Hello and welcome to the International Daily Roundup by People's Dispatch, where we bring you some of the major news developments from across the world, our headlines. COVID-19 cases cross 1.85 million, over 114,000, 38. Shipments of testing kits meant for India as redirected to the US, prisoners in Bolivia protest demanding better sanitation and medical attention. OPEC and Russia agree to cut down global oil production by 10% to arrest foreign prices. We begin with an update on the novel coronavirus pandemic. The number of infections continues to grow and has touched 1.85 million, so far. The number of deaths worldwide has crossed the 100,000 mark over the weekend with the latest figures, standing at over 114,000. The outbreak in the US continues to contribute to lion's share of the global cases, as more than 27,000 to the over 72,000 newly reported cases yesterday came from the US alone. Despite the growing crisis, neoliberal hawks in the US and elsewhere have passed on the blame to the World Health Organization. In the meanwhile, images of a mass grave of unclaimed dead bodies from the epicenter of the epidemic in New York has caused widespread panic and speculation on social media. The state of New York has over a third of the total number of cases in the US and far outstrips any other country in terms of the number of infections. It has reported over 9,300 deaths so far. Drone-view pictures from Heart Island in the Bronx revealed anonymous coffins being buried in a mass grave. The mayor of New York, Bill de Blasio, responded to public concerns stating that while the phenomenon of anonymous mass graves is not new in the city, it has witnessed a major increase in recent times. On the other hand, the US has continued its aggression by pushing out more countries in a bid to acquire medical equipment. A shipment of rapid testing kits that was ordered and paid for by the Indian state of Tamil Nadu was reportedly diverted to the US on Saturday. The diversion of the testing kits was revealed by state officials on Sunday, who expressed the hope the next consignment would be sent to the state. The state government of Tamil Nadu, led by an ally of the right wing Bharati Janthapathi, has been criticized for its extremely low testing rates and has only recently dispersed funds to acquire necessary testing kits. On Sunday alone, the state reported over 106 cases of the infection. Meanwhile, there are signs of hope in Europe where the number of deaths has decreased to the mid-100s from the close to 1,000 just a few days ago. Lockdowns too are expected to continue in many countries. India, which is perhaps the largest lockdown in the world, is expected to continue it till the end of the month. French President Emmanuel Macron is expected to be the same. Australia and New Zealand have also dismissed the idea of withdrawing curbs. China, meanwhile, recorded 98 imported cases by the end of yesterday.  On April 12th, the inmates of the San Pedro Prison in Aurora Province in Bolivia staged an uprising demanding better sanitary measures and health care. The riot broke out in reaction to the death of a prisoner who was believed to have COVID-19. A group of prisoners lit several brown fires in different parts of the facility and climbed onto the roof of the prison. They demanded that the national government accelerate the pardon process announced recently for people over 58 years of age. They also demanded that the entire prison population be tested to rule out the coronavirus infection. The Bolivian police used brute force to suppress the protest. The ministry of the coup-installed government, Arturo Murillo, clarified that the death of the inmates was due to inflammation of the pancreas and not COVID-19. In our next story, hundreds of cargo workers in India's Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi have alleged that they are not being paid their salaries. The matter has come to light at the time and the whole of the country is under a lockdown. Around 70% of the roughly 1,200 workers employed through contractor JAC Air Services at the airport have reportedly not received pay for the lockdown period. This is despite strict directives issued by both the central government and the Delhi state government against salary reductions during this period. The matter was raised with the authorities by the airport employees union. The union, which is affiliated to the left-wing center of Indian trade unions or the CITU, has tried to negotiate with the management but in the mobile. The union has raised the issue of the company not making necessary arrangements to acquire curfew passes for their employees even when they are expected to work during the lockdown period and have not complying to the wage hike that the company had agreed to earlier this year. The cargo workers' problems are characteristic of several workers across India who have been required to continue working as essential workforce during the lockdown. Despite the importance of their work, most of them are not compensated with hazard pay or extra paid leave so working during the crisis. Many are yet to be paid, they are due for the month by the companies. Now, the organization of petroleum exporting countries or the OPEC and Russia agreed on Sunday to cut their production by 9.7 million barrels per day in the months of May and June and to control crashing oil prices in the international market. As per the agreement, most of the OPEC countries along with Russia, which are collectively called the OPEC+, will keep gradually decreasing curbs on their production for 2 years until April 2022. Previous attempts to reach the agreement in February had failed, leading to Saudi Arabia announcing an increase in its daily production from 11 million barrels per day to 12.5 million barrels. The OPEC+, cut in production would be around 10% of the total global supply. OPEC has also appealed to other non-OPEC producers like Norway and Canada to cut their production by at least 5%. However, experts argue that this historic reduction in global production will still not be enough to control the fall in prices. Global demands in energy resources have decreased by 1 third since the beginning of the year, largely due to the pandemic. Saudi hike in production led to a free fall oil prices in the international markets. In the beginning of the year, the prices were around US$67 per barrel, which fell to US$30 per barrel, the lowest since the Gulf War. In our in-focus section, Newsweek's Pravir Purkhaisa talks about the relevance of their discussion and the agreement and the impact it will have on the global economy. Today, we are going to discuss the emerging oil scenario as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has led to a complete collapse of demand and consequently crisis in terms of the prices. Of course, a number of countries depend on the oil as their major source of income, particularly countries in West Asia like Saudi Arabia, even Iran, as well as a lot of other countries. What happens to the economy if the oil prices collapse the way we are seeing? And today, even the United States of America as well as Russia are major producers of oil. In fact, US is the number one oil producer today, particularly because of shale oil, Russia is the third largest producer. So all the economies are also likely to be hit if oil prices collapse. Of course, as a consequence of this, OPEC countries have met on what has been known as OPEC plus, because a number of other producers are also a part of this mix. They have met, G20 has met, and there has been a set of discussions how to bring back the oil prices. And specifically, if the oil prices have to stabilize, then it requires production cuts of at least 20% of the output. Now, the recent OPEC meeting, which I talked about followed by G20, has decided that Saudi Arabia and Russia will cut production by 5 million barrels per day. Other OPEC plus members, which would be the people who originally belong to OPEC and joined OPEC plus loosely what is called as the Vienna Alliance, which is another 10, 11 countries, they will cut by another 5 million barrels per day. That means OPEC and OPEC plus countries will cut total 10 million barrels per day. They expect the non-OPEC members that includes the United States as well, which as I said is the largest producer of oil today, that they will also cut by a certain amount. Mexico was a holdout, it said it will not cut as it was demanded by 400,000 barrels, but the United States has bailed it out by saying they will absorb some of Mexico's cut, which the OPEC members had wanted, and therefore that crisis seems to be over. There seems to be an agreement now that there would be some serious cuts. The question remains, will it bring back the oil prices? Will it bring it back to a level which would make shale oil for instance, or Canadian tar sands, or Argentinian shale viable in the current market? Now this is a question we are going to take up later, but the link to this is the question, is the party for the United States over, which started really after the Second World War, in which oil was specced to the dollar, US controlled West Asian oil. Now if that control weakens, as it now appears to be doing, because as you can see that it was not the United States that demanded these cuts, it was initially a spat between Russia and Saudi Arabia about decreasing the oil well, which finally made the US realize that its whole economy, particularly the oil economy, considering it is a major producer, was at risk, and therefore they are interceding, both with Russia and with Saudi Arabia, that they should try and do oil production cuts, crude oil production cuts, and only then will the oil market survive. So that has shown also the dependence of the United States on oil, particularly as it is now the leading producer in the world. So when did the United States start controlling the oil, as I said after the Second World War, but this arose out of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, then the President of the United States, meeting Ibn Saud aboard a naval ship, that set really this underpinning of the world's oil market, pegging it to the dollar, and then de facto letting the United States control the oil market. We must not forget the reason that dollar is a preeminent financial marker, shall we say. The currency of choice is because that it is spec to the dollar, oil is the biggest commodity that is traded in the world, therefore a huge part of global trade is a dollar trade because of oil, and this has made it the de facto currency of trade world over. This allows the United States to impose sanctions on others, it allows the US to use the dollar transactions to be considered as in some sense under US law, and therefore has allowed US to sanction a whole number of financial entities in the world, which otherwise US could not have done. This has also led to what was the joke, or not exactly a joke, except that it did also have a certain reality, that the United States regarded the West Asian oil as a part of US strategic reserve, strategic interest, and that's why the picture that you see on the screen, how did our oil get under their sands. Now before we think this is purely a joke, let's not forget Henry Kissinger on record saying that oil is too important a commodity to be left in the hands of the Arabs. So he was essentially saying in a different way, essentially what the poster said, how did our oil get under their sands. If you look at what changed after that, is that instead of the United States becoming net import and avoid, round about 2010 to 2016, shale oil becomes important, and particularly after the crisis of shale, because the prices have dropped at that point of time also, the shale oil becomes more efficient, more cost effective, and is able to produce at around 40-45 dollars per barrel to break even. Now if you look at the picture of production, you will see that 63% of our US crude production is shale oil. If we consider this shale oil production, you will see that shale oil therefore is essentially a very, very important part of US oil production, and this is the reason that it has become the largest producer in the world. Now if we look at the other picture, the question that we have is that who are the biggest importers? China is a big importer, major producers who are not part of the US alliances, who are essentially under US sanctions, Russia, Iran, Venezuela, Saudi and Russia, the cost of production is low, so they can survive low dollar prices, but US shale oil can't, US no longer controls