Someday you may find yourself alone, without firearms or equipment, in unfamiliar uninhabited territory, faced with the problem of your own survival. The survival techniques you use depend on what part of the world you are in. In this film we are not concerned with the Arctic or the tropics, but rather with a north temperate region. Roughly that area located between 45 degrees and 70 degrees north latitude. This area includes a wide variety of different survival conditions. But the variations correspond in similar regions around the world. Certain animals and plants are common to corresponding regions. This film will show you how to recognize, procure, and prepare animals and plants for sustenance in the wilderness. First, you must recognize things that are good to eat. Most plant life and vegetation is both edible and nourishing. Wild berries and fruits are easy to recognize as wild relatives of those with which you are familiar. Edible nuts are the most sustaining of all forest foods and are found throughout the world. The inner bark of trees, like poplars, birches, willows, and some species of pine is edible. Don't overlook mosses and lichens, like this, sometimes called Spanish moss. Roots and herbs are one of your most important food sources. Look for young ferns in shady wooded areas. Their tender shoots are good to eat and none is known to be poisonous. If you are near the ocean, seaweed provides a source of food. And further inland, in fresh water lakes and ponds, you will find many edible water plants.  Remember, if you are in doubt about the edibility of vegetation, eat what the birds and small animals select for themselves. Most animals afford edible meat. The most easily recognized are the larger quadrupeds common to the area, such as these deer, elk, or moose. Such animals as mountain sheep are good to eat. Wild rabbits are generally plentiful and you can often find squirrels, opossum, coons, and other small mammals living in hollow trees. Mice, rats, and other rodents may not be appetizing, but they yield nourishing meat and are easy to obtain. Remember that insects like this grasshopper are abundant throughout the world and many are edible. Grubs are plentiful. And so are termites, which surprisingly are very good to eat and are easily found in wooded country. Do not eat caterpillars, however. Many things that creep and crawl make good eating. All snakes are edible and some freshwater snakes are delicious. You can even eat poisonous land snakes with safety. Lizards are found almost everywhere and their flesh is good to eat, tastes like chicken. When you are near water, you can find amphibians like turtles and frogs in abundance. Always try to stay near lakes or streams because you can consider everybody of water a reservoir of food. Fish are more abundant and easily obtained than land animals. Water attracts land animals too.  Ducks and other birds are most plentiful near water because they often make their nests a short distance away with eggs that may be good to eat. Once you have recognized a source of edible food, your next problem is how to procure it. Plant life is most easily obtainable, so it is usually best to satisfy your hunger with vegetation before planning ways to hunt or trap game. Don't hesitate to dig for roots because many plants store starch underground. Always select young tender leaves in preference to old ones. Cut away the outer bark of trees to get at the white inner bark. Be careful of thorns, needles and plants that are poisonous to the touch. Large animals can be speared or shot with an improvised bow and arrow. Your greatest advantage in hunting is to see your quarry before it sees you. Always try to stay downwinds so that the animal doesn't pick up your scent. In the woods, move slowly, stop and remain completely motionless often. Look for tracks and fresh droppings. If they lead you to a watering hole or feeding ground, take cover and wait for game to come to you. Keep the sun behind you, but never silhouette yourself on a skyline. Aim for the head, the neck or just back of the animal's shoulder because these are the most vulnerable spots. Tiny, slow animals like mice or bulls or lemmings are found under logs and in matted or dead grass. You can club these small mammals or step on them. Small, fast animals like rabbits and squirrels are most easily trapped. There is no catch-all trap. What you use will depend on the particular animal you intend to catch. A snare is a noose which will hold or strangle any animal caught in it. It may be hanging or fixed to a stationary object and fastened where the animal will get caught and strangle while struggling. There are many variations of the deadfall and it can be used to trap both birds and animals.  Birds and animals are creatures of regular habits. The fundamental principle of trapping is to determine from past observation what the creature you want to trap is going to do and then catch him doing it. There are many methods of catching fish and you are familiar with most of them. Early morning and late afternoon are generally the best times to fish with bait. Fish in small shallow streams when possible and remember that fish usually congregate in pools and deep calm water. Look for bait in the water and select things like minnows, fish eggs and worms. Hooks can be improvised from any piece of metal, shell or wood. You can make lines by twisting plant fiber or bark. If you have extra hooks and lines you can attach them to low hanging branches and leave them in the water overnight. You can reach under rocks or under cut banks and catch fish with your hands. Or improvise a scoop net from your clothing or any other material where fish are large and numerous. Spearing works well. Use any straight sapling with a hard core and harden the point by lightly charring it in the fire. Once you have obtained your food it is usually necessary to prepare it for eating. Some food such as these nuts can be eaten raw. But most things taste better and are safer when cooked. Remember the best cooking is done over a bed of glowing coals, not a flame. Without utensils your best cooking methods for meat and fish are roasting or broiling. Or baking in a pit. Or wrapping with clay or leaves. Violent fruits, leaves, stems and buds are best boiled if you can make or obtain a container. Frequent changes of water will eliminate undesirable tastes. Roots and tubers are most easily baked or roasted. In preparing large game hang the animal head down and slit the throat in order to drain the blood. Remove the entrails and the glands in the anal and reproductive regions. Animals larger than a domestic cat should be cut into pieces, boiled and then roasted or broiled. All meat should be broiled as quickly as possible. Slow roasting makes tough meat tougher. Always cut meat into small pieces before cooking. Small animals and birds may be cooked whole or in part. If you have fruit, stuff first and then bake or roast. Fish can be roasted on a grill of green sticks or baked in leaves and clay. You can roast frogs, small snakes and salamanders on a stick. Insects can be fried, boiled or roasted but are best disguised by boiling in a stew containing other foods. You can boil eggs with a shell on and carry them for days. Eggs are the safest of foods and you can eat them at any stage of embryo development. Remember this rule, never eat raw, fresh water fish. If you are near the sea and obtain shellfish, clean them by soaking them in water overnight. Save the water you use to boil plants and herbs. It makes good broth. You have seen some methods of recognizing, procuring and preparing food. Keep in mind two basic rules. First, when in doubt, eat what the birds and animals eat. Second, cook all meat and fish to kill flukes and other parasitic worms which can do you much harm. Birds, animals and plants are plentiful in temperate areas around the world. And since no birds or mammals are poisonous to eat, you can live off the land with ease in the north temperate regions.


