will happen if again after a year you are still living in the country it is not renewed and you caught up illegally living in the country what is going to happen I think that will just be what you call a ban total ban away from the country for some time so definitely you get to know that introducing the new procedure whereby you need to have your residence visa and the residence permit all together having one application that they all concurrently in the same residence permit all your details it is quite time sharing me it is quite time serving at the end of it all and it will give you that publicity that you need to know but remember in case your sponsor is the one to renew your visa you have to remind that sponsor all the time such that he gets to renew it in time thank you so much for coming back to this channel and thank you so much for subscribing thank you so much for doing with it don't forget to hit that notification bell that you will be updated whenever we have another video if you ask that question I think I have just given you the right answer thank you so much see you again in the next videos makes from the next creation TV


TRPV4 is a polymodal, calcium permeable cation channel that is involved in several diseases. It has been shown to be activated by gain-of-function mutations, which causes hereditary neuromuscular disease. In addition, it interacts with ROA, a small GTPase, which regulates its activity. By studying the structure of TRPV4 in complex with ROA, researchers have discovered how the two proteins interact, and how this interaction affects TRPV4's activity. This knowledge could potentially be used to develop new treatments for TRPV4-related diseases. This article was authored by Duhun Kwon, Fengjong, Brett A. McCray, and others.


A birth defect, also known as a congenital disorder, is a condition present at birth regardless of its cause. Birth defects may result in disabilities that may be physical, intellectual, or developmental. The disabilities can range from mild to severe. Birth defects are divided into two main types, structural disorders in which there are problems with the shape of a body part and functional disorders in which there are problems with how a body part works. Functional disorders include metabolic and degenerative disorders. Some birth defects include both structural and functional disorders. Birth defects may result from genetic or chromosomal disorders, exposure to certain medications or chemicals, or certain infections during pregnancy.  Many are believed to involve multiple factors. Birth defects may be visible at birth or diagnosed by screening tests. The number of defects can be detected before birth by different prenatal tests. Treatment varies depending on the defect in question. This may include therapy, medication, surgery, or assisted technology. Birth defects affected about 96 million people as of 2015. In the United States they occur in about 3 percent of newborns. They resulted in about 628,000 deaths in 2015 down from 751,000 in 1990. The types with the greatest numbers of deaths are congenital heart disease 303,000 followed by neural tube defects 65,000.


So, what I am going to do is once again I am just going to show a brief recap slides which are basically slides that you would have already as part of the video lectures and then after that the first thing that we are going to do is we are going to have a recap quiz which is really trying to test whether you have really seen and whether you really remember what you have seen. So, this will be a quiz where I will show some questions, A, B, C, D are the options. So, you have to write down your answers and then hand it over to your TA. So, in a sheet of paper, write your roll number and question one A, question two B, question three C whatever and hand it over to your TA. These, your performance in these recap quizzes will be monitored. So, that we know who all are you know diligently looking at the video lectures and who all are just skipping the video lectures. I mean if you have seen the video lectures, they should be very straight forward. They are almost straight from the video lectures. And after that we are going to look at real problems that we are going to solve in the class today. So, here is a quick recap. This is the generic iteration construct. So, in general we have some part of the program before iteration, some part after the iteration. And then depending on what construct you are looking at, you could have some initialization part and then you could have the actual repetition construct where you look at a logical condition. So, this is the generic iteration construct, the part before iteration, part after iteration and this is the iteration part. And you would have already seen these in the lectures that this part is typically called the loop. That is called the loop condition which is a logical condition which determines how long you are going to loop around. And the loop body is typically the part that you keep executing every time you iterate around the loop. So, that is fairly straight forward. And then the specific looping constructs in C plus plus that you would have seen in the lectures is the while statement where the loop is basically written like this. You have while this is a keyword, you put the loop condition here and then you put the block of statements which is the body of the while loop in there. The next construct that you would have studied in the lectures is the do while construct which is you have this do and while keyword. The looping condition has now come at the bottom at the end and you have the block of statements, the body of the do while loop in between. And the third construct is the for statement where we have some iteration initialization, some loop condition and also something to execute at the end of every iteration. We will see more about these specific parts in the subsequent lectures which we have covered on Friday. But at least for today you can think of these as you know some kinds of instructions to initialize the iteration which is kind of this part in the generic iteration construct. You set up some initial values and then there is the loop condition and then you have something to execute at the end of every iteration and you put semicolons in between them. These do not denote the end of executable statements, but they are just to separate the three parts of the