Professor Ernesto Mareen will present for the thermal digital locking shadow rafting techniques for material thermal characterization and after that, after coffee break, we will have the first lecture of thermal lens spectroscopy by Professor Marcano from Derawar. I think we will have 30 minutes in advance today the coffee break and in the afternoon, in the afternoon we have the experimental session. We have some change today, I will announce now. Group one, two and three in Adriatico with Professor Angel Cifuentes we will have processing, data processing about shadow rafting method. Group four, five and six in M lab, we have there three, four experiments. Today, please be ten minutes before two here in the lobby. Well, there, Professor Mareen, you can start. Thank you, Humberto for the presentation. In my second lecture, I will tell you about one recently developed method for thermal characterization of materials. You know something about this technique because yesterday Angel talked about that in the lab. I will divide my presentation in three main points. In the first one, I will remember some concepts from the yesterday lecture. The second one, I want to speak about the photo thermal beam deflection technique. In the last point, I will talk to you about the photo thermal shadow graph method, in particular about the basic theory behind the method and some experimental details and results. What are the photo thermal techniques? We have a sample and we have an amplitude modulated light beam. Part of the energy of the incident light can be absorbed by the sample and part of the absorbed energy can be transformed into heat by means of non-radiative recombination or desiccitation processes so that heat is developed because the incident radiation is periodically modulated. You obtain temperature oscillations that are called thermal waves. You can measure these thermal waves directly using appropriated thermometers but you can also measure them indirectly measuring the changes that the thermal waves produce in other materials properties and in properties of the medium surrounding the sample. For example, you can generate acoustic waves. This is the basis of the photoagoustic method. You can measure the infrared radiation emitted by the heat sample. You can also make the changes in the optical reflectivity of the sample produced by heating or the superficial expansion of the sample but for the thermal beam deflation and related techniques such as the shadow graph method what we measured is the changes in the refractive index of the sample of the surrounding medium due to the heating. In the next lecture Professor Marcano will speak about the photothermal lens spectroscopy method and next with Professor Franco will speak about the photothermal lens microscopy method. Today we will deal with the photothermal beam deflection technique or also called mirroring technique. There are three main mechanisms involved in the generation of the photothermal signal. The first one is the optical absorption. Optical absorption is related with optical of the material. For example, the optical absorption coefficient, the optical reflectivity, transmittance and so on so that you can design one experiment to do a spectroscopy using the photothermal techniques. This is because the optical properties are wavelength dependent properties. In the second place you have a process of light absorb light energy into heat conversion and this process can depend on different properties of the sample and also of the kind of sample but in general you can define a quantum efficiency for the energy conversion process as the quotient of the generated heat and the absorber optical energy. In this way you can also design an experiment to measure these parameters and all the related properties. Then you generate heat and the heat will diffuse through the sample. In a process that depends on the thermal properties of the sample we will see later what are the thermal properties involved in the process of heat diffusion. And you can have also other processes for example generation of acoustic waves as in the photagoustic technique etc. These mechanisms are the motivation to use the photothermal effect for material characterization. For example, for measurement of the thermal properties of materials. Which are the thermal properties involved in heat transfer processes? The most known thermal property is perhaps the thermal conductivity of the material. The thermal conductivity is the proportionality factor between the heat flux density flowing across a sample due to a gradient of temperature. This relationship is given by the law of Fourier of heat conduction. This law describes an stationary process. There is not any time derivative in the Fourier law. Then the thermal conductivity is related to the thermal diffusivity through this equation. The thermal diffusivity is the equation between the thermal conductivity and the product of mass density and specific heat. The specific heat is defined by the first law of thermodynamic through an static relationship. This relationship is the generated energy in a sample of mass m due to an increase in its temperature. This is a static equation because there is no time or spatial derivative of time or position involved. The product of the density and the specific heat gives us the volumetric heat capacity of a sample. I told you yesterday that the specific heat capacity has an almost constant value for any sample. This is because its definition. It is defined as the product of density and specific heat. Specific heat is a measurement of the energy developed in a sample so that if the density of the sample increases then the specific heat capacity becomes lower and when the density of the material is lower then the specific heat, the capacity of the sample to store energy will be higher so that the product remains almost constant. This is also, as I talked yesterday, a consequence of the long amplitude law for the molar heat capacity of solids at ordinary temperatures. Epsilon is the thermal diffusivity. It is given by the square root of the product of a specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity of the materials. This parameter plays a role when we have heat transfer phenomena in the presence of periodical harmonic heat sources and the thermal diffusivity is responsible for what happens at the surface of the heat sample or at interfaces between regions with different thermal properties. The thermal diffusivity is the main parameter involved in the non-stationary homogeneous heat diffusion equation. This equation, this is the Laplacian of the temperature field, the second spatial derivative and this is the first time derivative of the temperature field. So this is a non-stationary equation. Therefore, the importance of alpha is that it is the parameter that appears when we are in the presence of non-stationary heat transfer processes. These are two tables showing the values of thermal properties for different materials. We must take care that these are values that are multiplied by 10 to the sixth. In this graph we can see that the thermal diffusivity values of matter span approximately five orders of magnitude from 10 to the, approximately 10 to the minus one for liquid samples to thousands of one millimetres per second for very good heat conductors such as diamonds that is here. The thermal conductivity chose a linear relationship with the thermal diffusivity and this is due to the constancy of the same value about which I have talked before. You can have material, for example, gas samples with very small values of the thermal conductivity but the thermal diffusivity of gases can be similar to the thermal conductivity of solids. Both thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity are properties that depend strongly on the structure of the materials, on doping, etc., so that you can use these properties to characterize the consequence of doping material treatment, etc., on the samples. The same linear relationship can be found if we plot the quarat of the thermal diffusivity as a function of the thermal conductivity because also here the proportionality factor is the specific heat capacity of the materials. Materials with high values of the thermal conductivity have also very high values of the thermal diffusivity. How can we describe the thermal waves and what are the main properties of these waves? Suppose that we have a semi-infinite sample and that intensity-modulated radiation is absorbed at the surface of the sample. Suppose that we have only a superficial head source in the material. You can solve the heat diffusion equation with the properly boundary conditions. In this case, the continuity of the energy flux at the surface of the sample. And so you obtain this kind of solution for this equation. In this equation for the temperature field, E0 is the intensity of the incident light. I have also supposed a conversion efficiency equal to 1 for this process. Epsilon is the thermal diffusivity, omega is the angular light modulation frequency, and mu is the so-called thermal diffusion length given by the square root of the quotient of 2 times the thermal diffusivity and the angular modulation frequency. This equation is similar to the equation that describes all kinds of waves. You can define this equation in amplitude, given by this factor enclosed into the ellipse, and we can define a phase length given by this equation. Both the amplitude and the phase of the thermal wave equation depend on the thermal diffusion length, and the thermal diffusion length can be varied by changing the light modulation frequency. This is a graphical representation of the amplitude of the thermal wave as a function of the distance, also for one-dimensional heat transport. And we can see that the thermal diffusion length is the length at which the surface amplitude of the thermal wave decreases in times. So that the thermal wave is highly attenuated wave, which goes to zero in approximately one thermal wave length that is proportional to the thermal diffusion length. Using the thermal diffusion length concept, we can define what is a thermally thick and a thermally thick sample. A thermally thick sample, or a sample that is opaque to thermal waves propagating through it, is a sample for which its thickness is much greater than the thermal diffusion length. This kind of sample can be approximately the same infinite sample. A thermally thick sample is that for which the thickness is much lower than the thermal diffusion length. This is similar to a sample that is transferred in for thermal waves. The thermal wave equation is the basic for the method for thermal characterization of materials using the Schrodinger's slope method. I have evaluated