Felly, mae'r next item of business is topical questions. We'll start with question number one from Christina McKelvie. Thank you very much, Presiding Officer, to ask the Scottish Government whether it will provide an update on its discussions with the UK Government ahead of the triggering of article 50. Minister Michael Russell. Yesterday, the First Minister met the Prime Minister and I met the Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union. I can report today on the eve of the day article 50 will be triggered that, while we discussed a range of subjects, we still have no substantial information in the detail of the article 50 letter. Moreover, the national press was informed of the date of triggering article 50 without any attempt to inform the devolved administrations. Christina McKelvie. I thank the minister for that very dreary answer. Does the minister agree with me and think that the Prime Minister has any rational, sensible or logical reason to stand in the way of a decision of this Parliament to hold a referendum on independence if, as the UK Government admitted and confirmed yesterday, the terms of Brexit will be clear before the UK leaves the EU? Minister. No, the timescales are clear and set by the article 50 process itself. Therefore, there is no rational, sensible or logical reason to stand in the way of a legitimate decision of this Parliament. Christina McKelvie. Thank you again, Minister, for another despondent and absolutely terrible response to this Government. Last night, I received a copy of a report by the Human Rights Consortium Scotland. Mary Snowden, the co-ordinator at the consortium said, and I quoted her, that this new report says that individual's rights must be safeguarded in the wake of the vote to leave the European Union. Without the EU pushing forward those rights, those organisations are concerned that legal rights may be reduced and that progress on achieving greater rights for disadvantaged people will stall. They are calling for greater participation in the decision making around Brexit. Greater participation would be very welcome indeed. Does the minister agree with me that the intransigence of the UK Government in failing to reassure EU nationals resident in our nation should be a clarion call to us all that for hard fought for rights could be so easily pushed away? I do agree, because the issue of the nationals from other EU states is a crucial one. It is absolutely astonishing that we stand today on the eve of the triggering of article 50 with no reassurance given to those EU nationals, nor any reassurance given to the Scottish and British citizens who are resident in other countries in Europe. Those are two sides of the same coin, and it is ridiculous that we are in this situation. On the wider issue of human rights, it is important that members of the chamber realise that Brexit and the threat of Brexit has consequences. Yesterday, I attended a round-table meeting chaired by two standing council members, Alan Miller and Graham Smith, on the issue of human rights and social inclusion. Through such engagements, the Scottish Government is very aware of vast, well-versed concerns across academic and third sector bodies of the possible erosion to human rights and social protections that is presented by Brexit. We will continue to work with those bodies and with Civic Scotland to ensure that the key principles set out by Alan Miller in particular are observed. First of all, there should be no regression. Secondly, there should be continued progress. Thirdly, there should be freedom to lead best practice, but what a vast amount of anguish and difficulty is being caused by this process, which is utterly unnecessary because the people of Scotland did not vote for it. Adam Tomkins The United Kingdom Supreme Court in the Miller case a few weeks ago unanimously ruled that within the United Kingdom, relations with the European Union, like other matters of foreign affairs, are reserved and that the devolved legislatures do not have legislative competence in relation to withdrawal from the European Union. What is the minister moaning about? I hope that, in time, Adam Tomkins will reflect upon the attitude that he has taken in this debate. He may think that it is his duty to be an apologist for the UK Government for a hard Brexit and for a hard Britain. His real role in this chamber is to represent the electors of the area from which he comes. I am afraid to say that, if he chooses to be an apologist for the UK Government, he chooses to ally himself with a Government that is working against the interests of those people who elected him. Lewis Macdonald Thank you very much. Alex Neil reminded us last week that there are, in effect, two Brexit deals to be done. One to cover the UK's exit arrangements from the EU and the other on the successor trading relationships between the UK and the EU. Mr Russell will be aware that nobody outside the UK Government has offered a public opinion, a public view that both of those deals can be done in 18 months to two years. Does he not prefer the evidence of Sir Ivan Rogers, who recently retired as the UK permanent representative to the European Union, who said that the view in Brussels is that it will be at least the summer of 2020 before any agreement can be reached between the UK and the EU, and it may indeed be the early to mid 2020s before such an agreement is in place? Is it therefore not wrong to simply take the word of Theresa May to an unrealistic time table for the completion of trading arrangements between the UK and the EU? The First Minister has been very clear that there is a matter for negotiation here in terms of the conclusion of the negotiations to the point where an informed decision can be made. That is absolutely vital. I notice that the Tories keep trying to change their mind on this. That is the vital point, the point at which an informed decision can be made. I accept that many people doubt the wisdom of the Prime Minister's position, the wisdom of the Prime Minister's position, the one for whom the Tories wish to be the apologist, but she is leading those negotiations and she says unequivocally, both can be done, both will be done during that timescale. Therefore, in those circumstances, it is absolutely right for us to say that that is also the timescale in the article 50 process, and therefore we will go along with that. I hope that Labour might, even at this very late day, wake up to the fact that the best position to be in on this is to argue for the position of Scotland, not to argue for the position of the Prime Minister or anybody else. I noticed yesterday that the leader of the Labour Party in Scotland had just woken up to the fact that she should ask the Prime Minister there should be a differentiated option. The stable door has closed. What we should be arguing for is for the right for Scotland to choose, and the Labour Party should be on that side today. To ask the Scottish Government what its response is to report that the Queensferry crossing will not be ready by the revised completion date of the end of May. I receive regular updates on progress towards completion of the Queensferry crossing, as indeed does the rural economy committee. However, following my recent appearance at the Wreck Committee on 8 March, I asked FCBC, the contractor, to carry out a thorough review of their programme through to project completion. That work has indicated that adverse weather conditions, particularly wind, has had an impact on the removal of the construction cranes, and therefore on the estimated completion date. Transport Scotland is currently assessing that review carried out by FCBC and I expect to receive a report from them this evening. I have agreed to provide a detailed update to the committee tomorrow morning. I thank the cabinet secretary for his response. I also thank him for advising Parliament that there has been widely rumoured amongst the workforce for some time that an extension to the works will be required. It was reported in the Dunfermlyne press that a worker on the bridge was saying that the bridge contractors were asking for the completion of the bridge to be extended to September. Clearly, that will have been met with dismay among my constituents, as I imagine by the cabinet secretary's constituents. Can he give us any better update when the bridge is likely to be completed? Does he recognise that this is now the second delay that has been in the completion of the bridge? We were promised by the First Minister previously that it would be completed by the end of last year. We were then told by the cabinet secretary that it would be completed by the end of May. We are now looking at a further delay. When will it be ready? I have to say that, as I have just said in response to the first question, that information is being analysed by Transport Scotland as we speak. I will be able to report in detail, as I have done throughout the project, to the Rural Economy and Connectivity Committee. I should also say that this is a 120-year-old lifespan project. The bridge will be there for 120 years. It is very important that we both get it right and that we do it safely. I am sure that Murdo Fraser is aware of the conditions in the forth. For example, it has taken 65 days to take down one of the cranes that would normally have taken 15 days because of the consistently high winds. As soon as the wind speed goes above 25 miles an hour, it is not possible to work on that. That has contributed to that. I will provide a full report when I have the detailed information in front of me from Transport Scotland to the committee in the morning. However, as I say, this has been a seven-year project, around a bit a quarter of a billion pounds below budget, and that will not change. I thank the cabinet secretary for his further response. I am aware of the weather conditions on the forth. Indeed, thanks to the cabinet secretary, I had a visit to the top of the north tower some time ago last summer. However, would the cabinet secretary accept that politicians should not make promises about the completion of projects that they cannot deliver on? Over the past few months, on two occasions, the existing crossing has had to be closed because high-side vehicles have been blown over, causing massive disruption to the lives of my constituents. If there is to be a further delay in the new crossing being open, what additional measures can be put in place to