So we have been discussing about the soil constituents and I had talked about solid phase, liquid phase and gaseous phases and we were discussing the organic matter in soil. So one of the biggest issues with organic matter is that if organic matter is present in substantial matter. So as the OM increases, I use normally this sign alright. So as this content increases, this becomes more and more problematic for geotechnical engineers. So later on you will realize that the more the organic content in the soil, you cannot even modify this. So those of you who might get a chance to work on ground modification or soil stabilization, these are big subjects. So I am not going to go in the details of these but those of you who are very curious to learn about it, please do Google search and you will get lot of information regarding soil stabilization and ground modification. These are the techniques which are nowadays used for making infrastructure in the challenging and problematic soils as I discussed the other day. So peat is the most notorious thing, peat you must, we had discussed about the muskeg also other day. So these are the soils which have posed a serious problem to the professionals. So higher the organic matter, the problems become difficult to stabilize. The big issue is that as the organic matter increases, the soil will not react with cement. So most of the marine clays which have a substantial amount of marine clay as organic matter is very difficult to stabilize them but I am sure you must be seeing in contemporary world most of the stabilization or most of the construction is going on in the coastal regions. Government of India, Sagar Mala project is a very good example. So all along 11,000 kilometers of the coastal line, they are trying to create infrastructure. This is just like you know in Hindi you call it dal dal or in English you call it muck and the other day somebody was sitting here and he was you, someone else I do not know. So you are talking about you know muck, remember maybe first or second lecture. So this is the type of the soil which is very difficult to negotiate with. So most of the construction which is going on the coastal region requires a stabilization. One of the ways of stabilization would be grouting. Why I am teaching you all these things, these are the subjects which have to be practiced by people like you. Many of you say there are no jobs. I can assure that there are so many jobs, there are so many specialized things to be done which cannot be done by the right guys. So these are the areas in which you can think of exploring the possibilities. Another issue is that this material has a very poor shear strength and very high compressibility. The next constituent of the soil would be yes water and this was what number was the water in the list of constituents 4, 5, this would be 5 alright. Very soon when we will realize you know how water influences the overall characteristics of the soil, when we will discuss these things in details you will come to know that water is the component or the constituent of the soil which controls its all engineering properties. And when we talk about the engineering properties, these are mostly shear strength. This is what I will be discussing in the second course. Shear strength is a dedicated chapter, maybe I will spend about 16 to 18 lectures on you know defining and how to determine the shear strength is a big subject in soil mechanics. The compressibility and hydraulic conductivity and when you come in the domain of the research you will realize all sorts of conductivities would depend upon the moisture content including how heat migrates in the system, how current migrates in the system, how electromagnetic flux will migrate in the system. Well this is the beyond the scope of undergraduate soil mechanics or geotechnical engineering I will not be discussing this. This is a recent discussion in geomechanics, we call this as a you know flux migration and the flux could be of thermal, electrical, electromagnetic, it could be bacterial, it could be whatever you might think of a combination of the two and this forms the coupled phenomena in western world a lot of people are working in these areas, they have a lot of funds and they want people like you to join their research groups. So situation is not so bad as you think. Here shear strength is basically the strength of the soil mass once it gets sheared. So suppose if I take a piece of paper alright and normally the word which you use is tear alright, so what I am doing look at the motion of my hands, the motion of the hands is in opposite direction clear, one and this is on the other side it is a tearing process but tearing itself is initiated because of the shearing at a plane and as I said this is something which is to be discussed separately. When earthquake comes this is the strength which is required in the material otherwise then everything will become like liquid you remember we were talking about the liquefaction of the soil that the soil behaves like liquid okay. So here we use another term because of the presence of water we call this as PWP poor water pressure which is very equivalent to the blood pressure of the human body.  So what happens you start sweating your blood vessels immediately throw a lot of blood on your face, face becomes red and if blood pressure shoots too much what is going to happen you collapse same thing is going to happen in soils also if by any chance the poor water pressure becomes extremely high the system becomes a critical patient to be treated by a surgeon alright and what are the surgeries these are surgeries either I will modify the situation or I will enhance the properties. Other way low blood pressure what happens most of the people collapse because of the low blood pressure also. So this port of pressure is a very tricky thing in geomechanics most of the time the pressure will develop in the soils in the pores we will be talking about what are the pores clear. So most of the time the water pressure develops in the pores because of the external loading a good example would be there is a railway track and there is a train of let us say 45 bogies politicians would be say that we will make it 55 bogies 65 bogies 100 bogies is it not and geotechnical engineer says no it is not possible to have more than 45 bogies why there is an answer to this because the railway tracks have been designed in such a manner that when the rails move the type of pore temperature which is going to develop will sustain the external loading appropriately clear. From here comes the or from this is a starting point of the of the professionals like you who might get converted into earthquake specialist soil dynamics you will be dealing not with the static situations you will be dealing mostly with the impact vibrations movement of vehicles movement of traffic missile coming and hitting a shielded object is all dynamic cases clear. So I will be very interested in seeing that these type of situations how they are going to enhance or decrease the pore order pressure of the material the logic is or the funda is if I am dealing with the coarse grain materials like sands gravels clear even if the pore order pressure develops it will dissipate fast there are guys who are very sensitive you say something they will immediately cry after that everything becomes normal 2-3 minutes they forget everything. So these soils which are coarse grain are blessed they dissipate pore order pressure which gets developed because of the external loading quickly hence damage is done less on the other side there are guys who keep everything in their heart and mind you say something today and the reaction will come after 5 days there are personalities correct. So most of the fine-grained materials would have a severe problem of pore order pressure developing because of the external loading. So suppose I am doing a railway track in the coastal belt from Bombay to let us say Kochin alright where you are passing through the marine clays you have to be very careful about this pore order pressure you have to dissipate it clear if this remains inside the system and it becomes very high there will be a loss of strength as I said people may collapse okay. Normally we will be talking about these things in details when we discuss consolidation mechanism there is a phenomenon where if I apply the load the pore order pressure develops immediately in the soils and then depending upon the material property the type of a person you have to wait how long this guy takes to release all the emotions clear to release all the pore pressure and then we will model it accordingly. So this is a something which is we will be discussing for at least 3-4 lectures minimum. So logic says if you apply the external loads alright the pore order pressures will build up. So the moment external loads are applied the pore order pressure goes up okay. Now as a surgeon as a doctor as a professional as a knowledgeable person I have to tackle the situation how best I can tackle the situation. One important thing about the water is that water cannot take shear is it not is this correct water can be only compressed it cannot be sheared because it is a property of the material. So imagine the soils which have enough moisture in them we are discussing about the water water is also sometimes known as moisture content alright. So the more the water more the moisture content the chances of pore order pressure getting developed in fine grain soils are higher as compared to the coarse grain soils the moment you externally loaded pore order pressure becomes very high strength is getting lost the question is what water is doing water takes only compression or the compressive loads it cannot take any shear stresses. In fact more the moisture content more the water content the shear strength is going to be absolutely less and that is the reason if you go and enter into a marshy deposit chances are that you will sink you cannot walk clear.  