Thank you very much for a splendid introduction. I'm delighted to be here. I have to confess right off that this is the very first time I've ever been in this wonderful country or this incredibly historic city. I'm here for much too short a time. I arrived at five o'clock this morning and I'm leaving tomorrow morning. But the next time I come I'm convinced that I'll make sure I stay longer. So my plan in talking about the topic of Beyond Kyoto providing you with an economic perspective on climate change policy, my plan is to be very brief, to maximize time essentially for discussion and interaction.  So I wanted to start by telling you a story. And that is, I was getting on an airplane a while back and I sat down in my seat. And the gentleman next to me clearly wanted to have a conversation. Maybe you've noticed what I have and that there are two kinds of people that fly, those who like to talk to perfect strangers and then the rest of us. So I'm very much in that second category. I don't like to have conversations on planes. In fact, my wife would probably say if she were here, I don't like to have conversations in general. So I often carry a book, some kind of defensive material to prevent the conversation from taking place. But what he did is he started out the conversation the way Americans anyway do. He said, well, what business are you in? And I did something that was quite foolish. I told the truth. And I said, I'm an environmental economist. And he looked at me and I looked at him and he didn't say anything further. And here is this fellow who clearly wanted to chat, wanted to have a conversation, yet he wasn't following up with anything else. And as I looked into his eyes and he essentially looked into mine, it occurred to me that the reason he wasn't saying anything further is that he had concluded that he had just met a living, breathing oxymoron, an internal contradiction. Because it's either economics or the environment. It's either the economy or the environment. So this very phrase, even, of environmental economics made absolutely no sense to him. So part of my purpose is at least to assert to you, if not to demonstrate that environmental economics is not oxymoronic, it is far from it. And the reason is as follows, is two parts. One is that the causes of environmental problems in a market economy, as we have now virtually in all countries of the world, with the exception of a handful, that the causes are economic. It's the consequence of unintentional byproducts of activities or what economists call externalities. And secondly, the consequences of environmental problems have very important economic dimensions. So surely if the causes are economic, and there are important economic consequences, then an economic perspective, economic analysis, if you will, can be very important to really understand the problems in a way that we will be able to design solutions that are effective, that are economically sensible, and because they're economically sensible, stand a chance of being politically pragmatic and practical. So with that as a basis, I'm gonna turn to looking at the basic economics of the climate change phenomenon, which ties in with certainly where so much of the expertise of this institution lies, and that's the geopolitics of climate change. Because the basic reality of climate change that of course differentiates it from all other environmental problems, except one, stratospheric ozone depletion. The key characteristic of it is that it is a global commons problem, that greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide and the other greenhouse gases that lead to their concentrations lead to climate change, those greenhouse gases uniformly mix in the atmosphere, and it doesn't matter where the gases came from, if they come from New York or Dublin or Beijing, they're still gonna have the same effect. That turns out to be extremely important economically and therefore politically, because that means that any jurisdiction that decides to take action, whether it's a region of the world, it's a single nation, it's a state or province, or it's a city, is gonna incur the cost of its actions, but the benefits of its actions are gonna be spread globally, and that means that it's inevitably the case that for virtually any jurisdiction you can name, except the world as a whole, the benefits of taking action are gonna be less than the costs of taking action, and that's of course the classic free rider problem, and it means it's therefore in the selfish interest of each and every country to let the others go ahead. Now, that means that international cooperation is needed, that unlike dealing with all the other environmental problems virtually that you could think of, where there are different types of air pollution, even trans-boundary problems like acid rain which move from country to country, water pollution, unlike any of those problems, leaving it up to individual nations to take action on their own is unlikely to be sufficient, that international cooperation of some kind is required, and note I say international, I put in italics, not necessarily global, and that's just because of mathematically what the numbers are as you'll see. This is also why the highest levels of effective government should be involved. Now in most parts of the world, that means sovereign states, that means nations, Europe's an exception to that because of the existence of the European Union, which then becomes the appropriate body to be participating in the cooperation because it is a higher level of aggregation, but it's national action that's necessary to fulfill whatever international cooperation decides. So I'm gonna start by saying a few words about an economic perspective on national climate policy action, and then I'll go to international cooperation and spend most of my time there, taking us right up to the negotiations that are forthcoming in December in Durban, South Africa. Now most economists and other policy analysts favor carbon pricing, which might be a carbon tax, it might be a cap and trade system, so carbon pricing is a generic phrase, meaning placing a shadow price on carbon dioxide essentially, and why is it that there's all this support from the analytical community anyway? It's not for ideological purposes, it's not because economists think markets are cool, it's for a set of very practical reasons. The first one is that there is no other feasible approach that can provide truly meaningful emissions reductions because of the pervasiveness in a modern economy of energy, generation, and use. It means that if we were trying to regulate through a conventional means with performance standards or technology standards, we would be trying to regulate hundreds of millions of individual sources, every factory, every store, every home, every car, every motorcycle, every lawnmower, every barbecue grill, on and on and on, completely impossible to do through technology standards or through uniform performance standards of any kind.  Well you could take the Europeans 2020 targets or beyond. In the context of the US, which is what I'm gonna comment on, I'd say that meaningful targets would be what is the official target, aspirational target, obviously not legal mandate of the United States of the current administration, which is an 80% cut in national CO2 emissions below the 2005 level by 2050. Secondly, it's the least costly approach in the short term. The reason why carbon pricing is the least costly approach in the short term is that by placing a shadow price on carbon, it provides an incentive for every source to wind up controlling at the same incremental cost or as economists call it, the same marginal cost. That's very important because the costs very tremendously across sources, not by a factor of two to one, but by a factor of 10,000 to one. So a uniform standard will turn out to be hideously costly because for cost effectiveness, you want those sources who can control cheaply to do a lot, those sources who can, it's very costly, you want them to do less and the costs are very heterogeneous. Thirdly, in terms of the long term, it's clear that for the very ambitious targets that are necessary, that will be necessary, massive amounts of technological change are gonna be required. I'm not talking about diffusion of existing technologies but invention and innovation or commercialization of new ones and for that price signals will be required. It's again impossible to picture it otherwise happening. So for these reasons, I would say that, and I think most all economists and most policy analysts would say that carbon pricing is a necessary component of a sensible climate policy. I put in a parenthesis that it's necessary but not sufficient and I'll explain why in a moment why it's not sufficient. But carbon pricing to turn to politics is a very controversial issue, particularly in my own country but in many other parts of the world, we've seen the debates that are currently taking place in Australia would be a good example of that contemporaneously. And the reason is that it makes the cost transparent. These technology standards are very good at hiding the costs. If you walk down the street in Dublin and you ask people how much fuel efficiency standards that place mandates on automobiles that require them to use lighter materials in effect or require them to use more efficient engines, how much it costs them in terms of the price of a car, they'll say, I don't know, I don't think it costs anything because when I see the sticker in the showroom, it doesn't say anything about that, that's free. So it's very easy to put those in place. On the other hand, if you talk about doubling the price of gasoline, even though that would be more effective, everyone knows that price. So because of the fact that the costs are transparent which is positive from an economic perspective, it makes it very, very difficult politically. Indeed, in the United States, the notion of cap and trade, the mechanism that is used in Europe under the emissions trading scheme, was denigrated as cap and tax and successfully demonized actually that way. So for political reasons in the US, what I've characterized as a meaningful national economy-wide carbon pricing policy is very unlikely to be enacted before 2013 and that's at the very earliest and I won't take time to go through what would be the political chips that would have to fall in place for it to even happen in 2013, but if you wanna talk about it later, we can. So does that mean there will be no US climate policy? No, it doesn't mean that and I think this is something that's not sufficiently understood. The further one moves away perhaps from the US. There are some other important climate policy developments that are taking place. The first of all is the