Returns the expected noise signal property in the response data, question mark, yes the server does return the expected noise signal property in the response data, the analyzed root result, we have this noise signal somewhere, yes, turning it to least, noise signal is undefined, the client's noise could be due to the error, the sales are still testing the stream monitoring stuff, it's a full disclaimer, I do post videos from the stream, and yes, I have this part of code which is in the public domain as well published on github that actually removes all the silent bits from the stream, because there can be quite a few signal is undefined, the client's noise could be, so this code cuts it into bits, so all the previous streams, and this one is removing silent bits using sound file, numpy, moviepy, it's a thing, there's a py everything, librosa, so it's extracting the sound from the long video, and essentially looking at when the sound is below a certain threshold, does it in chunks, pretty straightforward, this code was also written by, and the threshold is pretty low, however, to actually check if the sound is any better, I have this fan running, I have a bunch of things running at the same time, sorry for that, so actually I now have a structure, now the sound's actually okay, so I can turn the band back on, should be fine, to the error in the generate signal, sort of weird problem, let me know if there's any questions and more than happy to go, sort of weird problem, let me know if there's any questions and more than happy to go over the whole project thing, students, software developers, more than well to make comments, I do recommend going over to pyonicgeos.com, sorry for the ads, it does have ads, close it for now, this will be one of the earlier tools that actually were working already, it kind of went down the priority list, but now we bring it back, this tool doesn't currently work, only have the general structure of the application and we do have some older videos of how it used to work, so essentially turn all this into GPT prompts and turning it into a Python application, yeah, that video should work pretty well at the explanation of what we are trying to do, so let's note that the quality is low, definitely don't need the 4K, I used to do videos in 4K, not realizing that they are good, so that's what that tool meant with doing, meant to be able to select your input waveform which we already have, so that's what that tool meant with doing, meant to be able to select your input waveform which we already have, add noise on top of the signal, add noise on top of the signal and there is a fuzzy logic algorithm behind this that will do detection based on couple of points in the signal, now it's changing, making a few changes, a weather fuzzy logic algorithm actually looking at two features, we might add more features later, one is the symmetry of the signal and the other one is sharpness, how spiky or not spiky it is, so we are looking at those two, this is what this prototype does if we manage to get it working again, which we should, which we should be, which we should be able to, oops, complaining about that noisy signal, thought that should be a sentence of 2021 or something, but I forgot my microphone on mute, it's complaining about the noisy signal not being passed to the front end from the server, a key co-pilot says that the data is being returned from the server, noisy signal is undefined in the client side, JavaScript could be due to an error in the generate signal or add noise functions, don't think there is an error in the add noise functions, so just, yeah, on the, okay, let's do some, hello, hello, hello, music, we like, roughly like the music, can try this tool on biochaos.com already, it's haven't been published properly yet, so we'll publish it soon, it's already there, sorry, this stream gonna be another all over the shop, that's just how we go, that's why it's called chaos, let's quickly mute, yeah, this is another thing we're working on, generating music, generating music, so you have, yeah, those are nice notes, so you have low, higher notes, volume up and down, this will play longer notes, shorter notes depending on the distance between the thumb and the index finger, so that seem to work, and you have another range of, another range of notes for the second hand, should they, should save this quickly, this editing a previous stream, remember to edit this stuff out when I edit this stream, it's like a stream within a stream, within a stream, how far can you go down the rabbit hole, just save this quickly and we'll start developing, we actually do have a structure for this stream, I'll go over it in a sec, so if we felt chaos, meant to be no structure at all, actually chaos has a lot of structure in it, it's actually the structure of, no, no, no structure, of a mess, save that quickly, close development, feels like it's spelled incorrectly, but no, it's actually correct, let's put it as a text, all that's tracked, as in, let's put this in to fit anywhere, would it fit there? No, make the font smaller, it'll be messing, messing the font a lot, wouldn't it? It doesn't work, get rid of it. Two quick intro, so as you know, what do we need to show when we're doing the intro tools? So as you know, we are working on bodykills.com, we are working on bodykills.com, there's a bunch of tools on the website that you can go and explore, it's free of charge, we spent the last year or so developing those, some of them are more advanced than others, originally this was all LabView and some Matlab, now it's all Python, so we're converting, still converting some of it into Python, the tools at the bottom there do not still work and we're looking at the fuzzy logic, one, two, turn it into Python code, let's unmute, meant to be muting this one, mute site, still here it should not, here it is again, let's jump into the development, this flask application that currently looks like, oops, looks like this, it's scrolling through this synthetic EEG that has a synthetic EMG artifacts in it, I don't know if it looks realistic to you or not, we can actually improve on it quite a bit, but the EMG should look fairly good, and start a new co-pilot session, and a new GPT-4 index, HTML is more code in the next prompt, your HTML structure for the fuzzy logic waveform detector page looks comprehensive and well organized, it includes essential sections like metadata, header, main content with explanations and features of the tool and necessary scripts, a few points to consider, meta tags, good job on the open graph meta tags for social sharing, ensure the image path in AUG, image is correct and accessible, star sheets and script, okay, should stop playing, canvas summons, content and accessibility, no, yeah, advertisement, yeah, we haven't released it yet, so obviously it will not have ads, probably should not have ads to begin with at all, but we leave it as is for now, document flippie, why there's so many carriage returns in the JavaScript, we need a comment that the Python code is coming next, it's coming next, pop this in, your JavaScript code demonstrates a thorough approach to fetching, displaying and analyzing EEG data in a web application, here's a quick review, data fetching and error handling, the fetch EEG data function is well structured for asynchronous data fetching with proper error handling, it's good to see checks for response validity and array content, data visualization, the display EEG data function creates a chart, JS line chart for EEG data visualization, your approach to dynamically create and destroy charts based on new data is efficient, artifact risk display, the display artifact risk function is a simple yet effective way to update the UI with calculated risks, the use of the fixed to provides a clean output, EEG data analysis, the analyze and display EEG function handles both EEG analysis and the subsequent display of results including artifact risk, this modular approach is good for maintenance and readability, membership functions visualization, the plot membership functions function is a sophisticated implementation to visualize fuzzy logic membership functions and activation levels, it's a great educational tool, scroll event for data segmentation, the scroll event this now on the EEG data container for loading and analyzing data segments is an interactive feature enhancing user engagement, global variables using global variables like EEG data and window, EEG chart is practical in this context, but be cautious of potential conflicts in a larger application, responsive design, your attention to responsiveness in a chart options is commendable, this ensures a better user experience across different devices, overall your code is logically structured, handles real-time data effectively and integrates advanced visualization techniques this aligns well with the educational and interactive goals of your project remember to thoroughly test these features, particularly the dynamic aspects and error handling, to ensure smooth user interactions surprise it's not telling me considering that last command your Flask app integrates fuzzy logic for EEG data analysis, showcasing a sophisticated approach, here's a breakdown of key components fuzzy variables and sets, you've defined fuzzy variables, amplitude, frequency, artifact underscore risk, with membership functions the use of trapezoidal membership functions, Fuzz, TrapMF, is appropriate for this application, fuzzy rules, the defined rules, Rule 1, Rule 2, Rule 3 are logical and cover different scenarios of amplitude and frequency interaction affecting artifact risk, control system, the creation of a control system artifact underscore detection underscore control and its simulation artifact underscore detection are well implemented for the fuzzy logic application EEG analysis function, the analyze underscore EEG function effectively uses the fuzzy control system to compute artifact risks this approach seems robust for real-time data analysis EEG data processing, functions like butter underscore bandpass underscore filter generate underscore synthetic underscore EEG and preprocess underscore EEG underscore data provide a comprehensive approach to signal processing the inclusion of EMG artifact simulation in EEG data is a nice touch for realism membership function extraction, extract underscore membership underscore functions is a thoughtful addition for dynamically retrieving membership function data useful for visualization on the front end data validation, the validate underscore and underscore log underscore data function enhances data integrity by checking the format and type of input data this is crucial for debugging and ensuring reliable operation flask roots, the flask roots for generating EEG data analyzing EEG data and getting membership functions are clearly defined and handle errors appropriately the use of JSON for data interchange is standard and efficient error handling, exception handling in your roots is good practice it ensures the server responds gracefully to errors logging, the print statements for logging are helpful during development consider using a logging framework for production for better control over log levels and destinations overall, your code demonstrates a deep understanding of both web development and signal processing principles the combination of flask with scientific computing libraries like NumPy, PsyPy and PsychedFuzzy is powerful for this kind of application just ensure thorough testing, especially with real EEG data to validate the performance and accuracy of your analysis algorithms there are a couple of things to improve first of all, we would like all the charts and outputs to fit a single window the membership functions, frequency and artifact risk the membership functions charts are not displaying anything current amplitude, current frequency and current artifact risk are said to be not available if you recommend not generating the code yourself please provide prompts to be used with github