Punching me too, how how much are you throwing in on this final flash because you know I'm a wake-up level 3 and actually you are super far away Krillin quick launch all full Full health from a single beam Man, you would think they wrote that in as a plot device or something, baby How's it going everybody dato do it here with another round of dragon ball fighters ranked matches And we're back with the main team of Krillin super saying Goku and Yamcha because as it as some of you probably noticed I'm on the verge of being deranged and they're my points and I need them now. Don't down having me Just don't do it, bro. Take pity on me. Don't do it. All right. He's really jumping a lot The first time I say don't down having me and I instead opt to go for a Small criticism I get let leveled out It's no coincidence people I'm just that bad at the game. All right. Let's see. Does he reflect?  I am frightened and I am shook I'm also a little bit perplexed at the lag right now. We seem to be back Oh, don't even throw a button out, you know, I'm a down heavy there in the corner scared Over at Yamcha he takes the bait that's looking like a knockout from where I'm standing. I Don't even got to be fancy with that. I can just keep it nice and Simple go into a spirit ball here.  Oh, I Guess that technically is almost like running at me Over at Yamcha. He can't see it coming. Just call me Joker Mmm, should we go with the standard Krillin oaky here, uh, huh? It might look like the safest option, but you really got to evaluate that. Oh Nice down medium. I try to go with the heavy not for any particular. Oh, ah That's supposed to be a beam, but even then it wouldn't have come out fast enough So just a poor choice by me overall don't dunk me That didn't kill he thought it would so did I to be completely honest super-dash nerfs I misjudged misjudge what that move would do.  Oh full Full health from a single beam man, you would think they wrote that in as a plot device or something, baby You would think they did but they didn't That's just the world of Dragon Ball. Let's see. This is definitely a kill here Ha rage quitters anonymous What can you do about it? Wait, I needed those points. No Okay, so we're back and this person actually has a really interesting team Broly captain Ginyu and Frieza Honestly, if you don't respect this guy immediately from the character selection screen I'm really not sure what you're doing. This is a team that demands respect if you see somebody running this team they have put in the time and training mode and All of my goodness that Broly color is superb and Broly's just so big that he actually took out both me and Yamcha. So that's quite troubling. Oh There he caught me something fierce too. I was switching out in the Goku not the best move, but oh Yeah, I don't want to throw out too many projectiles. I know how this goes. I've played Broly once or twice Okay, we're actually gonna bring Broly back in I know I just made it sound like he is the scariest character in the game And that may or may not be true But you know for the time being why not let it flow. He's gonna do something over at Yamcha Too obvious too obvious That's fine. I've been known for being obvious in my past dropped Who did he throw out? Oh, they didn't count. Okay. Well Sorry to say but Goldo just got wiped out Poor freeze. I really want them to buff freezes assist man Not for me. Of course. This may or may not kill. Oh God it might not now. Oh All right, it looks like he's not switching out Get that out of here. Oh Curse my down. Why I didn't have to reflect that.   All right, let's play a little bit of keep away Ain't nothing wrong with a little bit of keep away. Oh, okay That worked even better than I expected. I thought the beam would just hold him down and then I would I Continue to do my thing. Oh, maybe I shouldn't have pressed the attack there. Oh, oh, yeah, my turn Okay, oh Yeah, I'm a slide in low too. Okay, so let's get Frieza back in we're gonna do the same thing We did to Broly earlier actually Frieza has an air level three And they say and they said education was for nothing They said education was for nothing. I have a master's degree and who has air level threes It's like I play this game for hours on end or something Yeah, yeah, I've seen it all before dude. Once again my master's degree in a video game history It's going real well. Oh Don't ever touch me again. Oh, oh, I Miscounted if only I'd stayed a few extra years in college preschool. I never made it to college He's gonna try something He's gonna try something you can feel it in the air. Can't you? Oh, yeah, try it on me again Oh, and we convert off of that. That's gonna be a one two three pick up Exactly how you want to plan it Okay, so what does he do is give you what are his ranged options here? You can do that. That's oh, that's pretty good, too After this is purple comet attack that one is not something you perk up in school. Oh Mmm He hit me with the last episode cross-up Three level got three level milky cannon.  Press the attack press the attack That he these boys really failed him there if I was captain you knew I would probably look into rehiring and maybe Maybe getting rid of Jason Berter. They really let him down. Okay, so game one goes to us there a super fun, too man, unfortunate that that Purple comet attack didn't go his way. What's he gonna do here? Yep. Yep as expected. Honestly, huh?  All right paging dr. Blue health Rolly himself You don't have an air level three or the meter did actually does I Would have gotten buffed Nice use of the key blast. What what kind of combo you gonna hit me with though? Oh An air-dash reset in the middle. Hmm Someone's been doing some science against players that he tried to get me with it again tag out ah I thought he was gonna go with the ender there. So I was gonna stick out a button Catch him. You know that was the dream switch. Haha. I wasn't panicking at all. What are you talking about? Damn Frieza comes in catches Yamcha. That's gonna be huge trim eye lasers No, you wouldn't ah charges up in between just a little bad manners that goes a long way Frillin, why don't you come out here and help our friend Help our friend to the ground that is for a hard knock down All right, everybody time for your favorite game. What's that mix up? Oh He covers all options. Oh If I'm blocking that down heavy, you know, I'm sending my fist in the air by the way level one sparking Unfortunate use of my meter there. It's gonna require at least All three switchouts probably Unfortunate three bars because of the way I performed that combo on the ground with Krillin But you know at the end of the day not the worst thing they could ever back dash Oh, he just goes for the key blast good stuff. Tech down. Remember he tries to reset. It doesn't do it there We're looking for the grab. Oh Our well-trained eyes can't process information fast enough. He tries to reset again You guys got to watch out for that. He's doing that on purpose. That's not a dropped combo And I don't mean that in the joking way. He's literally trying to catch our tech Stay on the ground stay on the ground we can't let him get the purple comet attack off Don't do it Don't do it. It was a little obvious. I suppose one milky cannon Damn serving me up with a side of cereal for a well-balanced breakfast. That's gonna be it for us But Goku what do you got to offer? Jabbed me once he said yeah. All right now to hit you with the real dragon rush. Oh Crafty dog. Okay. Hmm. Do we do we level to sparking with Goku or do we oh, no Well, our choice has been made for us due to the me not seeing raccoon. I saw him as soon as I clicked vanish I was like what's that little bit of red hit? Oh Okay, what can we get with this doesn't look like anything too major, but that's fine Okay, that's gonna be it for ginyu. Hmm And I think with maybe a well well oiled Krillin sparking combo. We might be able to get something on Broly It's get to be see No, dude No Teleport behind slim and the yeah collapse of the ground you've met the true demon and his name Krillin All right, let's get one more game with the and I say I'm saying one more game because I'm taking it 3.0, baby It's false confidence guys. I'm very worried All right, do we drag do we super dashing? No, wow. Oh, I should have waited even longer. Oh He put up the barrier. That's actually huge. Okay, we get them That was huge though Bait out the reflect That's very good for us. Although we aren't going to get the meter to kill him here.  Thanks to yamcha picks them up and then you don't want to knock them down That's the the real industry secret there. Oh That converts yo, yamcha is top tier if you made it to this part of the video just say yamcha is top tier period. Oh Yes, yamcha. Oh, oh I'm getting shot up pretty happy.  What we in there? All right in this situation You kind of just want to go out in the Krillin have him do the work for you And then maybe if you're lucky get a hard knockdown if you got the meter why not, right? He's in a situation where he needs the spark. So you just back dash.  He didn't run out of sparking though. So that can be our consolation prize Should we really want one? Oh Yes, all right switch in the yamcha Not exactly optimal, but if you want to get health, there's a right way and a wrong way to do it in my mind. Oh I just always want to throw it an attack, you know, I know it's gonna get me punished in the long run, but I Am nothing if not a free spear. I'm gonna throw it an attack. Okay. I was getting impatient Okay, he does get the knockout, but it does require a bar as well. So not the worst We also have the sparking advantage, which is kind of huge Over at cross-up.  Okay, that gets through us Do we want to spend the bar? I don't think so Darn we let Frieza get away. We probably won't be getting Frieza back out anytime soon either The the threat the threat is mostly blocking. Oh I tried to guard Okay, we want to spark here We don't want to be forced into a one-character level 3 sparking not with Guinyu.  I'm getting actually slaughtered Okay, this should be the end of Frieza. It's not very usual that I dropped this combo Maybe I could have killed with the one coming out, but honestly spending a bar is not the worst thing there So might as well just do it, right? Oh God focus. How did you how did he end up behind me? He's probably pissed cuz he didn't think that would happen either Okay messed up, but that's fine. Spiritball OP. Let's go. We take it 3-1.  She might smile to the camera. Nice Let me know down below if you have any favorite moments from this ranked video if you do Just let me know in the comments like I already said Why you're down there if you like these videos and want to subscribe he's got the full Guinyu for us. Yeah Frog in you That's very cool, man Why you're down in the comments though if you like these videos and want to see more of them Make sure to hit the like button and subscribe It's lets me know that you want to see more of these ranked videos And I'm so happy to keep them coming to you as long as you guys keep enjoying them That is I also have some videos up on your screen right now that are other videos that I have done So give those a watch if any of them seem to interest you other than that. I'm dr. Doya. I'll see you in the next video