the US market, as we said, biggest importer is China, then other importers like India were also big, Japan is a big importer, so all of them put together and of course European Union is a big importer, so US is no longer in control of the larger oil market as a consumer, which it was, and as a producer, it cannot sustain the level of production it has, because shale oil will probably not be competitive for the next two, three years, so can we see a new oil alliance, a new oil access emerge, Russia, China, Iran, Venezuela coming together, but that's a separate question, the question is if we want to look at the amount of cuts that have been made, is it sufficient? Now let's look at the bigger picture, if you look at the picture of what happens in January, February, this is the time that China demand fell, the world's demand fell by about 6 million barrels per day, and the OPEC even tried to install deeper cuts, essentially learned by Saudis, Russia did not agree, now Saudis increased production, tried to beat the prices down, thinking Russia would then call, basically agree to the Saudis demand, Russia did not, the prices crashed, when this happened, unlike what people believe, it did not lead to the United States essentially benefiting from all of this, as some of the oil and this had created and anticipated, but it led to a huge impact for domestic production in the United States, as a consequence you can see how much the price falls in this process, and it comes to something like $20 a barrel, now that rate, at that rate of price $20 per barrel, Saudis and Russia can still break even, but huge number of other producers in the world can't, so it's interesting that the United States which is always said it is for free market, called for some arrangement by which a cartel could be formed, they would not be a part of the cartel and they would control production, so that the prices could be controlled, in this period when the prices were crashing, the surplus crude production was still there, it went to the finalies, the finalies started storing all of this in whatever temporary storage they had, even hiring tankers to just simply store the produced refined oil, but this is expected, it was expected by end April early May, the world would run out of storage and that is why the urgency of the crisis and Trump essentially interceded with Russia and Saudis for it alliance, if you look at what happened to US production, this whole jump that we saw is to what we talked about is a shale oil production, the question that we would like to ask that currently we are seeing something like 20 million barrels per day surplus and if the 20 billion barrels per day is a surplus, then we are going to see that the prices will really crash further, that means it won't come back from what we saw as a 20 dollar to back to 40, 45 dollar, it will rise at the most to 30 dollars per barrel, even that is doubtful, it will depend how quickly the Chinese demand comes up and how quickly other demands come up, but if they don't, then you are likely to see even this 30 dollars will be difficult to sustain, so it doesn't look like the next three, four, six months, shale oil is going to come back and if shale oil doesn't come back, it's not that it will be knocked out forever, it is that till the price is run again, rise again, which could be next year, the year after, we don't know, till that point of time it is clear that the United States would not become the dominant player in terms of oil production and what it can do which Trump has been threatening that it will have protection, it will still keep the domestic prices high in order to compensate for shale producing producers cost, which as I said will not break even below 40, 45 dollars, so that means the US consumers will have to pay more money if this is what Trump chooses to keep shale oil alive, but the bigger issue that is there is that the United States has not agreed to the matching cuts which the OPEC plus has demanded, that we are cutting this amount of oil, but how much oil are you going to cut is a question they have asked United States, to that the Trump's reply has been that under our laws and this is what the US the other spokesperson are saying, it's not possible to cut oil production because that will be like cartilization, it's not permitted to domestic law, now the reality is quite otherwise, Texas which is the largest producer of oil in the United States including shale oil has a commission, monopoly commission which allows it and it has done it in the past allows it when wasteful production takes place, it can decide to cut production, that means that the US has a law by which production can be cut in the United States and it is completely wrong for it to claim all its analysts to claim that the US does not have a law which allows it to cut oil production, it definitely does have, this in fact is an argument of the market fundamentalist who say only the market should decide what the price of oil should be, but that doesn't apply of course in their view to the entire globe, who should not depend on the market, but who should actually cut production in order to keep prices high enough for American producers to produce oil, now that is an agreement which is not likely to happen, so we'll have to see whether the OPEC plus or the RIADA alliance as it is called its agreement to cut will actually work in spite of the fact that the United States has said it will let only market decides how much the amount of cuts that the United States will undertake and though it's the biggest producer it refuses unlike Saudi Arabia and Russia to come into an agreement to cut its own oil supply, so that is a question that we have to leave for the future, so we leave you with two or rather three questions, one is the party for the United States which is a global financial monopoly it has had over dollar being the basic currency in which oil is priced, is that party over and if that happens what are the repercussions for its financial control of the world's markets, it's a much bigger issue than simply the issue of the dollar than simply the issue of the oil market, the third issue is what are the geo-strategic consequences of this weakening of the United States of its triangle hold of the over oil and it's particularly it's being the global currency of choice by almost all countries or at least all the big capitalists, capitalist firm firms in the world because if you see in the current crisis the flight of currencies that took place that most currency space places most places in the world saw currency flight to the dollar which means de facto dollar still remains the biggest underpinning of the world's financial system it's a part of it is of course oil part of it is village now given both of this at the moment weakening what happens to US's financial control of the world market is a question that we'll leave you with thank you very much that's all we have in this episode of the International Daily Roundup to know more about these stories visit our website peoplesdispatch.org and follow us on facebook twitter and instagram thanks for watching


Oral or laryngeal leukoplakia has an increased risk for malignant transformation, but the risk of the two anatomical sites has not been compared to each other yet. This study found that patients with dysplastic leukoplakia have an increased risk of malignant transformation, but the risk is higher with laryngeal than with oral leukoplakia. Additionally, there is no significant difference between the groups regarding survival with leukoplakia-associated cancer. Oral patients with no dysplastic lesions have a low risk of malignant transformation. Complete excision and long-term follow-up are suggested for high-risk patients to diagnose cancer in an early stage and to control late, over 10 years, malignant events. This article was authored by Botan Bukovsky, Yanosh Fodor, Erika Tov, and others.


The challenge of the Yukon King the swiftest strongest of Eskimo lead dogs blazes the trail through storm and snow for Sergeant Preston as he meets the challenge of the Yukon. Sergeant Preston was typical of the small band of northwest mounted police who preserved law and order in the Yukon during the gold rush of 98. That was the year that brought over 50,000 men swarming into the Klondike region and the greed for gold led to frequent violence and bloodshed. But in spite of the odds against them the force preserved a splendid record in maintaining the right. The challenge of the north was answered and justice ruled triumphant. It was early afternoon and Sergeant Preston was on patrol duty in the Yukon with his lead dog the Great King. The snow was swept clean from much of the land and Preston had left his sled and team in town. What is it King? Alright King you lead the way. Going after something but I can't make out what it is. He's following a scent. It'll be a good idea to see what it leads to. Alright boy I'm coming. Yes I see King. Footprints huh? Well that's strange. Snow's partially covered those tracks. It's worth investigating. The winds swept this land clean. The tracks stop. King old fellow you'll have to lead from here on. That cave over there? Is that where you're going King? Well King you've never been wrong before. Whatever's in that cave must be pretty important. This is one place we've missed on our patrols King. Use some wood. Someone uses this cave. What for? These pelts. Fox, lynx, beaver. Why they're beautiful. Trapper uses this cave for storerooms certainly got a fortune in first. One man couldn't have. Well this cave is full of pelts. Yes King? What's over there now? Oh I see. So this is what had you so excited boy. Now what would any trapper with these rich skins be doing with dog and wolf pelts? They have no value. I can understand a trapper building up supply of high grade pelts but why would he keep so many of these worthless? What is it for him? Someone coming? Yes King. Something wrong here. We can't get out without being discovered. We'll get back at the far end of the cave. He should be safe here. Now play dead King. Play dead boy. It's another bunch we'll catch you now. That's a lasted one thing Kevin. I'm so tired hauling these pelts. Holland's almost over now. Take one more load of dog and wolf skins to the storehouse and then a whole thinking of up and smoke. Yeah. Those trappers they'll take it mighty hard. Good thing you made them sign those contracts. Our agreements will make us rich. We don't pay those shipmen as maids. That contract was the smartest thing you ever put together man. I'm Jack of all trades and I pay to know a little about them all. I didn't have much to do with any law but I can draw up a watertight contract and there's not a thing any of those trappers can do to break their agreements. Look at that beaver skin. It's a beauty. It's a beauty all right. We're sitting mighty pretty. Look at those fox tails. These skins will bring a fortune. What do you have a gold mine in the fur business? All them trappers need is to hear the prices we pay for the skins and they're bringing the best ones to us and car loads. The best part of it is we pay when shipments made and we never ship. We can't tote these wolves and dogs skins to the warehouse of dark vans. No we might as well stay right here till sundown. Now I'll start a fire. Wait a minute. We've got firewood alone. Let me listen. What's eating you Vance? There's someone in this cave. Who could be? There's someone in here I tell you. Listen Vance there ain't no soul knows about this cave. We can look around just to make sure it'll make it feel any better. There's no joke Duval. I know there's someone in here. You got a sixth sense Vance. You go along that wall I'll take this time. There's so many parts of this cave we can look all night and still not be anywhere.  I don't know what's got into you lately Vance. It was never so edgy before.  It'll go a lot easier with you. Ain't gonna walk into our arms Vance. There is somebody in here you know that. We'll search this cave till we find him. Come on. I don't know where he gets these ideas. Someone in the cave. He's taking this thing pretty seriously. That's a warning.  You shot loose in some rocks. Hey what the. I told you there was somebody in here. I'll bring that light over. I've got a gun and I'm going to use it. Maybe some of that rock hit him Vance. Hurry up with that light. Jumping the horn toads of Mountie. Well I never expected to meet Sargeant Preston knocked out by a couple of falling rocks. Come on Duval we'll tie him up before he regains consciousness. Here's some of that rope we used to tie the pelts together. That'll be all right. If that mutt moves, shoot him. There that does it. You need a hard time getting free of these ropes.   