for construct. And at the end you do not have the semicolon because these are just used as separators. They are not used to denote the end of any statement and then you have a block of statements which is the for loop body. So, is this clear everybody? I mean I am just showing slides that are already there in the video lectures. So, now what I would request all of you to do is to take a sheet of paper, write your roll numbers on it and then when everybody is ready I am going to start showing the recap quiz and all the TAs who are assigned to your block of students at the end of the quiz please collect the sheets and we will compile the data and we will figure out. So, everybody please write your roll number and then there will be question one, question two, question three, question four. Write down the question number, no need to write the question and the options that you think are correct. Is everybody ready? Please write down your roll numbers ok. So, here is the first question and if you have seen the video lectures this has been discussed in detail in the video lectures. So, this question asks that why not simply repeat code as many times as we need? Why do we at all need iteration constructs in a programming language? So, there are four possibilities you could indicate more than one possibility if you think if you think all of the above are true then of course, D is there, but if you think not all of the above are true then you could write A and C or. So, please write down the question number and the answer on your sheet of paper ok. We will move to the next question in which of the following constructs the loop must iterate at least once. Just write question two and whatever answer you think is appropriate to the next question. So, in a simple conversion of a do while loop to a while loop this was covered in the video lecture which of the following are true and more than one may be true. The options are the loop body must be replicated, the loop condition must be replicated, both must be replicated and one, but not both. So, we go to the next question. So, here is a for loop for assignment x condition y assignment z this loop body w. So, what is the sequence of execution evaluation for the for loop? So, it says consider the following for loop for x assigned y x greater than equal to 10 and x is x plus 1 then the body of the while loop is y is assigned y minus 2. Say suppose we start executing this loop with the values of x and y both as 10. So, how many times is the assignment x is y executed and how many times is y is y minus 2? So, this is the last question of the recap quiz. So, those of you have finished you can give it to your TAs. So, we want to compute the factorial of a non-negative integer using the looping constructs. So, what we are going to do is we are going to show you a skeleton of a code C plus plus program and you should fill in the parts there and you know different people can fill in different ways there is not necessarily one unique way to solve this problem, but we would like to understand how you have done. So, here is the skeleton. So, let me tell you what this skeleton is about. So, it has a main function there are two variables n and i which are of type integer declared there is this variable factorial n whose type I have not declared. So, these red question marks are where you have to fill in something and of course, we would like to understand why you are filling in something over there and then give n and you read n o and then for i assigned something i less than n i is i plus 1. So, note that you cannot change the part of the program that is already in black you are only supposed to fill in the parts where there are red question marks such that finally, we get that a program that computes factorial n. So, finally, the prints factorial of n is factorial n. So, clearly we want the factorial of n to be in this variable. So, you have to fill in these three parts. What should be the type of factorial n? What do you think it should be and why? What should be this initialization and what should be the code here such that does that we get factorial n then?  So, you cannot change the black part of the program. In fact, that is part of the question given this code as fixed can you write the remaining parts replacing question marks with something tangible such that the program still finds the factorial n. So, now do the normal ritual of exchanging your answer with your neighbor and convincing your neighbor that your answer is right. So, how many of you had disagreement with your neighbor please raise your hands. Everybody agreed with the neighbors. You had a disagreement good. People are not bold enough to agree that they disagree. So, who won the argument? Which one of you got to one the argument finally or both were wrong? Both of you could not we are not able to find me. Very interesting. So, I will show you some answers which I have collected let us together dissect these answers. Let me read whatever is written here this is by Rishika Dasani she declares factorial n as long int. How many of you agree with this? How many of you disagree? Those who disagree keep it to yourself. I will ask you this question why. She says I should be initialized to zero and then the expression she has is factorial n equal to factorial n star i plus 1. We agree that you will find the correct factorial? Anybody who says no? Everybody says yes. So, what was the problem with people have problem with long int right? We will park that problem look at another solution. Long factorial n for i equal to 1 and factorial n is equal to i plus 1 star this. So, how many of you think this is correct? So, long factorial n people have a problem with this should it be long int? Sure you think that is the right solution. i equal to 1 is correct yeah but people also said i equal to 0 was correct. How can both be correct? So, which one is correct? i equal to 1 is correct? Will this find the factorial n correctly? Earlier solution also could find the factorial correctly not a problem. Here is another solution by Saransh Kulkarni. Our friend does not like to write long programs he just writes cryptic answers. So, fill in the blank slide. He believes that factorial n should be unsigned long. How many people disagree with this? Why do you disagree? Just because you do not like his name or what?  