ongoing recession. There is a increased interest because of the recession and because of the fiscal realities of budgetary deficits, of looking for new sources of revenue right now that's a polarized debate of Democrats versus Republicans, but it's considered quite possible that there will be a new look at consumption taxes which might be more favorably viewed than income taxes and if one looks at consumption taxes, a natural thing to look at are energy taxes. Energy taxes are not exactly a carbon tax but they're a step of the direction. They're one step in that direction. Secondly, there was the stimulus package in the US. I'm not talking about the new proposal from the president but the one that came in at the very beginning of the Obama administration and within that $890 billion package was $80 billion that was committed for renewables and energy efficiency. Now on the other hand the delays, there have been massive delays in getting that out. There are also new fuel efficiency standards for automobiles which are going out to 2035 which are extremely important. If I didn't put graphs in this presentation but if you saw the graph you'd see how it lowers tremendously the trajectory of emissions increases. There are also other kinds of energy policies that are not targeted CO2 but nevertheless reduce CO2. There's a lot of interest in a so-called national renewable electricity standard even more in a clean energy standard. I'm not gonna define these but if you wanna talk about them we can and then technology policies. So this is where we get to the necessary but not sufficient. The reason is that even if you get the prices right with a carbon tax or a cap and trade system there a big problem remains in this domain and it has to do with research and development which is very important because of needing long term technological change. And that is that when you carry out R&D in your firm basic R&D at your company you pay the costs of it but you don't get all the benefits, right? So Apple did all the basic R&D of the iPhone but a lot of you in this room have a smart phone that is made by a different company. I've got a BlackBerry smart phone. The Storm 2 looks just like the iPhone but Apple's not getting the money. So what happened was a knowledge spillover because information is in the words of economics a phrase of economics a public good. So that means when you carry out basic R&D you get all the costs but you don't get all the benefits even with a perfect system of intellectual property rights even with patents that are perfectly enforced there's tremendous evidence 50 years of economic research of the knowledge spillover from patents legally let alone illegally in the world. So that means that an insufficient amount of R&D would be incentivized by an appropriate carbon tax cap and trade system by the price signals alone and something additional is needed that could take the form of government subsidies better yet from my perspective it would take the form of government funded R&D perhaps in universities and think tanks and the like a lot on the engineering not necessarily the economics. So technology policies and other part of it. There are also other federal regulations that are actually in place around the way in the US there is as you may know a Supreme Court decision on climate change. The administration issued a finding which triggered the Clean Air Act. It's already affected mobile sources. The stationary storage standards are now in process. There are delays they're intentional delays by the administration because of the recession which is not necessarily unwise to slow down regulations for what is a long-term problem when you have a short-term negative downturn in the business cycle. And then there are air pollution regulations five of them are the important ones for other pollutants that have nothing to do with CO2 it doesn't name CO2 and yet they have profound effects on CO2 because they're correlated with CO2 and those are for socks, knocks, mercury, particulates, coal ash and cooling water. And these will have huge effects on investment in new coal, retirement of existing coal and dispatch of coal versus natural gas. So let me skip because of time some of the other things instead go right to the international domain. So that's the pace of what's happening in the US. Europe is obviously vastly further ahead. New Zealand is further ahead. Australia is now as you know in process of moving forward. Canada is sort of sticking with the United States and Japan has slowed down but is moving. But the international discussions are key because it's a global comments problem. So I wanna place the climate negotiations in perspective and we're now finishing up the American baseball season. There's a cliche and when a team, I suspect that you hear the same cliche with football in Europe. And that is when some team has lost its first four games and the reporters go into the locker room at least in the case of baseball see it's a very long season. It's 162 games. So when they've lost the first five or 10 the players say don't worry about it. This is a marathon not a sprint. They're right. That's even more true of climate change policy. It is a marathon not a sprint. It is important to focus on the long term not what's accomplished in the next six months or the next year or even the next five years. Why? Scientifically first of all it's a stock not a flow environmental problem. It's the accumulated greenhouse gases in the atmosphere the concentrations that matter and they have a very long lag time decades to centuries depending on the gases of leaving the atmosphere and essentially going into the oceans. Then economically the cost effective path from any analysis I've seen except one. So I've seen maybe 150, 200 economic analyses from both sides of the Atlantic Ocean and both sides of the Pacific. And all but one would say that the cost effective path is a gradual ramp up of target severity because it's a long term problem and we want to avoid unnecessary capital stock obsolescence.  What I do want is to provide you incentives or laws and regulations if you prefer it with command and control that the next time you buy a car you move in the right direction that the next time the factories rebuilt you move in the right direction that the next time a power plant is built it moves in the right direction rather than rendering the capital stock obsolete unnecessarily for what is a long-term problem. And then economically I said technological change is key that is a long-term phenomenon. And finally administratively what many of you know better than I do is that the creation of durable international institutions is essential. This is a problem that is certainly as challenging because of the global commons nature of it as the reconstruction of Europe and trying to put together a sensible international monetary system following World War II. And when the people sat down in Bretton Woods at the end of after World War II they had some short-term goals but think about how long it took to build up the institutions eventually leading to the World Trade Organization just in that one dimension of a trade and here the same applies new institutions will be required that's gonna be essential. So for all those reasons I see the international climate negotiations as an ongoing process much like trade talks are an ongoing process no one says well in the next round are we gonna solve all trade problems forever? Of course not it's an ongoing negotiation climate change will be the same way that doesn't mean we should sit back and relax but it does mean not to focus on a particular negotiation as solving the problem or not. Indeed the sensible goal for negotiations is progress on a sound foundation for meaningful action in the long term not a quest after an immediate solution which I've been saying for years. So with that what actually happened then in the most recent international negotiations which were in Cancun, Mexico in December of 2010.  Okay so then were you also in Copenhagen the year before? Oh good so I think that you'll agree that with this that the first thing we can say is that there was organizational success in Cancun and consensus was achieved. Both contrast tremendously with Copenhagen. Copenhagen the one great thing about having gone to the conference COP 15 in December of 2009 in Copenhagen was that whenever I go to a conference of any kind for the rest of my life it will never be the worst organized one. So it's good that helps with some perspective. Cancun as I'm gonna comment on at the end when I give credit to the Mexicans in particular people in the foreign ministry it was brilliantly organized. Now partly because they had just seen the disaster in Copenhagen and they knew exactly what to do in some cases to improve it but there was organizational success and there was consensus achieved. In fact there was consensus achieved on something called the Cancun agreements which unlike the agreement or the accord which came out of Copenhagen that was two to four pages long. This is 32 pages long. So it's and it puts some meat on what had been done in Copenhagen to some degree. The first thing is that it includes emission targets and actions at this point for more than 80 countries. Most of these targets and actions were submitted as part of a process initiated by the Copenhagen Accord actually. Importantly all the major economies are included. This is extremely important because if you're not a climate change aficionado you may not realize that the way international climate policy operates is that a list that was put together at the time of the signing of the Kyoto protocol the list that was put together classifies countries as either having responsibilities that are quite serious or having no responsibilities whatsoever. The annex one countries which are pretty close to being the OECD countries but not exactly have responsibilities targets and timetables. The non annex one countries which people used to call the developing world don't have responsibilities. Of those countries that are non annex one and have no responsibilities 55, 55 of them have higher per capita income than the poorest of the annex one countries. So even if that list was appropriate then which it was not because of the structure it's wholly out of date. So this distinction that is within the Kyoto protocol the existing international agreement of the annex one non annex one distinction. This is to me an anchor that is dragging on the floor of the ocean that is stopping progress of a ship of international climate policy progress. That's the anchor. And what the Cancun agreements do is that they blur that distinction. Unfortunately they don't eliminate it as we'll see at the end. But they blur it. That was significant. Secondly