The next session is about the open med, open course. And we have three presenters, Fabio Nascimbeni, Daniel Villar Anrubia, and Adi Twisi, who will magically all speak within 15 minutes. Thank you. Thank you, Catherine. Well, we have decided to keep it a little bit more simple. So I'm going to be making a very brief introduction to the project. And then Adi's going to talk most of the time. Because this presentation in particular is about the perspective from facilitators. And he's the only facilitator here. And also Javier is with us. And she's an external evaluator. So if you have any other questions about evaluation, she will be also available to reply. So open med is an Erasmus-plus project as well. And it's about raising awareness and facilitating adoption of open educational practices in the South Mediterranean region. In particular, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Palestine. This is an overview about different things that we have been doing over the last three years. But today we are going to be focusing on the capacity-building course, which has been a core component, especially being an Erasmus-plus project, looking at capacity-building for higher education. So an overview of the course. It has five modules covering in total 80 hours of work. It has been translated into three languages. It has 12 facilitators and 62 participants from five countries. This is just our learning circles. We have learning circles in all the partner countries and also Lebanon. So in Lebanon, we had an extra learning circle. And if you want to just take the floor, Adi. This was our first facilitator of facilitators training last September in Torino. Thank you. Thank you, Daniel. Welcome, everyone. Thank you so much for being here. So this picture was taken back in Torino. And as you can see, there's a lot of people here. Most of them are facilitators who joined that program in order to get introduced to the processes that's going to happen. And how are they going to present the course online to their learning circles? As we showed in the previous slide here, there were 12 facilitators in total and 62 learners differentiated and partitioned in different groups. We called them learning circles. And they are among the five countries as well. So we had in the course, as mentioned before, five modules. In each module, we plan to have webinars with people who have impact and open education in different countries. These are some of them. And we were humbled to have them in our webinars as well. So that our learning circle would understand and get more insight from the outside world and from people who lead organizations in this aspect. Now, here are some findings that I would like to share with you when we finished the course and presented the module. It lasted for about how much was that, six or seven months. And then once it was finished, we were running a summative and informative evaluation for the course. As we can see here, here's also a recap for how many facilitators and trainers we have in each country. As you can see that five of them have one facilitator against or versus the remaining of the trainees for the remaining, some countries chose to have two facilitators because some learners actually wanted to learn more about OER, although, though, they had the ability to teach online. So they were teachers and instructors at the same place. But they wanted to get more information and more hands-on experience on what OER are and try to make their own, actually. Other insights that I would like to share with you is that the impact was expandable, actually. It wasn't also just narrowed on focus on these universities. We had other partners, a room for other partners that I come from, for example, the Manor University in Egypt, Yarmouk in Jordan, Helwan University in Egypt as well, and in Morocco, University of Muhammad V and Rabat. So this is actually that shows that the impact was expandable as well. We wanted to reach as much as possible at the extent of our ability in this project. OK. And here I would like to share some quantitative and qualitative results with you from the evaluation. We see that in this evaluation of the open-bent course, we saw that the over quality of the course was made as good. Most of the people, the good represented by green color here, most of the learners and facilitators as well, thought that it was really good to have this platform in terms of navigation, the level of the students who participated, the learning circle, and value of the activities themselves inside. So as we can see here, that was mostly positive in terms of the experience that they had. Facilitators now talked about if they learn new techniques on how they can use in their teaching. And will they be using OER in the future? Take into consideration here that when we are talking about facilitators in the South Mediterranean region, not all of them were previously involved as open educators, I would say. I had to happen to be one of them. And I'll tell you my story in short. One of the things that I would focus in here, will you adopt the methodology of this course in your practice later on? The majority said yes. And this is actually a positive insight that you can get from this result. Now here's the qualitative part, which is something that I would like to focus on now. Myself, I've been involved in this project since day one in my university. I represent Princess Sumai University. I'm the director of the e-learning center. And my day one in Princess Sumai was the expert meeting of OpenMid there. Vice President came to me and said, hey, I'm going to introduce some people. Their work might be so interesting to you. So let me show you. He introduced me to Daniel. And Fabio was there. And afterwards, what is this all about? They said it's open education. Open education. Can you get education really open? Are you kidding me? So that's what was my mindset telling me, is that how can we make education really open? What is OER? I've never heard of it like a term OER since it was coined back by UNESCO's forum back in 2002 until now. And then I began to read more about it because I was about to evolve in this project. I wanted to learn more how to use OER and evolve in my courses and my techniques. And I found that there was a problem between applying OER and depending on the country itself. How am I doing at the time? OK. All right. Between the policies that are applied in my country, which is Jordan, and other countries in the region, and how to contrast them with the European Union in this project so that I can get benefit from everybody and share and exchange ideas. What I found is that the problem of OER in the closed education systems resides in the very definition of what OER is. OER openly or freely accessible, openly licensed. Again, freely accessible, openly licensed. When you are being open, you're moving this way. When you want to care about privacy and security of your stuff, you're going to move this way. So that's actually applied in every aspect of higher education in Jordan, that they really didn't grasp the idea of OER at the beginning. And I'm talking as a facilitator from one of these countries. I began to understand OER and the opportunity and the vistas of, I would say, cooperation that I can open with other universities and how expandable it is. So I'm really grateful for that. I'm going to go really quickly through these findings and focus on some of them. For example, Facilitator C, I don't know who that is, but I agree with them, to make more visual materials and improve the quality of the produced videos as one of the recommendations that they made to make the course more impactful and more reachable to everyone else. One of the notes that we got on the course of the OpenMed is that it has a lot of textual content, although though I've been involved also in designing the course, I've been there in the beginning, and we try to involve as much as we can from different multimedia and in order to make them understand how OER works, how to use them, reuse them, improve them, and implement them in other places, and also how to use the open licenses. So maybe it was depending on the type of learners in which region are you talking about. Some learners prefer to be more textual, others maybe more visual. There are some people in the middle hall in the mix, you know. Okay, and from the end-depth interviews, I can share many of the readings, readiness for OER adoption, and how to develop that and making the experts in open education appointed to influence positions like the director of e-learning centers in each university to be a reactor for OER and a promoter for their learning circle in the future. I would like to mention and reassure that this course was in a pilot phase. All of what I'm showing here is something to be more improved, is something to be translated into three languages, Arabic, it's basically in English, but it's going to be translated in Arabic and French. We're still working on that, but for sustainability, we are working on having several scenarios where this project is going. Two of most is, and I think that's gonna be linked with the main challenges of this project, is that we would like to have this course also implemented in each university or in each partner so that everybody would get benefit out of it and we are also having the idea and the possibility to also link it with other organizations and extracting it out to different LMS systems. Okay, so yeah, that was actually explained in my talking before. And the improvement and validation of this course is going to be continuously happening, but what I wanted to say here is that some countries, and I would relate with this with the title of the previous presentation, some countries are open in the education, but not open enough. Some other countries or other educational systems are really close. What I see from here, the real value is, is at least to introduce people to this concept.  I see that's a big value in this one, learning a new paradigm, relatively a paradigm for myself and for many scholars in my country in order to get to it, learn something new and keep moving forward with it. I see there's a lot of potential in this one and thank you so much for listening. I really don't want to keep lab-lab-ling about many things here, but I would also save the last few minutes for any questions that we'd like to ask. Thank you. Okay, wonderful. Thank you so much, Adi. My apologies earlier, I didn't pass the microphone to the questioners, so I'm going to do that this time. And can I see if there are any questions from anyone? Yes. Yes. Do you have a mic? You do. Hello, thank you very much for this very interesting presentation. I would have a question about the learning circles. How did the interaction work between a facilitator and the learning circle then within the learning circle itself and then between the learning circles? Okay, good question. So there was an interaction between the learning circles, I would say. That was back in also to we in a week, we gathered them all together and they promised to keep on working together, maybe to present a project, a final project at the end of the course. We opened the door for everybody from different circles to talk to each other because that's what really it is about. We wanted to have this international sense in this project, but let me get inside each learning circle. It was a fully online technique and this is something that I can also relate in terms of the Jordanian regulations. For example, I can talk in behalf of my country. We have something weird that is called the blended learning. It's not really weird, it's weird in Jordan. They provided the ability to present the course, any course in any university with 25% as an online content. What about the other 75, the other percentage? Well, you can have them as face to face. Well, that would destroy the whole concept of what MOOC really is and there were also certain challenges that we faced in terms of the ability for learners to learn through online platforms. We use Sakai as an LMS and some students from our learning circles didn't have the technical ability yet enough to get involved in this course. There were some technical problems in some areas of Jordan in terms of internet connectivity and stuff, but we were able to overcome these challenges by addressing each of the learning circles problems before we started the pilot project so that the pilot went through very smoothly and I think that we've learned a lot even before we started the pilot project because we had to encounter some challenges that we waited long before we faced them and now with OpenMid, the time has come to face them and overcome them. Yeah, thank you so much for this question. Thank you. Any other questions? It's hard to see. I don't know, it's... Can I just know about one more question? Please, final comment, yeah. Do I need the mic? Just to complement something, but two interesting things about this course. First, it was developed and designed completely collaborative. So we met all the partners in Madrid for three days and it really worked hard starting from zero. So starting from designing one-by-one learning objectives and taking into account the situation in every single country. And it was, for sure, a learning experience for the South Mediterranean partner, but much more, probably for the Northern partners because we tend to consider ourselves experts in the course design and instructional design and there we had really to start from scratch because the situation is very different in every country. And then about the collaboration among the learning circles from different countries. So at the national level, it's quite easy because people know each other and they were sharing stuff. The trick we use there is to focus on the final project work on every learner.  And so we, let's say, the bet there is to share and to work together then on these projects, not so much in the learning process, even if, and this was quite surprising to me, the forum discussions in the platform were pretty active. So normally we tend to be, I mean, I'm not quite skeptical about how adult university professors use their time in responding to forum questions, but in this case it worked pretty well. Showing again the interest, I think. Adi and Fabio and Daniel, thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.