prevent further disruption from vehicles being blown over? For example, could we have Transport Scotland or police staff stationed at the end of the bridges in severe weather to try to stop high-side vehicles irresponsibly crossing the bridge in those conditions? To the last point that Murdo Fraser has made, I know that that point is being reviewed by my colleague Humza Yousaf who has responsibility for the fourth road bridge, and I am happy to discuss that further. Murdo Fraser makes my point for me when he refers to the two trucks that were blown over on the existing fourth road bridge. That exemplifies the state of the wind. Of course, as he will now know, having been to the top of the towers, the new bridge is substantially higher than the existing bridge. In fact, I am disappointed because I did offer last year to go to the top of the tower with Murdo Fraser because I knew that he was a bit worried about it and, unfortunately, I did not get the chance to do that. However, I am grateful for him. He will know that, if he would let me know, I would certainly have been there. However, I think that he will have experienced at first hand that the weather conditions at the top of that tower are substantially different from those even on the fourth itself. That, of course, does account for the fact that we have had that weather. It has been the consistent say of high winds, which have been the particular problem in relation to that. As I say, I will fully update the committee tomorrow. Once I have had the response from Transport Scotland, I cannot report on rumours or comment on rumours that have been raised in the press. I have to go on the contractors information and Transport Scotland's assessment of that. Once I do that, I will be able to give a definitive position to the committee tomorrow. I am grateful to the convener of the committee for allowing me the opportunity to come along to do that tomorrow. Angus MacDonald Thank you, Presiding Officer. Could the cabinet secretary provide details on the number of jobs created in the building of the bridge and what the wider economic impact from building the bridge has been? Briefly, that is not really the subject of the question, but very, very briefly, cabinet secretary. Well, Presiding Officer, I think that there is a direct correlation in as far as there are now an extra 200 people on the bridge working on the bridge to make sure that we can get that done as quickly and as safely as possible. That takes it to around 1,500 people currently directly employed in the construction of the Queensferry crossing. Since 2011, more than 10,000 people have worked directly on the project, with many more employed in the supply chain via subcontract and supply orders. Up to 31 December, Scottish firms have been awarded some contracts or supply orders on the fourth road crossing project, with a total of about £335 million out of a total of £688 million. Alex Cole-Hamilton Thank you, Presiding Officer. The chamber will well remember that, this time last year, when 27 days were lost on the bridge due to adverse conditions, that correlated with a six-month delay in the future opening date. Nobody expects the bridge operatives to work in unsafe conditions, but will the minister advise the chamber as to what tolerance will be built in for the new completion date? If that is broken, will he come back to the chamber and advise us on a further delay still to come? Of course, I am always happy to come back to the chamber to provide updates. I should say for Alex Cole-Hamilton's information that one of the issues in relation to last year—this is a difficult point to get across—is very important. If there is a substantial delay, say for example in relation to the cranes, that means that the other things get concertinered and bunched up into a smaller timescale. The cranes comprise part of the surface of the bridge itself just now. Once they are taken down, a lot of other work has to be carried out. If there are 1,500 extraordinary number of people working to get the bridge complete and they are all trying to do things in the same space, that means that they can have a concertiner effect. However, I am more than happy to come back to the chamber at any time. I will provide an update to the committee—a detailed update to the committee tomorrow when I have the full information, but I am happy to come back to the chamber as necessary. Thank you very much. That concludes topical questions.


Now no, I meant my left, you imbecile. Now the head is on backwards. I knew you'd be no help." For the cultists of the Church of the Broken God, a long wait was over. After hundreds of years of painstakingly searching, they had collected all of the pieces of their deity, and all that was left to do was to assemble him. Searched around a withered parchment, ancient instructions passed down through generations, they set to work. Okay, so we're looking for one of those little short screw things. No, not that one, that's the wrong shape, see? We want a crosshead one. No, that's a long one. No, that, what even is that? Approximately a week had passed since the final part. The very heart of McCain, he who was broken, was located in return to its rightful place. Yet, all that the assembled disciples of his church had done was screw one of the legs together. It didn't quite look right.  Each part of the broken God was piece by piece brought together in dark, hidden places, filled with ancient magic and cosmic horror, ready for the construction and ascension of him. No, no, this is definitely the right screw, cloup, that's the one. The holdus isn't big enough. Give me that drill.  He doesn't need both of those, right? For the men, women, and other assorted cultists gathered, their entire lives had been spent in search of the parts of his body. This was the culmination of a lifelong dream, and victory was so close they could almost taste it. None of them had quite realized how difficult it would be, however, to assemble a supreme being with only an allen key and a screwdriver. Where did you even get these instructions, oh Grand High Priest?  It's all flat-packed these days. Oh. It was hard, painful work, sacrifice, blood and oil and sweat mixed in, all serving a single purpose. The Reconstruction of the Ultimate Life Form, the universe's most powerful being. Missing. It has to be here somewhere. Have you checked the box again? You have? What about behind the desk, that's where we found the- no. What do you mean replacement parts may take up to five weeks? Bloody disgraceful. Day and night, without rest, the disciples of the broken god toiled away, slowly piecing their creator together.


So with 99% of other money glitches and exploits for Cyberpunk, now removed or patched out of the game, finding an actual decent way to earn tons of cash is pretty hard. While fear not guys, today I have for you which right now in my opinion is the best way to earn those eddies. This will see you earning literally 5k plus eddies a second. And I know for sure that doesn't sound like a lot, trust me it is. You will easily earn more than enough money than you will need in let's say 30 minutes to an hour tops. Has it gone guys? My name is DPJ and if you enjoyed the video leaving a like really helps out and if you like what you see I want to see more be sure to subscribe. So if you guys didn't stuck up and duplicate those paintings numerous times there's a good chance you will soon be out of that money or are in need of a new method to earn fast eddies. Well today I have you covered. So firstly this can work at any level. But for you to be the most efficient and for you to earn the most out of this you will need to be at least a level 18 to 20 technical ability. I will explain after how you can do this without being a level 18 here but you obviously won't earn as much. So let's go. The reason you need to be a level 18 minimum is because you need to have that edge runner artist and perk unlocked which allows you to craft a legendaries. This is most important here but to make it even more efficient on yourself also make sure you have the cost optimization unlocked as well as the x knee high low. Does that say I'm not even sure. With these unlocked and selected though you are good to go. So now you need to go and get a legendary blueprint the one you will be crafting today. The blueprint is to assure a sniper and you get it from where you can see me on the screen right here. Go here take out these enemies and the main dude is at the top once you take him then you will receive this blueprint. NCPD sub cons suspected organized crime activity reported near intersection of Sequoia and Grey. APB out on Paul Craven. Priors include corporate convoy hijacking also a known leader within an NC human trafficking ring. Active affiliations include the Wraith's gang. City authorities have offered a reward for neutralizing the threat. Now you are done here you now need to head to this vendor jump shop you can see me out on the map right here. This guy is probably the best as he doesn't have any dialogue every time you enter his inventory and also when it comes to skipping time by 24 hours you can do this right in front of him. So here go into his inventory and buy up all of his legendary item components epic item components and rare item components buy them all. Then leave his inventory and skip time by 24 hours again go back into it and repeat this process until you're either out of cash or get bored. Then what you want to do is head to the nearest drop point machine which is right here on the map once you are here people head into your inventory and over to that crafting tab select the assure a sniper and craft as many of these as you can. They should cast you thanks to that cast optimization 16 rare components 16 epic components and two legendary components. Like I said craft as many of these as you can. The great thing about crafting these also is it gives you amazing crafting XP and while having a level 20 technical ability and a level 20 crafting will mean you can make even more money out of this which I will explain in a second. But yeah craft away until you are done now back out of your inventory and go into that drop point machine and simply sell the assure as you've just crafted. You should be selling them right now for around $3,246 which when worked out is about 2678 profit per item you sell. Now when the machine is out of cash simply skip time by 24 hours and repeat.   