King old fella. We've got to do something about this Mountie Vance. He heard us talking. Don't worry we'll take care of him. Shoot that mutt Duval. Quiet King. Call him out here. All right King. Come on out boy. Shoot him Duval. Oh now. You heard me. Are you going to shoot him or will I? Make a break for King. Go on. No you won't Vance.  Go ahead. Shoot Duval. I'll throw you Vance. He's clean away. If you had a shot him when I told you. King. Is that the dog? Yeah that's the smartest lead dog in the Yukon. And now he's going to bring help thanks to you. We better get rid of this Mountie Vance then Vance. Sure. Fine. Have you got any ideas? Put a couple of bullets in him right now. You should have thought of that when the dog was here.  You'll never get away with this. Listen Preston. This is one time you're not holding the gun.  You can't win Vance. Some time and soon the inspector will send one of the other monies to see what's happened. Let him. By that time Duval and me will be so far out of the Yukon your law will never catch up with us. Now don't worry when you're found Preston is not going to look like muttie. What do you aim to do with him Vance? We'll gag him and take him for a walk. You mean. Yes. We'll have to go ahead with our plans tonight. We can't waste any time. That dog will have someone back here in a few hours. You're right. Let's pack up these furs and get moving. Late that night with heavy packs on their shoulders. Vance and Duval sneaked into Maschiti and forced Preston at the point of a gun to go ahead of them. He'll go right to the warehouse. Yeah. Sooner we get there the better. I don't like going through the town carrying this stuff. Don't worry no one will stop us. I'm thinking about that dog. Once Preston's out of the way our troubles are over. Of course it would be different if that mutt could talk. Here we are. I never was so glad to see any place in all my life. Yes. Mountie was downright obedient. I'm down on top of some of those worthless pelts and ties feet. All right. Mountie. You won't be able to move when I finish tying this. Put a lot of those dogskins around him. You figure he wants Sergeant Preston's death in the fire to look real. We want to be sure there's not a chance for him to get out of life and get your vans. That way you can say he was caught trying to save someone from the burning warehouse. Good idea. Someone of the south for this guy to get ideas. Come on Duval we put some of this oil around. That ought to be enough. Yeah that'll do it. Now I'll take this lamp. Those skins burn plenty fast. This place will be in inferno in five minutes. Lesson that. Come on let's get out of here. I don't want to be too close to this place when the fire is discovered. Attracted first by the red glow of the flames against the darkness of the night. Men poured from ramshackled buildings surrounding the warehouse and watched the fire. They knew the furs inside were lost. They knew that the cost of the damage would break many a trapper's heart. But they didn't know that inside the building Sergeant Preston lay bound and gay. Helpless in the face of certain death. A tall lanky trapper came from machete city's cafe. The expression on his face told the story more eloquently than words. All my furs are in there. I've gone in there. You know if you do you'll never get out alive. My warehouse ruined the chance in the world to save anything. Well if that building caves in we haven't a chance. Let's go on my first man. Listen to me. You better make good of them first man. What are you going to do about a pinch boys I'm sorry what about us. We won't lose everything. You meant all signed agreements with us. We agreed to pay when we shipped the first person ship we don't pay. You mean I've lost the whole years traveling that fire to get nothing to show for it. I'm sorry Hankins but there's not a thing we can do about we lost the warehouse. Does it do well. Preston's covered with red hot embers by now I got a hand or two events. Well Hankins but was in that warehouse is just a hopeless loss now you want to give us at least a quarter of what our first were worth fans. If we didn't take him to Hudson Bay Company we didn't take him to the Hudson Bay Company. Why do you suppose you pay such high prices we got competition to meet we meet at the best way we know how that's with highest prices we don't allow a cent for any losses you don't have to take a loss and press. Wait I'm seeing. How did that money not saying things of all but you soon will be the inside of a jail that much he must be as fans thanks to King here I got out of that burning warehouse he chewed through the ropes what did you mean sergeant you said I don't have to take no loss I meant just what I said Hankins your first together with the first of the other trappers are all safe in a cave about two miles. Well I'll be Vance and Duvall are under arrest you'll have to prove your story first money I'll prove it Hankins I'll take you to that cave where you find your first it ain't no crime to put first in the cave that's for yourself money you can't maybe I can't prove you tried to kill me Duvall you have no charge Preston you know it you can't prove we burned down our own warehouse we didn't know the furs have been transferred to the cave someone else did yeah yeah that's right we didn't know nothing about it you have agreements with these trappers to pay them high prices when you ship you agreed to those high prices because you didn't expect to pay them we'll make sure you ship now the law will see you stand by every word of your agreement sergeant that contract gives him 30 days to ship don't worry Hankins they'll ship in 30 days all right and you will have your money yes king the case is closed upholding the motto of the northwest mounted police sergeant Preston and the great dog king maintain the right and get their man don't miss their next thrilling adventure when they meet the challenge of the Yukon once again on Saturday at 6 30 challenge of the Yukon a copyrighted feature of the challenge of the Yukon incorporated brought to you every Saturday at this time originated in the transcription studios of WXYZ Detroit the characters and events in tonight's drama were fictitious Bill Morgan speaking this is the Michigan radio network


In the name of Allah, the beneficent, the merciful, respected viewers, brothers and sisters in Islam, may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon you. Throughout history, many women are revered and remembered.  It is these women who have revolutionized our minds and have certainly given women a lot of worth. In the West, the common picture of a Muslim woman is the stereotype of a woman hidden behind a veil, a voiceless, silent figure, bereaved of rights. It is a picture familiar to all of us in large part because this is invariably how the Western media portrays women in Islam. Islam covers many lands with many diverse cultures, from the borders of Arabia to the coasts of Africa, from Bosnia to Indonesia, large groups of people practice Islam. Islam is growing in European and American countries. Each one of these Islamic nations has its own distinct culture. There is a great diversity of cultures within Islam. One cannot bring all of these cultures, political systems, national heritage, belief systems, geographical locations, historical backgrounds and all the peoples who embody them under one uniform category or think of them as one system. Islam is practicing each nation according to those nations' characteristics. The nations are, by existing as nations, distinct and different from one another. No two cultures are alike. Muslim women have faced an unprecedented amount of discrimination, violence and abuse. Women who stand out and stand up for what is right are, unfortunately, more prone to these outcomes. Today in our show, Powerful Women in Islam, we will be discussing the life of Fatima to Zahra alaihi salam. Amongst the 14 infallibles, it is necessary for one of them to be a woman as if all of them were men. Then all of the advice, recommendations and teachings which we see directed towards the women of the community, things such as how to take care of one's spouse, how to maintain the home and how to take care of the children, the style and function of the hijab, how to modestly maneuver within society, patience and submission to God in the face of challenges and the hundreds of other teachings would have been more mere words which were spoken and simple theological discussion to be studied. It is possible that women of all ages would have said to themselves, if there was at least one infallible woman from amongst all of these people that God sent for guidance, a woman who knew what we as women go through, how we feel and how our emotions are formulated then all of these pieces of advice we have been given and responsibilities which have been put on our shoulders would not have been there, as these men just don't understand us. Therefore, the presence of Fatima al-Zahra al-Hassalam as one of the 14 infallibles and her being a role model for women cemented the guidance and teachings which Islam brought and showed us that they are possible to implement in our daily lives. It is not only Fatima al-Zahra peace be upon her who showed this reality to the women but also people like her beloved daughter Zayna peace be upon her who also becomes the ideal role model and is a grand historical figure for women to follow. Zayna Fatima al-Zahra al-Hassalam is the daughter of Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him and Zayna Khadija the daughter of Khawailud may the Almighty be pleased with her. Zayna Fatima was born in Mecca on a Friday the 20th of Jama'at al-Thani in the fifth year after the declaration of the prophetic message which corresponds according to the Christian calendar to the year 615. A number of chronicles quote her mother Khadija narrating the following about the birth of her revered daughter. At the time of Fatima's birth I sent for my neighbouring Quraishiyat women to assist me. They flatly refused saying that I had betrayed them by marrying and supporting Muhammad. I was per-chirpered for a while when to my great surprise I saw four strange tall women with halos around their faces approaching me. Finding me dismead one of them addressed me this. Oh Khadija I am Sarah mother of Ishaq. The other three are Mary mother of Christ, Asiya daughter of Muzahim and Umkelthum sister of Moses. We have all been commended by God to put our nursing knowledge to your disposal. Saying this all of them sat around me and rendered the services of midwifery till my daughter Fatima was born. The motherly blessings and affection received by Fatima al-Hassalam were only for five years after which Khadija left for her heavenly home. The holy prophet brought her up thereafter.  Oh Fatima if your wrath is uncured it incures the wrath of Allah and if you are pleased it makes Allah pleased too. The prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam taught Fatima alaihi sallam divine knowledge and endowed her with special intellectual brilliance. So much so that she realized the true meaning of faith, piety and the reality of Islam. But Fatima alaihi sallam also was a witness to Sarah. But Fatima alaihi sallam was also a witness to Sarah and a life of anguish from the very beginning of her life. She constantly saw how her revered father was mistreated by the unbelievers and later how she herself follows a victim to the same abuse only this time by some Muslims. Sayyidah Zahra alaihi sallam is not just a role model for Muslim women or Muslim men. She is a role model for humanity as a whole. Regardless of what angle we want to view this, Sayyidah Zahra alaihi sallam was a role model from any angle we looked at it. In the Quran we read the commandment on being good to one's parents. Fatima alaihi sallam was so loyal and devoted to her father, the messenger of God, peace be upon him and his family, that he said the following about her.  