Digital asset news to get top stories and crypto current digital assets and bring them down to bite-sized pieces today is One of those days that really just blew my mind That's all I can really tell you so I'm attending right now the micro strategy world now conference And they're going everything about how Bitcoin works the macro strategy and really delving into why? Corporations and institutions need to get in this like right now And it's only been two hours or so that we've been into it But already I mean all the things that I know I don't know that much And I'm gonna go over everything that we talked about or that was talked about We're gonna talk about this reserve treasure reserve policy quickly Take about corporates investing in crypto, which is all good information But really it comes down to this guy right here Ross Stevens He is the CEO of NY dig and I'm gonna explain why this guy really should be the spokesperson for Bitcoin moving forward So we'll take a look at that But first let's take a look at what's going on in the market. So today is February 3rd almost a high noon high noon, Texas time Trying to get through this before the next session comes about and thank I don't have a great memory So what I did was I just tweeted out everything that I thought was interesting that was going on So let us go over what the things that were said in detail and we'll do that in a second so Right now Let's take a look at the market. So trade the chain if you don't know trade the chain It's a pretty great format This is it's it's good to see what's going on in the market But it also does sentiment analysis and gives you a projected price range Just based on news and what is going on in the Twitterverse because in my opinion this whole market's moved by news That's pretty much about it. All right, so Bitcoin the last 24 hours up 6%. That's pretty good 37,000 not too shabby Ethereum 10% Ethereum might at some point soon break that $2,000 barrier Let's hope so head is tether and then polka dot has flipped with XRP yet again, which is not surprising I'm not really happy about what happened with the XRP pumped up. Congratulations. It makes us look really bad And that's it. So XRP although it's still up 3% for the day at 38 cents Cardano up six point six six, but still maintaining around 44 cents Hopefully get it at 50 cent mark and that'd be great like horns up 8% chilly You know what in all honesty everything's up like massively today. Not I mean Massive big for us, right? I mean it's colossal for the traditional markets. We just call this a Wednesday. Nobody cares But yeah looking pretty good 16% for Ave. What else is the big movers and shakers? 4% 8% for synthetics 14% for sushi sushi defy go figure But yeah, and also I just see no synthetics. You can get a fantastic AP wire yield if you put it over with cells You think it's like 18% right now Matic and and and synthetics are huge So let's everything's up in this entire market and it was kind of what I was I was kind of thinking this would happen I mean with Bitcoin and Roy's was gonna triple over to the alt coins But retrospectively looking back I can toy see why that would happen and this is a video that we did just a geez January 27th And we talked about this event that's going on right now with Michael sailor Michael strategy And I said hey, they're gonna get together all these institutions and all these these corporations They're gonna permission to give them the playbook and once they lay it out There's gonna be some huge FOMO going on and just in the first two hours what I listened to I got FOMO I was like holy smokes. I haven't put enough money into this. That's a Reserved, you know dollar cost average all that good stuff, but yeah, it is it is exciting But we just have to you know, take a step back and look at what is going on and just Gobble up all this information that we can so let's just break in to what's going on. So This is today the Michael strategy world event and it's two days So our first days are pretty much Michael sailor talking with some different guests talking about how how they did their Strategy to acquire so much in micro transactions and then tomorrow they're gonna have more big people come in You're gonna have the coin bases and the crackings and the Gemini's and they're gonna talk to all these people and just pretty much say Hey, this is this is how they do it. We can be your custody partners We want your business and they're all here. They're all here in one place. It's beautiful and One thing that really struck out to me was Michael sailor when he was talking. He's very humble. I mean usually in different Interviews, he's kind of like, you know, he's just really laquacious guy. We talk and it really gets out there But this one he was like, you know, I just really missed the boat on Bitcoin Like what the heck this is the guy that's saying he missed the boat of Bitcoin. It was pretty interesting And he's like he's like I never understood how big it was and then he started to talk about, you know He's really really is a futurist kind of like you mon must he talks about how a year ago He thought that the only way to communicate with people was face-to-face He had to be he had to be in front of people's face to make them understand He said the world is changing and it's changing at such a rapid rate that we just really can't comprehend it And when we have such such a rapid pace all the things that I used to think were true isms are not and Me being able to be in front of people that is not the case. He goes I can do everything remotely I can doesn't matter what time zone you're in any part of the globe It doesn't really matter anymore because we can do so many things with technology that we just didn't really think about that We could do he was now it opens up a lot of possibilities such as with Bitcoin So they gave us these are just downloads and I'll all disseminate this information as best I can later It's pretty lengthy. Well, it's 16 pages, but small font and just talks about their treasure reserve policy Also gives us the corporates investing also gives them tax advice and all the different things that that they did so really Like I said before they are giving them the playbook on a golden platter And it is not they're not even like I'm attending this for free They have premium events for for the big people, but it's just peanuts for for what they could pay and what they're actually Going to get as far as an ROI so I Think things are gonna start to move much faster after this now. It could be wrong. I mean again Antities corporations institutions. They're not known to make a lot of fast moves But you gotta if you got big companies like a mass mutual insurance company. I mean they do their due diligence I think people can look to that and go okay What did these guys do what's going on and the big thing of course is scarcity or the fine-nigh-ness That's even a word of Bitcoin and with all the people in attendance and I can see who's attending And I can say there's some pretty good big people out there They've already connected with me and I'm just telling you like these people see all the other people going okay Well, there's only so much to go around. I need to get in this and this is what this gentleman right here Ross Stevens was talking about today. This was the first hour and just in this hour I wish I could have recorded it. Hopefully they'll put it up. They'll probably put up and snippets later But well, first of all, who is this guy? Who is it? Was it Janitor? No So Ross Stevens he found at NY dig and in my dig if you've been listening to the news lately They're the ones that are really getting in for you know hedge funds and really getting into the allocation of Bitcoin buying up Bitcoin and being a part of that process and they've got a pretty big order book and Just to give a little something away Ross even talked about he goes look he goes We had five billion we've we've gobbled up the say two to three billion up to five billion He goes but the next by the end this year. We'll have 25 billion worth of Bitcoin He was not just us and I'm like here we go. Anyhow He serves as its executive chairman Ross also founded Stone Ridge in 2012 and serves as the CEO and member of the management committee Ross started his career at Goldman Sachs. That's receiving his PhD in finance and statistics From the University of Chicago and his BSE in finance from the University of Pennsylvania at Wharton Founded Steven center innovation in finance University of Pennsylvania. So pretty smart guy and when he's talking I could totally understand and there was things that The concepts and the history of money which was fascinating when he took a look back all the way into Japan and China and and how fiat just has always crumbled and The central banks how they've made the mistakes So there was all these different things that came about that came about so quickly that I was like, you know what? I need to really to jot my memory or you know so I can jog my memory I need to write all these things down and what I did was I just tweeted them all out because that way I could tell you what the heck is going on and what he was talking about so remember this isn't this is me looking at this These are big corporations. These are institutions They're all hearing this same message and this same message is going to really soak in and again like I've said before I don't think that all these places are gonna be like, okay, let's do it tomorrow. Let's get it done There's gonna be some like that. I think very few like that But others will be like wait wait, this doesn't make any sense to me I need to really you know digest this give it to our legal team our financial team and see if this really works for us And then some people won't do anything with it. So there's it's just like an adoption curve So that's I think what's gonna happen. So this was all the tweets. I sent out. Let me just scroll down. Oh Yeah After Steve, okay. Oh, yeah, I'm in a joke here. I Said Mike's over came out and he's dumping all his big going for doge just kidding anyhow And then so the very first part where Ross is talking about he goes And it's true He goes this whole conference is about reserve assets and what they really try to get into the heads of all the big CEOs that are that are attending or even like small business or people in annuities or anybody with hedge funds it's really about All the different assets that are out there that if you are in fiat or if you were just in money Ross even said he goes we can't get out of fiat fast enough as soon as that comes in We are swapping it out for Bitcoin and he even talks about he goes these days He gave a good analogy. He said when you first learn Spanish or when you learn French you have to you know transfer over the The wording from English into French and then you speak it or English just actually speak it He was the same thing happened with Bitcoin when I first got into it It was dollars to Bitcoin and then I would put it down because but now everything is just in Bitcoin and Because of that everything's a Bitcoin everything makes total sense and I can kind of stand where he's coming from it makes a lot of It makes it makes sense to me and then he says this and he goes the CEO's question He's talking about all CEOs question right now sitting right here is usually this how do we change liquid assets? Into e-liquid assets and our e-liquid assets into a liquid assets cash Is well so the cash is not a liability cash is now a liability and it's the truth because Liquid what's happening with the quantitative easing with all the different money payment is going on it is devaluing the dollar So all these these CEOs the CFOs or CIOs that are sitting on this mountain of money It's on fire. Well, it's like like sailors like Michaels will talk about it's like it's like a melting iceberg So if they want to just sit there and just watch it evaporate, that's fine But it's going to happen, especially with what is going on and we're gonna have a there's a bill I don't know if it's two trillion or three trillion which is weird to even say I don't know if it's two or three trillion in these days But that's just how it is and and if I say that so flippantly, I'm just an average Joe Well, you know, how's everybody else saying it? Oh, it's just three trillion dollars, you