So, what is the difference between long int and unsigned long? Let us look at it this way. If you had just said int you had some problems. So, you decided to use long. What was the objective? You wanted to increase the range of the numbers represented by that variable. So, that you have a larger range. Now between unsigned long and long which has a larger range as far as computations of factorial is concerned unsigned long gives you one more bit. Only long will not it will represent negative numbers as well which in this case is not required. How would you find the factorial of minus 27? Exactly from unsigned long it will find out. The program will give out a result. That is what I am saying because if you enter minus 27 the you learn. Okay. We shall soon learn that people who write programs to find out a factorial of an integer n are required to check after they read n and if n is negative they are required to use a c out statement saying gali, gali, gali is not correct invalid input. Now that is assumed here. We are not interested in finding out this thing. Now given the circumstances that we assume that the number given is a positive number which one is a better choice. Any other objection? Everybody agrees with initial value of i to be 1 but many people said i equal to 0 was also alright. Will you get the correct answer? Yes. And one also you will get the correct answer. So, it does not matter if I write 5 also you will get the correct answer? No, not bad. All right. So, let us go to the next question. I hope everybody has understood. So, in this problem we want to calculate the nth power of an integer m. So, basically m raised to n we want to calculate that by a looping program and once again we want you to complete the missing part of the code. Okay. So, forget about that line going in the middle and the int main I had to delete. So, assume that that is there. So, once again there are blanks here and this uses a do while loop to calculate m raised to n. The earlier was was a for loop this is a do while loop. So, the one thing that you must remember is that we have said n greater than equal to 0. So, this must also handle the case when n is equal to 0. So, how many of you have completed without taking care of the case of n is 0? I mean if I told you that n is greater than equal to 1 then how many of your solutions would work? Can you raise your hand if you think that your solution will work for n greater than equal to 1? Okay. So, let me simplify the problem. Let us say n is greater than equal to 1. So, of course, all those we have got a solution where for n greater than equal to 0 their solutions will also work for n greater than equal to 1. So, let us say n is greater than equal to 1. Then so, how many of you have not completed? Can you raise your hands and completed assuming n is greater than equal to 1? So, there are a whole bunch of them who are neither completed nor not completed. Okay. So, I think exchange your copies with your neighbors and please try to discuss as quietly as possible. One of the things that you could try to do is to just provide some simple inputs. Maybe n is 1, n is 2 and see whether it is really giving you what you expected to give. If it is not giving you then of course your answer is incorrect. So, Shweta has this solution. So, she has initialized result to 1. So, how many of you agree that that is the correct initialization? Disagree? And no opinion whether it is correct or wrong? I mean either you agree or disagree you do not have an opinion, right? Okay. So, let us proceed with result is 1. And then i has been initialized to 0. And then let us look at what is done within the do loop. So, there is an if else statement within the do loop. And if what is that n equals n equals 0 is it? So, if n is 0 then the result is 1 and then you break. So, everybody has seen the break statement in the video lectures. I mean those of you who have seen the video lectures there are some of you who haven't, right? So, you can use the break to just break out of a loop at any point. So, Shweta uses it here saying that if n is 0 then assign result 1 to result and break out. Otherwise if n is not 0 then result is result times m and increment i or i plus plus this is not even covered in those 3 lectures. So, you have gone ahead but that is okay this is i is i is assigned i plus 1 that will be covered in the next lecture actually and while i less than n. So, okay so how many of you are in agreement that this actually. So, she has done a fairly smart thing here she has taken care of the n is equal to 0 case by a separate if statement and put the break here which is a perfectly legitimate way of writing the program saying that yes. Why do we need to write the result assigned 1 it is already written. Why do we need to assign result 2 and this one in the if statement. Oh it is already there that is very good in fact that is exactly the solution I saw from somebody else. So, that is a good point I mean we do not need that and that is exactly what some of you have written. So, you can see here n equal to 0 is simply handled by saying if n is equal to 0 equal equal 0 just break because the value of the result has already been initialized to 1 you do not need to initialize and otherwise result is simply multiplied by result into m and you iterate around while i is less than n. This solution is by one cow shake. So, this is interesting because there is no else part here right and you would have seen in the lectures for conditional execution that if you do not have an else part it is like saying that it is this f this if with an else saying nothing right and then this is going to be executed. So, these two statements are outside the conditional execution right. So, this is the conditional statement if n is equal to 0 break else do nothing and then after the conditional execution you have these two statements and because she has put a break there therefore, it is effectively like putting an else there because if n is equal to 0 it will break otherwise it will fall through the conditional part and just execute the. This was from cow shake here is another one by Sheik Abdul Basit. So, he also starts with result equal to 1 i is 0 there is too many things here if I cannot even read it if i is not equal to 0 result is equal to m star result. But where is the do is before this or after this and the do simply says i equal to i plus 1 by Lail as the name. Sheik Abdul please raise your hand