So what water does water reinforces the material also it acts as a reinforcement what you are using in the concrete in the form of the rebars and the steel. So the more and more water which is present because of the capillary action gives more shear strength so water is the main thing and we have to study quite in details how it has to be modeled. Water is the carrier of the dissolved salts minerals alright. Now I think you can realize this if I want to stabilize if I want to modify the soils what I will be doing I will take some cement slurry water is the carrier and I am injecting dissolved salts into the system to make it strong very similar to the one which doctors do by injecting a you know ampule or something injection in your body if you are having some deficiency or if you are having some disease and so on there are a lot of similarity between all these things. Now it so happens when we talk about the dissolved salts there are few passive salts there are few active salts so carbonates, bicarbonates, sulphates, chlorides these are the ones which are naturally occurring in the water and this gets impregnated I hope you understand the word impregnation impregnation means they become a part of the system. So they get impregnated into the soil and hence soils would have salts coming from different agencies. So for that matter if you take a sample from Poway Lake or let us say from Bay of Bengal or anywhere from water body if I squeeze out the soil and whatever solution comes out is just like the reflection of what type of problems the soils would be having and how to treat them. This is what is known as pore solution sampling the way the blood sampling is done from your body. Doctors and pathologists take few drops of blood and they give you all parameters correct. So similarly I can take out some part of the pore water I can analyze I can diagnose the problem so this is a big science and big work which is going on everywhere in the world. This water is also responsible for soil water interaction alright that means look at the dams where you are storing water. So there is no fun in creating a body of the dam through which the water percolates all the time I cannot store water then is it not. So the whole idea is that I should be storing water in a embankment or a dam body which is impervious. So when soils come in contact with water there is interesting interaction which goes on. Some of you who will be go for higher studies or in profession you will realize soil water interaction this could be soil structure interaction this could be soil fire interaction this could be soil microbial interaction this could be soil what else it could be soil contaminant interaction very nice. So keep on replacing or adding terms to this and this becomes an interaction problem and interaction problems are mostly solved by the concepts of mechanics this is part okay. Then comes the air air and water these are opposite to each other. So if water gives shear strength to the system strength to the system the more and more air if it is present in the soil mass the system becomes first of all unsaturated. So suppose if I say that soil mass has lot of air in it and very less moisture. So this becomes the state of unsaturated soil and this state of the soil I am not going to discuss in third year soil mechanics or geotechnical engineering. Those of you are interested please visit my lab see what are the special equipment which are required to model the unsaturated state of the soils is totally different world altogether and I am not going to cover this here. So this is the unsaturated soil mechanics or mechanics of unsaturated soil but please remember this is more realistic than the one which we are going to discuss in the entire course because what we are going to discuss is a simplification of the real life situation which is extremely complicated. Because the dynamics of the air inside the soils is going to be extremely complicated and you require different tools to study this or measure this. Sometimes this is also known as VEDOS zone many of you who go for you know summer trainings and internship and particularly those of you who go to France I mean I get the feedback that we are not teaching you guys properly I get most of the feedback from different parts of the world about our students. So remember this subject is also known as VEDOS zone modeling. So if you end up in ENPC or EPFL so it is the land. So there nobody understands mechanics of unsaturated soil this is what is known as the VEDOS zone. Sometimes they write it as VEDOS also both are correct do not fight with them alright. VEDOS V-A-D-O-S-E VEDOS or VEDOS sometimes we also call this as a partially saturated soils there are different names given to this partially saturated soils. Sometimes people also call this as variably saturated soils also alright. Those of you who may get a chance to work in nuclear industry particularly or the thermo active structures which are being talked about these days you know entire west is doing lot of research on energy geotechnics I think I talked about this earlier. So this is where you will be using all these terms. So what happens if a saturated soil mass if you start with it comes in contact with the heat flux what is going to happen the water present in the soil will get converted into air phase is this correct. So at elevated temperature or pressure also I hope you understand this. So I have created two situations if I elevate the temperature of the soil the water which is present in the soil pores will try to get converted into vapors and these vapors will migrate.  So then what is going to happen all your points which you have studied in chemistry and physics sublimation point freezing point vaporization point all what else salt concentration point all those can be applied over here now. So look at this simply what I have done I have just used two terms and the realm of the subject realm is the regime you know the scope of the subject changes completely are you realizing it is a very interesting material. So the moment you heat it up or suppose if I say no I am going to freeze it minus delta T the connotation changes completely. So those of you who might go to Canada Germany all this western world where most of the time the soils remain frozen this becomes the frozen state of the soil mechanics correct or frozen state of the soils and what are the mechanics of that arctic regions polar regions lot of research is going on in this area in our own country in the northeast in the Himalayan reaches you know there are lot of research centers which are doing research on frozen state of the soils. So please remember we are not talking all these things in detail because these are the research ideas this is okay any question now when you are doing this water to air the saturation is decreasing water saturation is decreasing when you are heating it delta T let me create two situations out of it so delta T is positive and this is negative alright. So in this case when it is delta T is positive you are doing heating the saturation of the soil is going to change and when you are freezing it we talk about the saturation of ice content or ice content in the soil. So depending upon the regions in which you are you have to establish the material properties accordingly this is part clear this also opens up interesting concept check on net who are the guys working on THMC thermo hydro mechanical coupling sorry chemical coupling thermo hydro mechanical chemical biological coupling. So you have a lot of scope for practicing in geotechnical engineering alright the application comes here read this whenever you get time please read this and I am sure once you go into the implications part you will realize how much powerful these subjects are sir what does the shears what happens to the shear strength if air content increases oh very nice this pore of pressure which we are talking about is a component of two types of pressures one is the water and second one is the air alright. So as long as we deal with the conventional subject we say that there is no air by forcing the material to be saturated remove all the air but in real life it is not going to happen so this water will contribute UW pore of pressure and this will contribute to U air. So the correct modeling of the soils would be when you measure this also compute this also and take it into your account but for God sake please forget about unsaturated soils right now this is okay but now you are much ahead of your third year fourth year status like this thing people do not know even at the PG level believe me but once you know this now you device several equipments so that you can measure pore air pressure directly and these experiments are very very expensive our lab has all these facilities okay so another phase you know or the constituent of the soil would be minerals what are the minerals which are present in the soil the logic is same as I said last time you know if you have minerals in the soil just like the minerals in your body particularly for those of you who are very much eager to be good industrialist or good researchers interdisciplinary practitioners so for all of you you know this is going to be useful see the first thing is that minerals are to be identified and later on they have to be quantified the characteristics of the soil would largely depend upon the type of minerals it has and I hope you can realize that most of the minerals could be a genetic link between the soils and the rocks somebody asked this question long back so the way the weathering has occurred the way the transportation has occurred the way the mineralogy has changed over the years millions of years clear the system is going to behave or perform so first thing is identification second is quantification and third would be correlation this is more of a doctor's profession is it not you do the diagnosis first identify by symptoms or by doing diagnostic tests quantify the problem since how many days you are having this symptom and then remediation correlation understanding the issues and so on so it so happens that most of the elements of which the crust of the earth is constituted are listed over there so these are the elements of earth normally please get some time to go through the facilities which are evaluated Bombay very unique facilities these are known as XRD XRF SEM so you take the sample of the soil and put it in this type of equipment do the analysis and you will find that these are the elements which we are interested in we call them as percentage by weight oxygen silica and aluminum iron calcium sodium potassium magnesium and others alright and what you notice is that oxygen silica and alumina would constitute about 80 to 90 percent of the everything where these type of investigations become important in a profession like me where something has failed contractor has used the wrong material and I want to catch him this has become a legal case where I have to submit a report in the court that well all these things went wrong and hence he should be penalized the damages should be charged and so on all these type of negotiation arbitration which are happening in the court of law people like you and me