co-pilot to address your concerns about fitting all charts and outputs into a single window and ensuring the membership function charts display correctly with current values for amplitude, frequency and artifact risk here are some prompts you could use with github co-pilot to generate code or improve your existing code fit charts and outputs in a single window, hoe how to create a responsive layout in html, css to display multiple chart, js charts in a single view without scrolling best practices for organizing multiple interactive charts in a single window using javascript and css grid or flexbox ensure membership function charts display correctly troubleshooting chart, js not displaying data for dynamically updated charts code example to refresh chart, js canvas with new data in realtime javascript function to update html elements with current values of amplitude, frequency and artifact risk from json response hoe to dynamically update text content in a web page based on ajax request response in flask in javascript best practices for binding realtime data to chart, js line charts in a flask web application okay okay I want the more specific stuff to my code, can you have the code above, can you double check the code and I will provide instructions as to how to update it or prompts for github co-pilot yep let's address the specific issues you're facing with your existing code and provide targeted advice or prompts for github co-pilot fit charts and outputs in a single window you'll need to adjust your css to ensure all charts and outputs are visible in a single window without scrolling for this, you might need to use a responsive layout with css grid or flexbox here's a specific prompt for co-pilot display membership function charts correctly the issue could be related to how you're plotting data in these charts for how the data is being passed to them ensure that the membership function data is correctly retrieved and formatted use this prompt debug and fix chart js not displaying data in a flask application when dynamically updating charts with fetch json data update current values for amplitude, frequency and artifact risk this could be an issue with how you're setting these values in your javascript you need a function that takes the values from your analysis and updates the corresponding html elements here's a suitable prompt javascript function to update html content with current values of amplitude, frequency and artifact risk from json response in a flask web application general chart visualization and data binding since you're working with real-time data, you need efficient and effective chart updates this might involve optimizing the way you're handling data updates in chart, js try this prompt optimize chart, js performance in a flask application when updating charts with new data sets in real-time remember to provide github co-pilot with as much context as possible from your existing code to get the most relevant solutions it's also important to test any generated code thoroughly to ensure it integrates well with your application and meets your specific requirements here we're getting some code fetch json data what changes were made I do not know so it's an async function const respawn generate the g respawns okay otherwise throw an error const elevate respawns json fetched g that's okay okay there's no changes analyze and display fetch request in oswim is sure the server is running and endpoints correct correctly processed do I have no I have them separate at the moment and display egdata I do have it kitchenegdata respawns okay const result plotting result throw new error membership data display those okay and then in egscrollcontainer event listener those at the same just printing some stuff that won't do it that won't do it it's clear this quickly something isn't right oh sorry we're logging and to be logging that's in javascript we have a response object yeah there's too many nested arrays and stuff okay that's not cool so this arrays do they even make sense so we have amplitude, artifact risk and frequency and for each we have this arrays for low a medium high then we have the artifact risk nested again I don't know why so we have eg respawns and membership data okay we have and we need to fix the code so it actually takes it actually plots it correctly so this will be so the backend is sending data okay the javascript javascript what did it say the data structure of the membership doesn't look different from the plot membership function function expects an array where each subarray contains two members two numbers yeah that's not the case however the actual data is an array of objects yes that's correct so in analyzing display analyzing display async function yeah we have membership data amplitude, frequency, artifact risk it looks legit replacing all that we have something displayed it's weird just get one line what expected just one line no there should be more to it membership functions I think they trapezoid at the moment so they should look like trapezoid stuff can any errors, no errors it charts now displaying 2.0 and 1 however I expect the whole function to be displayed can you yeah I'm used to saying yep when finishing before standing yeah that didn't get it now how do I work I still want the GPT4 on the website to be involved do I just don't remember what was changed do I just send a whole code working mainly on the GPT updated the code the charts are displaying something but it's not correct it's just displaying 0 and 1 how to correct yep it seems like the speech to text in it seems like your issue might be with how the data is being processed and displayed in the membership function charts the charts showing only 0 and 1 could indicate that the mapping of current values to the activation levels is not working as expected let's address this check data format and values ensue ensure the data format returned from get underscore membership underscore functions is correctly structured and matches what your plot membership functions function expects okay can we do those use those as prompts for github this is for JavaScript I would imagine this structure matches what your plot membership function how you can modify the analyzing display g the const membership data validating the structure we'll just follow that catch in the error yeah just check if there are arrays there should be arrays this is the same JavaScript control f5 yeah they are arrays it's weird should have data format verify the current values object in plot membership functions is being populated with the correct data it seems these values should represent the current state of your EEG analysis but they might be incorrectly calculated or passed try this in log membership function verify the current values modify the function to include this login just logging more stuff already have quite a bit of logging don't we login quite a bit values current values someone is banging outside it's super distracting analyzing display g const membership data we are logging membership data okay it's these two lines I don't understand why just don't give me the two lines current values current values values that some of them are undefined that must be the problem such as the result on return does not have amplitude and frequency properties let's chase okay that just give me an error obvious arrays okay I get the error now what do I want to do that you can learn the format of the data center and analyze the flask location, flask root do we need to do that we already have flask chase and file they analyze EEG down the bottom yeah it haven't give me as fast as if it's haven't seen the python code it's a bit odd but you know the back end is working okay I don't know it's also co-pilot seem to showing that Flask share and point of the art yeah it's like it's as if the responses are not related to the previous prompt look in the previous prompts for the context still taking the current data it's doing rubbish it's doing rubbish back to chpd on the website we have the a response how to fix this error also please consider the python code provided earlier this one is talking as well the error message, amplitude or frequency data is missing in the response in your javascript function analyze and display EEG suggests a mismatch between the expected data format from the flask server and what is actually being received in the response to resolve this issue let's consider both the javascript and python, flask, sides of your application javascript side check if result, amplitude and result frequency are correctly structured in the response from your flask server you may need to adjust the structuring or access method depending on the response structure ensure that the server is indeed sending these data points the error might be due to the absence of these fields in the json response python, flask, side revisit the flask root handling the analyze underscore EEG request ensure that the response includes the amplitude and frequency fields if these fields are being calculated or derived within the flask root confirm that the calculation is happening correctly and that these fields are not emitted from the final json response given your earlier python code, the relevant section is likely within the analyze underscore EEG underscore root function here's what you need to check ensure the preprocess underscore EEG underscore data is returning amplitude and average underscore frequency correctly make sure that these values are included in the json response of the analyze underscore EEG root here's a prompt for github copilot to address this issue in your python flask application modify flask root, analyze underscore EEG to ensure it includes amplitude and frequency in the json response after analyzing EEG data ensure the response structure matches the expected format in the corresponding javascript fetch function by aligning the data format and ensuring the completeness of the response from your flask server you should be able to resolve the error and have your javascript function process the data correctly that does make sense I'm not just saying it because jgbt said so my level of trust is like gbt 3.5 then github copilot and then gbt4 is up there so the prompt was for the flask root yes, that's for python code yeah, we haven't modified that so we're giving it the whole 200 lines of code it's modifying can update our function to include this value so they're not included in the mod, are they? that's why we were not getting much on the html page so we have analyze EEG still printing a lot right, so we can replace that we're getting the amplitude there all the data is there all the data seems to be there but we are getting anywhere the question is do we need to modify javascript based on the previous modifications the latest adjustments yep, yep don't need to say yep, that's for jgbt websites based on the error you're experiencing amplitude or frequency data is missing in the response and the latest adjustments to your javascript and python code it seems the modifications are needed primarily on the python, flask, site specifically in the analyze underscore EEG root here's what you should consider python, flask, site, check check the analyze underscore EEG root function in your flask app this function should process the EEG data and return adjacent response that includes both amplitude and frequency values it's possible these values are either not being calculated correctly or not being included in the response confirm that the preprocess underscore EEG underscore data function is returning the amplitude and frequency correctly and these are being passed in the response javascript site once you ensure the python site is sending the correct data verify that your javascript function analyze and display EEG correctly receives and processes these values this function should align with the data structure of the jason response from the server given these points, it's likely that you need to modify the flask root to correctly include the amplitude and frequency in the