know What is wheel it around a wheelbarrow is or whatever else? all right and Then he talked about Bitcoin is the only form of money ever in existence that is entirely Unaffected by demand and it makes sense. You know, I own gold and silver I know what what gold bugs are gonna say. Well, you know, what even though that there's more demand. We can't do anything That's not true. I mean you can you can rustle up a ton of more people or even a new business and go We want you to mine gold. We want to put my money into the smeltering plants We want to do put my money into the processing of gold so we can extract it from the ground faster and we can get it You can't do that with Bitcoin. You just can't do that with Bitcoin. It's just like bitcoins like I don't care what you want This is how much I'm gonna give you this is, you know, it's all mathematics and I can only give you so much per day I think it's 900 Bitcoin per day right now and That's all you're gonna get and the last one's gonna be mine at 2140 So hope you got time because I'm not doing anything and then The last well we'll move it on he says um, I didn't know this he says visa isn't that fast Final settlement actually happens in two or three days with your banks when you buy coffee There's a transaction and we always think about TPS the transactions per second We talk about visa being so fast at like 50,000 or 75,000 TPS or whatever it is and we're like Oh, well, you know Bitcoin can never match that but he says that's not the case He goes you have to understand he goes the final settlement doesn't happen for two to three days between visa and your bank so right that we're right there there's a little bit of credit going on but there is a long time before there is final settlement and he's gonna talk about zap and Jack mayors that his name. Yeah, I'll give that a second about how they are able to transfer Thousands millions tens of millions of dollars in literally no time across the world for free and It's on a scaling solution and it was pretty fascinating how they did it and then he says We believe that the value will depreciate over the next 10 to 20 years Oh, I should have said we believe that the value of the dollar will depreciate the next 10 to 20 years relative to Bitcoin So for us, it only made sense to move our cash reserves into Bitcoin. There's this picture right here. Let me Let me blow this up I don't know if you've ever seen this But I had this image before And it's the purchasing power of the US dollar going back from 1913 to 2013. I can tell you right now 2021 it's even gone even below that. So this is why we talk about how like like your grandparents were like I bought used to buy a car for a nickel or whatever they'd say And it's just the truth because the purchasing power has gone down and that's why we had to print more money That's why salaries have gone up. But the purchasing power of the dollar has actually decreased So this is a problem 1913 pretty at the highest point 1933 FDR the executive order makes it illegal to hold going got gold and they started to confiscate it 1944 the Bretton Woods established the US dollar as the world reserve currency, which I think it'd be pretty positive But still went down 1971 Nixon toy took us up the gold standard and here we are at 2013 the latest one I'm sure there's a new one at a nickel as opposed to a dollar. So That is the problem right there. What's going on? So when he was talking about this, I'm like, well, that makes sense because I mean if you just like again If you just haven't on dollars and the purchasing power is going down, they know it's going down But there was no other options before Even in 2017 a lot of these corporations were like, I am not putting it into Bitcoin because That is unproven. It could go to zero. It is highly volatile And uh, so but now that's all changed and this is why I have believed that 2021 is going to is a huge year And when he says it when he puts it out like this even to me Who has a cryptocurrency digital asset channel? It makes total sense. I mean like beyond a reasonable amount of doubt Uh, and I think that a lot of these CEOs CFO CIOs are looking at us going Okay, I get it might take a little bit longer But uh, if they just watch this again make a lot of this it might make a lot of sense And then he says, uh, the most important decision all CEO CEOs will make in the next 10 years Will be if they should move over to bitcoin and make it the standard right now very few will say that It's the most important question they'll face. Uh, but it will be I can see that because You're job to CEO is to make a shareholder's happy And if the dollar amount the purchasing power doesn't go as far as it used to well, it's kind of hard to to buy equipment Uh to buy staff to buy whatever you need when the purchasing power goes down because you're sitting on cash But that's why this guy Ross was even saying bitcoin is not volatile. The dollar is volatile The dollar and fiat is volatile and we need to get out as fast as possible. I'm like, wow, that's it That's it And then he says the same thing. We can't get a fiat assets fast enough And he says we'll be buying more bitcoin. He says this will be buying more bitcoin the next two years than we did in the last eight and Come up to the last two sections. Well, there's there's two two things. I'll say this first first of all Just like bitcoin cryptocurrency assets will Will accelerate very quickly, uh over these These next few months eight months year two years 10 years The same thing is with our channel So we've reached 100k just like a week ago and now we're 120 000 So thanks so much for everybody who has uh subscribed really appreciate it And then he says we use jack mallers. I think it's mallers service strike to move money for free To any in the world anywhere in the world by leveraging the lightning network We can move thousands or millions almost instantly and for free So what is he talking about? This is what he's talking about this was First of all, that's jack mallers. I had heard about this and actually pompe had tweeted it out And it was this video. I want to show you this video and tell me if you're not blown away Let's uh blow this first of all. Let's make this Let's blow this up Let's play the video. This is mr. Felton a strike engineer based in europe Zap and strikes headquarters is here in chicago illinois in the united states Typically we pay mr. Felton once a month with an international wire transfer and get absolutely crushed on fees and it never gets there in time Now that we can stream money We can send money any amount at any time anywhere in the world in less than a second and at no cost Why get paid once a month mr. Felton you want to get paid every five seconds? Yeah, let's do it Boom Every five second payroll deployed what's happening is us dollars is leaving zaps business account from the united states And is flying over the lightning network and converted and received as euros in europe in real time every five seconds We are literally streaming money around the world instantly and at no cost Mike So is that crazy that's crazy. That's Free transactions going to anyone in the world at any time and it can just happen in microseconds What is that going to do to swift? What is that going to the banking service? Let me know what you think in the comment section below And uh, that is one of those things that just blow me away. So that is all for today Also, uh for trade the chain if you're looking for like I said some analysis. There's a link in the description below There's a 14 day money back guarantee and this is what I use not just for that But to just look at you know like just ranges and and what's really going on the market It's kind of interesting and then you can you can arrange just anywhere you want to uh, so that is it for today So first of all, hey, you made all the way in. Thanks. If you liked it hit a thumbs up Also, why don't you consider subscribing a lot of things we talked about are very time sensitive. So, uh, that'd be Help you out help me out and everybody's a winner. So that is it I will give you more videos as things come out let you know what's going on But that's it for today. So if you like those videos, uh, there's going to be two months going to pop up on your left and right I'm not sure let you two do its magic and that is all for today. So thanks so much. Appreciate it And I'll see you on the next one


Thank you Lara. Thanks everybody and good morning. I'm going to speak about stuff which lots of people have talked about in different ways and I'm going to cut the problem probably slightly differently from what has been done to talk about some aspects which are not just common between these two materials which have become fashionable to discuss because there are lots of new experiments but to tell to talk about their connection with some old experiments and in this talk I will also use most of the stuff that I will talk about here in relation to these two materials is unpublished. I don't think it's unpublishable but we'll find out. I'm going to speak about, my talk will include some work done quite a while ago on quantum criticality and I will just barely mention a paper which I've worked very hard with the Hidemabashi in Tokyo which has just appeared on the archives which gives the exact solution of the Kubo equations for transport electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, thermal power using what I believe are the fluctuations of the quantum XY model. My interest in twisted bilayer graphene arose after a meeting in Minneapolis and discussions there and waiting at the airport getting out of Minneapolis with Erisburg and then meeting Mike Zellertal at Berkeley and my interest in Tangsindai Seleneid was aroused by a discussion with Liang Fu. So I have organized my talk around the following question. Why are the quantum critical properties induced these two materials essentially identical to those in the cuprates, the heavy fermions and iron-based antifuror magnets even though the microscopic physics of these materials, each of these materials is quite different. The parameters in them vary by more than two orders of magnitude from one to the other. The order parameters are different but at quantum criticality most famously they have a resistivity which is linear in temperature or in magnetic field for magnetic field much larger than temperature. In the case of the cuprates and the heavy fermions and to some extent iron-based antifuror magnets there are a lot more experiments than in Tangsindai Seleneid and twisted bilayer graphene simply because of availability over the 30-year period of very high-quality crystals and armies of experimentalists and theorists to mislead them. In particular I want to stress that near quantum criticality in the case of the cuprates and the heavy fermions the specific heat is T log T and equivalently where thermal power is measured it is T log T. For example sometimes it's hard to get the specific heat because of superconductivity intervening and not being able to go low enough to the critical point but when measured the thermal power is T log T and I predict that although when thermal power is measured in twisted bilayer graphene and Tangsindai Seleneid in the regime where the resistivity is linear in T the thermal power is T log T. Thermal power unless I'm corrected by the experimentalist here is easier to measure than the specific heat. When known the superconductivity for example in the cuprates and the heavy fermions where it's very well known is definitely T wave superconductivity and trusting my experimental friend Ali Yazani the superconductivity in twisted bilayer graphene appears to be d-wave as well. I think as far as I know Tangsindai Seleneid twisted Tangsindai Seleneid has not yet appeared as