The fight is not yours. You have to fight. When you hit the enemy, it should be death, not injury. You must be effective. Without inspiring the man, you can't do the type of activity that is expected of a soldier. Trying to be humble may make you very pretentious. It is better you have pride, accepting failure is a dangerous process. It's better you learn not to fail. You're in the forces. Failure may mean death. You can't learn after that. Namaskaram. Namaskaram to all of you. It's a great privilege and honor to be talking to the bravest men of Bharat. Namaskar, Sadhguru. On behalf of Air Vice Marshal Pawan Mohi, Vishal Seva Medal, Commandant College of Defense Management, I extend a very warm welcome to you for this interaction with officers and ladies of the College of Defense Management. It is indeed my honor to conduct this evening's session on the topic of engineering for combating adversities. Adverse circumstances and situations are an integral part of a life for a soldier and their families. As soldiers battle the enemy on our borders, our families hold the home front and face encounter, numerous challenges and with utmost courage and perseverance. However, we've been born into an unpredictable and imperfect world, as finite human beings who have shortcomings, who make mistakes, face decision dilemmas and carry our own set of worries. There is much to contend with and our ability to handle adversities is limited. While our unabated inquest to seek answer continues, we are indeed proud and privileged to have amongst us honorable and respected Sadhguru, a yogi, a visionary humanitarian and the most widely followed global spiritual leader. In 2017, Sadhguru was conferred the Padma Vibhushan, one of India's highest civil war accorded for exceptional and distinguished service. Sadhguru bridges the gap between known and the unknown, enabling all to explore and experience the deepest dimensions of life, which give us an insight into the finite energy and delight that makes up the universe. Without any further delay, I would now address the first question to respected Sadhguru. Sadhguru, as per the Karma theory, Karma is accumulated impression of past activity, either of thought, emotion or physical action. During operations, as a professional soldier, I am expected to obey the orders of my superior authority, as also resort to actions which may result in injury or death of another human being. Which Karma account will have to enter this transaction? Mine, my superior military authority, for the senior commanders and the upward list could go on. Would you please throw some light on it? Namaskaram. My… at most respects to all of you brave men and above all your families, who bear the brunt of your bravery in many ways of daily living and suspense and anxiety about your well-being. So I bow down to all of you for this. See, when it comes to a fighting force, well, you did not start the fight. When you hit the enemy, you are not hitting for personal pleasure. You are fulfilling a larger purpose. This is important that we do not mix up philosophies of life, which are manufactured in our heads, with the realities of our existence. We are still not in that kind of a world, or we have failed to create that kind of a world. The failure is mine and people like me. Because we have failed to create a world where the world will embrace each other, everybody will embrace each other and live in love and joy, such a thing we have failed to create. Men like you have to fight. It is still the reality. Anybody who is denying the reality for themselves will pay a huge price. I think we as a culture, as a land, we have paid this price already centuries before that because we thought we can deal with life with philosophies. A few hundred men who came from elsewhere managed to conquer us, rule us, do all kinds of things to us. Even a business company which comes ends up ruling us for over 250 years. So it's time to understand in free India a soldier should know the fight is not yours. You're fighting our fight.  So you have to fight and when you fight and when you hit, you said that it may cause injury or death. I know this will be shocking for people that I say this, no, when you hit the enemy, it should be death, not injury. That's not a good thing because you're not a police force.  You will fight only with those forces which will threaten the nation. So you must be effective. You should not be fluffy with philosophy. Well, we have a famous teaching in the country. I'm not an expert in this. I have not even read it, you know, in its real sense. But you know, someone who is supposed to be godlike, divine entity is encouraging.  So all that the divine entity is trying to do in the form of Arjuna and Krishna is that he's trying to bring some practical sense.  You have to work to put it very bluntly, this is all the teaching is because your actions have to be relevant for the situations in which you exist.  So it's very, very important that we need to understand there is an existential situation, there is a psychological and emotional situation and there is a social situation. These are all not the same things. So a fighting force handles a certain existential reality that still human beings have cannot come to this point where they can hold hands and live joyfully with each other. We've still not come there. Hope we get there, it's an ideal but it is not something that we will see immediately it is going to... I don't know how long that we will take but we should not give up the ideal but till then we have to manage the practical as it should be. Next question, Sadhguru. As we grow up in armed forces, sometimes the circumstances around us compel us to take autocratic decisions. Over a period of time, these become rigid habits with some of us unknowingly display in form of arrogant behavior. While professional competence and ambition is necessary to climb up the ladder, one important quality of humility continues to be ignored as too many leaders think that they can't be humble and ambitious at the same time. Could you please highlight the importance of humility for any leader and how do we develop this essential skill? So... that means somebody is trying to be a commandant even at home with the family. I think by now you should have discovered it doesn't work. Well, this habit of giving orders should not become a habit. It is important. Once again, I stress in a fighting force which is not a normal kind of social situation where we can sit down and debate about everything. No. Once a leader says something, others whether it makes much sense to them or not, sometimes they just have to do it because there are moments in our life there are situations when we are in intense activity where there is no room for debate. Debate should happen elsewhere. There cannot be a debate on the battlefield. Again, I'll go back to Kurukshetra. This is a debate on the battlefield. If you take up the Bhagavad Gita and read, I don't know how long it will take to read the 18 chapters because I have not. But I believe it will take at least four-five hours.  So that's exactly what Krishna is just trying to tell Arjuna. This is not a time to debate. So officers have to... even if that is not their natural way they have to be a certain level of command and force otherwise those situations won't work. But if you try the same method everywhere it won't work either. About humility. See, what a leader needs is he needs integrity, first of all. Integrity means in your thought and emotion everything that you do is not about yourself. It is about the larger well-being. If this becomes your way if this is your sense of integrity integrity is not just a bunch of models or values or ethics. Integrity means that your intentions have become larger than personal. Your intentions are not about your well-being. It's always about larger well-being. As long as this is fixed and you have this integrity you don't have to try to act like a humble pie. It's really not necessary. Integrity must be there and above all people will respect a leader because he has some insight. Because when you say a leader in some way either a society or an organization or a force like yours places you on a perch. If you sit on a perch you must see something more than what others are seeing. If you sit on a perch and still don't see any better than those who are down there then you will become an object of ridicule. So it's very important that an officer or a leader must develop insight. If there is no insight if you don't see things clearly then all that will happen is ridicule not really leadership. And another important aspect is as a leader it is not by words that you can inspire people. Inspiration is very, very needed especially in a force like yours. Without inspiring the men you can't do the type of activity that is expected of a soldier. If this inspiration has to happen it's not just about inspiring words nobody is going to listen to those words. The important thing is you live in such a way that you burn with such intensity that people cannot help catching fire and be intense along with you. So inspiration, insight and integrity if these three things if you have you don't have to be humble. What is humility let's understand this humility comes to you because not because you pretend a certain kind of behavior trying to be humble may make you very pretentious it is better you have pride in what you're doing when you have pride in what you're doing when you're very proud of what you do and how you do then it takes care of you stepping on other people and above all if we understand our position on this planet in this cosmos this this solar system is a tiny speck in that in this tiny speck of a solar system planet earth is a micro speck in that micro speck India is another speck in that micro super micro speck your battalion is a super super micro speck in that you're a big man this is lot of trouble if you just understand we are a speck of life nature has given us creation has given us so many privileges of experiencing our life individually but if you look at the life of the planet and who we are we are a small pop-up and we will pop out one way or the other if we understand the context of the time that we occupy here as human beings the space that we occupy here as human beings and who we are well we are just a tiny speck if you are just conscious about this there is no need for humility you will be fine you know I must tell you this as a rule when my daughter was growing up I made sure that nobody teaches her anything I said nobody should teach her anything she will grow up by herself nobody should teach her anything people said what about one two three what about ABC what about Mary had a little lamb I said I no need for ABC no need for one two three and I don't care whether Mary had a lamb or not you just leave her alone let her grow up so she grew up like this she did not understand that she's a child she always treated everybody as equal