After having a broad overview on phase transformation and the important concept of a critical radius for phase transformations, let us look at melting of nano crystals. We had noted that we have a well defined melting point T m at which the entire lattice breaks and therefore, you have a molten state and this is unlike the freezing which we had talked about. On the other hand when we talked about the melting point, it was the melting point of what is known as a bulk crystal or a large crystal. The melting point of a material is an indicator of the bronze strength of the material, though the boiling point is a better reference as it is structure independent. In the solid state for instance, you have various kind of phases possible like the BCC crystal or the FCC crystal and this would affect the melting point. But boiling point is from the liquid state to the gaseous state and that is a better indicator of the bond strength, but nevertheless melting point also gives you a some kind of an indication of what is the bond strength in a material. In bulk system, surface to volume ratio is small and curvature effects can be ignored. That essentially implies we can talk about a single number known as the bulk melting point. In nano crystals, the number of surface atoms is considerable fraction of the total number of atoms and these atoms as we know have got a higher energy and higher degree of freedom, which means they have freedom of more vibration as compared to the atoms in the bulk. This implies as a first intuitive guess that surface atoms are expected to melt below the melting point of the bulk. So, now this is how much is it true, how much it does stand to experimental results will come scrutiny, we will see in a moment. But as a first intuitive guess, we would expect that surface atoms because of the higher energy they have got and the higher freedom they enjoy, they would tend to melt before the bulk atoms. And we have already noted that in 0 d and 1 d nano crystals, curvature effects are important and cannot be ignored. Now, as the size of a free standing nano crystal is reduced below about say for instance about 100 nanometer and I am talking about single crystals, which are free standing. It is noticed that its melting point is reduced with respect to the bulk melting point. In fact, experiments have shown that gold crystals about 10 nanometers in size melt about 100 degrees below the melting point of the bulk. So, there is a considerable depression in the melting point when you go to nano scale and for that we really have to go really small sizes like about 10 nanometers. And the bulk melting point of gold happens to be 1064 degrees Celsius. Now, there is a continuum formula which exists and we will though how correct is this formula or how accurate it is, we will ignore for now and we will consider a formula in which the melting point of the surface is given with respect to the melting point of the bulk material. The formula goes as T surface melting is T m into 1 minus 2 gamma solid liquid by delta h f into r, where T m is as we noted is the bulk melting point. The surface melting point that means as if we are assuming now that the surface atoms are melting first, the gamma solid liquid is the solid liquid interfacial energy and delta h f is the enthalpy of fusion of the bulk material and r is the radius of the particle. The important take home message from this formula is that if I reduce my size that means if r decreases then the surface T m surface would decrease. That means that there because this is 1 minus this fraction and therefore, you would notice that if I decrease my radius of the particle which means also that curvature is going to increase. Then I would note that the T m surface would actually decrease that means the surface atoms would show a depression in the melting point with respect to the bulk melting point. Now, if I now track my melting point with vis-a-vis the radius of the particle then of course, you have the bulk melting point and this is some kind of a schematic drawn schematic trend line which is drawn for gold nanoparticles. Then we notice that there is a severe depression in the melting point as you reduce the size and this starts to play a considerable role when the size of the particle is below about 15 nanometers and we already noted that when the size is 10 nanometers there is almost 100 degrees depression in the melting point. Now, this implies there are two points we have talked about and these two points need to be resolved and the first point we mentioned is that surface would tend to melt below the melting point of the bulk this is point number one and we have a few more things to say regarding that how true is it or how true it is not. Second thing we are noticing an experimental result wherein you are noticing that actually the melting point of a nano crystal and now I am not differentiating the surface from the interior. I am assuming that the entire nano crystal is melting and this we have seen there is a depression in the melting point of the nano crystal and this trend line which is seen for gold can also be observed for other materials like lead, copper, bismuth, silicon and the trend lines are very similar. In other words if you go below about 15 nanometer size there is a depression in the melting point. Now, the question obvious question which arises is that is the surface melting first and therefore, the next layer becomes a surface then the next layer becomes a surface or the next layer becomes then therefore, there is a continuous melting from outward to inward there are two possibilities. So, let me write down the scenario of melting. So, there is one possibility that the surface actually melts first. So, this layer gets molten which means now the effective surface is moved inward and this is the new surface and which is even smaller in size and since the temperature is already above the melting point of the surface this crystal it is definitely this is going to be above the melting point of this crystal and therefore, my melting would progress inward. This is scenario one the other possibility is that the entire crystal melts at a single temperature and now I call it of course, the T m of the nano crystal which is now obviously, a function of the radius R. Now, which of these two is true is a important question is it that the melting actually happens in the surface and progresses inward or does the whole nanoparticle melt at a single temperature and let us answer this question that where does melting start first a simple minded guess would be that the melting starts the surface of the nano crystal as the formula I pointed out in the previous slide. But in actual experiments and the one which I would like to cite now is Bevang et al which is goes back to 1999 which they did on gold nano rods heated by laser beam they found that they could not differentiate the melting of the surface from the interior and both the inside and of the nano crystal and the surface seem to actually melt as a whole though more work has to be done on various systems and more careful experimentation has to reveal really does actually the surface melt before the interior. But as it stands today the understanding seems to be that it is not a scenario one which is operative but a scenario two wherein actually the whole nano crystal melts at a single temperature which is what you expect for the bulk crystal in a bulk crystal you define a melting point which is not surface interior etcetera dependent. So, you expect that it is melting at a single temperature though as I pointed out more work has to be actually done to understand this phenomena. Now it is not always necessary that this nano crystal need be a free standing nano crystal often this nano crystal it could be embedded in a matrix like for instance to the way to produce lead nano crystal is to actually melt spin melt spinning as a technique in which you actually take you melt your lead and aluminum together and spin it in the form of a ribbon and often you will get lead nano particles which are embedded in a matrix and a schematic of such a system is shown here wherein for instance this lead is the this lead could be this phase which is the black phase or and this could be the matrix which could be aluminum. So, another in the system the nano particles or nano crystals are not free standing but they are embedded in a matrix in such a scenario there is an extension of the concept we just know saw about melting that it is now not purely we cannot say that there is going to be a depression or an elevation in the melting point both of which are possible we will have to take it system by system. So, if the crystal is embedded in a matrix its melting point may decrease or increase with respect to the bulk depending on the relative magnitudes of the particle matrix that means a crystal matrix and liquid matrix interfacial energies. So, now if I know the relative magnitudes of these two the crystal matrix and the liquid matrix interfacial energies I can predict will I have a depression in the melting point or will there be something known as super heating which is means an elevation in the melting point. Now, if gamma particle matrix is greater than the gamma liquid matrix in other words the gamma liquid matrix is the lower of the two interfacial energies then formation of the interfacial liquid lowers the energy it is obvious. Therefore, now suppose originally there was an unmolten state in which case I had this particle in a matrix and now the interfacial relevant interfacial energy is for the solid with the liquid which is gamma solid or particle matrix. Now, if instead of this this thing melts this is region of space melts then I will have to replace it with this quantity which is now my this is a molten state in which case I can replace this by gamma liquid matrix and since gamma liquid matrix is lower in energy it would rather melt at a lower. So, overall reduce the energy of the system and that means there will be a depression in the melting point the opposite would be true if the gamma particle matrix is lower than the gamma liquid matrix in such a case you would observe an elevation in melting point which is called super heating and embedded crystal will meet above its bulk melting point and this is observed in example of aluminum indium alloy matrix. So, suppose you had aluminum indium particles in an aluminum alloy matrix then you would actually observe an elevation in melting point which is called super heating. So, just to summarize the slides related to melting we observe that if you have free standing nano crystals then there is a depression in the melting point which could be a large fraction of the overall melting point. For instance this is 100 degrees depression would imply that there is about 10 percent reduction in melting point if you reduce the crystal size to about 10 nanometer. Second thing we notice is that as the understanding stands today that the entire nano particle melts at a single temperature rather than the surface inward melting which could also be a possibility which needs to be explored. Now, and the third thing we notice was that if I have this nano crystal not as a free nano crystal, but as embedded in a matrix then there could be an elevation in the melting point or they could be a depression in the melting point that depends on the relative interfacial energies between the solid and the liquid or the crystal and the matrix. Now, let us take up the example of solid to solid phase transformation in nano crystals and we already notice that in when you are talking about for instance liquid to solid or a solid to liquid phase transformation then I can ignore something known as the strain energy, but when you talk about solid to solid phase transformation still the concept of an r star is valid, but in the calculation of r star I need to invoke the strain energy term as well that is what we had noted before. Phase transformations in nano crystals is expected to be different from bulk materials. So, this is very obvious and we will see why it is obvious very soon. Heterogen is nucleation at the surface is expected to play a dominant role due to its proximity. So, far we said that suppose I am doing a melt