to apply zinc sulfate zinc sulfate contains you have two minutes to you have two minutes to solve this question zinc sulfate contains 22.6% of zinc and 43.9% of water of crystallization if the law of constant proportion is true then the weight of zinc required to produce 20 gram of crystal will be you have two minutes think apply the law of constant proportion you will get the answer okay please mute your mic all of you okay very easy question percentage is given to you you have to apply law of constant proportion many of you have learnt this okay rnr9 students be quiet rnr9 maybe it is easy for you because you have got this in camon test Tanya in last class I told you law of constant proportion no sir we didn't get okay because rnr9 students some rnr9 students may got this thing because we discussed it okay so answer for this question is you have 10 more seconds okay okay Ashish no don't do this okay fine how to solve this question one minute just a minute I'll show it to you just give me one second okay fine so this is the first question zinc sulfate is given to you those who didn't get the answer first we'll see the leaderboard how many of you got the answer of this question then we'll come to this okay so leaderboard says 38 students have done it right so it's very easy very easy question here you can do so here this is the question how to do the question mass of zinc is given 22.6% 22.6% is mass then how can you do 100 gram if you take if you take 100 gram of zinc sulfate crystal so in 100 gram crystal 22.65 gram is zinc and 43.9% 43. okay then 22.65 gram zinc yes now if you see you have 20 gram of crystal 20 gram of crystal you have so in 100 gram you have 20 this so what is the answer 22.6 gram divided by 100 into 20 this is 4.53 gram 4.53 gram is the correct answer is it clear okay moving to the next question okay students next question is the hydrated salt Na2 SO4.N H2O undergoes 59.9% for a percent loss in gate on heating and becomes an hydrous the value of N will be the value of N will be this is the question the value of N will be okay this question is there is some issue but I know I think you can see so I can't read the question the hydrated salt Na2 SO4.N H2O undergoes 59.9% loss in weight on heating and become an hydrous the value of N will be hydrated salt is losing its water now think sodium is 23 if you want to know the mass sodium is 23 I told you in last class to remember sulphur is 32 oxygen is 16 hydrogen is 1 please apply the concept I told you in last class to remember so the whole centrum is going to be numericals yes but easy these are tough numericals later you will have easy numericals don't worry okay so I think it's time sir okay no so okay fine masses are given 23 sodium sulphur 32 oxygen 16 hydrogen 1 those who don't know but in last class I told you to remember the mass okay only in this question the font is like this in next questions you will you can easily read it okay okay students so I think it's okay fine most of you have answered it right only I tell you how to do this question Na2 SO4 is given to you so you have to calculate because you know that it is a hydrated and an hydrous means all water molecule will go outside like Na2 SO4.N H2O is there it is hydrated when you heat all water molecule will go that's why it is called as N hydrous it will form Na2 SO4 plus N water this is N hydrous now you have you have to calculate this N value you have to calculate this N value so you know that percent is lost is given is 59 55.9% if you calculate mass of mass of water in hydrated salt in hydrated salt in hydrated salt is mass of water is to hydrogen hydrogen masses to isn't isn't a hydrated sodium sulphate basically Na2 SO4.N H2O yes if you know that fact you you have answered then it's well and good it's very good if you know that hydrated sodium salt is 10 H2O very good you can apply that but if you try to go through the concept 55.9% water is the mass of water my water is 18 gram so total number of water molecules are N so 18 into N 18 into N is the mass of water and percentage is 55.9 so total mass total mass of hydrated salt of hydrated salt total mass of hydrated salt is is mass of Na2 SO4 Na2 SO4 if you calculate 23 into 2 plus 32 plus 4 times of 16 plus 18 N it is nothing but 142 plus 18 N 142 plus 18 N this is the mass of hydrated salt now you apply the form percentage 18 N mass of water divided by 142 plus 18 N into 100 is equals to 55.9 by applying this and will come out to be 10 is it clear to everyone is it clear don't think that it is out of your portion in last class I told you you need to remember the mass of atoms and and from now onwards you need to remember 16 hydrogen mass is 1 sodium mass is 23 all these things you need to remember and and once you calculate this this is the formula if this is the percentage if anyone has any doubt don't think that you will always get very easy question you need to calculate it sometimes okay now next question next is now moving to the next one please see the leader board okay okay next question okay the density of salt solution is okay fine so this is the question the density of salt solution is 1.13 gram per centimeter cube at 298 Kelvin the solution contains 17 sodium chloride what volume of solution will contain 38.42 gram of sodium chloride this 17 percentage means mass mass of sodium chloride is 17 percent out of total mass of solution I don't think this question is that tough okay grahesh yes I understand that I did not teach in nephel this thing but you can apply this here the concept that 17 percent mass of sodium is the mass of nsl solution but I think other than nephel all people can do this question and even nephel students can also do this if they apply little bit concept okay fine you still have time percentage of sodium chloride is seven ten out of total mass of nsl solution fine last 16 seconds so show all the options here we can't see it okay fine now okay students I think okay it times up now we'll discuss the question okay most of you have done okay we'll see the leader board after discussing the question okay how to do question is density is given to you try to understand this is the okay the first three questions were tough don't worry those who are not getting answered don't worry next questions will be easy okay this is also little tough questions those who have not used those who are not used to this type of question I have used to solve this type of question the solution is 17 percent sodium chloride so let's say mass of solution is mass of solution is mass of solution is 100 let's say x gram mass of solution is x gram so 17 percent 17 percent of x gram 17 percent of x gram is nothing but 38.42 on solving this x you will get 226 gram this is the mass of solution this will get mass of solution and once you get mass of solution volume is equals to mass by density volume is equals to mass by density 226 divided by 1.13 that will give you 200 centimeter cube if anyone has any doubt please ask if anyone has any doubt please ask no doubts no doubt sure okay I'm moving to the next question okay now the questions will be easy I'm again telling you those who just I want to give you hint before the next question I want to give hint to all of you mole is nothing but given mass given mass divided by divided by molar mass mole is nothing but given mass by divided by molar mass and giving you one example HCl chlorine mass is 35.5 I will tell you mass mass of each atom I will tell you for only for this class not for next class HCl mass is 35.5 hydrogen mass is 1 total mass is 36.5 36.5 u this is for one molecule 36.5 u for one molecule for one mole for one mole it is 36.5 gram just remember this thing whatever you need for one mole it is same like whatever you are getting for one molecule just replace u with g that's it just replace u with g okay so I'm asking you very easy questions 36.5 is for which element 36.5 gram is for one mole of HCl one mole of HCl has this much of gram because one molecule of HCl is this much of u one molecule of HCl has this much of u 36.5 u mass so one mole 36.5 gram okay I'm just giving you a simple question H2 what is the mass of one mole all of you tell me mass of one mole of H2 because for one molecule it is to u so for one mole it is it is it is it is to g last question to all of you last question to all of you what is the mass of one molecule of H2 one molecule molecule is no molecule is not in gram mole is in gram molecule is always in u molecule is always in u very good 32 u but mass of one mole of oxygen mass of one mole of oxygen is 32 gram very good can be did you understand all of you did you understand this and it out in this because in next few question you are going to apply this one step one molecule mass is in always in u the same mass is there for one mole of that thing the same mass is there for one mole of that thing if someone asks her what is one mole it is like dozen only one dozen things are having one dozen things are having how much 12 12 things so one mole is nothing but 6.022 into 10 to the power 23 things this is called as abecadro number many of you know that so those who don't know please remember one mole is these many numbers it is just like one dozen okay okay I'll give you a hint if if if don't worry I'll keep on giving you a hint fine okay so this is the result of last question now we are moving to the next one okay which of the following has the largest number of atoms 0.5 gram atoms 0.5 gram atoms means 0.5 mole 0.5 mole of cu a option is 0.5 mole the option is copper masses 63.5 it is given to you copper masses copper mass mass of one copper atom is 63.5 you mass of one copper atom is 63.5 you yes I know it's very easy it's easy for all many of you 0.5 gram atoms means 0.5 mole 0.635 gram you need to calculate how many moles if mass of one copper atom is if mass of one copper atom is 63.5 you okay I feel that many of you may get wrong in this question