she called me by my first name she called all adults like that but she was just fine then I had to put her in school after some time because my travels went crazy then when she was about twelve thirteen years of age she something happened in the school and it disturbed her she came home and said you're teaching everybody so many things you're not teaching me anything I said see I am not given to teach anybody unsolicited and you did not enroll you just landed up here so now that you're asking okay sit down I said see this all you need to know about life never look up to anybody she looked at me like this what about you kind of thing I said especially me never look up to me because if you look up to me the maximum that you will do is you'll take my picture and nail it on the wall that's not going to do any good to you if you see me just the way I am it'll be of immense value if you look up to me you will miss it so never look up to anybody never look down on anybody you just see life just the way it is then you will navigate your way through life effortlessly and this all it takes we don't need humility nor do we need arrogance both are not needed why can't we just handle life as it is necessary In your book Death and Inside Story you mentioned that there is no use of using a body through medical interventions when doctors have left no hope but what I have been taught as a leader is to constantly struggle even when defeat is inevitable without bothering about results So as a military man are the principles of Karma Yoga not conflicting with what you have said while dealing with our dear ones? Sir, as a military officer you're dealing with young lives ninety-year-old men are not in your force so that's a different affair young men however badly they may be mauled in a battle still many times they're capable depending upon their grit and their constitution they may bounce back of course you have the famous story of Field Marshal Manik Shah of how he recovered from the machine gun fire and they're given up on him and how he came back so there are any number of stories like that because you are dealing with very fit, strong, determined young men that is a different story we're talking about trying to understand and come to terms that we are mortal this life is mortal in nature you cannot just think that you're going to live forever a time comes where you must be ready to ease your way through you must understand you come at a certain time and you go at a certain time we don't want an untimely death that is for everybody nobody should have an untimely death but when the time is up we must be willing to go if we are not willing to go we will definitely make it miserable for ourselves or if our children or their children are not willing to let us go that will also make it miserable so it's extremely important that we should have handle both life and death with a certain wisdom understanding the context we are not here for good that is fixed our time here is very limited and how we use this time is important it is not about life's quality is not going to be enhanced by simply stretching it by another few months or a year or two it's not going to happen in enormous pain and you know a new sense for yourself and for everybody it is not going to work like that if you are observant of the life forces within you you will see when life is not wanting to revive itself you don't have to ask a doctor if you just observe your own life forces you will know when they are winding up when they are winding up you pump yourself with this, that and simply stretch it for a few weeks or months or whatever is meaningless this is coming from a fundamental sense of ignorance which unfortunately has spread around the world but in this country always when people came to a certain sense that you know life is winding up they would simply sit in one place and go on water diet and slowly go quietly, peacefully not stuck up with so many tubes and needles that's not the way to go it's very important that we live well and we also die well and not only die well because death is the last act that we perform in our life it's important we die in style it's very very important for I know this may sound morbid to people there is nothing morbid about our mortality that is a fundamental reality of our existence only if we are conscious of this reality will we plan and enact our life in as beautiful a manner as possible sometimes life puts you in a situation where you can't help being a certain way leave aside being right or wrong the way I think and perceive is my way of doing things but it may not be right for others who decides then what is the right way and if there is one what is the right way say people who think in terms of right and wrong are too absolutist about life life is not about absolutism it is all one inside the other in the sense creation and creator are wrapped into the same thing here we sit here this very body has been created from within so this piece of creation and the source of creation are mixed up or let me come to a more mundane example right now if you look at it logically see this right and wrong is because we have a linear way of thinking looking at everything in terms of cutting it to pieces and say okay this and this black and white A and B like this so right and wrong let's say man and woman male and female see right now if I ask you a question are you a man or a woman well whichever one you are you will say that this is absolute I'm a man I'm a woman is very clear but how did you come here because a man and woman came together you're here so just because you're a woman does it mean to say your father has made no contribution for you or just because you're a man does it mean to say your mothers have made no contribution for you well you are a mix up of man and woman on the surface you are just a man or just a woman but deep down you're both because how can you say that your mother or your father doesn't exist within you they do so this what is right what is wrong people who think they are doing the right thing are always the cruelest and the most horrible people because a whole lot of people who think they are empowered by a divine authority they have done the cruelest possible things in the world so please do not think in terms of right and wrong our actions have to be appropriate to the situations in which we exist what we did a thousand years ago thinking it's right won't fit into today you're right now seeing in Afghanistan what they're doing right now might have been easily accepted five hundred years ago a thousand years ago though it's horrible anytime that's a different matter but in today's world it's horrific somehow the world is managing managing to look another way that's a different thing but it is not about right and wrong it is about appropriateness of our existence in a given situation when we act any action we perform we must know the consequence of this my actions will it bring well-being to myself and everybody around me if this one thing if you hold it within you you don't have to worry about what is right and wrong as long as your illusion is inclusive your intentions are inclusive everybody's well-being is included in your intention if you just fix this one thing you don't worry about right and wrong do what is appropriate to a given situation there is a... there is a wonderful you know like a parable kind of thing how Vishnu handled this so he had two wives one is Lakshmi another is Allakshmi Lakshmi means wealth and money Allakshmi means poverty and lack of wealth so between them a competition arose and then they encountered him one day together and they asked which one of us is more beautiful so Vishnu looked at it he knows whichever way it's trouble whatever he says is going to be trouble he looked at Lakshmi and said see when you are coming you are most beautiful to Allakshmi he said when you are going you are extremely beautiful this is appropriate action not right and wrong so what kind of... do not judge people by their actions because what is the intention what is the volition is important can I tell you a joke Karnu? Hello? No, because you guys are all so serious I'm just wondering if a joke is allowed so it happened one day Shankaran Pillai went to the post office and he had a huge heap of pink color envelopes and he bought a whole sheet of stamps and he was sticking the stamps on this pink envelope spring perfume and keeping it on one side to mail the postmaster saw this and said hey what are you doing what are all these letters he said it was... he said it's the Valentine's message I'm sending love messages to one thousand people one thousand men in the locality with signed guess who he said why would you do such a thing he said I'm a divorce lawyer so it is not about the action it's not about the pink envelope lovely words and perfume it is the intention which matters so you fix the volition of your life that it's always inclusive whatever you do you're always seeing how it includes everybody's well-being then you don't worry about what is right and wrong you just do what's appropriate Sadhguru, today's children are very smart aware and extremely competitive most of them are self-driven and are keen to deliver in an extremely competitive world the only issue I see is that they are so obsessed to achieve success that they are not able to accept failure in any situation failure they say is a greater teacher than success how do we teach our children to accept failure and learn from them I feel accepting failure is a dangerous process you may get used to it I know there's a whole lot of talk going on everywhere in all management schools you can learn from your failure I would say it's better you learn not to fail because it depends what you're doing you're in the forces failure may mean death you can't learn after that so it's extremely important that we should learn not to fail but our idea of success has to be little engineered properly because now our idea of success is about being better than somebody our idea of success is about a certain kind of lifestyle that is why there is so much anxiety about if some things don't work the way we planned the important thing is we must understand the most precious thing in our life is life itself there's nothing else we have we may think we have many things it's all psychological stuff that we think we have this and that right now somebody thinks he has a billion dollars somebody thinks he has wealth somebody thinks he has this and that if we just fade his memory a little bit everything disappears so the only and only thing that you have is life keeping this in its highest possible way most exuberant and effulgent way if you keep it that way this will not be a problem because success and failure is not about one or two events that happen in your life it is just that no matter what life threw at you you knew what to do out of it what life throws is not always our choice what we make out of it is one