a superconductor that's what Abhay Pashupati of Columbia tells me. So just to give you the final answer to this question the answer is that they all have quantum transitions which are described by this statistical mechanical model of quantum x5 model coupled in a particular way to fermions and by particular way I mean that is how the fluctuations of the quantum x5 model are obliged to couple the fermions so the important part is why are these quantum x5 models. So I'm not going to talk about cuprates or heavy fermions or iron compounds I will simply speak about Tangsindai Seleneid and twisted bilayer graphene. Fortunately the kind of order parameter that is proposed by them is not something that I propose the order I'll come to that in a moment but just to show you the quality of the data in the cuprates these are very recent measurements and crystals of lanthanum cuprate and you see this linear in p resistivity and if you reduce the transition temperature from about 40 Kelvin downwards by applying magnetic field you can go down to 2 Kelvin more or less not exactly the same slope but more or less and you see that this is a very high quality compound in the sense that the extrapolated resistivity to zero temperature is essentially zero the same thing when you apply magnetic field where here you have to apply magnetic field on the scale of 40 to 80 Tesla which you can do at the magnet lab and then if your temperature is high enough you find that for example here you're looking at the derivative of the resistivity with the spectrum magnetic field and that again shows you a linear behavior but very interestingly I'll come back to it the derivative of the resistivity with the spectrum magnetic field has a characteristic temperature dependence which I will talk about and contrast this with the experiments by Yao Yi an effort of this group in Barcelona and somewhere else on twisted bilayer graphene this is the phase diagram that they draw and at several specific doping for in particular the new equal to minus 1.1 minus 1.6 minus 2 minus 2.8 and 3.2 you see that the resistivity is from about 50 milli Kelvin to about 10 Kelvin it's linear in temperature I understand that not every group has gotten so many different four different doping at which the resistivity is linear in temperature but when they do get it the slope is similar when they do get it at one or the other so the results are consistent you also see that if you depart from their resistivity approaches t square here is you see this is not too far from from what you measure there it's here is for example this one is new equal to minus 3.7 and then this is 3.2 and you see that the resistivity does change and they have also done experiments in a magnetic field very interestingly the region where you find this resistivity is linear near there is a region in which there is a phase transition to some unknown symmetries and then below this region there is also superconductivity okay and same thing for twisted tungsten disilinear layer these are experiments from Pashupati's group at Columbia and here around some particular doping is the linear anti-resistivity so I'm not going to solve any model there are lots of people who do that sort of thing much better than me I'm just going to tell you why what for example Liangfu told me about tungsten disilinear indicates that it's described by quantum xy model okay and tungsten disilinear is easier to discuss than twisted bilayer graphene which actually will be very similar but even though the order parameter is quite different so this is a triangular lattice and in this triangular lattice there are these points k and k prime on the Brillouin zone and I'm told points k and k prime where there are nodes in the dispersion and I'm told that spin orbit scattering is so high that the k point has let's say spin pointing up and k prime has spin pointing down and spin orbit coupling is so strong that you can regard the z component of spin as a conserved quantity and if z component of spin is a conserved quantity obviously anything that's happening that's interesting fluctuating is in the plane and then I'm told that the most probable expected order is a three sub lattice order of these large semi classical spins lying in the plane and lying the order expected is at 120 degrees to each other okay so here are three semi classical spin vectors lying in the plane each of them associated with a lattice point so I will associate a b c with the three triangles with which this point is associated and similarly everywhere else and then the classical Hamiltonian is simply s i a plus s i b plus s i c squared let's say s is one so take out a number minus three and and the ground state is s i a plus s i b plus s i c equal to zero these three things are lying at 120 degrees to each other full symmetry of the lattice whereas if in the intermediate state you have a cooper fellow then the same word x will give you a dominant d wave attraction and that's very important that that's what hung me up in the case of cuprates because I knew that the self-energy was independent of momentum so I felt it could not be d wave superconductivity till I realized this coupling okay so now we have to talk a bit about the properties of the quantum x y model now after this the the quantum x y model with this particular coupling to fermions is as well solved as the classical uh costly stylist model okay and it's soluble it's it's a big surprise that there's quantum model which without doing any one over an expansion any disorder averaging any Gaussian approximation is exactly soluble and it's actually soluble for a simple and good reason so here is my uh Hamiltonian here are my rotors here are my generator of rotations this this is what I've just described and then I've also described to you this coupling to the fermions okay now it turns out that this model can be exactly transformed into a model of interacting topological defects just as uh costless and hollows did it for the classical model but in this case the uh the topological defects are not just uh topological objects in in space they also topological effects in time and the reason this model becomes soluble is that the topological defects in time and in space are orthogonal variables so you can solve them by uh doing the costless tricks twice okay I'm not going to show you the solution I'm practically going to show you an experiment which is that you can do quantum Monte Carlo on this model and that's just like doing an experiment okay and so this was done again by legion true and what we are going to what I'm going to show you is the correlation function e to the i theta x t x tau e to the i theta zero zero the x is the two-dimensional space variable and tau is the time variable and one of these i should have a plus sign okay uh which should be conjugated with each other and it turns out that this correlation function the fluctuation regime is identical to the and this can be analytically shown to the correlation function of the generator of rotations okay and here I'm going to show you tau times g theta so this is very extensive Monte Carlo the we had access to a computer in Shanghai gigantic computer and this was done on uh 200 by 200 by 300 uh in in and and my young friend legion true was extremely obsessive so we have results for all kinds of things to fourth decimal place okay you see you see this you're varying something here to get to the critical point so tau times g theta plotted as a function of tau to the half not tau as I vary these parameters you see that it is rapidly decaying and then it becomes constant you have arrived at the critical point and then it goes up and and and becomes constant at uh large tau and you can take all these curves and collapse them thereby getting the correlation length as a function of the parameters okay and that's shown here and with that what you discover is that this correlation function close to criticality let's if you just look at it it looks like one over tau times e to the minus tau over c tau to the half e to the minus x over cx now uh when one tries to do it analytically in the leading order rg at the level of uh costlets I I can only get uh an exponent without half but I believe this is a this is the correct result it's also correct result where it's a bit of a pain because you cannot do it's analytic continuation easier to do but at criticality we agree and this is a may I say it's an extraordinary result okay so you are talking about the correlation function which exactly at criticality are going as one over tau times log of space so first thing you observe is that the correlation function is of a product form in time and space okay this is not what happens when you do the hertz moria type models uh because of this everything further is calculable so the three remarkable features separable function of space and time and the other thing you notice is this one over tau hey I can do the analytic continuation of one over tau it is tangent hyperbolic omega over 2t and and uh that is the particular form that my colleagues and I had suggested in 1989 as the phenomenological secret behind the peculiar normal state properties of the cuprate near criticality okay so we finally have succeeded in deriving it okay when we wrote that paper in 1989 I got a quick note from Anderson saying would you make me a co-order okay and I have it in the historical record and I didn't reply to it yeah I suffered a lot for it now the spatial length scale that I've already shown you in the previous few graphs what happened to it this this spatial length scale you can prove is the log of the temporal length scale okay so so essentially the problem is effectively local the dynamical critical exponent is infinity now given that uh you can calculate all kinds of things uh I wasn't smart enough to calculate the conductivity exactly uh this has just been done by uh Hidai Maibashi you could actually this is the first instance where with any fluctuations the Kubo equation has been solved exactly yeah and uh what you discover is that umklab scattering appears as a necessary vertex correction which is not one I used to assume that when the spatial correlation length is essentially local the umklab scattering will give me a factor one so my previous results are modified by a factor which is in between 0.75 and 1 but at least now we have a precise solution of the Kubo equation so that one can have more confidence and what you find is that resistivity at low t over e s is given by appropriate angular average of the single particle scattering rate times the umklab factor the umklab factors between 0.75 and 1 we can put limits on it okay now uh let me quickly speak about the resistivity as a function of magnetic field uh because that will serve as a okay so so let's say that I'm doing the single particle self-energy right the single particle self-energy is now this correlation function which is effectively frequency independent it has some thermal occupation factor and then there's a factor which is the amplitude of the fluctuations okay now I already told you that there is a conjugate object to it and if I have to calculate properties which are related to what magnetic field does I have to find out what is the response now I have a vector field in the problem so immediately the idea arises the conjugate object is really a vortex and those things that I was calling s sub z if they are placed locally they are like vortices because I just can't put them there in the middle of the rest without having charges flow into it and out of it okay the magnetic field is a static object so the objects that I will generate will be proportional to the real part of the susceptibility if the imaginary part is going as hyperbolic tangent omega over t the real part at omega equal to zero goes as log of t