Welcome to another edition of RCE. Again, this is Brock Palin. You can find us online at rce-cast.com. You can find links to all the usual Jeff's blog, my blog, our Twitter accounts, and all the usual social media things out there in the world. Jeff, once again, is here to help me out. Jeff, thanks again for your time. Hey, Brock. It's been a little while since we've been on. We took kind of a summer hiatus, but we're back. We got a bunch of shows lined up, and let's just jump right into this first one. Okay. Our guest today is Steve Tiki from the University of Chicago. He's going to be talking to us about Globus Online. So, Steve, why don't you take a moment to introduce yourself? Yeah, hi. Thanks for having me on. Yeah, so Steve Tiki, I'm with the University of Chicago and Argonne National Laboratory, and I'm one of the leads of the Globus Project, which is really about providing software to help researchers get their research done. Okay. We've actually had the Globus toolkit on the show before. We'll include links to that to kind of talk about what the Globus toolkit software package is. So, can you give us a little bit of an overview of what Globus Online is and what it aims to accomplish? Yeah, so maybe as a starting point, I can do that as a comparison even to Globus toolkits, and some of you may have familiarity with that. You know, we had spent starting in the mid-90s, a lot of time building really plumbing software, Globus toolkit, things for helping scientists move around big data, deal with their security information services, stuff like that, but we really focused at the plumbing layer and expected other groups like the high-energy physicists or climatologists or other groups doing their big science to build their own custom solution over top of that underlying plumbing that we provided in the toolkit. After I went off and spent a little time in industry and then came back to the university about five years ago, Ian Foster and I, who's my partner in crime and all this, decided that we really wanted to generalize what we were doing. So, I'd take a lot of the lessons we had come out over the last decade and a half in helping scientists deal with big data, but produce tools that would be applicable to the rest of the science community, not just to the few big, rarefied science communities. So, that's really our focus with Globus Online is taking a software as a service approach, you know, things like Netflix, Gmail, sort of online web-based approaches for managing your big data transfer and sharing and longer term getting into rich or richer research data management functions for the nonprofit research community. Now, can you explain that a little bit more? Because, I mean, to me, when you say web-based transfer of terabytes worth of data, to me, that's like trying to upload a video to YouTube and getting really annoyed because it fails halfway through. Yeah, because that's in my mind with the typical state of web-based transfer is. Clearly, you're talking about something different, though. Yeah, you know, I use the analogy a lot, right, that my seven-year-old son every day streams gigabytes of video to our house with Netflix, right? And why isn't it that easy for us as scientists to move our data around? You know, and think about some of the use cases. Maybe that's even a place to start, right? Is that, you know, as a scientist, you know, there's data coming at us from all sorts of different directions. You know, maybe I'm using scientific instruments like NextGen sequencers or MRI machines or light sources or things like that. Or maybe I'm running simulations on an HPC cluster so I need to, you know, I got big output files with my simulation results or I've got big data coming that I want to do analytics on from various, you know, population sources and the such. You know, that's data that I need to deal with and get to the right places, right? Whether that's to my HPC processing cluster or to my cloud running in Amazon, running Hadoop jobs or, you know, to my desktop or my server sitting in my closet in my lab, right? There's all these places I need my data, right? And, you know, as I sort of analogy with my son in Netflix, it should be that easy for me as a scientist to get that data wherever I need it to be, right? And to be able to do that by just simply sort of point and click, you know, get to the various end point systems, say what I want to move from A to B, if there's failures, have that just taken care of, right? When Netflix, you know, they've got their Simeon army that goes around killing servers and even hold data centers randomly to make sure their reliability works, you know, my son doesn't have to debug that when those things fail, right? And the same should be true for us, right? That it should just work. We should, as the service provider, be taking care of that. With one big difference, of course, which is in this case, the data is sitting on your own storage systems, right? So we have to be able to orchestrate and manage these transfer and sharing activities between these existing systems, leveraging the high performance networks, all that sort of stuff and act as an overall kind of mediator or manager of these activities so that you don't have to do that yourself. So you're using the name Globus for this, but like we had the Globus toolkit on here before, which is the underlying, you can say the heavyweight software part of this. And it actually does a lot of things besides just file transfer, but we're just focusing on file transfer right now. Why did you select to go with the name Globus? Why not just like wet, grid FTP or something like that? Like why? Yeah, that's artifacts of history, I suppose. We went back in, what had been in 1995 when we wrote the first DARPA grant for the software, there was, we had a previous project that I was also a lead developer on called Nexus. And it was a communication library for clusters that we're starting to use in some interesting ways for more distributed environments. And so we, when we were writing that paper, I remember we put in a latex macro for the name of the project and stuck in Globus as sort of the global version of Nexus and never really went back and changed it. So kind of stuck. And then when we started up Globus online, it really was, we had debated a lot, do we keep the sort of Globus name at the heart of it or do we go off with some other whole new name? But I don't know, we like the name as a good generic name. And it kind of conveys helping scientists with distributed big data stuff. So, that as much as anything is why we just kept with it and kept moving. And so we really then talk about Globus toolkit as that plumbing layer toolkit that we and many others use. And then Globus online as the software as a service that uses the toolkit but provides this real end-to-end experience for the users as software as a service. All right, now what, you outlined a couple of these already, but let's go a little deeper. You said we're to some of the advantages over say a web-based upload, but let's go to something that's a little more robust in a web-based upload like an SCP or an SFTP or the other traditional file sharing things that seem to work pretty well or even better, a sneaker net. If I just FedEx myself a couple of DVDs worth of data, what's the advantage of what you're offering? Yeah, so good timing. So I just actually got off giving a webinar with the ESnet folks who are one of the national high-speed research network providers for Department of Energy. And they actually had some great slides on this. I would definitely refer your listeners and you guys might even wanna interview some of the ESnet folks in a future podcast. They talk a lot about the networks and the high-speed networks. And so they had a great slide about exactly what you're asking, which is that we have networks now to campuses that are gigabit going to 10 gigabit, even 100 gigabit networks. And 10 years ago when we were only talking 10 to 50 megabit network sort of things, schlepping around USB drive, shipping and FedEx was probably the fastest way, but they actually had showing the numbers of it's just not the fastest way anymore. And so they went through these various tools. So for example, SCP, it was not designed for high-speed, high-latency networks like you hit when you're moving a lot of data around. It does well sort of very local area environments and the like, but they showed some experiments where on a 10 gig network, they could only get about 150 megabit per second out of SCP, it's just not tuned for that. There's patches to SCP that allow you to do higher performance, maybe get up to the gigabit range. Traditional tools like FTP, similar sort of things, you can get to the gigabit range, but they're not really tuned for lots of files and smaller files and exploiting parallel streams and all this sort of thing. So now there's just this whole set of tricks, I guess, as much as anything that we and many others in the community have developed out over the last couple of decades for how do you really move data at sustained rates of gigabits per second, even into 10s of gigabits per second. And to first sort of grid FTP as the underlying Globus toolkit tool and Globus online as a client to that, it just plays all these tricks. It knows all the games to play to tune your networks for parallelism and for buffer sizes and pipelining and all the things you need to do to make it work so that you really can sustain gigabits to 10s of gigabits per second on real transfers on real systems. So you've been talking about making this easy to do online and stuff. So it was a transfer actually happening through a web browser on the client end and there's a server that an admin would install on the local cluster. Like what's actually going on here? What's the actual interface look like? Yeah, the model that we've got is, I can actually use an analogy of Dropbox. You know, and I'm a big Dropbox user for my little data, for my Word files and stuff like that, right? And the model there is I stick this agent on my laptop which connects my laptop to the Dropbox cloud, right? And the analogy is very similar to what we do in Globus online is we have a set of products we call Globus Connect which are really just fancy easy installers around Grid FTP and a few of the other Globus toolkit tools. But with Globus Connect, the idea is you take your storage system that you want to make available and manageable within the Globus online universe, put this Globus Connect software on and it connects it to the Globus online cloud, right? And we have versions of Globus Connect for everything from high performance servers. So if you have got a big parallel file system like a GPFS or Luster on a high performance computer or super computer, you know, you can have a bunch of these that can sustain huge data rates. On the other end of the spectrum, we have versions that are designed to work on laptops. You know, sit on my Mac menu bar, operate in the background, work behind nets and firewalls, right?  