Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar Aayush Akademi. These are the news articles chosen for today's discussion. They are given along with the page number of different traditions. Link for the handwritten notes in PDF format and the time stamping for the discussed articles are given in the description box as well as the comment section for the benefit of the mobile viewers. Now let us start with the first article. This news article mentions that a forest officer in Telangana has been trashed by a group of tribal. See the forest department was taking a preparatory works for a plantation drive in the forest land of Chintaguppa reserve forest area of Telangana. This drive was to be carried out under the compensatory of forestation fund management and planning authority Kampa. But the tribals alleged that this land is their Pudu land used for Pudu cultivation. So the plantation drive cannot be taken up in this land. So in this discussion, let us see what is Pudu cultivation and Kampa. The syllabus is displayed on the screen. Aspirants can go through it. See the Pudu cultivation is nothing but the Jumming cultivation.  In this cultivation, farmers clear a patch of land by slashing and burning. In this cleared land, they produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their family. See when the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift from a land and they clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation. This is called as shifting cultivation. The benefit of such an agriculture is that the shifting allows nature to replenish the fertility of the soil through natural process. But this agriculture has negativity too. The land productivity in this type of agriculture is very low as the farmers do not use fertilizer or any other modern inputs. It is interesting to know that this agriculture is known by different name in different parts of the country. The different names for slash and burn agriculture is displayed on the screen. Aspirants can go through it. We have seen about slash and burn agriculture. Now let us see about Kampa. See the forest plays an important role in many aspects, but many developmental projects require diversion of forest land. For example, we need forest land for erection of dams, mining and construction of industries or construction of roads. So in order to implement these projects, forest lands have to be diverted. But to compensate the diverted land, the Ministry of Environment decides the compensation amount in the form of compensatory of forestation CEA. See compensatory of forestation CEA means of forestation done in lieu of the diversion of forest land for non forestry use under the Forest Conservation Act 1980. For this purpose, Supreme Court ordered for creation of compensatory of forestation fund CAF in which all the money received from the user agency towards CA, additional CA, penal CA, net present value of forest land shall be deposited. But there were lot of discrepancies in the implementation of CA. So for this in 2004, central government issued a notification for constitution of an authority in the name of CA, but there were delays in the implementation. So the Supreme Court intervened and issued orders in 2006 to constitute an ad hoc CA that is a temporary authority until CA is operated. See the ad hoc CA was established with the objective of promoting afforestation and regeneration activities as a way of compensating for the forest land that has been diverted to non forest Supreme Court also directed to centrally pool the money into the ad hoc CA that is recovered on behalf of the said authority and which is lying in the states and union territory. Then in 2009, union government formulated guidelines for state CA. See, state CA is an agency for utilizing CA funds in the states. State CA is intended as an instrument to accelerate activities for preservation of natural forest, management of wildlife, infrastructure development in the sector and other allied works. The objectives of state CA are given here, you can go through it. But since state CA, there is an absence of permanent institutional mechanism for utilization of funds collected under CAF, that is compensatory afforestation fund. So it has resulted in the accumulation of huge unspent funds in the ad hoc authority. So again to overcome this issue, central government enacted a legislation called Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act 2016. Now let us see about its objective. The first objective is to provide for the establishment of funds that is CAF under the public account of India under the public account of each state. At the national level, this fund is called as National CAF. Another objective is for administration of the funds constituting an authority at the national level and at each state and union territory administration. This authority will utilize the money so collected for undertaking artificial regeneration, assisted natural regeneration, protection of forest, forest related infrastructure development, green India program, wildlife protection and other activities. In addition to all this, compensatory afforestation rules CAF 2018 were also framed. So based on these rules and act in 2018, National Kampa also known as the National Authority has come into existence in place of ad hoc Kampa. This national authority consists of a governing body which is headed by Union Minister of Ministry of Environment. The main function of the national authority is to manage and utilize the national CAF. So with this we have come to the end of this article discussion. In this article we have seen about Pudu cultivation that is Jumming cultivation which is also called as Slash and Burn agriculture and we have also seen about Kampa in detail. With this let us move on to the next article. Now let us take up this editorial article. See this editorial article is written by a doctor who is the president of Public Health Foundation of India, PHFI. What is PHFI? PHFI is a not for profit public private initiative working with the name of making India healthier. See as we know, the second way of COVID-19 pandemic is alarming the nation. So in this article, the author prescribes some strategies to control the transmission of the virus. Let us discuss them in detail. The relevant syllabus is displayed on the screen, you can go through it. See the second way of COVID-19 is spreading rapidly across the country. The second wave spread is helped by more infectious variants of the virus which might have arrived from abroad or emerged at home as a double mutant. According to the author, there are several differences between first wave and second wave both in its spread and in our response. See last year that is March 2020, the first wave. The virus had affected relatively small number of people. The long nationwide lockdown last year gave the government an opportunity to strengthen the health system capacity, streamline administrative coordination, and power up procurement and production process of essential equipments. And the lockdown also helped educate people on the dangers posed by the virus and advice personal protection measures that needed to be adopted. So during the first wave, the transmission was limited. But with the second wave, the pandemic has resurfaced in a fully open society. By fully open, the author means that there are unrestricted movement of people. See the people have started moving without any precautions like mask. In addition to that, there is also crowding in the streets, markets, domestic and international travel have also restarted, election campaigns and religious gatherings are held without any precautionary measures. So this shows people are ignorant of the dangers posed by the virus or we can say that people have started ignoring the pandemic. And according to the author, this is a major reason for the rapid and uncontrolled spread of the virus in the second phase. So the need of the hour is to design and deliver a resolute response so that we can rapidly regain control and limit the damage caused by corona. So in this regard, the author prescribes some solutions that can be incorporated. The first solution given by the author is the decentralization of response to district level. See the knowledge of existing and evolving local condition matters a lot for the design and the delivery of an effective response. Local data gathering and analysis provide real-time intelligence for rapid response. The local community networks also play an important role in information dissemination and for partnering the administration in implementation. So according to the author, we need consultative policy making at the national level. When it comes to state level, we need interdepartmental planning. And at district level, we need data driven decentralized decision making so that we can implement the strategies according to the local situation. And at the district level, the district collector must coordinate health care services across all facilities in the district. The second solution given by the author is to prevent super spreader events and mandate mask. See a super spreader event occurs when one highly contagious person infects an unusually high number of others. Weddings, funerals, and even large family parties like birthdays, holiday dinners are some of the examples of super spreader events. So according to the author, if super spreader events are minimized and masks are owned regularly, it will greatly reduce the risk of transmission. So far, we have seen two important solutions given by the author. Now let us move on to the third solution, which is smart testing and tracing and also ensuring efficient case detection. See the present RT-PCR test can miss between 30% to 40% cases. This is due to the limitation posed by swab collection, transport efficiency, and laboratory competency. This is a major drawback in testing and tracing. So in order to overcome such shortcoming, the author suggests the possible cases should be detected through household surveillance of symptomatic individuals. And this household surveillance of symptomatic individuals should be done with the help of primary healthcare teams supported by citizen volunteers. All the suspect cases and household contacts must be tested and after testing, the positive cases must be isolated and provided home or hospital care depending on the severity. And when it comes to tracing, the contact tracing of infectious persons should be done with speed and efficiency. Local networks can help in early case detection and contract tracing. Moreover, genomic analysis must be performed in at least 5% of test positive samples. Now let us move on to the fourth solution suggested by the author, which is vaccine rollout. See the available vaccines must be prioritized for vulnerable person. See according to the author, the vulnerable persons include persons above 35 years of age and younger persons with at-risk health disorders. More vaccines should be rolled out quickly into the supply chain. This can be done by incentivizing greater production volumes of already approved vaccines. And in addition to that, the public should be educated about the values and limitations of the vaccine. Last but not least, citizen engagement is critical for successful pandemic response. Here the author opines that people should be educated with