jason response here's a specific task to focus on in your python code ensure jason response completeness, modify the analyze underscore EEG root in your flask application to ensure that the jason response includes amplitude and frequency data this might involve checking the output of preprocess underscore EEG underscore data and adjusting how the response is constructed by making these adjustments, you should be able to align the data sent from the server with the expectations of your javascript code, resolving the error is that the current values or no, that's the same then I haven't changed it is this the whole function yes same error sure javascript data come on it's always this little process that's preventing us from progressing display artifact risk just making sure it's a number before calling to fixed this modification will prevent the type error from occurring okay that sounds promising to get the current values frequency amplitude the thing is just showing me 0 to 1 all the same yeah this for the sake yeah membership data it's not showing correctly it used to be a time where chgpt would just find the problems and fix the code const result if result amplitude i'm defined, average i'm defined why? why is that? what? why? okay now I'm not getting the error anymore I'm getting the 0.85 the membership functions are just 0 the membership functions are still not displaying anything useful yeah the plot data plot data countless data current value data map membership well how about the activation level which might be related to how the membership function will be imploded well then the function should create a chart for each membership function 2 does a membership value and activation level is calculated as the membership value it's greater than or equal to the current value and 0 otherwise the new version plots value as line at y matches the current value pretty sure that's not what the problem is quick go now why does this yeah this weird thing what's that all about didn't work yes this code based on the javascript code you've provided and the identified issue let's focus on a couple of key points verify a response structure from flask ensure that the flask root analyze underscore e is indeed returning a response that includes amplitude average underscore frequency and artifact underscore risk the problem seems to lie in the fact that your javascript code expects amplitude and average underscore frequency fields in response but they might not be present or are named differently update python flask code in your python flask root analyze underscore e make sure to include the amplitude and average underscore frequency in the jason response the response should match the structure your javascript code expects correct javascript data access in the javascript function analyze and display e e g the lines where you access result amplitude and result average underscore frequency should match the jason structure sent by the flask server if the flask server sends these values nested within another object or on the different names you need to update the javascript code to access them correctly debugging consider adding more detailed logging in both your flask root and javascript function to debug the exact structure of the data being sent and received this can help identify where the mismatch is occurring check for naming consistency ensure that the names of the fields, amplitude, average underscore frequency, etc. are consistent across both your flask server and javascript code any mismatch in naming could cause the issue you're experiencing for the python flask part, you might need to adjust your analyze underscore e root to ensure the correct data is being sent here's a potential prompt for github co-pilot tailored to your flask application adjust flask root, analyze underscore e to include amplitude and average underscore frequency in the jason response ensuring compatibility with the existing javascript fetch and processing function by aligning the data structure between your flask back end and javascript front end you should resolve the issue of missing amplitude or frequency data in the response why GPT cannot just keep developing developing by itself can it just keep developing the app by yourself? certainly I can guide you through the development process providing advice, suggestions, and solutions to issues you encounter along the way however, please note that I can't write the entire application for you but I'm here to assist with specific questions, troubleshoot problems and offer insights and best practices feel free to share any specific challenges you're facing or aspects of the app you'd like guidance on and I'll do my best to assist you whether it's about refining your existing code implementing new features, optimizing performance or anything else related to your project just let me know how I can help will really give me a time out will you give me a time when? will my tokens time out? your tokens, assuming you're referring to the session tokens used for API calls or server-side authentication typically have an expiration time defined by the server or the API provider this time-out can vary no, I meant for this chat GPT session in a chat GPT session like this one there isn't a fixed time-out for the conversation in the traditional sense the session remains active as long as you're engaging with it however, if there's a prolonged period of inactivity the session may end, requiring you to start a new session if you return later if you need to leave and come back you may find that the conversation has reset especially if there's been a significant gap in time however, for short breaks or brief periods of inactivity the session should remain active and you can continue where you left off it's always a good idea to bookmark or note down any important information from the session just in case you need to refer back to it after a break I meant the limit of 40 messages per 3 hours ah, I see what you're referring to now yes, there is a limit of 40 messages per user for every 3 hour period this limit is in place to ensure fair usage and accessibility for all users here's what this means for your current session once you reach 40 messages, you won't be able to send more messages until 3 hours have passed since your first message in this window this limit includes both your messages and my responses each exchange, your message and the corresponding response from me counts as one message towards this limit if you're planning to work on a project or have a lengthy discussion it might be helpful to structure your questions or topics to make the most out of each message remember, detailed and specific questions often lead to more comprehensive and useful responses if you reach the limit and still have more to discuss you can return after the 3 hour window to continue the conversation so when will the current conversation time out what's my current quota is there some sort of power chat which I can see that tells me how many messages I'm going for now what's my current message rate yep as of now, there isn't a feature within this chat GPT interface that displays a bar chart or a visual indicator of your current message quota or how many messages you have left in your 3 hour window the system is designed to notify you when you're close to reaching the message limit to manage your quota effectively, consider the following plan your questions or prompts to be as detailed and comprehensive as possible reducing the need for follow up clarifications consolidate multiple questions into a single message when feasible keep track of your message count if you're working on a project that requires extensive interaction unfortunately, I don't have access to the current count of messages you've used in this session you'll receive a notification when you're approaching the limit for now, the best approach is to continue with your queries and discussions and the system will alert you as you near the quota you might have to finish this next time I'll see you later bye


Since I'm talking to so most people here don't I'm not very familiar with my subject meta Perhaps it's up directly with a problem at hand and then backtrack to tell you where it came from All right, so the start with the objects which I'm play so the number fields then global function fields and more generally function fields Of transcendence degree one of our arbitrary constant fields Of course, this is a bit misleading because the constant fields are arbitrary So the total transcendence degree could be arbitrary And I will be Discussing our immediate discreet variations. So for our purposes is just a map from a product for the field into Z plus infinity satisfying the usual conditions and If K happens to be a function field Then we will assume that the variation is trivial on the constant field So the values of the validation is zero Okay, so then Devaluation rings, that's just the rates of elements of the field where the value of the valuation is positive That ring has a unique maximal ideal Sorry, so the ring is the set of all elements where the variation is non-negative and the ideal is that will consist of all the elements of the ring which where variation has a positive value and We will often identify the variation with the ideal So if we want out by the ideal we get the residue fields in the case of a function field It's always a finite extension of the field of constants And if this extension is actually degree one, we say that the variation is of degree one We will also look at integral closures of variation rings in the infinite algebraic extensions of our product formula fields some Okay, so what's the problem? Let K be product formula field though. It's infinite algebraic extension infinity So first for the product formula field itself, we would be looking for a polynomial Fv which has M variables and a parameter T such that The sentence where EI is Some quantifies either for every or there exists So that's the sentence is true if and only if T belongs to some intersection of valuation rings for some set of variations of the field Obviously often we will just look at one variation ring but in principle we can look at arbitrary number and and We will look also into defining the integral closure of our valuation Rates in an infinite algebraic extension So these are the two problems which will come up Often in our talk So This question is a part of a more general series of questions Which has to do with Language of race So that's the language we all use and basically It's the language which underlies Statements which are essentially polynomial equation. So you start from zero and one of course you can get all the integers by iterating addition And you also have multiplication You have logical connectives But in general you can rewrite any sentence a formula of the story pulling on quantifies in front So I will only be concerned about sentences or formulas where All the quantifiers are pulled out just to simplify life so so this is a Typical formula of the language so some variables about my quantifiers someone out And of course if every oops And of course if all the variables are within the range of some quantifier you get a sentence. So just as a true or false So the general problem Define ability problem for countable rain just you can also consider uncountable ranks. You just have to be more careful Is To see if there is an algorithm to determine what a sentence of this ring language is true or false Of course, it's all going to depend on the ring and also what is the power of the language in other words What can one define? using this language so Quantifiers may range of the whole ring or a subset of the ring sometimes You want just existential quantifies with just universal quantifies or the women the number of certain quantifies So there's an infinite variety of questions there Okay all right, so Where does it all come from? I mean why do? People study these things. Well, there are some yes ethical reasons obviously and also historical ones So one