solidification experiment and suppose I do this experiment for instance in a container less method that means I have no container there is no wall then I can reasonably expect that homogeneous nucleation is going to take place, but in a solid to solid phase transformation it is heterogeneous nucleation which is going to be a dominant form of nucleation, because you cannot avoid defects in a material like there are going to be green boundaries there are going to be stacking faults there are going to be dislocations and even enriched regions of vacancies have known to be plain have known to play a role in heterogeneous nucleation. So, heterogeneous nucleation and in the case of nano particle there is one defect which is very close to the bulk of the material which is the surface and therefore, surface is expected to play an important role in heterogeneous nucleation in nano crystals or heterogeneous nucleation leading to a phase transformation in nano crystals. Additionally, we also expect that the activation energies for phase transformation is expected to be different from the bulk which is not an unreasonable expectation. Additionally, apart from the thermodynamic aspects we also would notice that the kinetics of phase transformation is expected to be highly enhanced with respect to the bulk and the reason obvious or we list the three reason important reasons that smaller length scale for diffusion involved and suppose I am talking about the diffusional transformation for now like we have been doing so far the first order diffusional transformation which produced by nucleation which progress by nucleation and growth. Then I would notice that this is a overall particle size is very very small the overall length scale for diffusion for phase transformation to be completed is going to be small it is all the going to be order of nano scale. Then there are going to be other effects like surface diffusion which are going to play a prominent role because now the entire material is dominated by surface. Then the third important point is that there is going to be lesser constraint on the system. We have noted that previously by drawing some schematics that how if I take a region out of a material and it transforms to a different volume then I have to refit that material into the bulk of the material which is going to give rise to strain energy. But suppose the system is very small then the free surfaces can actually relax and therefore the system is less constrained that implies that phase transformation typically involve volume changes and since the amount of constraining material is less the transformed volume stresses caused by the transformation are lower and that means that there is going to be less impediment to the phase transformation. And we had noted earlier that actually the out of the three terms energy is involved in a phase transformation it the interfacial energy and the strain energy term tends to oppose the phase transformation and since now the system is less constrained that means if there is a volume change or a shape change this can easily be accommodated because there is a free surface in proximity and that implies that typically the strain energy term is going to be a lower term in a nano crystal transformation as compared to a bulk transformation. So, let us understand this now suppose I have a bulk crystal and I have a certain region which is transforming and assume that after transformation this volume becomes like this. That means there is a shape change and there is a volume change. Now in the case of the bulk this transformed volume has to be reinserted into this volume and therefore there is going to be lot of strain energy term. In the case of a nano crystal there is no surrounding medium therefore this transformation can proceed with lesser constrained and therefore and additionally we have already noted that suppose there can be surface diffusion dominance there can also be the overall length scale for diffusion for this could be small and therefore if even if it is a diffusional transformation or a diffusion less shear transformation the overall expectation is that the strain energy term is going to be a small term and many a times you may like to ignore the strain energy term in the phase transformation. Now we have already noted many times before that in bulk materials multiple nucleation events are necessary and we all characterize nucleation as nucleation rate that means number of nuclei forming per unit time per unit volume and that is what leads to phase transformation. So, suppose and the schematic is shown here for that. So, you have a region of material wherein there is certain nuclei which form the black dots and with time these nuclei grow and as these nuclei grow and fresh nuclei formed in different regions and finally the entire volume is transformed. So, you the new transformed volume. So, it is actually should be shaded black. So, maybe it is a good idea to shade the whole region black because now this is the transformed volume which is now the black material. Now in the case of nano crystals the size of the transformation nucleus may become comparable to the volume of material and when we talked about this r star the critical size for nucleation nucleus we noted that it is of the order of 1 to 10 nanometer is of the order of the nano scale and therefore a single nucleation event may lead to a solid to solid phase transformation in a nano crystal which is very very different from the case of a bulk crystal. And the schematic is shown here that you have a nano crystal at the bottom which is shown by A and I assume that the nano crystal is of the order of nanometers then a single nucleation event is as good as transforming the material entire material and therefore the transformed material is shown on the right. There have been some good research work and this is typically been done on materials like CDSC and CDS which are semiconductors and the particle size range of 2.3 to 4.3 nanometers shows that for pressure induced transformation and now this is not that usual heating transformation, but pressure induced transformation. It is seen that for a transformation from the wood side to the rock salt structure wood side happens to be a Z n o type of structure which is an hexagonal kind of a structure which has an A and C parameters as given here. On the other hand the rock salt structure is a familiar N A T L N A C L type structure which is cubic and you can notice here that the wood side structure has a higher volume per motif as compared to the rock salt structure that means if I increase the pressure the tendency would be to actually convert this wood side to rock salt. And this pressure typically is of the order of gigapascals and if you apply 3 gigapascals it is seen that a single nucleation event can lead to the transformation of the whole volume and that implies that this situation is very very different from that of a bulk crystal wherein nucleation alone does not lead to transformation there has to be nucleation followed by growth. Now, of course there is has to be a transition from the nucleation event to single nucleation event to a bulk system wherein there is multiple nucleation events and the transition occurs via what is known as a single nucleation followed by growth regime. So, now I can divide my size regimes into three parts one is this very small regime of the order of 2 nanometers, one a intermediate size regime of the order of 10 nanometers or may be 10 to 15 of course these depends on system to system and in this case of course I am taking the example of CDSE or CDS crystals and therefore, if I change the system these numbers would be different. And the third is the bulk which is now I am when I am talking about bulk it could be more than about 100 nanometers or 500 nanometers which I call a bulk system. In the small nanoscale regime I notice that this 2 nanometer is of the same order of magnitude as the R star my critical nucleation radius. So, this of the order of critical nucleation radius and therefore, a single nucleation event can lead to phase transformation. In this intermediate size particles like about 10 nanometer particles we notice that single nucleation can lead to a phase transformation, but there needs to be a certain growth because the nucleus size as you can see here as indicate by this black is actually smaller than the particle, but then there is not sufficient region around it for a second nucleus to form with that means given a small size and therefore, this nucleus grows leading to a complete phase transformation. And finally, of course you have the bulk wherein which is I told you could be of the order 100 nanometers or more multiple nucleation events followed by growth which is a usual mechanism for bulk crystals. Now, further if you look at closely at the 2 nanometer size crystals which is you can see was a reason for or in the same region as the experimental study which is from 2.3 to 4.3 nanometers you notice that you can subdivide this region into very small sizes which wherein the nucleation event is interface control that means, surface control and you can talk about what you might call a volume control regime which is slightly bigger than those very small volumes. So, let me summarize this very important slide since r star which is a critical nucleation radius is all the order of nanometers usually typically 1 nanometer or 2 say may be 10 nanometers in some systems not assume a system like CDSE or CDS wherein it is all the order of 1 nanometer then a single nucleation event can lead to a phase transformation which is unlike the bulk crystals. Now, the important work on CDSE has been done on this pressure induced transformation and the pressure for transformation is pretty high of the order of gigapascals. We and we are talking about the phase transformation from the wood side structure to the rock salt structure that means, from an hexagonal structure it is going to a cubic structure and that it since its pressure induced transformation we expect that there is going to be a reduction in volume of the unit cell which is what is seen here from the volume of the unit cells and in such a system we see that in small scales a single nucleation event is enough to cause the entire transformation of the volume. Now, nucleation could occur in the bulk or on the surface and the activation energy for the transformation is seen to increase with size regime size construct. So, if you are talking about the experiments conducted in CDSE and CDS and you are talking about these nanoscale particles then the activation energy for the transformation is seen to increase with size. At larger crystallized sizes single nucleation event is followed by growth of transformation to be complete which we noted before. Additionally, we note that smaller crystallites require higher pressure for transformation and this for this particular case we will see more examples and we will actually we will see one more example wherein we will actually note the pressure at which smaller crystals transform as compared to larger crystals both being in the nanoscale. In other example we consider here and here we are taking up some illustrative examples, but much of this can the concepts can actually be applied across many very many systems including metallic systems and other systems. In silicon and now we are talking about Si O 2 coated silicon pressure induced transformation from diamond cubic to primitive hexagonal structure it is seen that crystals as large as 50 nanometers transform by a single nucleation event. So, here we noted that for instance that it is about of the order of 2 nanometers that be a single about 10 nanometers sorry of the order of 10 nanometers that a single nucleation event is responsible, but in other systems this size can as long as be as long as 15 nanometers and this also tells us that the concept is applicable to broader class of systems and in this case we have to especially note that is not a free sanding silicon crystal, but it is some kind of a core shell structure where silicon is coated with Si O 2 and this is a natural can be also thought of as a natural consequence of the oxidation of the silicon crystal. And as expected the shape of