the help of formal and informal networks that exist at the local level. These networks should be used to educate people and motivate them for adopting COVID-19 appropriate behaviors. See when we talk about appropriate behavior, it includes symptom reporting, providing contact information, registration for vaccination, and providing social support to affected families. Moreover, the district authorities must identify vulnerable persons and families who may suffering hardship due to loss of income, shelter, or incur eye health care cost. They should be given extra care and support. Along with this, voluntary agencies should come forward to support children for education at home or in the neighborhood. This can help in overcoming the digital divide of online teaching. So these are some of the important suggestions given by the author. If these suggestions are properly implemented, it will help us control the spread of second way of COVID-19. With this, let us move on to the next article. This article is about a study on racial discrimination. This study was commissioned by the Indian Council of Social Science Research, ICSSR, and conducted by Center for Criminology and Victimology at the National Law University, Delhi. This study is about the racial discrimination and aid crimes against people from the northeastern states of India. Now let us see about the findings of the study. The relevant syllabus is displayed on the screen. You can go through it. See the study has found that Indian citizens from northeastern region face racial discrimination amid pandemic. What is racial discrimination? Generally, racial discrimination is when a person is treated less favorably than other person in a similar situation. There are many reasons why this happens. The most common reason are person's race, color, descent, national or ethnic origin or immigration status. According to the UN International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the definition of racial discrimination shall mean any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, color, descent or national or ethnic origin. This racial discrimination happens in all spears. For example, it happens in political, economic, social, cultural or any other fields of public life. Now coming back to the study. See according to the study, it found that during pandemic, citizens from northeast India faced racial discrimination. There were increased number of acts of hate and prejudice against these citizens. They were harassed, abused and traumatized. Worryingly, they were also called as coronavirus. All this because the citizens of northeast India seamlessly fit an Indian's imagination of a Chinese person, which is purely racist. This was confirmed by the study. In addition to that, the study also found that three fourth of the people, that is 75% of people from northeast region, believe that they are subjected to prejudice mainly because of their physical appearance. It was also found by the study that majority of them faced discrimination while renting accommodation, visiting a restaurant and even while finding transportation. And this deep, prudent prejudice is even found in cosmopolitan cities. The IS number of racial discrimination incidents was reported from Mumbai. In this regard, the study suggests to implement the recommendation by a committee and Supreme Court. It is recommendation of MP Besbarua committee constituted in 2014. See this committee was set up to look into the concerns of the people of northeast who are living in other parts of the country. These were the terms of reference of the committee. You can go through it. See the committee recommended to amend Indian penal code and insert two sections 153C and 509A. See these sections will deal with comments, gestures and acts that is intended to insult a member of a particular racial group. It also suggested to make such offenses as general neutral, cognizable and non-ailable. Cognizable means a person or accused can be arrested without a warrant. In addition to that, the committee also recommended punishment of imprisonment, that is extendable up to three or five years with fine. We have seen about the committee's recommendation. Now let us see about Supreme Court's recommendation. See the Supreme Court's recommendation in the 2014 case law, Karma Dorji and others versus Union of India and others. In this case, the Supreme Court supported the recommendation of Besbarua committee. It also made several recommendations for the prevention and monitoring of racial hatred and violence. Particularly, it recommended constituting a committee for regular exercise of monitoring and redressal of issues pertaining to racial discrimination faced by citizens of the nation drawn from the northeast. In addition to the Supreme Court envisaged that the committee should be accessible to grievances, suggestions and complaints. Additionally, the committee has to carry out these functions. But the sad truth is these recommendations have not been completely implemented. That is why the report suggests implementing these recommendations. Now let us move on to the next article. See recently, the Supreme Court has refused to stay the dismantling of INS Virat. In this context, let us learn about INS Virat and other important aircraft carriers of India before going into INS Virat. First, let us see what is an aircraft carrier. See aircraft carrier is a naval vessel from which airplanes can take off and land. See these aircraft carriers are important symbol of naval power. They have also become an inevitable part of air bases. So having a lot of aircraft carriers will give us a significant naval strength and a strategic advantage over others with this knowledge in mind. Now let us see about INS Virat. See INS Virat was bought from UK United Kingdom. This aircraft carrier served the country for 30 years before it was officially decommissioned in 2017. So right now it is officially decommissioned. This is an important point. Now let us see some statistics related to INS Virat. The INS Virat weighs around 29,000 tons and it can carry up to 26 aircraft. The reason why it was decommissioned because INS Virat was facing a lot of repass and it needed renovation, which required huge amount of funds which the Defence Ministry could not give clearance to. That is the reason why INS Virat was decommissioned and INS Vikramaditya was ready to take over its place. Now let us see about INS Vikramaditya. See INS Vikramaditya is the current serving aircraft carrier of India. This is the important point. It is the current serving aircraft carrier of India. It weighs up to 45,000 tons and can carry up to 36 aircraft. So this is clearly an advantage over INS Virat. INS Vikramaditya was made by USSR and it was named Admiral before changing its name after its sale to India. It serves as the current flagship of the Indian naval army. So we have seen about INS Virat, INS Vikramaditya. Now let us move on to INS Vikrant. As we can see INS Vikrant is named after its predecessor. This is the first airbase reinforced warship of India. It is also known as the indigenous aircraft carrier IAC1. This is the first aircraft carrier made in India. It is also informally called as INS Vikrant 2. This aircraft carrier is currently under construction and the trials are conducted by Kochin Shipyard Limited in Kochi Kerala. When it comes to the statistics related to INS Vikrant, it weighs up to 40,000 tons and can carry up to 40 aircraft. This aircraft carrier is expected to be commissioned in 2023. Besides these aircraft carriers, India is also planning to develop its third aircraft carrier INS Vishal. INS Vishal is expected to be commissioned in 2030. So India with one large aircraft carrier in service, another on the way has become one of the world's important naval aviation power. So in this article we have seen about INS Virat, INS Vikramaditya, INS Vikrant, INS Vishal. With this let us move on to next article. Now this news article talks about a multinational military exercise called Shantir Ogresena. It was recently concluded in Bangladesh. This military exercise is a multilateral UN mandated counter-terrorism exercise. The armed forces of India, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Sri Lanka along with observers from US, UK, Russia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Singapore participated in this exercise. See the aim of the exercise was to strengthen defense ties and enhance interoperability among neighborhood countries. This will ensure effective peacekeeping operations. So let us use this article as an opportunity to learn about some important bilateral military exercise from Indian context. First let us see about Sampriti exercise. See Sampriti is a joint military exercise between the armies of India and Bangladesh. Sampriti was started in 2009. The ninth edition of Sampriti exercise which is the latest one took place in 2020. Next let us see about Mitra Shakti. Mitra Shakti is a joint military exercise between the armies of India and Sri Lanka. Now let us move on to Surya Kiran. Surya Kiran is a bilateral joint military exercise between the armies of India and Nepal. It was started in 2011 and takes place annually and sometimes biannually. Surya Kiran was started in 2011. Next one is exercise Maitri. Maitri takes place between the Indian army and the Royal Thai army Thailand. It occurs annually. Now let us see about Garuda Shakti. Garuda Shakti is a bilateral exercise between the armies of India and Indonesia. The Indian army Para special force and Indonesian army participate in Garuda Shakti exercise. The next one is Dharma Guardian. Dharma Guardian is an Indo-Japan joint army exercise that started off in 2018. Another one is nomadic elephant which is a bilateral army exercise between two nations India and Mongolia. Next one is Vajraprahar. Vajraprahar is a joint military exercise conducted by the special forces of India and the US. Vajraprahar started off in 2010. In 2021 it took place in India. Now let us move on to Yudha Abiyas. Yudha Abiyas is a joint military exercise between India and the US. Yudha Abiyas started in 2002 and is undertaken by the armies of both countries to promote defense cooperation. Next one is Exercise Shakti. Exercise Shakti is a bilateral military exercise between the armies of India and France. Exercise Shakti aims to acquire the armies of both nations about the operational procedures and combat drills. Finally, let us see about and in and exercise. And in and exercise is India-China joint military exercise. The exercise takes place between the armies of both countries. The aim of this exercise is to enhance interoperability between the two armies with regard to counter-terrorism. We have come to the end of this discussion. In this discussion we have seen about Shantir Ogresena and some other important Indian military exercises. Now let us move on to the next article. See, this op-ed is related to the recent Freedom of Navigation Operations, PHONOP, conducted by the US near Lakshadeep. In this context, let us understand what is PHONOP, its implications for India and what is UNCLOS. The syllabus for reference is displayed on the screen. So let us begin by seeing what is Freedom of Navigation Operations. See, the Freedom of Navigation Operations actually involves passage of US Navy ships through the waters