have to help the court so this is what is known as elemental analysis all the minerals are containing these elements number one clear now we have to talk about the atomic structures you thought that after 10 plus 2 chemistry and physics this is not going to haunt you ever it is not like this the basics of the soils are you know again the atomic structure of the material so the clay minerals are made up of two distinct structural units the first one is known as tetrahedron and the second one is known as octahedron you must be aware of all this in chemistry courses you must have done clear tetrahedron and octahedron so there is nothing difficult to study silicon is here look at the atomic size 0.26 nanometers you have silicon at the center and then for oxygen atoms clear and then when you have aluminum octahedron you have alumina or magnesium and followed by either hydroxyl iron or it could be oxygen atom is this correct so these are the basic units rest of the things is the combination of this so we have octahedron we have tetrahedron and combination of these are going to form clay minerals so this is the tetrahedral sheet remember the spelling tetrahedron and tetrahedral so when several units of tetrahedron sit together they form a tetrahedral sheet so look at this this is sort of a bridging you know so what is going to happen in the holes which are getting created these are the parking lots other day I gave you an example about you know the skin care so you use clays and you put them on skin and then you peel them off so what happens all your sweat negative charges which are present in the skin bacteria it gets removed why where they are going parking places holes now these holes are also very responsible for accommodation of water molecules so suppose if I want to make a metrogel the basic structure of the mineral will remain same I will create more and more hexagonal spaces parking lots where the water molecules will go and sit because of hydrogen bonding I can replace this water by ions also potassium chloride hydrochloric acid calcium hydroxide and so on whatever it depends upon in what profession you are clear so these are the places where most of the ions will go and sit so the more and more ions which you can pack into this space makes clay a zeolite and then it has a medicinal value then it has a chemical value then it becomes a you know what do you call it as catalyst you add catalyst for different processes alright so it is all the parking place which you create by synthesis in the laboratory which is going to create this type of situation next for the sake of simplicity this is how we denote the sheets so a tetrahedral sheet is normally depicted like this alright rhombite and silica because remember there is a third dimension also associated to that which goes up to infinity so all these minerals will be having infinite length as compared to their thickness and the height and this is the alumina octahedral sheet yellow color clear now the question is suppose if you are making the tufts for cricket pitches and cricket control board will ask you give me a soil which should behave like this for five days or for let us say one full day T20 match water holding capacity is the most important thing that means these minerals should be holding the water despite all mechanical damages which the system is undergoing despite all the mechanical impacts which system is going to undergo clear when you throw a ball is of some weight momentum transfer water coming out of the plates of we call them as plates also very thin sheets so you have to design like this clear then somebody says on the pitches I will have grass also unlike somebody will say no this space should not have any grass so what type of minerals are going to present which are going to act as a nutrients for the vegetation is also a very important question I can feed all these things and I can do engineering with the minerals so this is a new subject in our you know realm our zone our our interest where you can create different type of minerals for their different requirements now see what happens if you have different clay minerals we can create either kaolin or heloisite this is the first group this is a clay mineral most of the powders which you use white color be it in washing powder we eat in soaps detergents anywhere toiletries cosmetics all kaolin all right what what powder does it absorbs sweat clear so these minerals would have some capacity that there is octahedral sheet and then on the top of this you have a tetrahedral sheet this becomes a kaolin or heloisite sometimes is also known and one is to one clay all right one silica one alumina combination of the two this becomes kaolin or heloisite sometimes we have two is to one so we have two tetrahedral sheet one octahedral sheet you know composited into this system those of you are very interested in this please read it is a typical structure of kaolin and I am sure you will be surprised to see what are the applications of the kaolin read this which I have written over here kaolin is used for making paper paint pottery cosmetic toiletries and in pharmaceutical industry these industries cannot survive unless an expert geotechnical engineer is there to help them and then later on comes the extrusion process which is nothing but your shear strength parameters go to a factory where the biscuits are made or you know chapati is the way the chapatis are done so what you are doing you are rolling them and then you are sometimes if I do it I will make sure that the chapati gets torn off clear but when experts hand do it gets rolled beautifully in a circular very thin sheet so there is a difference in experience and practice so this is another application of shear strength so I will make a dough of these minerals and I will extrude them to get wim bar soap bar lipsticks of different sizes whatever clear papers of different sizes and so on so this is the structure of the kaolin one nanometer is 10 to power minus 9 meters this is the formula for kaolin alumina silica sheets put together typically spacing is 72 0.7 to nanometer and this could be because of the oxygen shearing and typically 70 to 100 years layers are there and as I said they will extend into infinity and kaolin is a very stable material and that is the reason it is used for making portries so chances are that kaolin will not absorb moisture much because there is a hydrogen bond between the two combination of alumina and silica and hydrogen bond is a very strong one you cannot break it so easily so that is the reason for making portries kaolin or kaolinite is used alright and this is a stable system then comes halosite halosite is another mineral which is of kaolinitic family this is hydrated and it is of tubular structure most of these minerals are either platelets or tubular structures if you can remember this formula you can remember the only difference between kaolinite and halosite is that there are 4 water molecules which get added up to the kaolin alright so this becomes hydrated so calcium oxide put in water hydration occurs calcium hydroxide get formed alright is this okay then comes the monodonite people have a special interest in this because this is a mineral which is hyperactive it has a lot of values you know in present day science and technology and but it used to be a treated as a curse sometime back so you go to the central parts of India Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh Karnataka where you have black cotton soil the constituent of the black cotton soil is monodonite it has very strong affinity towards environmental changes during rains it will accumulate water in it becomes fat and when rains go it shrinks any building which is sitting on the blank black cotton soil deposits monodonitic soils is bound to get distressed crack conditions will fail and the reason is this is silica alumina silica combination and in between the platelets you will have water and this water is weakly attached because of Vendor ball forces so I hope you remember formula 10 plus 2 chemistry hydrogen bond is much stronger than Vendor ball force correct so this is how it goes so more strength and the more stability comes because of the weak bonds as compared to the chelonitic material so because of this system the water enters into these platelets the spacings and the water hunger for this mineral is extremely high alright it has a lot of value in agriculture but as far as cell engineering practice are concerned people want to bypass this because they do not want to keep any foundation on this type of systems but in sports it is becoming useful because this is what is known as smectite the smectite is one type of monodonite which is to be added to make pitches very stable for the required duration alright and then you as I was giving the logic captains they want to water the pitch after the first innings are over second innings are over and so on and they want to roll it with a light roller heavy rollers all the dynamics will come into the picture a little bit more on the monodonite because this is of special interest is a highly reactive expansive clay as I said last time it is not expensive it is expensive it expands and this is the formula for the monodonite n times water molecules indicates that n could be any number clear so it has a special hunger for water bentonite is one of the monodonite which we discussed earlier it is used in drilling slurry trench design leakages most of the putties which you use you know different types of putties which are used for sealing the cracks are made up of bentonite and this shows a thixotropic effect and if you remember this is the material which is normally used in nuclear industry for depositing of the disposal of the nuclear waste then comes the elite is another interesting mineral where the spacing between the alumina silica alumina sheets would be filled up with potash amines so normally potash amines go and sit over in between and again this is a very weak bond as compared to the hydrogen bonding or van der Waal forces so this is how the mineralogy is taken care of there is a mineral which is known as chloride so this is a 2 is to 1 is to 1 type of a clay mineral and we have workmeculite we have atapulite and all these are the minerals which are present in the in the in the soils depending upon your requirements you can work on them now let me talk about the clay particle because I wanted to start the discussion on on particulate nature of soils clay particles are platelets all right and when they are platelets they would have a fabric as I decide defined last time fabric is