the crystals change on phase transformation and this is of course, a homogenous deformation we are talking about and bulk behavior in this case of the silicon is expected to take over after about 100 nanometers. So, it is clear that when you study more than one size system that up to about 15 nanometers seems to be the regime where you can actually have a single nucleation event of course, it could be nucleation followed by growth, but a single nucleation event is responsible for the entire phase transformation. And when you go to for instance about 100 nanometer or more we can assume that it is bulk like behavior with respect to what you might call and then phase transformation by nucleation and growth. So, now we are taking more and more examples we are seeing more and more examples and we had asked and very early in the course we had asked a question that what is bulk. So, now with respect to nucleation and phase transformation we can see that 100 nanometer crystal can be called bulk even though we know it is a nano scale crystal because in terms of the mechanism for phase transformation it is no different from bulk crystal or it is not very different from bulk crystal because now you have multiple nucleation events followed by growth. So, I can call it bulk like even though it is still in the nano scale. Another example of a solid to solid phase transformation which has been studied is the transformation from gamma Fe 2 O 3 to alpha Fe 2 O 3 again this is pressure induced phase transformation and this gamma Fe 2 O 3 is actually a meta stable form at room temperature with respect to the alpha form. This is a cubic form and it is volume of unit cell is about 0.58. The alpha form and which is a smaller unit cell is actually a rhombohedral crystal and it has got A and C parameters as A equal to 0.504 and C is 1.37 is an alumina form of a crystal. So, you have two forms one with a larger unit cell one with a smaller unit cell and this transformation as you can as perhaps you can guess that can be driven by pressure and the important thing to note is that as you decrease the size and now we are really in the very small scale regime 7 nanometer to 5 nanometer to 3 nanometer. You can see that the transformation pressure actually increases that means for smaller and smaller particles actually you need larger and larger pressures for phase transformation to take place. And of course these pressures are employed by using a diamond anvil and so there are inherent complications in actually studying the in situ phase transformation and getting the signal of how the transformation has taken place. So, these are very careful experiments which have to be conducted, but the general trend line seems to be that as you reduce the crystallite size you need to apply more and more pressure for phase transformation to take place. Next we take up a couple of more physical properties and both of these are actually vast areas of research where in lot of work has been done, but we will take a small sample of results to understand that how nanomaterials can actually be different from bulk materials and as usual we take up those examples where the demarcation is very clear cut and often there is a startling or a very different kind of a variation as compared to the bulk. So, that we can understand that at the nano scale there are some very interesting effects which we do not observe in the bulk materials. So, let us one of those physical properties we talk about now next is that thermal conductivity. We know that thermal conduction occurs due to electrons and phonons in normal metallic materials electrons are the dominant form of conduction, but suppose I am talking about a diamond we know that diamond has no free electrons and therefore, very little free electrons at room temperature. Therefore, it is phonons which are responsible for thermal conduction actually diamond happens to a very good thermal conductor. In fact, if one holds a diamond blade and actually cuts through eyes the heat of the hand can actually conducted very nicely through the diamond and it will actually cut eyes very nicely and this phononic mode of conduction as you know phonons are quantized normal modes of lattice vibrations. And later on we will talk about plasmon in the context of optical properties plasmon are collective oscillations of electrons while phonons are collective oscillations of quantized oscillations of elastic oscillations of atoms or we may call lattice vibrations. In nano materials the phonon wave length can be comparable to the lens scale of the microstructure or in the case a nano particle itself. So, this is an important point that means phonons can get confined in the material because now it cannot travel through the medium. So, that is an important point to note and therefore, you do expect that when phononic conduction is the dominant form of conduction that in nano scale materials things are going to be very different. Even in cases where electronic conduction is the important mechanism you do expect that it is going to be different from the normal materials. Now, if you talk about phonon wave length you can write down e phonon is H v by lambda v is the velocity of sound and the momentum of photon H by lambda putting together we can see the lambda phonon is of the order of 10 power minus 10 or in some cases you can talk about it of the being in the nano scale. Now, in experiments there are two at least two experiments we will take up and or two results we will summarize here and both of these results are you might say opposite sides of the whole spectrum. One is the case of carbon nanotubes where you see a highly enhanced thermal conductivity which is occurring because of phonons and in fact you observe something like about 3000 watt per meter per Kelvin which is 7 times or more than that for copper and this is observed in carbon nanotubes along the length and this is expected to be because of the phononic mechanism. Now, we later on when we talk about conduction electrical conduction we will also notice that in carbon nanotubes you can actually have electrical transport which is ballistic again that means unimpeded transport of electrons across the length of the carbon nanotube which means that you cannot have ballistic conduction. So, you can see the thermal conductivities and electronic conductivities along carbon nanotubes is very high and the result which is contrary to that we are also talking about which we will take up now is the case of nano size platinum films and we are talking about in plane conductivity and its dependence on thickness. So, we have two examples in front of us one is the case of the carbon nanotube where in phononic conductivity is giving us very high conductivity as compared to even that of copper along the length of the tube. The other case is the case of platinum where you expect free electrons to be present and we notice that the in plane conductivity of these thin films these are platinum thin films actually decreased with size. Now, suppose I am talking about thermal conductivity and its plot with temperature then you notice that for platinum bulk that the thermal conductivity actually decreases with temperature which is the normal behavior you would observe because now you are going to have more and more collisions of electrons with phonons and therefore, you actually would have a decreased mean free path and therefore, you expect that the resistance of the material is going to actually decrease increase which is case of electrical conductivity and similarly you would also notice that the thermal conductivity is actually going to degrade with temperature. So, thermal conductivity and electric conductivity both you expect to degrade with temperature and which is what you see in the case of the platinum bulk. Now, if you take about talk about in plane thermal conductivity of platinum thin films there are two important things to be noticed which are both of which are unexpected and startling in some sense. Number one is that the overall conductivity value for any given temperature actually is much much lower. So, you can see that a 28 nanometer film the conductivity for instance you take at temperature like 120 Kelvin you notice that it is about 20 and this is slightly less than 80. So, there is a considerable reduction in the thermal conductivity at any given temperature and even at a higher temperature at 300 Kelvin you notice this is about 30 and this is about 70. So, it is more than double or two and half times reduced with respect to the bulk value. Further you also noticed if the film size is made thinner then the thermal conductivity actually decreases even more. That means a 15 nanometer film is actually having a lower thermal conductivity as compared to a 28 nanometer film which is having a lower thermal conductivity as compared to the bulk. So, therefore, we keep on increasing the thickness at some point of time I would perhaps have a transition from what you might call the nano scale regime to the bulk regime. Now, there is another important effect which we see from the curve which is very different from that of the bulk and this is seen in the regime of 70 to about 340 Kelvin which in which is the regime in which the experimentation was done in the platinum films. You can notice that in this regime actually the thermal conductivity increases with temperature in the case of the bulk semiconductor you already noticed that the thermal conductivity decreases with temperature, but unlike the bulk for the nano size films the thermal conductivity actually increased with temperature. So, the through startling effects in the case of materials having electronic conductivity number one is that the thermal conductivity actually increased with temperature in a nano scale materials and number two the thermal conductivity of the nano scale material and you are talking about in plain conductivity of films and this is not nanoparticles, this is not nanotubes, but actually films and this films is much lower than the bulk counter parts. And this is in contrast with a nano structure like carbon nanotube wherein you actually observe much higher or a highly enhanced thermal conductivity along the length of a carbon nanotube. So, though we only concerned a very little part of the whole story of the thermal conductivity, but this I hope can convey the what you call important message that the thermal conductivity of nano materials is going to be very very different from that of the bulk materials. And this may have important consequences when you are actually designing devices and you are worried about the cooling of these devices, because there is lot of heat generated because of and you may want to put design various strategies for the cooling purposes. And you will notice that the cooling rate or the dissipation of heat through these some of these for instance nano structures is going to be very different from that of the bulk. And therefore, that aspect has to be kept in mind when the devices are designed. The next property which perhaps is in some sense is very much related to the other properties we have been seeing before which is related to the surface property. Because in some sense the conduction we were talking about is more dominant by the bulk and rather than the surface, but in catalysis it is clear that it is a surface effect which is very very important. And we know what is a catalyst a catalyst is something which enhances the rate of the reaction, but it itself does not get consumed by the reaction. So, that is an important thing about the catalyst that it itself does not get consumed and you know lot of industries rely upon good catalysts for industrial production. And catalysts are known to play an important role in reactions like oxidation of hydrogen, hydrogenation of hydrocarbons, oxidation of carbon monoxide, polypropylene, epi oxidation etcetera. Again like before we will view this from a slightly classical view point and also we will take up only a couple of examples which are startling. While literature on this area is again extremely vast and it as because of the industrial application this is also very very useful to study catalysis and especially role of nano particles and nano crystals in catalysis. If you look at the history of the material only about 12 metals they and these typically belong to groups 8 and 1 b which are elemental catalyst. So, there are very small representation of the whole element periodic table which are naturally catalysts. Most widely used ones of those are 3 D metals like iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, 4 D metals like rhenium, palladium, silver and 5 D metals like platinum. So, these are some of the usually used catalysts for these some of these reactions which we have seen before. Copper is used in the catalysis of methanol production by hydrogenation of carbon monoxide and silver is used in the production of ethylene oxide by the reaction of ethylene with oxygen. So, there are some examples. Now, how does this catalytic activity come in?  