Be warned though I suggest you make a note of your current build as this obviously resets points spent and if you want to go back or revert you will need to remember what you had before. And with me and my total of 67 points spent into that crazy science I was selling each sniper for 5,713 euro dollars. Now I have been told this crazy science can go up to a level 100 but I haven't seen that yet but that's probably going to see you earning closer to 8 to 9 thousand euro dollars per item you sell which would be crazy. Then when you are done with the selling part and want to repeat process again you can reset your points and spend them where needed or go back to the build you had before if you have made enough money doing this. And well guys it really is that simple. Now if you ain't high enough level in that technical ability to unlock the artisan perk which allows you to craft the legendaries you can still use this method of buying components and crafting your highest tiered blueprint whether that be an epic or even a rare there is always a profit to be made it's just high up those levels obviously you'll earn more money so if you want to do this but only have up to epic blueprints or even rare blueprints go to the same vendor check what the blueprint requires to craft then just buy them from the vendor skip time by 24 hours buy them again and repeat the process then craft as many as you can offset the item and then just sell them to a drop point machine it really is that simple remember though if you do this make sure you have the right perk selected which makes things more efficient for you if you can that is perks like the cast optimization this will save you materials and is a must but there we have it guys in my opinion right now the best method in earning fast money within cyberpunk if you enjoyed the video leaving a like really helps out if you're new around here want to see more be sure to subscribe and if you never want to miss a video upload can turn notifications on by hitting that bell button but guys thanks as always for stopping by and hopefully I will see you on that next one


The session before lunch discussed the opportunities for climate policy, particularly within the climate negotiations, and to what extent these can make a difference for the future. However, environmental and climate concerns are rarely the main drivers of policy and investment decisions. Policy has arguably raised quite quickly in the last 10, 20 years in priority, but it's still only on the B list of political priorities. Has not yet reached to the A list, where the real heavy political issues are dealt with, such as welfare, jobs, energy security, competitiveness. These are, we would argue, issues that actually define and determine to what extent we have positive or negative sustainability outcomes. My name is Karl Halding, I'm a senior research fellow here at SCI. And in this session, we shall discuss to what extent and how the A list policies can generate whether without intention, positive or negative outcomes for sustainability and climate change. We will do this as a conversation and I have six colleagues sitting here waiting to come up and join me in this conversation. But before letting Lin Persson on the stage here as a first contributor, I'd like to set the scene to, we're in Sweden and many of you are Swedes, so I take you example from Sweden of how A list priorities actually came to have tremendous import on Sweden's sustainability. But largely unintended actually. We in Sweden brave ourselves for being environmentally friendly, for having very comparatively low carbon emissions, right? How did we end up here with the low carbon emissions? Why do we have low carbon emissions? Is it because of environmental concern in our policymaking? Or some other reasons? Well, I would argue the two main reasons are hydropower and nuclear power. When we took the decision to invest in hydropower, let's go back to the after Second World War times in the 1950s. We made this big investment in developing the hydropower potential of Sweden to develop a growing country, a country whose economy was growing quickly. Security of energy supply was the number one priority and the reason why we invested huge amounts of money in hydropower. Now we go into the 1960s and the nuclear program. Here we have an element of competitive invest as well. Sweden had the bomb. We were in the forefront of technology and it was natural for us to develop nuclear power programs as well. And when we headed into the 1970s, there was the oil crisis and again security of energy supply on the highest level on the political priority. And that's also when the final decisions on the nuclear program were taken. Not at all environmentally informed by environmental concern. Quite the opposite I would say because nuclear was seen as really, really bad for the environment generally. But that's the story. That's the story behind why we have, that's largely the story behind why we have comparatively low carbon emissions, territorial carbon emissions. So none of these stories are about environment concerns. They are about how the priorities on the A list of political priorities came to translate into comparative advantage now in terms of low carbon emissions. Of course, the story isn't that simple. There are definitely side effects of both hydro and nuclear. And there are also the problem of consumption based emissions because these are the territorial based emissions. So, Lin, please join me here and say a few words about is it so simple with the emissions? Well, no, as you've already hinted at.


Hi everyone, Sean with jaspyscasebreaks.com here doing 2019-2020 panini prism retail one-pack break number 58 Where we're giving away seven spots in a noir random team break So the way this works you're buying into a one-pack break of prism retail 1920 randomized list customers names everybody gets a team Then we'll break the pack at the end of the break will randomize re-randomize all 30 customers names Top seven customers went a spot in the hundred and forty nine dollar noir random team break So there you go Here is our list of customers from Marcus down to Demetri and the teams from the Hawks down to the Wizards dice roll to randomize both lists and Pair them up. There will be a separate dice roll and randomizer at the end of the break to give away those seven spots four to four eight times eight to the final time From Demetri down to William You can see eight times on the randomizer eight times on the dice Now eight times on the teams eighth and final time From the Bucks down to the Pacers eight times So it's a filler break. I'm not gonna read through all the names and teams But we will get them all on the Screen pelicans Bill Doherty chances at Zion there wizard Rui Adam Levy bulls Kobe White Steve Birch Grizzlies yammer ant Marcus young he Tyler hero Bill Doherty Nicks our de Beric Benjamin Pricer And there you go. Let's sort this by team print and rip See if we can find something nice in this Maybe a green Zion or a job Silver also would be okay. So here's our finalists Demetri last spot mojo with the Hawks in the Bucks. We got a silver Dennis Schroeder Thunder Eric cost on you and Ben says silver is allowed Good, at least we know that Nice silver Schroeder now with the Lakers, but that one goes to the thunder and here now We're gonna give a randomizer for the seven spots in the break. Like we said top seven Here's the original list from Marcus back down to Demetri dice roll top seven after Four and a five nine times Ninth and final time Okay from spots eight down to 30. Thank you guys very much for getting on the break. Hopefully I can do better for you next time but congratulations to Benjamin Pricer Adam Levy Eric cost on you Matt Lieber Matthew Shearer Matt Lieber and Steve Birch You seven now have spots in the noir Random team break hopefully we can do later on tonight next filler is in the store. That was 2019-2020 premium prism retail one pack break random team over 58 from jaspys case breaks comm Pack 59 in the store now also another seven spots given away in noir jaspys case breaks calm I'm Sean. Thanks for hanging out and I'll see you next time


Hello everyone. I am Sanjay Gupta. I welcome you on Sanjay Gupta Tech School. So this is day four of C and C++ coding bootcamp. And today we are going to learn about operators in C. So before I start, so let's wait for a couple of more minutes so that more folks can join and then we'll be starting. So till the time I just want to show you the session tracker which I have created for this bootcamp. So basically the objective of this bootcamp is to help BTEC students, freshers, non-tech folks and career gap folks, those who are struggling with understanding programming. So if you know the basics of programming then learning difficult programming languages is easy. Like if you want to learn Apex and Java, so for those programming languages basis C and C++. Right? So for any beginner, if you have not done BTEC, then also you need to understand C and C++. If you are in BTEC, then also you need to understand C and C++. So understanding these two programming languages is must. Right? So to accomplish that requirement, I am just conducting this bootcamp for you so that you can understand the core concepts of programming with the help of these programming languages. Right? So in today's topic we'll be understanding about operators in C. So if you see the session tracker, so you can see there are total three sessions that I will be doing this week. So first I will be explaining you about operators in C and we'll be covering four different types of operator and I will be explaining each and every operator in detail because when we learn Apex programming or Java programming, so we focus on lots of operators and at that time it is very difficult to understand the need of those because no one explains those operators in detail while you learn those programming languages. Right? So here in this session, I will be going and will be deep diving so that I can explain uses of each and every operator to you. Okay? So moving forward, so again I think I just want to show you like who is your instructor. So if you are related to Salesforce bootcamp, then you know me and if you are new and watching the recording and you are becoming part, first time part of this channel or bootcamp, so you should know who is your instructor. So I have 16 plus years of experience, lots