if you have not heard me carefully 0.635 gram how many moles it has you have to calculate now you need to check because if moles are more more number of atoms like if you have a two dozen thing and you have four dozen thing four doesn't think definitely have more number of atom a more number of things okay we'll see the leaderboard first then we'll go to the solution of this question oh my god now see students I told you most of you will go wrong in this okay students I told you listen to me why you have not listened I told you which of the following has largest number of atom 0.5 gram atoms I was repeatedly saying the gram atom means small gram atom is a term used for moles so it is nothing but 0.5 mole first is nothing but 0.5 mole first one is 0.5 mole gram atoms I told three times gram atom is more gram atom is more okay 63.5 63.5 gram okay one at one mole is one mole is 63.5 gram copper because one copper atom one copper atom mass is 63.5 you so in last class in last example I told one mole of copper is 63.5 gram so how many moles are there in 0.635 how many moles are there in 0.635 can we pass in B option how many moles are there how many moles are there in 0.635 gram yes it is 63.5 is one mole 0.01 0.01 mole are you getting 0.01 mole no no no see what see apply unitary method one mole is 63.5 gram one mole is 63.5 gram one gram is one by 63.5 moles 0.635 gram is one by 63.5 into 0.635 that is nothing but 0.01 is it clear now 0.0 so how it answer not D okay they have asked your largest number of atoms 0.5 in in this is in A in B it is 0.01 mole in C 0.25 mole and in D you calculate using the same thing 63.5 gram is one mole so one gram will be one by 63.5 one by 63.5 moles did you understand ahaan ahaan did you understand sir okay anyone has any doubt in any part anyone has any doubt in any part see you need to just apply this thing which I told you in last question one mole is the same mass which you are getting for one atom in U that's it and it out why haven't we done this so why have not we done this before okay there is other new questions you are not going to get always the same type of things you need to check this okay and it out okay this thing many students know but these are the little good questions these were asked in competitive exams so you need to understand how to apply the concept okay next question okay Arushi this chapter you will you will learn that in that chapter there are many other things okay we will discuss that that also okay next question okay total number of electrons present in 18 ml of water one mole is I told you one mole is nothing but 6.02 into 10 power 23 you need to just check how many moles are there in 18 ml of water you will get the answer you need to check how many moles are there in 18 ml of water okay how many moles of electron total number of electrons present total number of electrons so the font is quite total number of electrons total number of electron present in okay fine this is the question total number of original six six point two six point zero two into ten four twenty three that is the original value okay those who feel okay fine so students how to solve this question if you have these type of questions so question is six point zero two into ten four twenty three it's okay fine so now one ml of water one ml of water weighs one gram yes or no okay tell me one ml of water weighs one gram because density is one gram per ml 18 ml of water weighs 18 ml of water weighs 18 ml of water weighs 18 gram yes or no and we know that 18 gram water is nothing but one mole one mole of water so one mole of water you have implies if you have one mole of water so what will be the answer six point zero two into ten to the power 23 sir but you asked how many electrons are present so it's not a number of uh it's not the atomic weight so it has to be ten to six point zero two into ten to the pile yes sir there's a C just to be okay six point zero two two into ten to the power 23 moles are there yes these many moles of water okay how many electrons are there in one water ten uh ten electrons very good so it sees the answer right okay answer will be see okay final correct oxygen is eight electron all of you know this thing oxygen has eight electron same like a proton and hydrogen has one electron so total number of hydrogen two hydrogen two electrons so it is ten ten electrons are there so answer will be these many moles because I have asked you electron in one mole of water there is only one mole of electron but if they are okay in one mole of water in one molecule of water 18 is ten electrons implies in one mole of water ten mole electrons so answer will be six point zero two two into ten power 24 okay answer is C i'll correct it answer okay answer is C many of you got it correct i'll change the answer wait answer for this question is C okay just give me one second okay i'll change it in one minute okay answer i've changed it to C don't worry answer is C fine i'm again coming to the presentation okay so okay students now you can see my screen very good many of you got this right it's good thing okay so here so C is the right answer yeah C is the right answer okay fine so now next question how many molecules of hydrogen are there in one gram of hydrogen how many molecules in one gram of hydrogen student please think 18 gram hydrogen has one mole 18 gram hydrogen has one mole so one gram hydrogen is having how many molecules what 18 gram hydro sorry 2 gram not 18 gram sorry 2 gram hydrogen okay you do it by yourself all of you okay sorry sorry 18 gram water i my bad sorry i thought it's water okay you can do it by yourself yes yes 2 gram so is it water or hydrogen no no water water water i'm sorry hydrogen only okay i do i missed i thought i clicked i thought it's water okay okay it's hydrogen only okay how many of you got it correct 22 it's very easy question again see how to do this thank you monisha for correcting this is the this is nothing but next question is okay this is the question just a minute uh fine how many molecules of hydrogen hydrogen molecule is h2 okay it is to you yes or no for one molecule what is for one mole students tell me for one mole h2 how much mass for one mole h2 how much mass all of you please answer for one mole h2 if one molecule is to you okay 2 gram very good so 2 gram is one mole it is nothing but 6.022 into 10 power 23 one mole is 2 gram so implies implies one gram is 6.022 into 10 power 23 divide by 2 i'm again repeating in my last class i told you hydrogen has one u mass if you remember i told you hey okay there is one trick those who don't know hey lina or baby baby allah ke pas kal pin gaye these are the only atoms whose mass are not equal to the two times of their atomic mass okay so what is that hey lina or baby allah ke pas there are two girls lina and baby they went for prayer kal allah ke pas kal pin gaye in these cases it is not two times otherwise i told you hydrogen masses one u so two hydrogen atom are there so two u so mass of one molecule is to you and i told you one concept whenever someone asks you the mole just put the same value with gram with gram okay so two gram and one mole is nothing but 6.022 into 10 power 23 implies one gram is this much molecules any doubt okay this is a trick to remember like which all atoms are not having mass equal to the two times of their atomic number is it clear okay next question okay no no okay students now we are moving to the next question total number of moles of sodium oxide in 620 gram of it those who don't know mass of sodium for them okay i know this is easy for many of you but sodium mass is 23 oxygen mass is 16 now do it sodium mass is 23 oxygen mass is 16 what happened with the how how it has taken all your points uh okay it happened with you i think anyone else has faced the same issue okay students so number of moles i think this time you will get correct answer those who are making mistakes in these questions will see the lead report first okay most of you got it right how to do this so this is the question sodium is sodium oxide na2o first you need to know that formula of sodium oxides na2o because oxygen is 2 minus sodium is plus 1 so formula is na2o once you get the formula of sodium oxide 23 is mass of sodium atom there are two sodium atoms 2 into 23 mass of oxygen is 16 so it is 23 into 2 plus 16 that is 46 plus 16 yes or no so like that now you have 620 gram 620 gram it is nothing but it is 62 62 u one molecule of na2o is 62 u 2 one mole of na2o is is is 62 grams 62 gram implies 620 gram is there in imply 620 gram has 10 moles any doubt students if anyone has any doubt please ask no fine next question okay good students many of you are okay very good part okay fine next question please read question carefully these are all all you can say these are all ntsc level questions so 2 gram of oxygen contains number of atoms equals to it carry if you have 90 seconds to solve this question you have to check one one option one by one option those who don't know mass hydrogen is one hydrogen atom has one u sulfur is 32 u nitrogen is 14 u sodium is 23 u you can ask me anything if you have any doubt in masses mass of any atom i will tell you you have time one more minute take your time and solve this question okay yes nitrogen is 14 u students nitrogen is 14 u 32 yes sivam sulfur is 32 okay students we'll see how to do this first we'll see the reason okay 35 of you got it right very good students okay we'll see how to do those who didn't understand this part we'll discuss so question is very easy okay question says okay one minute yes this is the question 2 gram of oxygen not 2 gram of 2 gram atoms it is 2 gram of oxygen contains number of atoms okay oxygen masses one more one mole of oxygen is one mole oxygen is 16 gram okay implies 2 gram is 2 gram of oxygen is having 1 by 16 into 2 moles that is 1 by 8 moles 1 by 8 moles so if anyone if any if in any case if you are getting 1 by 8 that