claimed by coastal nations as their exclusive territory. This is the official explanation of the US Department of Defense. This is not the first time PHONOP was conducted by US. The PHONOP program has existed for 40 years. The US has been conducting this program to continuously reaffirm the US state's policy of exercising and asserting its navigation and overflight rights around the world. These assertions by the US communicate that US does not respect the excessive maritime claims of other nations. Thus, it aims to prevent those claims from becoming accepted as international law. The PHONOP was formally established in 1979. The Freedom of Navigation program consists of both diplomatic as well as operational effort to safeguard commerce and global mobility of US forces. According to the Department of Defense of US, these PHONOP efforts help preserve for all states the legal balance of interest established in the customary law as reflected in the Law of the Sea Convention. Now let us discuss about this convention in brief. See, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was adopted in 1982. This convention lays down a comprehensive framework of law and order in the oceans and seas. It also establishes rules governing all users of ocean and their resources. In addition to that, the convention also provides the framework for further development of specific areas of the law of the sea. This convention also establishes three institutions. They are the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, ITLOS, the International Seabed Authority, ISA, and the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, CLCS. This is important from Prillim's perspective. Now let us see some of the key features of the convention. See, according to this convention, the coastal states have sovereign rights in a 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone with respect to natural resource and certain economic activities. These coastal states can also exercise jurisdiction over marine science research and environmental protection. But now let us see the most interesting point. All other states have freedom of navigation and overflight in the exclusive economic zone as well as freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines. In addition to that, the convention also states that the coastal states have sovereign rights over the continental shelf for exploring it and the shelf can extend at least 200 nautical miles from the show. It also says that foreign vessels are allowed innocent passage through those waters. Ships and aircrafts of all countries are allowed transit passage through states used for international navigation. Now with this knowledge, let us come back to the article and discuss the recent issue. See, recently the USS John Paul Jones had conducted phone-op approximately 130 nautical miles west of Lakshadip Island. This area is inside India's exclusive economic zone and it was carried out without requesting India's prior consent. See, according to the author, this difference arose because the US and India interprets the provision of United Nations Convention on Law of See differently. The US believes that India's requirement of prior consent for the passage of foreign warships through the Indian exclusive economic zone violates UNCLOS convention. See, according to India, as per India's territorial waters, continental shelf, exclusive economic zone and other maritime zones act 1976, the convention do not authorize other states to carry out operation in the EEZ and on the continental shelf. So, according to the author, because of these different interpretations, the problem has arisen. According to the author, the US choice of Lakshadip islands instead of Andaman and Nicobar Island was a smart choice. See, as we know, Andaman and Nicobar islands have India's first and only tri-service theater command of Indian armed force. So, a US Navy operation in Andaman and Nicobar region would have created more troubles. So, in order to create a trouble on a smaller scale and in order to authorize its rights, the US has chosen Lakshadip. So, in conclusion, the author says that the recent incident near Lakshadip highlights a gap in the Indian and American perception of navigational freedoms. So, with this, we have come to the end of the article discussion. In this article, we have seen about phonop, the implications for India and about UNCLOS convention. With this, let us move on to the next article. This editorial is regarding the possibilities of rebuilding the JCPOA. JCPOA stands for Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. It is also known as Iran Nuclear Agreement. Now, let us see about Iran Nuclear Agreement or JCPOA. See, the Iran Nuclear Agreement was signed in 2015. Under this agreement, Iran agreed to dismantle much of its nuclear program. In addition to that, it also agreed to open its facilities to more extensive international inspections in exchange for economic sanctions relief. The JCPOA was reached between the P5 plus 1 group of countries. The P5 plus 1 consist of China, France, Germany, Russia, United Kingdom, United States, European Union and Iran. So, after the signing of the agreement, the International Atomic Energy Agency verified that Iran has implemented its key nuclear-related measures as described in JCPOA. So, as a result, the United States and the European Union also respected their terms of agreement. However, the deal went into turmoil when President Donald Trump withdrew the United States from the deal in 2018. In retaliation, Iran has resumed some of its nuclear activities. See, this is very dangerous. This revival of Iran's nuclear weapons program would dramatically escalate tensions in the Middle East. It could also raise the prospects of conflicts between Iran and its regional rivals, including Israel and Saudi Arabia. But on a positive note, the US President Joe Biden has said that United States will return to the deal if Iran comes back into compliance. In this backdrop, the Vienna talks are held. See, during the Vienna talks, the signers of the 2015 Iran nuclear deal would come together to restore compliance with the agreement. This talk has raised hopes for the revival of the agreement. But there are some challenges facing the revival of the agreement. For example, the US wants Iran to end its uranium entrenchment and return to the 2015 agreement. But Iran insists on lifting sanctions imposed by Mr. Trump, which is still enforced by President Joe Biden. Now, these issues are plaguing the relationship between the US and Iran. So, in order to overcome these hurdles, the Biden administration has taken some positive steps towards Iran. For example, Mr. Biden has appointed a special envoy for talks. The US also ended their support for Saudi Arabia's war against the Uttis in Yemen. Above all, the US President has also promised to lift the economic sanctions if Iran returns to the original JCPOA terms. See, the Trump presidency has imposed arbitrary economic sanctions when Iran was fully compliant to the JCPOA terms. So, now Iran has lost the trust. So, Iran demands more concrete measures from the US to regain the trust. In addition to all these hurdles, the author also cites several reasons on why implementing JCPOA will be difficult. See, the Iranian presidential elections will be held in June. So, according to the author, all stakeholders must try to revive JCPOA before the elections as there could be a change in government in favor of odd-liners. These odd-liners will oppose the JCPOA agreement. Also, in addition to the Iranian presidential elections, there are some external issues which plagued the JCPOA deal. For example, Iran-backed militias fighting the US forces in Iraq, ongoing Israel-Iran conflict, are some of the factors which are big hurdles to the implementation of JCPOA. So, the author finally hopes that these hurdles can be overcome through diplomatic efforts. So, that's the end of the article. In this article, we have discussed about JCPOA, its history, Vietnam talks, and the hurdles in implementing JCPOA. Now, let us move on to the practice questions. The first question, which of the following institutions were established by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea? The first option is International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. Second, International Seabed Authority. Third, Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. Fourth, International Maritime Organization. Select the correct answer using the code given below. See, the answer is Option C, 1, 2, and 3 only. The three organizations established under UN Clause R, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the International Seabed Authority, and the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. The fourth option, International Maritime Organization, is the United Nations Specialized Agency with Responsibility for the Safety and Security of Shipping and the Prevention of Marine and Atmospheric Pollution by Ships. Now, let us move on to the second question. With reference to INS Vikramaditya, consider the following statements. The first statement, it is India's first indigenous aircraft carrier. Second statement, it was inducted into service of the Navy last year. Which of the above statements are correct? See, the answer is Option D. The first statement and second statement, both the statement are wrong. INS Vikramaditya is not indigenous. It was sourced from Russia. And INS Vikramaditya was inducted into the Navy in the year 2017, not last year. So, both the statements are incorrect. Now, let us move on to the third question. This question is very important because it appeared in 2019 prelims. Consider the following statements. As per law, the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority exist at both national and state level. Second statement, people's participation is mandatory in the Compensatory Afforestation Program carried out under the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act 2016. Which of the statements given above are correct? See, statement owner is correct. As per Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act 2016, the Kampa exists at both national and state levels. Statement 2 is incorrect. People's participation is not mandated under the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act 2016. So, the correct answer is Option E, one only. Now, coming to the fourth question, consider the following pairs of military exercise in which India is a partner. One, Garuda Shakti Indonesia. Two, Maitre Thailand. Three, Nomadic Elephant Mongolia. Four, And in And USA. Five, Surya Kiran Nepal. Choose the correct answer using the quotes given below. See, Garuda Shakti Indonesia are correctly matched. Maitre Thailand is correctly matched. Nomadic Elephant and Mongolia is correctly matched. Surya Kiran and Nepal is correctly matched. And in And is not USA. And in And is a military exercise by India and China. So, four is the wrong combination. The answer is B, one, two, three, and five. Main practice questions are displayed here. You can write your answer and post in the comment section below. With this, we have come to the end of Hindu News Analysis. If you like this video, don't forget to click, like, share, and comment. Subscribe to Shankar Aya's Academy channel for more UPSC updates. Thank you.