nothing but the texture now this is a subject which is in focus much more focus and attention of the researchers these days pharmaceutical guys and I hope you understand pharmacy is the profession where you know the money is too much both ways they deal with this type of structures a lot what is the interest can you can you imagine well these are the structures which have been created in which I can fill anything so these are the porous structures now what I am showing here are the platelets which is a depiction of a clay mineral or a clay sheet now clay sheets might sit like this that this is the sheet the face is touching the edge of another sheet and edges touching the face of another sheet this is what is known as edge to face contact when I will start discussing the mechanisms of movement of water in soils I will be referring to this as a flocculated structure if you compact this soil all right suppose if I confine it in a volume and if I compact it so all these platelets are going to get aligned very obedient all right so this is what happens you must have heard about the cart pack house structures all right so the moment you take a card structure you press it from both sides compact it a bit all the plate becomes aligned this is what is known as a dispersed structure face to face contact so face is in touch with another face porosity is less as compared to the initial status I will revisit all this this is something which is normally used as scanning electron microscopy for those of you who will be interested in such studies if you want to see the alignment of the particles of the fabric of the of the clay particles scanning electron microscope is the tool which is used to see what type of arrangement of the grains which I showed you is existing in the system I am not going to go into details of all these things these are slightly out of context for undergraduates but you should be aware of because this is where the R and D is and this is where the stakes are for our profession these are the images I mean just now I showed you some schematic diagram and here what you can see is the kaolin fabric look at this I mean sometimes you must have seen when you keep the loaves of the bread one over the other is it not this is how it looks like look at the sheets of kaolin these are the sheets of kaolin all right they are just tagged one over the other and there is a lot of porosity pores which are getting created in the system so this is a typical soil fabric so fabric word is used for two things one is orientation of the particles shape of the particles and the type of pores which are encased in them you understand so sometime back I was discussing about controlled drug delivery is it not what would I like to do I would like to inject drug into these cavities which are at nanometer level and they become medicines for me they go in the body and slowly they will release so gone are the days when people used to take pills and the you know capsules which used to react immediately and that reaction used to be fatal for the body nowadays you create a system through which the x-grass x-grass means something which comes out is slow controlled regulated fine so imagine you need not to eat food you just eat few capsules what your astronauts do in those minerals they must have packed nutrition so much that each capsule will slowly release in your stomach and it will go in the blood vessels and you can stay without eating anything for whole day is this correct another view of how the plate limit plate plates look like you know this is another fabric beautiful plates stacked with each other look at this edge to edge all right look at this plate let and this plate let edge to edge face to edge this is the face and this is the edge okay bundles or the sheets of minerals lying one over the other first story second is this is the first story second story on the top of this is there this is there complete stack is like this so face to face to face to face clear in between whatever space is there can be utilized by soil technologies just to give you a feel of this please remember the scale this is 200 nanometers all right so all these studies are some micron studies you have to have a lot of patience you have to have a lot of time to sit down take images quantify them many of you who are trying to work on artificial intelligence associated with agricultural projects there are a lot of projects going on in the country where by looking at the color by looking at the shape morphology people are trying to work out on what type of agricultural doses should be given to the vegetation a lot of projects are going on they use many a times SAR photogrammetry also SAR images remote sensing data they use so all these are you know can be utilized by the guys who are in the profession those of you might be interested in microbial studies because I talked about microbes I thought I will just show you how the microbes look like can you identify these microbes all these white white capsules which you are seeing over there these are the microbes 20 micron is this much so imagine the size of the microbial activity this would not be even one micron or something like that all right so nowadays people are talking about this a lot this is at 5000 magnification of the image scanning electron microscopy is a closer view I just wanted to see how the clay platelets are adhering the bacteria densely populated colonies of bacteria in the soils you know so what they are going to do what type of failure they are going to create this is a profession which is known as forensic geotechnical engineering why systems are failing though they were designed in the best possible manner clear so we can show what type of movement and where the concentrations are and the way you want to interpret it I mean you become a forensic expert why failure has occurred then comes the x-ray diffraction because you must have noticed that most of the minerals have a elemental composition and their oxides mostly SiO2L, Al2O3 and so on so the question is how are you going to find out the oxide composition of the soils so this is what is done with the help of x-ray diffractor meters we call them as x-ray diffraction analysis XRD analysis how many of you know Bragg's law what is the application of Bragg's law with respect to this so when you are studying 10 plus 2 phases you simply mugged it up no now the applications are coming so your 2d sin theta equal to n lambda agreed so what is n number of wavelength or whatever lambda is the wavelength and 2d sin theta what is the distance between 2 layers of particles stacks very good so atomic distance clear and sin theta theta is angle of incidence of the x-rays so you take the sample keep it on a platform and allow the x-ray to fall on this with some angle theta that you can measure and you know what type of wave you are using which type of filter you are using copper K alpha or you know nichrome chromium whatever that you know so you know the wavelength of the wave and it is hitting the sample and whatever the reflected wave is if I can capture it on a electron sensor or if this electron beam is captured on a analyzer I know the pattern so I will show you whatever patterns you get and then you can know quickly what are the elements which are present this is so whether you are from a gem sorry you know jewellery shop or you are a artist or whatever everybody uses XRD analysis you must have seen you go to jewellers what do they do they will put the gel there and then immediately tell you what is the component of the carbon how much is this gold silver and so on I will show you how to read these things quickly so if you want to know the molecular lattice and crystal structure of the minerals then you have to do XRD analysis now this is becoming more research oriented I hope you are realizing the concepts are same but I want to identify you remember minerals how to identify them all these are identification tools then quantification softwares are there nowadays you are lucky that you just feed the data and you know what is the composition of the soil in terms of the minerals and then I can give a sort of a prescription how to utilize this there is something known as the DTA differential thermal analysis so every mineral will have a specific heat and that is the keyword clear so whatever minerals you are using so suppose if you join tomorrow oil and gas industry where they are very much eager to design slurries which can be injected up to let us say 10 kilometer deep inside the seabed so that I can seal the well check it on net deep cementing slurries is a beautiful subject a lot of money is there there is a lot of companies who sponsor and who hire people for designing deep cementing slurries so what should be the component of these slurries how what type of liquid should be utilized what is their thermal property what is their pressure bearing and all these things you can study by doing these tests. So typical diffractograms you find all these type of diffractograms normally in in hospitals is it not or when you meet a surgeon what he does or she does so cardiogram cardiogram is a sort of a record of how your heart is functioning same thing we are doing here so D is the atomic spacing in Bragg's law that is what I am trying to find out so these typical graphs look like this on y axis you have relative intensity and the x axis you have 2 theta value of a ray clear what I have to do is expose the sample get this type of a diffractogram I can I will be knowing theta value and the peaks of the minerals which are present in the system fortunately all this is done nowadays with the help of software. So if you click over here ICSD you will go to a webpage which deals with the database of minerals there was a time when my students used to sit down and match the D value up to 4th decimal place they used to spend months together now things are very state of the art it is a matter of few minutes when you can get the results but yes how to use the results judiciously is a big question this is what is known as inorganic crystal structure database quick reflection of the graphs which you are going to get sometimes you get peaks crystalline material very inert sometimes you get hazy pictures without any clear peaks so that is the difference you know this type of material is a good classy phase material this can be utilized as a cement the more and more peaks you have the more and more crystallinity very stable system so as a geotechnical engineer I would like to utilize the soils which are crystalline in nature not amorphous this is the amorphous nature