of experience related to education, education industry and six plus years of experience in IT industry. Right? So be consistent, do regular practice or whatever I am explaining in the sessions, so do regular practice on those. If you are a beginner, like don't know anything about coding, then this bootcamp is very helpful for you and if you are a BTEC student, then also it is very, very much important for you and join the self help group where you can ask any questions related to this C and C++ programming languages and follow Sanjay Gupta Tech School on YouTube, LinkedIn, Instagram and Telegram and all the important links like session tracker is available in the videos description, so you can find it from there. Okay, let's focus on the topic. So we need to understand what operator is and how we can use operators in C programming. So this is very important topic if we talk about C programming. So first of all, we need to understand what operator is. So if we talk about mathematics and mathematics also, we have operators, right? So if we say an operator is a symbol, which is used to evaluate an expression, so that will be known as an operator, right? If you see this example, here it is written like C equals to A plus B. So this whole statement is an expression. Okay, this whole statement is an expression, but here you can see we have C equals to A plus B. So if you see the bottom line which says equals to and plus are operators, whereas A, B, C are operands. Okay, so operands means you can say these are variables or these can be constants as well, but equals to and plus these are two symbols which are working as operators here. Okay, so I hope you understood whatever I explained with the help of this slide. Now moving forward and anytime if you have any question you can ask. So we have three types of operators based on operands. So this is particularly related to C. And in Java and C, Apex as well, we have all these things like unary operator, binary operator and ternary operator. Okay, so if we talk about unary operator, so here we have one operand and one operator. So I hope with this previous slide you got to know what is operator and what is operand. So basically operator is the symbol and operands means variable or constant. Okay, so here if we move forward so now I hope with the help of this previous slide definition, you are clear with this operand and operator thing. Okay, so if you have one operator, one operand, so that will be unary operator. If for any operator, two operands are required. For example, plus. So for plus you need to have two operands. We can add add two numbers with the help of plus. Right, so that is why that plus will be considered as binary operator. And then we have ternary operator where two operators and three operands will be required. Right, so this is the classification and the ternary operator we use in Java and Apex as well in C++ also and unary binary as well we use in most of the programming languages. Right, so these are the classification based on operands. Now if we go forward, so these are types of operators. Those are available in C programming or these are available in other programming languages as well. So if you have gone through Java or if you have gone through Apex, so there you might have used all these symbols like in different calculations. Okay, so we will be understanding these operators one by one. Right, so in today's session, I will be explaining arithmetic, relational, logical and increment and decrement. So with the help of example, I will be explaining you all these operators. Okay, so these are types of operators based on operations. So this is the list. Now if we move forward, so first of all, we need to understand what arithmetic operators are. So we have plus, minus, multiply, divide and modulus. Okay, so these are five operators which are available. Fifth one is known as modulus. So for understanding purpose, let me come here. And here I'm going to have an example so that you can understand the working of each and every operator. Okay, so first of all, if we use A plus B, right, so I'm writing total five statements and you guys need to answer this in the chat so that we can match our answer. So fifth one is basically modulus. So percent means modulus operator. It is also known as more. Right. And what it does, it provides remainder value. It provides remainder value. And if we talk about divide, so divide provides basically quotient value. Okay, so these three are very simple plus minus multiplier and we have divide and modulus. So basically what we need to do, you need to tell me the answer of line number 9 and 10. So in the chat, you need to post your answers for line number 9 and 10. What will be the result of 9 line number 9 and what will be the result of line number 10? And A is 5 and B is 2. So quickly type your responses in the chat so that I can see if you have understood incorrectly, so I will be explaining it that way. And divide we frequently used in using Apex and Java as well. And for modulus, we have a predefined function that is known as mod. But here you should know its meaning. So quickly tell me the response in the chat so that we can make it an interactive session. So I'm waiting for your responses so that I can check. Otherwise, I will be explaining. So Abhiram is saying 2 and 1. So yeah, 2 is correct for this. For line number 9 answer will be 2. How so? Because here we have data type as int. So whenever you divide any integer with integer, so result will be always integer. So 5 if you divide by 2, so it will be 2.5. But all the variables are of type integer. So that's why C will be having 2 as a result. Okay. And here we are using modulus. Modulus means remainder value. So if you try to divide 5 by 2, so remainder will be 1. So for line number 10, remainder will be 1. Okay. So savior, your answer is incorrect 2.5 won't be there because here our data type is int. So if we use float for this calculation, then your results should be 2.5. So this you need to remember. So I hope with this way, you are able to understand the meaning of each and every operator. So plus minus multiplier is same as we use in mathematics. Divide basically provides you quotient value, the result part, and modulus provides you the remainder value. Okay. So these are 5 arithmetic operators that we have in C programming. And in other programming languages also we use these operators. Okay. So I'm not saving this code and I'm going to pick next example. So next is relational operators, right? So here we have 6 symbols. So less than greater than less than equals to greater than equals to than double equals to and then not equals to. So initial 4 are like related to mathematics. And if we go further, number 5 and number 6, these are basically related to programming only in mathematics, you don't have double equals to, you don't have not equals to. Okay. So how we will be using them? So double equals to basically is used for comparison purpose. So if I write it like this, a equals to b and a not equals to b. So this way you will be able to use these operators, right? So this will be the meaning of this statement. So basically, this is a condition if if is a conditional operator where we can compare two entities. So here we are comparing a and b with the help of this equals to operator, right? So it will be comparing a and b if both are equal, then result will be true. Otherwise result will be false. Then at line number 10, we have a not equals to b. So both are separate. This is separate block. This is separate block. So here I'm not going to explain if condition if condition we will be understanding in the upcoming session. So what you can understand if is basically used to check the condition, how exactly it works that we'll be seeing in upcoming session. So here just understand how we can apply comparison. So if these two are equal, then this will be true. Otherwise false. This if is separate. So if here a is not equals to b. So this operator, it is known as not equals to, right? It is not equals to. So if a and b are not equal, then this condition will be true. So this is the case here. If both are unequal, then it will be true. Otherwise it will be considered as false. So this way you can use it. And if you want to use other relational operators, so what you can do, you can write a greater than b likewise. So if a is greater than b, then it will be true. Otherwise false. Then you can use less than less than equals to greater than equals to. So if you want to compare two entities anytime. So that's where these operators comes in the picture. And that is why these are known as relational operators because these operators are telling relationship between two operands with the help of one symbol, right? So here we have two operands a and b both are two operands and less than equals to double equals to these are symbols, right? So if you want to compare two entities, so for that purpose, basically, we use relational operators. Okay, so moving forward. Next we have logical operators. So logical operator is a little bit tricky and different. And in Java and Apex, we use them a lot. So before explaining the example, I just want to explain you an example, or you can say a table I want to discuss with you so that you can understand how exactly logical and and logical or works.  