will be the answer so if you see 4 gram sulfur sulfur is sulfur 1 mole is sulfur 1 mole is 32 gram implies 4 gram is 1 by 8 more yes or no any anyone has any doubt no okay students in next question in next question it is little tough but if you understand one thing just remember just one thing is used I'll tell you I'll tell you the volume of STP okay I'll help in that I'll help you in that question then you will be able to solve that okay let me first show you the question okay good Karun now those who are not able to read the question I will show you here the volume of gas at STP volume of gas at STP is this okay calculate the number of molecules in this number of molecules in this okay so just just consider just that's why I told you just consider you have most equals to you you have most equals to 5 into 10 power minus 12 moles now solve this question 5 into 10 power minus 12 more solve this question volume the the moles of the gas is given to you 5 into 10 power minus 12 how to solve this I think now it has become easy for you moles is given to you you have to calculate its molecules okay in which textbook there are three classes in this in the centre mark in rnr 9 nephel 9 and nephel 9 nephel students you will have it on in third chapter no you will have it in 10 don't worry nephel you don't have this mole concept in detail okay sir so what about rnr in ncrt you will have in this chapter only and for rnr you have little bit idea of mole concept if you have the moles you will have number you can calculate number of molecules like so what about rnr yes rnr students you know I told you little things about the moles what is the mole if you remember abe gato's law do you remember we discussed abe gato's law sir not rnr inr okay rnr you will learn in this this chapter only atoms and molecules but after some time it is the last thing okay so moles it is given to you 5 into 10 for minus 12 moles so number of molecules is in one mole something number of molecules is 6.02 into 10 for 23 because mass is not given these many molecules so time's up okay yes one minute so one mole is these many molecules implies 5 into 10 for minus 12 moles is 6.022 into 10 to the power 23 into 5 into 10 to the power minus 12 this will be the answer is it clear okay so now answer will be 3.01 into 10 power 11 there is uh no 12 b is the answer okay many of you got it right good students next question okay is this namrata from inr namrata are you the same namrata from inr or someone else okay number okay the number of molecules in 16 gram of methane number of molecules in 16 gram of methane calculated number of molecules in 16 gram of methane methane carbon mass is 12 hydrogen is 1 now don't ask me sir what is methane formula you are expected you are supposed to know this what is methane formula i think most of you know hydrogen is 2 amu right hydrogen is one amu one hydrogen hydrogen molecule is 2 amu because it is x2 okay okay for many of you it is easy and okay fine one minute fine how to do this okay now see 16 gram of methane methane is cx4 carbon is 12 hydrogen is 1 total one molecule mass one molecule mass is 16 u one mole mass is is 16 is 16 gram is 16 gram yes whatever mass of one molecule is there this is mass of one and the answer is this hope you understood this one mole is nothing but 6.02 10 red port 23 any doubt students you have any doubt okay fine next question very good students now next question is in front of you how many moles of electron wave one kilogram how many moles of electron wave one kilogram okay so for hint i can tell you mass of electron is 9.1 into 10 to the power minus 31 kg for the hint mass of electron is 9.1 into n to the power 31 kg mass of electron 9.1 into 10 power minus 31 kg you can solve it electron mass is given to you i think it will be easy for you to answer now now how many moles of electron wave one kilogram okay fine so how to do this question still you have some time left okay students now i'll tell you the answer okay still you have 19 seconds students you should see the time that's why i've given you time so that you calculate the property okay i think it times up now fine many of you are wrong in this question okay fine i'll see i'll tell you how one electron mass is this much okay one mole electron means one mole electron means 6.022 into 10 to the power 23 electrons electrons one electron is having this much mass okay so they have asked you one kilogram so just apply unitary unitary method here 9.1 into 10 power minus 31 kg has one electron implies one kg has one kg has one by 9.1 into 10 to the power minus 31 electrons yes or no now these many electrons you have so you have to tell the answer what is the answer for this okay so 1 by 9.01 into 10 power minus 31 but they have asked you how many moles how many moles they have asked these many electrons are there they have asked you moles so what i can say in one mole electron these many electrons are there so using equation 1 and 2 what can i say 1 by 9.1 into 10 to the power minus 31 electrons are nothing but nothing but 1 by 9.1 into 10 to the power minus 31 into 1 by 6.023 into 10 to the power 23 moles this is by equation 1 and 2 okay students please ask if you have any doubt in this please ask just apply simple math here any doubt students any doubt please say yes or no okay fine one kg of electron is this much one kg has these many electrons any doubt in this in equation 1 in equation 1 any doubt because one electron has this much mass applying unitary method one kg of electron will have these many electrons one kg of electron yes or no someone asked this question please tell me someone told me to repeat this tell me your name Janvi of who please tell me who asked Gandha these are the one kg of electron has the one kg of electron carries these many electrons yes or no and one mole of electron has these one mole of electron has these many electrons so you need to tell me how many moles are there it's like you have 25 bananas and if i ask you how many how many dozen are there how many dozens of banana you have what you will do 25 divide by 12 yes or no because in one dozen you have similarly whatever i'm getting i have divided it with 6.02 into 10.23 is it clear okay definitely we will have this in r in r class in detail don't worry don't worry because uh fine next question we'll discuss this in detail okay my next question which has a maximum number of atoms mass is given to you atomic mass is given to you in bracket carbon has atomic mass 12 carbon has atomic mass 12 atomic mass is given in bracket they've asked you maximum number of atoms maximum number of atoms in bracket they have given atomic mass so like aluminium is 27 means one aluminium atom has 27 you go with the help of moles you will get the answer very easily proceed with moles okay fine how many of you felt that this question is easy how many of you felt that this is easy oh way too easy fine okay student i'll tell you it's very easy question okay let me see how many of you got it right fine 26 not bad number okay fine see this is the question i told you my dear students carbon atomic mass is 12 so i can say that 12 gram of carbon is nothing but one mole of carbon it is nothing but one mole of carbon 27 gram of aluminium is nothing but one mole of aluminium 108 gram of ag is nothing but 108 gram of ag is nothing but one mole of one mole of ag and the last is 56 gram of iron is nothing but one mole of iron i'm not getting where you people are going wrong one mole of iron so only thing is this 24 gram of carbon because 12 gram has one mole implies 24 gram will have two moles yes or no any doubt okay don't worry don't worry if you have you will understand it later if you are not getting now i'll explain it in class okay any other doubt no doubt next question yes yeah tell me what is your doubt okay there are total okay fine this was the last one oh sorry oh congratulations number so i thought there is one more question okay good congratulations number okay if anyone has any doubt please ask now we have three more minutes left no worries tell me if anyone has any doubt actually i thought there is one more question that's why i took it


The formation is really motivated. They're all hungry. We're looking forward to fighting the top front of the beat, and they're proud to be last to battle you inside of the league. We're going to do a battle on them. Right now, we're qualifying table six, and all the crews are extremely proficient, extremely motivated, and ready to get this done. Always the big picture is modernization. It's definitely given us an edge from the A3 when it comes to situational awareness. In terms of lethality, it gives those operators a more enhanced picture of the battlefield, and it gives us increased sustainment as far as operator level, being able to identify things that are going on with the vehicle in real time. When it comes to being the most modernized brigade in the Army, I'm actually pretty humbled to be out here. I actually started out with an SME on the follow on test and evaluation of this vehicle. And coming to this brigade and being part of this modernization is actually a great thing for the Army. Inside of a Bradley crew, you have to be very tightly knit because if the driver's not able to hear the Bradley commander, then everything just falls apart. So it has to work really cohesively. So we work on crew checks, fire commands, everything like that, up to just eating together and sleeping in the same brat together, really building up that brotherhood within the crews. Because with new vehicles, you're not sure what to expect because there's definitely a lot of experienced personnel and a lot of new people coming up, learning about the Bradley A4s. There's been plenty of challenges on the Bradley's, on and off field, but we've fought through them, we've worked through them, we've learned how to work around them and make it workforce in the end.