That group 8 metals owe their catalytic activity to an optimum vacancy in the D band like nickel and palladium. They have a some kind of an optimum vacancy in the D band and therefore, these group 8 metals have you expect them to be having some catalytic activity. On the other hand, if you look at copper, silver and gold, they have a completely filled D band, but by the virtue that they have a low ionization potential and they can lose electrons from the D band. These can also function as catalysts in bulk form. So, therefore, either you need to have an vacancy in the D band or if you have a low ionization potential, then you expect that such a material would be able to perform the role of a catalyst. And this reaction we could be talking about is the example of ethylene, reaction ethylene, oxygen, production ethylene oxide or hydrogenation of carbon monoxide etcetera. Gold if you look at, gold does not satisfy any of these criteria and it has an high ionization potential like 9.23 and therefore, you expect gold to perform poorly as a catalyst in bulk form. So, the classically in bulk form if you see gold, then you would say a gold is not going to be a catalyst and therefore, I would discard it in the bulk form to play the role of a catalyst. Instead of talking about bulk crystals, suppose I am talking about nano particles, then it is obvious that nano particles are expected to have certain better catalytic property as compared to bulk materials. And these comes from two obvious effects. One is the increase in surface area per unit volume and the increase in surface activity to high degree of unsaturated bonds. So, we do expect already that when you go to the nano scale, there will be a certain benefit in using a catalyst in the nano crystalline or nano form. Now, we have just noted that gold actually does not perform good when you are talking about a bulk gold, but then it has been found that gold can actually be used as a catalyst in the nano form. So, gold has a high ionization potential thus giving it poor affinity for molecular hydrogen and oxygen and expected to perform poorly as a catalyst for hydrogenation and oxidation reaction under ambient conditions. Of course, it should be noted that the poor catalytic activity is for smooth gold surfaces at low temperature. So, this is what we are referring to and the expectation is that gold is not a very good catalyst. And it is very surprising that gold can perform the role of a catalyst in nano form. Gold displays a drastic change in behavior and reduction of size. Gold nano particles supported on substrates like Fe 2 O 3 N N I O can be used as catalyst for CO oxidation even at low temperatures like 473 degree Celsius. So, the observation is that now gold which is not a bulk catalyst can actually be used as a catalyst in nano form. And needless to say we have already noted before that these gold nano particles cannot be kept in touch with each other then they will tend to coagulate. Therefore, they are typically embedded in a substrate and these substrates have noted to be Fe 2 O 3 N N I O. And we will note shortly the relevance and the importance of the substrate in this whole process, but the important thing to note is that that gold now in nano form can be used as a catalyst and this is a very startling expectation or startling behavior. Factors which play an important role in catalytic, catalytic properties of gold are first of course, we are talking about gold nano particles size that means size and size distribution and shape of the gold nano particle. And additionally which is the important point is the substrate that means what is the type of the support, what is the interface with the support substrate which is having all these plays an important role in final outcome of the gold nano particles catalytic behavior. We already noted that gold nano particle melts at lower temperatures as compared to bulk materials. For instance, we have noted that 5 nanometer gold actually melts 200 degrees below the melting point and this enhances the coagulation tendency and nano particles are left in contact. And we have also noted that actually nano particles can sinter at temperatures much lower then and we have noted the role of vacancies in this process of sintering. And therefore, we cannot leave these gold nano particles in touch with each other, they have to be isolated and the substrate therefore, performs the first important role of isolating these gold nano particles. And but the important thing which comes out of the study which the experimental study is that there are additional benefits with respect to catalysis of using the substrate. And we have noticed two substrates we noted before Fe 2 O 3 and N I O. Now, when I embedded gold nano particle in a substrate there are important parameters which automatically come about what is of course, the shape of the gold nano particle is the embedding partial like this picture on the right or is it more to more like this where in the particle is not embedded deep into the substrate. So, we could have a range of embeddings. So, if I have a substrate so my gold nano particle could be embedded such that only a small part of it is embedded it could be such that it is almost like a semicircle or it could be even deeper embedded. And what is the difference between all these of course, it is of course, the surface area of gold which is exposed which is going to be this number this area.  Additionally, there is one more parameter to be noted in this embedding and that is the interface. Suppose, I look at the three dimensional figure of this I can actually notice that when I have a particle which is embedded then I would have actually a circular interface which is the line of contact between the particle and the substrate. So, this area interface or a triple point length which is the interface between the gold nano particle the substrate and air and that length would change depending on the embedding. So, in this case the length is small in this case it is the maximum possible and in this case there is somewhat intermediate length of embedding. That means, now the triple line which is passing as the interface between the three phases that is also changing depending on the embedding. Now, this has important consequence on the catalysis and we will note that by reading this phrase here the substrate used in as support in the gold nano particle plays a profound role in catalytic properties of the system. First of all the substrate determines the contact angle with which the gold nano particles make with the substrate and which is of course, size dependent. Gold and titanium 2 nanometer particles tended to wet the surface while larger particles 5 nanometer have a contact angle of 90 degrees. That means 90 degree means partial wetting and in the case of 2 nanometer particles which is extremely small particles they tend to form a uniform coverage that means, there is a wetting tendency. So, the wetting tendency itself is a function of the size of the nano particle. This wetting also is going to tell you what is the amount of interface that the gold nano particles will have with the substrate which in turn plays a profound role in the catalysis. Hemispherical particles with more interface perimeter show higher catalytic efficiency than spherical particles attached to the substrate. So, if you compare the two pictures which are drawn here schematically below one is the case of the non wetting kind of a situation where the particle is sitting virtually outside versus a case of a 90 degree contact angle which were in the perimeter areas large. Then you notice that the one which is embedded nicely is the one or a hemispherical cap kind of a embedding is actually giving you a higher catalytic activity as compared to the one which is not wetting the surface. It is understood that the reacting species adsorb on the surface and interface defects like ledges, kinks and interface lines. So, interface lines play an important role apart from ledges and kinks which anyhow exist on the gold surface in determining the catalytic activity. At room temperature and low temperatures about less than 300 Kelvin gold nano particles beat platinum palladium hands down by four orders of magnetic magnitude in their catalytic activity. If you go back and look at this slide where we talked about catalyst we noted that platinum and gold are well known catalysts. Platinum and palladium are well known catalysts, but gold we said in bulk form is not a catalyst, but when you go to nano scale it looks like the roles are reversed. And you can actually note that gold can outperform platinum palladium of course, in a certain regime of temperature certain regime of embedding that it can actually go and beat platinum and palladium with respect to the catalytic activity. And here we are talking about of course, as I said a limited regime we are where is the cobalt carbon monoxide oxidation reaction has been studied. And this is understood due to the low activation energy of about 30 kilo joule per mole for use by using gold nano crystals. Therefore, we see that when you go to the nano scale there are behaviors which are highly unexpected. And this is this continues to be so in the case of catalysis where in spite of gold not being in the list of the usual known catalysts like the 3 D metals like and the 4 D metals and 5 D metals like platinum palladium silver cobalt. But we find that when you go to the nano scale and especially when we are trying to track catalytic activity of gold nano particles in the low temperature regime. And for a particular reaction like carbon monoxide you can actually go ahead and beat some of the well known catalyst. And the important parameters of course, in this whole thing is of course, shape of the gold nano particles the size of the gold nano particles the substrate medium is it titanium or is it nickel oxide or is it one of the other materials which can be chosen as substrate material. The contact angle that gold nano particles makes with the substrate and all this put together it can be seen that there is an effective role that gold in nano scale can actually perform in the case of catalysis. And this is again one of the startling effects which you see only when you go to the nano scale. The next chapter we take up is related to the mechanical behavior of nano materials. And since defect structure plays a very important role in the mechanical behavior we first talk about the defect structure followed by the mechanical behavior of nano materials. The defect structure in nano materials can be highly altered with respect to bulk materials. And this actually plays a direct role in terms of the properties and these properties could be conductivity diffusion could be you could be even talking about compressive strength or fracture toughness any one of those properties. And therefore, I need to know the defect structure of nano materials and we have already previously defined what is it what is the term defect structure means it term it includes as we have noted before entities like distribution of defects its size its overall volume fraction etcetera or length per unit volume etcetera. So, we need to know the defect structure in a material. So, that I can understand the profound differences in mechanical behavior of nano materials as compared to bulk materials. So, the first of these defects I take up is vacancies. We have already talked about vacancies