So then Globus online can do its thing. And so then as the user, once I've got the storage systems connected, I just log in via the browser. We also have command line interface and REST APIs behind all this if you want to do that. But the typical mode is I just log in with the browser, connect to the two, what we call end points, those two Globus connected storage systems, log in as necessary to each of them, because they may be in different security domains. And then point and click, you know, say transfer this folder or set of folders from one side to the other and walk away and it'll take care of it. I can come back at any point, check on it. And Globus online will keep working. If there's failures, it'll retry, you know, all the sort of stuff there just to make it work. I see. So the web browser is not really the transfer agent. It's the command and control. And that's kind of a major difference between the scenario that I said before of uploading to YouTube and getting annoyed that it died in the middle. That's right. It's not an upload download to the browser, but really, you know, the very common case in our community is what we sort of call third-party transfers, right? The data is sitting on my lab server and I need to get it out to my HPC cluster or super computing center or Amazon, but I'm doing that all from my desktop or my laptop, right? So we're able to orchestrate from a third-party location from my browser all of these data transfers and synchronizations. And I, you know, I've mentioned sharing very briefly, but also sharing, you know, not just transferring amongst my machines, but saying, here, Brock, I'm gonna share this folder with my research data to you and you can pull it down onto your systems just fine, all with the same mechanisms, all orchestrated, you know, via the browser. So you mentioned this kind of earlier, but I'm curious how it actually does it. So if I use the Globus toolkit directly, I can specify parallel TCP streams, striped transfers, concurrent transfers, if I'm moving a lot of small files, but I notice with the Globus online, I don't have a lot of those options, but you alluded to that it knows all the tricks. How does it know it? Does it like run a test? Like, how's it do this and understand that? Magic. It's basically, it's a set of heuristics that we've built up over the years that, you know, so for example, you know, there's a few main kind of tuning options that you can do within the sort of grid FTP Globus universe. You can talk about concurrency, that is how many simultaneous sessions of transfers are we running at a single time? Can talk about parallelism, which is between any two grid FTP servers, how many individual TCP streams are we keeping active at any given time? You know, about pipelining or sort of keeping the request flowing. So if you have lots of small files, you're not stalling out your TCP tree streams with all the control stuff, right? So there's things you can tune on all these axes and as well as a few others. And so we've come up with some heuristics where we, you know, we look at the file sizes involved and, you know, where you're transferring to and setting set these parameters based on, you know, just having done this too much over the years, you know, and we do it, I'd say the sort of 90% good job, right? For the typical scenarios of transferring, you know, within either on campus or, you know, within say the US, you know, our tuning will get you 90% or more of the way there than what you could do even if you knew what you were doing down to the mundane details. You know, there's some scenarios where like you get into really high latency or high loss networks where you might want to do a little more custom tuning and you can do a little bit about the command line interface, but the first order, nobody does. And that stuff over time will just keep improving those heuristics, you know, looking at, you know, what we're seeing to, to keep sort of modulating these parameters as necessary to make it work well.  University of Michigan. And I need to migrate them to some other institution. What's another institution that uses this? No, University of Chicago. There you go. I need to move to University of Chicago to run them on the machines over there. And I initiate a transfer. Does this mean, I want to dive in a little bit about how this works here is where I'm going. This means that both Brock and CIS admin at University of Chicago needs to have some agents running between their file systems, right? And I'm effectively issuing commands to that saying, hey, copy some of Jeff's files from Michigan to Chicago. Is that how it works? That's right. Each of the two store systems, the one in Michigan, one in Chicago would be running one of the versions of Globis Connect.  But, you know, in this case, let's say, you know, you're using the server version.  And that installs the necessary software at the local system, both to allow you to log into the system or log Globis Online to kind of log in as you temporarily to, you know, where you provide your password, Globis Online gets sort of a short-term security ticket that it can use to interact with the system to do things. All right, so basically log into both sides in that service and then it's got the Grid FTP servers to talk to those local storage systems.  So that's what you're using. It's going out to those Grid FTP servers to when you're doing the browsing to pick your files.  You know, that basically starts a workflow of Globis Online talking to each of those Grid FTP servers at the two sites and just orchestrating the activities, right? So it'll do things like use the directory listing functions in Grid FTP to walk your folder to figure out what files you have that need to be transferred. And maybe if you've turned on the synchronization options so that you only want to transfer files that's changed, it may, for example, do checksums on those files and then look on the destination directory and do directory listings and checksums there to see what's there and decide what it needs to transfer. And then it'll talk to both points and tell them you guys set up a direct connection between yourselves. And on the sending side, you send this file on the receiving side, you receive the file and write it out locally, right? So it's sort of orchestrating these sorts of workflows throughout. Verification is a big feature. There's a lot of history in our community and even a lot in various papers showing that things like TCP are not reliable from a bit reliability perspective so that bits can get corrupted in TCP undetected. And so we've built in extra levels of verification on the back end of your transfers or reread your files to check sums as necessary just to make sure everything's working correctly. So it's really sort of at Globus Online managing this workflow of these two grid FTP servers at each end talking to each other and talking to Globus Online. Okay, now you mentioned something interesting in there, the server version, multi-user version. Does that come with some kind of, you know, say policy support so that Brock can say, oh, I only want, you know, of all the transfers going on right now, I want, you know, a maximum of this many megabytes going upstream at a time and this many megabytes going downstream and possibly even specifying specific network interfaces to use and all these kinds of things. Not yet. We actually just, we had written a proposal on that that didn't get funded. I mean, I should have found you earlier to support that proposal, but it was a bandwidth manager to do precisely what you said. There are some ways that you can modulate this depending on what you're trying to do. So one thing a few sites have done, for example, is use like the Linux kernel parameters where you can set, you know, network sort of artificial network speeds on particular interfaces. If you wanna sort of tune down a server, you know, we'll tend to use whatever you can give us at this point. The other thing that's happening a lot in our community is these science DMZs, you know, the stuff again out of the ESNet, folks I mentioned earlier, where it's sort of a particular way of architecting your networks and research data environments on campus to make sure you really have the high band with paths but also that are protecting your other flows, right? That you're not squashing all of your other normal web traffic that your students around campus are using. So there's various techniques more at the network architecture level for doing that. You know, we don't yet have the capabilities to say, you know, I want group A to get three quarters of my bandwidth and group B to get one quarter of my bandwidth. That's what we proposed, but we don't yet have the funding to implement that. We'd love to at some point though. Okay, so you had alluded to sharing a little bit. Can you explain a little bit about what sharing inside Globus looks like? Yeah, the model in Globus online was sharing or maybe step back and start with the use case is that every researcher I know is using Dropbox, right? They're using it for the doc files and PowerPoints and the small stuff. And that sort of centralized cloud synchronization model works pretty well for that small stuff, right? I can copy everything up to the Dropbox storage and synchronize it all to each of my machines. Wonderful for my day-to-day files. But that model falls over when you start talking about big data, terabyte data sets and the like, right? Because one, you're paying a lot of money for that cloud storage. Two, the performance to and from is not necessarily all that great. And three, I often don't even want all that data on all of my different machines, right? I often, when I start talking about scale of data, I wanna be more selective about what I'm putting where and when and sort of the workflows around that. So what we've built with our sharing capability is our mantra there is file sharing, big file sharing and transfer with Dropbox-like simplicity