they establish mechanisms for monitoring and verification. Even in a certain way in the key developing countries in particular China this was a huge point of contention. Third a green climate fund was established although whether or not this is actually financed is gonna depend upon the individual countries to put up the money. And the US at this point because of domestic politics combined with the recession combined with budgetary deficits is not about to contribute significant amounts to that. Fourth some initiatives on one small but important part of the story which is deforestation, tropical deforestation some advances were made. And then a structure was established for beginning to develop just a structure some technology transfer issues. So is that a success? Because I didn't say much about emissions actually being reduced. So in order to say whether it was a success let me summarize what I wrote and published before Cancun when I said what would be a success in Cancun since reporters were calling regularly and saying how will we know if it succeeds and this is what I said at the time. Number one is that there are several processes that are going on in addition to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change which is the official UN process that I've been describing. There's also called something called the Major Economies Forum which consists of a small set of countries essentially the OECD countries plus the largest non-OECD country. So China, India, Brazil, Russia, the BRIC countries and then a few others. This small set of countries approximately 20 if we count the EU as one account for 85% of emissions. Getting an agreement among 20 parties is a lot easier than getting agreement among 194 parties. So that's the Major Economies Forum. It has a problem. The problem is that it was founded and is chaired by the United States by a single country and a country that's not held in high regard in terms of international climate policy. So another parallel process is the G20 which has actually addressed climate change although this is the finance ministers and they've got a lot else on their plate obviously now. And then finally the C30 which is essentially the G20 throwing in some of the countries that would suffer most from climate change. And these are countries in the developing world including in sub-Saharan Africa. So the first thing would be I said would be to embrace those parallel processes as input rather than viewing them as in my opinion the previous leadership at the time of Copenhagen of the UNFCCC did, viewed those as competition and denigrated them. And instead I said they should be embraced. Number two was to consolidate tracks. So the negotiations in going into Cancun there were two official tracks within the international negotiations. One is negotiations over a second commitment period for the Kyoto protocol. The first commitment period comes to an end at the end of 2012. The other is for long-term cooperative action LCA and that's for sort of a post Kyoto if you will new kind of architecture perhaps. So there are those two tracks and then there was this Copenhagen Accord that was coming in from the previous negotiations. And I said if you could consolidate the three to two in particular to take the Copenhagen Accord which has some positive aspects to it and make that the core of the long-term agreement discussions. Third to focus on some productive steps within some specific narrow agreements such as deforestation. And then fourth just in general to develop sensible expectations and therefore effective plans instead of thinking that everything was going to be solved. All of that happened in Cancun. All of that happened in Cancun. And it's for that reason that I would call COP 16 in Cancun last December a success. I'm not going to say it was an extremely important step forward. It was a modest step forward but it was a meaningful step forward on this long-term problem. Now why did Cancun succeed? So here we get to I think some specifics about the individuals and the situations. First of all the Mexican government as I said through very careful planning I was involved, lots of others I'm sure in this room were in Mexico City in the year leading up to it working with the various ministries. They were very well prepared and they were extremely skillful in presiding over the talks. You'll recall that in Copenhagen for those of you who were there Danish Prime Minister Lars Lough Rasmussen not the other Rasmussen who's now running NATO the previous Prime Minister but this one who is apparently about to be the previous Prime Minister Rasmussen also. At the end, I hate to say this but I mean it can only be said in demonstrating remarkable incompetence in running a meeting. I don't know what else to say that he allowed the objections of five very unimportant countries Bolivia, Cuba, Nicaragua, Sudan and Venezuela to completely derail the talks and to fail to reach an official agreement. In Cancun the same thing happened from some of the same countries. Mexican Minister of Foreign Affairs Patricia Espinosa took note of the objections. She stated from the chair, consensus which is what this process operates under does not mean unanimity, bang the gavel, the Cancun agreements are adopted, everyone stood up and applauded except for a few countries. She knew how to run a meeting. Secondly leading up to that the two most important countries in all of this are of course China and US the two largest emitters and they set a tone of civility for the conference. It was not new for the US the US had already been more or less civil even if they weren't agreeable. China had been less so but this really changed in Cancun. In fact someone I was talking with a lot there described the Chinese as being on a charm offensive. There was also pressure from developing countries because developing countries were worried that if there was failure in Cancun after the perception of failure in Copenhagen that that would cause demise of this UN process itself and the developing countries love the UN process because majority rules in the General Assembly so they've got a majority there and the current structure in this process is the Kyoto Protocol in which they have no responsibilities. So they don't want this process to come apart. And then finally I think we have to give credit to what's changed at the UNFCCC. I won't name the previous leadership but the new leadership who presided for the first time she did over Cancun. She was from Costa Rica, Christiana Figueras who has her feet in both worlds. She's from Costa Rica, has been a minister there. She spent much of her life in Washington DC partly as a diplomat and the result is she has credibility in both worlds, the industrialized world and the developing world. And she recognized that realism should eclipse idealism and that incremental steps in the right direction are probably better than acrimonious debates over what are fundamentally unachievable targets which is what we had been doing to some degree. So finally the path ahead. Where does this take us to and what is likely to be forthcoming? So the next international conference, the 17th conference of the parties will be in Durban, South Africa in December of this year. The first thing will be to define the institutions and the rules that are in the Cancun agreements to continue to put flesh onto it. Although we have to admit that there's been some backtracking by the Chinese in particular in intermediary meetings particularly in Bangkok a few months ago. So that looks, one could be less optimistic about that than one could before. But even more important is that in addition to the discussions on the LCA track, the long-term cooperative action track, there is the Kyoto Protocol track still remains. And the decision on a second commitment period has been punted and punted and punted from one conference to another. And they can't put it off any longer because it's gonna come to an end at the end of 2012. So it's now gonna fall on everyone's laps in Durban. Keeping the Kyoto Protocol going, as I think I've explained, is extremely important to developing countries or let me instead phrase it the non-annex one countries. I mean it includes Singapore which is richer than any of the countries that I've been in lately. So it's not developing countries, the non-annex one. But there's a big question, can there be a second commitment period for the Kyoto Protocol? The U.S. is not gonna participate. The U.S. has stated that and obviously has not even ratified the Kyoto Protocol. Japan, Russia, and Canada have all now officially announced Canada only three or four months ago have announced that they will not participate, will not support a second commitment period. Australia, despite what is taking place now in terms of trying to put in place a carbon pricing regime, I think is very unlikely to take on targets in a second commitment period. So the question then is, is Europe, and I guess I should say Europe and New Zealand, is Europe on its own credible or feasible? That's a decision for Europe to make, not only for the EU, but for the member states to make. Whenever I've been in Brussels and I've met with people from private industry, I've always noticed that they are the greatest enthusiasts in the world for climate policy action in the United States and in countries outside of Europe because they're very worried about the sucking sound harming international competitiveness. Europe went first, thinking that they were gonna bring others along. That obviously hasn't happened and that's a serious issue for Europe to grapple with. So for this reason, I say that Durbin is probably gonna be dominated not by what might be constructive discussions on the LCA track, the Cancun agreement and putting some flesh on that and moving forward, but rather on the contentious issue of a second commitment period for the Kyoto Protocol. And it's for that reason that I would say that despite the weather, Durbin may turn out to resemble Copenhagen more than it resembles Cancun, which is why I'm not sure if I'm gonna go. So I've gone through a lot of material quickly. If you want more information that doesn't come up in our discussion, here's some web addresses. The Harvard Project on Climate Agreements, we bring together 46 research teams from Europe, the United States, China, India, Japan and Australia working on international climate agreement issues, the Harvard Environmental Economics Program, which is 25 professors at Harvard, across the university, I direct that, working on all sorts of issues. And then as Frank Convery, I bet he could say the same thing. Like every academic, everything I've ever written since I was in kindergarten is available as a PDF file at my own website. So thank you very much.