log of omega c the cutoff in the problem divided by t and therefore I will get some scattering from these objects which will go as the real part and then just to cut along this question short what one can prove is that the slope as a function of temperature in the magnetic field divided by the slope as a function of temperature will be some factor which depends upon details of the problem times mu bh over kt times log omega c over t and there was some results on a type binding graphene which had already been published by esotov in his paper as a function of magnetic field and when I told them about this log mr yawyi re-plotted the thing as a log and at all those four compositions you see this at these four compositions where there was a linear in t resistivity is a linear in edge and the coefficient of the linear in edge is a log of t they have no point between two kelvin and 40 milli kelvin these are experimental issues you can they they do not have a continuous variation of temperature in a large magnetic field and so this last point is departing and I have various speculations on why that is there are only speculations but over this whole region you see this and then you see that the characteristic upper cutoff that you get is on the scale of 50 to 100 when you do the same thing for the cuprates the character cutoff is about 2500 and again you you fit the log okay so let me just run up and say that when you begin to get an experimentalist producing results like this where you are getting agreement of the logs you have reason to feel a little happy okay so I believe that this problem about quantum critical conductivity is a well solved problem this linear in t and linear in edge and here are my conclusions I have not talked much about I have not talked at all about superconductivity but let me just mention that superconductivity is related inevitably to fluctuations which scatter fermions and I've given you some physical argument of why that particular vertex gives you d-wave superconductivity d-wave in a general sense it will not depend upon how many pockets you have stuff like that and there's this prediction for twisted Braille graphene and for WSC2 that when they measure thermal power it will be t log t thank you okay thank you chandra is questions comment dissipation kernel it goes like theta square shouldn't it be periodic in theta sorry the dissipation kernel you mentioned is alpha omega times theta square why is not periodic in theta and a second question why is alpha at a critical point let me answer the first question because I haven't yet understood the second question so you are you are also allowed a function which is one minus cosine of theta okay which would be if the you you would think that only the vortex like objects are dissipating and not the spin wave part of the problem when and I cannot solve that problem analytically but we can do that with quantum Monte Carlo that was done published result and what to discover I wish I could give you the physical reason for that what you discover is that with the one minus cosine theta the properties remain that of the Galilean invariant 3d x4 of the 2dx quantum x sub model omega continues to go as as k okay so this even though if I put the the coefficient of that 10 times the coefficient of the theta square term the theta square term dominates okay what was your first second question why well there are three parameters in the problem right the the the coupling constant to the sort of like just in term the kinetic energy term and the alpha okay and the critical point is arrived at a particular linear combination of those okay the the actually the phase diagram is more interesting a little more complicated I've told you only of one one object it is the critical alpha that I have emphasized is going like that where this is the so called ordered phase and this is the disordered phase and we are doing criticality going in this direction of this direction so there's a whole line yes there is another question right one quick technical question and one more general question technical question is this you showed up bubble and you correctly said that if you have Keynes the vertices you have extra two powers of momentum uh when you calculated current current bubble but my question is uh internal part normally give you land-out damping which is omega over q why not extra one over q in no no the the the the answer is no no one land-out damping I talked to land-out about it only appears for conserved quantities we are really relaxing the current and and with with currents current is not a conserved quantity at infinitesimal temperature even in the purest system in that case there is no such thing as land-out damping it's a very popular belief that there should be land-out damping always but that's not what land-out said well okay more general question is this uh you said linear and t linear and h uh I'm talking about resist under conditions yeah do you have the full formula for the scaling function of t over h or it's just general statements that in both cases you should get linearity at the moment I have only limits on it okay except that I have I've that the linear and h asymptotically must have this coefficient log t if pressed I can try to calculate calculate the crossover function they are much harder to do and hey I had my 80th birthday in June it's enough it's one of the guys if one of you guys want to do it wonderful okay I know there are more questions from the audience otherwise there are a couple of questions from the chat let me go over there okay so the first question is can you explain the macroscopic origin of the coupling between x y spin fluctuation and the fermion that you propose in the case of twisted balear graphene where does this coupling come from macroscopically and also I wonder if there has been experimental evidence of the loop current flux state you mentioned twisted balear graphene many questions yeah first what is the origin of this macroscopic coupling between x y spin and fermion let me come to the second question but let me clarify is this question in relation to twisted balear graphene yes there is experimentally no evidence at the moment it is just that my very clever friends at Harvard and Berkeley have proposed this order if it is that order it is the quantum x y model if it's a quantum x y model I have the solution for the case of the cuprates it is loop current and we have plenty of experimental evidence for that for the case of heavy fermions it's always the sort of the spin order in the x y plane and for critical fluctuation if I can ignore the fourfold anisotropy and it turns out that for quantum fluctuations I can the fluctuations of the anti ferromagnet and of the ferromagnet are identical even classically if you are if you are an x y model okay the what was the first question was what is the macroscopic origin of the coupling to the x y spin and fermions in this in the case of twisted balear graphene so this comes to can I take a minute on this after minutes okay and as I said somebody fell into the trap and you guys have to pay the price okay so deriving the fermion collective mode coupling okay so so we are we are dealing with problems let's say I have an x y model which whether it's for the spins or for the currents I can represent it as some phase difference which is occurring on links okay and in the case of spin problems it would be a spin dependent phase different then you see my and here here's the important part it's a kind of gaze theory the dispersion of the fermions is in the presence of a static phi x or phi y change this fashion kx plus phi x okay but we are not interested in the static order we interest in the fluctuations so let me imagine that I am slowly varying this object in space delta phi x r delta phi y r let me further imagine that I have x y symmetry although I can do this calculation on the lattice as well what that means is that this object is independent of rotation in the kx ky plane if I if it kx and ky lie on a circle then the change of phase with space delta phi x delta phi y r is one over the model phase and minus phi y phi x times how much I have rotated phase okay you see the rotation is generating it's a it's a it's a generated rotations now my effect in Hamiltonian I can take this by differentiating this dispersion with relation with respect to delta theta so this gamma of k k plus q is the derivative of epsilon with respect to this and you get this and because it's a rotation object even I take the derivative in the k prime direction I have a minus sign with a phi y and a plus sign with a kx what that basically means is that I'm and and because of this property derivative with respect to flux is the same as derivative with respect to momentum which is a velocity which is k and therefore this coupling will immediately give me i k cross k prime okay that's magic this is very simple and I believe it's crucial in the whole physics okay so a second question is from pierce what does your theory predict for the temperature dependence of the whole coefficient at the moment at the moment I've not calculated the the whole coefficient and I plan to do that my young friend our credit sector has just measured the whole coefficient in the cuprates reliably I just learned about this last week at aspirin and I'm planning to to do that what you observe experimentally is that at high temperatures the whole coefficient tends to behave as if it's independent of h I have to see why that's happening I don't know the answer and Marco as a question maybe you can just switch on the marker from the ask it yeah yeah hi chandra nice to see you I have a question concerning the z equal infinity transition you find in some sense your situation is very close to an extreme case in which the psi the spatial part doesn't grow or grows slowly and then at the same time the time correlations are very long range so I was wondering whether this finding could be made even more radical in the presence of disorder in the sense that for instance you could have that psi doesn't grow at all in space and stays fine still you have a transition which is purely driven in the time axis with the psi tau which diverges although psi x still stays finite this could be tested with Monte Carlo did you ever think of this I thought a bit about disorder and being a being a practical guy who doesn't like to work much I look at the experiments first and I find that the slope of the linear anti-resistance in the case of cuprates is invariant when I change the residual resistivity by more than a factor of 10 that discourages me to work hard on disorder let me also say which I didn't point out that you know effort of results looked absolutely beautiful on plotted on a linear scale but he had carefully subtracted out the background resistance okay and in fact the background resistance in twisted bilayer graphene in effort of data which I believe is the best that has been produced on these problems the regime in which you see the linear anti-resistivity the variation is similar to the background resistivity in magnitude whereas the data that I was showing to you in cuprates the background resistivity was effectively zero so I so that's why I'm not worried so much about about disorder okay I think that time is running out so we can thank you again Chandra and the talk and even next talk will be hello


I'm 25. I feel like I'm getting older and that's like what that's the age where you kind of just start developing like my hormones. I'm developing into a real woman like you know and you just got to grow up and part of growing up is every action doesn't need a reaction. You feel me?  You got to be able to like straight up we came in this game and we say if you can't get over it in seven minutes, it's not for you.  You can't get emotional.