yeah. So, can you tell what you meant there is that entire block of code supposed to be inside in the body of the do. So, our friend actually first wrote i equal to i plus 1 then he realized many things are there. So, he started writing them on top of this unfortunately the computer has to read reverse Japanese in order to understand this from bottom to top which is not feasible. So, you should write it properly but I think this program will work. There is one more thing here a lot of drawings here. So, we will ignore them and no name apparently our drawing master does not like the name to be revealed. So, here also if n is equal to 0 break please appreciate this fact that the break statement is very powerful you will just get out if n is 0. Otherwise there is an else statement which is actually not required the else statement says this result is result into m i is equal to i plus the basic logic is simple you keep multiplying the result by m repeatedly keep increasing i and as long as i is less than n keep doing it at the end you will find the normal power alright. So, good efforts there is one more here. So, here is another the interesting part is he just says if n not equal to 0 do this which is actually equivalent very interesting contraption of saying that do this only if n is not equal to 0. This is by whom is not known no name alright. So, now we want to do this exponentiation business raise m to n, but suppose I told you that n is a power of 2. So, the only n's that we are interested in are powers of 2 and then we can use this method of repeated squaring to compute any integer raise to a power of 2. So, n squared is n times n and raise to 4 is n squared times n squared and raise to 8 is n raise to 4 times n raise to 4 right. So, in so interestingly the in the previous question also I mean it would have been correct if one of you had used repeated squaring to compute right, but interestingly none of you did that. So, let us do this what if n is not a power of 2. So, that is the next question after this how do you use repeated squaring if n is not a power of 2. So, I am not sure if you will be able to get to that question, but at least I want to show that question. So, is this clear I mean did anybody use this technique to compute m raise to n in the previous question anybody used it no ok. So, good. So, then for everybody this should be a new problem then. So, we want to do this right. So, we are required to write an iterative program that takes in n and m checks whether n is a power of 2 and if so. So, this is just the case where n is a power of 2 it computes m raise to n using repeated squaring ok otherwise the program exits with a return code of minus 1 ok. So, in this particular case I am asking you to write the entire program you already have the skeleton from the previous one right and you have to put this check whether n is a power of 2 and then if so then you have to compute m raise to n ok and for those of you who completed the next question is basically how you would extend this if n is not a power of 2, but let us just stick to the power of 2 case for the time being. So, as you can see that you know if I were to compute n raise 8 using the previous techniques that all of you did I would have to do multiplication 8 times right whereas, here I need to do multiplication only 3 times starting from n I get n raise to 4 then n raise to 8. So, I can do it a slightly fewer number of multiplications actually significantly fewer I mean this is 3 and this is 8 and we want to use that in our program to compute m raise to n where n is a power of 2. So, you also have to check whether n is a power of 2 this is input validation. So, there is no exponentiation operator in C plus plus that we have studied. So, or there is no log operator in C plus plus that we have studied. So, please do not use those. So, there are two parts to this question one is checking whether n is a power of 2 and if so computing m raise to n and how many of you have solved part of this problem either computing m raise to n using repeated squaring and how many of you have computed solved checking whether n is a power of 2 ok. So, yeah so please swap your copies with your neighbors and please for the part that you have worked. So, there is no one unique way of solving this problem we have collected a couple of copies of people who have agreed to show their solutions. So, it is actually ok if you and your neighbor have two different programs both of you may be correct or both of you may be wrong ok. So, this is one more ok. So, this is Tejesh. So, let us see what Tejesh has done he has a do loop do while loop here in which he is checking whether n is a power of 2 ok. So, how does he do that? He initializes i with 1 and c with 0 and then in this loop he keeps multiplying whatever the value of i is it keeps doubling it right. So, for example, if this loop iterates once then the value of i becomes 2 and the value of c becomes c plus plus for those of you who have seen the next three like seen this business of c plus plus, but that is the same as saying c is assigned c plus 1 this you can think of as c is assigned c plus 1. So, if you iterate this loop once the value of i becomes 2 the value of c becomes 1 if you iterate this loop 2 times the value of i becomes 4 the value of c becomes 2 if you iterate this loop 3 times i is 8 c is 3. So, you see that what Tejesh is really doing is in this loop is actually calculating i as a power of 2 and is calculating that power of 2 which is log of i base 2 in c right. So, very nice solution and then how long does he iterate as long as i is less than n right. So, he starts from 1 and he keeps iterating until i becomes less than n ok. So, and then if i is indeed a power of n then eventually i will become equal to n right and then this i not equal to n will not be satisfied and this is the part where he is calculating m raised to n by repeated squaring but if i is not a power of n then eventually this power you will get a power of 2 which will exceed n right. So, suppose i is suppose n is 5. So, i starts with 1 then becomes 2 then becomes 4 then becomes 8 right. So, when it becomes 8 then i is no longer less than n you come out of it, but then i is not equal to n and so, then you return minus 1. So, this is checking whether n is a power of 2 the problem required you to first check whether n is a power of 2 yeah. So, just see