in the context of diffusion in the context of sintering of nano particles. And we have noted that depending on the curvature of the nano particle is it going to be convex or concave we have noted that there can be actually an enhancement in the vacancies or they can be a depression in the equilibrium concentration of vacancies. And we have noted this we will briefly revise what we mean by the equilibrium concentration of vacancies we have noted that they are equilibrium thermodynamic defects. And suppose I am for now I will restrict myself to metals wherein there is no charge involved and the arguments can be simplistic made. We know that it cause enthalpy for a for you for because there are broken bonds when you have a vacancy in a crystal that it cause enthalpy in terms of putting a vacancy. But we also know that there is a configurational benefit when you have a vacancy that means that when you are trying to minimize Gibbs free energy which is given by delta G is equal to delta H minus T delta S. And for now I am restricting myself to configurational entropy then I can note that there will be an offset because of this configurational entropy a certain temperature at each temperature there will be an equilibrium concentration of vacancies. That means that if I am talking about the Gibbs free energy versus vacancy concentration then I would notice that there initially will be a depression when I increase my temperature. But there will be an at a given temperature of course there will be when I increase the number of vacancies then there will be a depression in the Gibbs free energy. But after the equilibrium concentration then there will be an increase in the Gibbs free energy. That means the energy minima appears for only a certain number of vacancies. Now of course when you increase the temperature then you will have a increased concentration of vacancies and you go even further high temperature there will be increased concentration of vacancies. And close to the melting point in FCC metals like gold, silver and copper the fraction of vacancies which is given by this formula n v by n is which is depends goes as exponential of minus theta h by k t is about 10 power minus 4 1 in 10,000 of the lattice sites go missing close to the melting point in these metals. And as I pointed out that as you increase the temperature the fraction of vacancies keeps on increasing. And therefore, if I take any bulk material and I am talking about any finite temperature like about 300 Kelvin then I expect an equilibrium concentration of vacancies. Now, what happens in nano crystals that is the question we are asking in free standing nano crystals below a critical size the benefit in configurational entropy does not offset the energy cost of introduction of vacancy because now it is a nano crystal the number of sites over which this vacancy can configure are smaller. And this implies below a critical size you expect that vacancies may become thermodynamically unstable. Now, this critical size we can call DC the crystal can become free of vacancies of course, if you start from a high temperature and go to low temperature kinetics have to permit for these vacancies to escape. Now, for aluminum at 900 degree Celsius with an activation energy of 0.66 EV the critical size of the order of about 6 nanometers that means, aluminum crystals below 6 nanometers will be free of vacancies that means, such a crystal will have no equilibrium concentration of thermal vacancies will not be in thermodynamic equilibrium if put in such a crystal. Copper with a higher energy for formation of vacancy of about 1.29 electron volts the critical size happens to be higher of about 86 nanometers. Now, the important point to note in this whole argument is that normally when you talk about configurational entropy you are talking about Gibbs free energy we are talking about what is known as bulk thermodynamics. That means, and these configurational entropy comes from statistical physics which implies that I am talking about a large ensemble which means about a mole of atoms or more which are being sites which are being configured. But in nano crystals obviously, then sizes system is limited and the important question which arises can I use bulk thermodynamics for calculation of quantities in these nano crystals. The answer is obviously no, but it has been found that if you apply bulk statistical thermodynamics to even 100 nanometer crystals. So, it is found approximately true that the results are reliable, but if you go down to very small sizes like about 6 nanometers then the classical formulae cannot be used and they need to be modified for nano crystals. Since, we are not dealing in detail about the thermodynamics of nano scale systems, but this important effect though the calculation based on this may be 6 nanometer could be erroneous, but the important thing is that when you go down to small scale system we do expect that the system will become spontaneously free of vacancies. In other words the system will not support vacancies as a stable thermodynamic defect which is what is the case for the case of bulk crystals. Later on we will see when we talk about dislocations also that when you go to nano scale the system can actually become spontaneously free of dislocations. But in the case the important difference between a dislocation and a vacancy being that in the case of a vacancy, a vacancy can be a thermodynamic defect in bulk which or is a thermodynamic defect in bulk I mean it is thermodynamically stable defect, but dislocation is not a thermodynamic defect that means it is not stable in bulk. But in nano scale the kinetics becomes such that it can actually move out of the crystal. So, there are important differences when you are talking about nano crystals vis-a-vis a bulk crystal when it comes to defects.


It's real trouble cars crypto back with another huge shout out to everybody who's tuning into this video today has been a pretty good day as you guys see we have the house behind us We actually just came from closing. So this is another property adds to the portfolio double our family So what I need you guys to do is to comment below and let me know if you guys want to see them on the YouTube channel The whole process of everything or if you just wanted to give you the before and after but let's go check this thing out Welcome to your new casa We're gonna start off stairs boom split level four bedroom Two bathrooms Got the nice living room dining room kitchen combo with the open concept we have Stainless steel appliances stainless steel dishwasher Stainless steel stove Stainless steel microwave And stainless steel double door refrigerator nice little deck out there Nice little backyard nothing too major We actually just had one of the contractors Come and take a look at some things Ready to get this thing rocking and rolling right off the bat.  Let's get it done. I don't even know where lights that isn't the same. Oh, here we go Room number one decent size space. You will fit a queen size bed in here No problems at all, but the end table is gonna add a whole thing. We'll get it nice and nice and nice and right closet space Just about average a little bit above average Bathroom number one Check that thing out with the nipsey blue on the floor Nice little full bathroom and that is connected to the master suite Which can fit a king size bed the whole nine. We don't get this thing right you guys are gonna see Nice closet space as you guys can see Plenty of stuff you can fit in there. Then we have the pocket door lean to the bathroom Now we're going downstairs You know the split level We gotta tie down there. That's like that's like a little We gotta do that we gotta fix that man. Come on man. I'm most of the garage so far garage Come downstairs Fixing this from here I like the high settings though If y'all want Me to do the before and after or if y'all want me to do The floor blown rehab. I need to come below Comment below and let me know Comment below and let me know Number one to the basement room number three. What do you see? Room number three is smaller than room number one, but you can fit a full-size bed here. No problem Full-size bed and table the whole nine put your TV and all that These are full windows and it's above ground. So it's considered a bedroom Closet space Closet space is smaller in room number one, but it's definitely average bathroom number two full-bathroom shower And get that thing panty getting nice and clean Room number four we in a door Room number four is bigger than room number three You can fit you can fit a queen size bed in here the previous owners had it this way Put your TV right here Boom you have great closet space Double closet fit all the shoes clothes and everything fit right in here Very very nice. I can't wait to you guys here when it's finished because we got a lot of work to do but If you guys want to start flipping houses gonna be it comes to territory You're gonna have to do a lot of things boom the laundry room. We got the washroom drawing here and of course we got a Ten one Check double time check the mechanics. We have the mechanics in here furnace hot water heater washer and dryer Sink right there. You guys see we're gonna have to fix that up there And fix this up here and this also has was a closet right here A nice little sub pump set up so the basement would not flood and last but not least The family room this is where it all goes down where everybody want to chill Kick it enjoy time with the family. This is where you're gonna be. We're gonna have to do some Time up this light is excellent little where I think it's a light bulbs I need to change all light bulbs and I'm not sure we're gonna find out all that when we start fixing up everything But it's plenty of space down here. You can put an all-fish you can fit You know pool table down here. You put a TV over there.  We're gonna do some pain. We're gonna change the floor We're gonna fix those spots in the laundry room We're gonna do a lot of little things So you guys want to make sure you stay tuned and if you guys are interested in seeing the full Everything on YouTube you guys need to comment below and let me know if not. I'm gonna be posting on my Social media.  Hope you guys enjoyed the video is real strong And I'm gone


Thank you again everyone for joining our Could Pink Defund the Pentagon Demilitarized the Economy webinar conversation with Maryam Pemberton. It's a couple minutes past the hour so I think it's about time that we get started. I see people are still streaming in and we're also live streaming on Facebook so if you're joining us there welcome. We're excited to have you here today. I'm going to go ahead and stop sharing my screen and we can go ahead and get started with our webinar. So again thank you to everyone for joining us today and welcome to the Could Pink Defund the Pentagon Demilitarized the Economy webinar with Maryam Pemberton. My name is Carly Towns. I'm co-director of Could Pink and I run our Defund the Pentagon campaign here. Could Pink is an anti-war women-led organization and as you might have heard last week President Biden recently released the budget what he's calling blueprint for fiscal year 2022 which included a proposal for the Pentagon budget which would increase the Pentagon budget by about 13 billion dollars from last year which is really a disturbing continuation of the trend that we've seen under the Trump administration to increase the Pentagon budget year after year. But we know at Could Pink that the real threats to our national security, pandemics, the climate crisis, mass inequality, white nationalism will not be solved by continuing to increase the Pentagon budget, padding defense contractors bottom lines or building more nuclear weapons which is why I'm really honored to have the opportunity to speak with our guest tonight, Maryam Pemberton. So Maryam Pemberton has been thinking about how to demilitarize the economy for decades. She was an editor and then director of the National Commission for Economic Conversion and Disarmament and for 20 years a research fellow at the Institute for Policy Studies where she directed its peace economy transitions project. Between 2006 and 2012 she headed up the coalition