Good afternoon everyone. This is Melissa with thestockswish.com and welcome. I thought I would do a market update. This is the QQQs. The market is very bullish. The market is going to run up into the end of the year with a bullish trend and a nice rally into the end of this calendar year 2013. This call that I made back here last week to buy the market over the one minute high was a great call. And I called the market long today. The market ran up over here and could have run up for a couple more days after this breakout. Instead, it had a very nice concentrated pull into support. One, two, three days down and then had the buy set up here right over the number today and went past the target. The first target was $83.50. It actually came up here and closed bullishly at $83.61. Really nice move here for the market. So over this area is $84.10 That is something that we could actually break over tomorrow. I have to see where we gap tomorrow. We either gap up and can just go where we have a neutral open and then we just carry through and rally up nicely. I don't think we gap down at all tomorrow. I believe this is going to hold. We could have even come in here and retested this area here before we held bullishly. But we didn't even do it. This is just strong and it's ready to break out higher. So bullish day in the market tomorrow for sure. Just not sure how we act out of the open until I see it. The trend of the market this year has been bullish all year and guess how it started? It started with a bullish gap on January 2nd. That was the start of the calendar year of the market. It is so important to understand gaps, how to read gaps, how to know which gaps are good gaps, whether they're bullish or bearish, how to know how to take positions in gaps, or how to know just to read the trend in a chart based on the gaps. The one thing that's interesting is a lot of people do not understand gaps. First of all, they don't understand them or have a misconception about reading them, meaning they read them incorrectly, or two, people don't give them enough weight. And actually gaps are very weighty in charts. One of the reasons I am so skilled at reading price is because I know how to read gaps well. That has enabled me to become a very successful trader and to be able to read charts and get good at technical analysis readings and to predict things like way before they happen to see them happen, like to see into the future and see they're going to happen because I know how to read gaps. So looking here at a bigger time frame here in the market, let's pull back here where we're going next. What we did the other day here was I ran up to 8410. All we did was run up to, there's this area back in here of 2000, November 2000, hold on, and up to I found it. This was November of 2000. And in the last week, we ran up to the same number. This is where we ran up to and hit this area if there's resistance. So we're going to break over this. So after this, the next area is actually up here around 88. If we can get over 88, which I mean, that's a $4 move. I don't know if we'll do that in the next four to five weeks or before the end of the year, but we certainly could do it into January. Once we get over 88, the sky is the limit. The market's really going to blow. Now, I think we might have some wiggles and jiggles once we get up to this 88 and retest it and come in and possibly have a pull-in in the market that could be something that looks like a bearish pull-in, but because it could pull in a lot. But then I think it's still going to turn around and rally and get over this area and then it's really going to go unless we just hit over this area like rather quickly. I mean, who knows? Anything's possible. The one thing that's very important to understand about trends is they're going to carry through until they don't. I mean, that's the best way I can explain it. There's really nothing stopping this rally here in the market. The market has shrug off all bad news that it's had and anything that's come upon its way. And it's been bullish all year. And it's so interesting if you look at the bigger picture here of the market, you see that we didn't have some vertical leap. Everyone would say, no, we're too extended. We're too extended. You see here that we're not too extended. In fact, you see this nice bullish gap here with the rally and the bullish gap here that held that even this that appears extended for the short-term timeframe wasn't and has held and is going to hold in his holding. See this one back here holding? Look at this. It's the same kind of look here. This look here and this look here is the exact same kind of look. So you got to know how to read gaps to read that like this bearish gap here wasn't real or going to fall through to read that these bullish gaps are going to hold. I mean, understanding charts is so important whether a day trader a swing trader, core trader, I think anyone that participates in the market should understand gaps if they want to be aware of their own investments or make decisions about their own investments and specifically about their trading. It's just it's very interesting that there's not that much out there about gaps and what is out there that people are teaching about gaps is low quality or just flat out wrong. So I'm really proud of myself for figuring this stuff out on my own here in the market how to read these gaps, right? Because I hands down habit and it's the reason that I'm able to see things happen so far into the future before they do and have gotten so good at reading price. So if you're interested in learning how to trade gaps or read gaps correctly through technical analysis, you can email me at Melissa at the stockswish.com. I'm doing one more Golden Gap class yet this year, the last class of 2013. It's December 14th and 15th. And if you'd like more information, email me at Melissa at the stockswish.com. This is a nice bullish market for the year of 2013. For all foreseeable tense of purposes, the next number is 88 for the QQQs to hit on through. And whether we do that right away or have a steep pulling we'll have to see. The market is showing no signs of bearishness and absolutely no signs of stopping. And if we get over 88 or when we do, if we do it, we'll have to see how we act at that point. There's, the market's going to rally big time. And I don't know if we're going to get over 88. We didn't do it yet. And I think we could have a steep pull in when we hit that number. Where, when that's going to happen, we'll have to wait and see. For now, nice bullish market that she carries through into the end of the year. And since it's a $4 move here, I don't know if the market's going to be able to do it before the end of the year, but it could. It certainly could. It has enough time to do it if the momentum wants to come in. Every time somebody realizes that the market isn't going down, people will then make a decision. Oh, let's buy. Oh, let's buy more or maybe we'll buy here. And this is why then people get in later and later and later and later and later.  I should have gotten there. I should have gotten in here. And then they finally say, forget it. Let's just get in because they don't want to miss any more of the move, but they've already missed half the move anyways. Do you see how this is what makes extended rallies and then things keep going and going and going and going and going? It's the same thing when things are in a downtrend. People think, well, they can't go anymore. Oh really? They can't? Yes, they can. Yes, they can. They absolutely can. They can keep going down. They can go to zero if they want to. Just like things can keep going up and they can be worth as much as they possibly can as much as people are willing to pay for them. And that's the interesting thing about the market and trading. So this is Melissa with the stockswush.com. If you'd like more information about that gap class, the last one of 2013. Email me at Melissa at the stockswush.com. Beautiful trend here in the market. Thanks everyone. Have a great evening.


This piece of furniture was actually made by pulling carbon and oxygen out of air and greenhouse gas and turning it into a piece of plastic. What if greenhouse gas emissions were as valuable as oil? What if the products we made actually improved the environment? On a continuous, large-scale basis, we're converting greenhouse gases such as methane and carbon dioxide into biodegradable plastic, plastic that requires no oil, no food crops, and can be made into products that offer true cradle-to-cradle sustainability, starting and finishing as greenhouse gas. Right now, most plastics are made from oil and other fossil fuels. At the same time, we're emitting billions of pounds of carbon into the air every single day. Those gases can come from a range of sources, including waste rod treatment plants, landfills, and digesters. What happens is we take that gas, put it in the tank, then it becomes a plastic pellet, and then form it into things like film. So we now make this strong film that's used for different applications, including packaging. But what is equally interesting is this. U-Lights plastics can significantly out-compete oil-based commodity plastics on price. This is something that hasn't been done before. Typically, when you have a sustainable resin, you either have to give up on performance or pricing. We're talking about a high-magnitude opportunity in the kinds of resins that we're making and the places that we're looking to go.