hundred percent our choice if you're exercising this choice always you are a successful human being because then you will know how to be this is the only creature which is being referred to as a being we are not referring to a tiger and saying a tiger being or an elephant being or something else only this one is a being because the success of this life is that you know how to be if you know how to be you will keep yourself in a most fantastic state of experience because profoundness of experience is the most important thing right now you may think your success will give whatever is your idea of success maybe it is money, maybe it's a position, maybe it's an award maybe it's something else whatever is your idea of success you think will bring profoundness of experience somebody thinks it's money, somebody thinks it's wealth somebody thinks it's alcohol somebody thinks it's a drug somebody thinks it's love somebody thinks it's knowledge somebody thinks it's pleasure but essentially you're seeking profoundness of experience once you know how to sit here with a very profound experience of life you are a successful human being what we do in the world is according to the times in which we exist this twenty-first century we are doing a certain kind of activity if you were here three centuries ago we would be doing something else if you were here ten centuries ago we'll be doing something totally different so what we do is not all ours it is a consequence of the times in which we exist but successful human being means this that you know how to be when I face an adverse situation whether at work or in a relationship I realize that I'm aware of what is right or should be done but I'm not able to do it at the same time I'm aware of what is wrong but cannot resist from doing it how do I overcome this constant challenge and how do I control my emotions and thoughts see whether you call somebody a lover or an enemy both in war and love there is an opponent how you deal with them is different but there is a bit of a you can call it a tango or a battle but there is a certain dynamic in both you need some skill and some capability otherwise it won't work so this aspect of life is being dragged into all kinds of things one fundamental reason is whether it's our career or our business or our relationships we are trying to milk happiness out of it the moment you attempt this you or those your loved ones will slowly turn into your enemies over a period of time because that's how it works we must understand human experience essentially comes from within us whether it's pain or pleasure it comes from within us joy and misery comes from within us agony and ecstasy comes from within us if we understand this if we take charge of this if we take charge of the seat of experience within ourselves what experience would we cause to ourselves definitely highest level of pleasantness so if you being joyful and loving is not enslaved to anybody you're joyful and loving by your own nature then every relationship will work well whatever sort of relationships you make everything will work well whatever is your career or your business or your activity in the world you will do it to the best because there is substantial medical and scientific evidence today to show you that only when you're in a pleasant state of experience your body and your mind will work at their best for you to succeed in this physical world this is all it takes that you must have a few brain cells working properly and therefore limbs to do the things that you have to do without getting your body and your brains to function according to your needs you will not be successful you will only be successful by sometimes by default or by accident that is not a good success because that success creates anxiety it's very important your success is rooted in your competence your success is figured out in your mind if this has to happen it's very very important that you're in a pleasant state of experience that is there may be many problems and issues outside but you are never the issue in your life this one thing you must take care especially because India's safety and well-being depends on you you should never be the issue I know there are many issues for everybody there are for you the issues are of a different nature which could threaten life and you know it could mean life and death but you should never be the issue but right now the problem is in most human beings' lives their own thoughts their own emotions are the greatest impediments that they are facing if you just cross this one thing you will see every human being will be able to perform to their fullest level find expression to their fullest level this is the whole science of inner engineering how to make sure that you are not the problem in your life never ever I am the problem in my life ah there are various situations we will do everything to the extent we can what works works what doesn't work work does not work but this one is never the problem this is something every human being must do this is our mission to make sure human beings are not tripping on their own feet back to karma theory with the progress in medical sciences the life expectancy of every individual is increasing but the pain diseases and medical sufferings are also increasing day by day do we call this karma that we have to suffer in the human life why do some small infants suffer from such dreaded diseases or is it punishment of my past karma why should one stay on even after completing one's responsibilities which usually ends when children find their jobs and settle down oh don't do that please these days children find jobs by 1820 ah well first of all karma is not a theory and it is not a punishment and reward system in the world karma is a self-recording process every experience that happens to you every perception that you have this system goes on recording so that a large part of your life need not be thought through every moment a large part of it which is motor functions and physical world can be handled automatically when I say automatically see for example you can walk but do you remember when you were probably 1820 months old when you tried to walk how difficult it was because on two legs walking on a round planet when the planet is spinning like this is not a easy thing to do if you look at the physical loss involved in walking a human being walking on two legs it is too complex if you try to understand it it's a enormous amount of physics it's crazy but today you can just get up and walk without thinking but if you start thinking okay I must put the right leg first then the left leg, right leg, left leg you will be confused you won't know how to walk so walking is not a simple thing it's a phenomena actually walking on two legs because as far as nature is concerned to put a four-legged animal on two legs it took millions of years of research and development you can call this evolution but essentially it's research and development creation is doing research and development on this planet to put a four-legged animal on two legs you know how long it took but today you can just do it effortlessly because all your life you've done it so karma this is all karma there is genetic memory there is evolutionary memory there is conscious and unconscious levels of memory articulate and inarticulate levels of memory so this whole body is memory all right see right now you may not remember how your great-great-great-grandfather looked like let's say ten generations ago but his nose may be sitting on your face right now exactly like that your skin color, the skin tone how your forefathers were a thousand years ago your epithelial cells still remember no way to confuse them so this what you call as myself this whole framework of a human being is a consequence of a certain amalgamation of memory so these memories are allowing you to function this is your karma without this memory you wouldn't know one thing from the other all right you just wouldn't know one thing from the other so karma is not a concept karma is not a punishment and reward the you know system it is just that you exist only because of your karma but it is like you build a karmic stage upon which you're supposed to do your drama but if your karmic stage is not firm if it is like quicksand now you try to dance on it you will sink into it this is all the problem is your karma is not conscious it is simply happening in a compulsive and instinctive manner this simply means your research and development that's gone into you you're wasting if you are any other creature you functioning instinctively and compulsively was all right once you become human you are supposed to function intelligently and consciously for any human being this is important in every aspect of life but particularly for a soldier it is super important because it's question of life and death that you are conscious and you function intelligently you don't do compulsive reactive things because then you will do what your enemy wants you to do very easily they can get you into a reaction so this is extremely important for all aspects of life karma is not a problem you exist because of your karma you don't suffer because of your karma you suffer because you react to the karma or you're reacting to your own karma or you're reacting to somebody else's karma it is in reaction that you suffer see there are only two kinds of suffering physical suffering and mental suffering as soldiers you might have witnessed even when there is grievous injuries certain men don't suffer they're still on not that there is no pain there is enormous pain because physical pain is one thing multiplying that in your mind is called suffering physical pain is very important for our survival if there was no physical pain we wouldn't protect our body we would rip it apart so physical pain is an essential part of our survival process but suffering is a psychological reaction to either physiological situation or social situations around us so karma is not the problem karma is vital for your existence you are an individual only because of your karmic matter karma does not mean good and bad it is just memory it is things that have already happened you is yesterday good or bad there is no such thing because it's not alive only if it's alive and it can bite you you can say it's good or bad but what is dead and gone if you react to it even today it seems to bite you and hurt you because what happened ten years ago people still suffer what may happen day after tomorrow they already suffer so what happened ten years ago is not alive right now what may happen day after tomorrow cannot be alive right now because it's not happened so you are essentially suffering that which does not exist this is why karma is important you understand your joy is also your karma your misery is also your karma your suffering is also your karma karma means you are doing it karma means action when you say my life is my karma you are admitting my life is