this is the crystalline nature clear but suppose if I change my profession and if I am doing let us say medicine pharmaceuticals I do not want crystalline thing these are going to scratch my intestine from inside is it not I cannot use it in the detergents I cannot use it on in washing soaps so what I have to do I have to use a amorphous phase of the material which is soft gentle very high cation exchange capacity very high surface area clear so this is the difference depending upon your profession you can select the right one okay so having done the minerals now let me touch upon the particulate nature of soils soils by virtue of their nature are particulate in nature until now you have done fluid mechanics alright and at the same time you have done solid mechanics also ever wonder that why should we study the mechanics of soils very interesting philosophy it is a wonderful material and it is a all rounder so most of the captains prefer all round rules no in their team given a chance this material can behave like solids and it also can behave like fluids did you understand this concept unfortunately the conventional geomechanics only deals with this state but most of the projects in civil engineering you will find are related with slurification of the soils making different types of you know emulsions different types of slurries I give you an example of last time dredging so those of you are going to be an expert in dredging would make a slurry of the soils which is going to be in the fluid state so I hope you can realize this interesting behavior of the soils a material you can use the way you want what is controlling these two transitions the moisture content you keep on increasing the moisture in the soils they get translated to a fluid state they start flowing and hence you have to study the fluidity of the soil so we will use a term which is known as flow index of soils when we characterize the soil alright because in a flowing state I told you the examples in modern day geotechnical engineering practices wherever you want to make a slurry mentonite make a slurry put it in the in the piling put it behind the retaining walls for stability and so on dredging solids now this is what actually we are going to concentrate more on if I start from the fluid state of the soils and if I keep on drying the soil it gets converted to the solid state and again the interplay of the moisture now what is meant by the particulate system is basically soil particles are not bonded so when we say particulate nature that means the soil is treated as a consortium of particles of different sizes different shapes different morphology or whatever so these soil particles are not bonded strongly as in case of the metal crystals so they are free to move freely the second analogy is that soil particles are solids and hence cannot move freely so this is a state of the solid system this is a state of the fluid system now little bit of the mechanics of the material because we are talking about the particulate nature of the soils so henceforth now the discussion is going too much mechanistic those of you who are having complaints that is all abstract theoretical now should gear up for learning the mechanics part of this I am sure you will find it equally critical if not I should not use the word difficult you must be hearing the names of finite element discrete element continuum and all these things some of you might be working also or might have worked during your internship with the different universities there are many guys who work in the continuum mechanics discrete mechanics so soils by nature are a consortium of discrete particles this is statement correct discrete particle means each particle has its own identity but the beauty is that all these particles put together form a continuum this is okay fine so suppose if I consider a control volume and for the sake of simplicity this contains soils the way I am showing it is a general soil rounded particles very discrete particles a granular system and this system is being compressed by applying a pressure and your J and all this you must have done hundreds of example problems like this but there is a difference now what is the difference the material is new this material you have not studied yet had it been fluid you could have done easily pressure diagram you know constant pressure and hydro static pressure and you will sum it up and you will say this is the pressure now the tricks start so if I am applying stress normally I define normal stress as sigma these are normal stress now the system is very moody it all depends upon the confinement you learn these words because unless you learn these words there is no fun clear so the subject makes you understand the terms and the terminologies which are being used in the most technical way now this is the confinement had it been a homogeneous system I use the word discrete system it is not homogeneous system like fluid not like gases imagine if the confinement is rigid you have done all this mechanics rigid body mechanics solid mechanics you have done your masters in that now suppose if I put a condition that this system is not rigid and this becomes flexible now what you will do that is what we are going to study you agree why it is flexible now what I have done is very conveniently to make you understand what we are discussing this is the ground level you remember and I have taken a small control section out of this in ground very rarely you will find that the boundaries are going to be rigid unless you place sheet piles agreed now these sheet piles are the elements of the steel which are you must be seeing all along the highways you know they what do they do they embed to sheet piles 10 sheets and then they can excavate in between they make basements underground space metro is being done right now go and see that so the chances are that you are not going to have the confinements which are rigid had this been rigid and if I asked you how the pressure is going to get delegated inside the system it was fairly simple you would have taken a element out of this and you would have zoomed it saying this is a particle this is a particle and when I am compressing them they come closer to each other and what is going to happen if the compressive forces are extremely high then the crushing strength of the grains is this okay if the confining stresses are higher then the crushing strength of the grains what is going to happen up to a certain limit they will come close to each other the pressure intensity will keep on increasing at this point and then the pressure will increase so much that this might be the situation you understand they will come closer to each other first because you are compressing them in a rigid system lateral deformation is 0 the only possibility is the whole system will move down get compressed particles will come closer to each other beyond the crushing strength of the particle the contact remains the stress keeps on building over here the stage comes where the crushing takes place this is the crushing of grains one mechanism in geomechanics you are designing the building foundations the stress intensity is so much which is much more beyond the crushing strength of quartz 20 MPa the particles will get crushed if I draw the free body diagram there is a normal stress acting over here there is a shear stress acting over here clear the normal stress is higher than the crushing strength and hence this is the first mechanism which controls the deformation of the soils is this part clear deformation of the soils now when we talk about deformation it is understood that we are talking about the granular system there is another possibility that I might be having some fine-grained particles also in this so these are the fine-grained materials clays, silts, fine sands now what is going to happen they provide a sort of a cushion so this type of situation will not occur I can idealize this situation as a clay platelet which is supported on two coarse-grained materials and I am sure you are doing this analysis a lot in structural analysis is not the loading comes and you know what is the deformation of this system if I keep on increasing the stresses the stage will come where the clay platelet itself will break so this is the second deformation mechanism for the soils we call it as a particle crushing this is what is known as particle bending and the third one is what is known as particle shearing or rolling in this case the chances of rolling are going to be absolutely zero why because I said this is a confined rigid system there is no lateral deformation the only possibility is the more and more stress you apply the load which you are applying is getting converted into the form of the stress and this stress might create a shear stress and because of the crushing incapability of the material the system crush crush the moment this confinement becomes flexible which is the situation in most of the cases now what is going to happen and if I take the particulate behavior of the soils and suppose there is a consortium of particles now imagine if I am loading it from the top the boundaries are flexible it is a semi-infinite soil mass both sides the soil mass exist infinite clear what is going to happen this particle will push it create some space this particle gets shifted in the little direction and in the process it might so happen that one of the particles might roll over and come and sit let me create few more particles to make my point clear okay the moment you compress it you apply loading on this the chances are this particle go and come and sit over here like this this may come out and this may come and sit over here like this this is what is known as rolling process this is what I was writing here so this is the C mechanism so deformation of the system which we were talking about which is the particulate in nature depending upon the boundary conditions would be either a b or c or a combination of the three it is okay so this would be either a b c or combination of a b and c depending upon the constituents of the material the fraction or the you know the type of mechanism which is going to supersede others would change these are the hypothesis henceforth the entire discussion would be only in this form so what I have done I have done two idealization first is the material granular material encased in a rigid box the boundaries are not going to deform when you make wells foundation wells for you know very important bridges like Brahma Putra valley there are so many bridges which are being done most of the wells are being done by this concept what I have to do I have to create a confinement deep inside the riverbed insert something so that the soil does not deflect move out of the control volume and lay the foundation on the top of this you are happy now the foundations are coming in picture so onshore when you are working the situation could not be like this and this system might be flexible and hence all this is going to happen so what we have done is material material approximation and the mechanism approximation