One meaning of this is that the love which she had for her father was so much greater than just the average love which a daughter would have for her father. Your Lord has decreed that you shall not worship anyone except him and he has enjoyed kindness to your parents. Should they reach old age at your side, one of them or both do not say to them fi and do not chide them but speak to them noble words. Sayyidah alaihi sallam was known for her immense generosity. In the Quran we read the commandment on being generous and In the Quran we read the commandment on being generous and munificent. In the Quran we read the commandment on being generous and munificent. On the night of her wedding when Fatima alaihi sallam was making her way to her husband's home, she was wearing a new wedding dress. Historical accounts narrate that a poor woman approached her or came to the door of the house she was in and asked for clothing to cover herself with. Rather than giving her the old dress which she had, she actually gave away her brand new wedding dress and wore her old clothes on her wedding night. You will never attain piety until you spend out of what you hold dear and whatever you may spend of anything. God indeed knows it. Not only that, Sayyidah alaihi sallam was actually one of the ones who migrated for the sake of Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala. In the Quran we read passages in regards to migration and the way of Allah. And as we know, Fatima alaihi sallam made the migration from Mecca to Medina along with the early group of Muslims. Those who have believed, migrated and struggled in the way of Allah and those who gave them shelter and help, it is they who are truly the faithful. For them is forgiveness and a noble provision. In the Quran we read numerous verses about the patient's sincerity, complete submission to God, consciousness of God and modesty. And indeed Fatima al-Zahra'a, peace be upon her, has reached to the pinnacles of perfection in all of these areas. Indeed the Muslim men and the Muslim women, the faithful men and the faithful women, the obedient men and the obedient women, the truthful men and the truthful women, the patient men and the patient women, the humble men and the humble women, the charitable men and the charitable women, the men who fast and the women who fast, the men who guard their private parts and the women who guard, the men who remember God greatly and the women who remember God greatly. God holds in store for them forgiveness and a great reward. Sayyid al-Zahra'a alaihi sallam had gained a great amount of knowledge and wisdom from her father. In the Quran we are advised to gain knowledge and to acquire the tools necessary to be granted wisdom, hikmah. And indeed this regards Fatima al-Zahra'a, peace be upon her. Shown bright as she has a book known as the Mushaf of Fatima, which the infallible imams would sometimes refer to when they wanted to acquire information on events which would take place in the future. In the Holy Quran we read, read in the name of your Lord, who created, created man from a clinging mass. Read and your Lord is the most generous, who taught by the pen, taught man what he did not know. From the life of Sayyid al-Zahra'a, peace be upon her, we learn to be determined and not allow anything to stand in our way. We learn that life is not easy, and that we have to be patient and be thankful with what Allah SWT has planned for us. In the Quran we are spoken to in regards to working, striving and struggling, and when we glance at the life of Fatima al-Zahra'a we see that on many occasions her hands were clothed and bleeding from the amount of work which she used to perform. And that nothing belongs to a person except what he strives for, and that he will soon be shown his indiabere. In her dictionary, alaihi s-salam, arrogance and cruelty was not present. In the Quran there are verses in regards to showing justice in all aspects of life. And when we study how Fatima al-Zahra'a dealt with her house and how she divided the daily tasks of the house, we see how she enacted justice in her life. Indeed, God enjoys justice and kindness and generosity towards relatives and he forbids indecency, wrong and aggression. He advises you so that you may take admonition. In the Quran we are addressed in regards to having faith in the next world and that we should yearn for the next life. And indeed Fatima al-Zahra'a, peace be upon her, heard from her father that she would be the first person from this nation to leave this world and join him in the next life. While the hereafter is better and more lasting, by studying and understanding these few examples from the life of this illiterate woman, we are fully appreciate that Fatima al-Zahra'a peace be upon her is a practical and real world example of the verses of the Noble Quran. Despite the fact that amongst almost all civilizations of yesterday and today, and within the poems, stories and examples, which are often recounted, women have almost always borne and burnt, end of the stick and have constantly been humiliated and denigrated and have always been considered as a thing which must be associated to someone else in order to gain some identity. And that woman has always been looked upon as being the weaker gender. The Quran has shown us that not only for all women but rather for all men as well. Thank you very much for tuning in and we hope to see you in the next episode. Peace be upon you.


Hello, welcome back. We will look at multi-phase flow modeling. We will continue our discussion of multi-phase flow modeling and we will quickly recap before moving on to what it is that we want to do today. We will multi-phase flow is typically flow of a fluid containing multiple phases. So, you could have one phase or multiple phases and we said there were four possible choices for the for the modeling itself. First is the exact approach where you are solving the Navier-Stokes equations for each of the two phases. Now the properties let us say if I am looking at bubbly flow the properties of air which are which is the material making of the bubbles is different from the properties of the water that is the continuous phase. So, you only are allowing the properties to vary from what from where you have air to where you have water and across the interface you have certain jump conditions. The jump conditions could mean discontinuity or it may mean continuity. So, essentially you have some interface balance conditions like for example, when I have an interface a bubble interface the normal velocity the fluid velocity in the air has to exactly be equal to the fluid velocity in the water. So, this is an interface condition it is essentially kinematics that if material is coming in towards the interface from the air side and pushing the interface that interface has to in turn push the water simple. You may have other dynamic conditions like force continuity or stress continuity across the interface. So, you have to have like for example, if I have a certain shear stress field in the bubble inside the bubble the shear stress field just above the interface in the water has to exactly equal the shear stress field in the air which is the material making of the bubble. If I look at normal stress because of the curvature and because of the nature of surface tension the normal stress in the air is greater than the normal stress in the water if the curvature is inwards curvature is positive towards the air. If the curvature is positive towards the water then the stress in the air bubble has to be less than the stress in the water phase. Mind you these are all local balance conditions that is they are valid at every point on the interface. So, if I write the Navier-Stokes equations with only the properties varying at different points in the domain basing on whether I have a bubble or water and if I write these jump conditions across the interface and somehow solve them this would be called the exact approach. So, you could actually do a full-scale simulation resolving every scale using this approach people have done it like for example if you look at boiling as a as a two-phase process people have used this kind of approach to simulate a domain containing a few hundred to a thousand bubbles. So, that is the limitation here because you are it is very computationally intensive, but you get a lot of information you get information that is even inaccessible through experiments it is just so detailed okay that is our first approach and we if I do not want that level of detail what else can I do I move on to the second approach which is like I said my second approach is like swinging all the way to the other end of the spectrum I am looking at the simplest approach possible. So, this is where I know there are two phases I know there are bubbles that make up this that are embedded in water, but I am going to assume that all of this is one phase locally depending on whether you have a certain volume fraction of the bubble phase depending on the volume fraction of the bubble phase you end up assigning a property to this newly created fictitious fluid making up both of which is composed of both these phases. So, depending on the local volume fraction of air let us say again in the case of a bubbly flow example depending on the local volume fraction of air I assign a certain fluid property to this newly created mixture okay. So, the simplest way would be to use a weighted average like I show here down here rho m is rho d alpha d plus rho a 1 minus alpha d where alpha d is the volume fraction of the drop phase or the dispersed phase bubbles in this case in the example I am discussing today we have replaced drops with bubbles. So, any kind of a distributed phase and then the continuous phase. So, I can use a similar linear weighted average to describe any other fluid property say viscosity etcetera. Now, where I do this is not a huge assumption even the fact that I am replacing it with a third mixture fluid is not as limiting as the fact that we are only allowing one velocity field. So, essentially the moment I replace my two phases with a single phase and solve a single phase momentum and mass continuity equation I am only going to arrive at one velocity field for this mixture fluid that inherently says that the local velocity at every point is the same for both the bubbles and the water. So, that is the main assumption underline the second modeling choice which is called the mixture model. Now, for the third modeling choice is where we are using this particle ballistics approach where I am going to treat every particle as being on its own. So, I am solving essentially Newton's second law for the acceleration of that individual particle subject to the external forces that act on this particle. So, drag for example, drag from the continuous phase is one such example. So, if I look at say like I go back to the exact model and if I look at a domain containing about 1000 bubbles. If the bubbles are not really interacting each bubble is spherical and each spherical bubble is moving with respect in response to the gravitational or buoyancy force that is trying to let us say drive this bubble upwards and some kind of a drag force which is preventing it to preventing it from a process of continuously accelerating. Then I can do a simple m x double dot equals the sum of all forces that is the kind of model that we are talking about here. This is referred to as Lagrangian particle tracking this is very easy to comprehend and very easy to implement for the particle from the particle point of view because I am saying the particle is an entity that is moving subject to some external forces it is nice and intuitive. The problem in this approach comes from two parts one if I am trying to model particle particle interaction that is in situations where bubble-bubble collision. So, if I have a lot of bubbles crammed into a small domain then these bubbles are going to have to come and interact and that including that interaction in something like this is not easy because every time two bubbles come there is a result that has to be followed by this event they either break up into more than two or they just collide and bounce off or they collide and coalesce these are all possibilities and you have to know a priori what the possibility is depending on the initial conditions. This kind of an approach is not easy to incorporate this physics is not always easy to incorporate in Lagrangian particle tracking simulations. The second problem with Lagrangian particle tracking simulations is the reverse coupling that is we know that the fluid is influencing the particle. So, like you have a drag field that the drag force on a given particle influences the particles motion, but if I say the particle is of a finite size and mass and that particles finite size and mass in turn influences the water or the continuous phase velocity field. So, to obtain the continuous phase velocity field we