So, what could be the conflict that religious groups and scientists have? What would be the conflict about human evolution, for example? Well, first would be conflict over a system of knowledge, about all knowledge about the natural world is generated. This is when people are talking about this thing, they'll say things like fundamental or conflicts and ways of knowing about the world. This would emphasize method. How do you know any fact claim about the world? How do we know about human origins? If religious people are in conflict over a system of knowledge like this, then there can be no agreement on human origins, people would say, because Christians, for example, would look to the Bible and scientists would look at the fossil record. More importantly, since this is about how you know anything about the world, from this perspective, people who do not believe Darwin, because they use the Bible as a method, should not believe any scientific claim about anything. For example, if you do not believe in human evolution for religious reasons, then from this perspective, you wouldn't believe in any scientific way of knowing about the world. You would then not believe in modern chemistry, because that requires a scientific way of knowing about the world. That's one perspective on what possible conflict there might be. A second, what I'll call propositional knowledge conflict. A proposition is an assertion without a justification. This would still be conflict over assertions that are not connected to broader ways of knowing. For example, a conservative Protestant could say that God created humans, as it says in the book of Genesis, and that scientists would say that humans evolved from primates, but these conflicting claims wouldn't be connected to a broader way of knowing about the world. So for example, a conservative Protestant could believe in that part of human origins, but might use the scientific method to generate a fact claim about how electrons move. This is a conflict that has much fewer consequences, because conflict over one claim about the physical world does not lead to other conflicts. So again, someone could be a fundamentalist Protestant who believes in a 6,000 year old earth, but could still be a scientist of the atmosphere. They probably couldn't be a biologist. A third type of possible conflict is moral conflict, which is fairly unrelated to the first two that I just mentioned. Religious people may perceive science or scientists to be teaching a moral stance to the public, and that moral stance may be an opposition to the stance that they hold. Religious people would then be in conflict over these moral teachings. So some might ask, how can science be in moral conflict when science is morally neutral just gathering facts about the world? And I'm going to question whether or not that's true in a few minutes, but I should just point out that a moral teaching from science does not have to be intentional. For an example, in much of the 1870s after Darwin published The Descent of Man, where he linked humans to this evolutionary scheme, there was great moral conflict, much of which was generated by religious people. The conflict was that Darwin had depicted sexual decision making of animals and humans in the same way, implying that humans were animalistic in their sexuality. Well, that didn't fit well with Victorian sensibilities. So Darwin was then implying that Victorian moral sensibilities were somehow unnatural. So you can see how there was moral conflict at the time over this scientific claim.


We're here with TCG misprints on Instagram. Go check them out. He brought some really cool stuff for us to look at. Check this out first. That's a cool shifted twin head. Oh, look at that. Look at that. You see how the foil comes all the way down there? And then the mouth is off the like the foil part. Actually, great to that myself. That is incredible. Can't believe they give you nine for this. Yeah. It's hilarious. It's like wow, the sintering. Sintering on the foil is pretty bad too. Yeah. It's pretty amazing. There's a no name. No name twister. I always love that circle. OG Yu-Gi-Oh, shout out to the man. Is that one? Oh, no name? On the front and then turn it around. Check that out. Oh, whoa. What is this? Metal morphs. This is crazy. No name. And then there's a name on the back upside down. Dude, you got to love that. That is insane. And then check that name out. Somebody stamped the wrong spot. That is not even close. Oh, that is super sick, dude. Dual of the king. You guys remember this one from our video? You know, all the UDE counterfeits and everything. Got some really strong packs in there. Oh, and you got the fling wingman one. Let's go. I opened one of these and I was like, wait, I thought there was a fling wingman in here and there was like, oh, there are packs in there too though. Yeah, LODT and glass. The pack selection is actually crazy in here. It's like a really good one. It's actually good. This is the coolest thing that's come by. Wow. Double name junk warrior. Holy. Yeah, look at this thing. It's mosh, but you can't open it. Hopefully you guys are enjoying the video and we have a giveaway in this one. We'll be giving away these three cards and mold school stuff. All you have to do is like the video, be subscribed to our notifications. Let me know down below your favorite misprint that you see in this video and make sure to thank TCG misprints for showing it to us. Now the good stuff. Okay, this is ridiculous already. This is insane. This is like more misprints than I have in general. Like my misprints are like nothing. Like I don't have any goodness good. Man. Wow. Look at this one dude. It's really like. In balls. Yeah, it's crazy. That's four in there. Oh yeah, Illinois. Cool. First dead. Another shot. Wow, dude. Oh, look at his dad. That's sweet. Yep, these are all miscut from Phantom Dark. Almost have the whole sale. Just a set of secrets like without being misprints is pretty nice. So this one is actually the imprints are shifted. It stands normally into the imprints are shifted down. Oh, dude. That's freaking amazing. Reverse. Oh, let's go, dude. I just picked up one of these by accident. I didn't realize I bought it. Not, not this. It was just a regular one. But I was like, Lewis was like, did you see this? I was like, no, I think that's Dragon Ball Super. And then you go, I think Dragon Ball GT, Dragon Ball Super. What is this one? Just take it out as MST stamps at the top. It's a double sided Yu-Gi-Oh. It looks like it's Hobby League too. Dude, I have, I've never seen a double sided back of a card and then it has a name. That is so cool, man. There's kind of speculation that it's not really, you know, you don't know if it's legit or not. Yeah. If somebody like made it or something. Interesting. And then here's some Maximum Gold. Good old Maximum Gold, man. They had the worst. Oh yeah. I was, I really wanted to pull one. I never pulled anything. I think that's my favorite one for sure that I have. Yeah, the red eyes. I remember, is this the one that was like originally posted? Yeah, on Instagram. Yeah. I remember this because like, I think I used this in my thumbnail. Yeah. Because I was like, that is the craziest card I've ever seen. These are full shift to go for years. Those are types that are shifted upwards. Sweet. Then, let's probably go on to the full shifts. Is this just an empty sleep for a second? I was like, that's crazy. I was like, oh, it's just a sleep. Yeah, they're all full shifted. Wow. I don't think I've ever owned like a full shift this big. This one's kind of crazy, but it's pretty damaged. That one's pretty cool. It goes down the almost bottom of the floor.   Yeah. Same thing over here. Some more full shifts. It's harder. Mostly vintage stuff. Yeah. Love that. Look at that dark magician, man. You can see the outline. That's the coolest part. The dark magician hat going up there. Yeah, Euro had these crazy shifts. Look at these foil shift secrets. That looks incredible. That one's actually reverse too. Reverse foil shift secrets. Wow. You got any gold letter trihorns? I do not. Dude, I got one. I know you have one. I have one. That's my biggest one, I think.  These are like, these two cards are made into one. That's the hero diamond dude with wingman. These two cards on this, but it has eight stars. Wait, what? Why does it have eight stars? It actually has the imprint of the name of the card. Oh, that's so crazy, man. And then these two the same way. Wow. And then Pot actually has the sanctity shed. Card of sanctity, man? He wants better. Somebody had a, I saw rainbow dragon taxable evolution over there. PSA eight. Those are names at the bottom. Different names at the bottom. That's crazy. That's actually the wrong foil. It's like a chain foil. I don't know what card game it came from. What in the world? And then you know, wrong names of the forest and the... Of course. Trihorn dragons, yeah, yeah. It actually has magic cylinder. English on the German card. I've never seen that before. Oh, wow. That has two names. I have seen this one. That one's cool. Marshmallow. Yeah. This one has names all over the back. This is like a signature card. They were like, yeah, just give everybody a name. You guys start looking through your ball up and seeing if you got misprints on the back of your card. Probably, I'm sending him a sassy auto and he's finding all the money cards. That's a wrong name, actually. Drillago and Fumasherky. Oh. It's actually a wrong foil. That's the clock tower upside down. Wow. And then comments with rare names. And then here's the DB, your own name stuff with a wrong name. That's amazing. Oh, yeah, all the different name ones. There's so many different ones. They really screwed up, man. They only came from the Euro ones. Oh, that makes sense. Nice sleeves. Dude, these sleeves are nice. Yeah, I guess the TCG, I mean. Whoa. Wrong name mistake. There's some prismatic BLLR stuff, wrong foil. Oh, yeah. I remember that they did that. And yeah, the wrong name stuff. The code of the duelists one are actually more rare than the BLLR ones. Dude, this is dope, man. I don't think I've ever seen a code of the duelist one. You cut these yourself, right? And hand engraved the name and everything. They go together. Dude, that's sick, man. Look at that. These middle name ones are so cool. It just says Paul in the middle of the card. Paul. Watch out, buddy. Reverse foil with the huge shift. Yeah, Sasuke number four. Classic. Oh, the good stuff. What does that even mean? Oh, what in the world? You can only see it. It's like in the middle. Exodia. This one actually too has a exodia, but it starts with like V down here and it's tilted. Oh, there it is. Yeah, it's the imprint. There it is. The forbidden one. That's it.  