The questions I Level one question which is straight from syllabus. What is energy security? What are the source of Indian energy? Component of thermal energy fossil fuel Renewal energy straight from syllabus Your notes will have it your books will have it and syllabus is mentioned Level three questions are beyond syllabus This to I have to know You cannot escape the fact but the questions are beyond syllabus and require your opinion your thinking You have to talk about what is your understanding of the issue? like say I Can see this question as a possibility criminality and morality they are not Quoterminous in terms of their relevance discuss understand the question criminality and morality like are not Quoterminous means There are some acts Which are which are criminal acts this What do you think in terms of what is immoral? Can we say that criminal yes or no? immoral According our society is maybe live in relationship is immoral Immoral okay, maybe not helping somebody when he asked for the help But can I say that this criminal also? This was a statement in in the context of this lady who had Painted some nude photographs with her daughter Okay, big news. I think it was a Karnataka issue and she was hounded for that the court says That what you may consider as immoral is not necessarily criminal Like say in our culture, you know, lesbian rights or homosexuality is immoral correct and that be criminal or not Okay, you got the question now. Now tell me in a foundation class. Can we teach this to you? In the basic class, I'm teaching you Indian society. I'm teaching you constitution I'm teaching you probably recent amendments This discussion is not taught to you right and This is question. I cannot teach you at the first level remember that you'll run away from the class So accept the fact the questions are changing now. There are In the next level level of discussions Let's say Project tell us the advantage disadvantage, whatever you can tell us, but if I ask you your opinion Do you think developing countries like India? should be in submissions What is your opinion? That's an L3 question Your opinion is required now and as I'll because this topic is in news. So maybe some of you read this Otherwise for many question you have no clue on this So know that I'm going back here There's something called a score foundation understanding and something called as advance understanding I hope I have a given a difference here Okay, so the three and L2 is like a transition question Okay, not straight, but it is not as tricky either From syllabus but not as tricky. This is a classic difference. I've made when I'm teaching my topics So what happens here is I'm getting examples from by the way, how many of you have taken geography all week and raise your hand Some of you, you know syllabus more or less, right? Online, I believe some of you may have seen syllabus look at the questions asked Explain how all of you know topic college telemorphology and you morphology and People are teaching that look at the question asked last year Explain how various aspects of telemorphology are used in transportation settlement land use planning I'm telling you this is a question which you can't move one line on this question While I know flood management While I know transportation I know settlement problems and write this in 15 marks 15 marks means not more than two pages The topic is an applied topic next level topic Which we cannot teach you when we are focusing on course completion Look at this question Discuss and all of us know this word discuss the role of slope on latitude and relief In landscape development We know landscape models We in the role of some factors but linking these three things It's impossible. You have studied this in the class. Impossible. Even I would not have taught you What do you look at this question? Okay that is one The concept of electronics has been derived from isostasy Conduit list and explained examples I mean, I have not seen a single teacher student alas or get dressed. They can handle isostasy. What's the link? You have got no clue here And they're not even from regular books What do you have to attempt this and all of this again last two three years may This is a question next level question again stream basins and watershed area watershed is the paper to topic for planning and discuss something of those lines And this is I can tell geography why this is my domain. This is a trend for every subject I've done this mapping for GS also Option also have done this one. You're always in ss paper, right? ss if you open up, you don't even know it is what topic They all we know it's a philosophical topic But how to start where to end? essentially UPSC has elevated the entire examination level Okay, this is not meant for those weak with weak heart Not meant for those who who want comfort studies Not meant for those who are not willing to think at all Okay, and I'm sure as a In hindi, I say this there's one category of students called as path chore I'm sure basically part is study chore is chore as in thief people who run away from studying in hindi we call them as path chore In UPSC. I says one more category they've discovered lick it chore Who rescue from writing?  So I've listened to a youtube.  I'm sure all of us are part of that team Including teachers. We also hate writing And with that I'm just demonstrating what I mean by healthy level question Okay And this is not just geography remember this it's true for ss paper. It's true for ethics paper And you've seen this year c sad paper Okay, and I do not think UPSC will come down in terms of level Why because you know what I've done My daughter is in class 9th 10th And I was seeing hurts. I I tried teaching her whenever I can I was seeing some questions on English language and history The questions and language where compared to authors And their work Okay, as in the subject One author is a poet. He had written some poem Other guy is a sorcery writer And the question examination was compare contrast the studies for a class 9 student Class 10th Yeah, there one of the greatest innovations of modern societies the concept of nation states And in India the nation state developed and took lock of time the roots of which is in India's national struggle In UPSC and ask we can give you a statement and ask you comment on this And they have asked questions in school at that level If I ask you tell me what is nation state And tell us how nation state is the biggest innovation of our political system how and why And the and that chapter tells us Gandhi's biggest contribution was That he contributed to the building of India's nation state Comment on this Understand level of question asked there. You think it is UPSC high level the school level has gone through the roof Last year's we're analyzing the cds paper and the nda paper Even the questions there have become elevated Which means I doubt if The UPSC level will come down anymore. They're elevating it except the fact That's why tell the students you guys are fighting for a c-sector c-sector. I've said nothing doing UPSC will not listen to you UPSC is not employment generation program. Remember that it's not your adhikar You But your right is not to qualify UPS is not there to absorb you because you're unemployed They want bright smart guys to run the country And if I am there as the government, I'll want the same thing You can't qualify out go out So they are elevating the standards and across subjects I don't they become any easier. This is for to understand first So the questions will be thinking level questions Okay question


Greetings, NJRoot22.com. This is our weekly vlog about the supermarket sales. We're gonna try and make it quick this week. We didn't really have much time. We're very busy. We're gonna start off with Kings here this week. We don't have much to say, again, usually about Kings because they're very expensive. I mean, here's a little tip for you.  And then you're paying what like, places like shop right sell for every day. One thing I should note, they have a pretty good deal on the LaCroix sparkling water. People like those things in this house and that's a pretty good price, two for seven. Also, they have some sugar-free barbecue sauce, G Hughes. Never tried it, but I think it has artificial sweetener in it. That's the one thing that's got about barbecue, that drippy barbecue sauce, it's very sweet. And we tend to try and avoid sugar here. And that's about it. Here's something to note, they have organic strawberries, two packs for nine bucks. Keep that in mind as we go through this. Again, we haven't had much time to figure out to go to stop and shop. I just can't seem to get there. But at first glance here, they have a pretty good deal on the 85% ground beef. I'm not sure what the quality is. That's something to keep in mind. Also, they have this Victoria pasta sauce, which is usually like seven bucks in other stores. That seems to be a okay deal. And I think I made a note here somewhere. Forget where. But yeah, we haven't had much time to get to stop and shop. So sorry about that. And I don't think, yeah, watch out. We're very concerned about corn because I don't think you can get non-GMO corn anywhere. I have to check with the local farms around here. I think the farms, if you buy from a local New Jersey farm, they might be non-GMO. But I hear it's really next to impossible to get non-GMO corn. So you might have to just eliminate corn from your diet entirely. And we'll talk about IGA, bishops of White House. We like them because they're local and we try to support them as much as possible. They have ground beef. That's a good price to 80%. I like the fattier meats. They just taste better. They cook better and they taste better and they're juicier. And they have good stuff. They have seven farms, organic produce and they're packaged goods, like whatever. Beans and tomato paste. They're fair priced at bishops. You know, it's something else here. They have a pretty good deal this week on the method products for $2.99. We like those, those products. And here we go. It was two pounds for $9 at Kings and it's two pounds for five bucks at bishops. You know, right there. It's a no-brainer. So that's our little highlight at bishops. Shoprite has the London broil sale. Again this week, that's a fantastic price. It's usually like four bucks or something a pound or more. That's a fantastic deal. It's good only through Sunday, June 24th and to Saturday, June 30th. So keep that in mind. They have a very good deal, very good deal on 80% ground beef for $2.49 a pound with your card. You have to get your shopper's card involved. Or you could save 80% off any other ground beef, which is a good deal. And we don't talk about sodas and chips and junk like that. And it's sorry, it's just, we don't eat it. It's poison. You might as well not eat anything.  