have to solve the Navier-Stokes equations for the continuous phase and that continuous phase velocity field being affected by the presence of the dispersed phase is not always trivial to handle especially if I want to go past the point particle assumption. If I am dealing with only point masses, point particles that do not have a finite size it is at least doable there are ways of incorporating this Lagrangian modeling of particles into and the forces due to the presence of these Lagrangian particles into the Eulerian equations of motion for the continuous phase, but if I say the particles are now of a finite size this becomes even more difficult. So, in other words we are heading more and more towards the exact approach that becomes the challenge ok. We will not discuss this in much detail from here on I just want to present this as a viable way of modeling any kind of a multi phase flow in a spray situation. The fourth choice is where I know I have bubbles that are all distributed inside a continuous phase and I also know that the first or sorry the second modeling choice is not entirely accurate. The second modeling choice requires me to make the assumption that the bubbles and the water are moving locally at every point with the same velocity. I somehow know that that is not completely accurate. So, the next level of sophistication from the second modeling choice or the mixture model is to allow the dispersed phase continuum and the continuous phase which is already a continuum to have their own individual independent velocity fields. I say independent, but they are coupled through some physics, but other than that they are allowed to freely move where they want to move subject to some coupling forces ok. So, if I take all the bubbles that are distributed inside my domain inside my flow field I am going to ascribe the bubbles to be a flow to be a continuum. We have already discussed this and then that continuum is inter peritrated into my water continuum and the water continuum has a velocity field the bubble continuum has an other velocity field that are only related through drag and other forces ok. This is what we will often called the two phase modeling approach ok. These two phase models rely on the assumption that I can take all the bubbles and postulate a continuum phase comprising of all the bubbles ok. So, this is essentially the fourth modeling choice. So, now we we have learnt four different ways of handling of modeling multi phase flows. The next question in your mind is I have a flow situation I am seeing some kind let say a spray or a bubbly flow a boiling process which one of these four should I choose. This is even more important a question in the realm of computational fluid dynamics where most of these models are readily available in commercial CFD codes. So, you are free to choose one or the other without any cost of labor involved ok. So, it is only a question of fidelity of that model for that particular application. Suitability of that model for that particular application ok. So, let us now look at how one would go about choosing the model suitable for a given application. To answer this question we will take three different modeling choices three different multi phase flow problems and then see what the physics involved these in each of these three multi phase flow problems and from their arrive at a modeling choice methodology ok. So, the first one I want to take I want to consider is the flow of honey out of a bottle with tiny sugar particles involved embedded in it ok. So, if I now treat this as comprising of two phases honey which is a continuous phase and sugar particles which are which is what I am calling my particulate phase ok. So, if I in all these of course, my exact model would work the sugar is a bad example, but instead of sugar if I had tiny bubbles that were embedded in this honey then I essentially have little little air bubbles in this honey that are moving with the honey as it flows ok. Now, that is a two fluid problem and clearly the exact approach which is my first modeling choice would work for any two phase flow problem. Now, in this particular instance the sugar particles are solid. So, it is in that sense I just pick this up because it is an example that appeal that we have seen actually visibly with our eyes, but instead of sugar imagine we had tiny air bubbles ok. Now, these air bubbles are my particulate phase and if I now come to my second modeling choice which is the mixture model the fundamental assumption underlying there is that in the two phase flow the two phases are locally moving with the same velocity ok. So, in this particular problem which is that assumption valid. So, if I have honey flowing with some little tiny air bubbles embedded in it is it reasonable and if I say have a lot of these air bubbles. So, if I have almost a foamy structure in this honey lots of air bubbles trapped in this honey, but the honey is flowing and the honey is dragging the air bubbles is it reasonable to assume that the air and the honey are both flowing with the same velocity locally at every point. I think we can see that it is generally going to have to be true that is the bubbles cannot be moving with a vastly different velocity than the honey locally ok. So, this would be a good case for the mixture model and we will see quantitatively how to find this I want to show talk about the physical arguments underlying modeling choice then we will talk of how to apply the mathematics to arrive at the physics accurately to describe the physics accurately ok. The second example I want to talk about is dirty water. So, let us say this is like a river joining you see it is a basin and you have these tidal currents that bring in silt or take bring back silt and is it reasonable to assume that the silt particles here are all moving exactly at the same velocity as the water especially if I if I think of the situation where I could have the water flowing one way, but locally the silt due to its own inertia coming back towards in a counter to the current of water. So, think of it this way if I take this dirty water in a little beaker and I shake it laterally. So, in the in the when I move it in the positive into my right the water and the silt are both made to acquire a velocity in the positive direction if I instantaneously stop this and start to move back this way ok. So, if I impose an acceleration acceleration deceleration is only a matter of sign. So, if I impose a sudden acceleration on this two phase mixture does the silt respond differently from the water if the silt responds differently from the water then you cannot use the assumption that the silt and the water are both moving with the same velocity everywhere. If I do the exact same experiment with the honey laden with tiny air bubbles. So, I take a beaker full of honey laden with tiny air bubbles and lots of air bubbles I move it to my right I stop instantaneously and start to move it to my left would the bubbles move very differently from the honey locally. The chance of that happening is much smaller than in the case of silt particles in water ok. So, in other words the silt particles together make up a silt continuum that is inter penetrating the water and this silt continuum has an inertia that is substantial has an inertia that is unable to be completely suppressed by the drag forces and the coupling between the continuous phase in this case water and the silt which is the dust or mud. So, the fact that in this little thought experiment that I have this moving at a certain velocity I pause instantaneously reverse the direction of motion the silt tries to respond differently. The silt is still continuing to move to my right while the water moves to my left and in the process I should visibly be able to see the in the beaker little separated region where I have more silt on the right hand side and less silt on the left hand side. This acceleration driven separation is essentially how a centrifugal separation process works. I create an acceleration field and the dispersed phase moves preferentially in relation to the continuous phase in this let us say water. When this is the case when the silt phase tries to do something slightly different from the water phase your mixture assumption is not completely accurate. Your two phase flow modeling approach is more accurate because the silt has a mind of its own has an inertia of its own. So, this dirty water problem is ripe for two phase flow modeling. The last example I want to talk about is the rising is rising champagne bubbles in a little glass. So, I have a glass of some aerated drink let us say and I soda I pour the soda into this glass and you can see bubbles rise from the bottom up to the top and this these rising bubbles. So, if I allow the bubbles to rise to the top these bubbles are going to intern create some kind of a circulation inside the water field itself and this circulation is a result of the bubbles rising to the top, but the spacing between the bubbles is sufficiently large in a I mean this is our common observation. The spacing between the bubbles is sufficiently large that particle particle or bubble-bubble interaction is small. So, it is like each bubble is rising to the top subject to some gravitational buoyancy force, gravitation induced buoyancy force and drag force from the fluid and this bubble is really not interacting with the neighboring bubbles in any significant fashion. If you identify that this is the kind of morphology that you have in your two phase mixture that I have bubbles, but they are not really colliding and they are just sort of doing what they want to do then your modelling choice should be the particle ballistics or Lagrangian particle tracking approach. Now, mind you that I am talking of the situations where they are exactly applicable. Now, if you use a commercial code they will advise you to use these models even in situations where they are not exactly applicable because they have other sub models to handle the extraneous situations. So, if I have weak particle particle interaction I could extend the exact Lagrangian particle tracking modelling to situations where I do have bubble-bubble collisions, but they are, but the forces generated due to these bubble-bubble interaction are small, but not 0 in comparison to the other two forces which is gravitational buoyancy and drag. So, when I have that situation I do I mean there are ways of extending these slightly beyond the regime where they are exactly valid. Take for example, the mixture model I know that the mixture model is to be used in situations where there is no slip, there is no velocity slip between the two phases that is when I know mixture model is nearly exact, but if I know there is a slight slip and it is small there are what are called slip velocity slip sub models that one can use to posteriori, aposteriori understand what the amount of slip would be between the continuous phase and the dispersed phase. But as far as our exact as far as the mixture model is concerned it does assume that there is no slip. So, we will now move into a quantitative description of how to arrive at these modelling choices. So, we have the first model which is the exact model that is valid in all two phase flow situations except it is computationally intensive. We have the second model which is the mixture model which is valid in situations where firstly I can postulate a continuum for the dispersed phase and secondly the continuum of the dispersed phase and the continuum which is the continuous phase are both moving in a locally homogeneous flow field that is they are both they both manifest the same velocity locally at every point. If this be the case you can postulate a mixture model for that situation. So, let us see let us do a simple thought experiment. So, let us say I have a certain particle size embedded in a flow field and I have a certain the size of the particle d in a velocity in a fluid flow velocity v. If I essentially if I let the particle be introduced into this flow field at rest there is an acceleration of this particle to the velocity of the fluid v. So, if I plot the velocity of the particle versus time or versus length along the cross section you will find that velocity reaches the magnitude v. Now you can see that this is typically what is referred to as a first order process that is an exponential rise it is an it exponentially and asymptotically reaches the fluid velocity v. So, there is an acceleration field locally that this particle is subjected to and the particle is responding to