Welcome to the Dr. Gundry podcast. Well, by now, you know I'm pretty obsessed with energy because of my new book, The Energy Paradox. I just published the brand new book. Well, on today's episode, my guests and I are going to dive really deep into our energy production. And we're going to do it by taking a close look at one of the last true hunter-gatherer societies on Earth, the Hadzah. I'm joined today by Herman Ponzer. Dr. Ponzer is an associate professor of anthropology at Duke University and just wrote a brand new book called Burn. New research blows the lid off of how we really burn calories, lose weight, and stay healthy. Now in today's episode, he and I are going to reveal the truth about your metabolism, explain why exercising won't necessarily lead to more fat burning. Oh, no! And why the 2,000 calorie a day diet might be all wrong. And just as an aside, off camera, we learned that, first of all, you may all know that Yale, my major, was in human evolutionary biology, which is what Dr. Ponzer studies. And my mentor, Dr. David Pilbein, was on his PhD committee at Harvard to look at his thesis. So, boy, do we go back a long way together. So, Dr. Ponzer, I'm so excited to have you on the podcast today. Thanks for having me. Great to be here. All right. So, yeah, this is going to be fun. And everybody pay attention because what Dr. Ponzer says may shake you up a little bit. Okay, so you're right in the book that metabolism is the unseen foundation underlying everything, slowly shifting and shaping our lives. What do you mean by that? Why is metabolism so important? Well, that's right. I can't think of any single measure you'd take of an organism that would tell you more about it and how it evolved and how its body works than how it spent its energy. Life takes energy. From an evolutionary point of view, which I'm sure you can appreciate, life is a game of turning energy into kids. That's kind of all evolution cares about. Amen. That's correct. So, your immune system, your nervous system, reproductive system, all the housekeeping stuff your body does to stay alive, all of it takes energy. And I think one of the reasons I wrote this book is I think energy expenditure gets talked about in terms of diet and exercise, and that's kind of it. But of course, it's so much more than that. And so, kind of taking the lid off of that and showing people how that all works was one of the motivations for doing the book. So, what do people get wrong about metabolism?   Well, that last part's pretty true. If you eat more than you burn, you're going to gain weight. But the other part's really wrong. You know, we're not a simple energy burning engine. We're a product of evolution. And so, you know, our bodies are much more sophisticated and dynamic and complex in the way that they take in energy and burn it off. If we don't understand those complexities, I think we're missing almost the entire picture here. So, that's what I think they get wrong is I think we're taught that our bodies are simple and they're not simple. So, you mean, I know you talk a lot about this in the book, but why won't more exercise lead to more fat burning? I mean, everybody knows that. Come on. Yeah, I know, I know. And, you know, I thought so too. And in fact, I was a young assistant professor at Wash U at the time, and I actually put together a grant to the National Science Foundation to go and show just exactly that that people who had really physically active lifestyles, these hunter-gather folks that I was going to go work with in northern Tanzania, would be burning tons more calories than you and me or everybody else kind of sitting here in our sedentary lives here in the west. And what I found instead was that when we went there, we actually measured calories burned per day in this hunting and gathering society, you know, incredibly physically active. But their total calories burned per day was no different than people in the U.S. and Europe. And so that put me on a whole, you know, that really changed my research focus because, wow, now we have this really big mystery to kind of understand. And the more you track it down, the more work we've done since and other labs too, it just shows that people who are more and more active, their bodies don't necessarily burn more calories. Instead, your body is making these adjustments to kind of keep total calories burned the same, regardless of your lifestyle, and instead sort of shift the way the energy is spent. So it seems that energy exercise doesn't change the way, sorry, it doesn't change how many calories you spend, it changes the way that those calories are spent. Yeah, your study, actually I talk about in the energy paradox, and maybe as we go along in this, we can talk about why I think the desk worker burns the same amount of calories as the hunter-gatherers in Tanzania. And you're right, that's true. You know, in my book, The Longevity Paradox, I talk a lot about the connection between longevity and metabolism. And I know you do too. So give me your thoughts on, are those two connected? Well, yeah, that's one of these million-dollar questions in biology. And there's a lot of tantalizing evidence out there and people are connecting those dots in different ways. The way that it seems to me, and I think a sort of evolutionary biology perspective would be, is that the pace of life, the speed at which you grow up, reproduce, grow old, if we look across species, from mouse to elephant to a wide range of species there, seems really nicely correlated.  Now, that's interesting because when we look within a species, it doesn't seem to be quite so simple.  In fact, it seems to be really good for you. So there's an interesting nuance there. But in general, metabolism seems to set your pace of life. Well, yeah, I want to stay on that subject for a second. When I was at the NIH as a clinical fellow, one of my mentors, Andrew G. Morrow, heart surgeon, used to ascribe to the theory that we only have so many heart beats in our lifetime. And you can use them up fast, or you can use them up slow. And he was a rather large individual, and so he believed in using his heart beats slowly. Long story short, it didn't work out well for him. That theory always kind of comes around. Can you elaborate on that? Well, so it does seem to be the case. This is an idea that's at least a century old. In fact, you can see even people say Aristotle had this idea too that animals seem to sort of burn up faster if they're smaller. Anyway, so it's an old idea that's out there. Now, like I said, it's true that there is this pattern that animals that burn energy faster, because small animals, for example, burn their energy faster than per gram, per pound, than large animals do. And that seems to track with how fast they burn calories. Primates as a group, for example, humans, monkeys, apes, we burn our calories really slowly compared to other mammals. And that seems to be related to in a causal way to the fact that we also grow really slowly. So humans might live 70 or 80 years, maybe longer, but in animal size, you'd expect to actually have a shorter life. So metabolism is shaping the overall picture here. Now, when you get to within a species, it gets more complicated, because the reason probably that metabolism has this relationship to longevity is at least in part due to things like oxidative stress, other byproducts of metabolism that kind of wear you out and kind of eventually break you down. Your body has defenses against those byproducts. And so you can imagine a species would be better or worse at handling that kind of oxidative stress and that kind of thing that would come along with metabolism. See, you're going to have variation there that's not going to be just about metabolic rate.  And so there's going to be a lot of nuance into that. It's not going to be as simple as someone with a faster metabolic rate should have a shorter life than somebody with a slower metabolic rate. And yet, again, it's the sort of the big pattern fits, and when you get to more detailed looks at it, it kind of gets more complicated. So what do you mean in the book when you say that something is more costly in terms of energy than something else? Say walking versus climbing.  We can think about that in the same way that we think about analogous to any kind of budget, a monetary budget. And so we talked about the cost of things in biology in terms of calories per hour, calories per mile, right? So running costs about twice as many calories per mile, about 100 calories a mile for most folks as walking. Walking costs about 50 calories per mile. So are you telling the runners that you're much better off walking if efficiency? No, I think all of that metabolic work you do to exercise is really good for you. And that's not news. I think we know how good exercise is for you. But I think what is new in this book is that the reason that all that energy spent on exercise seems to be so good for you is, again, it's that adjustment that it causes your body to make.  But your body is making adjustments in the other things it does to make room for that bigger exercise budget, that bigger exercise cost.  But those extra calories spent running are calories that you're not spending on inflammation, on stress reactivity, and other things that your body otherwise will do if you don't spend the calories in a good way, it might spend it in a bad way. And so those exercises are good even if they're burning more calories. And I think it's one of the reasons exercise is so good for you. Well, I think that's a really important point that you make. And I spent a lot of time talking about this in the energy paradox. And that is the desk worker maybe burning up the same amount of energy as the hunter-gatherer, which on the surface seems absolutely impossible, right? But at the same time, we're putting our energy into producing inflammation. And as you and I both know, producing inflammation is incredibly energy costly. And again, I used your paper to say, well, yes, it's true that the desk worker and the hadza have the same energy expenditure, even though that hunter-gatherer is walking five, eight miles a day and sitting on his haunches another five hours a day. But the desk worker is just burning up with inflammation, often that's unseen. And that costs energy. What say you? Absolutely. You're in the immune response, which is your inflammation is part of that. You need some of it, right? When you get a cut or you get a cold or whatever, you need that immune response. But it seems to be really, really tuned up too high, too responsive, right?  You only want them there when there's a fire. And by taking exercise out of our lives, our bodies have spent the energy elsewhere, and it's on this sort of emergency response, only the emergency response is chronic, and now you have some real trouble. No, you're absolutely right. Okay, so what about our brains? You know, I write in the Energy Paradox that our brains are real energy hogs. That's right. And you know, it only occupies a little bit of our body, but it's a tremendous energy hog, right? It is. It's shocking how much you use. I mean, 300 calories a day by most estimates. You know, that's the equivalent of running for three miles or 5K.  You know, it's a really expensive organ. We call them expensive organs in biology, and we see sort of evolutionary trends in these expensive organs, because it's a big investment for an organism to have a big brain like we do. Your liver is expensive, too.  And you know, it's interesting why wouldn't other animals evolve big brains? It seems like such a good idea. Because again, metabolism is everything, right?  So you know, it's part of our strategy, but it's an expensive part of our strategy. So what you're saying is our big brains prevent us from reproducing like rabbits? Well, maybe that's right.  And you know, this hunting and gathering strategy, we're all hunters and gatherers for the past two million years. And it was such an effective strategy, but it also has to be a very smart strategy, right? Because think about, you need to understand every plant on the landscape, every animal and how it works. You need to be able to hunt. And it's a really hard way to make a living. And so it's not surprising, I suppose, that it really only happened once, that this really sort of strange, clever way of getting by on your smarts.  Of course, we feel like, you know, it's the obvious thing to do, but it's not obvious at all. No, not at all. Let's talk more about your work in Tanzania. What was the most surprising thing you learned while tracking and measuring the Hadza?  The women are getting about 12 or 13,000 steps a day. So an incredible amount of walking, you know, it's just hard. It's a hard life. And the fact that they can do that and still have the same calorie, you know, burn the same calories a day as you and me is just, was just shocking. But you know, there are other things that were really fun too.  You know, that's a common thing you hear these days. Now the Hadza are out there, 10 or 15% of their diet or more is honey.  