And if we talk about logical and and logical or so they are basically used on two operands. So two operands means two conditions will be there. So operand one is the first condition operand two is the second condition. So basically, if you want to apply two conditions together, so either you will be using logical and or you will be using logical or. Okay, so let me give you a brief example of this. And then we will be discussing the truth table. So here we have this condition. So this way, these are two conditions. So this is operand one a less than equals to be together, it will be treated as operand one, or you can say condition one, then a greater than C, this is operand two, or you can say this is a condition number two. And in between, we have logical and operator. So what is happening here, logical and is checking whether left hand side condition and the right hand side condition, both are true or anyone is true or both are false. So these are the three scenarios, right? But if you want to join two or more than two conditions together, then either you can use logical and or you can use logical or. Okay, so now comes now I let me come on this table. So here you can see we have operand one operand two and then we have these values. So if operand one like condition one is true and second condition is also true. So logical and will be considered as true and or will be considered as true. So what does it mean? So for example, suppose this is true. So a less than B. So let's say it is one and it is zero. So right now what is happening? A is less than equals to be true. A is greater than C true. So both the conditions are true. So it means what will happen true part of if will be executed. So basically if has two parts are true and false. So if if I write else here, so this is true block and this is false block, right? So this is true block and this is false block. So if both the conditions are true, so true block will be executed, whatever statement you will be having, they will be executed. But if both the conditions are false, so this else block will be executed and whatever you write here under else part, it will be executed. Right? So this way you use logical and so now if you go through the table, so if both the conditions are true, so and will be considered as true or will be true. If anyone is false, so if you go through second row, like true false or false true, so in both the cases and will be false and or will be true, right? So it means in case of and both the conditions should be true, then only it will be true. If you see the last, like both the conditions are false, so and will be false and or will be false. So the conclusion is if all the conditions are true, then logical and will become true. And if all the conditions are false, then only or will falls. If at least one condition is true or one operand is true, then logical or will be considered as true. Okay, so these are some scenarios. So now I'm going to ask few questions to you. So here I'm going to create this block and I will be modifying these conditions and you just need to mention in the chat like whether it will be true or false. So right now we have this example a less than equals to b and a greater than equals to c. So what will happen? It will be true or false. So as I already told you, this will be true because both the conditions are true. Okay, now I'm going to modify it a little bit. So a is for these two C zero. So this is false is less than equals to be which is false for is less than equals to be false. So if first condition is false, so second condition, if you check or don't check doesn't matter, right? So outcome will be false. So if you have this kind of scenario, a less than equals to be and a greater than c and if you have these type of values, so this condition will be false. Right, so this way if first part is false, second won't be checked in case of logical and now if first is true, let's say a greater than equals to be if first is true, then second will be checked whether it is true or false. So if I write a less than c, so second is false, but first is true. So first condition is true, then second condition will be checked, but overall result will be false because second condition is false. Right, so this way logical and works. Okay, now if I use logical or so what will happen? This first condition is true. So second won't be checked and it will become true. If first is false, then still second will be checked. If second is true, then overall result will be true. If second is false, then overall result will be false. Right, so now I'm going to modify it so a less than equals to be it is false, a less than c, it is also false. So result will be false. So in or if you if you have multiple conditions and if you have not achieved true, then all the conditions will be checked one by one. If you have true, then it will stop. If there is no true, then overall result will be false in case of or and in case of logical and if all the conditions are true, then result will be true. Otherwise result will be false. So I hope you are able to understand this truth table. Now what I'm going to show you like if you want to use multiple conditions more than two conditions, so that is also possible. So this way if you want to write this so it is possible. But here you need to use parenthesis like which condition you want to evaluate first. Otherwise it will go through precedence. So there is a precedence table. According to that, it will be executed. So we have a precedence table. So let me search that precedence table for you. So here you can see this is the precedence table. Precedence means order of operators execution, right? So it is true with all the programming languages. And here you can see we have and or right. So first and will be executed and then or and if your pride is like you want to evaluate or first and you don't want to evaluate or like if you want to give priority to any particular operator, so you can use parenthesis. So this way you can enclose. Now what will happen? First, this parenthesis will be solved. After that, this end and then this condition. Right? So this way this whole if condition will be evaluated. Right? So precedence is important and in any programming language, if you want to solve particular operator first, so you need to use these parenthesis. So this way, if you want to combine more than two conditions using logical and logical or so this is also possible. So I hope you understood this classification because as a beginner, this you need to know this is very important. Right? Now we have one more operator that is not third one. This is also important. So how it works? So for example, we have the situation a less than equals to b. We have the situation a less than equals to b. So right now what will happen? A is less than equals to b false. This is false, but I need to reverse the result. If it is true, I want false. If it is false, I want true. So what you need to do? You need to use this operator not. So this exclamation sign, but it is actually not operator. Right? This is exclamation sign, but it is actually not operator. So what it does? It converts true to false and false to true. So this is the behavior of this not operator. And if you remember in Apex programming, if you have gone through Apex programming, so in Apex programming, generally for list size check, we use it with is empty. Right? So whenever you want to reverse your decision, then we use not operator. Okay, so this is logical operator. So and then or they we use for joining multiple conditions and not basically converts the result of true into false and false into true. Right? So this is our fourth operator that you need to understand. Okay, so I hope this table is clear to everybody, those who are watching live or if you're watching the recording, I hope it is clear still you have any doubt. So you can ask in the chat or if you're watching the recording, you can ask your doubt in the comment section. And in the beginning of the video, I showed you a QR code for telegram groups. So you can join that group. And there I'm just collecting all the folks who are struggling with C and C++ programming. So if you have any doubt anytime, so you can just utilize that group. Okay, so next is increment or decrement operator. This is also important. So sometimes, if you want to increase value of a variable by one, or if you want to decrease value of a variable by one, then we use plus plus minus minus operator. Okay, that's why these are known as increment and decrement operator. So these are very easy to use. So this way you can write. So, so this way, basically, we can write them. So this is the one way a plus plus b minus minus so a will be incremented by one. So here if I write printf, or send a and if I copy paste, so let's execute this code. So initially a is four and B is two, and we are incrementing a by one, and we are decrementing b by one. So let's see what happens. I'm clicking on run. So here you can see the result is actually five and B is one. Right? Initially, a was four. So it became five. B was two. It became one. So this is the proof. If you apply the these operators plus plus minus minus. So the value of variable is basically incremented by one or decremented by one. Right? This is the one way of using this.  So this is also possible. It is basically known as pre increment or pre decrement. So here, I'm just clicking on run. So this time result will be same. This time result will be same. Right? So we just need to understand it this way only. If you want to increase or decrease, so you can use it before the variable, or you can use it after the variable. Right? So it will be incrementing value of a variable by one. And generally, we use these operators when we implement a loop. So in loop, basically, we need to implement value of a variable by one. So basically there, we use these operators to increase or decrease value of a variable by one. Right? So I hope this way you understood the uses of these operators as well. Okay, so this way, I in today's session, like it was shot. So these programming sessions are a little bit short. I'm keeping these shots so that they on daily basis, little bit idea you can get. So I just explained these four operators arithmetic relational logical and increment. Then tomorrow I will be explaining assignment operator conditional operator and classification based on unary binary ternary and we'll be understanding few examples as well. Okay, so this way, like this week, operator section will be completed. And next week, I will be focusing on the conditional statement, like how we can implement logical implementation with the help of code. And this is the time where most of the beginners struggle, right? So these these sessions will help you to understand the programming in better way. You have no experience of programming. Either you are BTEC student or fresher, or non tech folk or if you have career gap, and you want to brush up your programming skills. So these sessions will be beneficial for you. Okay, thank you, Badal for appreciating my efforts. And I can see, like, less folks are there. So I think everybody whatever I explained is clear to you. And those who are watching the recording, if you have any doubt, so just ask in the telegram group, or you can just write a comment in the video, so that I can answer. Okay, so with this note, thank you for joining this session. And if you're watching the recording, do follow all the sessions so that you learn programming easily. Thank you so much. See you tomorrow, same time.