Portland is a weird city, and yes, keep Portland weird as a thing. It's a city that, within North America at least, has a reputation for being quite transit-friendly, and just quite a good urbanist city. The city is famous for its countercultures, its transit-oriented development, pretty nice public spaces, being cycling-friendly, and most of all for me, it's interesting and quite extensive forays into higher-order transit. I've actually spent a lot of time in Portland myself, probably actually more than even Seattle. I grew up in Vancouver, hence the UBC sweater. And so I have some thoughts, both on what the city gets right, and also what it gets wrong. And I think some of these things may come as a surprise if you're used to just hearing about Portland being this transit utopia. So let's dive in. If you like my videos, consider supporting via Patreon or YouTube Memberships, and make sure you like and subscribe. Portland has this real reputation as being this hub, or mecca, for urbanism, public transit, and all things cities. And while I will say I don't think Portland is quite as good as people often make it out to be, I will say it's one of the best cities in North America. Not just for its size or whatever. But at the same time, I think the city has a lot of unmet potential, generally, but also, dare I say, for a world-class public transportation system. The system Portland has today is actually really good in a number of ways. For one, I'd argue Portland has a primary strength that goes above all the others. And that's its very extensive light rail system known as Metropolitan Area Express, or usually just Max. The system has around 100 station stops over nearly 100 kilometers of routes, making one of the larger rapid transit systems in North America by pure numbers. But also really quite good on a per capita basis, given Portland is just around a medium-sized city here in North America. Portland has a total of five different light rail lines that interline quite heavily, but that also do have a decent minimum service standard that I would say is quite good in the United States. I must say too that while I can list a lot of interesting things to do in Portland, I probably can't even scratch the surface. And that's just a testament to the fact that Portland is an interesting city. There's lots of cool stuff there. It's something that's definitely helped by the interesting geography and the tiny downtown blocks that make the core of Portland really walkable and just generally super fun and human-scaled. Now if I can give one overwhelming win to Portland on its public transit network, it's the extensive scale of the rail system. If you're going to Portland for a trip, you can probably get around on Max and just by walking and cycling, no problem. From the airport to downtown to Amse to Union Station to Voodoo Donut to Powell's Books to Pioneer Square and Washington Square Park and some of the more interesting suburbs of the city. You can basically go to most places you'd want to, at least on a weekend trip, on the rail system and I think that's actually really impressive. It's something that reminds me of a bigger city like London or New York where you can just kind of go wherever you want on the subway or the tube. It's just a really powerful thing and having such an extensive rail network means that even if your bus service isn't necessarily up to snuff, which in my opinion Portland isn't necessarily, you can do a lot and so kudos to Portland for the big rail network. That's kind of unique in North America. At the same time, Portland has done a surprising amount with other modes. You can get to the Hilltop Oregon Health Sciences University by the Portland Aerial Tram, which is really cool and one of the more prominent examples of cable-based transportation in North America. You can also get to a lot of downtown adjacent areas and just nice neighborhoods on the Portland Streetcar Network, which is a modern streetcar, many of which aren't great, but the Portland one is actually decent. It has a decent service frequency and it's surprisingly extensive.  There's also the Portland bike share service, which at least at one point in the past was called Nike Bike Town, which I found quite hilarious, but which is a cool hybrid system that doesn't necessarily have the kind of fixed docks you see in London or New York or Toronto, but has kind of a simple passive docks that you can connect your bike to if you're at a dock, but that also allow you to just lock up your bike anywhere and have this kind of free-flowing system, which is pretty cool. Now the bike share system is also oddly associated with Lyft somehow, so that's weird. Now, Portland has also actually been one of the better North American cities for transit fares, go figure. Well, the fare system might actually be a bit too simple. I think you could manage to have a little more complexity in there to provide some discounts in some places and maybe some higher fares in other places. The system is affordable. $2.50 gets you two and a half hours riding the system, and after you've ridden just twice in one day, literally just spent $5, you're capped and you can ride as much as you want for the rest of the day, which is really great. There's also a monthly cap, so that's generally really good. And all of that's available with a pretty good smart card service called Hop, which is one of the few systems in North America to actually offer a virtual smart card that you can get on your phone. So yeah, fares in Portland are pretty good. I'd also say there are some underappreciated elements to Portland's transit system. Forgetting about the giant bridges and interchanges of the pretty dense urban highway network that I know isn't necessarily very popular in Portland, the system is really quite cost-effective in its construction and design. Max station stops are not barren, they do have lean bars, seats, and canopies, but they're also not these gigantic monoliths that are bigger than they need to be, and I think that cost-effective design is part of how Portland has managed to get so much track for only being a moderately large city. The system is also proof of payment, so that these stations don't need to have fare gates and they can be relatively simple affairs, which definitely also helps. And that's because I say that they're bland or boring. I think the wayfinding and design of the stops in Portland is actually really quite nice, and it's one of the things I appreciate the most when I visit the city. I'll also say that while the transfer hubs aren't necessarily most visually impressive, they're generally pretty good, and since they're generally surface level and relatively basic affairs, they're also not that expensive to construct. On the whole, I think what makes Portland's transit system good is that it's simple and unobtrusive. You can use it and it all makes sense. The places you'd think you'd be able to get on rail, you can get to. The fares are pretty reasonable and easy to pay, and hey, they even have sedum track. Could work, Portland, but there are pitfalls. While I do think Portland has a really solid transportation network, it does feel a bit like the city has been resting on its laurels since it opened the Orange Line and the quite impressive Tilikum Crossing, which is a pretty impressive transit pedestrian and cycling bridge, which allows the max light rail as well as buses and streetcars to all cross the William at River, which goes through the central areas of Portland. You see, while other Pacific Northwest cities like Vancouver and Seattle are doing pretty major transit expansion programs, Portland isn't doing all that much these days, and that feels like a real missed opportunity, because the city has so much potential to be among the best transit systems not just in North America, but maybe in the world. The issue is that, like many North American cities, Portland hasn't been consistently building new projects lately, and the fact that there isn't a new major streetcar or max project going on right now, there are some improvement projects, but no major expansion is disappointing. There is the new division BRT light type scheme, and I do like that, but there's just not enough happening in Portland. Now, that's not for lack of projects that Portland could be building, or improvement it could be making to its network to make it better. Here are some of the issues I see with Portland's current transit system, and some of the ways these issues could be rectified, while also making the system notably better than some of its peers. I've mentioned it in a lot of videos over the past five years, but the Portland max system just does not move very many people compared to, say, the Vancouver SkyTrain. While SkyTrain in Vancouver moves a little over half a million people every single day, pre-COVID, the max only moved a little over 100,000 people every day pre-COVID, and that means that Vancouver moves four to five times as many people on a daily basis on its rail network, which is even more impressive when you realize that Vancouver only has roughly half as many stops as Portland, meaning that the average station in Vancouver probably gets about eight times as many riders as the average max stop in Portland on a daily basis, which is really something that we don't talk about nearly enough. Now, there are a couple reasons for this, but one of the more obvious ones is that the Portland max system is pretty capacity constrained. The first reason for this is that the network, as I mentioned before, is heavily interlined. There are not that many pieces of track, especially in the core areas of the city, that aren't shared by multiple light rail services. And what this means is that frequencies are limited as you go further out into the network, which limits overall capacity and service. There's also the notable steel bridge, which is a double-decker bridge in the core areas of Portland that has four of the five light rail services running over it. The bridge is at capacity and basically limits the number of trains that can go into downtown Portland from the eastern parts of the city. Now, besides this limiting service frequency, because all of the lines together can only saturate a two-track bridge over the Williamette River, you also have the fact that a lot of the network is at grade and has a lot of intersections, interactions with traffic, and just a lot of general weaving through downtown Portland that limits the frequencies you can operate. Individual services on the Vancouver Skytrain frequently operate every three minutes or so, but that just isn't the case in Portland. And that not only limits capacity, but also makes the service less convenient, which means less riders are attracted to it. The center of Portland's capacity issues, as I've kind of alluded to, is the center of Portland, downtown. In downtown Portland, all of the light rail lines come together and share tracks on two on-street corridors, which are split single directional corridors. Not only do they weave around a lot, but there are tons of intersections, lots of potential conflicts with pedestrians, drivers, and cyclists, but there's just a lot of general chaos in downtown Portland that limits frequency and capacity. As much as I like Max, it is definitely not rapid transit in downtown Portland. The system does not feel much faster than the Toronto streetcars despite making a lot less stops, and that isn't great, especially for longer trips from one side of the suburban network to the other, which have to go through the painfully slow sections that travel through downtown Portland. At the same time, while I mentioned before that Portland has these adorable little downtown blocks, it seems that despite its urbanist credentials, it doesn't seem all that interested in doing super blocks to allow for longer trains, and that means that trains are limited to the size of a single downtown block, which means you just get two LRV trains, which are really short, even by North American standards. This is another one of those situations where when you compare to Vancouver, it's kind of funny. People go on and on about how the Canada line in Vancouver has short trains, but Portland's trains across its entire network are only slightly longer, and that limits capacity. Now Portland being the reasonable place that it is, does have a solution to these problems. A tunnel. Always got to love a transit tunnel, right? And as it turns out, the idea of putting a tunnel under downtown Portland