The Galbani fresh moot slog. So those are good, $2.99 a pound. I like having those in the fridge. The sliced ones are fun. You can put it on a bird or whatever. And this may not be the healthiest thing in the world that the store made fried chicken, but they're damn good. And they're good to treat yourself every now and then. They have the eight piece, including the breasts on sale for $5.99. That's a fantastic deal. I still haven't tried their spicy chicken. I bet you it's not that spicy. We have a high spice ratio. You know, if it's not burning our face, we don't really like it. Excellent deal on shopper's bacon. I think it's fine. However, I'm gonna start rethinking about bacon in this house. I wanna find bacon that has sea salt seasoning, not just ordinary salt. Something we're gonna be talking about soon is salt. Salt changes everything, and sugar. You gotta be careful what kind of salt you put in your body and try to eliminate any refined salt in your diet. We're gonna talk about that. It's a very important thing that I wanna share with everybody. Here's another thing, wholesome pantry. We like this brand, but I'm still wondering about these veggie burgers. They were big in like the 80s and 90s, but eating a high carb burger on a bun, just cause it's a veggie. I'm not sure I think a veggie burger should be eaten by anybody. It's garbage, I think. It's cause there's a little bit of vegetable in there. It's probably like no nutritional content at all. And what else do we have here at ShopRite that I wanted to point out? I'm gonna flip through this really quick. Like I said, it's gonna be a quick one this week because we were busy and I didn't have time to think about this. Oh yeah, they have this whole Atkins thing.  No one on the Atkins diet ever, if they followed it all the way through, they always gain their weight back. Don't just cut the carbs out of your life entirely and you'll be okay. And here we go. This is something I'd like to try out, these organic mini avocados. I mean, what's the difference? I've never had them before so we're gonna find these over the weekend and buy them and try them out if they have them. So that's it. You know, it's tough when you have a limited diet, not limited, but a very smart diet. Most of the things at all these supermarkets is not worth purchasing and ingesting. You know, it makes me laugh but to have a healthy diet, you have to really watch what you eat. So that's it for this week. Enjoy the weekend.


Quitting your job can be one of the most daunting things that you can ever do. Even the thought of quitting your job could potentially be extremely scary. I am so scared. Trust me, I've crossed my mind tons of times until I actually did it. Look, let's be real right now.  Chances are, if you clicked on this video, it's something that you're actually currently thinking of, even if you're doing it subconsciously. How did you know that? So today's video is going to be focused on just that, on quitting your job, whether or not you should do it, and a few tips that you should take into consideration before you actually quit your job. To start, I want to talk to you guys a little bit about my experience and how I was able to finally quit my nine to five. Quitting your job, like I mentioned earlier, can be extremely scary. The moment that you do it, you're pretty much filled with uncertainty, depending on the path you choose to take. In my case, I wanted to go the entrepreneurial route, or at least focus on something that I wanted to do. At the time, maybe about two years ago, I was working IT, and honestly, I didn't like it. It was the same thing over and over. There was people asking me the same exact questions. Why isn't my email opening? Why is my computer so slow? And honestly, nine out of 10 times, my answer or my fix to everything was always, did you turn it off and back on? Did you restart your computer? The same thing every single day, from nine to five. And honestly, it got quite boring. I got tired of being in an office. I got tired of being told what to do all the time. I got tired of having a manager telling me to go here, go there, go fix this, go do this, go do that. It honestly wasn't my thing. I didn't like it and I wasn't happy. Now, I know a lot of you can relate, whether or not you're working in the IT field, or if you're working any other corporate nine to five, or if you're working retail or customer service, a lot of people feel this same exact way. Now, when you quit your job, you have a few different options. You can either quit your job and go into business for yourself, or you can quit your job and work with another company. Now, of course, when you quit your job to work for another company, you need to make sure that the company you're going for is something that you like. It's something that you won't mind doing, or even better, something that you would actually enjoy doing. Now, one thing that you need to do before you actually even start to consider quitting your job is making sure you have some sort of backup plan or some sort of money coming in to help you stay afloat. I hope you've saved some money.  You know, you could get lucky, you might come across a great opportunity. But chances are, for the most part, for most people, if you just quit your job without any backup plan or without any funding sources, then chances are you're going to end up right back where you started, either in the same position or possibly even in a worse position. When I was working IT, I quickly found out that that is not what I wanted to do. I didn't want to focus my entire life on it, so I started doing something about it. What did I do? I started my own business. I started multiple businesses. Some of them worked, some of them didn't. But at the end of the day, the ones that ended up working, I stuck with. For one, I started printing t-shirts. I started printing t-shirts and I started offering them to local businesses and I started getting a little bit of money that way. Then I started finding out new online businesses. I started selling on Etsy, then I started dropshipping. I started a little bit of affiliate marketing and little by little, I started getting income from a bunch of little sources. So if one day one of those sources decided to, for some reason, X out, maybe my Etsy account got banned, or even if I got fired from my nine to five for whatever reason, I still had a bunch of little income sources coming in to help me out. So one thing that I highly, highly, highly suggest you do before you even start to consider quitting your job is have multiple income sources coming in. Start a side hustle, start an e-commerce business. Start dropshipping, start selling digital items, whatever it is that you like to do, try to start a side hustle based around that. Is it going to be tiring? Is it going to be hard? Are you going to have sleepless nights? Yes, yes, and yes. But at the end of the day, it's going to be worth it. Trust me. Put in the work now and sleep later. I finally rest. After a while, the time finally came and I had to make my decision, am I going to stay here and keep wasting time or am I going to try to go into business for myself? Now I got us a brand new business. Or am I just going to go to a different job that's going to make me happier? I like my job. At the time, my first thought was, I'm just going to go into business for myself and I'm going to see how it goes. A business is open for business. So finally, once I felt secure enough to actually leave my job, once I had a few different income sources coming in to help me stay afloat, I decided I'm leaving. I'm leaving the field of IT and I put in my two weeks notice. I quit. Now that's one thing that I really want you all to know. Even though a lot of companies out there won't give you any notice and they'll just fire you on the spot, you don't want to burn bridges because you never know when you're going to have to go back. We want you back. So always be courteous and give your two weeks. Be professional because again, if something doesn't work out and you need to go back to that job for whatever reason, they're not going to take you if you decided to quit on the spot.  