Texting can be a little bit weird. I mean, how do you know whether a guy is really into you or not? There's a lot of kind of misinformation out there about what a guy should be doing and what he shouldn't be doing over text message and everybody wants to have like this exciting, explosive, great conversation over text. So how do you know if this guy's actually into you? Is he just not into texting? Like what's going on here? And so today I'm going to be talking about nine different signs that he's flirting with you over text message. And number nine is by far the most important one. So stay tuned for that. Hi, my name is Matthew Coase and welcome to Commitment Connection. Let's go over these nine signs right now. Okay. So sign number one is that he shares information that you didn't ask him for. And so why would a guy do this? Because he's trying to bond with you. He wants you to like him. He wants you to like him for who he is. And so he will share information about himself that you didn't ask for you and he's just sharing it, right?  And so he'll do that. Number two is he genuinely wants to know how you're doing. So there's kind of this myth out there that texting text message conversation should be like this flashy thing, right? And it's important that it's not too boring, right? You don't want to bore a guy to death. But at the same time, it's like most conversations are just normal conversations. And it doesn't always have to be this dancing monkey laugh, you know, thing going on all the time. Instead, there's a lot of just normal conversations that can happen. And if he's genuinely interested in you and what's going on with you and your life and who you are and what's going on with you on a daily or weekly basis, then it shows that he actually cares about you and he's interested in you and he wants to make sure that you're doing well. So sign number three is that he takes time to think out his answers. And so he's not just auto texting, auto responding, texting back to you or something like that. He's investing mentally and emotionally in his text messages. And he thinks out the text message and then he sends it back to you. And that's actually a great way if he takes a little bit of time and it's, it looks like a well thought out answer and it's just not a bunch of, you know, letters jumbled together or whatever. You can tell that that he's taken some time to really think about it. And so he's messaging you back after he's taken some time to think about it. So sign number four is that he often starts a conversation with you. So he's initiating conversations with you. He's, and it's just, it's not just a check in all the time, right?  He wants to interact with you. He wants you to like him. And so he's trying to, you know, start a conversation and connect and be connected with you as much, as much as he possibly can without coming across as weird or a creep or something like that, right? So number five is that he finds reasons to say something positive about you. And this might look normal. It might look weird. It might look good. It doesn't matter. What he's trying to do is create positive associations for you around himself. And so guys like this will often give you a compliment or something or say something nice about you or your situation or try to make you feel better in some way because he wants you to associate good feelings with him. And so he'll try to create those good feelings through the conversation somehow often by complimenting you or saying something nice about you or about what's going on with you. Sign number six is that he tries to find out if you have a boyfriend or not. And if you don't know, he's doing that because he's trying to figure out whether he can be your next boyfriend or not. And so here a lot of guys will try to figure it out or sneakily figure it out or just straight up ask you whether you have a boyfriend or not. Just to find out whether you actually do and whether he's, whether he's got a chance, whether he's got a chance with you. Sign number seven is he remembers little details that you share with him.  And so he remembers those little details. So sign number eight is that he tries to tease you even if he sucks at it. And so let's just be honest. Everybody out there's texting these days. Everybody out there wants to text these days.  And so if he tries to tease you or flirt with you or do something, right, to make you feel better in a playful way, even if he's not really that good at it, he's doing it because he likes you and he wants to create kind of a playful and fun and engaging and like nice environment between the two of you around texting. And so he might try to tease you in some way just because of that. And then sign number nine here is, in my opinion, the most important sign. And sign number nine is that he tries to meet up with you in person.  However, they're still really great people. They really, they might really care about you. They might really be a great conversationalist in person. They might be a genuinely good guy. However, he might just want to get to the meetup, right? And even if a guy's a really great texture, but he's not meeting up with you, then that should be cause for concern because the magic is in the meetup. The magic is meeting up together. You don't want to pen pal. You want to be in a real relationship with a real human being. And so in my opinion, the most important sign is that he's trying to actively meet up with you and hang out with you and spend time with you. And so if you're kind of confused about texting and you're not really sure what you should be doing around texting and you want him to start chasing you and feel really good about you and want to connect with you. My suggestion is that you go and check out my texting program. It's called Irresistible Text. You can go get yourself a copy of it. There's a button on the right hand side of this video. Just click on it and go download your copy of my Irresistible Text right now.


A very good evening aspirants. Welcome to the Hindu newspaper analysis brought to you by Shankarai's academy for the day 15th of April 2022. So these are the list of news articles chosen for today's discussion. We have five different news articles for today's discussion. In this first news article discussion, we will be discussing about the current situation which is prevailing in Sri Lanka with respect to forest reserves. In the second news article discussion, we will be discussing about Bihu dance in Pralams perspective. Thirdly, we will be seeing about El Nino which is an important topic. Fourthly, we will be discussing about an editorial article which is related to stubble burning. We will be seeing what is stubble burning, some of the impacts caused by the stubble burning and some of the suggestions given by the author to overcome the issue. And finally, we will be ending our discussion by discussing about an important article regarding Gatka skills. So now without wasting much time, let us move on to the first news article discussion. Today let us start our discussion with this news article discussion. See this news article talks about the sovereign debt crisis of Sri Lanka because recently Sri Lanka decided to default on all its foreign debt. So today let us understand what is sovereign debt and the reason behind Sri Lanka's situation. Before that the syllabus relevant to this article is highlighted here for your reference. Just go through it. See any government needs money to carry out its day to day business. It needs money to service the schemes and programs of the government to provide salary etc. When government spends the amount more than what it receives, it leads to fiscal deficit or budgetary deficit. We know that right because here spending is more than revenue. Now this deficit is financed by means of three ways generally. They are taxation, borrowing or by printing money. And when they rely on borrowing it gives rise to what is called government debt. Now government debt is also called the sovereign debt or public debt. So it refers to the obligation of the government to pay the amount it borrowed at some future time. It is also known as national debt to indicate that this debt is owned by national governments and it is different from the public debt of state and local government bodies. Note that if the government continues to borrow year after year it leads to the accumulation of debt. This means the government has to pay more and more by way of interest. So these interest payments themselves also contribute to the debt. But does that mean governments should not borrow? No, they can borrow because it is an important way for government to finance investments in growth and development. But what they have to ensure is they are able to continue servicing their debt and that their debt burden remains sustainable. Otherwise it will lead to debt distress which may threaten macroeconomic stability of the country and it will set back a country's development for years. So have this basic understanding. Now this government debt is classified in many ways and by depending on the location of the debt it can be classified as internal debt and external debt. So as their name indicates internal debt is the debt held by the government within the government's jurisdiction. On the other hand external debt is held by foreign jurisdiction. In this way such a debt can be denominated in the domestic currency as well as in the foreign currency. Today we are going to focus on external government debt only. So pay attention to the news article discussion. See this debt arises due to the borrowing from foreign lenders like multilateral agencies such as IMF, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Asian Development Bank etc. It also originates from official bilateral agencies and borrowings from international capital markets. Here often the loans from multilateral institutions are long-term and largely or concessional terms. See these external liabilities or regardless of currency of denomination for example in India external debt is predominantly borrowed in US dollars, yen etc. This means the borrowing is in the foreign currency and this is an issue. Why because here the repayment should also be in that foreign currency. So the government should have enough of that foreign currency in its foreign exchange reserves. This is what is going on in Sri Lanka. See Sri Lanka's foreign debt is 51 billion dollars. This includes borrowing from foreign governments also. 10% of 51 billion dollars is owed to China which is its largest bilateral lender. Sri Lanka also owes to Japan and India. Overall 3 to 7 billion dollars is due to be paid by this year itself. But the question here is does Sri Lanka have that much required foreign currency in its forex reserves? No. As of March Sri Lanka's forex reserves stood at 1.9 billion dollars only. Due to this only now Sri Lanka has announced that it is defaulting the debt. See this is called sovereign default. Sovereign default means a nation has failed to repay its external debt. But why Sri Lanka's foreign reserves are this much low? What are the reasons behind it? We have to know about it right? Let's see the one by one. First is because like the debt in local currency, debt in