This is amazing. This is quite the misprint collection right here. Oh, it's the forbidden Yu-Gi-Oh card. So what is this marker? I think you see circled it before and it wasn't supposed to get out. So that's the only way I think about it. It came out with the circle like written on it? Yep. That is amazing. The forbidden Yu-Gi-Oh card. This is before they banned it from existence. Wow, man. Double name stuff. It just doesn't stop. It doesn't get any worse. A little silver stamp. Yep. Playset of partial oldies. Oh, the partial oldies. Monster Rebo. No names. This one actually has a mechanical chaser down here in the hardware. Oh, there it is. Yep. I see it now. That's crazy. TP-1 misprint. Like you can't beat that, man. I actually got this from Yu-Gi, bro. He pulled it online. He pulled that? Yep. He was mad and wasn't moralistic. That's probably worth a decent amount, man. This one's actually crazy, too. These fulls, these stars. All three stars. The shift fulls shifted to the right. It's part ultra, part whatever. What is it normally? A super? Part super, partial oldies? Super oldies. Yeah. That's crazy, man. What in the world? No foil oldies? I've never even heard of these. That's crazy. I pulled, I opened a PT-DN unlimited pack the other day and I pulled a dark horse ultra rare at the very first car of the pack. And then there was an ultra rare Ubell at Terran Carter in the pack. It was weird. So PT-DN, like, has the craziest stuff about it. Yeah, no names, of course. Yeah. No more no names. No name of TP-1. Oh my gosh, let's go. That one is huge. Dante, that is a... Okay. I think it means discordant. Dante, you want to say? That's amazing, man. Couple little mini nameships down here. What in the world? What is that, dude? I don't want to know. That's crazy. Forbidden sauce. The forbidden sauce. This up here, it's kind of wild. I thought it was fake when I got it. Is this one of the... Isn't this one of the UDM ones? Yeah. This is the same one. Except this one is just, like, the hollow foil. Yeah. They had really bad, really bad... Like, a lot of these got out, but I never seen one this. That's insane. That looks so fake. Yeah. It's crazy. I got it in with a bunch of others. That's probably how Akonomic found out. They saw one of those. They were like, what is this? And these two, they're missing the philly strip on the side right here, Italian. Wow. No name. Name ships. It's going to be a...  It's a little Anubis stamping here on top, right? Oh, that's fun. Yeah, I love those Anubis ships. Now, I think these are just some extra wrong names and name ships. Is that the end? Yep. You almost filled this whole thing up, man. That's impressive. Soon you're going to have to, like, start kicking out, like, nice misprints because you're like, I got something better. I got a... Every time I get one, I got to rearrange the whole thing. Yeah, that's the problem with binders. Like, they need to invent a way where you can just, like, pick it up, like, pick up the window and, like, attach it somewhere else, you know? But that was... That's insane. It's probably one of the coolest binders I've ever seen. I appreciate it, man. Thanks for showing everybody, man. I mean, I'm sure most people who see this will have not heard of the most of these. So this is pretty cool. So, you know, you might have some really expensive laying around in your childhood cards. So look carefully. If there's some sort of ship or a name like, or an Anubis somewhere, it's worth a lot more. Shout-out to TomFo Show, Daxter, Tomato Juice, Puffins of Doom, Ernesto D and American Doyster, Supreme Stage 21, CJ, and then a Thai show Ian Moosa Jr., Barting Robert F. and Thomas McLean. Thank you guys for supporting the channel. I'll see you guys in the next video. Peace.


For like, my top tier stimulants, this is probably number one. Hey, what's up guys, this is Josh here. Today I wanna do a little review on this four fluoro-modafinil. Now, apparently there's this website called alconchem.com and apparently you could get these chemicals from that site. I ended up finding this one on eBay and I was kind of doing a little bit of deep diving into the modafinil analogs because I actually had a really good experience my first time taking FL a drafinal. I really liked it, but there was just so many other variations. Like I really wanted to try actually a modafinil, which this is modafinil, but it has one fluoro-atom attached to it. So it's essentially modafinil, just something extra added. And people say the thing that they added extra actually makes it a little bit more potent. Most of the time when you see FL-modafinil, now that's actually pretty common. If you look, there's actually a lot of videos of people describing FL-modafinil and the difference between four fluoro-modafinil and the typical FL-modafinil that people are talking about is the FL a drafinal has two extra fluoro-atoms. This one only has one. So when you consider that modafinil itself, which is what you're trying to get, has none, this has one, fluoro-modafinil has two. Personally, I want to get as close as I can to the original thing as I possibly can. This website actually has the modafinil with both fluoro. So I had the opportunity to buy the both fluoro one, but I actually went with just the single fluoro because I felt like it was closer to the actual product of modafinil. And they also have four fluoro-modafinil, and then, which is basically a modafinil, which is the added to the fluoro thing. And then they have one with two fluoro. So there's so much that you could try. Like for me, I guess people say when you add these extra things on them, they actually make them last longer. But for me, I just want to get the closest thing that I can to the main drug that we're kind of going for, which is modafinil here. So this again, this is going to be a first impressions. I'll probably deep dive a little bit further into it once I've tried these a lot. Again, modafinil is something that, personally, I can't take every day. People say that they can. And to me, it lasts much longer than Adderall, which already lasts for me all day. And I just need to 100% give my body a break. This thing goes into overkill. But yeah, I've only taken this one day and this absolutely blew my socks off. Like, to be honest, I just felt heartless. I felt like there was nothing that could happen that was going to affect my mood in a negative way. I felt that I felt very good, very focused.  And I had to be careful. Like, don't say anything, just kind of like, act like you normally do till this goes away because like, you know, it felt like I don't need anybody or anyone. I am completely content. I could go to the most painful memory in my head and I feel absolutely nothing, which is just crazy about this stuff. I was actually much, much more impressed with this versus the FL-adraffinol. Now again, I do wanna redo the FL-adraffinol. I do wanna try it again. I think I was a little bit underdosing it. What I don't like about FL-adraffinol is that it actually lasts much longer than this because a draffinol has to take about an hour to convert. So this already lasts too, too long. I mean, I took this in the morning until the very last minute. I felt like I had just abundance of energy. It was crazy. So this already lasts too long and then the FL-adraffinol, again, it's gonna take another, an extra hour or so to turn into a midafinol. So, and then on top of that, the FL-adraffinol has the two florals. So I mean, I guess the florals, they say makes it stronger, but for me, like, again, I've said this a bunch. I just want the, a draffinol or midafinol. I don't really want the FL-adraffinol atoms, but unfortunately to buy them online as research chemicals, they have to have one thing. So I went with the floral. So compared to the FL-adraffinol, this was much more of a stimulant. I felt it much faster. The FL-adraffinol, they say, has a very, very calming anti-anxiety property and they say that that's not common in a draffinol or midafinol. So they say there's a kind of this relaxing property. My problem with FL-adraffinol is, to me, it feels like you put a veil between me and reality. And so technically I'm a little bit more dull. My emotions are more dull. I just feel just more dull, you know? And again, I guess you could say a little bit of that with this because I didn't have emotions, but Mike, when on this stuff, I was super alert. I just didn't have emotions. I'm like, I was alert on the FL-adraffinol, but I just felt like there is this veil. Like I couldn't be myself. It was locking me. And then when I took the FL-adraffinol, I felt like I had the slightest feeling of this veil over me for like two or three days. Now again, it's about 5%. It was little to nothing. If I had to do something very serious or very make like a life-changing decision, I could. I would feel comfortable, but I don't like taking stuff where I feel a lingering effect a few days after. I took this one yesterday. I feel little to no side effects. I took this one yesterday. Again, it was kicking all the way to the end of the day. For me, if I ever were to take Adderall, I do feel a little bit more energized the next day. And I actually feel the tiredness come on the second day. And I feel like this lasts longer than Adderall. So maybe I have some tiredness coming. I'm not sure. But again, the main reason that I like this is because that veil that I feel with FL-adraffinol is gone. And for some reason, FL-adraffinol, I feel like I got less stimulation. And then when it went away, I was more tired. Like I could just remember with FL-adraffinol, at least one full day of just like, man, I could go to sleep every couple hours. And it was weird because it was this blissful sleep. It wasn't like this, like, oh, I'm just so zapped. I can't stay awake.  