here the thermal wave equation at a given distance from the head source, namely L. In this equation we can see that the plot of the logarithm of the amplitude times the square root of the modulation frequency as a function of the square root of the modulation frequency or a plot of the phase as a function of the square root of the modulation frequency become a stretch line. The slope of these stretch lines has this value and is related with the thermal diffusivity of the sample but if we know the distance from the head source at which the measurement is performed, then we can obtain from this slope the value of the thermal diffusivity. Not always the temperature can be measured directly. Sometimes what is measured is something that is proportional to the temperature value so that we have a proportionality factor or instrumental factor that can be frequency dependent. In this case we cannot use this method as it is for thermal characterization. We need to use some procedures to account for the frequency dependent instrumental factor. A method that becomes independent of this instrumental factor is that in which instead of the measurement of the temperature as a function of the line modulation frequency what is changing is the distance from the head source. If we plot the amplitude as a function of the distance in a semi logarithm scale then we become a stretch line whose slope is given by this equation and if we plot the phase lag as a function of L we also obtain a stretch line with the same slope so that if the line modulation frequency is known then we can obtain the thermal diffusivity from this kind of plot. And I repeat this is the basis of several methods for measurement of thermal diffusivity using photothermal methods and one of these techniques is the mirage technique or photothermal beam deflection technique. This technique is based in the mirage effect that is illustrated here. When you hit a solid surface then the medium surrounding the sample will also hit it and the refractive index changes so that an incident light beam will... the intensity of an incident light beam can change and you'll see effects such as that. This is the basis of the wind deflection technique. You have a sample, you have a light beam, an intensity modulated light beam that is focused onto the sample and part of the energy of this light beam is absorbed and hits the sample locally. Then the head generated in the sample will diffuse into the surrounding medium and hit this medium and as a consequence the refractive index of this medium will be also changed because there is a linear relationship between the changes in the refractive index and the temperature changes of the medium. The medium is here denoted by gamma and this coefficient is the photothermal parameter giving the amount of change in the refractive index for a given temperature variation and this is a parameter that is characteristic for different solids. For air this parameter is very small when compared with that corresponding to liquid samples so that in order to amplify the wind deflection effect generally the sample is immersed in a medium with a high photothermal parameter. For example ethanol and other solvents. Then you have here a gradient of the refractive index and if we change another laser beam parallel to the sample surface this light beam will be deflected due to the periodical changes in the refractive index and the deflection can take place in both directions in the normal direction, the direction perpendicular to the sample surface but also in the transversal direction. And measuring this displacement of the beam or the magnitude of the deflection of the beams will be proportional to the temperature, to the created temperature field in the samples around the medium so that measuring these changes, this displacement we can obtain the thermal parameters of the sample using the slope method. Here we have a puntual head source, not a uniform head source as I have described before. For this configuration we can also solve the heat diffusion equations and we obtain for the temperature distribution in the medium surrounding the sample the following equation. Here P0 is the density of the incident light energy, the sub-index S denotes the sample and gamma denotes the surrounding medium K is the thermal conductivity, J0 is the vessel function of first order, delta is the integration parameter, beta is a parameter given by this expression and here is the inverse of the thermal diffusion length, this parameter here, alpha is the thermal diffusivity, omega is the angular light modulation frequency and using this equation we can also calculate the magnitude of the deflation, the transversal and the perpendicular deflation that are given by these equations. Here appears the coefficient, the photothermal parameter given by this equation and the refractive index of the medium. This equation will be only valid if the thermal conductivity and of course the thermal diffusivity of the sample are greater than the thermal parameters of the medium surrounding the sample. If we plot the phase of the transversal component of the beam deviation as a function of the pump laser to probe laser offset the distance, for example here is the excitation, the head source and the probe beam pass at different distances from this point and we can measure the phase of the signal at different distances of the excitation point. If we plot this phase as a function of the distance we become a stretch line whose slope is related to the thermal diffusivity of the sample as explained before. We can also measure the perpendicular component but this component is more influenced by the thermal properties of the surrounding fluid. Normally we work with the transversal diffusion. This technique, like all techniques, has some limitations. For example, a flat sample surface is highly desired. The alignment is very difficult to do and the procedure can be lengthy because we must repeat the measurement at different distances from the heating point and if we want to have many points for that data processing then the procedure can be very, very lengthy. This can be overcome using several probe beams. For example, using a diffraction rating we can produce several light beams from the probe beam and then we can measure the displacement of all these beams simultaneously. For example, we have done an experiment in which we project the multiple beams onto a screen and with a web camera we film how the beams are deviated due to the heating and we have done that using a Logitech webcam. This is a very inexpensive webcam with these characteristics. This is a video of water source. The blue spot is a reflection of the probe beam. It's only a reflection to see that the beam is intensity periodically modulated and each of these points correspond to the different probes. We see that the deviation is at the center. Here is the heating point and then the crest when we go away from this point. This video can be processed digitally to obtain the phase of the signal and we can plot the phase of the signal as a function of the distance. To do that, we must use the locking amplifier method. I have talked yesterday about this method. The locking method allows to recover the useful signal from a very noisily signal in essence. This is an example of such a measurement. This is a measurement performed in a bulk sample of cadmium telluride, a semiconductor sample and this is the plot of the phase as a function of the distance. Here the heating point is at zero and we will become also a stretch line if we measure it in this direction. This is a symmetrical curve. From the slope and knowing the line modulation frequency we can obtain the thermal diffusivity values. These are preliminary results in different materials and the report values showing a very good agreement. This work was presented in the International Conference of Intransfer Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics in the past year. The multibin deflection method overcome this limitation of the photocermal bin deflection but we have still other limitations with this method. The alignment of the probe bins with the sample is still difficult and we need the flat sample surface among others. I will talk now about the shadow graph method with which we try to overcome these remaining limitations. A shadow graph technique is not new. It is a photographic technique that is widely used for example in fluid mechanics, aerodynamic studies of heat convention effects among others. The goal of our work was to demonstrate that the shadow graph method can be useful to detect the refractive induced perturbations produced in a sample in experiments like the photocermal bin deflection method. What are the equations behind the shadow graph method? The principal scene is also the dependence of the refractive index from the temperature. For a given temperature change we become a change in the refractive index given by this equation and the NDT is the photothermal coefficient. Suppose that we have a sample, the sample is heated and we project and expand the light bin so that we can project an image of the sample onto a shadow located behind the sample. The governing equation for this effect is this one. Here E0 is the intensity of the incident light. E is the intensity of the light bin at the shadow. L is the distance between the sample and the screen. There is a dimensional parameter, I will not enter into details about this parameter here and N is the refractive index because the refractive index depends on the temperature. We can use the dependence of the refractive index from the temperature to obtain how the shadow graph pattern will be modified due to the periodical temperature changes induced in the sample. This is a basic configuration, the experimental setup for this technique. Here this is the sample, this is the excitation light bin, a PUM bin. This is an intensity modulated light bin that is focused into the sample. Here we have the probe bin that passes through the sample and the shadow of the sample is projected onto the screen and can be filmed using a camera. These are computational simulations of this effect. This is the behavior of the phase of the shadow graph signal as a function of the distance from the hitting point. This simulation has been performed for a sample with this value of the thermal diffusivity, 10 to the minus 5 square meter per second. It is performed here for a thermally thin sample and here for a thermally thick sample. From these images we take the values closest to the sample surface and we plot the phase of the signal as a function of the distance for different modulation frequencies. Then we do a less square linear feed to these curves to compare the obtained