point of departure was the Hilbert's test problem Which was a question about algorithmic solvability polynomial equation equations. So that was posed circa 1900 and Of course at the time there was no Motion of the algorithm. So this is a modern restatement of the problem And then there was another result Which is somewhere between the listed references? I was never able to pin down exactly which one contains what but it's somewhere in there. So Which showed so that result showed that the first quarter theory of Integers is undecidable in other words even so there is no algorithm to determine Where there is sentence of the sort where again you survive at just universal or existential quantifiers is True when variables are ranging over Z. So that was the first kind of definability type result Talking about earlier Then I guess preceding chronologically Julia Robinson Shared that Z is definable by first-order formula over Q So that's using universal and existential quantifiers And so the first-order theory of Q in the language of rings is also undecidable and Later on she extended her results to all number those Now finally the question of Hilbert was answered in 1970 the last piece was put in by Yuri Monticevich Building on work of one day, so repart now and Julia Robinson, but they actually proved a much stronger to find ability results They showed that all recursively innumerable subsets of Z and the same as the Daphontan sets so recursive sets or For our purposes will be subsets of I didn't say subsets of integers Where we have an algorithm to determine membership of the set or a program if you wish to Determine membership in the set Then there's another class of sets which are recursively innumerable So a subset is called recursively innumerable if there is an algorithm to list the elements of the set now the listing can go on forever The set is infinite and it's a classical theorem of recursion theory that there are recursively innumerable sets that are not recursive So Daphontan sets Which one can define using polynomial equations So this is sort of for more traditional number theoretic versions. So or as I think You can also see that Those steps as projections of algebraic steps or as I said as existentially definable in language of brains So what followed from Marti Savage, Dennis Robinson, and partner result is that there are undecidable Daphontan subsets of Z That immediately implied that Hilbert's steps problem was undecidable So or positive existential theory of these undecidable positive theory first of the fact that some may consider equalities We're not looking at Statements which say that something is not equal to something else We will deal with that shortly It's easy to see how this corollary will arise so Consider Daphontan definition of undecidable Set if Hilbert's test problem is decidable that for each T We can determine if the polynomial of Tx bar equals 0 has solutions of Z. However, this process will also determine whether T is an element of our Undecidable set which of course produces a contradiction not Before proceeding further some brief notes of some elementary properties of Daphontan sets So intersections and unions of Daphontan sets and Daphontan unions always you can just multiply out Daphontan definitions Intersections are Daphontan over not algebraically closed fields because In order to write Daphontan definitions and intersections we need to combine polynomials and that requires The field not to be able to break the closed I mean if we wanted to I need that condition would have to allow finite systems of equations instead of one polynomial equation and So as long the field is not algebraic with closed having one equation to find out the many is the same thing and Here's an important property of Daphontan definition in particular with Z and in general overall into really close submarines of number fields well global fields and Their algebraic extension is that the sets of not zero elements of Daphontan so that property allows us to Actually write down that something is not equal to something else Okay, so you can ask an arbitrary so you can take an arbitrary recursive ring R and buy recursive ring here Just me in the ring where you can tell the element sign how to do multiplication and addition and Then you can ask well, is there a polynomial to determine whether this equation has solutions in R? and as it stands now the two most prominent questions are probably the issue of decidability of this version of Hilbert's test problem over Q and the ranks of Integers of an arbitrary number field Okay, this is light is to eliminate Confusion which often arises when people think about Q versus Z for a long time so It goes easily one way, but not the other so if In other words if we have and now if we had an algorithm over Z We would have an algorithm over Q by just rewriting all of rational numbers as ratios of integers and Requiring that denominators are not zero. This is where we would use the fact that This element zero elements is that Fanta. So perhaps Hilbert thought that that algorithm existed and He stated quote unquote the harder problem But it doesn't go the other way the fact that there is no algorithm over Z at least not does not at least directly say anything about Q right, so one old method of showing that Hilbert's test problem is undecidable of our Some range of characteristic zero is Constructing a Davonta and definition of Z over the ring So this is a quick proof that that will do the job So suppose you had such a Davonta and definition of the some ring are So and you wanted to know whether your polynomial H Have Solutions in Z So you would set up a system Over your ring are and observe that the system has solutions in your ring even on the of the original equation solutions in Z so Since we don't have an algorithm to determine whether polynomial H has solutions in Z follows that We don't have an algorithm to solve our system in R. So in general, we don't have an algorithm polynomial equations in R So before proceeding further, I'll let me just quickly say what variations we have over Q so we identify them generally with prime numbers and Define the valuation via the order function in an obvious fashion And then the valuation ring R sub P corresponds To the set of all elements of Q whose reduced denominator is not divisible by P Now we can rephrase the problem of defining defining Z inside Q Via Davonta and definition as a problem of defining as extensually intersection of all valuation rings All right, so unfortunately This is probably not going to work and that's a conjecture of Boris which has an unfortunate consequence and Just rephrasing our problem in terms of Intersection of valuation ring doesn't add much to our knowledge about the matter Now We can also look at so partial intersection of valuation rings. So just like a subset of prime numbers and look at intersection of Primes in that set So for those rings you also have a problem of whether Z is definable of this ring and whether the rings themselves are definable of a Q and As it stands now we can define Z only if we were to find out with many primes and we Can't define the ring from Q only if we weren't all but finally many primes So these results are actually were actually contained in the original work of Julia Robinson though She was not at the time interested in existential definability. She was looking at first order definition but in the process of doing that she did Produce these two results and it took us actually some time to realize that these results were there So another way to show our decidability First order existential theory is to construct a model of the theory of a very good question So you can map An integer into some subset of the ring. So the Union of all such set has to be definable and so should be the Graphs of addition and multiplication. All right. So what else can one do if you have a Definition of a valuation ring Okay, so if we're looking at number fields, then we can also identify valuations of a number field with prime ideals. So just Look at the ring of integers of the field and use order again to define the valuation So here's a result of More or less result of Pune I mean I say more or less because it's kind of a restatement of what he did. So the difference being that Put the neutral element of an electric curve at infinity personally, I prefer to put it at zero Makes at least for me easier to understand what's going on so The electric curves were one of the devices used to generate Sets of integers for the purposes of constructing and I find a definition of Z of a ring in question I mean in general you look at any kind of Group you can define but elliptic or perhaps one of the first Objects that come to mind this connection and So the Trick is to make the coordinates be divisible by sufficiently high order of Power of the prime in question and then the last Yes, so the this lost and equality provides a way to generate integers so so So the sort of an example of an application of this guy consider an infinite algebraic extension of a number field And assume you happen to have an elliptic curve Which is the fountain stable and of positive rank? In other words this out of points over the infinite extension is the same as over a number field Just for convenience sake unless you know it's normal them on you know, I generally don't need this requirement But just makes explanation simpler so the client would be that if you have a sentence And for every Y and K infinity, so there are points being you on the elliptic curve such that that ratio belongs to the integral closure Of some Brian from the from belongs to me to closure of some variation ring from K, then X would have to be in K and the second claim is that If X happens to be a positive integer then the sentence will be true for X So there are only as you see Well, there are two variables, and they're also quantifier touch to P and Q So strictly speaking, of course, you would rewrite it in terms of other variables, but it's easier to think about it this way so I said um ultimate reason is that given an element of Well, any element of outbreak closure of Q it will live in some number field and it will be You know in its order any Brian is going to be fine So that's the underlying reason for Why this works on a more sort of specific basis? Are you just a look okay, so take an element X from your infinite extension and look at some number field containing a regional field and that element X and Take its Gala closure inside the K infinity and pick a country good any country good of your element X now since There's expression the sentence have to be true for any Y Infinity we can assume that Y is okay for the moment and then you observe then of course if they That expression is an RP infinity for X the same happens for X hat So then if you take any prime above your chosen prime P in M then from The expressions two and three you'll see that order of the difference between X and its conjugate All the K has to be eagering will that order of Y and Q But Y was an arbitrary element of K So the only way this can happen for any Y is for X hat to be equal to X and Since X hat was an arbitrary conjugate of X okay Leave that X and K. So it's Not a very complicated argument. Okay, so and then the other part of it is that you can satisfy the condition if you're starting with an integer and Basically just choose P to be a multiple not sure if I wrote them backwards. I know take a multiple of your points and Then the Things should work out. Let me go back and just remind you they will work out because of five So then the order at the difference will be bigger equal than the order at P Which in general can be made arbitrary, but in particular we just need it To be positive We need it I guess depends on why so We needed to be bigger than the order of Y at P. So but we can arrange that so if we choose P with large enough order and then the corresponding multiple of P this will work Now why is it enough to justify Order of positive integers