from your own storage systems, right? And so the model is that as a user at a site that's turned on the ability to do sharing at a global connect endpoint, I can log into my normal file system, my normal endpoint as myself, but say, here's a folder that I wanna share out to other users and I give it a name, sort of think almost like a mount pointer, virtual name that I can just share with other users. And at that point, those other users can use that sort of virtual endpoint just like any other system name I use, any other place they can log into and do transfers from directly. But the key real feature of it is that, if I'm sitting at University of Chicago, I have my data's on the University of Chicago machine, but I wanna share it to you, Brock at University of Michigan, you don't need an account on my University of Chicago machine. Only I need the account there. By virtue of sort of exporting it, sharing it out to you, Globus Online can take care of the security across the institutions for these sharing purposes. And then Globus Online can do fine-grained access control. So I can say, I wanna give Brock access to these files read, write, but Jeff, I only wanna give you read access to them or only give you certain folders. And we also have group capabilities. So I can say, I wanna give rights to this whole group, my whole project team. And if I add a member to that group, they automatically get the access that's been given to them on these shared file systems. So we've tried to make the model really as easy as Dropbox users expect for their little files, but make this work for the big files from your own storage systems. So what about like read-only anonymous?  We have read-only to all users, all Globus Online logged in users. We don't have reading, sharing yet for unauthenticated users. That's on the plan, we just have not yet finished this off. The sharing functionality is in beta testing at the moment. So it's relatively new and we have lots of great ideas for where we wanna take this, including that one. So do you see yourself having Globus Online be a universal scientific identity manager, Clearinghouse, kind of similar to almost like some of the stuff that Incommon or CI Logon are doing? Sort of. So the work that, for example, Incommon in terms of providing sort of basic infrastructure where I as a University of Chicago employee can use my University of Chicago login to log into various services, we have support for that in Globus Online. We can leverage that very well so that we can actually provide single sign-on using my campus University of Chicago ID in the Globus Online and back out to University of Chicago resources, right? That's a standard feature in what we do. But we've also built up all sorts of great capabilities. I mean, if you think about fundamentally what we've done, right? We've created this nice web application that plays really well with research infrastructure and security domains and Incommons and all this sort of stuff so that we could use that to build transfer and sharing. But what we realized some while back was that everything we were doing there, maybe others could get used from that and then maybe we should make that available as platform as a service as well. So we've actually now got a few other groups, for example, the KBase project out of the Department of Energy. It's a systems biology project building a web application, softwares a service for that particular science community is leveraging our platform, all of the Globus identities and the ability to do federated identity with Incom and in groups and all of that for their application. So all those same groups you use for sharing in Globus you can use for access control in KBase, right? And so this is part of our strategy. So it's not really to replace those systems as much as provide the tools that make it very easy for other groups who want to create their own web applications for this community to leverage all this rather than have them have to reinvent all this stuff themselves like we had to. Okay, now taking a slightly different direction here and someone going back earlier in the conversation, you mentioned Globus Toolkit and we've talked a lot about Globus Online. So Globus Toolkit is open source, right? And you can just get that and do whatever you want with it. But Globus Online is a service. What is the relationship between these two? How do these work together? What is the differences? What are the commonalities? Yeah, so Globus Toolkit as you say, it's open source. It's a patchy license, pretty typical open source project. You can do whatever you want with. Globus Online, we made a conscious decision to say that the software is a service. The part that we run at University of Chicago that it's not open source, that this is something that we're keeping. And there's a variety of reasons for this ranging from that, one of the lessons I learned in my stint out in the commercial world was that the whole software as a service development and delivery model is very different and has different efficiencies to it than traditional like open source software development. And so for example, by not actually distributing our server side software, I probably am saving 30% of my development costs because I'm not making it work in different environments and porting it places and trying to make it so that other administrators, other than our own people can actually install and use it. So there are actually a lot of efficiencies on the creation of the software itself. And so the result of that is I'm able to give a lot more functionality in Globus Online by doing it as software as a service with us being the only ones who actually operate it and use it. Other reasons is that we also, and we've been in this game a long time and recognize there's this big problem in the research world around sustainability. And there's been lots of hand wringing around that term of sustainability in our world for a number of years now. And so one of the things we are actually doing with Globus Online is starting to introduce some of the capabilities like the sharing as an actual paid service. As what looks to the user, a lot like commercial software as a service. Now we're doing this as a nonprofit from the University of Chicago for the nonprofit research community, but we're doing this so that we'll be around 10 years from now still providing better and better capabilities. And so part of the strategy is that the software as a service is something that we're creating, we're owning, and we're providing for payment to the community and that's what partly sustains us. So essentially our model is that the software as a service that we run is ours, but all the Globus Connect bits, all the pieces that you would install out on the periphery that would connect to that, that's all open source and part of the Globus toolkit, including all the Globus Connect pieces. All right, now another question, kind of tying into that, but going back to how does this work here on the homepage for globusonline.org, which I amusingly note has a picture of Brock right on the front page. There is also a counter in the top right.   There's a counter in the top right here that says how many megabytes have transferred and I can't wrap my brain around it. Is that exabytes? How many bytes is that? That's almost 21 petabytes at this point. Almost 21 petabytes, I agree. Now, where are you getting that number from? Because a lot of these transfers are going site to site and they're not going through the University of Chicago. So I mean, are you sending these kind of statistics? I'm just curious as to how that number is assembled, I guess. So remember, these numbers are only for transfers using Globusonline, not all grid FTP servers out there that may be using other clients, right? Because there's a lot of grid FTP servers out there, for example, in the energy physics community that are using other clients, whether they've developed them or some command line clients that are in Globus Toolkit to do transfers. And actually on that, we're seeing about a petabyte a day of traffic based on, we have sort of this anonymous usage collector, usage logs that come back from grid FTP servers that turn it on. And so it's actually probably more than that because we know a lot of people don't turn it on. So that's at the grid FTP level, the Globusonline level and what you're seeing on our homepage. Remember, that's all requests coming through Globusonline, through the Globusonline service where we're mediating all of that, right? We know there's this file of this size being transferred from site A to site B. We don't see the data itself, but we're, because we're managing it, we know what's being transferred around by Globusonline and then that number is actually just a query against our database that's within like 30 seconds accurate. Okay, so you've touched on a couple of things there and so I wanna clarify a little bit, like if you wanna try this out, what can you get for free and what do you get if you pay? Yep, so what you get for free is you can do as many transfers as you want, as many as synchronization. The sharing is really the first feature for which you're doing paying. So you can create your own endpoints, you can put your laptops on, admins can put your servers on, right? All of that's free, getting your systems connected, doing transfers amongst those systems, that all that is and will remain free for the nonprofit community. As if you want to start sharing, right? If you wanna create what we call the shared endpoints, you'll take some data from my endpoint and share it out to you. You need to have what's called our plus subscription, that's our sort of our subscription plan that gives you access to some of these additional capabilities and we'll be adding other features to that plus subscription over time. And so that's what you need and that's the one that you can either get for $7 a month or 70 bucks a year and we'll have credit card processing literally in a few weeks here for that. And then we also have versions that campuses can purchase that you get a bundle of plus subscriptions you can give out to whoever you want as well as getting some management tools. So you can sort of manage and see all the transfers happening to and from your endpoints, your Globus Connect servers via Globus Online and see what's happening, if there's issues you can see all that, suspend, resume, all that kind of stuff. Okay, so to clarify a little bit that $7, that's for the Globus Online user. So