value of the thermal diffusivity and compare them with the values used in these simulations in order to obtain the estimation error by comparing these values. We obtain several results. One of them is that for very low modulation frequencies the error becomes greater. The selection of the right modulation frequency is a very important step in these kind of experiments. The higher value of the modulation frequency that can be used will depend on the free rate of the camera used for the detection. These are the results obtained by the simulations. This is a scheme of the experiment. This is the sample, this is the pump bin. These circuits represent the gradient of the refractive index changes produced by the hitting. Here is the probe bin set of collimating lenses and here is projected a shadow of the sample and this shadow will be disturbed due to the refractive index changes. We have done two kinds of experiments. One of them using a thermographic camera working in the rare infrared ratio of the electromagnetic spectrum around one micrometer. This is a free camera. It's a very expensive camera. I don't know in Europe but in Mexico this is the cost given by the vendors of this kind of camera. This is in Mexican pesos, three millions of Mexican pesos. For this experiment, of course the probe laser must be also in the infrared region and we use a 905 nanometer wavelength diode laser. In another experiment we use a very inexpensive web cam, a computer web cam, working in the visible part of the spectrum because it's an order of magnitude below. And here the probe laser was a visible diode laser, 630 nanometer wavelength. The PUM laser in both cases was a visible laser, 445 nanometer wavelength and 250 milliwatts nominal power. The value of the light power that reaches the sample is not important for the calculation of the thermal properties. The sample is placed within a cubic centimeter glass cell and is immersed in acetone-intrin, a solvent with high photo-thermal parameter. And the experimental setup is similar as that described before. And this is the experimental results obtained using the linear infrared camera, the thermographic camera. Here are the results of the theoretical simulation for comparison. You can see that the experimental results are very similar to that predicted by the theory. This is the phase of the signal that is obtained in the case of the linear infrared camera. This camera has integrated locking capabilities so that in the measurement we obtain directly the amplitude and the phase of the signal. This is the phase of the signal. Here in the center is the heating point. And you see that the behavior is symmetrical, similar both sides of the heating point. And here are results measured only at one size to obtain a great quantity of points for different samples. Copper, lead-cellenite and zinc. From the slope of these curves, we calculate the thermal diffusivity values and they are shown in this table together with literature values for comparison. The agreement is also very well. And these are results obtained with the inexpensive webcam for a platinum filament. Here the sample was a filament of platinum. The heating point is here at zero. This is the phase image. In this case, the camera has not locking possibilities incorporated. But we have done data processing. Angel Cifuentes will talk today in the afternoon about the way to process this kind of images. And from the phase images, we obtain a curve of the phase as a function of the distance and from the slope we obtain the thermal diffusivity value of the sample. As the conclusion, the photothermal locking shadow graph method is a recently proposed method implemented to overcome some limitation of the conventional photothermal beam deflection technique. The photothermal beam deflection technique is an ancient technique that was developed approximately 20 years before. One important thing is that the technique can be implemented using very simple experimental apparatus. A simple webcam is necessary, inexpensive, diode lasers can be used to do this experiment and also highly specialized licensed hardware is not required. For example, such as that incorporated in the thermographic camera to work with this testing. And because that, the testing can be very useful for teaching thermal wave physics. For example, at universities, high schools, etc. Thank you very much. Thanks to Professor Marin for the presentation. As we will have today also an experimental session about this technique and also processing, for sure you will have a lot of questions and comments. And we have time for this. Please. Thank you very much for a very interesting and nice lecture. I have, let's say, one question or more complex. Your samples were solid, liquid but with huge homogeneity. What is going on when you have some inhomogeneities inside? For example, medium as we saw in posters with particles which are simple particles or they are a kind of core shell because they have a small layer. And it is possible to detect as I know very, very small dimension in nanometers or less than range how these properties are reflected in this case and if it is possible to be detected. What we measure in these techniques are effective values of the thermal properties of the sample. If we have a composite sample, a composite material or a non-homogeneous sample we measure the effective thermal diffusivity of the sample. Then to recover the thermal properties of each component of the sample you will use a theoretical formula that relates the effective thermal properties with the properties of the individual components. In some case that can be not possible. For example, if one component is in a very, very low amount maybe it doesn't affect the effective property. But the methodology is this, you obtain the effective parameter and then you try to obtain the properties of the different phases using some models. Thank you for the very nice presentation sir. Regarding the multi-beam deflection technique or the single beam deflection technique I wanted to ask what would be the size of the spot that we could talk about because perhaps we might have a sample which is quite flat but it's got different thermal diffusivity on different parts of the sample. So we could scan over it and for example measure these thermal diffusivity on different parts of the sample. So what would be the spot, the finest spot that we can measure that thermal diffusivity for that? For example, we can say that thermal diffusivity over a one millimeter circle two millimeter or down to microns. The model describing the photothermal beam deflection technique is a model for a point head source. So that you must try to reproduce in the experiment the condition described in the theoretical model so that we must focus the laser so much as possible. One meter a meter for example. If you have a sample that is not homogeneous in the scan direction then the method doesn't work. So you can have an homogeneity in the perpendicular direction but in this direction this is the limitation of the method of course because you will obtain a different behavior of the probe beam for the different distance. Thank you sir. Question please, comments. Thank you so much for your presentation. I have one question. If I'm correct when we have a solid object then we see the shadow graph. In this method if we have for example liquid or gas again we see the shadow graph and this technique works or not? The studied sample must be a solid sample in this method. This is a method for characterizing solid samples. But the sample must be immersed in a liquid. You can perform the experiment in air of course but the photothermal parameter of air is very small than the photothermal parameter for liquids. So that if you immerse the sample into a liquid what we do is an amplification of the photothermal effect. But what you characterize is a solid sample. Maybe you can use the same model. If you know the thermal parameters of the solid sample you can also do the same experiment to characterize the liquid. But what is useful is the use of this method for solid sample characterization. Actually measure the thermal properties of the solid object in liquid or for example gas media. Ok, thanks.


Good morning guys and welcome to a new video. Can I get a little applause for the long week in my life video? If you haven't watched it, please check it out because I spent all last night editing that because it was so long. Today I am vlogging obviously and I am going to a work event. It has been forever since I have done an early event like this and helping set up the tent. This is not my official job anymore but before the replacement person comes in I'm going to obviously help out and film stuff so I have that today. It's going to be fun. Hopefully maybe I'll include some B-roll I get from the event from my other camera into this video for a quick little two second montage because there's going to be a lot of dogs and stuff and pets so that I'll be fun. This is what I'm wearing. I'm just wearing my black leggings and my black jacket. I just think it looks good. Obviously I'll unzipper it but it has my logo and stuff. It has my logo and stuff on the side so I just want to cover it up. A lot of people from my work come to this, not a lot, but co-workers do not go to any other event. This is probably the only one that they go to if they go to one so I might see some people which is going to be fun and then what else? Oh my gosh. This morning my alarm goes off at 6.30 and I'm normally used to getting up early kind of now. It's still really hard. When I turn over I'm like, why is that going off on a Saturday? And I'm like, okay, I can go back to sleep. And then I'm like, oh my gosh, no, I have an event. So that's why I like hopped up and got ready and now we're here. On to whatever I film next. Okay, so I got my bites. They actually threw in an extra one because they made too many. I have one extra bite here, which is kind of funny. But here they are. I guess they come in these like individual like packets. I don't know if you can see the other one. And then I got my sweet cream cold brew. I think they put a little too much sweet cream in this. It's a little creamy, but it's fine. I can still taste like the coffee and stuff. So it's not that big of a deal. Okay, so I'm done with the event, at least like working it. So now I'm going to go home. I had my Starbucks. I wasn't impressed with the drink, but I got an extra egg bite. So it's okay. I'm going to go home now and record my review on the Oloplex products I tried out. I just want to get that video filmed today because tomorrow I just like want to edit. Valerie and I are also going to be going to Disney tomorrow. So that will be like its own vlog and