how i is increasing i is first 1 then 2 then 4 then 8 i is will doubled every time. So, when I say while i less than n it will just check whether the value of i is less than n the first time when it comes here actually the value of i is 2 the second time I mean saying i less than n here does not mean that the loop iterates n times remember the loop we said there is a loop condition as long as a loop condition holds it will iterate. So, the first time it comes here i is 2 the second time it comes here i is 4 the third time it comes here i is 8. So, this equation i reaches 8 right and then this part the next part which is here is just doing this iterative squaring and computing m raised to n and how many times do you need to square it. So, if n was 8 you need to square 3 times right n to n squared n squared to n 4 and 4 to n raised to 8 if n is 16 you need to square 4 times. So, the number of times you need to square is exactly the power of 2 the exponent of 2 and that Tejesh has already conveniently computed here in C this was exactly the power of 2. So, he is now going to iterate this loop you know he reinitializes i to 1 i is incremented each time it goes around the loop he executes this loop exactly c times and his squares m that number of times. So, very nice solution does it take care of the fact when n is 1 1 is also a power of 2 2 days to 0 is 1 right. So, does it take care of the fact when n is 1 let us see. So, in this case if n is 1 then I guess since it goes around this loop in any case right. So, you will get right. So, if n is 1 it will go around this loop i will become 2 and you will find that 2 is not less than 1 right. So, if n is 1 then when you go around this loop once i has the value 2. So, this condition will be violated and you will return minus 1. So, Tejesh there is a small problem there for the case where n is 1 so, power of 2, but I hope you see that that is because you mandated that this loop must be executed at least one time right. So, if you that is what a do while loop does a while loop does the check first and then it executes right. So, good very nice solutions. So, here are some other solutions by the way this is not the only way to solve it. For example, let me give you a suggestion for those of you who want to do it in your rooms. So, Tejesh has actually used two loops over here you can indeed do it with one loop you do not need two loops yes. So, I am done I have shown one solution if you want to leave and in fact, I should wind up. So, let me not take any more time there are a couple of other solutions that we got we will discuss them in the next class.


before the album, I'm gonna do a photo of him. He was gonna hammer all that. That was going on during this time. Yeah. And he was with the pants and everything. But this is when he... Oh, he had his. But remember, this is when he started getting the flack because he bought the helicopter for Oakland PD and he bought the battle ram and all that stuff. Yeah, we on boss talk one on one, one on one. Yeah, we gonna talk.  So we had a van come and we got in there. This was before the album. I'm gonna do a photo of him. He was gonna hammer all that. That was going on during this time. Yeah. And he was with the pants and everything. But this is when he... Oh, he had his. But remember, this is when he started getting the flack because he bought the helicopter for Oakland PD and he bought the battle ram and all that stuff. So he had to change his image. And what was sad was that all the stuff that Hammer tried to prevent, like the image all the rappers do now. So it's like, it's funny. Like he was the architect for all that. All that product. I mean, think about it. I got toothpaste, I have a Hammer Time toothpaste. I have a Hammer Time game. You know what I'm saying? He had Hammer Time. He did that before everyone else. And what happened with black people was that they mocked him and talked about him and didn't understand that. Cause lots of people don't know this. Hammer at one time was one of the largest black talent agents. He had salt and pepper. He had heavy D. He had Ralph Trezman. He had, I'm thinking about three, five, seven. He had special generation. He had, think about it, uncle, whatever. He had all those groups and they were under his management. Him and his brother, Lewis Burrell. They were all under his management. We had tons, I mean, I mean, a lot of people don't know this, but Ralph used to live in Fremont, California. When he did his albums, he was under us as well. A lot of people don't know that. That, you know, Hammer, Hammer really got a lot of people. Y'all don't want to broke up new addition. No. Yeah, let's just be real about it. You don't want to break up new addition. Yeah. Wild Ralph over there. You didn't say Mike, Ronnie, Bobby, and Ricky was over there. You say Ralph was over there. And that makes me understand that Ralph had disconnected for some kind of reason. Yeah, he was over here talking about other things. Well, you know what, and I liked that the story kind of told his story. Yeah, I seen that. Because I'll be honest with you. Was he lying down on that? I remember when Ralph lived in Fremont with his wife and I remember him coming down to the studio playing sensitivity. I remember when he first came out. They all was bad. That was too much talent in one group. That's why they was tripping. Well, you know what? Let me tell you what happened with my group. My group got to the point where it was even hard to take pictures for magazines because everybody wanted a position. I'm over here. I want to be over here. I want to do this. A lot of pictures, you'll see that I'm kind of in the back or I'm turned away because we're moving because they always tell you, oh, move, yeah, I move. This way. And I always got pushed. I always got pushed to, like, make sure this nigga don't get to the front. And they might say, oh, dude, that's not true, but that is true. And so it got to the point where people really start tripping about the money, like, who's getting extra money? Who's getting extra perks? I'll be honest with you. There was a group that Madonna had, I think, my people, YMV, and so some people are gonna say, oh, what do you say is the reason why the group broke up? I am not the reason the group broke up. Let's get it straight. I'm not, but I will tell you what did happen. And this is on working on my reality to let people know what's really going on. I met a guy from the group YMV. We were in Savannah, Georgia doing a show, and he comes up to me. And this is the reason why I believe that we need to really teach the youngsters about business. Don't just get in the game and just get in the game. Take a course, learn about business, because it's business. Exactly. I mean, we have talent, but it's also business. To them, they see the dollars, cha-ching, cha-ching. And he said to me, what's in your writer? And I said, writer, what the hell's a writer? Now, I got the number one song in the country right now, and I don't know what a writer is.  