me as an admin, I install the software I can enable, disable whether I'm gonna allow sharing on my machine but I don't have to pay anything I can just install the software and then the user using it can pay the seven bucks or me representing the University of Michigan can go and get this site license basically and then all my users can get it. Yep, you got it. And that's on purpose because we recognize some of the campuses and even some of the more get down to individual research groups, they just wanna get up something up and going and they may not need the sharing and so the transfer's sufficient. So we've purposely come up with this model where you can get going for free and you can do a lot of stuff for free but as you start moving up into some of the more advanced functionality we have ways for the sort of different parties within our community and users and our campuses to pay for that advanced functionality. Now, one of the hot button topics today is social. So are you gonna be integrating social services in here like Facebook logins and Facebook likes of certain files and things like that? We actually have some more to pay. I'm totally kidding. There is no answer to this question. That was a joke. We should probably just edit this straight out. We have some of those over beer but actually we do allow login using Google open ID today. So we don't know. Really? Okay. I was kidding but that's actually nice. Yep and we have considered Facebook but we haven't had the demand for that one with Globus online yet. As you probably know right in our the research and university community there's actually a lot of universities starting to integrate more closely with Google and Google apps and stuff like that.  Okay. Well, if you ever add Facebook liking for individual files then you have jumped a shark. So what's coming for the future of Globus online? So we've talked about a couple things that are coming up you've mentioned incidentally but what are some of your other bigger plans that you can talk about? Well, I mean we're still in sort of late beta testing on the sharing functionality. So we've got our hands more than full just getting this out the door and we've got a huge laundry list of stuff we can do to improve little features around that. So certainly you'll see for the next six to 12 months most of our activity will be just happening around making that service better and better and easier and easier with the features for the users. But beyond that, I mean there's a few big things. For example, we're getting a lot of interest from campuses in Amazon web services and being able to transfer files to S3 into Glacier, stuff like that whether it's for long-term archive and a service like Glacier or to get my data up into S3 so that I can use burst processing in EC2 whether it's high performance computing or Hadoop type jobs. So we're getting a fair amount of demand for that. So we're starting actually some of the design activities around what would it look like to do really high quality integration of Globus online sort of native deep integration with S3 so that sort of all the stuff, the transfer sync sharing, all the verification everything that we do just works with that sort of environment. Longer term, we're also really starting to look hard at sort of the next layer up the stack, right? Today it's about files, right?  But of course there's a lot of other research data behind besides files. And so our real overall mission is not file transfer. It's research data management and across all of that data across the life cycle of the data. So we're starting to do a number of pilots with various groups right now to start getting into the whole metadata arena so I can start tagging my files, searching for things, sharing both of the files and the metadata. Really having a way to capture more and more of that research data and be able to manage it and share it through its life cycle. So a random question and this might sound like I'm continuing the Facebook joke but I'm not. Do you offer, what kind of notification do you offer? Because the whole point of this is to transfer very large things that assumedly take some time, right? You got to start the transfer and then go off and do some other things and then oh, okay, now the transfer's finished and I can actually do the research that I'm trying to do. How do you notify people this? Like, can I get a push notification on my phone? Not currently, actually. We were just discussing that one last week also. It said we're, right now what I get is that you can get an email notification of completion or of certain fault conditions that you may need to respond to. For example, maybe you need to re-authenticate, re-login to a particular system to allow the transfer to continue right where it sort of left off. We're actually, I mentioned the long backlog of items or to-do list, to-do, that's one of them is to allow these multi-channel mechanisms for notification, whether it's email, text messages, as you say, push notifications to iOS or Android apps. Even we've talked about things like instant messenger. So I could send a notification to my G-Talk or I guess it's now Hangouts account. So that's definitely something that's on our roadmap at some point here. Okay, so something we'd like to ask people is what's the most unusual or strangest you've ever seen Globis Online used for? I don't know, I suppose strange. Strange as compared to some of the research stuff. I guess one I would, a couple maybe I'd point at. One that was sort of a funny one was back at Globis World in April, which is our annual conference. We were having a bunch of the sessions videotaped and right after I did my part of the keynote where I showed off all the sharing functionality at the break after that, the fellow who was videotaping everything came up to me afterwards and said, do I understand this right that I could use this to allow me to get these videos I'm doing out to my customers? Yes, why yes you could. So we're seeing things like that and we've also seen actually some interest even interestingly in the film industry of groups that need to transfer movies and stuff like that around within particular industries. So we're getting some of those sort of more commercial and use cases that we certainly hadn't thought of when we were building this showing up. I'm not sure if they quite qualify as strange but they're certainly not what we expected. Okay, well Steve, thank you very much for your time. Where can we find more information on Globis Online and get started using it? Yeah, just go to www.globisonline.org and you'll see there lots of information, sign in, sign up. Go give it a try. Okay Steve, thank you very much. Yeah, thank you. Thanks for your time.


What's the key as a group to persevering on nights like this? I think just locking in on defense. We're going to make shots, timely shots when they count. I think just defensively, we let up early enough with quarter. They gain confidence. K-star making shots. Their entire team is making shots, getting to the basket, basically doing it all. So we have to kind of settle in the game and get stops when we needed to and get some timely buckets. You matched your point total from the first half in the third quarter alone. How would you describe the way the intensity went up in that period? It looked like you and Kevin really got going. Yeah, we got stops in transition. We had an extra burst. We made shots and we put it all together when we do that. I think we had a 39-point quarter. We were getting stops. We were doing what we were supposed to. We let up a little bit and they gained confidence and it was a ball game. At the end of the fourth quarter, when they cut it to one, actually they were within two. Then Kevin scored six straight points. Is that him just taking over on his own? Are you guys looking forward to calling? Yeah, we just called, I called sets and we executed the sets very, very well. Our screening, our positioning, and our spacing. I think that we just gave Kevin room and do what he does. Execution down the stretch was pretty solid. Whether you make the shot or miss the shot, I think we did a really good job of being in the right space. He's aggressive. I feel like I really get a chance to watch him play last night, but I feel like tonight he was very aggressive. Got good size and his jumper looked confident. Getting to the basket, you know, he just got to continue to keep going, continue to keep working and building that confidence in his game. Struggling, getting the shot profile, getting all the books that you normally would get. I mean, how do you kind of help him through that struggle on the court and be doing things like this and help Blake? Oh, yeah, for sure.  You know, that's what you're out there for.  Well, offensively, when you got opportunities to shoot, you know, which is often, shoot the ball, like, have that confidence. And I feel like these last two games, he's, you know, he's making shots, but he's shooting with confidence and continuously, I think it's my job, not only Blake, but just our entire team to make sure that guys are confident and, you know, are able to do what they do at the highest level every single night. Going back to Canada, what kind of atmosphere are you expecting in the next one? Well, I'm excited, you know, it's been a minute. They got one of the best fan bases. So it's going to be exciting. They're a scrappy team. I mean, I know it's early, but overlooked, you know, but we can't take anybody for granted. You know, every game we approach it like, we're focused on ourselves, and we got to get the best out of ourselves every single night. We didn't finish the game like we needed to tonight, you know, which is a little disappointing, but we obviously won the game, so that's what matters. But we got to just continue. It's a long road trip, and we got to just take game by game. And a little defensive laps in the fourth quarter, like you said, but overall, 90 points, you know, holding them with the minimum amount in the third quarter. Overall, where do you think you can stand for it? Overall, it's pretty solid.  They're going to make a run. They're a young team that can shoot the ball and attack the basket, and they're at home. So we knew they were going to make a run. We just had to sustain the run and close the game out. But I think overall, we put on a pretty good defensive show, allowing 90 points. I feel like if we can continue to keep teams at 90 points, you know, under 100, we got a chance.