stuff. I don't know how good this vlog is going to be. Hopefully like something fun happens. Or I'll just like show you guys Valerie cooking because you guys like seeing that and she's making steaks tonight. It's always like our Saturday thing because Fresh Market always has like the meat on sale, I think. And it's like good quality and everything. So that is the game plan. Guys, I am so, so tired. I don't know why I feel like my stamina like for walking a lot and just being on my feet and being surrounded by like a bunch of people has like gone down so much because I am so tired. Like I'm ready to like just take a nap. Like when I was eating my Starbucks I was just ready to curl up and go to sleep because I am so tired. I mean I did get up kind of early but not as early as I normally get up but I feel like on weekends I'm just like I'm just used to sleeping in and like kind of just using this time as reset but it wasn't because it was kind of just like a work day but like in a different area. You know what I mean? Okay guys, quick little update. I think I'm going to stop at a target because I'm looking for this keychain that I saw on TikTok. I don't know. I just, I have the time so I want to also kind of do it for the vlog because I think it'll be kind of entertaining if I can find this thing. So apparently super targets that have Starbucks in them sell these like miniature keychains and I kind of want to see if I can find it. Again, I'm not going to be paying like $20 for like a keychain like on eBay but I think it's kind of fun like kind of like a scavenger hunt if I can like find it. So I'll stop in today and see if any are there. It's like kind of just all my way home so it's not out of my way. I just think it'll be kind of fun and I haven't been to Target in a long, long time. Like I don't really go to Target for anything. We don't go there to shop. Okay guys, almost feel like this is a good sign because I got such a close parking spot right next to the front of the store. So hoping fingers crossed that they might have it because it would be kind of cool if they did. So I don't think they have it. So again, I don't think they have them because I'm looking. This is kind of like a smaller location I think but it was kind of fun to like stop and see. Okay, so I just got done filming a couple videos. I just wanted to pre-film because number one I have makeup on and number two, it's always a little bit of a process getting that thing out and I already had it out for today's event. So I was like might as well just bust through a couple videos. So I did a Lululemon collection video and then I also did a review on these. Oh, I just dropped it. I did a review on Olaplex's purple shampoo and hair mask. Again, those are some fun videos. I love doing reviews and just like sharing my honest opinion about products. Even if I like the product, I still have things that I don't like about the product. So I share that. I've already kind of shared it with you guys but you know, I'm going to kind of put away all of this stuff and then I have some stuff over there. So I'm going to do that. I don't know what I'm going to do the rest of the day. I should edit but I just really don't feel like it because my head kind of hurts and I'm just tired, like I mentioned. So I'm probably not going to do that. I'll probably just get up tomorrow and bust through these two videos, at least two videos. So this one probably, and one that I just filmed, one of the ones I just filmed. That's going to be fun. Chocolate chip cookies. Yes, we have this. Does that sound tasty? Every Saturday pretty much because of the deal. Sherri got off work. She's over there. She is all about the Olympics. I am chilling out here on the couch because I'm just really tired from today. I swear all the dogs, like people were like, oh my dogs like overwhelmed and stuff because like, normally dogs don't go out and have that many, have that much like interaction. And I'm like, I'm overwhelmed just being here too. So I don't blame the dogs. Just thought I would update you guys. Get a little clip in here. Finally, the weather is like really nice out but apparently we're getting another cold front. Valerie, look at how pretty. Valerie was saying how pretty the food is and she is not wrong. And if you come over here, you can see more prettiness. Look at that. Beautiful food. Yep. Sherri, anything happening in your world you want to share with the vlog? Same. Can I have food, that beautiful food that Valerie is talking about? Beautiful food. It's always a musical here. Always. Oh, look at how pretty this meal is. Don't mind Sherri's heart medication over there. But no guys, look at how pretty these mushrooms are. Giants. Okay guys, it is much later after dinner. My parents are watching at the Olympics. Leave a comment down below telling me if you guys are watching the Olympics. I'm not big into the Olympics except sometimes I watch the ice skaters and gymnastics because I just find those sports entertaining. Right now I am just going to take off my makeup and shower. I just want to shower because I was like kind of sweaty today at the event. So that's what we're going to do. My head has been hurting since like two o'clock. It just hasn't gone away. I took some Tylenol but like it just still hurts. I think it's because it's at that time of the month. It's so funny like the past three years pause in the park time. I've always gotten my lady friend. I swear it's just like clock works every year when they set the date for pause in the park. I know she's a coming so I don't know I'm going to time lapse this because I don't have much to say and just again like when the head hurts it's just I feel like weak and I don't know. So enjoy the little mini time lapse. Okay so before we get into like my bumble stories and stuff I just want to share that you are and if you don't have a significant other it's okay even though we do get down on ourselves a little bit and like yeah you're going to feel like sad if you don't have someone. I'm not going to like sugarcoat it. I have a lot of like bitterness sometimes and like anger but I take that out in cycle bar so like I'm okay. I'm surviving and I'm living my best life but I heard this piece of advice from Kendall from It's Our Life and whether you like them or not like I like them for like their cheer vlogs like I don't know just to have on in the background I like their cheer stuff and like they live in Florida but she said this like piece of it wasn't like advice it was just like words of wisdom I guess I don't know but I just want to share it on my channel in case one of you guys needs to hear it and that is it is so much better to be single than with the wrong person and I really do believe that you know sometimes things just like apartment to work out and you're different people and that's okay so whether you're single or in a relationship I truly believe that it is so much better to be single than with the wrong person so just wanted to throw that in here and just know that be happy that you are surviving and thriving on your own and you do have a good support system whether it's with your friends your parents, your teachers or co-workers you know so yeah okay with the video I didn't realize that Valentine's Day was pretty much yesterday and I always touch on the fact of relationships kind of on my channel especially during this time it was probably over three years ago that I made this like video and I was like oh I'm 20 and I've never had like a serious relationship and like literally when that video dropped like my previous relationship came into my life and everything so I thought that was like really funny watch that happen with this video which is probably highly unlikely nothing's really happening but I did want to share like a couple of my bumble stories I've only been on two bumble dates and the reason why I chose bumble was because I've never really like done online and it was funny too because my mom made me like create a match.com account and I don't know if it's still out there I think I deleted it I don't know but I just thought it was so funny and I'm like I don't know if I want to do that maybe hey maybe I'll just join again and like see I don't know but I went on two bumble dates and they were actually like really good I am always scared to like online date because I'm gonna be honest like I don't want to end up on an episode of 2020 you know or have like Kendall Ray make a video about me I don't know it's just like kind of creepy in a sense and I know that like I've met friends online and everything like through YouTube Instagram whatever but like just the mere fact of meeting someone for the intention of like going on a date I don't know it's just like really weird to me before we get into like the quick little stories because like nothing crazy happened well for one something did kind of weird happen but it wasn't with the guy I went on a date with it was like after but anyway I made a blog post which I will link down below about like some stories I don't know if I'll ever tell them like on this YouTube channel but if you want to read that blog post I will link it down below I do have a website if I never like came on and announced that but maybe I'll make a video about it I don't know I have a website now it's kind of like my link tree slash like blogging my thoughts probably stuff that I will never talk about on YouTube just because like I don't I don't know making a video about it is not it's not that important but like I wanted to get it out there so if you want to check that out they are like two story times story times I don't know experiences that I wanted to share but just not for YouTube I guess I don't know but check it out if you want to I get it if you're not a reader because I have always hated reading but I read some stuff I just wanted to mention that if you in case you wanted to read those and they're more in depth and more like personal to me moving on to the Bumble date stories so my first Bumble date was really casual and we went to a coffee shop we started talking on the app obviously we never exchanged numbers which I'm cool with because like I do not need that like you know what I'm saying like I have never met this person so he lives like an hour away and I was like oh like where do you want to meet up we can meet halfway and he was like let's meet like Orlando I'm like okay so we plan a date we set a date and like we set a time I think and it was a Saturday obviously and we meet up in downtown Orlando but guys he gave me the wrong address so I was like driving and I'm like okay almost there I'm like five minutes out and he was like okay and he said oh here's the address and I was like oh but you already gave me the address