that acceleration field. I want to understand that time taken by the particle to respond to this acceleration field and that is what is often called the particle relaxation time. That is if one of my dispersed phase particles I say particle it could be a drop a bubble or a solid particle it does not matter. If one of my dispersed phase particles is introduced at rest locally into basically is introduced in an acceleration field the time taken by that by the particle to reach the velocity locally at every point is proportional to this number where rho p is the density of the particle d p is the size of the particle and mu c is the viscosity dynamic viscosity of the continuous phase. Now the proportionality constant here depends on the shape of the particle its spherical oblate spheroid cube things could be slightly different. But that constant of proportionality is not important what I want to know is the magnitude the order of magnitude of this number. In relation to so this is one of my length scales the other is what we will call the flow time the flow time is essentially some bulk length scale in the problem divided by v. So if I if I am looking at the flow of dispersed phase in a pipe of length l where the continuous phase is moving at the velocity v that means this continuous phase from the time it enters the pipe to when it leaves the pipe the residence time in the pipe itself is this number l over v and if the particle relaxation time is much is comparable to the residence time itself or greater than the residence time then within the duration of time that the continuous phase resides inside the pipe the the dispersed phase which has my bubbles will never reach local equilibrium locally homogeneous flow condition. Because I have this I have this continuously flowing fluid if I introduce a bubble there is this exponential process by which that bubble has to reach an equilibrium condition with the continuous phase and that takes a time proportional to rho p d p squared by mu c. If that time is comparable to my l over v which is the time residence time itself is much is comparable to the residence time itself or greater than the residence time then within the duration of time that the continuous phase resides inside the pipe the the dispersed phase which has my bubbles will never reach local equilibrium locally homogeneous flow condition. Because I have this I have this continuously flowing fluid if I introduce a bubble there is this exponential process by which that bubble has to reach an equilibrium condition with the continuous phase and that takes a time proportional to rho p d p squared by mu c. If that time is comparable to my l over v which is the time residence time itself let you and the slide is cut point slide cut point again l to my l over v which is the time residence time itself l to my l over v which is the time residence time itself then it will never reach equilibrium locally at every point. So, this rho p d p squared by mu c is a time and l over v is another time the competition between these two times tells me whether I should use mixture model or not. So, for example, if I write the competition in the form of a ratio what do I get rho p v over l. So, this this is a dimensionless number and this is a dimensionless number and this dimensionless number has a meaning if this dimensionless number is much less than one I am ready to use the mixture model mixture model as one possibility. If this dimension less number is much greater than one I have to go to the two phase model. Now in order for me to like I gave you a recipe for choosing between mixture model and two phase model, but understand that I need d p v and l rho p I am assuming you know the properties material properties of your phases, but you also need an approximate size of the particle you are expecting. You also need an approximate size of your domain which you may know easier than d p and you also need locally at every point what is the residence time. So, not locally at every point, but you do need some estimate of the residence time which is l over v. This if you if I now take the situation where I am dealing with little tiny air bubbles in involved in honey embedded in honey and say for example, I allow the honey the air bubble laden honey to flow through a little sudden expansion. You know that the sudden expansion process involves the sudden deceleration for the on the fluid right. So, the fluid velocity is decelerated from some value v 1 to a smaller value v 2 here and this deceleration is experienced by the air bubbles as well as the honey. The honey responds to it just like a single phase. My question is do the air bubbles also respond to it as fast as the honey does if they do. So, this is a competition such as this tells me whether the honey also responds to the air bubbles locally at every point and the air bubbles also respond to the acceleration locally at every point just as the honey does. If so, then the time scale of that response time being small tells me that I am ready for again the mixture model. So, this is one competition. So, like for example, I showed you how the ratio of the particle relaxation time to the flow time is important. The particle relaxation time can also be cast in terms of the local acceleration field because if I go back to my thought exam thought experiment where I take this honey with lots of little air bubbles in it. I am moving it in the positive direction with the velocity v and I instantaneously turn around and come back in the negative direction with the velocity v. So, that instantaneous acceleration or you know deceleration is experienced by both the phases and I want to make sure the relaxation time of the air bubbles to a locally homogenous flow condition as soon as this acceleration is experienced. So, from the instant the acceleration is experienced how long do the bubbles take to reach a locally homogenous flow condition back again. That is a parameter that determines whether mixture model is applicable or do I need to go to a two phase flow model. Let us look at another possibility which is defined as which is based on the particle particle interaction. So, this is intended to quantify the level of particle particle interaction and I want to introduce a definition called the mean free path. So, if I take for example, a primary phase fluid say let us say my bubbly flow flowing through a pipe. These are all the bubbles which have called the secondary phase. The free path is defined as the distance traversed by one of these bubbles after it is just collided with a fellow bubble to where it collides with another fellow bubbles fellow bubble. So, it is essentially the distance traversed by one individual bubble between two collisions. This distance is called the mean free path. So, for example, let us say this bubble comes now mind you these bubbles are all flowing. So, if these two bubbles were to collide instantaneously here and as a result of the collision let us assume there is no break up or coalescence or any of that. Let us say this takes off in this direction. There is another bubble that is also moving in some direction. Some distance later these two bubbles would again collide if there is a relative velocity between the two bubbles that is one free path. If I sit in one small spatial region and sample all the free paths of all the between individual pairs of collisions and do an arithmetic mean over all the free paths that gives me an indication of the average distance travelled between two collisions by any given bubble. This is called the mean free path.  If I have bubbles that are laden in honey, honey is very viscous and all the bubbles are laden in the honey and they are all moving what would be the mean free path for that kind of a situation it is infinite. If the bubbles never collide if they do there is one chance collision the chance of another collision is extremely small. So, they travel a very long distance. Now, I do not have to really go define what infinity is as far as a problem like this whether it is experiment or computational simulation my infinity is the flow domain. So if the mean free path is very large in comparison to the characteristic length scale which is my inlet to outlet total length I know I am in a regime where the chance of collision is very very small. So, the mean free path divided by d the characteristic length scale. So, in this case I have indicated the characteristic length scale as the diameter, but one could also choose this length L as being the characteristic length scale some indication of the physical size of the domain. So, if this ratio of the mean free path to the characteristic length scale is very very small that means something if it is very large it means something else. This ratio is referred to as the Knudsen number. If the Knudsen number is very large is very small that means the mean free path is very large very small in comparison to the physical size of the domain that is these collisions are happening very very rapidly rapidly is a wrong word rapidly has a connotation in time beware of these things. The distance between collisions the mean distance between collisions is very small in comparison to the total length. So, over the lifetime of one of these dispersed phase entities in the length of the domain it may have undergone several collisions that means what does it mean really for the case of for our modeling choice where does it make a distinction. If let us say I take the situation of all the bubbles and the continuous phase somehow being at rest. So, this is again a thought experiment everything is at rest, but they are separated by by some distances if this bubble acquires suddenly acquires a slightly different velocity the question is in the absence of any drag forces how long can this bubble sustain its velocity. In the absence of any other external forces such as drag or buoyancy how long can this particle sustain its newly acquired velocity. If the frequency of collisions is very large it is going to have to give up some of its momentum to other fellow particles. That is there is a natural diffusion process of this momentum to other particles it cannot remain it cannot keep its momentum and keep going in a certain direction. That means this dispersed phase distribution has all the attributes of a single phase fluid that is if there is a natural diffusivity of momentum I could argue the same thing for let us say thermal diffusivity or let us say mass diffusivity concentration based diffusivity. So, if I have a very high frequency of collisions in the lifetime of the bubble inside my domain it cannot leave its life under only the action of external forces other fellow particles have a great influence on it that is a diffusional process. That means I am ready to make the assumption that these bubbles I can postulate a continuum to replace these bubbles. So, if I estimate the Knudsen number and if this Knudsen number is very small I can postulate a bubble continuum can use two phase Eulerian Eulerian models. If this Knudsen number is very large that is the bubble seldom collide that means my particle-particle interaction is weak if not completely absent I am ready to use Lagrangian particle tracking. So, this is my Lagrangian particle tracking is my model 3 in the hierarchy that I described this is my model 4. So, based on two questions you ask is the mean free path much higher than comparable to or much lower than the characteristic length. Based on the answer to this you can use either Lagrangian particle tracking or a continuum Eulerian Eulerian approach. If the particle relaxation time is much higher than comparable to or much lower than the flow time then you can use either a mixture model or the Eulerian Eulerian multiphase model. There is always a little gray area in the middle when the Knudsen number is order 1 or when the particle relaxation time to flow time ratio is order 1. Those are all gray areas where modeling choice is not obvious and you have to have other justifications and reasons to choose one or the other. But like we have always said the exact modeling approach is always valid. But this is very expensive computationally and as far as modeling choices 2, 3 and 4. Here is a pair of questions you can ask and based on the answers to those to that pair of questions you can decide whether you need to be using a continuum model or discrete particle tracking or Lagrangian particle tracking model. We will stop here we will come back and continue our discussion of application of these multiphase flow models to space.