What's the word, y'all? Finally, we are here with the conference finals. Our last four teams, we're about to see who the best team this season was.  Do you believe that because a team ended up winning the championship, raising the Leroy O'Brien trophy, that that meant that they were the best team this season or do they have the best circumstances? They went against the best competition that matched up well for them. I can see both arguments. I guess the easy thing to say, hey, we play 82 games and if we won 16 games in the playoffs, we were the best team. But I could think of some years where maybe it weren't the best team, but it was the best circumstances, the easiest path. I don't know what's going to be this season. Either way, we're here, man.  I'm sick. I'm on the last day of the sickness, I think. And yesterday or the day before that, there was no, there was no way. But today, we got the Boston Celtics, Miami Heat game one and the Miami Heat ended up winning this game. And three court, I guess two quarters ended did not feel like the Miami Heat were going to be able to do this. They lost three of the four quarters, but that third quarter was all they really needed to protect home court and the Boston Celtics ended up losing this one. That's why I'm looking at it. Yeah, the Miami Heat had to win, but I feel more like the Boston Celtics ended up losing this one. So we got to the third quarter. Now, in the spirit of transparency, y'all know we are transparent on all of my YouTube channels. I try to stay as transparent as possible. I did not get to watch the first quarter. Y'all know I have other obligations because I worked for House of Highlights and we did a draft ladder stream shout out to the Orlando Magic for winning the ladder and representing them right now. And it ran a little bit long. And I missed the entirety of the first quarter of this game, right? So like, I'm like, man, I got to get home. I'm like 15 minutes away from where we shoot at for my house. And I get into my car like before I pull off, let me at least put the game on so I can listen to it, right? So I can listen to it. So I can hear the play-by-play so I ain't miss completely, right? And as I'm driving home, I hear Aaron Neesmith with the block. Aaron Neesmith is getting minutes in the conference finals. And I remember Marcus Smart, Al Horford. These are players that are out with injury in the health and safety protocol. So next man up mentality. And though Aaron Neesmith shot 0-3 from the field, I thought he played really good for a guy that basically didn't play the entirety of the playoff so far. He had three great blocks in his game, played some really good defense, Peyton Pritchard, next man up mentality, played great in this one, 18 points, other than him basically being hunted by Jimmy Butler once we got to the third quarter. Regardless, the next man up, on Daniel Tice, next man up with Al Horford being in health and safety protocol, they did their things. But that third quarter came around and things changed dramatically. First half, it felt like it was all Jason Tatum. Let me find this man's stats. First half, he ended up with 21 points, nine for 14 from the field. He had five assists, four rebounds, one turnover, one block, one steal. He was setting up Robert Williams, who came out of nowhere with 12 quick points in his first half and they looked really good. They looked very composed. And like I said, the other was showing up, Peyton Pritchard, 10 points going into halftime. The timeline was like trying to figure out, oh, is Jason Tatum top five right now? Is he top 10? Not a conversation that you really need to have, but that's what they were having. They were saying that Jason Tatum is him and I'm not denying that he's not, but I'm just saying that's what the first half was looking like for everybody. And then that third quarter came around and then now it went from, oh, Jason Tatum is here, to oh, Jimmy Butler is him. Hemi, Hemi, Hemi Butler? Hemi Butler? I don't really like the HEM thing. I'm just, you know what I'm saying? I'm just part of the culture, I guess. I don't really like the HEM thing. Anyway, that third quarter came around and everything went to a hold for the Boston Celtics. 14 points in this one, compared to the 39 points by the Miami Heat. They had 14 total points as a team and 11 fouls, eight turnovers in this one. And some of these would downright disrespectful from the Miami Heat, bro. They were ripping the ball out of hands of Jason Tatum. They were ripping the ball out of the hands of Robin Williams. Robin Williams gets the ball at the high post and he not trying to do anything about it. Jimmy Butler, boom, ripping from the weak side. Max Drew's, boom, ripping people from the weak side. Victor Lippo taking the cookies of Marcus. Nope, not a Marcus Smart. But if Jason Tatum and diving and getting the ball, the third quarter was like, whoa, this like varsity going against the freshman team. That's what it felt like third quarter alone, man. And in that quarter, Jason Tatum did not have a field goal. He had six turnovers to himself. And then in this one, Jalen Brown didn't get going into the fourth quarter and at that point, like they were trying to make some momentum, make some things happen and stuff like that. But about a fourth quarter, it was like, ah, it was kind of rough. The first three quarters, Jalen Brown wasn't really the factor that you needed him to be, especially we consider Marcus Smart and Al Horford being out. And this team lost a lot of composure. And Ema Udoka said in his post game interview, like, hey, it wasn't the young guys, it wasn't the people coming off the bench, it was our star players, it was our vets. It's weird to hear Jason Tatum be named as a vet because, again, he's still 19 years old, but he's been in the league for like five years at this point. So he's like a vet right now. We're all NBA player. He's a vet right now.  You had his performance from Daniel Tice off the bench, Robert Williams playing so great. And you have, like, Aaron Eastman again, though he finished with zero points, playing so good. You have all of that. You just need your star players to show up. And you had that in the first half. And in the second half, you really didn't. And this is where Marcus Smart really is important because Jimmy Butler, oh, oh, no. Like I said, he had a good first half, but second half, Jimmy Butler went insane. In the entire second half, he had 27 points, eight from 11 from the field, and he shot 11 from 12 from the free throw line. And you know, I'm a Jimmy Butler fan. As a guy that watched him from when he got drafted, 30th overall in Chicago, I've been a fan of him the entire time, seeing him not get no PT under Tom Thibodeau for the first season and a half to get a little bit and then him getting the star lineup and then turning to an all-star and him being an all NBA player and him being a guy that led his team to the finals a couple of years ago, I am a Jimmy Butler fan. But I got a lot of people in the comment section of my tweets like, Jimmy Butler, be drawing no fouls like he hardened. He be drawing no fouls like he Joel and B, but nobody talks about Jimmy Butler like the other two. And as facts, you know, nobody really talks about Jimmy Butler like they talk about the other two. And you know what I think it is? I think even though the Miami Heat were the one seed and was the best regular season team in all of the Easter Conference, people didn't really watch the Miami Heat play basketball this season. Or I guess in the last couple of seasons because Jimmy Butler doing what he's doing right now is nothing new. When he got to Miami that first year, he averaged nine free throws per game. The year after was eight and then this year is also eight. He has always been a guy to draw hella fouls. His last year in Chicago, he averaged nine free throw attempts per game. This has been a part of his game for a very, very long time. And I think it's coming to the light now because well, I feel like most people were probably maybe not watching the series that the Miami Heat had previously. And that's probably why so many people picked the Boston Celtics because you don't really know what you're getting from the Miami Heat because you might not have watched it. But this is what Jimmy Butler does. He's going to try to find the player on the court that he believes he can score on the best. And in this case, it felt like it was a lot of pain, Pritchard.  It's just the way it is. It's the way it has been. And I can't necessarily be mad at him for it right now. Because you know, if you watched the Heat, you know they could go through these dry spells for sure. And what I can count on when you go through a dry spell is that Jimmy Butler going to get us out one way or another. And the other is a lot of the time him drawing a foul. I think there's a real legitimate conversation to say that Jimmy Butler has been the best player in the playoffs. And that's saying something because we got Luca Doncers on the other side. But Jimmy Butler, after today, has had his third 40.5 rebound, five assist game of this year's playoffs already. Insanity. And in today, he almost had a five by five. He's in a couple more steals in a couple more blocks. He's been absolutely insane. Like it's me too. Okay, let's make a little short list. Let's make a list. I'm making a list of the top five players, this playoffs alone. I don't care about what your resume said. We talking about from game one of the playoffs to right now in the conference finals game one. Let's make a little list. Luca Doncers, are we good? Okay, check that off. Luca Doncers on the list. Jimmy Butler, of course, like I said, he's the reason why we're talking about this right now. Giannis, Jason Tatum. I think I gotta go John there. He only played nine games, but in those nine games, he averaged 27 points per game and he was killing it. 27, nine and eight for John Morant. So he's gotta be on the short list. I don't know, do we add people that got eliminated in the first round? Like do Nikola Yocas deserve to be on an all playoff list if he only played five games? But in those five games, he averaged 31, 13 and six assists. 