that produced the annual unified security budget from the United States and through 2015 led the budget priorities working group. With William Hartung she edited lessons from Iraq avoiding the next war and does that work on six stops on the national security tour warfare economies and other ambitions. She holds a PhD from the University of Michigan. So welcome Maryam to the webinar I'm very excited to have you here. Thank you so much for joining us and in just a minute we're going to get started and start discussing with Maryam a whole range of topics and I'm really excited about this really excellent conversation but just before we get into that I just have a few reminders for everyone on the call. So first if you're just joining us make sure you introduce yourself in the chat box tell us your name where you're coming from and if you're affiliated with an organization and while Maryam and I are in conversation if you have any questions you can go ahead and type them in the chat box or you can use this zoom Q&A feature right at the bottom of your own zoom box and at the end of our conversation we'll have about 10 minutes for Q&A and just for everyone here the webinar is being recorded and as a participant you will be sent the recording after we're done tonight. So without further ado I want to welcome Maryam and again thank you for joining us tonight Maryam. Thanks so much for having me. So we're just we're just going to get started with this conversation I think everyone here is really excited to have you. So you're an expert on on military spending and demilitarizing the economy like I just talked about. So let's sort of start off by setting the stage a little bit because there are a lot of numbers floating around about how much we spend on the military on the Pentagon every year. So first can you sort of take us through how much do we actually spend on the military every year? Well the answer is about three quarters of a trillion dollars every year. I always liked the quote from Robert Gates who was George W. Bush's defense secretary and then he was a holdover in the Obama years for a little while and he said if the Department of Defense can't figure out how to defend the United States on half a trillion dollars a year then its problems are much bigger than anything that can be cured by buying a few more ships or planes. All right so he said half a trillion now we're up to three quarters of a trillion. Right and I think that's really important context that's always an excellent quote and you know I think something also that I wanted to ask about is we hear like the Pentagon budget but then sometimes people talk about something called a quote unquote militarized budget. So how are those different and what would a militarized budget encompass? Yeah so the Pentagon so this 700 plus billion dollars that this militarized budget is going to get this year certainly the Pentagon gets the lion's share. In the Biden budget it's about 715 billion but that does not include the budget to cover the nuclear weapons arsenal that is in the Department of Energy budget actually about two-thirds of the energy budget goes to our nuclear weapons arsenal and it's again not included in the Pentagon budget and then there are some other features like our militarized foreign aid in the State Department that goes to give money to other countries to buy U.S. weapons and when you put all of that together then you get the so-called top line for the national defense budget which this year is being proposed at 753 billion dollars. Right exactly and in the world does that include actually the militarized border which is in the Homeland Security Department which is another 50 billion dollars. Right exactly I was going to ask about that right so we have that 753 billion number that you mentioned but then that doesn't include right what you said which is even more money to militarize our border. So that's that's really helpful context and I like to start with that because I think a lot as I said a lot of numbers are always floating around. So so we just ended you just talked about the 753 billion dollar Pentagon budget that was proposed by Biden and he he just released that proposal last week and I said it's you know it's a budget blueprint for 2022 so you know this kind of caused quite a bit of controversy so can you take us through what was included in President Biden's blueprint for the Pentagon budget that he released last week and also maybe what wasn't included like what did he leave out from that blueprint. The blueprint is just what they call the top lines and so so it's every department's overall budget without going into the details of you know what we're going to spend it on and I would say that there is cause for celebration in in that budget. I think many of your listeners will have seen this budget pie that the National Priorities Project does so it's a pie including a slice for every part of the federal budget and for about 80 years one the the budget for the military has taken up more than half of the pie and this year however that is going to change because the Biden administration has proposed about a 16 percent increase in the non-defense portion of the budget that is everything that Congress votes on every year that is not military spending and so you know that slice it'll be nice to see that slice getting a little bigger and the military slice getting smaller that does not mean however as you mentioned that they have cut the military budget they've just expanded that pie and so the military budget has gotten a you know they they basically are right that that it is a flat budget it is what we spent last year with as you said $13 billion which is you know the inflation effect and so so well I think we should celebrate that we're spending more money on non-defense expenditures this coming year than on defense however we haven't managed to cut the defense budget so we have worked it. Right I I definitely agree and I think that's also another important piece of sort of context around military spending that you know you mentioned right it is it certainly isn't you know still an increase in actual numbers from last year right but as I mentioned right this is a trend that we saw in during the Trump administration as well and the increases then were much much higher right over the course of the four years in the Trump administration we increased the Pentagon budget by 133 billion if I remember correctly and so also how does you know the current Biden Pentagon budget proposal how does that compare to you know Obama era Pentagon budgets and also military spending historically because I also like to sort of zoom out and think that through. So the post Cold War budget came down by about a third and then you know eventually we get 9-11 and the budget soars and then we get to the Obama administration which in its first two years actually increased Pentagon spending to pay for the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq in the surge in those wars and so for the first couple of years we were spending more on the military than at any time since World War II then the budget came down the military budget came down a little bit about 10% in the following years and then as you said the Trump administration you know jack set up again and that's where we are now the Biden budget has not has not cut from the levels that the Trump administration had so we are still spending nearly more now on defense than we have spent since World War II you know including the Reagan build up including you know all the war years now we're spending more. Right I think yeah thank you for that I think it's really important to put it into that historical context as well and you know when we talk about the fact that we want to cut the Pentagon budget even by 10% would just bring us back to Obama era levels or not even close right so I think that's really important so yeah thank you so much for that. The other part of this this webinar that I think we wanted to have a conversation about too is talking about demilitarizing the economy overall so first you know before we get into that what does it mean to say we have a militarized economy? Well let's think about industrial policy so that is the government organizing its industrial resources for a particular goal now we haven't even been able to talk about industrial policy for years because it comes with it's sort of a taboo topic it comes with the idea of you know there's a soviet five-year plans we can't do that it's not the American way we want free markets when of course we have an industrial policy and it is a militarized industrial policy and the consequences that we lead the world in making weapons and hundreds of communities across the country are dependent on Pentagon contracts and all of that spread is by design we can talk about that a little if you want we have hundreds in addition to the the private contractors we have hundreds of military bases around the country and communities are dependent on them and by tooth and nail to keep their bases meanwhile the rest of the industrial base has been neglected so we are way behind for example the Chinese you know the Chinese are supposed to be our big military competitors when in fact they've been kind of eating our lunch at things like building solar panels and electric vehicles so President Biden talked about building a whole bunch of offshore wind farms off the east coast which will be great and they'll create a lot of jobs but they will not be jobs manufacturing the wind turbines and the whole apparatus because we don't do that in this country because we've been you know putting our eggs in that other military basket and and so you know a Danish company is going to be building the first wind farm off the coast of of Rhode Island you know then you think of university research most of the the research money available is military money and so you you have academic researchers kind of skewing their research to have some sort of military application so that they can get the money to do the research you know skewing our research priorities and then of course you have trade the US seeding the world in weapons and subs with our tax dollars subsidizing countries to buy our weapons so this is what I mean by a militarized economy yeah I mean that's that's very helpful right I mean I think again as I said we talk about the the Pentagon budget but you know that puts into context like the ways in which our spending priorities at the federal level affect the way that our local communities are are organized like you talked about and you did mention briefly um sort of this is this is how it's done by design it's spread out across our country could you could you speak a little bit more to that because I think that's important yeah sure um so this was a strategy that really took off after the Cold War when the contractors were finding that they you know they didn't have a peer competitor country to to justify you know increasing military spending and so they came up with this deliberate deliberate strategy to spread contracts in as many congressional districts as they possibly could this is clearly not you know going to increase the efficiency of production it it's I call it a political protection racket you know it's it's just making sure that they can make the argument that you know jobs are dependent on keeping military spending high and growing right exactly and I think you know it's something we talk about all the time uh I could think as well right and I think it's an important part of the conversation if we're really going to be serious about reducing the Pentagon budget um and so you know I as I mentioned I think one of the most common arguments right against cutting the Pentagon budget is that military spending generates jobs like you talked about um so what kind of jobs and how many jobs does Pentagon spending actually create across this country you said it's not necessarily the most efficient way to spend our money um so I feel like you know maybe one of the best things I have done in my career was uh commissioned the original study that showed that a billion dollars invested in fields like education, healthcare, clean energy, you know all of those sorts of