my making this is the most dynamic way to exist this is the only culture on the planet who has looked life like this a whole lot of cultures believe that their life is managed from somewhere above but from up there somebody is managing but we are sitting on a round planet which is spinning all the time you don't even know which is up and which is down in this cosmos is it somewhere this side up and this side down there is no such thing you do not even know what is up and down how come you know who is up there or who is down there so these are childish you know solace that you create in your mind karma is a very dynamic adult way of looking at life this is my making right now I am joyful this is my making right now I am miserable this is my making right now I am the way I am this is entirely my making when you say my life is my karma you are saying my life is entirely my making this is the most dynamic way to exist do not make it fatalistic it is nothing fatalistic about it because if you see it's my making you can fix it if it is God's making moving to greener passes Sadhguru having read your thoughts about golf well green green is not a color it's a destination so can you please share your inner engineering tips for combating adversities on the golf course there are no adversities on the golf course because this is not an artillery thing nobody is trying to hit you with the ball see golf is a game unlike any other game because I played a lot of field hockey when I was young there was only one ball twenty of us are trying to grab that ball and it's moving at high speeds and you have to grab it and take it but everybody wants the same ball when I started golf when I was well over fifty years of age I suddenly realized this is a great game I have my own ball and nobody is trying to grab it and I have all the time to hit it and it's a sitting ball in every other game ball is coming at you at various angles, velocities spin speed all kinds of things here it is a sitting ball and everybody becomes quiet in respect for the goof up that you may do hahaha so to hit a sitting ball what is the big challenge I thought so I never took a lesson I never been on a driving range it's a sitting ball I never take a practice swing in the entire eighteen holes but it's a sitting ball if your faculties are okay if you are reasonably geometrically well balanced when you stand you can hit the ball you may not become a pro but reasonable level of golf every reasonably fit man or woman can play but unfortunately they have a mental problem in my understanding of the game seventy percent of the game is in the mind so I play only seventy percent the other thirty percent I never bothered because I don't want to be a professional or be in a competition or something so I only pay seventy percent of the golf so I finish you know five six seven over it's okay with me I am not planning to go under it's okay while we deal with difficult relationships where one cannot avoid the other person be it the boss or your wife more often than not I feel out of control and the whole environment seems to be conniving against me can I deal with the situation on my own is it okay to blame somebody else what do you suggest is the way to get back to life in a positive way see the best thing about this is you're only facing one of them either boss or the wife never two of them together so you can oscillate you know as a military man you can escape the wife for some time and you can escape the boss for some time unlike other jobs where every day they have to face I'm sorry I'm just joking like this anyway see you can neither live without your wife nor your boss both are important in your life you sought the career and you got into the job you got a boss you sought my relationship you got into marriage and you got a wife so these are things that you aspired for when things that you aspire for happen then you suffer this must be looked at this is not about the wife this is not about the boss this is something to do with yourself because human beings have gotten into this place wherever you place them they have found a way to suffer why are you guys so serious come on so I think we are wearing masks that's why probably... oh I'm not able to see you smile I'm sorry but I thought I will hear some laughter at least so let me tell you a joke this happened one day Shankaran Pillai had a mega fight with his wife then in a fit of fury he left the home and walked away in the evening he loitered here and there just outside the town he was moving around not knowing where to go what to do going back home immediately was not palatable then he saw a sadhu a sanyasi was settling down beneath the tree for the evening or the night he looked at him and he lo...she seemed to be very well organized and absolutely no issues under the tree he seems to be perfectly fine then he went to him and said Sadhu Maharaj wife is giving a lot of trouble if there is any solution tell me sadhu glared at him like this bev kuf if there is any solution why am I sitting here as Sadhu so see we say this life is like juggling a ball if you're alone just one ball easy to do you become two two balls little more difficult more attention then you become four, you have four balls to juggle then you have an Indian army on you you've got ten thousand balls to juggle all to you so how many balls can you juggle joyfully that's how many you should pick up if you aspire or enhance your activity without enhancing yourself activity will cause misery so people you know one top executive in the country of an international company a global CEO came to me some time ago a deep state of distress and said sadhu I can't take this they're putting so much stress on me I looked at him and said okay then may you be fired he said no no no sadhu what are you saying I said hey you're suffering your job so much I'm sure that many people are aspiring for your job if you get fired you can walk the beach happily no no no sadhu don't do that to me so if you're in the job you will suffer you will get fired if you suffer if you're married if you suffer married if you suffer if you're not married you suffer what is the problem the problem is this one not with the wife not with the boss not with the world whatever they may be I'm not trying to defend them they may be anything but whether I suffer or don't suffer is essentially with me as I said earlier life is not your choice what you make out of it is 100% your choice this is what karma means when I say my life is my karma wife is somehow boss is somehow the world around you is somehow all kinds of nuisance happening but I keep this one the way I want you may I know you face different kind of enemy we face all kinds of people every day people that I've never met that I do not know they have they're spooing venom on me on daily basis I don't know from where that venom comes maybe it's just extra protein in their body I don't know but they go on endlessly doing all kinds of things putting all kinds of obstacles to everything that we do everything that we do is inclusive for larger well-being but they don't like it there are people campaigning right now against me today that tree planting is dangerous okay your existence itself is dangerous so what people do to you what the world does to you this is how it is what do you want to do to yourself that is in your hands this is your karma this is what it means by saying my life which is my karma means the way I am is 100% mine nobody nobody can decide how I will be right now it's me who decides how I am right now if you decide how you are right now will you keep yourself blissful or miserable if you can answer this was one question all of you Satguru how do you relate the concept of Shiva and yoga well most people's understanding of Shiva is from the calendar images these days I see particularly hmm I think it's both north India and south India but I think it's more in the north they are making Shiva look like a chubby sweet-looking man okay no moustache no beard nothing sweet looking baby like man no if you look at the stories he is one of the most athletic gods that you can think of and above all wherever you see him he is sitting in yogic postures he is the yogi he is a yogi and he is the first yogi so the reason why we remember people for thousands of years is because of their contribution to us see we must understand we all of us are self-centered human beings yet now we will remember somebody with great affection love or devotion simply because of the contributions they have made to our lives along with Shiva many others might have lived on this planet but who cares whether they existed or not we don't think about them it's only a few human beings that we revere because of the contributions he has made to us what is his contribution are the yogi's contribution to us because he was a yogi and people had never seen one like that before they called him Adiyogi or the first yogi so what is his contribution his contribution is he explored the mechanics of life like it has never been done before nor has it been done after 112 ways in which a human being can attain to the highest ultimate level of liberation and well-being within oneself 112 different ways of exploration so these 112 ways were taught to the seven yogis who are today being referred to as the Saptarishis and also Devi Parvati these were the eight people who became beneficiaries of this knowledge from there it has come down with various distortions and various interpretations but fundamentally the science of yoga what the science of yoga means is see he is like over 15,000 years ago but probably only now for the first time the world is getting ready for him so Adiyogi is not of the past he is of the future why I am saying this is today you are here and many of you have children you clearly know that with your children unless you say something logically sensible they are not willing to take it from you if you happen to be a very loving doting parent still they don't take it from you is that so are you seeing this because for the first time in the history of humanity the human intellect is more cultivated in maximum number of people than ever before this is the first time that such a large percentage of humanity is beginning to think logically otherwise it all went by belief so only when people start thinking logically and looking at life logically a scientific approach to human well-being is a possibility otherwise the way we have handled our well-being is by looking up so you look up and think something will come from there and make you well when it doesn't work people will say don't worry you will go to heaven and there everything will be well now you ask the youth do they want to go to heaven it's a very sensible population for the first time we understand that this is the place to live not another place somewhere else the idea that there is a better place to live elsewhere than this itself is a crime this is the place to live and how