57 from the field, only 28% from three. Nah, you ain't on your list. Nah, nah. You gotta make it out of the first round to make my all-time list. And when you look at it like that, I feel like there has to be a warrior player, right? It's gotta be Steph Curry, right? He's averaged to 27 points per game, 45% from the field, 36% from three. He's only shooting 81% from Frito La. Steph, what the hell is going on, Steph? How he got you is one of the greatest Frito shooters of all time and in playoffs you're only shooting 81%. So with that being our short list, Giannis, Luca, Jimmy Butler, Jason Tatum, John Morant, Brandon Anger if they would have made it out of the first round. But let's say Steph Curry. Yeah, there's a chance that Jimmy Butler, I would say Jimmy Butler is no lower than two. This play, just again, just looking at this playoffs, Jimmy Butler is no lower than two in my opinion. Luca Dutch is probably one, I think Jimmy might be two. Like, how do I weigh Giannis versus Tatum? You know what I'm saying? Giannis didn't have much help because Chris Middleton was out so he put up some crazy statistics but he didn't get out of that round. Jason Tatum in a game six where his team's back was against the wall went nutty. I don't know, I don't know. And now with this win, no Cal Lauri for seven games of the playoffs, there's seven in no without Cal Lauri being in the lineup. So they gotta figure out what the hell they do once he's back. Does he do the good old Steph Curry thing when Steph Curry came back from his injury, he came off the bench or do you put Cal Lauri back in the lineup even though the last time we saw Cal Lauri he did not look like 50% of himself because he's dealing with that injury. Decisions have to be made and it's air exposure. Now, I'm assuming he gonna make the right one because he's air exposure if you didn't know. But there was like in this third quarter there was like a five minute stretch where the mind, he took the ball out of the hands of the boss to sell this time after time after time. The third quarter, let me see how many field goals they ended up with. They ended up with two total field goals in the third quarter. Luckily they drew some fouls, they shot 13 free throws and made 10 of them. You know, so they ended up with 14 total points but they were struggling to get the shot up. And when they got it up, they were breaking. So I'm excited about the rest of the series, man. I hope that Marcus Smart comes back for game number two. I hope that the reports about Al Horford potentially being there for game three is true because I'd never, this is like one of my biggest fears going into these playoffs over the last couple of seasons with the virus still being a real thing it's not nearly as normal now than it was like two seasons ago. I don't want to see players miss time with health and safety protocols. This is the height of everything. Al Horford just said a series where he was incredible and he matters a ton in their chances of beating the Miami Heat in the seven game series. So even if he's missing two games, that's very rough for their team. So I hope that at least Marcus Smart could come back because he's probably the best option that you have for Jimmy Butler and just overall holding things down defensively. For the Miami Heat, you got a lot of other people. The other stepping up is well for this one. Max Strauss ended up hitting some big time shots after the last couple games of the last series. I'm pretty sure he was struggling or maybe that was just the last game. For some reason, my only memory is him like shooting like 0 for six or something and that might have been earlier in the series or later in the series, I don't even remember. But in this one, big game was 17 points. He had three huge blocks. No, everybody had huge blocks in this one. Everybody, Jimmy Butler blocking Jason Tatum on a jump shot, Bam had four blocks, Gabe Vinson had three blocks. And like I said, Ernie Smith had three blocks. Robert Williams had two blocks. It was a block party out there. It was absolutely a block party. But it was Gabe Vinson. Tyler Hero gave them exactly what they needed to. And then Victor Lodipo's defense was great. And they were talking about on the broadcast that he's a former all-defense player and though he might not be a defensive player, all defensive player anymore, he's still better than a ton of players that you could potentially have in his spot. I was a little nervous when PJ Tucker went down with his injury. This is one thing I love about PJ Tucker and hate about PJ Tucker.  Not probably he is, right? And because of that, he be hooping at some stuff that's not necessarily known to be hoop shoes. I think today he was hooping at some Suede Red Jordan 10s that I'm just imagining a $30,000. I couldn't tell you if they actually are. But when he does stuff like that, he's increasing his risk of like hurting himself because he's not hooping in Kobe's or he's not hooping in like modern hoop shoes. But he's hooping at some stuff from the 1990s or early 2000s. It's fire for the gram. But bro, when he hit that ankle, I'm like, oh snap, you gon' need him. You gon' need him. So I'm hoping that for the rest of the series, we get a relatively healthy series because I think this game is a lot closer if Marcus Smart is in it. I think it's a lot closer if Al Horford is in it, but I'm happy that the world is seeing that it's not gonna be a cakewalk for the Boston Celtics. And I picked the Boston Celtics to win this series to be transparent, but I didn't think it was about to be no cakewalk like some people thought it was gonna be through the first quarter and a half, you know what I'm saying? I do believe this is a seven game series that I have Boston coming out of. But like I said, it's not going to be easy to do the things that you have to do. I'm a secondary Diamondbacks fan, and I know this is a tangent, but they are down 12 to two right now to the Dodgers earlier. They lost eight to seven and it was a double header. And I was like, oh, the bats are coming out, not in the second game. So I'm kind of disappointed in them right now, but it is the Dodgers who's really good. And then we are the backs. So we're not that good, even though we're, you know, doing better than a lot of people expected, but whatever, that's the 42nd baseball talk from Kenny Beecham. I got a baseball channel if you want more of that. I'm just saying. There's a million times in the channel, especially in the playoffs. I'm a huge fan of seeing changes from coaches just to see what you do from game one to game two, game two to game three, to keep your team competitive or to potentially win games. And we have two of the best adjustment coaches in the league going head to head.  I don't know what type of pep speech he gave to his team for them to come out there and just tear the ball out of the hands of the opponent. But he did something. He made you doke. I don't know what it is you said. Maybe it's just like Marco Smart is healthy and by the boom, we're better, but I don't know. The only downside of us being in the conference finals right now is that there's only one game a day. And personally, when I make content, I like to make content that's longer than like 10 minutes, you know what I'm saying? I'm also a YouTuber, so the 10 minute mark is like A-okay for me. But like when I watch content, I like longer videos, but would it only be in one game a day?  Today we can talk about the draft lottery, man. Like I said, your lens of magic ended up taking it. And I'm happy for Magic Fan. Oh, I'm even matching it down to the jammies, you feel me? I'm happy for the Orlando Magic fans, bro. This last two years has been exceptionally great for them in their front office. They trade one of the best players in their recent history and Nikola Vusevich get a first round pick that turns into Franz Wagner. I'm gonna get Wendell Carter who are building blocks and then this year they get the first overall pick. I don't know exactly what direction they should draft in. I'm not a draft expert. I know that Chet Holmgrim and I know Jabari Smith Jr. are probably the top two candidates, but I do not envy the person that has to make that decision because what I have been reading is like, it's between those two and Paolo Bencero to determine who's one, two, and three. And let's be realistic. The likelihood of all three of them being extremely good is not very high. And when you have the first overall pick, the chance that you mess it up is just a little bit higher. That's all I'm saying. It's just a little bit higher. I personally would prefer to have the third overall pick. Give me the one that the other two didn't want. And now I could just use that as fuel for him. You know what I'm saying? People say you could have won one or two and they ain't like you here. So we gonna take you because we believe if we had the first overall pick, we would have taken you. But I'm excited for them and their fan base. I'm excited for the OKC Thunderfans because they have a top pick as well. And they also got number 12, number two, and number 12 if I'm not mistaken. I gotta end this video soon. My voice is like going deader and deader by the moment. But the more surprising thing is that the Sacramento Kings jumped up to the top four. And I'm very intrigued to see what McNear, is that his name? McNear, McNail, McNail? He's on the last year of his contract as the president or general manager over there in Sacramento. And he made some big old trades last season to bring in the Montessor bonus to trade for Dante DeVincenzo who seems like he's unhappy with being there. So I wonder, would they be interested in trading that pick away? Or are they 100% drafting with them? And then I think to myself, what's out there to get for the fourth overall pick? You're not getting Bradley beat. Like what would you even get? Are you trading down and getting a piece? Or are you just drafting with it? And be like, hey, Sabonis is like 26, Deere Fox is this point like 24. And now we got maybe a 19 year old.  And this is our core for the next four years. And like I said, it's a top three draft. So if somebody is trying to trade up, they're probably trying to trade for the top three picks are not number four. So I'm excited about the timelines, ladies and gentlemen. I think that's why I end off because my voice is gone. Hopefully by tomorrow, when this Dallas Warriors game go on, I will be completely okay. And I don't have to cut every 30 seconds to cough. All right, I'm just, I'm done.