Like, do you have M&M's?   I said, I don't know. Whatever they put back there.  Or do you come and, you know, like get money now and you get the rest of the money? Give me my money up front. And I was like, well, I don't take care of that. Him, the office does that. And he's like, what? You let the office do that for you? And I've always been blessed in my, God's always brought people in my life. Hey, man. I'll be honest with you. Listen, man. He'll do what he's doing. I'm gonna tell you this one thing. What happened is that he took me to Tower Books and bought me this book called All You Need to Know About the Music Business. And the one that Kashif, All About the Music Business by Kashif and Donald Passman, All About the Music Business. And he said, look, take these two books and I want you to start reading them. And I started reading them. By the time I got to Omaha, Nebraska, I was pissed. I was like, I'm getting scrowled over. Oh my God. Thanks to God. And so I knew that nobody could mimic me. No one could do my parts. And so I told Hammer one night, I was in the hotel. I said, I ain't going on stage. And he said, no, no, no, you got to go. What do you mean you ain't going on stage? I'm not going on stage. I said, I got asthma. I ain't got no healthcare. I could die. I'm in the great, I'm in the great plains. You know, I got asthma. I got grass all over the place. If I get sick, who gonna take care of me?  I have nothing to fall back on. I said, I'm not going. And he was like, doos, doos, just doos, doos, doos, doos. Just go on stage. Just do this, Joe. And when you get back, we gonna talk. We gonna talk. You know what I'm saying? We gonna talk.


So why is it that I don't use hashtags on Instagram? This is a common question from some of you who are taking this course. And I also don't use hashtags on Facebook either. Well, the answer for Facebook is easier. Facebook hashtags basically don't work. So like if you've ever tried it, people like use hashtags on Facebook mindlessly. They just put like 30 hashtags or even three, whatever. Facebook hashtags on LinkedIn works better because I've actually tested this and obviously on Twitter because that's where hashtags really came from originally. Facebook, it's useless. Come on, have you all actually tested this? Please, please comment below. If you've actually done tests, the same post, you know, posted, let's just say a one week apart, one has a hashtag, one doesn't. And tell me if you're actually reaching more of the right people, the right people. And number one, you're probably not barely even reaching more people. Is it really worth looking spammy? Your hashtags look spammy. Did you know that? I mean, to me it does. I know, not to everyone, some people don't think hashtags look spammy. It looks spammy to me and to others also, it's like, I don't know, especially if you put like more than one or two or maybe three. Anyway, so I think hashtags on Facebook are kind of a, it's a, yeah, anyway, I don't recommend it. I think it's useless. But on Instagram, hashtags do reach more people barely. In my testing, it reaches, I don't know, a few more to a few dozen more people. And to me, that's not worthwhile because why I know how to use Instagram ads. I spend $5, okay. You are working hard to put your 30 hashtags in to your first comment and you reach, whoa, you reach a hundred new people, all right? You think that's really great. You spend all that time putting those 30 hashtags in, okay, you copy and paste it, whatever. Guess what I do? I spend $5 to boost a post and I've reached 500 people. And it took me less time and I looked less spammy than you. Who won? That's not a competition, but yes it is. It's the competition of your time and of your reputation.  Most of the big influencers out there are the people who use Instagram really expertly. Most, I mean, according to studies, they use upwards of three hashtags, that's it. They don't use 30 hashtags like many of you do.  Okay, number one, it's a waste of your time compared to ads, $5, $1. If you spend $1 on Instagram posts, you reach a hundred targeted people. Instead of your 30 hashtags, and it looks spammy. Okay, all right, number one, ads are a much better use of your time. Number two, are you even reaching the right people with your hashtags? How do you know? That's the question. How do you know if you're reaching the right people?  With Instagram ads testing, it's very obvious because they give you a separate link. This is getting into a bit of an inside baseball here, but just let you know what's possible. When you run ads on Instagram, okay? They tell you specifically who liked your ad. It's very clearly, it's a very clearly separate. With Facebook ads testing, it's a little bit more tracking. I teach that as well, but you can still tell. With Instagram, it's very obvious to you who liked your post organically without ads and who liked your post with ads, they separate. They separate the two, okay? And so you can clearly see with your ads, are you reaching the right audience? Tell me, if you're using Instagram ads, how do you know which of the likers came from your hashtags? How do you know? You don't. Which of the likers came from your existing followers to where are you gonna check everyone? I mean, you could say, well, George, I know all of my followers. Well, then you still have enough, you still have a small enough audience. That might be true. But once you keep growing your audience, are you gonna check every, are you gonna memorize all your followers and go, well, I know Moitza and Samya, they liked it, they're my followers.  