Nah, it was actually like, you're just tired, but it actually felt good to sleep. That's just kind of a weird feeling that I got on the FL-adraffinol. So the reason I would go with this one is, like if you could find it, it's on eBay. I'll try to link it down below. And again, they have so many different kinds. They have medaffinol with one chloro and two chloros. And then they have medaffinol with one chloro and two chloros. So it's like, you really get to pick your poison there. And this one was, I think about $38 for 2.5 grams. Now, I guess we'll jump into the dosage here. I'm not an expert. Usually the high dose of medaffinol is around 200 milligrams. And from my understanding, when they add both chloros, it's usually about double as strong. If you were gonna take medaffinol at 200, chloro medaffinol with the two chloros is usually about 100. So this one only has one chloro. So I would venture to say 150 milligrams of this is probably equal to about a 200 milligram medaffinol. Now, from my first testing, what I did yesterday, I took a 30 milligram scooper and I did three slightly rounded scoops. So if I were to guess the milligrams, I would say it's probably about 100 to 120 milligrams. And this stuff just absolutely was kicking. I was literally like laying in my chair and like it was like eight or nine at night. I took it as soon as I woke up and I'm like laying in my, I could just feel my chest like bloop, bloop, bloop. Like my heart rate was just like through the roof.  And I'm so glad that this pretty much gives me more than effelidraffinol, but at the same time gives me less side effects. It's just crazy, you know what I mean? So anyways, guys, that's been my little first impressions of four fluoro-modafinol. And I do have the four chloro-modafinol. So I will be trying that one as well just to see. There's very, very little studies done on chloro-modafinol, which again, could be a chloro one or two. You could add two atoms or one. And if you go and you Google, but if you Google the top 20 antidepressants in the US, like literally I go and I looked at all the chemical structures and almost all of them haven't added fluoro or chlorine atom every single one, which is exactly what is added to this. So I don't think it's that crazy because it's so popular to add a like one little fluoro, one little fluoro. I mean, almost literally Google top antidepressants look at it. It'll say a little line CL or FL. And that means chlorine or fluorine, whatever this fluoro is, you know what I mean? So anyways, guys, I don't want to ramble on too long. I really, really like this stuff. This stuff is like dynamite. For like my top tier stimulants, this is probably number one. Let me know what you think up for fluoro-modafinol. I'll be very interested to see. I'm definitely want to pick up some more and I will let you guys know how that chloro version is. Something that hasn't been studied very much, but you know I'm very interested to check it out. So anyways, guys, we're on the road to 50,000 subscribers. I couldn't do without any of you guys help. You guys are the best. Having a great day out here. Hopefully having a great day at home. See you all in the next video. Peace.


Okay, we're back live here in New York City for Big Data Week. This is SiliconAngle.com's exclusive coverage of Strata Plus Hadoop World. Hadoop World, as we were writing on SiliconAngle.com today, was going to be the South by Southwest of data nerds and geeks, an intersection between geeks and business. That's really the theme here today at Hadoop World New York City. I'm John Furrier, the founder of SiliconAngle.com. I'm joined by my co-host Dave Vellante, the co-founder of wikibon.org. SiliconAngle and Wikibon, the reference point for Big Data. We cover Big Data like a blanket. Wikibon is free research. You go there, you can edit documents, edit the wiki, share documents, collaborate with your peers. Dave, we have an awesome guest today, Brian Vilkowski, the CEO of Aerospike. We met at Oracle OpenWorld, emerging really as that, there's always that startup that pops out of the radar and starts to shoot up and you can see it. It's a shining star and Aerospike was one of those, Brian. Got it, welcome back to theCUBE. Thanks, glad to be here. So, when we were talking, we've known you've been following you and you have a great technical background, but you really hit a nerve with your offering and your company, that's a little rebranding going on from Citrus League to Aerospike, but Oracle, you made kind of this move almost like you got caught into the thermal and you got sucked into the visibility. So, explain why you think that's happening and why it's resonating so well right now. Sure, so what Aerospike has been about since the very beginning is speed and scale, ease of use, ease of deployment and the real problem that we've had is, everyone says that. So, as everyone keeps saying that, what does that mean, what do you do? Oh, you too. How do you get, yeah, you know, oh. So look at angle.com, we scale and we're easy to use. Yeah, we scale and we're easy to use. So, you know, what else is new? You're the fifth guy in my office today. We run Flash, run my iPhone. You know, what I think is really interesting about Hadoop World Strata this year is everyone's still talking about it even more, right? You've got Impala talking about real-time, you've got the folks that had dapped trying to bring the worlds together, but I haven't seen any speed numbers. Matt Bars throwing out some TerraSort, they had that TerraSort, so they did throw some numbers out. And that's great, someone won. And we got one guy actually showing numbers. At least they, world record. First time ever. So I was over at the Intel booth, those guys have, they're showing TerraSort, but they also have their own benchmark for Hadoop, which is great. I mean, let's get a shootout going between the guys at Hortonworks and the guys at Cloudera and their distributions. Let's start seeing some numbers, but I even asked the Intel guys, so what have you seen? What distributions are fast? How do you run them? And he had no idea. He didn't even bring his own numbers, but at least he brought a benchmark. So, one- Let's talk about benchmarks, because that's a good point, because MapR legitimately has a performance angle and they're touting that, and again, they're the only ones stepping up for the microphone. Sub 60 seconds, 1000 servers. Hold on, hold on, hold on. Be the previous record. Yeah, hold on, hold on. You make a good point. I mean, it's one of those things where the microphone's open and they're stepping up and talking to the microphone, saying, hey, we got a benchmark. Got some numbers, they're pretty impressive.  So let's talk about why is that the case? And is it because no one understands the use cases? Is it too early? They don't want to show the numbers all the above. What's your opinion on that? And then after that, what benchmark should we talk about? Well, first of all, it is hard. Let's just put that out there. It's a hard thing to do. It's a hard thing to do well. It's easy to just toss something together and then get taken apart by your competitors who say, well, they didn't really test the right thing. That's not a valid configuration. You didn't tune me, et cetera. So it is hard. It takes some real technical focus. And when you're out there trying to solve customer problems and build new technology, the last thing you want to do is spend some of your senior guys for a month to try to put together a great benchmark. But that is what the world needs right now. To get above the noise, you have to say, I think this right now in speed and scale, you have to actually come with the goods. All right, so let's talk about the goods. Let's talk about the kind of benchmarks. Let's make the market right now. In today's ecosystem that we're in now, and let's try to unpack this, what kind of benchmark should be being laid down right now and lay out the framework of the benchmark and then what kind of performance? So TerraSort's not bad, but it is one very specific use case and it's not a use, it's a, you have to talk about load times as well. People are very concerned with load times and Hadoop. So you've got to get your data out of wherever it is and into Hadoop. And MapR has a good solution around that. They justifiably are pushing the fact that you don't have to actually load in the traditional ETL way, which is great. So TerraSort is good, but the world does need some new benchmarks. We need to really think about some of the streaming real time use cases. Some of the things like Impala would be good at and really try to come up with, I've got this ticker data flow, it's time series data. I now want to do this kind of analysis over it. It does take some thinking to really come up with what those use cases are going to be. TerraSort's nice because it's, take this pile of data, sort it.  