You're cool. I quit. While it might be extremely tempting to do that, trust me, I've wanted to do that so many times in past jobs. It's not ideal, it's not professional and in the long run, it can really hurt you. Industries are like little communities and word could potentially travel fast. Say, did you all hear the news? No, why? So I quit my job and things didn't necessarily go the way I expected them to, even though I did still have money coming in from a few different places. At the end of the day, I live in a really big city and in this city, it's extremely expensive. So it didn't necessarily work out the way that I wanted it to. But that's not to say that it went the wrong way either. During that time that I was working for myself and I was doing my own thing, I thankfully had the chance to be able to find out really what it is I like to do. And on top of entrepreneurship, I really liked making videos and I liked educating people on what they can do to be able to meet their goals or in the long run, just end up being happy. The experience that I had trying to quit my job, starting up my businesses, I wanted to relay that to people that felt the same way that I was feeling because I know for a fact there's millions upon millions of people that feel that same exact way. There's tons of people that want to get rid of the 9-5 lifestyle. They want to quit their job. They don't like where they're at. They don't like how toxic it is. And I can resonate with that. I understand what that's like and I was able to do something about it. So I wanted to be able to get that message out there to everybody else. So that way everyone can know you can do this too. You can quit your job. You can find happiness in whatever it is you want to do. You just have to be smart about it. Noted. Now, as I mentioned earlier, I was able to quit my job and I was able to find what I wanted to do. And that was content creation and making videos on top of making a little bit of money on the side with my entrepreneurship. So I kept on with my YouTube channel and that started growing. I started making some money. I kept on with affiliate marketing until I was able to come across the amazing opportunity that I found with AutoDS. They needed a content creator, somebody that knew the business, somebody that knows how to make videos and in which case I applied. And here I am, bringing you all of the different videos when it comes to dropshipping. Working a job like the one that I'm working right now with AutoDS is so much better. It's so much more freeing. It makes me feel a lot happier than actually being in an office nine to five. Now, I'm not knocking nine to fives. There's people that love them. It's the lifestyle for some people, if not for the majority of people. Nine to fives is pretty much what most people need in order to actually get by. But for those of you that can't stand to be in the office, for those of you that want to be in business for yourself or just simply find something else that wants to make you happier, then know that it's possible. It's possible to escape the nine to five and ultimately just do your own thing the way that you want to do it. So if you're looking to quit your job and you really want to leave your nine to five or whatever grind it is that you're doing, start a side hustle. Start a few different side hustles. Continue with them a little bit. Be patient because honestly, it's not something that's going to happen overnight. It took me, I want to say, about three years to finally be able to actually get the courage and feel well enough to be able to leave my nine to five. And trust me, when I did it, it was full of uncertainties. I walked into a brand new life full of uncertainties because I didn't know if I was going to be getting business. I didn't know if I was going to be getting orders. But at the end of the day, it was worth it. Having those different hustles really helped me stay afloat in order to be able to find what I really wanted to do and what I really enjoyed doing. So what can you do in order to actually quit your nine to five or quit your hustle or quit your grind, whatever job it is that you're working? How can you get started with actually quitting your job? Well, first of all, like I said, start a side hustle. Start a few different side hustles. Keep on with them for as long as you need to until you feel safe enough and secure enough to be able to leave your job. As a general rule of thumb, I would say save up maybe six or seven months of money, if possible, before you even start to consider actually quitting your job because you don't know how it's going to be the moment that you leave. You don't know how the next month or two are going to be after you quit your job. So always try to have some sort of backup plan or some sort of backup funds. On top of that, make a plan. Make a plan of what you want to do. Do you want to be an entrepreneur? Do you want to go into business for yourself? Or do you think you want to just take the time to be able to find yourself and ultimately find what you want to do while working for somebody else? If you want to work for somebody else or if you want to become an entrepreneur, it's okay. It's up to you. It's whatever makes you happy. Once you're comfortable enough to actually make the jump, to take the leap, to take the risk, then take the risk. But again, take a calculated risk. Don't just take a risk and go off of blind faith because that can turn out to be very bad sometimes. I lost. Take a calculated risk. Have your backup plan. Have your backup funds. I can't stress that enough. You don't want to end up going under water or going into more debt or even running the risk of having to not pay certain things such as utilities, maybe your car, maybe your phone, just because you went into something blindly. Now, when it does come time for you to actually leave the job, don't burn your bridge. Don't burn bridges because like I mentioned earlier, different industries can be like small communities and work can travel fast. Let's say you're working for a law firm. A lot of law firms keep in contact with each other. A lot of law firms talk about certain things. So chances are maybe one day, these two lawyers are having lunch or dinner or whatever it is. And one of them starts talking about how they have a potential new hire. The other one asks them, oh, who is it? They tell them it's George from New York. And then the first law firm is going to say, wait, I actually employed them at one point and they decided to just quit. They stood up on top of the counter and they started screaming everybody telling them that they quit. And they only told one person that they were cool. And that was not me. So don't hire that guy because he's unreliable and he'll quit on the spot. Of course, that's probably an exaggerated situation. But again, word travels fast in different industries. So don't burn your bridges. Even though a lot of big companies aren't scared to burn bridges with you, you need to be cautious because you're not that big company. You're not making as much money as these big companies are. If you were, chances are, you wouldn't be watching this video. So and finally, once you actually make the jump and you take the risk and you finally quit your job, remember that there's going to be hard times. There's going to be a lot of times where you might not have any business. You might go a month. You might go two months without having a single order or customer contact you. And in these cases, that's when you really need to stay resilient and you need to keep pushing forward. If you decide to quit early and you think this isn't for me, this is too hard, I'm worrying too much about what's coming next, then chances are, you could potentially be missing out on a lot of rewards in the near future. But at the same time, I can understand that those risks and those things that you have to think about aren't necessarily for everyone.   And I totally get that. I understand entrepreneurship is not for everyone. So those are the people that, while it's good to quit your job if you're not liking it, you need to be looking for another one. You need to be actively looking for something that's going to actually make you happy. Like I said earlier, quitting your job is not for everyone. Entrepreneurship is not for everyone. But at the same time, the typical 9 to 5 grind is not for everyone. So find out what makes you happy. Be true to yourself, find yourself, and make an informed decision. Don't just run into the darkness thinking you're going to find light because chances are, a lot of the times that's not going to happen. Most of the time, you're probably just going to end up slamming into a wall. At the end of the day though, in my personal opinion, the risk that you're taking with quitting your job in the long run is going to be worth it. Whether or not you succeed in entrepreneurship, if that's even what you're going for, is going to be worth it for the simple fact that you're going to know or you're going to find out what you want and what you need. Plans can drastically change. Remember, I quit my job thinking I was just going to go into entrepreneurship only and I was going to be in business for myself. Obviously, that didn't necessarily work out the way I wanted it to, but I found something better. I found something that I actually enjoyed doing. Again, making these videos, making these entrepreneurship videos, these dropshipping videos, informing all of you and being able to help somebody else. So remember that quitting your job doesn't necessarily mean quitting your job to go into business for yourself. Quitting your job just means leaving behind the old and starting something new that you actually enjoy. Whether that be entrepreneurship, another nine to five or simply just working for another job that gives you freedom in the hours that you work. And that was my story along with a few different tips that I can give you in order to hopefully help you find what you want to do. Whether that be quit your job or find another one, hopefully this video helped you out and served as some sort of inspiration. Hopefully my story was able to inspire you. I know this was a completely different type of video than what you're used to, but the reason I ended up making it is because I know a lot of people are watching these videos with the dream of one day going into business for themselves or ultimately quitting their nine to five or corporate job. So again, hopefully this video served as some sort of inspiration for you. If it did, please make sure you smash that like button and make sure you hit that subscribe button so that way you don't miss out on any future videos. Huge thank you to everyone for watching. It truly does mean a lot. Please make sure you share these videos. It helps out the channel. It helps me out and it helps get all of this information out to all of you. With that being said, my name is Mario with Out of DS and I'll catch you all next time.