foreign denominated currency cannot be handled. In case the debt is in local currency, the bank ask their central bank to create fresh local money. By using this they can repay the debt. But a country cannot print a foreign currency right? So this is the first reason. Now this is why here other means are required. While they governments rely on foreign currency flowing into Sri Lanka in the form of foreign investment or payments received in exchange for the export of various goods and services. These increases the flow of that foreign currency which in turn helps to build up their foreign reserves. But we know that foreign investments and export of goods and services affected by the pandemic and the following lockdowns right? So pandemic is the second reason. Similarly the pandemic also affected tourism sector of Sri Lanka. We know that Sri Lanka depends heavily on its tourism sector to bring in the foreign exchange. So this is the third reason. Another reason is in 2021 Sri Lanka government fixed the exchange rate of the Sri Lankan rupee against the US dollar. It banned trading of Sri Lankan rupee at a rate above 200 rupees to an American dollar. This was way before the actual market price of the dollar. So this pushed traders to black market and caused a drop in the supply of US dollars in the forex market. So these are the reasons for Sri Lanka's current scenario. Now to overcome the situation Sri Lanka is relying again on borrowing only because borrowing to finance the debt is also a measured. In this manner Sri Lanka government has asked aid from IMF and other countries like India and China. India already agreed to offer additional financial assistance of 2 billion dollars to Sri Lanka. But Sri Lanka has to overcome many other issues to come out of this economic crisis. So that is all you have to know from this news article discussion. In this discussion we saw about what is external debt then we saw can governments borrow money or not. Finally we ended the discussion by seeing some of the important points like the reasons behind Sri Lanka's low forex reserves. So with these learned points now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Our next news article discussion is based on this picture. See it depicts women performing Bihu dance as part of the Rongali Bihu festival. So taking this as an opportunity let us learn about Bihu dance in Praline's perspective. See Bihu dance is Assam's most popular folk dance. It is one of the most colorful folk dance of India. So Bihu dance is a traditional heritage of Assam. It is performed mostly during the annual Bihu festival which is celebrated around April. See there are three Bihu festivals in the state namely Rongali Bihu, Kongali Bihu and Bohal Bihu. But the dance which is performed during Rongali Bihu expresses the joy on the arrival of the spring. The festival helps to strengthen the unity and diversity among the people of Assam. See as per Assam's history the first ever Bihu dance performance was done in 1694. It was when the Ahom King, Rutra Singha invited Bihu dances on the special occasion of Rongali Bihu. Now note that the dance is performed by both men and women. It is characterized by brisk dance steps and rapid hand movements. The dancers perform in a circle. It starts with a slower tempo and gradually gains momentum. This dance has been an integral part of the culture of various ethnic groups in Assam like the Dioris, Sonowal, Kacharis, Moran, Borahis and others. Now coming to the entire part, see that dancers adorn the women traditional Mekela Chador during their performance. Here Mekela is a cylindrically shaped outfit worn on the lower half of the body. Then Chador is draped like a shawl to cover the upper half as you can see in this image. Performers also wear a kind of headgear which is known as Giti Ghee. And the men wear a Doti, Gomacha which is a towel, Chapkan which is the shirt. That is usually made from Muka silk. See the Muka silk is exclusively produced in Assam. The men performance also wear ethnic heavy jewelry and beautify their hair with colorful flowers. In this way the dance has been noted for maintaining authenticity. At the same time the dance also displays the traditional Assamese handlooms and handicrafts in their beauty and glory. The dance is accompanied by musical instruments like Dole, Penpa, Gagana or Gogona, Bani or Flute etc. One important feature of this dance is no religion is celebrated in the Bihu dance. So everybody can participate equally. Also love is celebrated in the Bihu songs and dances in a decent way. Due to the beauty of this dance this dance was performed at the London Olympics in 2012. So that's all you have to know about this Bihu dance. In this news article discussion we briefly saw about some of the important facts that you have to remember for your preliminary exam relating to Bihu dance. So with these learned points now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Look at this news article. This article states that the Indian Meteorological Department that is IMD forecasted a normal southwest monsoon for this year also. A monsoon is considered normal when rainfall falls between 96% and 104% of the long period average. That is LPA. Here LPA of rainfall is nothing but the rainfall recorded over a particular region for a given interval like month or season or it is an average over a long period like 30 years, 50 years etc. Now LPA for India has been downgraded to 87 cm in 2022 from 88 cm in 2018 and the IMD also said that an El Nino is not expected this year. So this is the cracks of the news article given here. In this context let us learn about El Nino in Prillin's perspective. See weather conditions in India are influenced by El Nino which causes widespread floodings and droughts in tropical region of the world. El Nino is a complex weather system that appears once every 3 to 7 years. See El Nino is nothing but a narrow warm current which sometimes appears off the coast of Peru in South America. It is temporary replacement of the cold Peru current which normally flows along this coast. During an El Nino event the prevailing trade winds weaken and the equatorial counter currents strengthen. This causes warm surface water from the Indonesian region to flow eastwards displacing the cold water of the humboldt current which in turn leads to disruption of the temperature and moisture regime. Sometimes becoming more intense it increases the surface water temperature of the sea by 10 degrees Celsius. This warming of tropical Pacific water affects the global pattern of pressure and wind systems including the monsoon winds in the Indian Ocean. So this is how actually El Nino works. Now El Nino actually results in three conditions. Firstly the distortion of equatorial atmospheric circulation. Secondly irregularities in the evaporation of seawater. Thirdly reduction in the amount of plankton which further reduces the number of fish in the sea. Also note that the word El Nino means child Christ because this current appears around Christmas in December. See December is a summer month in Peru which is located in southern hemisphere. El Nino is used in India for forecasting long range monsoon rainfall. It is believed that the severest drought of 1987 over India was caused by El Nino. That's all regarding this news article discussion. In this news article discussion we saw about El Nino. We saw about the mechanism of El Nino. So with these learn points now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now take a look at this editorial article. See this news article talks about the issues created by Stubble Bernie especially in Delhi and Punjab. See the major issue that we are talking about is the air pollution created due to this stubble burning. See due to this stubble burning Delhi and Punjab faces not only environmental issues but it also faces economic losses as well. For example take the year 2019 during that year Delhi and Punjab together faced economic losses estimated to be approximately 18000 crore rupees and this is majorly due to worsening air pollution. And since both Delhi and Punjab are currently under the rule of Amartmi party that is AAP there can be a collaboration for clean air so that both states can ensure improvements in citizen well-being and labour productivity. So this is the cracks of the news article given here. In this context let us learn what is stubble burning and issues surrounding it. Then let us discuss the suggestions given by author to overcome the issues. So that the syllabus relevant to this article is highlighted here for your reference. Just go through it. Now let us start our discussion with what is stubble burning. See stubble or Parali burning is a method of removing paddy crop procedures from the field. This is done to sow wheat from the last week of September to November. See in simple words stubble burning is a process of setting on fire to the star stubble left after the harvesting of grains like paddy, wheat etc. It is usually required in area which uses the combined harvesting method and leaves crop residues behind. Here combined harvesting method is a key invention that saves cost and time for farmers. The machine used in this process is called combined harvesting. What does it do? It simply combines the three major harvesting operations that is reaping, threshing and winnowing into a single process. And remember the paddy stubble burning is practiced mainly in the endogostic lines of Punjab, Haryana and UP. This is to clear the fields for rabbi crop sowing. The paddy crop is harvested between the first and last week of October in Punjab and Haryana. After this period the farmers sow the wheat crop from the first week of November until the middle of December. Now let us know the reason for using this stubble burning method in farmers perspective. See the major reason behind the stubble burning is the short time available between the rice harvesting and the sowing of wheat. This is because the delay in sowing wheat affects the wheat crop. See between the harvesting of the paddy crop and the sowing of the next crop only a 2 to 3 weeks time window is left. So the farmers do stubble burning to prepare the land for the next cultivation. That is the remains of crops like straw which remains in the field as residue after harvesting is burnt. Also note that stubble burning is considered one of the cheapest methods to clean the field after the harvesting season. These are the major reasons given by farmers for using stubble burning. Now having seen about what is stubble burning now let us see some impacts created by this method. Firstly the process of burning farm residue is one of the major causes of air pollution. That too in parts of North India like Delhi and Punjab it is deteriorating the air quality. When it combines with vehicular emission it affects the air quality index that is AQI especially in the national capital region or NCR. When you ask why it is causing air pollution? The answer is the toxic pollutants emitted by stubble burning in the atmosphere. What are all the pollutants it is emitting? See it emits harmful gases like carbon monoxide that is CO, methane CH4, carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds VOC etc. See these pollutants disperse