Good day. Good morning. Good afternoon, everybody. Welcome to this session entitled, How to Live Meaningfully with Climate Anxiety. Lots of concepts in that title. My name is Fernando Gomez. I'm part of the Center of Nature and Climate here at the World Economic Forum and incredibly honored to welcome today a conversation and illustration of what we see as an emerging and incredibly important issue bridging two areas of Equally high importance. Before we get started, I would love to ask all of you I cannot do it with all of you who are joining us virtually, but those of you who are here in the room just a show of hands Who cares about climate change? That's a hundred percent. What about mental health? That's almost a hundred percent. So if you care about these two topics This is the right place to be because the next 30 minutes We're going to be looking at the intersection of those two very important areas I'm very privileged to welcome Dr. Britt Ray Who is the director of a special initiative of the chair on climate change and mental health in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the School of Medicine of Stanford University Dr. Ray is an author a professor a researcher in this area and I hope you are just as excited as I am to learn over the next 30 minutes how to that is the title of this how to live with anxiety and climate change. So Britt, please join me here Good morning, everyone. Thank you. It's wonderful to be here with you all I thought that we could get warmed up together in this session with a bit of imagery Do you remember when this happened a few years ago and the skies turned orange in San Francisco from wildfire smoke a similar phenomenon happened recently in New York City when smoke from tons of Canadian wildfires rolled over choked the sky and Actors on Broadway had to stop performing because it was getting too hard to breathe Now eerie events like this are disturbing reminders that our activities are breaking the climactic and Ecological conditions that allowed civilization to evolve and thrive Which when you give it space to really land in your heart is a deeply distressing thought And so today we're going to explore the often ignored mental health emergency within the climate crisis that will distress and traumatize billions of people if Leaders do not make deep seated changes to how the mental health of their populations is protected and promoted Faster and more effectively than has ever been done before And so I'd like to just get a quick show of hands.  Maybe what it means for your life or for your children. Yeah How about a pang of grief for the up to 1 million species that scientists tell us that we are pushing to extinction by the end of the century? So I've certainly felt these things too and they're valid appropriate emotional responses to the troubled state of the world and yes They can drive distress, but they can also be harnessed for meaningful and courageous climate action if we are thoughtful About how we approach this moment Because the climate crisis affects mental health through multiple pathways There's the direct stressors typhoons hurricanes wildfires droughts and the interruptions that these cause to necessities like food and Shelter and work which can drive clinical anxiety and depression post traumatic stress disorder substance abuse and suicidality And then there's a really well known link between extreme heat and violent behavior and suicides as well on these heat wave days that we keep Happing having the hospital admission rates for self-harm tend to increase and we know that the Psychological impacts of disaster outweigh the physical impacts about 40 to 1 Then there's physical health and climate change makes a sick full stop it affects air quality Nutrition the spread of vector-borne diseases and more and as we get physically sicker our mental health tends to suffer too So for instance asthma made worse by the burning of fossil fuels that pollute the air is associated with an increased risk of anxiety and depression and Then there is the bad news about the climate crisis all around us all the time Which is stoking mental and emotional distress But we're not all equally vulnerable those hit hardest and first include children and young people Women people on the front lines of disaster who are disproportionately located in the global south Those who can't evacuate quickly which endangers the elderly and people living with disabilities and poor people Now those living with pre-existing mental illness are two to three times more likely to die in a heat wave And there's people who are living an intimate relationship with quickly changing landscapes like ranchers and farmers and indigenous peoples worldwide who are specifically vulnerable to these threats and Then there's the frontline climate professionals the climate scientists the climate activists the climate journalists and green policy makers Some of whom for which Experience a crushing psychological toll by studiously bearing witness to the breakdown of a safe climate in their day jobs and And so it's not just that the climate crisis threatens life and livelihood and therefore our mental health It's also that as these events traumatize individuals and overwhelm our communities and stress our health systems our ability to protect the climate by transforming the complex systems in which we're living gets thwarted because How battered we feel determines how well we can build a new world and if we get entrapped in a spiral of spiritual Emotional and psychological crises we can really only focus so much on getting through the day Let alone doing all this massive work. We know that we're here to do in the transition So it's a vicious cycle and we need to think and act differently So in recent years new terminology has emerged to describe people's emotional changing response to our shifting world Like solestalgia This is a term that describes the feeling of homesickness when you're still at home after so much negative Environmental change have happened there that you can no longer recognize it as home and access the solace that it used to give you Perhaps you've heard of climate anxiety This is a popular widely used but rather imprecise term to talk about a mix of negative emotion worry terror dread about the climate crisis and Despite the clinical sounding name Researchers and clinicians have rallied to argue that Climate anxiety is not a pathology and we shouldn't treat it as an illness as though it's some kind of Psychological psychiatric problem within an individual when one we're dealing with is really a symptom of external sources of danger That affect the whole population So there's an appropriateness and a rationality to feeling some anxiety about this problem And this is why it's also been suggested that perhaps we should think of climate anxiety It's climate compassion instead a sign that we are awake to reality and that we care for everything that is in harm's way But it gets complicated rather quickly So in the literature we see climate anxiety paired with pro environmental behavior climate activism again and again Because it can really startle a person get them to wake up and look around and then reassess how boldly they're taking climate action Greta Thunberg for instance went through an intense period of climate despair and anxiety and depression Before launching a global movement of students striking for climate action but if a person isn't supported it can threaten mental health so much that it impairs functioning and It's been associated with sleep problems panic attacks eating disorders and suicidal thoughts and behavior And if you think that I'm exaggerating just listen to these statistics So in order to understand the psychological impacts of the climate crisis on young people around the world my colleagues and I surveyed 10,000 16 to 25 year olds in 10 countries We were looking across places like India Nigeria the Philippines Brazil Finland France Australia the US and We were alarmed by what we found 45% of youth globally say that their thoughts and feelings about the climate crisis are interfering with daily life tasks such as eating sleeping Concentrating and this rose to 70% in the global South countries and on the whole 75% of young people say that the future is frightening to them because of the climate crisis 56% endorsed the statement that humanity is doomed and 39% said that they are hesitant to have their own children one day because of the climate crisis Okay, in a different study this time of an American sample we found that youth who had been exposed to at least one climate event were Significantly more likely to factor climate change into their future plans around things like what kind of education to get and travel aspirations as they feel that they must go visit places before they expect they're gonna disappear and Again thoughts about whether or not to have a child or children and In a different study yet this time in adults across Japan India China in the US researchers found that China and India had the highest rates of climate anxiety and that more than 20% in China and 30% in India Experience functionally impairing climate anxiety at least as often as sometimes or frequently So I'll be honest with you that the reason why even do this research now is because there was a time when I myself was So stressed out about the climate crisis that internal peace was rather scant And at that time I was working as a science communicator and climate reports were coming across my desk every day And I felt like I was just kind of staring into the abyss of this difficult data And then I would come home and my partner and I would talk about trying to get pregnant but Looking at the warming projections and ineffective action to flatten the curve and the disasters ramping up And then just seeing what this is all leading to I Experienced this question as a disturbing and tormenting dilemma and to my surprise that actually unleashed Cascades of grief and anger and anxiety about the state of the crisis and It started impacting my ability to concentrate and affecting my relationships and I felt like I was going crazy But then pretty quickly a variety of reports statistics and campaigns emerged to show me how commonly felt the sentiment was around the world Including the no future no children pledge which was created by Canadian Undergraduate students and was signed on to by more than 10,000 youth around the world to declare that they are refusing to reproduce until governments make it Safe for them to do so with adequate climate action Okay, so the rise of this sentiment and how quickly it was emerging particularly in the West was captured in a Recent documentary called the climate baby dilemma and we can just watch a couple seconds in a clip When I first started questioning What it meant to have a child in an increasingly dire climate crisis scenario I felt very deviant for even asking the question Then you had celebrities like Miley Cyrus to politicians making statements There's scientific consensus and it does lead. I think young people to Have a legitimate question Clearly it is a luxury to dread the future when so many who've been marginalized already acutely fear the present and Need psychosocial support to deal with the disasters on their doorstep However, climate anxiety