do you know what proof do you have that this is not heaven this is heaven but you're messing it up so a time has come when everything has to be logically correct that means instead of handling our well-being through belief system through philosophy, through ideology through all kinds of cranky things now we have come to a time where we want to address our well-being in a scientific manner with tools and technologies for well-being this is what he gave over fifteen thousand years ago but all these years all we did was largely not everybody there has been a whole yogi culture in this country it is only in the last five hundred years it's kind of diminished but except for a segment of the population all others just worshipped him he did not ask for worship he did not behave in such a way that he demands worship is simply there giving these tools for transformation for those who used it it worked so a time has come where populations on the planet are more ready for a scientific scientific approach to human well-being and using technologies for well-being time has come so in many ways adi yogi or Shiva is not of the past he is of the future because it is not a philosophy it is not an ideology it's not a belief system these are technologies for well-being and this is definitely the way for the future generations everywhere in the world this fascinating evening to continue Sadhguru we are cognitive of the time constraints I now request Air Vice Marshal Pavan Mohi to kindly deliver the vote of thanks Namaskaram sir it's a honor to be with you I mean you are a you are a hugely decorated officer Namaskaram to you On behalf of the entire senior fraternity I wish to express the profound gratitude to Sadhguru for taking time out to speak to us it's indeed a rare honor and a proud privilege I have hosted you this evening though in the virtual vote great strength of this teaching it's the idea that we can train our minds to turn this unfavorable circumstances around and make them work to our advantage once again I thank you Sadhguru for having enlightened our minds we should cherish this interaction and look forward to hosting you again Namaskaram


What is up everybody, Jason here for JaspysCaseRace.com. Our last and only filler we needed to do to sell out Leaf Pearl. We're giving away two spots in this 2023 Top Scrum Black One Box Break Random Teams number five. So first we're gonna do the break, randomize customer names, then at the end we're gonna randomize only the customer names that bought in, which are these customers here. But like I said, I mean if we'll do the box break first then we'll randomize the customer names, top two names get into Pearl. So let's get those rolling. Yeah, Ed, we haven't really gotten too much basketball lately man, I don't know, basketball? It's not just us, but there hasn't been any crazy releases either, so. So like I said, I mean I think immaculate basketball is coming out soon, so hopefully, you know we post that up soon and stuff like that, but prism's supposed to be coming out, so I'm sure we'll have a lot of prism though. But yeah, if you wanna do another one, Ed, we'll have another one, so. Ed's on a heater with breaks once it continues. All right guys, let's do the break first, let's roll it, and it is a two and a three, five times. One, two, three, four, five. Five times, five. Robert, down to Matt. And again, this is just a filler, five times. One, two, three, four. Red Sox down to the Pirates. All right, so again, obviously stick to what you got, no trading, but let me actually just go down for a gore. James, you have the White Sox Marlins, Logan, you have the Royals, Matt, you have every team but the Red Sox. There's your teams right there. And I can just, I can put up all the pearl spots only so we don't have to do any fillers at all. So just remember that too, people just wanna buy straight up, we don't have to even do fillers. Yeah, I was hoping we put some of what we here, Ed, but we only received two cases, so I don't know if we only got two allocated or we only bought a couple cases. So one of them were broke on Fanatics Live and then the other one is on Instagram. So I wanted to put some up here, but we only got in two cases. So I don't know if Nick just didn't buy anymore, just cause we usually don't have the crazy clientele for that. But if it doesn't move on the, on like IG, because I don't think Teddy's done any of them, so if that doesn't move, he actually put this on IG and it didn't move yesterday so he switched it over here, so, you know. But yeah, so like maybe he puts that up tomorrow, you know, or Monday here, just cause it hasn't moved on IG. But I can try to vouch to put it over here, especially if Teddy doesn't break any like this weekend. Here we go, guys. Tristan Casas, John and India, and we got Josh Young to one 99. So text is rated as going to Matt G. That Tristan Casas is going to go to Boston, which is Robert, and the red's going to Matt G right there as well. All right, let's see who gets to hit here. Vinny Pascantino for the Kansas City Royals. Wow, Logan actually got the hit here for the Royals. I got Logan. One spot mojo that got the Royals and got the hit. All right. Now let's switch scenes and do the main giveaway, which is the two spots in Pearl. So here's the dice roll again with the names. Good luck. Roll it. This is a one and a three this time for four times. Good luck. One, two, three, four. Four times. One and a three, four. Four. Matt and Matt. There you go. I actually totally forgot how many spots you bought. So I was like, I don't know if it's all of them already. But yeah, four times. Played the odds. There you go, man. Saved a little bit there. So there you go, Matt. Got the last two spots. And coming up next is Pearl. And again, we'll have the other half if you guys want to do it. If you guys want to check it out, guys, jaskyskatespricks.com.


And now we hand over to the second keynote speaker, is Professor Jeffrey Sacks, please, the first years. Good morning to everybody. Thank you for participating in the low emission solutions conference of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network. And I want to give special thanks to our host, the University Politecnica of Madrid, for having us here at this outstanding university and for the participation of the Rector and the Dean and the faculty members of the university and the students. Also, I want to give special thanks to our partner, Paolo Carnivali and the Fundazione Enrico Metay, a wonderful partner of SDSN during this past year with its large expertise in energy and its large network of experts on the energy transition. Together, we have produced a roadmap document, which I hope all of you will have a chance to look at and benefit from and to give responses, because this is a partnership that will continue in the future. Why have we assembled? We've assembled here because we need, in addition to the politics and the economics that the minister just spoke to us about. Most of all, I believe, the technical expertise on how to make a successful energy transition to net zero carbon by 2050. Indeed, it's my own personal theory of change that the greatest obstacle that we face in the practical challenge of decarbonization is the challenge of knowledge of what to do. And so I would like to add a third E to your ethics and economics, and that is engineering, because I think that this is absolutely crucial. I've been coming to the conference of the parties year after year, after year, after year. We are the 25th meeting today. We have not yet turned the curve on decarbonization with a treaty that was signed in 1992 to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that would avoid dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system. We failed to meet that goal because we already have dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system today. We're already at a level of damages on the order of half a trillion dollars a year worldwide. So we have missed the original target. The backup target was set 23 years after the signing of the Framework Convention in the Paris Climate Agreement. It said that the nations of the world would act to keep warming to well below two degrees Celsius and aim to keep the warming below 1.5 degrees Celsius. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change then issued an important report noting that there is a big difference of 1.5 degrees and 2 degrees. Two degrees is vastly more costly and vastly more dangerous in setting off positive feedbacks that could lead to runaway catastrophes. And yet this year, again, there will be an increase of emissions as there has been for the past quarter century. We have not turned the curve yet. So we need to understand what is the problem here. And I think that there are three overwhelming problems, in fact. But I'm going to put the emphasis on the reason why we're here. One problem is simply the vested interests of the fossil fuel industry. I can certify that any country that has substantial fossil fuels is semi-insane in its politics. There's nothing like coal, oil, and gas to turn you crazy. If you have a lot of it, you end up with Donald Trump as president. That's the extreme form of craziness. We are a petro state in the United States. Other countries that have a lot of fossil fuel are also beyond self-control. And so the greed of powerful lobbies in the United States, it's ExxonMobil, it's Chevron, ConocoPhillips, Coke Industries, this has determined our politics. It has completely corrupted our politics. And that resource curse is familiar around the world. Think of Saudi Arabia, think of Russia, but also think of Canada, think of Australia. Not one of these countries has self-control in its politics because the power of the lobbies dominates the politics. So that's a problem. The second problem is inertia. We have had a fossil fuel industry as the basis of the world economy for more than a century. And when you come into this building, the steam engine is in front. It is the iconic machine of the modern age. It was the greatest invention in modern history. It transformed the world. And it created the dangers of reliance on fossil fuels. That's our world economy. Primary energy comes from fossil fuel for more than 80% of the total worldwide energy needs. This is what engineers have been trained to do for generations. This is how our economies are structured, and we need to make a dramatic change. And simply inertia is a reality, just like it is in the physical world, it is in the policy world as well. You only change through some kind of force, just like in Newtonian mechanics. We need to push from the existing way, which has been underway for more than a century. The third factor, though, is the one I want to emphasize, which is that you cannot make change unless you know what you're doing. You cannot make change without a plan to make the energy transformation to get to zero by 2050, which is what is needed, even to have a 2-thirds probability of staying below 1.5 degrees. And maybe it's not even that high a probability, given other evidence that we're in even worse shape than we think. You need a plan. Without a plan, there's not a hope. Economists cannot make a plan. I'm an economist. I can tell you, economists don't have a clue as to how the power grid works. Economists don't know what energy storage needs are. Economists don't know what the battery supply chain is for electric vehicles. Economists don't understand the options facing the steel industry or aviation or shipping. It's not our job. That's the job of engineers. And without engineering, this is impossible. Suppose that President Kennedy said, I recommend that we adopt the goal of, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth, and doing it at least cost. So I'm going to appoint a commission of economists to get us to the moon. It would have led to some interesting journal articles. But I don't think anyone would have gone six feet off the ground. If you want to go to the moon, you better get NASA to hire engineers, because that's the story.  