in the surroundings and eventually affect air quality and people's health by forming a thick blanket of smoke. Okay? Second it affects the soil fertility. How? See when the husk is burned on the ground the soil becomes less fertile and it's nutrients are destroyed. So this is how it affects the soil fertility. Third issue is the heat penetration. See the stubble burning generates heat that penetrates into the soil. This causes an increase in erosion loss of useful microbes and moisture. So far we saw about what is stubble burning and we also saw what are all the impacts caused by stubble burning. Now let us see some of the solutions or suggestions given by the author to solve these issues. Here the author specifically addresses the measure that has to be taken by the Delhi and Punjab government. Okay? The first solution is to have a common understanding of sources of pollution. This has to be achieved by both the states. This can be done by sitting aside their disagreements and having a talk to sort out the issues. Second solution is to create platforms for knowledge exchange. See a common knowledge center can be set up. This set up can facilitate cross learning on possible solutions to developmental challenges in both the states. Now how will this be a solution? See the information on air quality levels and source assessment studies are crucial in developing long term strategies for pollution mitigation. Okay? Third solution is collaboration to execute proven solutions. Here the author suggests the collaboration of the two states to co-design solutions that would improve air quality. They can jointly create a task force. In this task force experts from state run institutions will be present so that they can pilot these solutions and assess their impact. For example take the PUSA bio decomposer that was developed by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute. See this is a solution given by the Delhi government to stubble burning. But it has received mixed reviews from farmers. This is because the decomposer only makes sense for early maturing varieties of paddy. Then even with the decomposer stubble would take between 25 to 35 days to decompose. Thus it is of little use in high bond districts where late maturing paddy varieties are dominant. So here collaboration to execute proven solutions would ensure wide acceptance of the proposed solution. The next solution is to create a market for diversified crop products. See by shifting away from the paddy wheat cycle is a sure short solution to stubble burning. This can be done through crop diversification but the lack of an assured market for agricultural products other than wheat and paddy has acted as a deterrent. Finally both state government should assert the need for extending inter-state cooperation to other states. This cooperation should be especially with the Indo-Gangetic Plains in different inter-state forums. One such forum is the Northern Zonal Council. This has representation from Chandigarh, Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Jamun, Kashmir and Ladakh. Both Delhi and Punjab must use this platform to highlight the need for coordination with neighboring states to elevate the pollution crisis. Thus the state governments should first focus on identifying clear metrics. This is to evolve their performance in the coming years. Then with the collaborative plan of action the yard can be made clean. So that's all about this news article discussion. In this news article discussion, firstly we saw about what is stubble burning. Stubble burning is nothing but a process of setting on fire to the straw stubble which was left after the harvesting of grains like paddy or wheat. Then we saw the reason for using this stubble burning. The first reason is that there is short time available between the rice harvesting and the sowing of wheat. Secondly, this method is considered as one of the cheapest method to clean the field after the harvesting season. So these are the two reasons why stubble burning is dominant. And then we saw some of the impacts caused by this stubble burning. In that we saw about stubble burning causing air pollution, especially stubble burning emitting toxic pollutants into the atmosphere. We saw about that. Then we saw about impacts to the soil fertility. Then we saw about issues like heat penetration. Then we finally ended our discussion by seeing some of the suggestions given by the author. The first suggestion is to have a common understanding of source of pollution. Second solution is to create a platform for knowledge exchange. Thirdly, there should be a collaboration to execute proven solutions. Fourthly, getting rid of this paddy wheat cycle by crop diversification. And finally, both state governments should assert the need for extending interstate cooperation to other states. So with these learnt points, now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now for our final discussion, let us take up this news article. In this context, let us discuss about the Gadka art form in Pralim's perspective. First of all, what is Gadka? See, Gadka is an ancient martial art. It has been thoroughly battle-tested. It has existed in Northern India for many thousands of years. It is considered to be one of the most advanced martial arts in India. It is considered to be one of the most advanced martial arts in India. It is considered to be one of the most advanced martial arts in India. It is considered to be a spiritual as well as physical exercise. Both these aspects of the person are developed to a high level during the learning phase in this ancient art. Although it uses the sword as its primary weapon, many other weapons are available to the Gadka master. Now let us have a brief about its history. See, Gadka is a Punjabi word which literally translates to wooden sticks. The wooden sticks are used instead of swords. Gadka uses the sword as the main weapon amongst others. This art has been passed down generation and preserved in Sikh history. See, Guru Har Gobind Singh who is the sixth Sikh Guru used to carry two swords, Miri and Piri. Here, Miri means strength and Piri means spirituality. It is a form that can only be used to defend yourself because only when all other means have failed. The people who played or called Nihang or armed Sikh warrior during the 16th and 17th century, Gadka was extensively used by Sikh warriors. This is to defend themselves from Mohals and their atrocities. Guru Gobind Singh is known as the greatest Gadka warrior of all times. The Sikhs have been responsible for this early art ensuring its survival despite mass persecution of the native population in India by foreign invaders like the Mohals and others for many hundreds of years. Now, talking about modern day Gadka practice, see the Gadka practice that we see today was developed in the early 19th century. It has been developed into the traditional rasmi and sports which is called Kale style. Gadka sport formal rules were drafted in 1936. Interestingly enough, Punjab University Patiala is the only place which offers a one year diploma course in mastering this art form. Also note that, Punjab Government has now officially recognized Gadka as a sport in its policy and the players enjoy the 3% age quota during admission as do the players of other sports. Apart from this, make note of this, Gadka is an integral and entertaining part of many Sikh festivals, processions and Gurudwara's. This is especially posed its revival and formulation by the International Gadka Federation in 1987. Today it is a proper sport planned at the national level after the formation of Gadka Federation in 2008. It is a mark of the preservation and propelling of a dyeing yet a fine form of martial arts from the medieval times encasing, upholding and safeguarding our rich culture and history. So that's all I have to know about Gadka. Gadka is nothing but an ancient martial art which has been thoroughly battle tested. It has existed in Northern India for many thousands of years. It is considered to be a spiritual as well as a physical exercise. So with these learnt points, now let us move on to the next segment of the news article discussion which is nothing but the preliminary practice questions. Now look at this first question. This question is about El Nino. Consider the following statements with reference to El Nino. Statement 1, El Nino is a climate pattern that describes the cooling of surface ocean waters along the tropical west coast of South America. Statement 2, it decreases the temperature of water on the Peruvian coast by 10 degrees Celsius which of the above statements is or correct. So I have to choose the correct answer here. Option A1 only, option B2 only, option C both 1 and 2 and option D neither 1 nor 2. See the correct answer for the question is option D neither 1 nor 2. First statement is wrong because El Nino is a narrow warm current which sometimes appears off the coast of Peru in South America. It is a temporary replacement of the cold Peru current which normally flows along this coast. So statement 1 is incorrect. Now moving on to statement 2. See sometimes becoming more intense, it actually increases the surface water temperature of the sea by 10 degrees Celsius. It has now decreased the temperature of water on Peruvian coast by 10 degrees Celsius. So second statement is also incorrect here. So the correct answer for this question is option D neither 1 nor 2. Now moving on to the second question, this question is about Bihu dance. With reference to the famous Bihu dance which of the following statements is correct. Statement 1. It is a century old living tradition of Vaishnavates of Assam. Statement 2. The attires of performers are usually made from Muga silk. Statement 3. Chambals are the only musical instruments used in the performance. Select the correct answer from the codes given below. Option A option B 2 only. Option C 1 2 1 3 and option D none of the above. See the correct answer here is option B 2 only. See even though it is from Assam as we saw in the discussion the dance and festival does not celebrate any particular religion. So statement 1 is incorrect. Now moving on to statement 2. Statement 2 is correct. We saw this in our discussion itself right. Now moving on statement 3 is incorrect because it involves any musical instruments like dole, penpa, gagana or gogona, banihi that is flute etc. So the correct answer for this question is option B 2 only. Now look at this third question. This question is the quiz question for you today. Let me read out the question in the context of art forms which of the following paths is or are correctly matched. On the left hand side odds are given and on the right hand side odds are given. You have to select the correct answer from the codes given below. Option A 1 only, option B 2 and 3 only, option C 1 and 2 only and option D 1, 2 and 3. So try to find the answer and post the answer in the comment section. So displayed here are the main questions for today's discussion. Just go through it, write an answer and post it in the comment section. With this we came to the end of the news article discussion. If you like the video, like, comment and share and do subscribe to Shankarai's Academy YouTube channel. Thank you.