The women are always bringing home these big starchy tubers and berries and stuff. So, you know, it's a really flexible diet. It's really, you know, day to day, season to season, it's super flexible. So the idea that there's sort of just one way to be a hunter-gatherer, you realize, no, you know. And I think it's also just adaptable and flexible in terms of just how they see life. And I think there's a lot of lessons there to be learned about, you know, getting out of your sort of mindset of it, you have to do things one particular way and giving yourself a break a little bit and being more flexible and finding an approach that works for you. I thought it's interesting that even they set a large portion of the day. But they sit on their haunches. And I've been to Africa a lot on mission work during surgery and digging wells for charity water. And it's interesting, most people, there aren't chairs that anybody sits on. They are on their haunches. And I've done this on myself and looked at my patients. It actually takes a lot of energy to sit on your haunches. It takes big muscle groups. Yeah. And especially if you don't do it regularly, right?  And, you know, we're anthropologists. So we're interested in their daily lives.  But often you're home in the afternoon around, sitting around a campfire.  And like you say, on their haunches and they're very comfortable. And you try to, I try to do it and I haven't been doing that my whole life. And I've lost that flexibility. So I look like, you know, I'm all discombobulated trying to do it.  But even for them, you know, we've done this measurement. Their muscles are core muscles and their big muscles are active, right? So that's one of the reasons, even though they might sit as much as we do, it doesn't seem to be as bad for them because they're staying a little bit active. And that little bit of activity seems to be really important for keeping them healthy. Yeah, no, I think you're absolutely right.  And you're right.  Yeah, that's right. And I think, you know, that's a great idea. And it's a very hard idea that you don't sort of make exercise this one hour a day thing that you do, you know, in a kind of... If that works for you, that's great. But for a lot of us, I think it's easier to think about it just as sort of something that we weave into our daily lives, right? And accumulate over the course of a day rather than, oh, I'm going to do that from seven to eight tonight or from five to six in the morning. That's great too. But weaving it in throughout your day, I think, is really a smart way to try to get as much activity as we're involved to get. So I want to... Since you've spent time with them, as you probably know, I'm sure you know, they have a very different gut microbiome than us in the West. They have a very diverse microbiome. It changes with the season. And as a microbiome researcher, I think diversity in the microbiome is one of the keys to great health. And I know in your book, you say a calorie is a calorie. But I want to challenge you, I think, depending on your microbiome, that a calorie may not be a calorie. It depends on what your microbiome takes for themselves or what your microbiome harvests and gives to you. All right, what say you, Professor? Well, that's a really interesting idea. And it's worth looking into. We don't have... I know the studies on what you'd call that metabolizable energy or the utility of metabolizable energy. I'm not sure that you have the data yet to know how different foods vary like that. What we can say, and I think you're right about this absolutely, some people, if you have a gut microbiome that's healthy and diverse, you're going to be able to handle fiber a lot better, for example. And fiber gets turned into short chain fatty acids, which your body can use for energy. So in that case, a calorie of fiber, which might pass through and be unused by somebody, might be able to get used by somebody else. So point taken, and I think you're right about that. No argument there. I think the calorie is a calorie thing. As somebody who studies energy expenditure, what I get upset by, or I know what I'd buy, are people who want to talk about the evil carbs or the magic carbs or the evil... I think we can get away from that a little bit. There are going to be some interesting things that we need to do to keep our guts healthy, and that's going to have to do with the foods we eat, absolutely. But in terms of, you know, obesity is all about carbs or something simplistic like that, I think the data just don't support that. And so if it were that simple, that'd be great. But it's, you know, as a first pass, a calorie is a calorie, and then we can talk about the caveats to that, I think I'd be fine with that. So I think one of the good takeaways of your book is that these hunter-gatherers are not doing the carnivore diet. No, no, I just reviewed this. So one of the people I work with over there is Brian Wood. He's a Hodza expert, been working there for over 20 years, I think. And, you know, he and I just went through all the long-term data we could find for Hodza food returns, because when you're in these camps that we work with, we measure all the food that comes in, and we see what they're eating. And so we have something like, you know, decades of food returns in this, you know, one of the only hunting and gathering groups that are still doing it, you know. And yeah, it's not a meat-heavy diet at all. You know, as a matter of fact, if anything, it's kind of a carb-heavy diet. But, you know, it's really a mix, and that's the, I think, the important thing there is it's not just one thing. You know, the idea that there's one perfect human diet, there's no evidence for that from the hunting and gathering literature I can tell you. And you've studied them. They, it's fascinating, and again, as my research at Yale as well, the diversity of the plants that they encounter in a year cycle is just mind-boggling. Yeah, yeah. Yeah, I mean, absolutely, you know. And if you think about, you know, what foods make it into your fridge on a weekly basis? You know, it's probably not the same number that you're going through if you're not at the Hodza camp. You know, and also, I think, is also important to mention, I'm not talking about this, but they don't have a lot of processed foods, do they?  They don't have any crops, no domesticated animals, even, you know? But they certainly don't have any packaged foods, and, you know, I think about the foods that come through an American household, over half the calories are these ultra-processed things, and, you know, it's not that it's any one particular nutrient, it's that it's just completely changed. And the way that your body handles that, the way that your brain handles it, it's just very different. So a lot to learn from Hodza diets and from other small-scale societies, for sure. Let's talk about, let's talk about breakfast. Break fast. Yeah. That's not a, something that these guys do. They don't wake up in the morning and start munching on Cheerios. No, they kind of wake up in the morning and have whatever was left over from last night, you know? If there is leftover, if there are leftovers from last night. And so, you know, I don't say, I wouldn't say that they sort of skip breakfast. They, not intentionally, you know, usually there's something left over that they'll have, but it's not this big sit-down and have 2,000 calories of anything, you know? It's sort of a small meal to get you going.  That's right, that's right, yeah, yeah. So, you know, for our viewers and listeners, what's one of the most important takeaways from your book that everybody can put into practice for their health today? Yeah, I'd say the big takeaway is diet and exercise are two different tools with two different jobs, right? The work we do with the Hatha says that maintaining your weight is mostly to do with your diet and what you're eating. A lot of other aspects of your health, heart health, you know, brain health, that has to do with the exercise and how you're spending those calories.  You kind of have to do both. That's the, you know, that's the tough news. The easy news is there's a lot of good ways to do that. You know, you can find an approach that works for you, but I think we have to think about diet for weight, exercise for everything else. That's what I would say. Yeah, I think you're absolutely right. There's, you know, exciting research about when we exercise, our muscles make hormones called myokines. And these things are incredible for producing BDNF and stimulating neuron growth. I mean, who knew that, you know, moving would help your brain? I mean, yeah. Really? Yeah, absolutely. And especially as people age, we're finding, this is a work, another guy I work with it in, when I work with the Hades, there's a guy named David Reiklin at USC now. And he's done really interesting work looking at people as they age. Physical activity seems to stave off a lot of cognitive decline. It seems to be protective against that for the reasons you're saying that it's not just your muscles, right? Exercise gets everywhere. And so really exciting stuff on that end of things too, for sure. Yeah, in the longevity paradox, I write about women who routinely exercise for most of their lives have an 80% reduction in Alzheimer's dementia compared to women who don't routinely exercise. And even women who carry the Alzheimer's gene and who eventually may develop Alzheimer's, it arrives 11 years later than if they didn't exercise routinely. Wow. And when you think about that, it's one thing to get Alzheimer's at 80 and quite another to get Alzheimer's at 91. I mean, 11 years of a good life at the end of your life is well worth the investment. Yeah, yeah.  That's a big difference. Absolutely. Well, it's been a great pleasure to have you on the podcast today. And I really could talk to you for hours, and maybe we should.  So where can listeners learn more about you and your incredible work? Sure. Well, so I'm at Duke University and our lab website there, the Poncer Lab is pretty easy to find. I've got a funny name. So if you look for Herman Poncer, there aren't too many of us out there. We also, if you want to find out more about the Hodza, please check out thehodzafund.org. And of course, yeah, all of this stuff that we talked about today is in the book. Byrne, please check it out if you're interested in this work. Yeah, I know this is really fascinating. And, you know, your work up ends a lot of the current thought. And I like what you're bringing to this. So good for you and good luck with the book. And really appreciate having you on the podcast. Thanks so much. It was really fun. All right, take care. Okay, it's time for our audience question. This week's question comes from Julian Hahn on DrGundry.com who asks, does pressure cooking brown rice or black rice, forbidden rice, neutralize electrons? Okay, great question. One of the things you'll learn in the energy paradox is that black rice and red rice actually have quite a good content of melatonin. And you're going to learn in the energy paradox how good eating foods with melatonin can be for you. So shockingly, red rice and black rice are in the energy paradox as approved foods, as long as you pressure cook them. But please be aware that any rice comes at a cost because most of you are now aware that rice concentrates arsenic in the grain. And not a whole lot of us want a whole lot of arsenic in us. So you ought to view these as, in a way, special treats. But please, please pressure cook them. Now, even when you pressure cook rice, you want to get more resistant starch from your rice, and this is true with any starch. So remember, one of the keys is pressure cook your rice or cook a sweet potato, for example, and then refrigerate it, let it cool, and then reheat it. And the process of cooking, cooling, and then reheating actually dramatically increases the amount of resistant starch. And one fun fact, the best resistant starch out there is the purple sweet potato cooled and then reheated. The resistant starch content is out of this world. And interestingly, the purple sweet potato is 85% of the traditional Okinawan diet, and the traditional Okinawan diet made some of the longest living people in the world, one of the blue zones. So if you're going to have sweet potatoes, get the purple ones, they're pretty available now in most grocery stores, and cook it, cool it, and then reheat it. Great question. Now it's time for the review of the week. This week's review comes from, and I'm going to butcher this name, I apologize. M. Judd Figge. M. Judd W. Figge on Apple Podcasts who left a five-star review and wrote, Finding Dr. Gundry has changed my life. He is passionate about helping people and his well-researched way of living can help you too. Well, thank you, M. Judd W. Figge. Thank you very much. You know, all of your reviews are really super helpful. So if you haven't yet, please rate and review us on iTunes or wherever you get your shows. And I really take your reviews seriously, and I hope you can tell how excited I am to bring you these podcasts and to bring you my research, because as you know, I'm Dr. Gundry, and I'm always looking out for you. We'll see you next week. Before you go, I just wanted to remind you that you can find the show on iTunes, Google Play, Stitcher, or wherever you get your podcasts, because I'm Dr. Gundry, and I'm always looking out for you.