Hi, I'm Denshi. It's me your favorite scratch youtuber that doesn't even upload scratch videos and in today's video I want to show you how I was blocked off a scratch So if I go to scratch.mit.edu over here and try to sign in with my account Diamond.1234. Mind you this is my account for when I was like, you know I made this when I was seven right at school and I have been blocked as it says so clearly over here for Seemingly no purpose whatsoever. I might have gotten a message in the past you know 60 days that I haven't checked because my account was blocked back in August and I haven't made Any any content on my scratch. I haven't touched my scratch account since about March about April I think yeah about April because that was when I was planning my video for my you know My I scratch video with the projects that I made That video was uploaded back in May after I was done doing all those you know Checking through all those projects and I haven't opened my account since that video So I have literally no idea what I could have possibly done to anger the scratch jannies Who've now banned me off of scratch and you know I wouldn't really care if it wasn't for the fact that this was my eight year old account that I've had since I was a kid You know, it's kind of messed up that they would do that But I also haven't found any purpose for why they've actually gone through and banned me if you go through and look at The page there's a community guidelines page over here. They say, you know respect people be safe Don't you know, don't don't docks people on scratch give don't don't be mean in in your Feedback leave nice comments be honest and keep the site friendly I haven't broken any of these rules and I don't I don't think I could have ever done anything bad, right? And what's even worse is I have a hundred and ninety seven unread messages up there You know right over here Hundred ninety seven unread messages that I will never get to read because you know my account was banned Although I did have a lot of comments on my page and you can read those those are publicly available on my page I think it might have something to do with that Maybe one of y'all like sent a mean comment on my page and then I got flagged down with it for some reason Which makes no sense because I wasn't I wasn't telling people in my videos to go and harass anyone or to go and leave bad Comments on my page. So once again, no idea why I was banned. I don't really know why I'm taking this so seriously It's scratch, but you know just telling y'all like scratch jannies completely out of control completely out of control and Another reason I'm making this video is if anybody knows of some actual like decentralized way to distribute scratch projects Please do tell me if anybody knows if there's like some open source scratch website thing Tell me because that would be so cool to have as opposed to scratch that MIT edu that seemingly just gets you know It seemed really just bans people randomly out of the blue. So yeah, I mean the scratch jannies finally got to me I don't really know what else to say. I hope you enjoyed this short little video about my unjust ban I know justice for denti if you're a scratch administrator or whatever the scratch people are scratch moderators Then I don't know pop me an email put a comment on this video or something if we can sort something out You know, you know just between you and me know figure something out to get this account back, but I mean Look This is kind of upsetting because I wanted to make more videos about scratch now I gotta figure some other way to get a different account or something like that because this is this is really annoying That I can't use the same account again, and it's also my childhood account. So that's also kind of messed up But that's it. I have been denti. I hope you enjoyed this video about me getting banned off of scratch Goodbye


Did you all see yesterday's vlog with Darcy? Go check it out upper right hand corner. It is live. It's great She's a she was on America's Got Talent Recently and amazing. All right, we're out here on our patio Mining our own business eating lunch doing work getting things done and apparently there's a garage sale in the area There goes another car. I guarantee they're looking for so basically our garage sale is tomorrow. It's not today But everyone keeps showing up right now because there's a garage sale in the area and look at all our stuff So everyone everyone thinks that we're having a sale today, but it's not today everyone Working outside today, I love it Just received some uh, you know Not like the best news from work, but I'm gonna talk to you about something I heard it last night's talk that I filmed a lecture that I filmed and it's literally helping me get through this tougher moment And it's raining. I'll share that with you here in a minute, but the grass was getting a little dry So this rain is spot-on Just catching up on some youtubers out here on the patio drinking a little coffee in the afternoon And listening to the thunder as long as I'm protected. I like lightning and thunder. So can you hear it? Can you hear it? You'd think I'd never seen rain before Based on how I react to seeing rain As a 30 year old 31 year old I just love rain Basically, it's because we don't get much of it here. I just love it. I love it Just watching the weather roll in on the radar. It's coming more rain is coming. Yes, we are not done It was rainy. It was sunny back to rain. This is uh summer in colorado I have seen it snow in colorado in july just so you know just so you know it It's kind of crazy out here. It's kind of crazy in the wild wild west. All right Onto the topic of the day which connects to the title of the vlog so last night I filmed in the evening a talk a lecture and The speaker was amazing. He was amazing. He covered a lot of different topics But at the very end of his talk he discussed How to change your brain and it was a very catchy phrase that he used And basically the premise is if you want to be more happier And more joyful in your life Psychologists have studied this over the last, you know 30 years here in the united states So his name is thomas daily the speaker that I heard last night And he said if you do this one thing one thing every single day Before you fall asleep you will be happier and more joyful. What is it? Reflect back on your day And remember and think about and be grateful for three things that day Three things and guess what here's where it gets crazy. They can be positive things or negative things For example the rain. It's kind of cold out. I'm sitting in the carport doing work and it's kind of chilly But that's like something to be grateful for because we have moisture here in colorado where it's dry a lot of the time So I am today one of the things that i'm grateful for is the rain But this speaker that I heard last night said that you reflect back and remember three things In today that you are grateful for you do it for 21 days straight You will be happier and more joyful in your life And it actually and this is where it's a little above my pay grade I don't understand how it changes your brain if there's any doctors out there or I guess psychologists or Whatever, I don't even know but if how does that actually change your brain? it probably has to do something with the chemistry of your brain and the The inter low the lobes talking to each other anyway, so I challenge you and this is the question of the day Do you do this? Do you already do this where you reflect back to your day and think about wow? I am grateful that I had raisin bran in my cupboard. I am grateful that I caught a green light on my way to work and I was not late I am grateful that My child is over the flu I am grateful that I ran out of milk for my raisin bran Because when I went to the grocery store, I ran into a good friend Okay, those are examples of little things that we can be grateful for every single day And if we do that every single day for 21 days straight We will be happier more joyful and we will literally start to change our brain Okay, I'm going to buy a book on this because the speaker was so good I'm going to buy a book on it and I will communicate more of this to you all I just wanted to give you a little teaser I suppose I'm uh romantic at heart Hello Babe, they're beautiful Aren't they good? They just were a little You know, we just had some extra roses This is the first of the season Let it begin I'm going to get them in a vase right now I know I say I'll date I don't know, I didn't know Yeah, this is This should be publishing at 8 a.m. mountain time So if you are a Yoko local in the greater Denver area come by today Saturday June 3rd Yeah Yep 3rd Saturday June 3rd for a garage sale.  We like to negotiate. That's right. Dickering down I'll say what do you pay and then I'm going to up it. Yep, and I'm going to say probably not up it again We're going to end up with all of our stuff We're just talking about we're going to go shopping at our own garage sale Because a lot of the stuff is Nana, so thank you nana for donating to hard drives very much. Oh, all right. See beauty work hard And love each other see you tomorrow at the garage sale