in the rise of it everywhere is also a catalyst for Privileged people who haven't felt unsafe before to develop new bridges of solidarity with the most climate impacted communities And just to close the loop on this I did end up having the child I'm very glad that I did and it's not because my climate anxiety magically went away It's because I learned to respect the anxiety Because we should not be at peace with the way that things are and it's over time helped navigate me to a new career Where I can now work on mental health innovations with directly impacted communities in Stanford's medical school So at this late stage in our failed efforts to globally solve the climate crisis Climate anxiety. I'd like to propose it as a painful but necessary Growth edge and really powerful rocket fuel out there for meaningful purpose and change So the good news is that there's a ton that we can do to protect and promote mental health in our warming world So by focusing on practices and policies that are co-benefiting and have win-win solutions for both problems at once we can really unlock a cascade of Mental health protections that also support climate mitigation and adaptation And if there's one thing that I hope I can leave you with today It's that if we massively ramp up our investments in a public health approach to rising climate mental health challenges Will not only prevent a lot of trauma that will otherwise come but will support resilience in communities that help to mitigate warming so the ability of People in a region to come together and coordinate their efforts to achieve shared goals is what's known as Social capital and we have a lot of good disaster psychiatry research to show us that those with high social capital and connectedness in The aftermath of disaster developed far lower rates of mental illness than those who have low social capital in One study of cyclones that ripped through an Australian town and took the roofs off of children's homes The kids in the local school who had the most social trust and connectedness others in their lives that they could go to Develop far lower post-traumatic stress disorder than the kids in the school who are more socially isolated and lonely And so in a climate context social capital connectedness cohesion trust This can be fostered by bringing communities together to work on environmental problems that they care about in the places Where they live because it's through the process of doing something like let's say Figuring out how to implement a tree planting program in urban heat islands that protect residents from heat Especially on extremely hot heat wave days and give them access to nature, which is good for mental health But also absorb carbon dioxide from the system You learn how to lead and follow and trust each other such that when the disasters do come rolling through your protective social infrastructure is already there in place and it needs to be there ahead of time it can't just come after in order to have that Reduction of trauma and mental illness So this sounds easy and it is in the sense that this is us doing what we do we're humans We're relational human beings. We want to love and be liked and get along however at this time there are more humans living alone than ever in history and Loneliness has emerged as a public health epidemic in many countries around the world So this trend of social isolation and loneliness is working Against our efforts to prevent trauma and we need to help people increase their social cohesion and Then there's the fact that some traumas aren't going to be prevented We're going to need to respond however as we saw with COVID right Mental health needs of populations is not being met by many nations around the world There just aren't enough clinicians and also in many lever low resource settings the infrastructure is just missing But here too we have solutions to get beyond the fact that the one-on-one narrow biomedical model is falling short So in global mental health, we've seen that you can take specialists Away from being care providers and turn them into trainers and then they train lay leaders on the ground to go out into their Community and help their neighbors with these interventions that they've been equipped with that have been stripped of their jargon and simplified And then they can help people with things like anxiety and depression and Clinical trials have shown that this task-shifting approach as it's called can be even more effective at helping people heal and recover than primary care So when we're thinking about the solutions toolkit that we can invest in now and spread and scale to the scope of the problem We can remember that Trauma prevention looks like doing a favor and working with your neighbors and then Adequate care and response looks like peer sharing for scalable caring And of course the main intervention for mental health that will prevent these problems from spreading is Serious structural change and quitting our addiction to fossil fuels But while we're still struggling to do that in ways that are fair and just we can help ourselves by identifying and amplifying The protective factors that build resilience in the places where we live and as we go throughout our days So resilience building protecting factors are all the things that help us be with suffering that's out there in the world and the suffering that is in our lives and not be indifferent to it and Generate at the same time enough happiness and joy that we can live lives of service to other people service to Mother Earth and Cultivate meaning and purpose which protects our well-being from those actions So this can look like emotional self-regulation skills that you can practice with mindfulness and spiritual practices and drawing strength from one's ancestors and Going beyond black and white cognitions to have flexible thinking that helps us keep things in perspective and self-efficacy the deep belief that our actions no matter how small really do matter and forest bathing this intentional practice of going into nature for Eco-therapeutic effect which is linked to your restored attention and decreased anxiety and Depression and for some of the most climate anxious youth around the world today We need to help them access a growth mindset so this is what psychologists talk about when we can shift from seeing adversities as direct threats to Opportunities opportunities to practice new things to play to try out new ways of being with other people to learn and to grow Because this breeds a sense of possibility and purpose and active hope So to meet this rising distress a plethora of resources have gotten off the ground in recent years like climate cafes this is a decentralized network of Meetings where people can have frank conversations in a validating setting It's happening all over the world to discuss how the climate crisis is making them feel why that is and what they can do about it There's climate aware therapy now, too You can find this in climate psychology alliances climate psychiatry alliance where clinicians take a non pathologizing approach to their mental health care and Then there's peer support programs a beacon of which is the Good Grief Network These folks offer a 10-step program that allow people to soothe their climate anxiety and community and then find ways To reinvest the energy they've lost from being stressed out into actions that Matter to them and that are purposeful at this time and anyone can be trained as a facilitator of this program Which is already being used in 16 countries So my team and I at Stanford School of Medicine are accelerating a movement that Centers a public health approach to rising mental health challenges by researching and implementing community-minded healing interventions that build resilience across connected networks of communities and Training clinicians on their important role within these community interventions and in order to Unleash a suite of mental health tools that could really touch everyone in a population rather than just focus on ill individuals we need to build new and powerful infrastructure to get the job done and We are looking for partners who believe in this mission and vision and want to help shape it and we hope that you will join us The climate crisis it's anthropogenic right we hear that all the time it's caused by human behavior and Yet where have the behaviorists been at the decision-making table for all these years as we've been talking about gigatons and graphs and carbon taxes and Technologies and look at where we are The time to tap into behavior science to psychology has come Yes to help populations make better decisions that are more sustainable and also To create a more effective ground game of community organizing that's built off of shared grievances Because that's the only thing that's ever allowed people to come together and work together across their differences and fragmentation to build a better world Because when we're talking about what you're losing and what they're losing what I'm losing what that feels like and How that keeps us up at night? We can tap into a shared emotive landscape that at some level everyone is feeling Because how we live how we work what young people's families look like all this is destabilizing in the climate crisis and it can drive illness and distress and despair but it's exactly at this locus of Emotion that the global community needs to meet to unlock power and solidarity For meaningful change that can drive us towards the appropriate emergency response And so I would like to conclude with a quote from researchers who put the value of climate distress really eloquently in the medical journal The Lancet when they write Recognizing that emotions are often what leads people to act it is possible that feelings of ecological anxiety and grief although Uncomfortable are in fact the crucible through which humanity must pass to harness the energy and conviction that are needed For the life-saving changes now required Thank you so much. And if there's any questions, I'd love to take them Yes, oh I think there's a mic coming Regarding the intersection between the sort of mental effects of the climate of climate anxiety versus the physical effects of climate anxiety How do you sort of think about the equilibrium and I guess how to manage it equally and you know push forwards Well, they're both equally important right because functional impairment can be cognitive But it can also be physical and somatic Emotions can trip us up. It looks like the most functionally impairing aspects Can impede behaviors and climate anxiety and so we need to pay attention to that But this is why we need a suite of tools. There's no one so silver bullet here Right, we need supportive communities that help preserve well-being so that people can access resources that are going to work for them Based on what their triggers are maybe it needs to be Generative somatics and mindfulness practices that work with regulating the nervous system Maybe it needs to be more existential approaches about building robust hope and courage to take on the climate crisis and not fall Into a deep crevice of despair that entraps one in a sense of fatalism Which is also a sentiment that's spreading out there So I think the answer is all of the above need to be paid