couple decimals, and then I'm going to double click on the fill handle to drag it down. Boom! So it copies it on down, so there we have it, and that looks good. Okay, so let's take the difference between that and my actual data. So the difference, just to get an idea, home tab, font troop, black, white, wrap, center. So my actual data that I came up with over here said 6.2 percent minus what I come up with a Poisson distribution, 6.52. So let's add some percentify, add some decimals. So you can see it's pretty close. My Poisson distribution, if I copy that down for each of these items is coming pretty close to the percent likelihood that we came up with our actual data. So in other words, if I look at this, we're going to say for each one minute time interval, the likelihood that zero people show up is 6.52 according to the Poisson distribution, which is within 0.32 percent of what our actual data set. The likelihood that one person is going to show up just one, not cumulative, not zero or one, in which case we can sum the two up, right, to 24 percent that zero or one shows up. But no, just one person shows up, likelihood 17.8 percent. Just two people show up in the one minute time period, 24.3 percent. It's the likelihood that one, two, zero, one, or two people show up. Well then we can say, well, if I can sum those up and it's not going to mess up with calculus to have a curve, then it's going to be 48.63 percent that we have one, zero, one, or two people show up. That's the idea of the curve. If I plot this then, I can plot this curve and say, let's just select this area here and I'm going to say insert and let's make it a chart. Let's go to a bar item and plot that. So I'm going to bring that, I should have brought it up. So there it is. And then I'll go into my data. So let's say my data, this data is good, but for here I want to make sure to pick up my own numbers from zero to 29. And so there we have it. So I could plot this data and compare it then to the data set that I have, the actual data set that we calculated, right? So I could add another one and say add another data set and this one, hold on a second. I don't want to edit. I want to add a data set. And this one is going to be for this and the data is going to be here, hold, control, shift down, shift up so I don't pick up the total, enter. And let's see if it does what I was hoping. It did not. What happened to that second data set? K, PASO, what happened? Let's do it again. Let's say add data set. I want it to be equal to this. And then the series needs to be from, hold on a second, it needs to be from here down, shift up. Okay, the percentages closing that up. And this should be, I'm going to say the percent of the total, right? Isn't that right? Let's try it again. So there we have it. So you can see they're pretty closely lined up. I've also added the legend so you can see the two different colors with the plus button and then the legend, I should probably adjust the labels but we'll keep that for now. Now we might also represent this with a line if we have two items on the same chart because it's a little less messy. So I could select the same data, put in my cursor on AC1, control, shift down and then insert the charts, hitting the drop down, we want a line. So now we've got the line with markers. So let's pick that up and if I go into the chart design data and the data. So here's our first data set, let's add another one and I'm going to go to the right to do that and I'm going to pick up this percent of total. I'm going to delete this bit and I'm going to hit this little thing to make sure it's going to sum this up, putting my cursor on L2, control, shift down, shift up so I don't pick up the total and there it is. Okay and then I'm going to edit my horizontals to be equal to, I'm going to hit this to make sure it picks it up from here. Control, shift down to 29 and there we have it and okay and okay. So you can see it's quite close when we plot them in this format so I could add the legend again so I could say add a legend and then we could make one of these transparent or something like that if we wanted to make it more clear but those are the couple charts that we can put together and say okay that's a pretty close relationship. Alright so remember what we can do with this data, I'm going to pull this to the right now, is we can start asking questions about the data in terms of how many people might arrive right. So let's just, first let's calculate the mean and the variance so I could calculate the mean of this data and one way to calculate the mean is to basically, we could take this, all of this times this and that will be another way we can calculate the mean. So in other words when we calculated the mean over here what we did is we just took the average of all of the results.


Man demands woman give him money, doesn't realize marines are next door. It all happened in an instant. Two men surrounded her car and she barely had time to process what they were saying until it was too late. Ethel felt something snap inside her. She wasn't going down without a fight. She slammed the car into reverse and mounted the curb, hooting furiously. Suddenly, she heard boots on the tarmac and knew that they had come for her. Linwood resident 60-year-old Ethel Mills walked through the shopping mall at his brisket pace as she could manage, with her head down. She ignored the enticing window displays in JC Penney's and HNM, trying to keep her bearings. The mall was filled with young shoppers that afternoon, but she continued toward the pearl vision optometrist, undeterred by the jostling youngsters. Ethel's worry grew with each step she took. Although she was still spry for her age, her eyesight wasn't what it used to be. In the last few weeks, she had begun to notice that the blurry cloud around the corners of her vision was growing larger. She was lost in her own thoughts as she walked, so she didn't notice the two men. But they noticed her. Finally, she saw the sign for the ispecialist looming and went inside. She sat in the highback chair with the auto refractors cool metal on her forehead and waited for the ophthalmologist's diagnosis. She was relieved when the doctor didn't seem too concerned, prescribing stronger lenses that she would have to pick up in a few days. She made the long walk back to the parking lot, but she never could have known that she had been marked. It is unfortunate that criminals often take advantage of the elderly, and Ethel was the perfect soft target. She was all alone, she was vulnerable, and because of her age the two thugs never expected her to fight back. They followed her at a distance, waiting for her to leave the safety of the crowded mall. Ethel hoffed and puffed as she plotted back to the parking lot. Next time, she would be sure to remember to park closer to the right entrance, she thought irritably. But at least she had done what she had set out to do. When she reached the entrance, she was surprised to see that the sky was already fading into dusk, and the parking lot was almost empty. The two figures trailing her at a distance noticed too. Ethel lifted herself up into her car and sat for a minute to catch her breath. She pulled her safety belt on carefully before closing the door, but before she had time to lock it they were upon her. One forced the door open while the larger one made a grab for her handbag, which was still around her shoulder. Then, her eyes flew to what the man was concealing under his shirt. The man pulled at her handbag, and in an instant she decided that she was not going to give it to him. As foolhardy as the thought was, she couldn't bear to lose everything inside her purse. Credit cards, a small amount of cash, her social security card, notes from her grandchildren, everything was inside. As a retired police officer herself, she knew it was always best not to fight back. But she didn't take her own advice.  Meanwhile, her other hand shot out to close the door. But these thugs weren't going to give up so easily. One of the men banged on the window and showed her his weapon, but she didn't care. She slammed the car into reverse, and put her foot down flat.  The other ran around and came from behind, trying to wrestle the door open again. Then, they saw the determination on her face. She banged on the car's horn with her small fist, hoping to attract the attention of someone, anyone. Then, she ran the gear into drive. The thugs' eyes widened as the car started to barrel toward the larger man, and the other took off running. With a screech of tires and an angry hoot, she mounted the curb. These criminals were not going to get away with this. She turned on two tires as she tried to get ahead of the second man, cutting him off. The thugs knew then that they had made a miscalculation, but when they saw the men in uniform running toward them, their faces went white. The criminals who thought that they could take advantage of Ethel never noticed what was in plain view, in the strip mall a few steps from the parking lot. It was a mistake to try and rob Ethel, but the fear on their faces quickly turned into pure terror as the door swung open and the Marines came rushing out. They had just realized their colossal mistake. Sergeant Ricardo Skibesta, Staff Sergeant Bryson Twig, and Sergeant Ben Shoemaker had heard the loud commotion from outside their office in the Armed Forces Career Center and immediately took action. Dressed in their blue dress uniforms, they presented intimidating figures as they ran after the two thugs, straight into the road and into peak hour traffic. Ethel had shouted at the Marines that the men were armed, but that didn't deter them. Shoemaker took off after one of the thugs, but he didn't stand a chance. No, that kid was never going to outrun me, he said later, Marines run towards the sound of chaos. Shoemaker quickly caught up to the man, and then his Marine Corps martial arts training kicked in. He instinctively grabbed the man's wrist, and by using the Marine Corps martial arts wristlock technique, he took him down. My first thought was, we're on the grass I'm just going to tackle, and he said. I didn't think about it until it was done. Shoemaker later said that the last time he had performed the move was while he had been deployed in Iraq. Unfortunately, the other suspect was able to get away, but thanks to Shoemaker's quick thinking, the other was detained until the police arrived. Then the gravity of the situation really hit Shoemaker hard. Fear came later, he said. At the time, no, I didn't think about it.  It's different because I have a kid. That's all I kept thinking about. Going into combat I didn't have one. That's the first time I've actually felt the whole, what if something happened? Shoemaker had thought that the man had been armed, but he had pursued him fearlessly anyway. It was later found that the suspect had a metal baseball bat hidden in the back of his pants. The search for the man's armed accomplice continues, but the Marines are confident that the both of the men were shaken when faced with the highly trained military officials. Shoemaker has since been lauded as a hero and has been profiled in newspapers and interviewed on the news alongside his fellow Marines, Twig and Skibesta. Their commanding officer, Major Sun Kim, called the heroic men's actions reflective of the courage and commitment they embody, but Shoemaker remains humble in the face of being hailed a hero. What are you supposed to do? That's what we're trained to do. I can't sit here and let it happen, he said. But their commanding officer has this to say, they set a great example for their fellow Marines, and especially for the young pools who are studying to learn what it means to be a Marine, he said. Their response reminds all Marines that we have a responsibility to always do the right thing, regardless of whether or not anyone is watching. It's what we do. From the beginning, what we're taught in boot camp, it's a part of us, Skibesta said in an interview. And Shoemaker agreed, it's really what I'm trained to do, be it recruiting, be it that. My job is to protect the United States public, he said. And the would-be robbers were extremely unlucky to have picked Ethel as a target, but they were even more unlucky to have tried to commit their crime right outside a Marine recruitment office.