People can come with their best times. That might be the TPCC. You learn that in your first year in the computer science program. Run a sort, quick sort. Yeah, exactly. Okay, it's not complicated, but it gives a feel for the performers, again in a one dimension. So just to recap, load time, streaming, what are the factors you think should be looked at the benchmark? Well, I think the cost of the hardware is a critically underappreciated value. I was at a meetup last night and there's a real time database company and they were talking about running a million transactions per second and then finally they owned up to that on $40,000 worth of hardware. We had come to the same meetup last, the week before, and showed a million transactions per second on $2,000 worth of hardware. That's a much different perspective. And it does depend on the size of the cluster and stuff like that, but I would like to see more benchmarks in terms of the actual amount of money that it takes to run that benchmark. Oracle beating both on a million and a half dollars worth of hardware. Maybe they did, maybe they did. We should make a note. We should make a note. Wikibon should put up a benchmark together. We should really kind of work on that. Cause it's interesting. I mean, I never thought about it until you just said that, but really no one's talking numbers. I mean, MapR was the only company. And good for them. Yeah, good for them. You're right. I mean, it's a deep topic, right? And there's so many factors involved, the workload itself even, right?  Well, that's what IBM, we're just at IBM information on demand. And we actually mentioned you guys a few times, but IBM's got a completely different philosophy than Oracle. Oracle is the, you know, one size fits all. And IBM is at least saying, hey, you know what? We got big iron, they want mainframes, we got mainframes, but we got everything else down here. And some Hadoop, but they're workload specific. So I kind of agree with that. I like that philosophy. I want to get your take on one, that whole workload view. And then some of the things that you guys are doing in the market because you have customers right now, and after Dave and I did some digging after Oracle Open World, you got some results there. So tell us about what's going on with Aerospike's specific customer situations. No high, just raw data. So when I founded Aerospike, the, I asked around and I said, well, how do you get the word out about your company, the technology that you've built? And there's only two things that anyone should believe when talking to a database vendor. And that is the customers that are using it, because you don't trust the vendors. I don't, I wouldn't trust a vendor. So what you do trust is you trust the stories told to you by the customers. And you also trust getting the software in your hands yourself and then running your own benchmarks and essentially over your own workload. That's been one of the benefits of open source and the reason why MapR, even as a non-open source company, they have their M3 version, which is full performance so people can take it themselves. Close source companies like us, we have a free version that you can download. We have an enterprise trial as well as a free version. You can download it yourself over your workload and that's a critical proof point. The other critical proof point as you were mentioning was customers. So when we had the folks at AppNexus, one of the premier independent or non-Google ad exchanges in the world, they're passing 30 billion impressions per day, not per month per day, 30 billion, not million. They have a big placard in their office of doing 500,000 transactions per second on the front side. All of those hit in their Aerospike servers and again on very lightweight hardware. So folks hear that story. They hear about the portion of internet that we're powering and that's a much better, a much interesting story and really bringing those kinds of numbers out into the market in real world deployment scenarios. Brian, how does, we talked a lot about Flash at Oracle OpenWorld. How does Flash and some of the concepts that you were educating us on at OpenWorld translate into this world of Hadoop? Well, that's actually a very interesting question because Hadoop and HDFS is tuned for rotational disk and petabytes. So the implementations of Hadoop today are really still focused on rotational disk performance. I've seen two vendors here talking now about in-memory map reduce, about stepping away from the rotational petabyte problem and towards the real time I have the few terabytes of hot data that I need to analyze right now. And that's an area where we as Aerospike are also very interested and where Flash starts playing a picture. So Flash having its role between pure DRAM speeds which are of course higher and then cost effective 10 to 100 terabyte solutions of Flash. We now really have this third player in the middle between in-memory and rotational disk that frankly the Hadoop guys within the Hadoop infrastructure is not tuned for which is why you see the real time and the in-memory guys really looking for either using Hadoop tooling but not necessarily using the Hadoop technology stack which is rotationally disk and petabyte optimized. So Flash in its, you know, now what it's under a dollar per gigabyte. So a dollar per gigabyte, you know, terabytes are looking cheap for Flash and tens of terabytes are looking reasonable. That really changes what you can do with the front side and fast portion of big data. Let's talk about some of your customers. Drill into that a little bit. You've got a growing list. You guys been putting out a lot of press releases about customers lately. Who's some of your favorite stories? Well, you know, AppNexus we talk about till we're blue in the face, but, and they're great guys down there. They're really pushing the envelope here in New York. There's a company out of the West Coast called Blue Chi that we've worked with for a number of years now. They are one of the premier data vendors. So there are these clearinghouses on the internet now where you can buy and sell data of all sorts that in terms of anonymized data about web traffic and behavior, you can get pretty much everything flows through Blue Chi at some point. It's a great, it breaks down barriers in terms of being able to start a new company and being able to say, hey, wait a minute, in order to appreciate this new company, I need a lot of behavioral data. Where am I going to get that? I'm not Google. One of Google's compelling advantages is all of this data that they have, every single search, every single, everyone touches Google. So companies like Blue Chi have come up saying, hey, look, let's be the aggregator for so many different small companies and even larger size companies and let's expose the data that usually only Google has. Another company we deal with in the same space, Exalate, great company, but Blue Chi uses us in the same way. Right on the front edge, the real-time edge of responding to requests. They have Hadoop on their backside. They have Hortonworks. I remember seeing a Hortonworks presentation there in the early days. They do a lot of the analytics on that backend data and basically exchange anonymized versions of this data. And they use Citrusleaf switched out of Cassandra because they didn't have the speed and performance and actual reliability in the field. So we recently announced them as a customer. I want to step back a little bit.  So John and I have joked that four, five, six years ago, if you said that you went to a party, you said, yeah, I'm in the database field. People go, okay, next. But now database has become one of the hottest areas. I mean, it's just exploding with innovation. So talk a little bit about your perspectives on what's happening there. Big trends in the business and help our audience understand those. Sure, there really is a tectonic shift happening in databases. There's a lot of reasons for that. One reason is this new available hardware. So the ability, the switch over in data centers to flash storage has been a massive part of that change. The ability and understanding of cloud, the technologies that have been built out by some of the very early leaders like Google and Yahoo and also some academic work. Those guys have kept the technology to themselves. They don't sell products. They only allow you to use them as a service. Part of what we do and some of the other folks innovating in this area is, let's bring out a product. Let's let you use this new technology. Let's use no-sequel, massively distributed systems. That's not just the smart guys at Google. Let's make sure that that's available to all comers and the guys who compete with Google as well. That has been evolving over time really to go beyond the simple problems of key value store and fast storage where we've initially done our work and into the broad database market. The pendulum is swinging back towards SQL as well. So not only can you use the newer, innovative, easy to use, no-sequel interfaces, but more and more applications of SQL like what we're seeing out of, as I mentioned, ADAPT and PAHLA and also even Cassandra now having a SQL interface. I think you'll see just about every vendor. We certainly are considering it. Re-approaching SQL as an interface. There's nothing wrong with SQL as an interface. There was really a problem with the core implementation of many of the non-scalable relational model, database implementations. SQL's a great tool. So I think that it's all about scale and performance, proving those and building out multiple interfaces on top of that. Well, it's a lot right with the SQL interface too, as in a lot of people understand it, right? Okay, I want to also go ask you, to get your opinion on multi-tenancy. We were at