I'm like driving to this address in like Winter Park which Winter Park is not close to me guys like it's like 40 minutes away without tolls but with tolls it's like 30 minutes depending on traffic but still like it's not right next door you know so he was like oh this is actually the address and I'm like but you sent me this and I like screen-shotted what he had sent me when we like planned the date and I was like um and I'm almost at that location so like I might be late because I'm not going to that address so he was like oh that's fine like traffic was really heavy on his route because again he was like driving pretty far and I was like I can't believe this guy is like driving this far but hey whatever he seems like nice or whatever and I get to the parking garage instead of Winter Park the address was actually in downtown Orlando and you guys know how I hate downtown Orlando I work there but like parking is not an issue because like at where I work we have a parking lot like I don't have to stress about that and it has a physical address it's not like in one of those suites where you're like okay the stability but like where in the heck are we located here so I finally get parked I'm like okay I think I'm at the place now so he comes out of the little coffee shop the coffee shop was actually really good and really cute I would definitely go back there and he recommended so he walks out and he's like hey Alex I'm like hey and he was like really nice and then we go in like before we order he was like oh it was kind of like awkward I don't know I mean he said he had been on a few dates before like through online or whatever and he was like oh do you want me to pay for you and I was like um no it's okay like I just met this guy he is like a complete stranger I'm not gonna make someone who's like a complete stranger like pay for me like I don't know I don't know it just makes me feel like weird and kind of uncomfortable we hadn't even like met I don't know this is like the first encounter you know so I feel kind of bad making someone pay and it was not like even a meal so it was just like coffee so I'm like no it's okay like I'll just pay like you're good we sit we talk um and then we walk around downtown a little bit it was cool I guess there was like an art thing going on and then he was like oh I gotta check my car or whatever I don't know we we leave because he parked in a parking lot that had like a restricted time to park and that was good but um he did offer to like walk around and stuff I don't know just like not a lot of common interests which is fine then I go back to my car and you know in parking garages I just took the stairs because that's what I remember like I make mental notes like okay you came out of this stairwell this is where your car is pretty much I walk up and there's this guy like just chilling out in the stairwell I don't know what the heck he was doing I hope it wasn't drugs but like he was just like there and I was like it like shocked me because like I wasn't expecting someone to be chilling in the stairwell and I was like oh I was just kind of shocked and he was just like looking at me and I'm like you know what this guy can like completely murder me but like let's hope that he's not going to I don't know if I had my pepper spray or not but he was just like oh you can go ahead like he stood up because he was like kind of squatting down I don't know it's just kind of weird and I was like okay thanks and he was like have a good day I'm like you too that was like really uncomfortable whenever I go downtown I always have someone like walk me back to my car but like I wasn't going to make the bumble date like walk me back to my car because I don't know like he was parked like a completely different parking area he was like more in a lot and I was in a garage so I'm like okay that makes me feel like really uncomfortable but like luckily nothing happens I'm here today to tell the story but guys just keep in mind like always be careful always like check your surroundings I was completely not expecting that to happen moving on to my second bumble date I went and met up with this guy in downtown Winter Park and it was like really fun it was I think around like Halloween actually and he seems like a nice guy so I was like might as well like have lunch and meet up with him he was really like new to Orlando and stuff and like took a job obviously in Orlando so he just like wanted to meet people and stuff and especially with quarantine he had like been working at home so he had like he didn't really know anyone in Orlando so we went and what got me on his like profile or whatever he mentioned something about fries and I was like oh yeah like we already have like that as a common interest yeah other than that like he was nice and like nothing crazy happened he did pay for my meal but like I didn't feel bad because like it was an actual meal and like it was more of a date it was like more of like a day date than like you know just meeting up for coffee so we talk and he was like a nice guy like I think I would be friends with him but like our common interests and stuff like just didn't really match up so he was again nice and we walked around we got Starbucks after our meal I hope they're both doing well I just thought I would share this because I don't know Valentine's Day was yesterday and yeah so I hope you guys enjoyed this video give it a thumbs up if you did don't forget to subscribe to my channel and I'll see you guys in my next video bye


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspeyscasebreaks.com coming at you with another two-box break of 2020-2021 Panini Mosaic UEFA Euro Soccer Random country break number 13 from a fresh case. We sell 12 spots Everyone gets two countries from that list below an all card ship big thanks to this group right here for getting in on it and There are all of the Countries right there. Let's roll it. Let's randomize it four and a one for names and countries one two three four No one fifth and final time After five we've got Matthew Shearer all the way down to the down to Matthew Shearer again Let's get his names into all the names into column A four and a one five times for the countries one two three four And I want fifth and final time after five we got Portugal down to Belgium All right, Matthew has Portugal Steve has Poland Matthew with Ukraine Italy Scott with Austria Turkey Lucas with North Macedonia Taylor with France Scott with Spain Sam with the Czech Republic Scott with Switzerland Taylor with Germany Roger with Sweden Steve with Hungary Lucas with Croatia Sam with Russia Steve right with Finland and Scotland Matthew with Denmark and England Clyde with Wales Roger with Slovakia Clyde with the Netherlands and Matthew Shearer with Belgium Let's alphabetize by country and while you're considering trades Let's grab that fresh case Here this is mosaic heroes. Let's see which two boxes we're gonna do First of all, we're gonna go one two three four one two three four five six on the dice roll for and we're gonna select a column It's gonna be one so it's gonna be the left side right here. Let's scoot these Away and we've got two on the top right here. You can see on the top camera as well Two on the top camera and two on the bottom. So we'll go one two three four five six And that's two so we're gonna do the top two right here These will add to the pile over here. We'll just grab two random ones Next time no trades not even a whisper of a trade so let's TWC close up the trade window. Let's print that list. Let's rip Let's go These are four cards two of these need to be paired together as one The other two are gonna be by themselves what I I was gonna go this and this I don't I mean It seems weird to do an auto with something, but this is out of 99 rookie and that's out of 10. Oh, man Yeah, I think I think your first instinct was right, okay pair like a rookie relic with an auto Well, no, no, this is by itself. These two are by themselves. These two are gonna be together Oh, you're saying these two should yeah, that's what I was going with That's out of 10. That's a big time rookie out of James Weisman And then he's good, but it's a dual and that's out of 99 But why don't you combo these two together then and keep the auto separate and put the relics together I think this by itself is bigger than that by itself. Do you know what I mean? No offense to the Harrington fan. Yeah All right. Yeah, let's do it that way. So because it's either gonna be with this or with that other auto Yeah, I mean, that's a 10. Yeah, that's out of 99. All right There you go. There's the next one right there Yeah, Steve Burge. I would love to do a noir. I've been I know I know it's a higher-end product But I've been pushing for that all day You've got to get at least a third case done before we call it a night And you know the sooner we do that the sooner we could probably maybe get another one done, too Come on mosaic. Help me out here Hey, one of these packs don't cooperate when I'm trying to Slow down the break and remember all card ship, you know these rookie Parallels that's for Slovakia. That's gonna go to Ryan Roger. That is Those are the ones that you want to Maybe hold on to see what happens might be worth looking up a lot of these cards as I've said in a lot of these videos, you know, cuz it'll I mean Christian Ronaldo is always popular in the secondary market And I think that could be cleaned off. There's a little like almost like a glue residue on that card I feel like you can carefully clean that up Portugal. That's for Matthew. Sure. I don't I'm gonna leave it alone I don't want to Scratch up the car, but there are ways to maybe clean that up the Italians look good. There's D Lorenzo for Matthew Shira There's a Tila Salat Zalai that is 66 out of 99 For Hungary that goes to Steve Wright Jane Sancho made a move to Manchester United And if England have a good rest of the tournament see some See some increases on that card value Next half here Sorry to get a container for this break Where's our auto? There's one auto a box. I was telling people in the previous break of this Might be a good time to maybe buy low on killing him. Boppy are people down on killing Boppy right now He's so young that Is he only 23 years old or something like that? He may get a couple, you know, he's in good health You should have a few more World Cup cycles and a few more major tournament cycles There's the auto. It's gonna be Mario Gomez for Germany. That is for Taylor. Nice Next box Shall feel it's another youngster to keep an eye on and a Virgil van Dyke one of one Nice Clyde done with the Netherlands One of the best center backs in the world Help Liverpool win a title. That's my club Could have been really really crucial for the Netherlands success, but he's still working on an ACL injury Nice, that's for Clyde Clyde One of ones out of fives and under All aboard the big hit express Woo-hoo nice a lot love surprises like that. Got a red rookie here for Belgium Jeremy Doku He actually looked pretty good on the pitch just couldn't quite Quite get things going for the Belgians in the other game Matthew Shearer, but one for the future There's Igor Carton Karate another Christiana Ronaldo Yes, I think we're gonna do that Chronicles tomorrow We want to focus on that noir tonight before we call it a night Oh, this is really nice Bruno Fernandez For Portugal Matthew Shearer nice, and there's linen Dykes Bruno Fernandez for Portugal another Manchester United guys pretty good. All right, and we got Barnabas Besse as well rookie red And that's that's mosaic 13 mosaic soccer 13. It sounds like noir sold out nice. Thanks everybody I'm Joe for Jasper's case race calm. We'll see you for some more panini stuff. Bye. Bye