We can, thank you. Okay, thank you for the introduction. My name is Davide Kiko, and I am a researcher at the University of Toronto in Canada. And I'm gonna talk about this package called the gene expression from GO, which is another package that makes it very easy to read data from gene expression omnibus GO that is the world repository of gene expression data. Thank you, Hermione, it's in for a minute chance to present. This is the paper about this package that I published a few years ago. The package is available on CRAN. And so as many of you probably know, gene expression omnibus is an online repository of thousands of datasets of micro-region expression and of RNA methylation developed and maintained by the National Centre for Biotechnology Information, CBI. And the datasets available on GO can be used for new scientific analysis, or also for meta-analysis by selecting datasets that derived from the same gene expression platform. For example, if one wants to perform an analysis on data of cancer or multiple datasets, they can select datasets having the word derived from the platform affymetrics HGU133A, that is one of the most popular platforms of affymetrics. And by selecting datasets of the same, deriving from the same platform, they can be sure that they're gonna have the same probe sets, the same will be compatible between each other. And so they will be able to first of course do the batch correction and then do the scientific analysis on all of them. It may be fine to check if the genes, most relevant genes for a specific outcome found on one particular dataset are also relevant in all the dataset. For example, prognostic genes or diagnostic genes. And so this aspect is extremely useful for the generalizability of centric discoveries because being datasets of the same platform compatible between each other, they can serve as validation cohorts or discovery cohorts for the studies, which unfortunately this is not the case of a total care of records because as we know many times, most of the times datasets of the same disease, for example, but arriving from different hospitals, they have different features with different meanings, so they cannot be compared and say. The data on GEO come with the patients or the samples in the columns and the prop sets of the prop set of the platform on the rows where prop sets are sets of fragments of DNA known as hybridization probes and represent a precise point in the genome for that platform. So which means that it's exactly that specific point in the platform that represent a contained data data. And each prop set can correspond to a single gene, but a single gene can correspond to multiple prop sets, to two prop sets, let's say. So it's not a one-one relationship. So for example, the prop set 203072 underscore AT is a prop set for the GPL96 Affymaticx platform and it refers to the MY01E gene symbol that is a symbol of the, it's the myosin IE protein-crowding genes gene. And of course, as you can understand, it's necessary to perform a mapping between these prop sets and these gene symbols. And there are already some packages that perform that like GZ and annotate, but the usage of these packages can be a bit difficult for beginners. So on crowning by conductor, there are some software libraries that automatically download the data from Geo, in particular GeoQuery that is quite used and quite famous. And as I mentioned, there are other libraries such as annotate and jet set that can annotate the gene symbols to prop sets. But as I mentioned, they are a bit difficult to use for beginners because they have many fields and especially annotate many fields and the object that comes out from GeoQuery has a complex structure, a list of fields that might not be easy to use and understand by beginners and students. So a few years ago, when I was facing this problem, so I decided to develop a new R package that would do both these jobs in an easier way. And I called it the gene expression from Geo. And so it has two main assets. It downloads users to download a dataset from Geo in an easy way, just specifying the code parameter of the Geo dataset and it saves it into a data frame. And the second feature that it has is that it associates the gene symbols with the prop set of the downloaded dataset. And this feature is, this asset is available for 19 different platforms, not for all opportunity. And yeah, you can install it from crown, install the packages gene expression from Geo, load it with the usual command that you all know, library gene expression from Geo. And let's see an example. Let's pick this dataset called GSE 3268. It's a dataset of gene expression, profiles of squamous lung cancer cells used to identify genes that are different, differentially regulated. That's the title of this dataset that can be found online on Geo and was released in 2005. The comments to use gene expression from Geo are very simple. So first we have a flag as it gets symbols to genes that we put to true because we want to retrieve the gene symbols of the prop sets and they were both parameters that are true that says that it can, we want to print the messages and dataset code that is just the code or dataset that we want to download GSE 3268 that is what we just saw in that example on lung cancer. The call is a very simple gene expression from Geo, dataset code as it gets symbols to genes were both online. And so this comment will download the dataset and associate the genes symbols and we'll save the data into gene expression, the F as they call the variable here which is another frame of approximately 22,000 rows which are the prop set and 11 columns that are 10 samples of the dataset and the gene symbol variable. So to adjust the screenshot of the execution of this comment, the dataset, if you put verbose equal to true, it will print out the information like the features contained in the dataset and then it will start a loop to associate the gene symbols, the prop set ideas. The results, it's a feel like the piece that you can see in this slide which I printed with a head command. So on the rows there are the prop sets, the original prop sets of the platform for this dataset. So 1007 underscore S underscore 80, 1053 underscore 80 and so on. On the columns, you can see the samples except the last one that is a new column called gene symbol that associated the gene symbols that it found to the corresponding genes and for the corresponding prop sets. So for example, the prop set 1053 underscore add was associated to the gene R of C2 and the following prop set to the gene HSP86 and so on. For the last gene, for the last prop set 1294 underscore 80, the gene symbols found were two and it's also possible that some genes might not be found, some gene symbols might not be found. So the first row that you see, didn't find the genes, the gene symbol for the prop set 1007 underscore S underscore 80. For the- Just a few, less than a minute left now, just FYI. Yeah, and then for the future developments, I plan to insert to allow users to use annotate more platforms and possibly I would like to add the parameter for possibly automated batch correction. Is this the end? And yes, again, who wants to know more about it can read the paper or can write me an email and I will be happy to answer any questions if you're out. Thank you. Davy, thank you so much. That was a really wonderful and very interesting working with these large repositories of gene data can be quite difficult and these tools are incredibly useful. Thank you. Are there any questions for the audience? All right, well, if there are no questions at the moment we will, we can continue those in the chat. If you-