How do you know? So if you're using hashtags and you don't know if you're reaching the right people, then again, what you're doing is you're growing a warm audience that may be questionable, which damages your algorithm, okay? You could, you could do hashtag happy all day long, hashtag love, hashtag girl boss, hashtag, you know, whatever popular hashtags, you can reach lots of people, the wrong people, people who are going to, you know, like your easy, easy to like posts that are not very, you know, filtered down to your offers. And then once you start posting your offers and things that are more specific to your ideal clients, your algorithm is messed up because your warm audience don't care about that stuff. Anyway, this is a whole education that you need to understand for how the Instagram algorithm works. If you're interested, you know, you can learn with me if you want to in my Instagram class, my Facebook ads class, or you can just go to YouTube and search how to learn Instagram algorithm, all that stuff. But that's my long answer to that short question. And thank you for asking about Instagram hashtags. I hope this is helpful. One more thing, in my Instagram class, I do talk about how every hashtag on Instagram is like a community of people. So in a sense, you can kind of tell who you're reaching by going to the hashtag itself, the hashtag community itself, the hashtag page and seeing who is, who else is posting on that hat using the hashtag. It gives you a sense of that because people using the hashtag might also be following it, but there are also people following the hashtag who don't post there. And again, I'm just always nervous. But main point is that it's just a waste of energy. Why don't you just use one dollar? Just use one dollar. For every post, just use one dollar to reach a hundred of the right people. Two or three dollars if you possibly can afford it. Five dollars if you can afford it to reach hundreds more people of the right people. So hope this helps.


Zero Accounting Software 2023, Budgeted Income Statement, Export to Excel and Modify Part Number 1.  First, a word from our sponsor. Well, actually these are just items that we picked from the YouTube Shopping Affiliate Program, but that's actually good for you. Because these aren't things that were just given to us from some large corporation which we don't even use in exchange for us selling them to you. These are things that we actually researched, purchased and used ourselves. Bayer Dynamic? Not sure if I said that right, but this is the DT770 Pro 250 OHM Studio Reference Closed Back Headphones. I wear headphones basically every day for a large part of the day. They are important to me. Therefore, I've gone through many different kinds of headphones. I've had these for some time and they've worked quite well. They fit over my ears, but I'm still able to put my glasses on under the headphones. The headphones not pinching too tight on the glasses to give me a headache, which is nice. The quality of the patting is good and it has lasted for some time. I've had these for some time now and they haven't gotten all torn up on me or anything like that. I also like that I have a cord when I'm doing my recordings as opposed to a USB centered headphone, because that frees up a USB port and I find the USB headphones to be less reliable. They come with an audio jack that looks like this, which is useful for me because that plugs into my audio interface. However, if you want to use the headphones for some other purpose, I believe it's fairly easy to get a converter to other types of audio jacks. If you would like a commercial free experience, consider subscribing to our website at accountinginstruction.com or accountinginstruction.thinkific.com where we have many different courses. You can purchase one at a time or have a subscription model giving you access to all the courses. Courses which are well organized have other resources like Excel files and PDF files to download and no commercials. Here we are in our custom zero home page going into the company file. We set up in a prior presentation, get great guitars. We will duplicate some tabs to put reports in the way we do every time. Right clicking to duplicate the tab. We will right click again so that we can duplicate the tab again. Back to the tab to the middle accounting drop down. We want to open up the balance sheet. This is a comparative balance sheet. If you don't have it, just open the normal balance sheet. Tapping to the right accounting drop down. We want the income statement. This is a comparative income statement. If you don't have it, open up the normal income statement. Alright, so we are going to put together our budget. Now remember the budget data input in the system of zero. If I go to the first tab is under the accounting drop down under the reports. And then it's in the manual budget, the budget manager. But this is just the data input to get the budget into the system so that we can run reports with it. What we would like to do is create the budget. And typically a tool for doing that would be like just simply Excel or some other kind of spreadsheet program. So normally what we would want to do is start with the past data and then I use that to then build upon and see what changes we're going to have as we make projections out into the future. Now you can dig into a whole lot of different kind of ideas and strategies for budgets. Do you need a monthly budget? How often should you change the budget? And so on and so forth. But the standard budget would be a year's budget right at the end of the year. We make a budget for the next year possibly breaking it out by month so that we can then make comparisons on a month by month comparing actual versus budget for example. So that's what we will do here. We're going to have two months of data input January and February in our system. So I'm going to kind of imagine that that was the two months of data input prior to January and February so that we can budget out like a whole year's budget. And then when we run the reports we'll be able to run reports for budget versus actual for January and February and then everything past February will be out into the future. So that's going to be our strategy. Now we could then start by exporting the income statement into Excel but when you do that you end up with all these subtotals and whatnot and oftentimes it's easier to start with just a clean income statement that doesn't have the subtotals so you could export it clean it up but you might just start with a trial balance which is I think