Tom here for more systems and probably the most popular question I get is anytime I've done a diagram is what diagram software are you using to draw that? I know what's the best or best free diagram software out there and the answer is all the same for the last Well, maybe year and a half or longer. I have been using diagrams.net and It's pretty outstanding. I don't remember who turned me on to it, but it's a great product I have a more in-depth tutorial than what I'm going to show you today That I'll leave link to below to get you started with it But it works as a web page that you don't need to sign up for you can use it all inside the browser or You can tie it to your G Suite account and collaborate in real-time or you can tie it to your next cloud and do real-time Collaboration and all kinds of file storage on there You can also integrate it with Office 365 or Atlassian and if none of those things make you happy You can also download it as a desktop application for Windows, Linux, or Mac Still free and if you really feel advanced and you just want to wall it off and self-host it Well, they got an option for that too in Docker So there's a lot of different ways you can play around with diagrams.net hands down highly recommend it What I'm here to talk about today is since I did that tutorial well about a year and a half ago There's a lot more features that have been added and I want to talk about a couple of the highlights And where you can read more about it and we're gonna start right at their blog Their blog is a great resource because there's just so many features that they are constantly rolling out that well I don't always use or have the need for but maybe you do Features integrations use cases news other open source new templates being added They're all nice and categorized here for you to scroll through. I it's a great resource If you're just curious what else it can do maybe beyond some of the use cases You may have or that I've had and showcased on this channel The first exciting option to add that I really like but it's simple and a little bit hidden is flow animations I see a little bit hidden because when you create a connector between two shapes The styling is all over here, but there's an extended property You have to get to to see the flow animation But you just check it the flow animation goes from the shape it started at to the shape It was destined to there's not a way to reverse that flow There's not a control on speed of the flow It just animates exactly like you see here. You just turn it on or off But turning it on or off doesn't change any of the other styling options for the particular shape So you can so color it theme it modify it otherwise But yeah, it gives it a cool little flow animation. The next big change is more shapes This is sometimes a good and bad thing because it creates some indecision for so many shapes to choose from But it's great having these of I wanted to build out something with active directory or maybe Android or Atlassian or bootstrap We have a lot of different types of icons I can use in here They even have rack icon So you could use this to build out your rack designs and your network and start putting them in there And it's great having all of this on here and we'll hit apply now We have this mess over here, but don't worry This is a mess but an easy one to solve because they have a search right here to make it quick to find anything that you Added there. So we're gonna hit rack more results. We can type Azure and Get some of the Azure icons and then start dragging them over. So there's a windows icon for there. There's a bit bucket and What else we on Azure? Okay. Now you start dragging these and going these are the shapes I want to use to start building out my graph. What do I do with all of that? This is where things are also clever with the scratch pad We can drag these back onto the scratch pad and that does include things that are already filled out So this says firewall with an IP address attached to it if you drag it to the scratch pad here We create a new page and we drag that same firewall over here The scratch pad remembers anything you draw over there to be able to reproduce it. It goes a step further You can edit the scratch pad. You can import images and import full Other draw.io files and we've actually imported two in here a few miles over I have this one here and I have this one here. I can actually take this file and It's a complete draw.io matter of fact This is one file I opened and it imports both pages as separate pieces the scratch pad so I can start with and Leave those in the draw.io really makes it easy when you're wanting to duplicate a lot of things start getting it started Maybe you have a template you want that you want start as a base You can add it to your scratch pad or when as I said You're doing any one particular job You just drag the ones you want in there and then just edit the scratch pad if you don't want them in there And say I probably don't need those and I probably don't want that one in there because the scratch pad does persist Even when you start a new document now the next major change is themes We're gonna go in here to extras. We have the default theme We have a minimal theme atlas and dark dark mode is a complete theme change So we're gonna switch it to dark now This does require closing and relaunching the application and we'll do the sketch theme last So we're gonna go ahead and close it and now we've launched this with the dark theme The problem is this is not a hundred percent compatible with certain things Such as when you go new and create new diagrams some diagrams may not look very good With the dark theme it requires a little bit of styling on there And of course any existing ones you did if you did custom coloring and that coloring doesn't high contrast across there It may not work for well, but hey, that's just time to re-theme and redo those particular documents Now the next thing I want to talk about and it's kind of a theme or different mode I would say is sketch mode and sketch mode still takes a restart to switch to this mode But sketch mode lets us switch between dark and light themes So here's sketch mode on a light theme and we can say you know in sketch mode and Drag different icons over And you can see it lets us sketch things out in a pretty simple kind of fun way Now what makes this pretty cool is because the dark mode. It's dark mode aware So this is gonna switch to dark mode and look it switched the theme of this as well So I didn't have to make any special color changes provided I use all the icon sets that are compatible with sketch which is quite a few of them But some of the icons may not show up quite as well And so when you're going through the shapes you may run into some issues if it wasn't a sketch mode And you were trying to add text to it But pretty neat that it does this now Let's go a step further with sketch mode and it makes it easy to theme the entire sketch so we're gonna go here to style and You can change the different themes they have in here to some really weird and hideous themed colors Some are nice. Maybe some are not nice and some are harder to read But I like the way this makes it very simple to do and if you create something in sketch mode and set these themes Like something as ugly as this We'll choose this one here, that's hard to read and we're gonna go ahead and save it switch back to the default theme and It's still editable in this version as well And you can go back and change the formatting again in a style and everything so you can still you know It's still as ugly as it was before you can still switch it so anything created in sketch mode still works But now when we drag things in the normal mode everything's back in normal mode So you can go back and forth between these and it's pretty fluid I like the way I can do something in sketch mode to get an idea maybe redraw it out here But hey, it allows quite an element of fun when we're doing these and setting this up Now maybe in the future. I'll do another more in-depth video There's just so many features to cover inside of draw it IO It's got all kinds of ways you can import text build things based on imported text in different languages It even has a way to import tables out of sequel to understand them So you can start drawing relationships between different tables in the database There's an extensive amount of features available more than I'm covering in this particular video I encourage you to go through their blog to kind of see some of the cool features And maybe some things you want to use in there And of course, I'll leave a link to my more in-depth tutorial where I dive a little deeper into getting started with it And some of the basics to get you going and start using it. It's free. It's easy to use I'll leave a link to their website linked to their blog and linked to my other video and thank you See you in the forums And thank you for making it to the end of this video. If you enjoyed this content Please give it a thumbs up. If you'd like to see more content from this channel hit the subscribe button and the bell icon To hire a sure project head over to LawrenceSystems.com and click on the hires button right at the top To help this channel out in other ways There's a join button here for YouTube and a patreon page where your support is greatly appreciated For deals discounts and offers check out our affiliate links in the descriptions of all of our videos including a link to our shirt store We have a wide variety of shirts and new designs come out. Well, randomly. So check back frequently And finally our forums forums.laurancesystems.com is where you can have a more in-depth discussion about this video and other tech topics covered on this channel Thank you again, and we look forward to hearing from you. In the meantime check out some of our other videos