Oracle Open World, Larry Ellison announced the world's first multi-tenant database, which of course is probably not true because DB2 has had a multi-tenant database for a while, but- It's called an exaggeration. Yeah, but it's Larry, so we give a pass on that because in his world DB2 doesn't matter. But his argument, his premise was that you don't want to do multi-tenancy at the application layer. You want to do it at the database level. Can you explain why that is? Or do you agree with that? I don't agree with it. Multi-tenancy is a concept that has to be at many different layers of your stack. For him to say, to try to take the entire world of multi-tenancy and say, mind, mind, mind, mind, mind. You know what, Larry Ellison doing something like that. Who would have guessed? No, look, if you look at, let's even just take the example I was mentioning with Google. With Google, they have the Google application stack and you log into it and their entire infrastructure has to be multi-tenancy. From Larry's world, there's a database and then there's the application, which is the Google Cloud. Well, the Google Cloud has to be multi-tenant. You have to be able to log into it. Just like with EC2. You have to be able to go into Amazon's EC2. You have to be able to create your different services as well as create database instances. Multi-tenancy in the cloud world exists top to bottom. And it is very good to have that in the database as well. And I'm glad Oracle is supporting that at this point. But multi-tenancy is everywhere. It has to be the lingua franca. And in some ways, you also have to think about how virtualization plays. Because virtualization was, so few things are multi-tenant, let's be able to stack up multiple virtual machines since multi-tenancy isn't really with us. Where are we in multi-tenancy? First of all, I totally agree. Multi-tenancy has to be standard. Table stakes relative to the concept you just mentioned. Because everything's as a service will be cloud based at some point. Whether it's on-prem or not, there's a mixture of that. So where are we in this multi-tenancy? Is it on a scale of one to 10? Ten being mature, baked out, and one being born. I'm going to say four. So it's early. It's early. It's still early. Oracle only supporting it now at the fundamental basis it needs to. Shows you really it is still in the earlier days. The cloud service guys are ahead. Because you have to be, as you're saying, to follow all those trends.  Give us a little time to get to the multi-tenancy. You can sort of fake it with virtual private networks like Amazon has been doing.  And so it's often something you add, step two or step three down the road. But everyone really needs up front. And the goodness, you referenced before it's good that Oracle's doing it. The goodness in the multi-tenancy at the database level is what, that I don't have to just make copies of that database across the, you know, set of applications that I'm serving or. And it has to do with security. It has to do with, you know, in the privacy enhanced world that we have today, being able to very carefully sculpt out which applications, not just which users can touch which pieces of the data. I think the next step is actually security on queries. We've been very focused on securing the data itself, which is critical, but knowing what a user asks can be more important than the data that a user is generating. So there's multiple layers of multi-tenancy that need to be considered.  Everybody, you know, they like to talk about the company, your company, that's great. But there's a lot more that folks like you can add to the industry in our community really appreciates it. We had the CEO of a company called Squirrel on yesterday, Orin Falcovitz. And they are basically, you know, commercializing around the Accumulo project and they're doing the cell level security. And it seems that an opportunity for them might be a multi-tenant database for the cloud. What's your thoughts on just security in general and have you looked at the Accumulo project and do you have any opinions on it? I have not looked at in depth. So one of the classic things to do in an early stage in databases is to try to solve a few of the most key problems early. At the NSA, security is the most key project. So they started with that. The folks at FoundationDB, who I saw yesterday, they focused on transactions ahead of just about everything else. I was talking to our advisor who's one of the founders of Informix. And we asked him the question, so how long did it take before customers really required transactions? And he said, well, six years. So that informed us a lot in terms of saying, being fast and being scalable is really, those are the core values we're focusing around right now. Security is important, it's going to be important, and there are a few key use cases for which security is the first checklist in the list for you. And I'm sure Accumulo will do great business in that in the short term because those few use cases, just like for us, the levels of hyperscale that we've brought have brought us into the one advertising community where for them, security is at a broader brush. Everything needs to be secure. It's all PII, everything in there is but they don't need specific roles for individual users. So there's a lot of fragmentation and this is what's caused confusion in those SQL is so much fragmentation, everyone says, well, which part are you good at? That's the first question they ask. But it's a lot of innovation going on, which is exciting. Absolutely. All right, the other area you got to ask about because you asked me off camera a couple of weeks ago is, can we talk about Spanner? And I would love to get your take on that because I've been talking about it, I've been squinting through the paper and my eyes are bleeding. I'm not sure anyone really understands it yet or well. So talk about it to you, what does it mean? I mean, it's the world's Google claims the world's first globally distributed transactional database. Looks like they've solved the speed of light problem. Well, what's amazing, there are a few academic, that's not really an academic paper, but there are a few papers you look at and a few statements of technology, whereas a technologist, I say, wow, they really thought through something in a different way. And what they did was they looked at time differently. So it is almost like bending the speed of light. If you say, hold on a second, time isn't really what you think it is. Time, there's a variety of ways to think about time and you have to really think about, these different actors with their own view of time coming together and these time synchronization records, new ways of synchronizing not only servers, but adding time marks to a transaction. That to me was the real innovation with the Spanner. And then algorithmically solving to get to the accurate time over distance, right? Is that correct in understanding? Like I said, I'm not sure, I'm still reading the paper to myself. But what I see is more of a relativistic view of there are many views of time. Time is not one thing in the Spanner paper. It really is about looking at the different slices of time and then later how you get everyone on the same page and you say, well, if you think of time this way and you think of time this way, now you all agree. So as a visionary, how do you see a technology that being applied to create business value? Well, in the end it's going to come down since the only two things that matter are speed and ease of use. Ease of use in this case is I have a larger number of servers than before. We specialize in server clusters in the 20 to 40 server size, tightly connected clusters that can get up to 10 million transactions per second, which is good for a lot of business uses. And what Spanner is really saying is there are transactional problems that can be solved in the thousands and thousands of server range. So when you have that type of problem where you need transactional integrity, this is a great step forward. Awesome, I really appreciate you letting me pick your brain like this. We can talk some more about your company. We'd love to learn more about your, expanding your management team. Talk about that a little bit, what's going on there. Great, so a classic story of two guys in a garage two years ago taking our seed round from Alsop Lewis, our lead partner, and then bringing in NEA a bit later. NEA, with them we also brought in a new CEO, a guy named Bruce Fram, who was known for Gridiron as well as Data General, and sorry, Network General, the Sniffer company, as well as a few other interesting ventures. So he brings a lot to the management team, as well as Monica Powell, who's our new VP of marketing. So that really is a key value in our company and in any database company today. Being technology focused, you really have to rise above the noise in this market. And for all of the jokes about Larry Ellison, one of the things he did brilliantly was hire and fire marketing people, especially fire them. There's a lot of stories about, they would last about six months because he was so brilliant at marketing. Having core values and core competency within market is critical to database companies in this innovative field. You can't just come with great technology, you have to tell people about it and they have to understand it. So Monica's been a great new part of the team. Well I think I've been saying now for quite some time that marketing needs to be a source of value to technology practitioners and CIOs, and you've certainly provided a lot of value for our community, so thank you for doing that. Okay, and Austin Bryan Wachowski, the CEO founder of Arrow Spike. We'll be back with our next guest after this short break. Thanks John, thanks Dave. Thanks Bryan. Wait, here.