for Max is actually incredibly good and very natural. Now the project has been kicked around for some time now, but it is such a perfect one to approve. It shouldn't be that expensive relative to other transit projects being built in North America, and the benefits of it are astronomical. It helps fix a lot of the problems with the Portland light rail network, all in one big go. For one, since you wouldn't be having to deal with the downtown blocks in Portland, you would be able to lengthen trains. Initial plans seem to be to double the length of trains, but I'd say make the station boxes long enough for five LRVs. That would be lots of capacity for the future, especially since it seems like getting a second downtown tunnel built in Portland is something that might take a long time. It's also kind of just a small incremental cost, so yeah, build it for five LRVs, have the capacity for the future. I don't think it's a bad idea, especially given this line doesn't have that many stations on it. Now there are a few other minor changes I would make to the plans. For one, I would try to make Goose Hollow station, which is kind of on the west end of downtown Portland underground. This would be more expensive, but it would allow you to continue to use the traditional Goose Hollow station for services on the surface, which would allow for better connections to Max on the surface and the new tunnel services, which would probably be the red and blue lines. Now you might be wondering what about the rest of the stations in the network. The fortunate thing is that a lot of Portland stations outside of the downtown core are just in the middle of suburban streets or on rail right of ways, so lengthening them isn't a huge problem. And I should also mention that adding that new downtown tunnel in Portland would save a ton of time. You would be cutting like half of the stops, you wouldn't have intersections, and you could hit higher top speeds since you wouldn't be running right next to car traffic and pedestrians in some cases. So it would really help speed things up, not just for getting around downtown Portland, but for people making region-level trips on the metropolitan area express. A project like this would also help by emphasizing the core transfer points in downtown Portland. Places like Pioneer Courthouse Square and Union Station would be elevated in their importance because you would have a lot more service calling there and a lot more connectivity. Better yet, the surface-level Max infrastructure could still be reused, since as I mentioned four services currently use the Steel Bridge, at least one of those services could be rerouted onto the traditional surface-level red and blue line infrastructure, and you could maybe have some additional surface-level downtown only service. All of this would mean you still get the benefits of that surface local service, but with faster underground service for the region-level lines. Now, all of this would go a long way to improving capacity and speed on the network, but I would argue there are a few other places where some smart infrastructure interventions could really help things. Now I mentioned that region-level trips are impeded by slow speeds through downtown, but another one of the issues is just that the blue line in particular is super super long, and in some places it actually has really wide station spacings, in particular between the Gateway Transit Center and the Lloyd Center and kind of out west of Beaverton. In these places, I think it could make a lot of sense to consider quadtracking the line. In both cases, you could have the red line trains operate as a local service with blue line trains operating express, making only major stops and thus speeding up trips quite a bit. And since trains would be bigger, you wouldn't necessarily need to lose any capacity with this change in operating mode. You don't even need to do this all that expensively. It could start with some overtaking tracks at some key stations, and then it could be expanded to more and more quad track as more funds were made available. At the same time, given the long and relatively straight stretches of track, especially in these areas, you could probably try to pursue higher top speeds. Right now, Portland system maxes out at around 55 miles per hour or 90 kilometers per hour, and if you were to push that up to just about 100 kilometers per hour or 60 miles per hour, you could save a lot of time on longer trips, especially with those express services, which I think would be really useful to making max more useful for suburb to suburb trips, alongside some more circumferential bus services and maybe even some circumferential rail services in the longer term. As I mentioned before as well, there are a lot of quality of life improvements that could be made on Portland's network. It was built affordably, but major transit centers and stops should be upgraded so that they just have some nicer amenities that match their importance to the city's transportation network. A good example of this would be looking at the various transit centers, where you often have several max platforms and a number of bus bays all in one location. Redeveloping these centers with high density transit oriented development, and when I say that I mean proper towers, not just five over ones or whatever, these are major transit hubs. Redeveloping these locations could mean again adding residential and office space in high density development, as well as providing weather protected connections between buses and trains, alongside transit adjacent amenities like bike parquets that we've seen in places like Vancouver, really nice, and things like shops, which you don't really see in Portland's transit network right now because it's mostly just made up of street level stops. I'm not saying that every stop on the Portland max system needs to be turned into a train station, but having some of the more major interchange points have covered platforms and adjacent high density towers could really elevate the experience of using max and just make the city feel more like a big city. At the same time, as speeds and frequencies are increased, which they inevitably should be in the future, I think taking a Melbourne style approach and doing some grade separations, especially where you have those higher speeds and frequencies would make a lot of sense. And Melbourne has really shown the way to do this with nice public spaces and public realm improvements, all while improving the rail infrastructure. Now with improvements to infrastructure and stations, you'd probably also want nicer trains, and I think this is one place where Portland could really level up with its next order of vehicles. Kind of strangely, like Toronto's Line 5, right now Portland has small LRVs that have one cab, meaning they always need to be paired up, and I think it would make a lot of sense for Portland to just start ordering full-length, 50-ish meter light rail vehicles that are the same length as two coupled vehicles today. Trains such as the ones being used in Edmonton are a perfect example of what this could look like, and at the same time, they could have enhanced interiors with better digital wayfinding, again something that Edmonton is actually getting. The other nice thing is that this would add capacity and give Portland fully walk-through trains, a surprising thing that it doesn't have yet. It would also be a natural train standard to move to, since the longer trains operating on the blue and red line could then couple two of these longer trains together to form their new train sets. Now as I mentioned, the Hopcard is a good service, but there are some odd holes in it. For one, you can't use it for the Portland Aerial Tram, which you should be able to, and the system doesn't currently have open payment, which seems like a big oversight that would make it a pretty much perfect fare system if it was implemented. Another issue with Portland's transit network that I personally kind of get hung up with is the lack of good night service. Toronto has a lot of transit problems, but one thing I'm blessed with here, and I wrote an article about it on Substack that you can check out in the description, is really good night service, and I think Portland has a great opportunity to have more of it. One thing Portland could really lead with is trying to operate some rail services overnight. The network is already quite dense and has a lot of high quality infrastructure for redundancy and the like, and so say operating one max train on each line every hour overnight, even if only on weekends, would be a really cool move to see Portland make, and would honestly make it a leader in North America. I just think not having a regular night service, especially on rapid transit corridors, is a big barrier to people going car free for example, and so I don't think there's a good reason for it not to exist. Now I'm going to end the video off with a few reaches. These are things I don't necessarily think are super likely to happen, but that if they did would be really great changes for the city. For one, the west train is not great. The west train right now only carries a couple hundred people per day, and that's probably because it only operates at peak hours and with small trains. If you're going to have a system like that, operate it all day, even if it can only be half hourly or even hourly, just to provide people some options so that if they get off work early, or if they want to work from home for half the day in this new world we're living in, that's actually an option with the west train. I also think just getting some modern nicer trains, maybe buying Toronto's up express trains that we probably won't need for very long, or buying some Stadler flirts that can do what text rail has, would go a long way to making the trains just feel nicer. At the same time talking about modes that aren't max, I think the Williamette River is a really big missed opportunity for some water-based transit. Now I'm not just saying this to fill my quota of mentioning that ferries exist, but having something like the Thames Clipper, a fast ferry service along the river, could actually be super useful, even if it's only say every half an hour or so. You could have boats starting as far south as Milwaukee, serving areas like South Portland, the South Waterfront, Omsie, maybe serving downtown somewhere near the Morrison Bridge, and then going further north to serve places like the Rose Quarter and the University of Portland. The Williamette River is a really good opportunity to have an express, fast north-south service in the city, and looking into it seems like a good idea, especially because it could probably be implemented pretty affordably, since you just need to build some piers and buy some boats. Now speaking of longer distance fast services, the lack of service to Vancouver, Washington is really bad. I know that it isn't Portland's fault and that Vancouver, Washington has been incredibly frustrating in resisting an extension of Portland's light rail system into it, but that issue needs to get solved, because it doesn't just hurt Vancouver, Washington, it also hurts Portland, which is right next to it. One potential solution to this that could be broader than just simply serving Vancouver, Washington, would be implementing a commuter rail system for the greater Portland area. I'm talking about a system that would go to places to the north like Vancouver, but also to places like Salem and Oregon City. You don't have to necessarily start by operating a ton of trains every day. You could do something like go transit or like the Sounder train in Seattle, with a few morning peak trains and a few evening peak trains, and maybe a train or two in the middle of the day to provide some filler service for people working from home or something like that. I think you could spin up a service like that pretty affordably, given that there's a lot of this commuter rail rolling stock bouncing around North America all the time, and you could also just simply reuse a lot of the Amtrak Cascades infrastructure that already exists, but only gets used a couple times a day. Suffice to say, there's a lot for Portland to work on, but it already does have a pretty solid transit network, but it could have one of the best systems in North America if it started replicating some of the bold policies of the past, like establishing max in the modern era. And that could take it from good to excellent. Thanks for watching.