investments are going to create more jobs than investing them in the military and I actually found and and now that that study has been replicated many times um it's now sort of taken over by the cost of war project that I bet people know about at Brown and BU uh and um you know I was just talking to the author the other day and and she said there's going to be a new job study coming out so um that is I think an invaluable tool for making making our arguments um but I also just came across an interesting study actually from the U.S. Commerce Department that I think dovetails nicely with um this this main job study which was they were looking at exports and they said that a billion dollars for in arms exports creates about 3,900 jobs but uh if you look at a billion dollars invested in exports across the board that generates 5,200 jobs so again corroborating we are backing the wrong horse for self-interested reasons as well as moral reasons right I mean that's definitely true right I mean we of course have to make the moral argument but there are really practical arguments to make as well like you mentioned um I think it's a really interesting uh way to frame it and of course we cite um your work and and the work of cost of war project is a lot all the time to really reframe the conversation rather than does spending on the Pentagon budget create jobs to what could we have if we spent on other um you know elements of of the federal government or other sectors like like education or that sort of thing so I think that's really important um another you know kind of element to that that I wanted to also discuss is that I think some people would be surprised by how much of the Pentagon budget actually goes towards private defense contractors um and why is our Pentagon budget so commercialized and does that have a connection to um the fact that spending on the Pentagon budget doesn't necessarily generate as many jobs as as we would like it to I mean uh this has been true really since uh uh world war two and followed by the cold war um you know beginning what I think should be called a permanent war economy um so for world war two uh you know large swaths of the of the American um economy and industry were uh redirected toward uh producing for the war so you know Ford Motor Company stopped stopped making cars and started making tanks and you know on and on and um so um many of those companies kind of started to uh you know convert back to what they've been doing and um and then comes the cold war and many of them are saying this is a good deal and uh we're just going to keep keep on doing this and uh the fact that um so much of the private economy uh the the private uh uh military economy is um you know exists is uh because uh you know of this protection rack that they've got going that that um you know they're gonna uh you know make sure their campaign contributions go to the key committee chairs of the committees that vote on military spending and and so on and that you know every member of congress is told about all the jobs that are that are dependent on on military spending. Right yeah I think it's um you know something that people are familiar with even if they're not familiar with it in this context right congress people getting campaign contributions from corporate donors and then voting in their interest plays out all the time when we're talking about approving Pentagon spending as well. Someone in the chats of the only beneficiaries of war spending are Raytheon, General Dynamics Boeing and these companies and all the people who sit on their board of directors which I think is a really accurate representation um yeah they talk about the the revolving door of um you know people may be starting out in in the military um overseeing the contracts of private contractors and then you know going easy on them because it's it's uh you know when they retire it'll be nice to get hired by that same contractor um and of course you know we've seen problematic appointments in the DeBiden cabinet that uh you know that have you know strong ties to these big military contractors yeah absolutely yeah mm-hmm oh sorry I think we're gonna say something but uh yeah I was gonna say you know that goes all the way to the top right uh the Secretary of Defense himself was on the on the board of directors for Raytheon so absolutely um well now that we've talked about how much of a problem obviously are depending on budget is you know our militarized economy and how entrenched it is it is um within our society I hate to ask this question but how do you think we can demilitarize the economy like what can we actually do to fix it um I know it's a huge question but it is also right like why we're here today um so how can we start to demilitarize the economy I mean you know it basically comes down to you know the the key is moving the money you know uh from the Pentagon to the civilian side of the economy to sort of create demand pull toward a civilian economy to create new markets and new opportunities for the economy as a whole and in some cases for for defense contractors to um move into um civilian areas um and so you know that's that seems to me to be the key and it seems like we do have some exciting possibilities here I think um this infrastructure bill really does open up you know we're gonna want to expand it but but it really does open up some possibilities for the kind of new and green industrial policy that we that we absolutely need so um you know as we're making arguments uh uh two members of congress um you know even the Pentagon um says that climate change is a security threat um that you know allowed to fester uh is going to create problems security problems that no uh military on the earth is going to be able to um to solve um and um you know the kinds of investments that they're talking about in that jobs bill um are you know really some of the elements of uh you know a new industrial policy that can uh potentially um you know shift the economy from a militarized to a civilian oriented economy but as we know the inertia of an entrenched militarized economy um is a powerful force it will require it's not enough to just invest on the civilian side it will require you know cutting the military budget and we haven't done that yet uh I had a couple of other ideas or one one idea um at least uh we were talking about communities and how dependent they are on Pentagon contracts uh and uh as I was saying to you earlier I I spent too much of my time on earth um trying to um create this vehicle for communities to um kind of have uh you know set up a planning process uh bringing together stakeholders uh the public officials economic development folks uh you know the nonprofit sector all all different stakeholders in a community that is defense dependent and saying you know what kind of economy do we have what kind of economy do we want how might we get there um and as I say um there's a program in the Pentagon uh it's an agency called the office of economic adjustment so uh it's supposed to be it gives planning grants to communities um uh to fund and give them assistance in setting up one of these planning processes bringing stakeholders together and planning a community transition um however last year they changed the name of this uh of this Pentagon agency from the office of economic adjustment to the office of local defense community cooperation and so uh you know they want to keep those communities where they are they don't want them to have any kind of transition and so um I was though talking to um some folks who have um been talking to folks in the commerce department there's an economic development administration EDA and um it has been really anemic for many years um but the Biden administration would like to kind of beef up that that agency and uh transitions of all kinds planning grants are you know part of what they do and so it occurred to me that that Code Pink is um very good at uh you know creating community conversations um and so uh you know if we're going to relax the grip of Pentagon contracting on communities across the country um this might be a place where you know activists could be important that's really excellent to hear yeah I mean I think you're you're right I mean only half of the puzzle is is sort of defunding or we talked about divesting for more I mean the other half is investing in a piece economy and sort of um imagining new sort of political horizons around that so I think that's that's really exciting and and I think we'd love to talk more about that um and you know another question that I had too you talked a little bit about um stakeholders and you also talked about Joe Biden's infrastructure bill um I'm I'm wondering if um you could tell us a little bit about what it would take to really institute sort of a just transition away from um a militarized economy to one that's um you know demilitarized and and what role would we have to play in bringing in like labor unions and made the labor movement into that just transition um well as you probably know the the term just transition um is is mainly uh when they talk about it it's mainly about um just transition for fossil fuel workers into good paying green jobs um and uh you know so a just transition would include you know retraining funds and bridges to jobs that actually exist you know that you're being trained for and ideally um some income support now these are the things that they mainly talk about for uh fossil fuel workers um but uh you know we want to think about them uh for for defense workers also but I have been um talking to a great guy who is um a former head of the machinist union in the state of Connecticut wonderful guy who's really very interested in in climate change and moving his union more to focus on climate change and so I asked him about uh a just transition you know for defense workers because because his union has been mainly defense workers um and he said well he thought defense workers were kind of um not first in line so first in line he says for just transition funding would be fossil fuel workers that's where you know most of the energy is but he also said he's been in conferences where um people of color are saying um you know okay you want to give just transition to fossil fuel workers um we never got the chance to be fossil fuel workers we were excluded from those jobs and so how about a little just transition assistance for for us and so um you know he was um not um you know too optimistic that uh the kind of just transition assistance that we'd love to see for defense workers moving into um civilian manufacturing um was going to be that popular with defense workers because as we know defense work is very highly paid or or more highly paid than most um other manufacturing jobs um but I'd say you know in in thinking about how to bring the peace movement and the labor movements together um you know I think this infrastructure bill is is an absolutely golden opportunity um to uh to make some of that happen and to ban the job space um but you know the peace movement and the labor movement have worked together in the past uh you know the notable examples tend to come from situations where defense cuts have been made and defense workers are casting about for for solutions um to their jobs problem and so um they are you know likely to be there have been some very interesting examples of um you know of coalitions between the peace movement and and the labor movement but we got to get those defense cuts because um well back to my labor leader in in with the machinist union in Connecticut um he having to represent um the workers at Pratt Whitney which makes the engines for the F-35 fighter jet um but uh also in the state are you know it's a very defense dependent state and there's also electric boat which makes all the nuclear powered submarines or many of them um and he said there was an interesting split so the the workers at Pratt Whitney would um would be fine if today we're making engines for the F-35 and tomorrow we're making wind turbines you know they'd be they'd be okay with that they're you know some of them would actually welcome that um electric boat tends to hire people with security clearances because of this new because