CHAPTER 27 August 1 I have just written to Mrs Brown to know whether she will take us for the rest of the summer. A certain little man, not a very old little man either, has kept us in town till now. Since he has come, we are all very glad of him. Though he came on his own invitation, brought no wardrobe with him, does not pay for his board, never speaks a word, takes no notice of us. He wants more waiting on than anyone else in the house.  Sweet Briar Farm August 9 We got there this afternoon, bag and baggage. I had not said a word to Mrs Brown about the addition to our family circle, knowing she had plenty of room. And as we alighted from the carriage, I snatched my baby from his nurse's arms and ran gaily up the walk with him in mind. If this blended fellow does not convert her, nothing will, I said to myself. At that instant, what should I see but Mrs Brown? Running to meet me with a boy in her arms exactly like Mr Brown, only not quite six feet long, and not sunburnt. There, I cried, holding up my little old man. There, said she, holding up hers. We laughed till we cried. She took my baby and I took hers. After looking at him, I liked mine better than ever. After looking at mine, she was perfectly satisfied with hers. We got into the house at last. That is to say, we mothers did. The children darted through it and out of the door that led to the fields and woods, and vanished in the twinkling of an eye. Mrs Brown had always been a pretty woman, with bright eyes, shiny, well-kept hair, and a colour in her cheeks like the rose which had given its name to her farm. But there was now a new beauty in her face. The mysterious and sacred sufferings and joys of maternity had given it thought and feeling. I had no idea I should be so fond of the baby, she said, kissing it, whenever she stopped to put in a comma. But I don't know how I ever got along without one. He's off at work nearly the whole day, and when I had got through with mine and had put on my afternoon dress and was ready to sit down, you can't think how lonesome it was. But now, by the time I am dressed, baby is ready to go out to get the air. He knows the minute he sees me bring out his little hat, that he is going to see his father and his awful fond of his father. Though that isn't so strange, either, for his father's awful fond of him. All his little ways are so pretty, and he never cries unless he's hungry or tired. Tell mother a pretty story now. Yes, mother hears. Bless his little heart. Then, when Mr. Brown came home to his supper, his face was a sight to see, as he caught sight of me at my open window, and came to it with the child's wide arms clinging to his neck, looking as happy and as bashful as a girl. You see, she must need to go to quartering this bouncing young one on to me, he said, as if I didn't have to work hard enough before. Well, maybe he'll get his feed off the farm. We'll see what we can do.  Do you think Mrs. Brown's baby very pretty? Which was so mild a way of suggesting the fact of the case that I kissed her without trying to hide my amusement. August 10. After being cooped up in town so large a part of the summer, the children are nearly wild with delight at being in the country once more. Even our demure Yuna skips about with a buoyancy I have never seen in her. She never has her ill turns when out of the city, and I wish, for her sake, we could always live here. As to Raymond and Walter, I never pretend to see them except at their meals and their bedtime. They just live outdoors, following the men at their work, asking all sorts of absurd questions. Which Mr. Brown reports to me every night, with shouts of delighted laughter.  I don't think I could stand that. People ask me how it happens that my children are also promptly obedient and so happy, as if it chance that some parents have such children, or chance that some have not. I am afraid it is only too true, as someone has remarked, that this is the age of obedient parents. What then will be the future of their children? How can they yield to God, who have never been taught to yield to human authority? And how well fitted will they be to rule their own households, who have never learned to rule themselves? August 31. This has been one of those cold, dismal, rainy days, which are not infrequent during the month of August. So the children have been obliged to give up the open air, of which they are so fond, and fall back upon what entertainment could be found within the house. I have read to them the little journal I kept during the whole life of the brother I am not willing they should forget.  When I closed the little book and told them we should have to wait till we got to heaven, before we could know anything more about his precious life. How thankful I am that I kept this journal, and that I have almost as charming ones about most of my other children. What I speedily forgot amid the pressure of cares and of new events is safely written down, and will be the source of endless pleasure to them long after the hand that wrote has ceased from its labours, and lies inactive and at rest. Ah, it is a blessed thing to be a mother. September 1. This baby of mine is certainly the sweetest and best I ever had, I feel an inexpressible tenderness for it, which I cannot quite explain to myself, for I have loved them all dearly, most dearly. Perhaps it is so with all mothers, perhaps they all grow more loving, more forbearing, more patient as they grow older, and yearn over these helpless little ones with an ever increasing, yet chastened delight. One cannot help sheltering their tender infancy, who will so soon pass forth to fight the battle of life. Each one waging an invisible warfare against invisible foes, how thankfully we would fight it for them, if we might. September 20. The mornings and evenings are very cool now, while in the middle of the day it is quite hot. Ernest comes to see us very often, under the pretense that he can't trust me with so young a baby. He is so tender and thoughtful, and spoils me so, that this will is very bright to me. I am a little jealous of it. I don't want to be so happy in Ernest, or in my children, as to forget, for one instant, that I am a pilgrim and a stranger on earth. Evening. There is no danger that I shall. Ernest suddenly made his appearance tonight, and in a great burst of distress, quite unlike anything I ever saw in him, revealed to me that he had been feeling the greatest anxiety about me ever since the baby came. It is all nonsense, I cop, to be sure, but that it is owing to the varying temperature we always have at this season. I shall get over it as soon as we get home, I dare say. But suppose I should not? What then? Could I leave this precious little flock, uncared for, untended? Have I faith to believe that if God calls me away from them, it will be in love to them? I do not know. The thought of getting away from the sin that still so easily besets me is very delightful, and I have enjoyed so many, many such foretastes of the bliss of heaven that I know I should be happy there. But then my children, all of them under twelve years old, I will not choose, I dare not. My married life has been a beautiful one. It is true that sin and folly, and sickness and sorrow have marred its perfection. But it has been adorned by a love which has never faltered. My faults have never alienated earnest. His faults, for like other human beings, he has them, have never overcome my love to him. This has been the gift of God in answer to our constant prayer, that whatever other bereavement we might have to suffer, we might never be bereft of this benediction. It has been the glad secret of a happy marriage, and I wish I could teach it to every human being who enters upon a state that must bring with it the depth of misery, all life's most sacred and mysterious joy. October 6. Ernestus let me stay here to see their autumnal foliage in its ravishing beauty, for the first, perhaps for the last time. The woods and fields and groves are lighting up my very soul. It seems as if autumn had caught the inspiration and the glow of summer, had hidden its floral beauty, its gorgeous sunsets and its bow of promise in its hearth of hearts, and was now flashing at forth upon the world with a lavish and opulent hand. I can hardly tear myself away and return to the prose of city life, but Ernest has come for us and is eager to get us home before colder weather. I laugh at his anxiety about his old wife, why need he fancy that this trifling cough is not to give way as it often has done before. Dear Ernest, I never knew that he loved me so. October 31. Ernest's fear that he had let me stay too long in the country does not seem to be justified. We went so late that I wanted to indulge the children by staying late. So we have only just got home. I feel about as well as usual. It is true I have a little thorness about the chest, but it does not signify anything. I never was so happy in my husband and children, in other words in my home, as I am now. Life looks very attractive. I am glad that I am going to get well. But Ernest watches me carefully and want me as a precautionary measure to give up music, writing, sewing and painting the very things that occupy me, and lead an idle, useless life for a time. I cannot refuse what he asks so tenderly, and as a personal favour to himself, yet I should like to fill the remaining pages of my journal. I never like to leave things incomplete. June 1. 