attention to and we need to tap on Especially the wisdom of communities who have long understood what it means to live on the nice edge of existential threat and have found ways of banding together and fighting for a better future and instilling, you know difficult situations with ways of Improving health and supporting the next generation and essentially maintaining mental robustness So that it's not the sky is falling mentality But it's actually looking to history for strength about how we've gotten through turbulent times before and can apply that to the situation now Okay, I think we had a question here and then we'll go over there. Thank you so much. It's very interesting I just want to learn from you and Stanford Scientists about how you guys are measuring climate anxiety, right? Are you using sensor to measure that or survey base? You know given that there's a lot of bias in questionnaire based surveys. Yeah So we have psychometrically validated scales So these are standardized scales that go out and you can use in different populations to compare results About different cognitive and emotional and behavioral aspects of climate anxiety and how it can show up in a person's life The field is still pretty nascent So we've been around a few years and so people are still like having those academic sites about what exactly the right metrics are to be Measuring this construct, but they exist. They're being reproduced and unfolded largely through psychological surveys so far But I think it's moving in a direction of collaboration with neuroscientists to also get inside. Yeah Yes So my name is Rana Dajani. I'm a professor of molecular biology from Jordan One thing I have two two questions one is how do you in order for the Humanity to respond to climate change and take responsibility You need to address the masses not just a few groups here and there and the masses usually adhere to a particular faith or religion And yet religion and faith is really not brought up in these conversations as if it's a taboo And I know the WHO doesn't even mention it yet We know I come from the Muslim faith Which is 1.7 billion people and there's a Christian faith and there's Hindu and Buddhism. So how are you integrating? The cons the concept of faith and religion so that people can draw from those traditions Habits and practices for example in Islam. We we take care of earth. We are the guardians of earth We we do ritual practices for mental health when we pray five times a day Which is the alone time or when we pray in a group. So these are practices rather than introducing something new Yeah, people will adapt them once you invoke that this is already part of what you do and when you do it You're actually helping and so you're actually harnessing that potential. So that's one The second question, which is the tools that you just mentioned the psychometric tools that you're using to measure people's Response to anxiety for climate as a molecular biologist I'm always very skeptical of surveys to really capture human behavior So there are new a few new methods and I don't know if you're applying them Which is using fuzzy cognitive mapping so they can really map not just the person But the relationship of that person with the other people in their world and their ecosystem and the strengths of their Relationships that you really understand what is going on in that community because as you said we don't live as an individual So yeah, I'd appreciate your remarks on those wonderful. Thank you So on the point of religion you're absolutely right and spirituality religion Culturally traditional practices that give people a sense of identity and belonging and that work with the resilience Stores that they already have are absolutely key here and those belong in those slides about protective factors that I mentioned And being able to really harness that and bring that out. So working with faith leaders is absolutely key I think the climate movement has done not done enough of it we need to work together across our fragmentation by going to the homes of deeply authentic community where people already are which means working with faith leaders and You know the Pope has already done some incredible work on this with Laudato see for instance the publication He released on climate action from a spiritual perspective and hopefully we will be seeing more spiritual leaders bringing this up in their communities But I am very excited about doing these community human Community-minded healing intervention specifically in religious spaces for exactly that reason now on the point of measurement So yeah, there's lots of good reasons to be skeptical of self-report surveys and how accurate the data is it's a start It's a good place to get snapshots. We need longitudinal data. We're starting to capture that now and this functional Network mapping that you're talking about sounds like a very useful tool Additionally, we also need robust qualitative data because this is human Experience that we need to capture in order to refine the tools So right now what we're doing is we're building a global research and action agenda with partners all around the world In this project with the welcome trust by creating seven regional hubs Dividing the world into these seven regions and then working with committees of indigenous people's youth farmers other directly affected populations to then Identify and lift up the stories of lived experience of people who are suffering with climate mental health challenges so that that can feed into a repository globally that drives funding agendas and Helps researchers understand exactly ways to locate their research questions to have the best impact for the affected communities So these things are happening, but again, we think that it needs to be a mixed method approach And it's all yeah, it's all pretty new. So if you have ideas, please do feed in we're hungry for them. Yes So I have a question more on next steps. You mentioned that the largest portion of the population that is heavily impacted as youth You said it was also very nascent Are you or are the next steps to start working with ministries of education ministries of health in some of the countries that you Mentioned have the highest levels of climate anxiety amongst those people. Yeah, absolutely And climate education programs are a key source of bringing in psychosocial support And socio-emotional learning to deal with the distress that we're seeing in youth Essentially what's happening right now is that environmental educators around the world are Showing up to class and they're just doing their job of teaching about the global environmental threats And then they have classrooms of despairing students who are feeling futureless and they're saying oh my goodness I'm just doing my job But I'm actually now being a therapist in my office hours for my students rather than helping them on their exams Because they need a shoulder to cry on and I don't want to worsen this Intense emotional response. So what do I do the problem is there's been no place for emotions in the climate environmental sciences It's like leaving an elephant in the room Around what kids are learning which makes the heaviness harder for them to manage So we need trauma-informed learning modules to help bring in supportive active hope Collective and self-efficacy approaches and also just emotional regulation tools to help with this But we need to do it in culturally sensitive ways so working with ministries absolutely Working with nations on their climate adaptation and strategies to be able to do this piece with education It's a place that a lot of people in the field are looking. I Saw that the questions that I'm so sorry time was just called. Thank you so much I'll be around so if you'd like to chat. I'd love to take this further. Thanks for coming


Good day, fellow investors. Is cash safe? Is cash trash? Or cash is king? So we are in a very volatile environment. What should one do if he's looking for safety? Going to go into the details a little bit there to show you what you can expect if you need safety or where to look for other ways or other kinds of safety or when to look at safety and when not to look at safety. It always depends on the price. So we'll discuss how safety can be expensive in crisis, how safety can be cheap when nobody's looking at it, how safety evolves over time. You need short-term safety, long-term safety, how cash is trash but also king. And what does it all mean? And I really hope this video helps you in structuring your finances so that those lead to your financial goals. That's the key when it comes to safety. That's what I tried. That's my main message on this channel. So reaching your financial goals. So please subscribe, click that notification bell so that you get notified when an important video for you comes out that might help you in reaching your financial goals. Let's start. So there was a great comment from Luisa Parker. I always get worried when I hear talks about cash becoming worthless. But what am I supposed to buy with my cash to feel safe? And then there are a few concepts I want to discuss here. Safety and investing, linear versus exponential concept. Safety always comes at the cost. Safety is priced differently, cheap when nobody cares, expensive, well, all wanted. Safety might not be where you think it is or how you think it looks like. I've discussed this a little bit in a few videos. Cash is trash, Ray Dalio really explained it really well how the currencies will be sacrificed. And then just two months later, the stimulus came, trillions, helicopter money, everybody gets money. When everybody gets money, then the cash is actually trash. But there is also a timing component there. So you have to really be careful when doing this and keeping things a little bit volatile and flexible especially. So what's the price of safety? Is cash king or trash? Well, that depends on you. What is your required safety? And safety always comes at the price. Now this is the 10 year treasury, the blue line and inflation in the United States, the green line. So you can see that there have been two periods with high inflation in 1970s when the 10 year treasury rate was close to the inflation rate. So those that owned bonds didn't make any profit on it. Actually inflation ate all their profits. However, before that in the 60s, you see the yellow parts of the chart and from 1983 till 2003, the spread was higher and there was a return above inflation for bonds. So those people made money, especially those that owned long-term bonds in a lowering interest rate environment. However, over the last years, if you held the bond, the return wasn't that much over inflation. So it was just protection. And with the SAP 500 up two times or something like that with a lot of stocks doing really well, paying dividends, protection wasn't the best way to go. So there is always inflation to keep in mind and what is coming with all the stimulus packages across the globe, it is likely that currencies will lose their purchasing power over the long term as those have been losing their purchasing power in history. If we look at what's the price of safety now, if we want to park our money for 10 years, we look at the 10 year treasury, United States government treasury, the interest rate there is 0.88% per