And when I speak with engineers that are knowledgeable in this, within five minutes, I am fully satisfied that I'm in way over my head in terms of really understanding some of the key issues that need to be done. But I'm also absolutely convinced in discussions with engineers for a quarter century that there are pathways to success. In other words, that this is an achievable goal, that it is not even an especially costly goal, that as Chile is finding, it comes faster than you think, less costly than you think, more prudent for the country than you think, safer from a national security point of view than you think. Indeed, Chile, with the greatest solar power in the whole world, how could it be any other way than tapping the Atacama Desert and getting that to be the basis of the energy system rather than relying on natural gas from Argentina or Bolivia or some other place. I wouldn't do that. So I think tapping your own energy source is a wonderful thing to do, and that requires the engineering for how to do this. So the purpose of our meeting is to bring engineering more to the forefront of the COP process. There's too much diplomacy, too many lawyers, too much negotiating over words, too much negotiating over whether we're going to receive the document or welcome the document that usually takes about a week to decide between those two words and too little practicality of what to do. And the what to do is a set of complicated challenges. No country can do this on its own, first of all. No country has the technology alone to make the energy transformation. Chile, for example, can decarbonize the power grid on its own now, though using international technology. But it will not produce the electric vehicles for transport. Those will be produced someplace else. Chile is not a major producer of automobiles, especially not electric vehicles. So there will be a European or American or Chinese or other or Korean or Japanese supply chain. And that will be part of Chile's solution. And then when it comes to other parts of the technological transformation, that will come from other global supply chains. So this is a tricky challenge for any individual country alone, because no country is the master of the future zero carbon energy technologies. And therefore the planning process is quite complicated. What can each country do on its own? What can it do in conjunction with neighbors? And what is the prospect for global technological change on batteries, on electric vehicles, on alternatives in steel or aviation or shipping or other areas that will be possible to take advantage of? We know a lot about the broad contours of decarbonizing by mid-century. So let me just say a quick word about that. To decarbonize by 2050, it means to build not one single new fossil fuel-based power generation facility, no more pipelines, no more fossil fuel development today. This is what is the real truth, because anything built today will need to be stranded before its useful life is over. It will be a lousy investment. This hasn't stopped massive new building of pipelines, exploration for deep-sea oil, new coal-fired power plants throughout Asia. But it's all completely contrary to the global objectives if we do that. So the first rule is stop digging the hole deeper. The only useful investments now are clean energy. I commend Chile for having 97% of its new capacity as a zero-carbon energy as an example. It should be for everybody exactly this principle. All new investments are in the direction of green. This is not quite true of automobiles, but by 2030, no new internal combustion engine, light-duty vehicles, should be sold anywhere in the world. We should be on an all-electric diet by then for our light-duty vehicles. Otherwise, decarbonization by 2050 is simply impossible. So one has to think backwards, given the time horizons of the lifespans of infrastructure, buildings, transport, other physical infrastructure, power plants, to make a plan between now and 2050 to phase out entirely the carbon-emitting parts of the energy system and to build only clean. What is clean? In practice, it starts with the backbone of clean electricity. This is in every scenario that has been published in the last five years. It's 100% clean energy grid that is the core. That by itself eliminates a third of global emissions roughly, a little bit less. But then with that, one can decarbonize transport. And transport for light-duty vehicles can be decarbonized through an all-electric fleet. When it comes to trucking, there are other options. And aviation and shipping still other options. Basically, for each of these decarbonization challenges, there is a partial electrification pathway. For example, for short-haul aviation under an hour, many experts think that that can go electric. But for longer haul, that almost surely involves some kind of synthetic fuel that is manufactured with green energy. So synthetic aviation fuel, advanced biofuels, and so forth. For trucking, there are multiple options, from fuel cells to catenary lines for electrified trucks. And those are also essentially renewable energy-based, either green chemistry using zero carbon power or direct electrification. Shipping, another difficult sector we'll talk about today, has options of hydrogen or ammonia or other fuel carriers or direct combustion of hydrogen and so forth. So there are options that need to be considered. And the heavy energy-intensive industrial sectors, steelmaking, petrochemicals, cement, and a few others, also need their solutions. These require engineering pathways. And they almost all require new R&D, alongside deployment, learning by doing scale economies, so that by 2050, we end up with a low-cost, efficient zero carbon world energy system. So the basic framework is rather well understood. Clean energy, electrify what you can. Green chemistry for things that can't be electrified. Quick transformation of the easier sectors, which is power generation, light-duty vehicles, and new buildings, and more complex solutions for the more difficult sectors, which include heavy freight, shipping, ocean shipping, aviation, and energy-intensive industries. The balance roughly is that 70% or so of the emissions today from energy are relatively straightforward technologically. And perhaps 25% to 30% are more difficult because they're in the harder sectors. There is no fundamental barrier for any sector, though, because every sector has a list of options. Much debated, and that's part of the debate that we are trying to propel through the roadmap 2050 and through the meeting today and through follow-up processes that we will be having in the future. What is the role of economics in this? In my view, it is subsidiary to the discussion about the technological pathways. A carbon price without pathways is explosive. Chile saw this even with a tiny recommended increase of public transport costs. France saw this in the past year with a modest increase of transport costs that has led to unending protests that are roiling the streets of Paris again today.  They don't want to hear from economists that energy prices are going to be higher. They want to know, what does the future have in store for us? Why are you doing this? Why does this make sense? Why will this be achievable? How do we fit into a global scenario? How do we fit into a regional scenario? How much is this going to cost broadly speaking? Economists cannot give those answers without the engineering guidelines. The good news is the costs are not likely to be that high, actually. All of the evidence is on the order of one to two percentage points of GDP per year between now and 2050. That's a good bargain for saving the planet. Many estimates suggest below 1% of output per year between now and 2050. In other words, the minister is right. This is a core ethical issue, even if it were much more expensive than that, we would do this. But it's not likely to be more expensive than that once we know what we're doing once we understand what we're doing. So the purpose, and I'll just conclude once again, is to help make a roadmap that can be useful for every country and even more importantly for every region because Chile should be part of a regional solution in South America. Spain's solution should be part of a regional solution that includes North Africa, Spain, and the European Union. Every region needs to cooperate because renewable energy needs to be traded over diverse geographical areas to handle the intermittency of renewable energy flows. So the larger the grid, the lower the cost, the lower the need of storage per unit capacity of the grid. So these are regional and ultimately global challenges. Our purpose is to help inform the global process. I can tell you how interested Secretary General Guterres is in our deliberations. And he was absolutely delighted with the roadmap 2050 because he said this is what we need and he asked for institutional strengthening to bring the engineering even more centrally into this process. So we're trying to respond with innovations on how the engineering voice can become even more important. I just appeal to the engineers to do more than say, well, there are 10 ways to do this, and we don't know. If the engineers don't know, the economists surely don't know. If the economists surely don't know, I can only tell you what the politicians know. And so we need answers. We're at the end of the line. We are not in a theoretical seminar. We are at 414 parts per million. We are at 1.2 degrees C warming compared to the pre-industrial level this year. We are on a path of catastrophe. And I would remind you that on May 25, 1961, when President Kennedy said we should go to the moon and back within this decade, they didn't know how to do it. But President Kennedy knew that they could figure out how to do it. We can figure it out. Let's get to work. Thank you very much.