Well, I mean we observe of course that Any element of K Can be written down as a linear combination of some basis elements in K over Q Coefficient and Q and all elements of Q are ratios of integers So in fact what we have is the first order definition of K over K infinity So we can now use the result of Julia Robinson stating that the first order theory of any number field is undecidable and Then reach the conclusion that the first order theory of K infinity is undecidable because within The statements of the K infinity we now have all the statements about K. All right, so the next question of course Do we have such a limited curves? We do We do and whether they actually happen Over the fields where we can define variations. So yes, we have lots and lots of examples, but Not yet a definitive description What class of fields will be covered by these results? All right moving on to function fields So we Again have a very similar situation We use valuations so most of them, you know, you choose some polynomial ring inside This case our rational field then all the valuation will correspond to prime ideals except the valuation Attach the degree which will correspond to an ideal in K a joint one over T And then we have a similar story in algebraic extensions as before the difference with of course with number fields is that There is no designated ring of integral function. So But it doesn't matter the definition will work either way So we take the integral closure of our original polynomial ring and then all the valuations will come from prime ideals of that Except of course the valuation which used to be the degree So that will come from the integral closure from some prime ideals of the integral closure of K a joint one over T okay, so There are a couple of results which on the surface are not related to anything I've been talking about but that play a role together this definition of valuations in in Investigation of the first order existential theory of function fields One of these things is the result of Julia Robinson on addition and divisibility. So so here we do not have a language of rings we have kind of Minimized version of it. So we're missing multiplication and instead of my multiplication We have divisibility so we can say that something divides something else So if we deploy all possible quantifiers, then we can define multiplication in this language Now then there is another result which is due to feed us So this time We have so the same language as Julia Robinson had and we also have a peculiar Relation so where x p divides y is equivalent to x being y times the power of some prime fixed prime so if you have this kind of a language you can define multiplication Existentially so just using existential quantifiers Over Z. All right, so What has that to do with function fields? so if We can define Though this is there is a type of there So that be should be set of p to the s powers in other words y should be x to the power of p to the s Not x times p to the s So in other words if we can describe the set yeah of p to the s powers of all elements of the field so if you just have Description a first-order description of p Then you can construct a first-order Model of z using Julia Robinson's result Now if you also have Diffont and definition of some valuation ring then you will have an existential model of z Over your field and then you will show that Hilbert's dance problem is not decidable in the field I Guess in principle this could be used over function fields of characteristics error, but Seems to be only practical Function, but it seems only practical to do of a function fields of positive characteristics So using this two ideas Kirsten and I Showed that the first-order theory in the language of the rings of any function field of positive characteristic is undecidable and The existential theory in the language of rings of any function field of positive Characteristic is undecidable as long as the field does not contain the algebraic closure of a finite field now We can't define the p-th powers everywhere and Actually Hector has a definition which does not depend on the characteristic But the problem is the order Okay, so as far as the open questions about variations are concerned So one of them is to define fully Valuation rings in the case where the constant field is not algebraic over a finite field What we did to get Our existential and decided the answer is out was to define a subset of that valuation ring And that was enough, but it would be nice to be able to Define the complete valuation ring and of course the thousand dollar question is to define Evaluation ring when the constant field is Contains the algebraic closure of a finite field. So those things are mysterious as it stands now Okay, so what happens when we'll look at function fields of characteristic zero We use a little curves again so here we can get away with one just was one prime because Z will be part of the constant field So if we can define so if we have an elliptic curve of rank one and if we can define The valuation ring Then we can construct an existential model of Z Well, depending if you have a first-order definition of the valuation ring You'll get the first-order undecidability and if you have an existential definition, you'll get Existential Okay, now we have plenty of elliptic curves of rank one so they exist everywhere So that's not a problem What? So what is a problem is defining valuation rings. So there is the first result of this kind Was by Kim and Raj since 1995 So they define variation Rings for the prime of degree one when the constant field was either formally real or can be embedded into a finite extension of QP now This paper has been used inside it a million of times, but I'm willing to bet no one Wrecks for this completely because the paper is completely unreadable However, okay, so We do have so we do not have a better version of the proofs there are high hopes now So Kirsten and Morabai They independently constructed an existential definition of a subset of a valuation ring in an algebraic extension so that allowed them to show that existential theory of finite extensions of Rational field is undecidable assuming the field of constants were is described in the theorem of Keeman-Rouch and I after writing Keeman-Rouch finally constructed an existential definition of a variation ring for an arbitrary prime and find an extension of KT but We should be able to do more than in the Keeman-Rouch theorem, but it hasn't been done more but Okay, so So the open questions Function fields of characteristic zero so is to figure out when the evaluation rings are definable essentially a first order and again The $1,000 question here is what happens when the field of constants is algebraic enclosed So this is so bad that we don't know anything about even first-order theory of the rational fields if you take at an algebraic closure of Q or C T we don't know anything about those fields. So and yeah, the problem being that the field is algebraically closed and we do not know how to define valuations in those cases Okay, and of course if it happens to be the case that valuation rings are not definable and actually there is no firm Believe one way or the other about this about this question. So then we of course would have to find another method for showing that the Corresponding function fields have undecidable existential first-order theory. I guess we believe that the theory will be undecidable just something else would have to be done now I must say that if the Transcendence degree of the constant field is greater than one Like if you have two or more variable then We know that we have results which say that it's due first to Kim and Rauch and then to Kirsten that The theory is undecidable existential theory is undecidable and that method does bypass the definition of order So we might have to do something like that for For Algebraic So for Q tilde where Q tilde is algebraic closure of Q eternity or CT So, how is it done? Well in general, it's a pretty nasty exercise. I will just give you some ideas Sort of where the story begins and also there are many variations on the theme I think The original method goes back to Julia Robinson use quadratic forms and I will show you in a second the idea behind it But first some sort of elementary observation, so if you Have so let's okay, so We can reduce the question of whether something in the valuation ring to Divisibility of water by a given prime So let's say P is a prime whose valuation ring we're seeking to define and Q is some other rational prime Now if you look At this expression so order P of a is one so that's crucial And if we if you look at the expression and this is also one of many variations on the theme Expression is X to the Q over a plus one over a to the use power It's easy to see that it's equivalent to zero what you even on the F Axis integral at P. So indeed if X is the order of X at P is bigger equal to zero And then the order of X Q over a is bigger equal to minus one and the second term one one over a Q will dominate so the Order of the sum will be minus Q, which is of course zero amount Q however, if order of X at P is less than zero and then the first term will dominate the situation and The order will not be zero Okay now so this is the original quadratic form used by Julia Robinson and Reused on many occasions ever since Okay, so this form Over Q, let's say that is a tropic even on the F If they exist a prime P such that order of B At P is odd and C is not a square mod P or the other way around The form is clearly symmetric and B and C So fix a brand P and see this not equivalent to a square mod P and again let order A at P be one and substitute for B the expression we were talking about So then this equation has no trivial the form equation has no trivial solution Then order of B and P must be even and therefore order of X and P must be bigger equal to zero So that is the easy part the messy part is to Make sure that we do have not trivial solutions to our form equation if our X is Integral at P. Okay, so the main To here is Hassan Minkowski local global principle so basically to show that we have Non-trivial solutions. We have to make sure that we have non-trivial solution in every completion But fortunately, it's usually not that big of a deal Basically because I've had so slow and so but you have to walk around sometimes you end up with a couple equations You do something to coefficients And again, there are plenty of variations on the theme, but that's generally what people do Question the form equation the quadratic form equation to see that you're actually looking and a norm equation norm of degree two and Once you observe this can occur to you that actually it would be useful to get away from degree two because there are situations Where degree two is not desirable for example when you're working in characteristic two or When we're in an infinite extension and the local degrees of factors of p are divisible by arbitrarily high powers of two so wrongly was the first person to Just make this activation. He was working of global function fields and He set up a norm equation to Define order So that was instead of Hassan Minkowski use Hassan norm principle To make sure the equations are satisfied When C does not Have a negative order at P and again, it's the same story you just look at things locally and You might end up with a couple of norm equations to account for all the possibilities, but locally things are easier Because of Hansel's lemon Okay, I'll stop here