year, inflation to 3% and you get so little return. That's because we are at zero interest rates from the Fed. There is plenty of money that the Fed is printing, printing and even the government is giving helicopter money to work with this situation, which means if there is so much money, cash is trash. And you can see here when the inflation was higher, returns from the government were higher, but there was a relative average would be between 4% and 8% where you get something in return. But governments and businesses need a little bit of inflation because it makes easier for them to pay back debt. Let's say a government borrows 1 million for 10 years, in 10 years it has to return 1 million, okay? Let's say there is inflation of 3% per year, the government's revenues increase by 3% per year and the cumulative total of 34% in 10 years. With 34% higher revenues on the same nominal amount that they have returned, it's much easier to refinance and pay back debt. Therefore, there is inflation, everybody has the target to be inflation. But if you are saving money, if you're looking for safety and protections, there is a pretty big guarantee that you will lose money if you invest in safe options, especially long term. Now, what are other ways to find safety where there is linear safety and there is volatile safety, what I like to call? You can always find safety in real assets. Let's take a house, for example. You own a house, you probably rent it out 90% of the time, less in a bad economy, more in a good one. But you will get nine out of 10 years, you will get some rent, you will get some income out of there, you'll have your costs, your yield. And that's real value. If you own something like that, real assets, a producing asset can be a house, can be whatever that does well, piece of land, that you grow potatoes on it or whatever, you know you will get pretty much a stable level of potatoes over time, good year, bad year, but that's normal. And that's real safety, real assets. However, when it comes to the issue of the price, are you looking for safety in price? Forget about it, there is no safety in price because everything is volatile. House prices depend on interest rates. If the yield is now 0.88 on the 10 year treasuries we have seen, somebody buying, investing in a house you'll be happy with a 3% yield. If the yield of the treasure is 5%, somebody buying a house will not be happy with 3%, they will want 8%. Therefore the price of the house will drop significantly but will the value drop? That's something you have to keep in mind. Value and price, the difference there has to be. So home prices can fall easily 30% if there is a recession or crisis, less demand, et cetera, interest rates go up. However, it will protect you over the long term over from inflation you have a safe income, et cetera, et cetera. So safety depends on you. For me, safety comes from owning businesses which is I think the safest thing I can do. Yes, it is volatile, some businesses, yes will go bankrupt but those businesses will likely grow, protect me against inflation, that's a certainty and therefore I would say businesses over the long term are the safest investment. However, if you need cash in the next five to 10 years and you have no other ways of getting there or income or no other ideas, then you can keep it in cash or in treasuries and simply accept the cost of safety. Why do people think that safety comes for free? No, it doesn't. Safety comes at a huge cost, especially long term. And then safety is expensive when everybody rushes to safety, like now, treasuries, so you get just 0.88% but you had to think about safety if you needed it a few years ago. So November 5, 2018, just one and a half years ago the price of safety 10 year treasury bond was 3.2%. So it was much, much lower than what it is now. Now you get 33% of the yield you would have gotten in 2018. And also safety, when nobody was looking at it, in 2018 the price of the iShares seven to 10 years treasury bond ETF was 100. Now, given the much lower interest rate and everybody rushing to safety, the medium term treasury bond ETF is up 20%. Now it is much more expensive and if interest rates return to the levels of 2018, it will go back down to 100. So buying a bond now, going into safety, a 10 year bond for example, 10 years of safety might cost you short term, of course, 20% if the interest rates returns there. So my message is simple. Short term cash is king. If you deploy it when you find value, when you find real assets that will give you that income, safe income, safe returns, growth, business pricing power, investing in real assets, margin of safety, value investing, then cash is king. But if you're just keeping cash for the sake of keeping cash, then you know it's going to lose its purchasing power over the next years. You are going to miss the opportunities of growth that the market always offers because economies, businesses and everything grows and that's the difference between cash is trash. Over the long term cash is definitely trash and we have seen the dollar lose 95% of its value over the last 100 years. Similarly, Eurozone, Italian Liras if you remember started with one lira, then an espresso or what was 1000 liras, et cetera, et cetera. So it's normal that currencies, fiat currencies get sacrificed. Therefore the message is cash is trash. But then some windows of opportunity is the keys to balance between cash is trash and cash is king. When safety is cheap like it was a year and a half ago, you can be more in cash buying those treasures, see how that fits your portfolio. And when safety becomes expensive, you can trade in that safety that now is expensive where you made the gain and then focus on real assets that as the price goes down, become safer, safer and safer. That is investing, that's rebalancing. If you look at the intelligent investor when stocks are his normal strategy, when stocks are cheap 75% stocks, when bonds are normally cheap and stocks are expensive 75% bonds, rebalance between good businesses, the Dow I think is here. And that's a normal rebalancing strategy. You might not be able to do it now if you were too much long stocks up till now, but that's something to keep in mind and see how it fits you. Investing is all about you and the investor and his financial goals. And I don't know which vehicle will serve you well over time, but I hope this video helped you in making decisions. If you're looking for stocks to invest, let's say businesses that own real assets, then you might check my stock market research platform where I show all my research, also my portfolios, my buys, my sales and you get notified every time I make a transaction with an email. Check that out, let me know if you have any questions in the comment section and I'll see you in the next video.


Hi everyone, my name is Steph, this is Kid Lit Joy, and welcome or welcome back to my channel. This is a place where we celebrate all things kids, middle grade, and young adult fiction and non-fiction. Today I'm here to review Look Me in the Eye by Jane Godwin. This was a review title that was sent to me by Hachette, so thank you very much to them. This is Jane Godwin's most recent release, and it was a really intriguing sort of contemporary middle fiction story. It is definitely upper middle fiction, so more 12 plus, leaning into early young adult. I'll read you guys the blurb, so it says, What do we have once trust is gone? Bella and Connie are best friends. They've made it through COVID lockdowns together and have just started high school. But now Connie's older cousin, Mish, has moved into the area. Mish is unpredictable, sometimes unfriendly, and Bella doesn't trust her. No one seems to trust Mish, least of all her father who tracks her with his phone 24 seven. He says it's to protect her, but the more he tracks her, the more risks Mish takes. And it's only a matter of time before Connie and Bella get caught up in Mish's lies. A dramatic and compelling story about freedom control and whether we have the right to know everything about the people close to us. So this book was a book that I was deeply uncomfortable reading, and that's the point. The entire story is told from Bella's perspective, and Bella and Connie start off in the book doing something or dropping off this parcel on behalf of Mish, and Bella feels really uncomfortable about it. And then the more time that they spend together, Bella begins to realize that Mish is very unpredictable and that the things that she does are unsettling for Bella. And so this does deal with shoplifting, and the consequences of that, it also deals with a child who is under constant surveillance from a parent. And because we're getting the story from the perspective of someone outside of that relationship, it's really interesting what Bella picks up on and what she doesn't and her thoughts and feelings on the whole issue. And one of the ways that Mish tries to get around her parents' constant surveillance is that she leaves her phone with her cousin or with Bella, which puts them in a really precarious situation as well. And so it's all of those feelings around it and how everything comes to a head. And alongside all of that, Bella has her own family, things that she's dealing with. She lives with her mother and her stepfather, and her mother is about to have a new baby, and they're living in this old rundown place, but they're trying to make it feel really homely and make it theirs. And her stepfather runs this collectible toy business. And so all of these things are intertwined in the story of Bella and Connie and Mish, and how the things that take place affect that relationship, and how the girls have to navigate that situation. And also how you deal with someone in your family who is deeply, deeply controlling. And the adults are a presence in this story, but it is very much told from the perspective of the young teens who are living through this moment. But it's also about the importance of telling the truth and working out who you can trust, and how you can help others even when you feel like you are powerless. So it was a very intriguing read, but yes, a very deeply uncomfortable book at times. I can imagine that this would be something that would resonate with many young teens, and the feeling that their parents are trying to control their lives and their social lives and what's going on. Also highly relevant, and I think an important read for multiple age categories. So thank you very much to Hachette for sending this my way. I was really excited to read it because Jane Godwin is just a top tier author. The language and the writing style is just incredible and just a really worthwhile reading experience. I will leave a link to where you can find out more information about Look Me in the Eye down below if you're interested in checking it out. If you have read it, feel free to chat to me about it in the comments, or if you know of similar titles with similar themes, particularly for early teens, let me know down below as well. If you want to let me know that you're here but you don't want to leave a comment for free to leave a camera and radio down below. Otherwise I hope that wherever you are in the world, you are staying safe and healthy, and I will see you in my next video. Thanks so much for watching. Bye everyone.