So to work out the uncertainty on a single measurement, any single measurement is likely to be within half the range of the average value. So that's actually a pretty simple calculation. So an uncertainty of an individual reading is just half the range. So the range is the maximum minus the minimum. Okay, so any existing or future measurement is likely to be within half the range of whatever your average value is. So we say that an individual measurement or reading has an uncertainty of half the range. Now it's really important to point out here that the value of this uncertainty here is not necessarily the same as whatever your instrumental uncertainty is. So whatever uncertainty you anticipated based on the size of the divisions on your measuring instrument. The uncertainty that you calculate for an individual reading might turn out to be larger than the instrument uncertainty because of sources of random error that cause the numbers to vary evenly above and below where your average value is. So if you go back and look at our data here, the range of the data is the maximum value, which is 1.59 minus the minimum value, which is 1.53, which gives us a range of 0.06 volts. And so our uncertainty on our voltage, which we symbolize with that triangle there, the uncertainty is half the range, which equals 0.03 volts. So we can say that on any individual reading that we have listed below there, 0.03 volts is the uncertainty on the number listed. Now this number of uncertainty supersedes any uncertainty estimate that you may have made based on the size of the divisions on your measuring instrument.


Just a couple of days ago. We talked about how the situation between the United States and Iran is getting incredibly incredibly terrifying and Just days later tensions have already escalated even further because today Iran shot down a US Drone because they claim that this violated Iranian airspace now predictably the United States is Denying that it went into Iranian airspace and they're maintaining that it was an international Airspace now regardless of who you believe or whether or not you think that they were justified in shooting down this drone Regardless of whether or not, you know, maybe they just temporarily entered Iranian airspace and then left it I don't care. This should not be a reason for war Period and I'm sorry, but I don't believe the United States. Is it plausible that they did in fact violate Iranian airspace? Absolutely. In fact, I'd say that it's likely even if we don't necessarily have the evidence to determine that that was the case It's their word against Iran's word but I do know that there are warmongers in Donald Trump's administration that are currently trying to do whatever they possibly can to go to us into war and even if let's say The United States is telling the truth and they didn't cross into Iranian airspace Flying that close to Iran. I mean, what are you trying to do? You're trying to intimidate them This is what we do all the time. We perform these military exercises Just outside of North Korea's border because we're escalating. We're intimidating them So this is what we do all the time We try to give countries a reason to act aggressively so we have a justified reason to invade them That's what we see again and again So I really hope that people don't fall for it because we're seeing history repeat itself And what we all are now worrying about is whether or not the United States government will use this as quote-unquote evidence that Iran attacked us and give them what they wanted in terms of Taking action militarily now the head of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps Hossain Salami stated that Iran quote does not want war with any country But we are completely and totally ready and prepared for war So again, when you say things like this, you're just stoking the flames here Everyone needs to calm down because war wouldn't benefit anyone But you know, unfortunately We don't have people in positions of power around the world that are rational, right? We have Donald Trump a gigantic man, baby. Who's belligerent who is Making decisions on our behalf and then in Iran Well, when Donald Trump pulled out of the Iran deal what he did was he emboldened all of the right-wing Extremists in Iran the moderates were essentially Delegitimized by Donald Trump's decision because and Kyle Kalinsky to his credit lays this out in a recent video You know, they were saying you don't want to work with the US because they can't be trusted and the moderates pushed for a deal And then unfortunately Donald Trump proved them right by withdrawing from the JCPOA So here's what happened Donald Trump issued this tacit threat to Iran via Twitter quote Iran made a very big mistake Now in an interview with press he reiterated this same sentiment except he said something else that was very chilling You'll find out You'll find out you'll find out Obviously Obviously, you know, we're not gonna be talking too much about it. You're gonna find out. They made a very big mistake He was asked are you willing to go to war with Iran? His answer was You'll find out and he later said they made a very big mistake That sent chills down the back of my neck and it's not like we can really take anything that Donald Trump says With you know anything more than a grain of salt because this is an incoherent babbling buffoon so, you know, you don't really want to focus on Certain words too much because oftentimes what he says is empty and meaningless But with that being said it's still really startling to see a US president Say you'll find out when it comes to war rather than just shooting down, you know that prospect Now if you're wondering why he's sounding more and more hawkish and is moving away from his non interventionist Stands here and not just unequivocally denouncing this idea that war with Iran is possible. Well, it's because guess who's steering the ship John Bolton so as the Washington Post reports administration officials Interviewed by the Washington Post said that the national security adviser John Bolton has dominated Iran policy Keeping a tight reign on information that gets to the president and sharply reducing meetings in which top officials Gather in the White House's situation room to discuss the policy on Monday The Pentagon said it would send an additional 1,000 troops to the Middle East Another step to beef up the US posture in the region the reinforcements come as the administration's quote maximum pressure campaign Spearheaded by Bolton and Pompeo Undermines the Iranian economy that campaign initiated after Trump pulled out of the nuclear accord with Tehran Was recently expanded to include the designation of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps as a terrorist group and steps to starve Iran of oil revenues think about that John Bolton is dominating Iran policy I'm gonna play the same clip that I've played on the show before This is what he said in I believe 2016 or 2017 About Iran and that's why before 2019 we here will celebrate in Tehran. Thank you very much So him and my Pompeo, they're the ones that are goading Trump into war and They know that Donald Trump instinctively may be against this idea that war with Iran is a necessary thing But they also know that Donald Trump is incredibly stupid So they're exploiting his stupidity to get what they want now one senator Angus King Actually made a really poignant point and he said that what it seems like they're trying to do is box Trump in So he feels like he has no choice But to strike Iran because they know that he doesn't necessarily want to do that But at the same time if they make it seem as if he has to do that Then of course he's gonna act because he's not bright enough to realize that he's being duped by these neocons So this is a horrifying situation. Um, not something that I want to see But regardless we'll keep watching this I genuinely hope that we see a concerted effort by the Democratic Party by libertarians in the Republican Party Rand Paul I hope everyone speaks out and denounces this at the top of their lungs because this is officially time to freak out if We don't de-escalate then war with Iran is possible and if that were to happen it would be absolutely Devastating as many people like Bernie Sanders say it would make the war in Iraq look like a cakewalk Don't want to see that happen. So we all need to need to do our best to spread the word and get others our peers Involved and aware that we may need to take to the streets If not all ready to protest war with Iran or even further escalation