Welcome to Nasdaq Trade Talks. I'm Jill Malandrino, global market reporter at Nasdaq. Joining us at the market site studio, we have Falstow Puglisi, president of Cyber Trading University, as well as Max Cabasso and Chris Dearborn, managing directors on Nasdaq's market intelligence desk. And we have Michael Normile, he's U.S. Economist at Nasdaq. We're all here to talk about the beginning of earnings season, any trends that we can discern there. We'll get into some economic data and, of course, how the markets interpreting the Fed's rush to not cut rates. It's great to see you as always gentlemen. Welcome back to Trade Talks. We'll go around the horn here. Chris, it's almost like what's good for the economy. Is it necessarily good for the market? How it's interpreting retail sales data? It's quite good. You know, you have robust economic activity. Mike can talk a lot about that. When you look at the retail sales, if you look at what companies were pre-announced in coming out of December and ahead of the ICR conference, a lot of companies were telling you whether they were doing well or doing poorly. And a lot of the larger companies, especially when you make up the S&P 500 retail index, were very, very positive. Not only on sales, but foot traffic and online. So you get that nice mix of cyber and in-store, and that brick-and-mortar really did well. And if you followed along with those larger companies, the retail sales really aren't that big of a surprise. General merchandise is up, non-store retail is up, motor vehicle sales were good, auto parts are good. And the sectors that were expected to be down, if you followed electronics were off again, they were down really early in the year. And you see some of those items. And it's not really that much of a surprise when you look at it, if you look at the actual companies that are making up the underlying. So when you see that is good, bad, and bad good, it really is because it's only one thing that matters right now. And that's the Fed and what are we going to cut. And based on that data, and a couple of the other items right now, you're looking at a 50% chance of a rate height cut in March. That was over 125% back in December. So you're still looking at now maybe 125 to 150 basis points of cuts throughout the rest of the year. That was a firm 150 the last time we spoke here. Now they're downsizing it to 125, we'll see, but you're still looking at definitely a cut at the May 1st meeting. You know, like 150, even for the year, that seemed a bit aggressive. Anyway, I certainly don't see them doing anything more than 25 bits per meeting, but even 150 seems a little bit aggressive. I mean, that's what, six times in 2024? Yeah, and the Fed themselves, they're looking for 75 based on the last SEP in December. So, you know, it's pretty aggressive to double up on what the Fed's looking for. And they were very deliberate in hiking rates, and they're going to try to be very deliberate in cutting rates, it seems. So I wouldn't be surprised if we end up maybe somewhere in between what markets are pricing, what the Fed is pricing. I'm a bit of an inflation optimist myself, so maybe that will give them a little bit more reason to cut, maybe later in the year, back-to-back meetings, and maybe earlier in the year, they're taking one meeting on, one meeting off, something like that. But yeah, 150 seems a bit on the aggressive side. I mean, Max, it feels like 150 was priced in pretty aggressively, and then when you have Governor Waller come out yesterday saying we're not no rush to cut rates? They're going to be slower. The Fed always seems to be reactive, not proactive. So I would tend to think that they're going to be, like I said, slower to go. The market, again, doubling up. I don't think it's taking any cuts really off the table, but I think they're just trying to talk down the market, because I don't think we're going to get that six. So again, march down 50%, 50-50, I wouldn't be surprised unless economic data really changes in terms. If we see unemployment really start to pick up, that might speed them up. But until they really see, I think if inflation kind of stays where it is and doesn't really move either way, and the jobs number stays the same, they're not going to be in a rush to cut and kind of spur on the economy again. So again, I think they're going to be more reactive. I would not be surprised if we see a pause again in March. And then again, May back on the table potentially for the first cut, 50-50. I think what Waller said yesterday has kind of done its job and kind of taken down some of the expectations. Like you said, it was a 75%. Everybody's basically pricing it and now we're getting a cut in March and saying, hold on a second, hold on. Let's wait and see. So again, I think we still have a lot of data to come out between now and March. Obviously, I think we have three more jobs numbers coming out and inflation prints. So I think they're going to be a lot more reactive than proactive. So I don't think they're going to be jumping the gun to start cutting in March and getting ahead of themselves. And then if something turned later in the year, say, oh, wait, inflation comes back up, they're not going to hike again. So I think they're probably going to wait and be slower. And again, that's kind of what they said. They're going to be reactive and slower to cut and not jump the gun and 150 basis points in the year. That would be really surprising. And also we'll take a look at some of the Nasdaq stocks from a trading perspective in a moment, but you're seeing the reaction that they have had to perhaps rates not coming in as quickly or as much as investors thought they might have. Well, you know, as much as the rates, they probably, I think they're probably going to, the big news I'm seeing now is what's going on real estate too. I mean, they're expecting that it's supposed to have a crash going on to this year. And not more just more the retail, more of commercial. So if that happens, I mean, they're going to probably have no choice but to lower it because that's probably going to probably bring down the market a lot. And but some of those stocks are obviously not reacting too much. I mean, some of them just going on their own news, but I'll just be more concerned about what's going to happen with the real estate market and then also what's going to happen if they're going to, well, it's going to really cut it down that much. He said he's slowing it down. I mean, we could probably go back to where we were in October. I mean, that's what made that big market meet. We had a big rally. I mean, we basically ran what about, I don't know, we run about 4,000, I mean, we're at 7,000 points on the Dow. The S&P ran about what about 5,600 points? We made on that run. We made new 52 e-cars on that run. The S&P and the Aztec 100. Do you think the selling's attributed to anything else besides, I mean, who's going to sell at the end of the year for the most part, right? No one. This is kind of also typical behavior in the beginning of January anyway, you know, for tax purposes and so forth. So do you think the selling that we're seeing is anything else besides rates? No, but I also think that you have a couple of other items that usually give a boost to the market, right? There's no buybacks in the market right now for January. That's a big underlying tone right there. People will wait and see what the corporates are going to be doing. You know, the tone has been all over the place over the last four weeks, depending on which weight you look at. When you look at earnings, you know, the forecast for earnings have varied tremendously. And now you've got over 110 companies giving guidance. A lot of them are giving negative guidance for the quarter. So, you know, all you're hearing is more of a negative tone, really kind of like a risk-off mentality. So are you going to put money to work there or not? And that's the question, you know. And if people want to wait and see, then it's going to be stock specific. You know, you look at the mangrove at 7, there's been some major negative news on some of the company names there, but some of the other companies have been very positive. You know, so we're just talking before, you know, the first week of January markets were down significantly. Second week of January, we get a little bit more news on stock specific items, but markets are up every day. So it's five days down, five days up, and here we are starting week number three of January. You know, the question is what we'll be saying in that same pattern. You know, you only have a handful of companies that have reported so far, about 12% of the S&P. And then it came out. Yeah. Was there anything, Michael, there in terms that you could discern from earnings or, you know, it's really just one sector? Too early. Yeah. I think what we see with earnings in kind of the big picture that's different from what we saw in the last few quarters is it's much more mixed where the last few quarters it was really just energy was down, health care was down, and materials were down. And this quarter it's looking much more kind of 50-50, half the sectors are up, half the sectors are down, and it's, you know, the sectors that are up are still the consumer driven kind of information technology, communication services, consumer discretionary, but we're also seeing financials are down this quarter or estimated to be down, and industrials is kind of joining materials and that maybe manufacturing recession driven weakness that we've seen too. Yeah. I wonder if geopolitics is also an issue as well. I mean, we have trading routes that are being affected. Yeah. It's going to pass down somewhere. Geopolitical, our own elections now, things are starting to heat up again in the Middle East. There's something with Pakistan yesterday dealing with Iran, the Houthis, and again, haven't seen it much. It's starting to pick up more. You're starting to see headlines again and everybody kind of adjusting the routes. Is that going to cause, you know, potentially a supply side spike in inflation kind of like what we saw after COVID where we just couldn't get the supplies. So not so much demand side, you know, being driven by supply. If it just slows everything down, if there's some bottlenecks, that's our picking inflation up again or not helping to come down or seeing any deflation, which potentially then impacts the Fed. And now even for our own politics, what's the narrative going to be now that we're starting to get some of the caucuses start to see some players drop out, candidates drop out.  