1858. I wrote that seven years ago, little dreaming how long it would be before I should use a pen, seven happy years ago. I suppose that some who have known what my outward life has been during this period would think of me as a mere object of pity. There has certainly been suffering and deprivation enough to justify the sympathy of my dear husband and children, and the large circle of friends who have rallied about us. How little we knew we had so many. God has dealt very tenderly with me. I was not stricken down by sudden disease, nor were the things I delighted in all taken away at once. There was a gradual loss of strength and gradual increase of suffering, and it was only by degrees that I was asked to give up the employments in which I delighted. My household duties, my visits to the sick and suffering, the society of beloved friends. Perhaps Ernest perceived and felt my deprivations sooner than I did. His sympathy always seemed to outrun my disappointments. When I compare him as he is now, with what he was when I first knew him, I bless God for all the precious lessons he has taught him at my cost. There is a tenacity and persistence about his love for me that has made these years almost as wearisome to him as they have been to me. As to myself, if I had been told what I was to learn through these protracted sufferings, I am afraid I should have shrunk back in terror and so have lost all the sweet lessons God proposed to teach me. As it is, he has led me on, step by step, answering my prayers in his own way. And I cannot bear to have a single human being doubt that it has been a perfect way. I love and adore it just as it is. Perhaps the suspense has been one of the most trying features of my case. Just as I have unclasped my hand from my dear Ernest, just as I have let go my almost frantic hold of my darling children, just as heaven opened before me and I fancied my weariness over and my wanderings done, just then almost every alarming symptom would disappear and life recall me from the threshold of heaven itself. Thus I have been emptied from vessel to vessel till I have learned that he only is truly happy who has no longer a choice of his own and lies passive in God's hand. Even now no one can foretell the issue of this sickness. We live a day at a time not knowing what shall be on the morrow. But whether I live or die my happiness is secure and so I believe is of my beloved ones. This is a true picture of our home.   Some of the peace of God if not all of it shines in every face is heard in every tone. It is a home that typifies and foreshadows the home that is perfect and eternal. Our dear Helen has given us for this emergency. Is it not strange that seeing our domestic life should have awakened in her some yearnings for a home and a heart and children of her own? She has said that there was a weary point in her life when she made up her mind that she was never to know these joys. But she accepted her lot gracefully. I do not know any other word that describes so well the beautiful offering she made of her life to God and then to us. He accepted it and has given her all the cares and responsibilities of domestic life without the transcendent joys that sustain the wife and the mother. She has been all in all to our children and God has been all in all to her. And she is happy in his service and in our love. June 20. It took me nearly two weeks to write the above at intervals as my strength allowed. Ernest has consented to my finishing this volume of which so few pages yet remain. And he let me see a dear old friend who came all the way from my native town to see me. Dr. Eaton, our family physician as long as I could remember. He is of an advanced age but full of vigor. His eye bright and with a healthful glow on his cheek. But he says he is waiting and longing through someone's home. About that home we had a delightful talk together that did my very hard good. Then he made me tell him about this long sickness and the years of frail health and some of the sorrows through which I had toiled. Ah, these lovely children are explained now, he said. Do you really think, I asked, that it has been good for my children to have a feeble, afflicted mother? Yes, I really think so. A disciplined mother, disciplined children. This comforting thought is one of the last drops in a cup of Felicity already full. June 2, another Sunday and all at church except my darling Yuna who keeps watch over her mother. These Sundays when I have had them, each alone in turn, have been blessed days to them and to me. Surely this is some compensation for what they lose in me of health and vigor. I know the state of each soul as far as it can be known and have every reason to believe that my children all love my saviour and are trying to live for him. I have learned at last not to despise the day of small things, to cherish the tenderest blossom and to expect my dear ones to be imperfect before they become perfect Christians. Yuna is a sweet composed young girl, now 18 years old, and what can I say more of the love her brothers bear her than this. They never tease her. She has long ceased asking why she must have delicate help when so many others of her age are full of animal life and vigor but stands in her lot and place doing what she can. Suffering what she must, with a meekness that makes her lovely in my eyes and that I am sure unites her closely to Christ. June 27, it was Roman's turn to stay with me today. He opened his heart to me more freely than he had ever done before. Mama, he begun, if Papa is willing, I have made up my mind that is to say if I get decently good to go on a mission. I said playfully and Mama's consent is not to be asked. No, he said, getting hold of what there is left of my hand. I know you wouldn't say a word. Don't you remember telling me once when I was a little boy that I might go and welcome? And don't you remember I returned that you cried for joy and then relieved your mind still father by walking on your hands with your feet in the air. We both laughed heartily at this remembrance and then I said, my dear boy, you know your father's plan for you. Yes, I know he expects me to study with him and take his place in the world and it is a very important place. His countenance fell as he fancied I was not entering heartily into his wishes. Dear Raymond, I went on. I gave you to God long before you gave yourself to him. If he can make you useful in your own or in other lands, I bless his name. Whether I live to see you a man or not, I hope you will work in the Lord's vineyard wherever he calls. I never asked anything but usefulness in all my prayers for you never once.  He kissed me and walked away to the window to compose himself. My poor, dear, lovable, loving boy. He has all his mother's trials and struggles to contend with, but what matter it if they bring him the same peace? June 30. Everybody wonders to see me once more interested in my long-closed journal and becoming able to see the dear friends from whom I have been in a measured cut-off. We cannot ask the meaning of this remarkable increase of strength. I have no wish to choose, but I have come to the last page of my journal and living or dying shall write in this volume no more. It closes upon a life of much childishness and great sinfulness. Whose record makes me blush with shame, but I no longer need to relieve my heart with seeking sympathy in its unconscious pages, nor do I believe it well to go on analysing it as I have done. I have had a large experience of both joy and sorrow. I have the nakedness and the emptiness, and I have seen the beauty and sweetness of life. What I say now let me say to Jesus what time and strength I used to spend in writing here. Let me spend in praying for all men, for all sufferers who are out of the way, for all whom I love, and their name is Legion, for I love everybody. Yes, I love everybody. That crowning joy has come to me at last. Christ is in my soul. He is mine. I am as conscious of it as that my husband and children are mine. And his spirit flows from mine in the calm peace of a river whose banks are green with grass and glad with flowers. If I die it will be to leave a wearied and worn body and a sinful soul to go joyfully to be with Christ, to weary and to sin no more. If I live I shall find much blessed work to do for him, so living or dying I shall be the Lord's. But I wish, oh how earnestly, that whether I go or stay I could inspire some lives with joy that is now mine. For many years I had been rich in faith, rich in an unfulturing confidence that I was beloved of my God and Saviour, but something was wanting I was ever groping for a mysterious grace, the want of which made me often sorrowful in the very midst of my most sacred joy, imperfect when I most longed for perfection. It was that personal love to Christ of which my precious mother so often spoke to me which she often urged me to seek upon my knees. If I had known then as I know now what this priceless treasure could be to a sinful human soul I would have sold all that I had to buy the field wherein it lay hidden. But not till I was shut up to prayer and to the study of God's word by the loss of earthly joys, sickness destroying the flavour of them all, did I begin to penetrate the mystery that is learned under the cross and wondrous as it is. How simple is this mystery to love Christ and to know that I love Him, this is all. And when I entered upon the sacred yet, of times, homely duties of married life, if this love had been mine how would that life have been transfigured? The petty faults of my husband under which I chafed would not have moved me. I should have welcomed Martha and her father to my home and made them happy there. I should have had no conflicts with my servants, shown no petulance to my children, for it would not have been I who spoke and acted but Christ who lived in me. Unless I have had less than seven years in which to atone for a sinful, wasted past and to live a new and a Christ-like life. If I am to have yet more, thanks be to Him who has given me the victory that life will be love. Not the love that rests in the contemplation and adoration of its object, but the love that gladdens, sweetens, solaces other lives. O gifts of gifts, O grace of faith, my God, how can it be that thou who has discerning love should give that gift to me? How many hearts thou mightest have had more innocent than mine? How many souls more worthy far of that sweet touch of thine? O grace into unlikeliest hearts, it is thy boast to come, the glory of thy light to find in darker spots a home. O happy, happy that I am, if thou canst be, O faith the treasure that thou art in life, what wilt thou be in death? Stepping westward, while my fellow traveller and I were walking by the side of Loch Catrine one fine evening after sunset in our road to a hut, where in the course of our tour we had been hospitably entertained some weeks before, we met in one of the loneliest parts of that solitary region two well-dressed women, one of whom said to us by way of greeting, What, you are stepping westward? Yea, it would be a wildish destiny if we thus, together roam in a strange land and far from home, were in this place the guests of chance, yet who would stop or fear to advance, though home or shelter he had none, with such a sky to lead him on? The dewy ground was dark and cold, behind or gloomy to behold, and stepping westward seemed to be a kind of heavenly destiny. I liked the greeting, twas a sound of something without place and bound, and seemed to give me spiritual right to travel through that region bright. The voice was soft, and she who spoke was walking by a native lake. The salutation had to me the very sound of courtesy. Its power was felt, and while my eyes was fixed upon the glowing sky, the echo of the voice enraught a human sweetness with the thought of travelling through the world that lay before me in my endless way. Wordsworth. End of story.