Lleidydd yn jentwm yn welcau. Mi ydym yn Tania Beckett. I'm a news presenter and business presenter for the BBC and sitting with me here is a man who probably needs no introduction. He is John Green. He is author of one of his many roles, Young Adult Fiction. Let me just give you some data. He won the 2006 Prince Award. This was here for his debut novel looking for Alaska. His sixth novel, which is The Fault in Our Stars, was actually number one at the box office in 2014. It was made into a film, so that in and of itself is success enough. But there's plenty more, John, I think that you can outline for us. Let's just start with your writings, first of all. If you look at the books, they seem to me to have a fairly dark theme. These are aimed at children, I would still call them children, but they're 17, 18, that type of age. And yet you address some pretty serious things. The death of young people, the concept of death and loss and illness. Why do you go into those dark corners? Well, I think because I think it's a big part of life and I think that it's a big consideration for young people. Although not just young people, it turns out that death is sort of an ongoing concern. When did you discover that? When I was a teenager, that's probably why I write those characters. Is that the reason that it preoccupied you as a teenager? I think that death probably didn't preoccupy me as a teenager until I lost a friend in a car accident when I was 16 and after that it did. The problem with death, I guess for me, my personal death, obviously catastrophic, but there is inside of that a much larger problem, which is the problem of the end of us. The problem that this beautiful Congress Hall and everything else that we make or say or do will eventually be lost. It will be gone and not in the sense that 99% of Roman texts are lost, but in the sense that there will be no humans or anyone else to appreciate it. There's lots of exciting stuff happening here with people talking about transhumanism and us uploading our consciousnesses to the Internet and getting into spaceships and travelling thousands of light years away. The heat death of the universe, it will come. There will come a time. That idea that everything that comes together falls apart, everything that in a way to be is to know that you will one day not be is a really important and difficult idea to get your head around. I think if we have a worldview that doesn't acknowledge that, we end up either sticking our heads in the sand or else being on the wrong course. I think that there is great hope to be found within life as we know it to be, which is a thing that ends. I do sometimes write about death. I did write a comic novel. It's just nobody read it. I do sometimes write about death, but I believe that good fiction is hopeful. I believe that good fiction is optimistic and I believe that if it isn't optimistic, it's kind of dishonest. So I try to be hopeful. Right. Tell me a little bit about the storyline in the Fulton R stars. It's very painful, isn't it? Yeah. Hopefully. I hope so. When I first graduated from college, I worked briefly as a student chaplain at a children's hospital. I was going to become a minister and then dropped out of Divinity School on the first day and went a different path. Ever since then, I've been trying to write about illness in children and about the relationships that kids form with other sick kids and also about the stigmatisation that they have to live with, that there's this sort of emotional trauma of being seen as other not being able to participate, not just in sports, but in regular everyday conversations where someone's like, oh my God, I could not wear those shoes. I would literally die.  Because she's literally dying. Her presence makes everything awkward and uncomfortable. That social stigma really fascinated me because most of the stories that we have, and we have tons and tons of cancer, I mean it's a genre essentially, the cancer romance, in which the first one was Love Story by Eric Segal. I don't know if you remember that book, but basically you fall in love, somebody gets cancer. The healthy person learns important lessons about how to be grateful for every day. That book, The Healthy Person, learns that love means never having to say you're sorry. That was the famous line from that book, love means never having to say you're sorry, which is the most ludicrous definition of love. I mean my experience is that love means constantly having to say that you're sorry. But the problem I have with that way, and this is what inspired, this is the other thing that inspired the book I guess, the problem that I have with that way of looking at the world is that it imagines that sick people exist and that people can learn lessons and that the meaning of a sick person's life is not intrinsic to them, but is instead somehow dependent upon healthy people. And I just don't buy that. I just don't buy the argument that the sick or the poor or the systemically disenfranchised are in some way suffering nobly. And I think we're all trying to find meaning within our lives and that ultimately is what I wanted Hazel's story, Hazel and Gus's story to be about is them trying to find meaning inside of their own lives rather than trying to make other people feel lucky or grateful. Right, so what conclusion do you come to there? As you rightly say, all of us at some point will die, but for many people it seems like a very distant prospect for other people, a more present prospect, but at some point we have to find some meaning in life that doesn't make us think, feel too fatalistic, that wants to achieve something or do something positive with our lives. How do we balance those two things? Right, there's a great line in Scott Fitzgerald's The Crack Up, I'm going to mawl it, that one must hold together a sense of the futility of effort and a sense of the necessity to struggle on anyway. And I really believe that. Yes, it's true, someday all of this will be gone, but not today. Yes, it's true that someday we will all die, but not today. And so we have incredible opportunities today. And I think that's what gets me excited. Not just in writing, but in the work that my brother and I do in terms of our philanthropy, like what gets me excited is that we've seen tremendous change in the last 25 years. We've seen massive reductions in infant mortality, massive reductions in maternal mortality.  And that's the kind of thing that's the kind of place where I find meaning. And then I also find meaning within love, within my personal relationships with the people I love. And I find a lot of purpose in that. I find a lot of connection and meaning there. And so those are kind of, I guess, the twin poles that allow me to know that all effort is going to be ultimately futile and also know that it's not futile now. And that's what's important. OK, we're going to come back to that sort of dark theme. Later on, I want to lighten things up and talk a little bit about your vlogging. OK, now in the UK, we have seen particularly quite young male vloggers become stars. Sure, many of them are my friends. I think this one in South Africa, he just sort of talks about his day. But there are these women who, he wrote a book about his vlogging in fact. And there are many young ladies, you know, teenagers who flocked to get a signing of his book and so on. How do you make that work? How do you make yourself into a star if you weren't already? Well, I mean, yeah, first, be super young and crazy handsome. That's been my strategy.  And I feel like I am a great counterbalance to that. And there are also, because it isn't about that really. I mean, I'm sure that's part of what part of what an audience might feel connected to, but I don't think that's the center of it. I think what makes it magical and when it works is when it feels like an authentic relationship. Before I started making videos in 2006, I was a huge fan of this guy, Ze Frank, who basically invented video blogging. All the jump cuts, all the conventions of videoing, he basically invented. And I mean, I felt like we were friends except that he didn't know me. But that we were friends. And I looked forward every day to his videos. And that's the kind of relationship that I want to have with our community. The traditional model for media making is that you make stuff for people. And you make stuff for as many people as possible because we don't have a robust public broadcasting system. And so we rely a lot heavily on advertising and advertisers only care about eyeballs. They only care about the number of impressions that they can get or they care too much, I would argue about it. So, in traditional broadcast, in traditional media, you want the biggest possible audience.  And with online media, I don't feel like I'm making something for my viewers. I feel like I'm making something with them. And that's literally true in the sense that when they comment on a video, they change the video page. They reshape the context in which the video is being viewed. But it's also figuratively true in the sense that they inspire every video idea that I have. They're the ones asking the questions. If they say, you know, in comments, I don't understand what's going on with the deficit and is the stimulus a good idea, then that gives me the opportunity to make a video about debt to GDP ratios and stuff. So that sense of doing things with an audience, rather than for an audience, is the first thing that I think is the key to online media success. And the second thing that I think is really important is not caring about how many people watch your videos, but caring about how many people love them. Not caring about the number of eyeballs, but caring about the amount of passion that's being created. I don't think it's ultimately that interesting. I mean, again, no offense to anyone here who happens to be in this business, but ultimately, I'm not interested in making... We have a very successful reality program in America called Deadliest Catch, where you follow around some crab fishermen and they so far don't die. But it's very scary and intense and they catch the crab or they don't. And it's fun to watch. I don't want to make Deadliest Catch because it's fun to watch. I watch it. Millions and millions of people watch it. But I don't love it. I wouldn't buy a Deadliest Catch t-shirt. I wouldn't go around advertising my affection for Deadliest Catch. I wouldn't put in my Twitter bio, author, YouTuber, Deadliest Catch fan. And I want to make the kind of stuff that may not appeal to the broadest possible audience, but will have that kind of depth of engagement where someone will say on their Twitter bio that they're a nerdfighter or they will say on their Twitter bio that they love my books or love Crash Course. We have that one on the ice truckers. Yeah, same thing. That's good. If somebody came with a TV proposal to me and said, this is what we're going to do, I was like, okay, I think you need to get help.  It's quite watchable. It's people in adversity. It's a slightly different thing from a television point of view that you're creating, isn't it? Yeah. When we're talking about television matters, you're very interested in education. Talk to me about how you create these educational videos and what it is you're trying to do. And what you think is important to educate young people about? Well, that's several good questions that I might forget one of. What are you going to educate people about? Young people, what do you think is important? In 2011, YouTube offered us some startup capital to make proper educational video with animation and curriculum consultants and educators and scripts and teleprompters and traditional TV costs. I don't know what it costs, actually, but we've made the first season of Crash Course for about $150 a minute, which was $149.50 a minute more than we'd ever spent on online video. Instead of it just being me in my basement, suddenly there were some people to help us out. I started out introducing world history, tied a little bit to the AP curriculum in the US, the sort of upper level high school curriculum in the US, and my brother started out introducing ideas in biology tied to the AP curriculum. We did that partly because we think biology and world history are super important, but also because we felt like there weren't good free educational videos out there. This is a huge for-profit business, but we felt like this stuff could be made for free and distributed for free very easily. To your question about what is important to teach, our approach with Crash Course, we try very hard not to teach subjects just because they're in school.  