But you're starting to see some of the narrative. What would that mean, you know, who's going to benefit if it was Biden again, who would benefit if it was Trump or if it was somebody like Nikki Haley, you know, which sectors are going to start to benefit from that. So I think that's starting to come into a clear picture, starting to see some notes, you know, on that and kind of how that could start to shape where we're going in the market. So it's not so, you know, completely fed focus where we start to get some of those political events and narratives, kind of what it's going to be in Washington and which sectors are potentially going to benefit from that. So we definitely have some other potential headwinds or tailwinds depending on where you are coming up, you know, it's not just going to be fed focus. I think we still have a few more months till that really starts to pick up, but that's definitely starting to, you know, percolate in the background. Alright, let's talk some trading here for a moment. Let's take a look at some book viewer charts here for a moment, starting with NVIDIA, of course, one of the MAG7s that we've been talking about. Explain to us what we're looking at here in terms of level two and then get into the price levels. Well, the big thing I want to talk about, like, you know, getting back to the book viewer, NVIDIA has been having such an unbelievable run. Obviously, AI has been really taking off and they even said they're projecting, it's supposed to take over like 40% of the jobs out there. So, NVIDIA basically really has been benefiting from almost from like 150 from where it started back in the beginning of the year. Now, I went to 500 and what I wanted to show right here is that a lot of people that day trade, which would I specifically do, but you could also swing trade with it, there's been a lot of big, what we call iceberg orders, big block orders, what NASDAQ basically started building their platforms on the book viewer and here you could see that there was about a big, big iceberg order out of $500 a share. Big, big order out there. Whole number, popular number, all-time high. It's not kind of a really major problem breaking through it and as you could see it over the past several months, it kept hitting it, it couldn't break it, hit it, couldn't break it because there's big, big order out there. So, as much as most people look at, you know, the P ratios, the book value, what the company's doing with it, it's all about supplying demand. Stock had a tough time breaking it all of a sudden. Somebody came out there, executed that big, big, big, big block order out there and now you can see NVIDIA literally broke that 500 and went all the way to all-time highs and just breaking all-time highs all the way up to, you know, roughly was at 560-ish and has not turned back ever since. So, as much as we've seen the market coming down, NVIDIA is running on its own market. Yeah, and to Chris's point earlier, you know, this goes back to some stocks are doing their thing and some stocks aren't. It's not as if they're running in tandem just because they're part of the MAG7. Let's look at this from a different perspective with AMD, of course, another non-cyclistic stock. Same thing.  But once again, one of the things that traders look at is whole numbers and 150, everyone probably has that number and it's almost like to the penny. And sure enough, here's an example on the BookView where people could use as a swing trade. Program trading kicks in at certain times during the day. You know, orders come in at 9.30 and then all of a sudden they'll cancel them at 4 o'clock. So, you see a lot of these orders coming on the BookViewer and right here, big order shows up. You have all these orders stacked up there. You got 128 orders, 37 orders, 455 orders, 200,000 shares. I mean, that's a lot of money in shares and orders out there. Finally, you get to that price just when NVIDIA broke that 500, same way here. They executed that 200,000 share seller. Boom, stock breaks 150. Now we're already up. Stock runs $10 on that day, breaking, once again, not all-time, 50-week highs or daily highs, but all-time highs. Yeah. Well, which is interesting, Chris and Max, because you see a lot of the same information sitting on the market's intelligence desk. Are you seeing the same types of things when orders come in?  Are you looking for the same information? Yeah, similar. The only thing is a lot of, depends on where it's coming from, the fracturing of order flow and kind of where it comes from and how much is dark versus lit. Obviously, these are great examples. When it's lit and you can see it, it's great. It's obvious to be there. Chris and I were talking about on the desk earlier. In these super liquid names, it's not as impactful, lit versus dark, but some of the ones that don't have as much liquidity, a lot less of it is going to be lit. So you're really hunting in dark pools trying to find that liquidity. But again, here, in these bigger names, you don't have to be dark because there's ample liquidity. It's really the smaller names that you have to kind of hide or search around for to find liquidity where you see these orders like, hold on, something is off here, something doesn't look right and you actually really have to look for the liquidity again just because there's not as much out there. These high-flying names, they're in the press all the time. People see it. There's ample liquidity. So it's okay to be lit. Okay, you're going to get filled. You're not going to spook anybody there. Whereas in some of the smaller names, a large order like that will probably scare a lot of people away. Actually, wait a second. This is size. This is a few days of volume here. What's going on? But again, when you see some of these bigger names, it doesn't have to be hidden as well. So it gives a nice indicator. Okay, that gets cleared out. There was a real seller there. It clears out. Boom, it's off to the races. And you typically sell the more liquid names? I use you sell more liquidity. But when it comes to some of the small cap stocks, I mean, it's just that the same exact thing I'm trying to point out happens on brand names and also happens on small cap stocks. It's just that some people think like, oh, this doesn't happen on them. Listen, like Tesla's the most searched stock or traded stock in the exchange. You search on Google, whatever it is. Everybody trades it. It's got great options, everything else. It's got huge, great iceberg orders on there. So more or less as a trader, as much as you might look at economics of it, I always kind of look at, okay, well, somebody was telling me, oh, the stock's coming out with great news or whatever it might be. Let's go check and see what the orders are. Because the street obviously knows better where it's at. And that's usually how NASDAQ has built the whole exchange by working on these ECNs. So like anything else, just like when we were talking about coin, do you know what I mean? I was here past two months, past two months.  I think that they're going to pass that ETF. But once again, buy-in rumor, sell-on news. Well, I mean, faster to your point, also, we could debate the fundamentals all day long. The street on level two, on BookView, we're showing you, I'm willing to buy here and I'm willing to sell here. Right. So that's where the street, I guess, is valuing that particular trade. Because some people have to get those orders out there and want to sell at those prices. You just want to know where the future is, and the future is using that BookViewer. So that's what most retail traders have to understand. It's not just more or less just seeing what the news on the company is. The news, some people interpret it one way, but it's all about buys and sells. Right. You know what I mean? What the value is, what the value. You could see like, I'm not buying that neighborhood. It's a bad neighborhood. But sure enough, like, why does the prices keep going up? Why are they not dropping yet? It's the same thing about a stock. Yeah. I mean, well, Chris, we've seen it a number of times before, particularly with a lot of these tech names where the valuations might not make sense. But if there is a story behind it and investors are willing to buy or sell at these levels, well, it kind of is what it is in the price action sometimes. When you have a liquid name with more investors, with different varying investment theses that gives ample acquittal to a specific stock, people will be in the market more often to buy and sell. So people buying the stock on news or with prospects of growth and you have people who are maybe more fundamental looking to change and take out some of that profit level that they've made and put it to work in other areas, value, deep value, etc. That's going to bring great liquidity to the market and specifically to stocks that have ample news in it, as you mentioned before. And you'll be able to see that on the book viewer, which is a great idea. You know, level two quotes are fantastic. When most people are especially retail trading there, it's a point click and shoot. They're on some of the different platforms that you're told shows you the top of the book. So when you have multiple investment theses, but the max point when you have stocks that are maybe not as widely followed, you know, companies that are not in one of the S&P major indexes, the five, the four, the six, you know, they're in the bottom tail, the Russell Micro, the Russell 2000, and that's widely followed. The liquidity is not always there. So when you have a solid name with varying investment theses and ample equity and news, it's a good thing. Alright, we'll continue this conversation next week because I know your team does a lot of work on this. Alright gentlemen, appreciate the insight. Thanks for joining us on Trade Talks. And thanks for joining me from MarketSite. I'm Jill Malandrino, Global Market to Porter at NASDAQ.


Is an e-bike actually faster than a regular bike? What about a car? Well, we're going to find out. But speed isn't the only variable. What's the fastest machine to get around town? A car, an e-bike, or a regular bike? What we need to do is put this to the test. I've picked about a two-mile loop here in North Hollywood complete with lights, intersections, traffic. Basically, every variable you're going to get when you're riding in the city. I'm going to drive it and ride on this racer and then on this e-bike. Ready, set, and go. I've kept my speed at around 30-ish miles an hour. Got a little bump. Sorry, hold on. I don't drive ever, so. And stop. Whoo, did it. Okay, wow. It took 11 minutes and 10 seconds. You got to take into account the stop lights, the stop signs, also the fact that I was driving probably slower than everybody else. Okay, now. And go. Left down here is on Chandler, right? 11 minutes, 43 seconds. Not bad. Just give me a second. 10 minutes and 30 seconds. The e-bike is the champ. Of course, the electric motor makes things easier, but more specifically than that. Pedal-assisted acceleration on an e-bike, especially ones like this with smaller wheels, makes things noticeably quicker. And given we're talking about urban riding here, there are frequent stops, so this really makes a difference. But is speed the only thing you want to be thinking about? Well, not really. If you're heading to work or even just out for a coffee, you don't necessarily want to be wearing sporty clothes or taking a shower in the non-existent shower when you get there. Pedaling at 10 to 15 miles an hour feels pretty easy on an e-bike, so you can wear what you like and still look pretty sharp when you get there. So what does it have over a car? Well, it's way less expensive and you don't have to worry about parking. So to conclude, if you're a die-hard bike knot, ride what you like. You're gonna love it. If you want to take it a little easier and still get places on time, an e-bike is definitely something you should try out. Still tied to your car?  For more bike tips and tricks from Pure Cycles TV, please click the link to subscribe.