of all the nuclear uh aspect of their work and so um uh they tend to be more resistant um so that was an interesting divide but uh he also said that you know the real problem he goes back to world war two that in world war two we were not asking you know how are we going to pay for this war um we were asking uh you know we need 50 ships uh you know where are we going to get the materials who's going to build them and they just you know kind of organized around that goal and he says you know now we have a climate crisis that is uh you know in some ways as big as world war two and that's the kind of mobilization uh we need to have where we're not so worried about you know can we afford this um because we absolutely can't afford not to so right exactly I think that's that's a really important point um and I think it's something that the climate movement has been really um important in driving home is you know flipping the conversation to actually climate change is happening now and um it's something that uh we're going to have to we need to deal with immediately and I also think um same similar situation when talking about um you know demilitarizing the economy it's it's going to be incumbent on us to explain to people how we can do that without like you said having people lose their jobs and I think um studies that you've done and the cost of war project have done showing that um spending uh and in almost any other industry will create more jobs and and good paying jobs as well is is really important to information um so that that sort of wraps up um some of the questions I wanted to ask you but did you have any last thoughts you wanted to add before we move into we have a couple of questions from the audience as well um why don't we do that okay sounds good great um so I have a couple of questions from the chat box and then I also have some from the q&a it looks like a couple of people had um a few more questions about pentagon spending and what that encompasses so somebody was asking what is the discretionary budget and how much goes to defense like what's discretionary versus non-discretionary yeah so the discretionary budget is the budget that congress votes on every year doesn't include so-called mandatory spending on social security uh medicare medicaid um that's basically the the distinction right great um and um I have a couple of other questions specifically about what the pentagon budget encompasses as well so there's two that I kind of want to fold together so it's is there a component of the military budget reflected in the cia dea and in the other agents like covert operations so is that is their funding covered in the pentagon budget and then is the veterans administration budget included in the pentagon budget um so the intelligence budget is sort of a black budget it's it's they don't reveal what it is um you know people have gotten some inklings but um but you know basically we don't we don't know about that one it's certainly not included is a line item in the in the in the federal budget that that gets released um so when I used to do this unified security budget the idea was um security is not just military we need to look at uh diplomacy and uh foreign aid and non-proliferation spending and when we look at that we say we're spending a lot on what I called offense just to say military and not very much on defense and not very much on prevention meaning the state department's diplomacy budget and and so on and it was always a question of whether when we were doing this analysis whether we should include veterans affairs it is a separate budget um and uh you know we could have used that I I sort of focused on what are we spending now for you know current conflicts but veterans affairs is certainly an expenditure um from our war fighting and so there's certainly an argument to be made um for including that in a consideration of what do we mean by by security national security spending um but it is not included in the in the um part of the budget including the Pentagon called national defense right that's really helpful thank you I think um as I said a lot of numbers floating around and people it's it's can be confusing um I have another question um from from Nancy it says is there a map of where all of the manufacturers are in the United States that have weapons contracts from the government or something a resource like that uh no um at least not that I've found um there's a there's a useful website uh called government contracts one w on dot com and it's a private site um but you can plug in uh your state or your county um and they will tell you all the you know all the contractors it's a little unclear to me you know what they're counting sometimes but it certainly gives you a lot of information about um uh contractors in your area yeah it's an interesting question and also I think you know something we didn't touch on but it's very true is that the Pentagon is the only agency that has yet to to pass an audit um their budget is also really difficult to actually understand what they're spending their money on um I've been doing that for for many years and I still have a hard time I don't necessarily want it to be uh transparent absolutely yeah it's in their interest for sure um and you know every once in a while we get stories about how expensive things are and the money that they're actually spending this outrageous budget on um I have some other questions as well this is a little bit about strategy and maybe congress as well so somebody asks is there much of a contingent in congress who are for reducing the military budget and are willing to engage in efforts towards that end well um just last year uh was created a new caucus in the congress called the defense spending reductions caucus and so um if you're doing a legislative lobbying I would say um go and find out if your member of congress is uh a member of that defense spending reductions caucus and if they're not uh talk them into it so um you know there it is uh and the progressive caucus um has uh been a leader to some extent in um efforts to cut the pentagon budget and the and the the two co-chairs are uh you know definitely making that pitch uh this year so um so I would say the defense spending reductions caucus and the progressive caucus um are definitely places to uh to look and you know I'm sure there's quite a bit of overlap yeah there definitely is and I think that's a really good question I mean it's something that um it is really exciting I mean to have a congressional defense spending reduction caucus is it's historic um and I put a link in the chat box for everyone here you can go to codepink.org slash um DSR caucus to see if your representative is in that caucus and if they're not to ask them to become part of that um because it's an important way to build up support um to reduce the pentagon budget um so we have just a couple more questions um some of them have been similarly themed so kind of group them together but this one I think um also speaks to a question about tactics and it's why not create a department of peace as proposed I think by Mary Ann Williamson they're saying to work on the transitions you're mentioning um and maybe removing money from the pentagon budget and into the department of peace. Yeah um that's an interesting idea that that has been floating around for for a long time um and uh you know I'd be fine with it um I think uh you know mostly what I've done is look at the structure of the government as as it is and um think about you know what departments in the civilian part of the of the government you know such as the state department uh you know EPA the energy department uh uh you know HHS uh education you know how those can be um you know used for peaceful purposes um but and there is a you know a U.S. Institute of Peace um but in my view you know they do some nice seminars and and um some nice studies and they have a beautiful building that looks like a dove on top and everything um but they're not really um they're not really pushing any envelopes I would say in in the direction of a demilitarized economy so another another department um you know would need to really be pushing and not just kind of uh doing nice studies I guess um so you know um I'm I'm certainly open to it right and I think um you know I I couldn't agree more that you know having the idea around you know putting more of our energies and efforts into creating something akin to a peace department department um sounds like a great idea and also I think um at this moment particularly in history it's interesting because um Joe Biden announced his Pentagon budget proposal and then also very soon after announced troop withdrawal um from Afghanistan and so at Code Peek we've been trying to talk about you know listen if we're ending if we're starting towards a trend of ending forever wars that should be reflected in our Pentagon budget as well right why have this enormous Pentagon budget um if we're still if we're no longer engaging in these forever wars um so we have to be really vigilant about that absolutely absolutely excellent um well I think that's about all of our questions um from the audience and I you know I want to thank you for for being here with us today Miriam I think it was really educational and people learned quite a bit I know I did myself um and you know I just wanted to say any any last things you wanted to touch on before we sort of wrap up here today uh I guess um you know I would make a pitch for as you're doing your congressional work um and your work in the community um I'd make a plug for the national priorities project many of you have used their their resources before but if anybody doesn't know um you can go to nationalpriorities.org and you can plug in you know your community uh and or your your congressional district or your county and um generate a whole set of trade-offs of you know this is what we are spending on the military this is what we could be spending and and I've always found that those sorts of trade-offs are a really valuable tool tool to um to use it with individual members of congress um uh in your own congressional district so I would I would just make a plug for that tool and then finally to say that um I have been working on this book uh and I am really enjoying doing it and I'm getting to the end um it's it's about six communities around the country that are very defense dependent and you know so I I look at you know how they came to be that way and you know what part of the military industrial complex do they uh do they feed into and each in each case I've um uh looked for communities that at some point in the past have done some kind of demilitarization effort and so um I am looking forward to finishing up that work and getting it out to uh folks like I think hope it'll be useful. It will be so useful I'm really looking forward to that book as well and I would love to know when it comes out so we can let everyone you know know I could think because I'm sure everyone will want to read it um so thank you so much for that Miriam and and thanks thank you also everyone for joining us um it's been a great conversation some really great questions um and chat generated um together and so I think that about wraps up everything for tonight um again thank you Miriam for an excellent conversation it's been really helpful um you know for the movement to just have a better understanding of our militarized economy everyone here will receive um a recording of the conversation and of the chat box so don't worry about trying to um copy that down and that wraps us up for the night so thank you so much everyone and have a good rest of your night wherever you are Zooming in from thank you so much thanks so much


I'm signing to Thomas Moore University. Signing there because it's close to home and just a wrestle. Wrestling has always been a big thing from where I'm from and it's just something I do that and like to do. Warned hard work, dedication will get you where you need to be. I'm looking forward to getting my bachelors in education and to wrestle and just be close to home again. Just going there is going to make me learn a lot of new things. Wrestling I've never done before and it will make me a bit better.