Hello and welcome to this presentation on VA Power Technology for H-Bridges. I am Luigi Guarazzi and I started working at ST in 2000. I am currently Technical Marketing Manager in EMEA Region for VA Power Smart Feds for Automotive Applications. During my long experience at ST I have helped our product portfolio evolve, which while still performing same function and maintaining an unsurpassed robustness, have reduced their PCB footprints of five times less. The technology evolution of smartfeds was triggered mainly by the automotive market, which is undergoing an increasing electrification of vehicle functions, sustained by a demanding requirements in terms of safety and power optimization, as well as luxury and comfort features. The number of different functions in the vehicle which require motorization, often by brush DC motors, are constantly growing. In addition to traditional applications such as doors, electric mirrors, seats and windows, there is an increasing number of new and appealing applications, such as power trunk lift, electric sliding doors, electric vehicle lock charger and folding cameras. But what is a smart H-Bridge? A VA Power H-Bridge represents a fully integrated solution that is not only to simply power, but also to control and protect any bi-directional loads. In particular, they are ideal for brush DC motors in the harsh automotive environment. So the differentiating factor is smart driving. The M07 H-Bridge's family belongs to the latest state-of-the-art generation of VA Power H-Bridges, and it is designed around four main pillars, argumented reliability, smart and soft motion, miniaturization, argumented safety by embedded protection and diagnostic. Let's see the first pillar, argumented reliability. The VA Power M07 H-Bridges are increasingly used to replace electromechanical relays for controlling DC motors. The main advantages of relay replacement are 10 times longer operating life, weight and space savings, reduced number of external components required for diagnostic and protection. Second pillar, smart and soft motion enabled by PWM. Pulse with modulation at 20 kW is benchmark on the DC motor control arena today. It offers several benefits. A precise and smooth control of motor speed that ensures a high quality feeling, for example a noiseless smooth activation of a trunk lift or a side mirror. Control of motor torque makes it easier to implement sophisticated functions such as pinch reaction on the final race of a window lift. A reduction of transmitted power so that cabling in the vehicle is not oversized. Third pillar is miniaturization. The M07 H-Bridges are housed in the tiny SU-16 and power SU-36 packages. The advantages in adopting these small packages include the smallest full prints on the market for SU-16 narrow, the best thermal performance on the market for power SSU 36 triple pad packages, a full integration of power MOS and relevant driving circuitry in addition to analog current sense and thermal protection, everything in one single package. Fourth pillar, augmented safety by protection and diagnostics. VA Power M07 H-Bridges feature full silicon embedded thermal protections and diagnostic. There is a fast cut-off and warning diagnostic flag on every kind of short circuit. Here we can see an example on a motor driven by our H-Bridge located remotely in the ECU and suddenly a short circuit appears and the VNH7040 wants the microcontroller of a diagnostic flag. The microcontroller wants immediately the car dashboard and the driver is aware that he has to go to the next service station. Other important features of the augmented safety pillar include high precision motor current readings, non-dissipative current sensing, which means that an external shunt is no longer necessary, thermal protection acting on each MOS of the H-Bridge, detection of missing loads during motor operation as well as during idle states. STS VA Power M07 H-Bridges are the ideal set of devices for driving and protecting brush DC motors used by the previously mentioned loads and applications. The family has a unique set of features that beats the competition by combining tiny power SO-36 triple pad and SO-16 narrow power packages with a wide selection of MOS channel resistance, allowing automotive design engineers to find the best in class solution that covers a wide range of loads from just a few watts up to 200 watts. The bridges offer several competitive advantages, a broad range of on resistances from 8 up to 100 mA per branch. Simple to drive and with diagnostic, only a single pin is required to monitor the motors current, the device case temperature, the battery voltage and the fault flags. The possibility for usage in full H-Bridge, half H-Bridge and cascaded topologies, diagnostic in on and off state. A full and easy to use set of developer resources are available to engineers who can take advantage of many development resources and tools to become more familiar with VA Power M07 H-Bridges. Twister Sim is an electric thermal simulator for VA power products and is available for free of charge. There is a wide variety of evaluation boards that makes it easy for you to test your design by just connecting the load, power supply and microcontroller without any additional effort required for external component design. A sample kit is also available so you can have all our M07 H-Bridges in a single kit. Our solution evaluation kit includes the SPC5 adapter which can be combined with SPC560 discovery board along with the H-Bridge evaluation board for helping you to find the best design for a complete system solution. Let's see the Twister Sim, the electric thermal simulator. This tool helps hardware engineers to match the correct H-Bridge to its application at the very beginning of its development phase. The Twister Sim includes a VA power interactive selector which displays the best device for a given set of inputs like type of device, load and PCB characteristic in just few clicks. And there is also the electric thermal simulator which displays very precise plots of several signals describing the behavior of the device versus a given load. Let's see an example of electric thermal simulator. So I start with load block settings and then I check the motors parameter like armature resistance, inductance as well as its mechanical parameters. So then I go to the device, the selected H-Bridges which in this case is a VNH7040 AY. I go through the parameters and for example I check here the PCB characteristics. And finally I can start my simulation. So I check the plot and I wait just a few seconds so that the simulation is already in progress. And then I wait until the curves are plotted. I change the color of the load current curve to make it more visible. And as the fault you can see the values of the current and on the top you can see four junction temperatures of the power MOS inside. This is a typical display of a motor starting with the typical air rush phase which lasts several milliseconds. You can see that I get a time-based range of several hundreds of milliseconds. These of course can be fine-tuned until we do not see a steady state condition. The Twister Sync can be downloaded for free on www.st.com. Developers will also appreciate these tools, the two application nodes, on the standard H-Bridges, on the VNHD7 series, a comprehensive brochure and finally the VA power finder. This is a brand new mobile app available for Android and iOS that lets you explore the STVA power product portfolio on your smartphone or tablet. It has many useful features like smart, parametric search, access to main product specifications, on and offline consulting, add to favourites on the selected products and data sheets and ability to share technical documentation via social media or email. Thank you all very much for your attention. I invite you exploring our wide range of H-Bridges on www.st.com. See you soon!


and get started. Good morning, everyone. Good morning. You guys still excited? Yes. Yes? All right, great, great. So we're here to talk about value teams. And actually, Jeff, in his keynote this morning, who was there? OK, great. So it's actually a continuation on one of his learnings that there is a team around a product owner, not just one. So we're going to actually take a deeper dive into that. I didn't know Jeff's keynote was going to be about that, but he really set me up pretty well. All right, let's see if this clicker actually works. All right, so let me give a quick introduction about myself. My name is Ahmed Siddki. Basically, my background is a developer, started my career as a developer. And then after doing a number of years in that and helping deliver many different projects and managing them, I did my master's in requirements engineering, which was a very interesting shift for me. And I couldn't stand it, really, after I finished it, because it was very theoretical compared to a very sort of practical background for me. And that's where I found Agile. It was through my research. And this was in 2002. So I remember going up to my advisor and I told him, I can't continue my PhD on the same topic in requirements management, but I'd love to create or invent or discover a way of working that actually matches how people work in real life. And as you can imagine, a very old academic person looking at me and smiling, and he says, good luck. I don't know if that exists. And so I set out on this journey. And anyway, long story short, I did my PhD in Agile adoption and agility assessments from Virginia Tech. And then since then, I've been training and consulting with many different companies around the world. And recently, I joined Riot Games as their director of development in LA. Co-authored a book called Becoming Agile in a Perfect World, president and co-founder of the International Consortium for Agile, and some of the other stuff. But anyway, let's get started. So before we get started, I'd like to make sure we're aligned on some of the basics, because maybe we're actually not aligned, and it has a lot to do with what will be coming up. So one of the things I feel very strong about, and I hope you guys agree with me or else we're going to have to shift the topic of this session, is that Agile isn't a process. Agile is not a process. Scrum is a process, XP is a process, but Agile itself is not a process. So what is it? I like to define it as a mindset. So Agile is a mindset that in, and what is this mindset about, by the way? Let's go back for a second.