it's a little easier to clean up. So I'm going to right click on the tab up top, duplicate it again and let's open up a trial balance report so that we can export that one instead. I'm going to go to the accounting drop down into our reports type in trial balance so that we can find it. There's our trial balance. That's what we want. That's the one you're the one trial balance. Don't let them get you to. So I got a movie lines in my head. Focus accounting date drop down. We want to make this as of February 28. So February 2023 February 28 updated to run it. So this is what we have in here thus far. So that looks good scrolling back up. We're going to say all right let's do a little adjustment up top. I don't want to compare it to the prior year. So I'm going to say don't do that. No comparison. So we don't have the prior year stuff. So now we just have a straight up incomes to a straight up trial balance. All right let's export it. So I'm going to say export to excel if you would. And as long as you ask nicely zero usually grants the request opening up down here because I'm in Google Chrome. And so I'm going to pull that over into my folder on my folder over here. So now we have it in here. There's our worksheet. I'm going to right click on it. I'm going to rename it. And I'm going to call it my budget budget report or just budget. Hopefully I spelled that right. Let's open it up and see if we can just refine this thing down to a format that we can create a budget from. So this is what it looks like.  Now normally what I like to do is turn the grid line. Let's actually copy it first. I'm going to put my cursor on the tab down here hold down control left click and drag it to the right so that I have my og trial balance the original and then the adjusted one over here. Then what I typically like to do is try to format the whole sheet. So it has the same formatting. You can see if I'm over here I'm at aerial nine. And if I'm over here it did format the whole sheet at aerial nine. So it looks like it's standardized. This one is at 10 right. So I'm going to select this cell here and format paint it and then format the entire sheet using that formatting. Then I'm going to right click on the whole sheet format it again. And I like to have the underlying formatting being currency negative numbers bracketed no dollar signs. And we possibly don't need the pennies because it's a budget. So I'll take the pennies off that might make it easier to see. And there we have it. So we have some rounding issues but that should be OK. All right. And then we don't really need. So I'm just going to clean this stuff up. So what I what I want from here is I just want the income statement. Basically I don't need any of this title stuff. All I really need is from the income statement which starts at sales on down and I want to format it or adjust the formatting. So it's income minus the expenses. So let's go up top and say I'm just going to put my cursor on on the trial balance go from this is row one and scroll down to all the way down to the account. I think it's fine to go to their right click and just delete it. Boom gone. And then I could delete all the way down to the sales because my last equity. I only want starting here down. So from 4000 down. So I'm going to put my cursor on line 22. No not 22 21 and scroll up and just select that entire thing. Right click delete it. Get out of here. Delete that. I don't need the total down below line 17. Put in my cursor on line 17. Right click delete it. It's gone. You're gone. You're out of here. All right then. So then what I'd like to do is make I like to see the grid lines. I can't see the grid lines. So I'm going to go here. I thought I was just blind.  Don't do that. Sheet options. I want to view view the grid lines. So there we have it. All right then let's go back to the home page over here and let's make these cells a little bit smaller. I don't need to be this wide. Why in the world are they that wide? It's ridiculous. So we'll select these two and bring these down a bit. That's to a reasonable size. This one I could pull this one down a bit and these I could pull these down a bit. Clean this thing up. Let's clean this up. It's just all right. So now we need all of the expenses. I want to make these negative so I just have the positive numbers minus the negative numbers and I don't need subtotals. So I'm going to say all the negative numbers. I want to make them negative. There's an easy cheat method to do this. You could select them, right click and copy them. I like to paste them over here to make sure I don't mess up with the cool method of doing this. Right click paste special and then I want to subtract. So I'm going to put a minus sign before it. It will basically flip the sign. Boom. And then I can copy those and put them right there. So now I've got my expenses as negatives and I could just pull these now over. I could do that by grabbing them and pulling them or I can right click and cut instead of copy and paste them. That's the same thing as dragging them essentially. I'll just drag this one. All right. And then I can and then I can sum this up to be my net income. I'll just sum it up. This is our trusty sum formula. The most famous of all Excel formulas. And for good reason, it's the bestest and the most useful. And so we honor the sum formula. One, three, two, four. Let's see if that ties out to what's on the income statement. One, three, two, four. It does see. I didn't mess it up. We can double check it. And that's basically our starting point. So now this is our worksheet for like two months of data. What I'm going to do in the future presentations is we'll add months into the future and use this data as our starting point to make projections into the following months. And if this is two months worth of data, the easiest thing to do would be to divide it by two. Right. And then say that would be what I estimate on a monthly basis going forward, but then we might make adjustments to say that we think sales are going to go up over time because we're going to improve because people are going to get to know us and they're going to, they're going to really like us because we're, we do good work and we're just like, excellent. So we think our revenue is going to go up over time and whatnot. And so then we'll get into how we might be able to increase the revenue over time in our projections.