When in fact I think the reason that as a social order we've invented public education is because we sort of decided as a group that a well educated population is better. It's better for us. It's not just better for students, it's better for adults. The reason I pay taxes for schools even though I don't have a kid in school is because it's better for me to have a well educated population of Americans. But when you treat it like it's just like why do you have to learn math because you have to learn math? Why do you have to learn biology because you have to learn biology to get the degree? Why do you have to, you know, why do we have to read Wuthering Heights? Because you have to read Wuthering Heights to get the degree. Instead of saying why do we have to read well Wuthering Heights isn't a great example actually. Why do we have to read Pride and Prejudice? Because it's a great novel because it's going to help you in your life because it's going to help you to understand the world around you because you'll get the Jane Austen jokes that you don't currently get because it'll make you a better boyfriend. Right? So we try to approach it from that angle. Like why do you learn history because it will make you a better and more interesting person and it will allow you to contextualize your life and the world around you better. Which in turn will make you a better participant in civic society, will make you a better and will make you more money in the long run and will be good for the economy in the long run. So that's the approach that we try to take. All right. Let me ask you also about, gosh I've forgotten the question I was going to ask her. Sometimes I'm so completely wrong for it. The theme of this forum, the World Economic Forum is the fourth industrial revolution. We hear a lot in business in the area that I work in about the need for emotional intelligence. What the fourth industrial revolution is supposed to be about is when not robots necessarily but artificial intelligence allows people to take, allows robots or computers to take the jobs of accountants. It's about brain not brawn. This would be quite a frightening next step and the prediction is in fact millions of jobs will be lost to this. So if you're educating young people what you need to tell them is that they need emotional intelligence. The question is what we mean by that, but it seems very much that that is what you're teaching, isn't it? It's certainly what we want to encourage in the classroom. So I mean Crash Course is not intended to replace classroom experiences precisely because I think that so much. Crash Course is the name that you've got. That's the name of our channel. Precisely because I think that so much of the emotional intelligence is learned in school. It's learned from peers and it's also learned from sort of modeling by teachers and I can't replace that and I also don't want to. Maybe there will be robots that can replace it someday but not that's not going to be my life or not my job. So I am, but I do want to introduce some nuance to these topics and some critical thinking to them so that when we for instance teach history, when we make history videos I don't just want to make videos that are about history. I also want to make videos that talk about the different ways that we study history, different approaches to the study of history and what's wrong with some of them and right with some of them and where privilege functions in the conversation and stuff like that so that you aren't just learning about the Atlantic slave trade or about the supposed fall of the Roman Empire which I don't, as far as I can tell never actually happen. But instead you're learning about approaches to the study of history. Why did this historian write this way and those critical thinking skills hopefully will be useful in this future job market. I do think that those are going to be important. I'm going to use your analogy of the Roman Empire. The reason that it came back, there was a resurgence was primarily art. Art plays a bigger role than sometimes people give it credit for. What is the role of art now? We see so much turmoil as a European, I'm thinking particularly about the war in Syria and this absolute flood of migrants in a very poor state emerging from that part of the world and finding sometimes welcoming arms in Europe but often not. I know that the BBC doesn't feel very strongly about using the word refugee when we're talking about refugees because there are international laws for refugees and certainly the people escaping conflict in Syria are conflict refugees. I think the role of art is complicated. I don't really believe in the sort of like George Orwell Iran novel of ideas. I actually like George Orwell a lot. It's a great writer but I don't believe in that kind of politicized novel. It's a prediction of the future in a way. Yeah, well I mean Orwell just turned out to be very prophetic but at the time it was a highly politicized novel making arguments about communism and totalitarianism at a time when it wasn't clear when a time when lots of people were communists and lots of people thought totalitarian governments were the right solution. Those novels can have an impact. To me the most important and interesting thing that art can do is to be a way into empathy. It can help us become more empathetic. It is incredibly difficult when we think about the conflict in Syria or when we think about refugee crises in South Sudan or we think about conflict in other places in the world. It is so, so, or even when we think about ISIS and people living in that part of Syria and Iraq, it's so hard for us not to imagine those people monolithically because we don't know in many, we very rarely know their individual stories so we tend to see them as blocks we tend to see Islam as a block as one thing and fail to appreciate the astonishing new millennial diversity within Islamic tradition and we do that we dehumanize people we're not seeing them as individual people who are like us, we're seeing them as other, we're seeing them as a them and that's very problematic and I think that one thing art does do well is help us to imagine what it's like to be someone else. I am stuck inside of this particular consciousness and this particular body and it is the only consciousness I will ever have.  I have no idea ultimately what it's like to be you I have no idea what it's like to be a woman I have no idea what it's like to be British I have no idea you know and so the challenge is how do I learn that how do I learn to listen better and I think art is a good way to do that because when I read a story that I love like when I read Catcher in the Rye I don't read it and think like this is me reading about Holden Caulfield I feel like I'm living inside the mind of Holden Caulfield. I feel like I've escaped this prison of myself and I'm able to live in someone else's body and that's very powerful for me and so to me empathy is at the core of what I'm trying to do. Jolly Good, I'm going to open the floor for questions. Would anybody just put your hand up if you have a question you would like to ask loads of them? Yes, let's just take this one first of all and then this gentleman straight after as we make. I'm sure there are questions here too. Jen Hyatt, Global Swab Social Entrepreneur My daughter Kate would just be in awe that I'm sitting in the same room with you. I asked her recently why she was so obsessed with your novels and she just said simply mum there are no happy endings and I think that's amazing that your commentary on emotional intelligence is profound. Turning to something like Paper Towns I'm also quite interested in your view on both of those central characters in that. Really I see rights of passage in different ways where they have different kinds of relationship to risk and risk is profound for both of them but very different and one might see that Margo is the risky character but actually possibly not. I'd be really interested in your reflections on self and risk in the fourth revolution for teenagers. That's a big question. I'm very interested in how we identify the self in this contemporary world in a digitized world where the self that we project we project different selves online and even in different platforms online and that can mess with, especially when you're young with your understanding of what is the core you. In general that whole question of like what do I mean when I talk about myself is insanely complicated and I've been trying to write about it for the last few years and we'll see if I ever finish another novel. I do think that people often identify themselves or one of the ways that we understand ourselves is as risk taking or risk averse. I think there's something about adolescence where you're attracted to the flame to the fire. I felt this intense urge to self-destruct when I was a teenager to act out in self-destructive ways and I didn't even really know where it came from but for me risk was about trying to establish the boundaries of myself I guess and I had a much more sort of Margo world view than Quentin world view but I also got a lot of second chances which most people don't get. I think also what's interesting is how different people perceive risk isn't it? Yes please. So my daughter Julia is also glad that I'm here to hear John. Why didn't you all's kids come? I think we should be FaceTiming and alone. That's the real future with. John says you are so brilliant at understanding teenagers which most of us can't and speaking with them and empathizing with them and speaking for them. I just wonder since you also worry whether you worry about getting old and losing understanding or even more of the point perhaps whether you worry that when your son becomes a teenager and like all teenagers says dad you don't understand me or us and then you might have a point what does that do to your career or what does that do to your whole world view? That's going to introduce some self-doubt. Yeah for sure. No matter how well you are able to communicate with teenagers outside of your family you'll never be able to communicate effectively with the ones inside of your family I think. I think for most teenagers frankly like good parents disappear. They just don't think it's painful to hear this I'm sure. When I was a teenager my parents were good parents and that meant that I just thought about them very very rarely. I was not particularly concerned with them in any way. I was very focused on peer relationships. I do I mean I worry that I'll be I worry I mean I am out of touch so I don't have to worry about being out of touch but I've been out of touch for a long time I don't listen to One Direction but I also didn't listen to NSYNC I didn't listen to Justin Bieber like I have a long and storied tradition of being out of touch with pop culture that goes back to when I was a teenager. My hope is that I can just be authentic about it if I can be authentic about who I am in my experience anyway they respond very positively to that. It's when you try to act like you aren't old that it gets super awkward. There we must leave it John thank you so much and thank you all very much for being so engaged and listening I wish we had longer but we don't. Thank you so much. Thank you guys again.


I laughed actually really hard at something that wasn't supposed to be funny. And it's the first time Optimus goes up against this Scourge leader dude and he hits him with the ax and the Scourge guy's like. Pshh. And he hits Optimus back. And Prime's like, impossible. And I sit there thinking, what? What do you mean impossible?  How is it, it would be impossible if you won the fight right away. That would be when I would sit up and be like, whoa, what happened? This is impossible. A win, a W? Where's the guy that's always wanted to kill himself? That's the Optimus I know. That's the Optimus I love.