The defending champion, Saniah Frederick of Trinidad and Tobago goes in lane three. We understand that Tiana Springer of Guyana has been withdrawn from this final as precaution. Sabrina Docherry, the 100th champion of Jamaica goes in five. Saniah Frederick, brilliant in qualifying. The twin sister of the defending champion, she's in six. Chenoya Douglas of Jamaica was impressive in qualifying two. She's run a win eight at 22.85 this season. And Sophia Swindell already a sprint hurdles bronze medalist is in lane number eight. Docherry 23.10 in qualifying. Douglas 23.16. Frederick 23.18. There's Sophia Swindell on the U.S. Virgin Islands. She goes in lane number eight. Comes into this final with 24 seconds flat. In seven, Chenoya Douglas 23.16. Second fastest qualifier gets lane seven, a preferred lane. She's still smiling. In lane number six, Saniah Frederick 23.18. A personal best to get here. She looked really good in her semifinal. Then in five, the 100th champion, Sabrina Docherry falls started in the 200 meters last year at the Carifted Games. She is looking for redemption and the sprint double. No, Tiana Springer as I told you, she's been withdrawn for precautionary reasons. She was to be in fourth, the Guyanese. And Saniah Frederick, the defending champion, goes in lane number three, looking to repeat. And in lane number two, Nair Wright of the Bahamas comes in with a 24 seconds flat, conking, qualified as a non-automatic. Surprised they didn't move someone up to fill that vacant spot. Well, I think the withdrawals probably came too late for that. So six for this final, but it's a high quality six. Not sure how that will affect the defending champion. She'll have a vacant lane next to her. There's Docherry, the 100th champion, ran a personal best 11.26 to win that. I think anyone who wants to win this has to be ahead of Douglas at 160. Of where they go. Docherry flew out of the blocks, so too did Saniah Frederick. Saniah Frederick is running brilliantly. The Dominican Docherry coming forward now. Saniah Frederick, the defending champion, is in front. Docherry starts to chase. Douglas is coming forward as well. Douglas, Saniah Frederick and Docherry. That's the way they finish. 23 flat, four. Saniah Douglas. She was always going to be the danger in the last 20 or 25 meters. That's where she poured forward, and Saniah Frederick could not hold her off, but she does have a silver medal. Saniah Frederick as Saniah Douglas celebrates gold 23-03. That's a personal best for her. She has gone on the 23 before, but that was win assisted at the Carrefta trials 22-85. And tonight, she is number one in the Carrefta region at half-lap. Saniah Frederick watched her sister Saniah Frederick win gold last year. She has silver this time around. Personal best for her as well 23-07. Sabrina Docherry, the 100 champion, has to set her for the bronze here at 200 meters. But she too has put in a fine performance. That race was every bit as exciting as we expected it to be. Fantastic contest, Springer. Not even really missing in this one. Because the two Jamaicans and the two Trinidadians gave us everything that we could have hoped for. 23-03 for Dunkery outside her personal best, which was set in qualifying at 23-10. The Frederick sisters. Well, it was all Saniah last year, and it's Salleh this time. Salleh looked a lot sharper in qualifying, Sydney and justified that, continued that fine form into the final. Ran a great curve. You see her there between the two Jamaicans. And one wonders if perhaps Saniah not having that athlete right next to her could have done better on the curve. Coming through here, she does though have the advantage. But her sister and the Jamaican, Shania Douglas, the champion, all of these athletes will be back next year. I said that anyone who wanted to win had to be ahead of Shania Douglas with 40 or 30 to go, they were. But it didn't make a difference. Oh, my word. It's positive 3.0. So all those personal bests, I was reeling off, not personal bests at all. Wind assisted 23-0-3 for Douglas. Salleh Frederick, 23-0-7. Sabrina Dockery, 23-1-3. Saniah Frederick, 23-24. Swindle in fifth, 23-91. The near right, 24-25. The Guyanese, Pring and the Bahamian. Richards did not start. Now to the men.


After understanding why ethics are necessary and important to implement, now we are looking into its historical development. Without understanding the historical importance for the code of ethics, it would be very difficult to gauge that why we are going to go into further detail of all those historical implications in which we need to make the code of the APA today. Let me brief you that from the World War II, there has been different issues, there has been different debates that how can we use human subjects for any experimentation or how can we not use them to any extent. During all this debate, some researches were conducted like this, which I will discuss with you today, and as a result of that, the APA came into action. And finally, APA has led to its first code of ethics. Even the first ever statement of ethics from any organization of psychologists was produced by APA in 1953. You can imagine that after passing the 70 years, even today, we have not been able to bring much variation to it, and we have not been able to work on its implementation completely. Interestingly, I would like to share with you that right now in Pakistan, the code of ethics of the APA has not yet been approved by the syndicate. But still, the community of psychiatrists and the community of psychologists are tirelessly working on it since 2001 to develop a proper code of ethics, which should be part of the regulatory law policies, and how we can use it in the court or justice implementation process. Development of research has evolved over the time, and it has a reason behind that, because nothing is developed in one day. It takes a lot of time to experiment. It takes a lot of time to understand where we need to trim and trail this rule. Now, the important milestones we saw in this journey, I will share with you today. The first one is Norembic code. Norembic code was developed in 1947, and it is a set of ethical principles and research guidelines, which were specifically being developed after World War II. When we talk about the situation in World War II, we see that Nazis did different experiments on their prisoners, and they did very inhuman and fatal experiments on them, as a result of which they wanted to gauge different scientific research results. But in those experiments, a lot of things were not taken into consideration, such as ethical, human and animal subjects, as well as the basic codes that were in front of them. The biggest reason for that was that there was no concept of what ethical procedures are, and how we should implement these codes. So, let me share a few of those problems with you. What's the following guidance? Informed consent is essential. Like, if someone is experimenting, and the purpose of that is that they are going to test a chemical or a drug, but the participants were not given informed consent, and they are unaware of the fact that why this specific drug is being given to them, and what are its side effects? So, in this situation, the breach of informed consent will be a big crime. Then research should be based on prior animal work. Where there are clinical trials, it is very much mandatory that first it should be taken as an animal subject and implemented on it. Like, all the drugs that are made, all the medicines that are made, we see a lot of drugs for skin treatments. We see that it is mentioned that animal trials were done and animal trials were not done. So, its significance comes from the fact that first, instead of applying it on human subjects, its side effects have been tested on animals. But in some situations, where we cannot test that drug only on animals, and where human subjects are needed, then who will be the human subjects particularly?  In these situations, it is very important to see what we are giving debriefing, how much we can justify the risk and use its anticipated benefits. Only qualified scientists should do such research. We cannot apply such research until a trained person is working on it. Then, declaration of Helsinki is another important thing which still works as a very important code for the medical field. The World Medical Association has developed that declaration and it is a set of statement that we will have to follow the ethical guidelines in this medical situation. Most of the research is done on human subjects because we do such drugs and clinical trials which later apply to human participants. If we look at its major points, then protecting patient health is a very important point because you cannot experiment on a patient's health on stake. Knowledge cannot tremble right. For the sake of knowledge, we just can't involve someone into a risky situation. Then additional consideration should be looked up whether it is beneficial or beneficial. Then following local regularity norms, if it is happening in a hospital, then we have to see whether that particular hospital allows us to do that research or not and then risk burdens and benefits. These three things should be equally balancing out in any research. Vulnerable groups and individuals may not be used for any research and research ethic committees should be established. You can see and gauge that either this particular kind of experimentation should be done or not and then last but not least is the confidentiality. If we are going to treat anyone with any particular treatment, therapy or intervention, that should not be given open to other persons like one person's confidentiality breach and we cannot attempt to damage their social repute or physical repute.


I did feel like a very strong power over us. I knew something good was going to happen. My name is Irina. My name is Michai. I've been praying for about two years for a baby. And then I had a miscarriage. And then for another year and a half, we just couldn't get pregnant. So I just kept believing, believing that God will get us pregnant. Yeah, we kept faith and just believed in God. We knew the right timing was coming. We just had to be patient and have faith. For me as well, it was tough times and hard times. And not especially for her. Once we got there, it just was amazing. We knew something great was about to happen. And then at the end of the night, David Hernandez-Dicka said that he will prophesy over some people. And that's when he said that there is a couple in this room that is trying to have kids, but they can't. So I started crying. There's a couple here tonight. You've been trying to have children. You cannot.  I know it. I know it. I know it. I know it. Where are you? How did I know that it's me and my husband? There could be anybody, right? And again, nobody said anything. So he asked again. And at that moment, we stood up and he called us up front. And he started praying for us. That's you. Are you here with your husband? Come, both of you. Everyone pray in the Holy Spirit. Everyone pray in the Holy Spirit.  Whoa, pray in the Holy Ghost right now. Pick her up in the name of Jesus. Pray. I speak life in the name of Jesus. I speak the resurrection life of God. Help her up again. Bring him here. Join hands, both of you.  Let this child be raised for your kingdom, I pray.  Lord, I pray in the name of Jesus. We call that miracle down right now. Pray the prayer that by next year, this year, 2023, would have a baby. And of course, I believed. I believed it was really like a strong belief. Lord, we're asking that by this time next year, there would be a miracle that by this time, come on, ask him, ask him, ask him, that by this time next year, we ask it in the name of Jesus. I feel the anointing of the Holy Spirit. We planned a vacation to Hawaii in September. And my husband was like, let's make sure we don't get pregnant before we go to Hawaii. I was like, oh no, we've been working on this for what? A year and a half now. You think it's going to happen? No way. So right before going, we found out we were pregnant. So God is good. I never thought about a boy's name before, because I don't know why I always thought we would have a girl. But when I got pregnant, I don't know why. It just came to my mind, feel for a boy's name. And when I looked it up, it comes from Greek. It means God's gift, which David Hernandez-Degas said, that this baby is going to be a gift from God. Yes. So all this is just... Miracle. If you are believing for a miracle, keep believing and have faith. And don't give up. Just keep praying and invite Holy Spirit and pray and know that God's timing is different than what we expect in our timing. But don't give up on praying. Just pray every day, and it's going to happen. Just believe, keep faith, and God will answer your prayers. For sure. We can guarantee you that. He did for us, so He will do for you. For sure. Just believe in God. Yes.