Talectın indiquende na m 이거le toy Onen became Community worker in Upt Soor k similar kumani asiaraашu available sa closed ehan in na to letuna keni kani krekniga kuna na pan village tunne w لفظ wanne Wuade soskela wullyar el。ief Thought it was that na ut toca entrar na masiv tres Kapisa Lakin knit certo bu bifade Rk hans independentators k 팬�a nande gafakati gafikati kabbolatoan stebi Kupushiya man to fidwu tito bi rashil vura fisu bura tebiyo. Bukra kamasul tanbuba bura bura tebiyo. Katwechれbru asherdeka, na miko ni na bi dey' gamefacha sanuti nan Hazame na minu kiliyo meunufuwe kajimu uengeyesul misu lku wito. I'm Lulliva Ejjoist Marko, I was working with the FA for 2 years now. In this community women are seen as the bread winners in their families and at all levels. So this one helps them a lot in building their capacity to find ways of getting more income to support their families. What I like about my job is mainly working with the women in the field. I get the opportunity to interact with them and them seeing me as a female they will freely talk to me about issues affecting them and they will be able to see what I'm doing and we interact. It brings me closer to them. So I get the opportunity to interact and I will communicate and the profession I'm working with is very important to help them find their own way and they will be able to see what we need to do and how we will learn from them and how we will help them to help them with their work. So this is one of the most important things in this field and I think when we come inhapeko wohana kwa naha kanata wudupika ni, na nekade kumand sniru. No maa, hend 그러 vaccinana U asniva kupira kawa, n honoring ni, me mikete jo kwa na mana katiziko. Iam posters, ! Fondu ughide kehangeri nanya npubu za ekid save na uama kumutu tu.


The DuPont Company of Wilmington, Delaware, makers of better things for better living through chemistry, presents the Cavalcade of America. Tonight, the Long Gray Line, the story of West Point, through 150 years. Our star, Cornel Wilde. Today is commencement day at West Point. Again this year, as for generations past, the Corps of Cadets has gathered about the pedestal of a statue in the southwest corner of the plain, and the songs of the Cadet Choir have echoed back from the Hudson Highlands. As West Point is of today, recall with reverence the Long Gray Line of those who have climbed the hill and walked the plain before them. The statue's pediment bears a simple inscription. It reads, Colonel Thayer, father of the Military Academy. The year is 1817. Brevet Major Sylvainus Thayer, newly appointed superintendent of the Young and Struggling Academy, has arrived at the point. At the top of the long steep hill up from the river, he meets the man he is to replace. Good evening, Captain Potridge. My hand, sir. No. Well then, Captain, you are reporting to me, Brevet Major Thayer. Let me remind you, this is an engineer post. Rank within the Corps of Engineers is substantive. Your Brevet Field Rank is of no account here. Could I hardly talk? I rank you, sir. Let's have that understood. Now, what's your business? I have a message for you, Captain, from Brigadier General Swift. Here it is. On receipt, you will deliver the command of the post of West Point. Preposterous. Preposterous. Me, superseded. Never, sir. Never. Good day to you, sir. May I congratulate you, Major, on your forbearance with old Futer. With Captain Potridge, sir. I prefer not to make a stormy beginning, Lieutenant. Quietly, it does it. Now that the gentleman has been taken in charge by the War Department, we can get to about our business. May I see the entrance examination records for the current year? There are no records, sir. What? And no examinations. Old Pute begging your pardon, sir. He decided everything. We have one cadet here who's only 11 years old. 11? Yes, sir. And another one nearly 40. That one has one arm and a wife up a new bird. Old Pute was fond of him. This is outrageous, Lieutenant. Outrageous. Yes, sir. The cadets are graduating when they please, sir, if Old Pute approves. If he doesn't approve, they don't stay long. You will call him Captain Potridge, Lieutenant, until and unless a court martial decides differently. We shall have order here, Lieutenant. Strict order. Discipline shall be the core of our new system. Yes, sir. I'm sorry, sir. Lieutenant, I have just returned for tour of the military schools of Europe. I've seen the lowest steam in which American military men are held abroad. By heaven, sir, we'll change that. We'll build here a school founded on a rock of discipline, nourished by scientific learning and exalted in a philosophy of honor. Duty, honor, country. That shall be our watchword. In his long years at West Point, Sylvainus Thayer turned an academic shambles into the first and finest engineering school on the American continent. Here he shaped four generations of cadets into builders and soldiers, imbued with his own ideals, duty, honor, country. He was the first of our great teachers of the art of victory. Sylvainus Thayer.   We follow those orders behind you where you have pointed the way. And the second great teacher, Dennis Hart Mohan, son of an Irish immigrant carpenter, small, sickly, a wisp of a man constantly ill in the sub-zero Highland winters, Dennis Hart Mohan, mentor of Captain's Courageous. The year is 1841, just past a century ago. Place, a West Point classroom. A section reciting in trigonometry has an unexpected visitor. Now, gentlemen, I want you to colonel my hat. Take, take, seat, gentlemen. It is a pleasure, sir. Come in. Come in. It's a nuisance and you know it. Oh, go right on with your recitation. Let me take your cloak, colonel. Oh, no, no. Seems I'm always cold. Matter of fact, that's why I dropped in. My classes are over, but I couldn't quite head into that mountain wind and fight my way home. Now that you're here, sir, I wonder if you wouldn't care to say a few words to the section. Very well. I'll make a complete nuisance of myself. Gentlemen, these are second-year men, Captain. Yes, sir. Gentlemen, you will not have the excruciating pleasure of attending my own lectures for another year. If you're here another year. Now, I'd not gain say the importance of trigonometry and such elementals. It's all well to measure all things. But ultimately, you're here to learn how to move armies in the field, in the presence of enemy forces. I, uh, resumed to teach this art. I wonder at my own presumption. Wonder too, uh, if any of you already read my textbook on the subject. Good, good. Uh, you there. You, sir, sitting alone in the back row. Me, sir? Uh, sorry, gentlemen, I don't know all your names as yet. Yes, you, sir. Can you tell me what is the chief element of success in strategy? Hello, Eddie, sir. Speed of movement. Correct, sir. Could you develop that theme a bit now? Yes, sir. As you have written, sir, no great success can be hoped for in war in which rapid movements do not enter. Even the very elements of nature seem to array themselves against the slow and overprudent general. Excellent. Solarity, gentlemen. Solarity. Never forget the word. Oh, the hour is up, eh? Yes, sir. Sorry, sir. Class dismissed, gentlemen. Solarity. Well, Captain, they took me at me worried. Always the cadet who spoke with such, uh, such presence. Sam Grant, sir. Class of 43. Sam Grant, eh? That's what everyone calls him. I believe his full name is Ulysses Simpson Grant. Solarity. Blitzkrieg, the Nazis were to call it a century later when they stabbed into Poland. Mahan called it Solarity a hundred years ago, and he made it the heart and soul of American prowess and skill at arms. Dennis Hart Mahan, the teacher, never fought a battle, and he never went out of doors, they say, without an umbrella. But he rode with Stonewall Jackson's foot cavalry down the Shenandoah Valley. He planned with Lee at Chancellorsville, and his council prevailed before Vicksburg with General U.S. Grant. Though long dead, he was at San Juan Hill, at San Mille, too, and the dim, shell-racked forests of the Argonne. He fought with Eisenhower for Operation Overlord. He rode MacArthur's transport back to the Philippines. With Bradley, he conquered the deadly hedgerows at San Loh. And in his name, George Patton's iron column, slicing through the Falaise Gap, rode madly down the roads of France to reach for the distant Rhine. The Rhine, Celerity, and Dennis Hart Mahan. My little Macabre Cate of America, Cornel Wild is telling the story of the Long Gray Line. And the last man feels through his marrow the grip of your far-off foes. Thayer Mahan and Peter Smith-Mikey. This was the son of a Scottish mechanic who made West Point the home of engineering science. Graduated at the outbreak of the war between the states, he rose in three years to the field rank of Brigadier General. While still a first lieutenant in the regular army list. Returning to the point, he stayed to teach and to build for nearly 40 years. Peter Smith-Mikey. Soldier and scientist. The year is 1888, 64 years ago. The place, Colonel Mikey's office at the academy, on a warm day in early autumn. The teacher is revising his elements of hydro mechanics as... Dennis! Dennis, boy! How do I look, Dad? Well, son, you're dressed in gray, but... No, no, no, you don't look much like a kid. That's pulling that midsection, boy. Yes, sir. Do you remember Sylvainer Thayer's rule? Uh, display the chest, draw on the cooperation, draw the chin in perpendicular to the chest, hold the hands down at such a seam of the pantaloons and take care not to bend the elbows. Keep the shoulders back and keep the feet at an angle of 45 degrees. How's this? It's better, lad. It's better. But you were four years ago.  Yes, Dad. How about football? Football? That English nonsense? Well, this is the new game, sir. We played it at Lawrenceville last year. This is not Lawrenceville, boy. Well, uh, they're playing this new game at Princeton and Rutgers, too. Civilian colleges have time for such capabilities. We do not. I, uh, hear they've been practicing at Annapolis, sir. Oh, they have, have they? Yes, sir. And, well, sir, we compete for grades, and it's supposed to be good for us. Why not in games, too? Oh, very well, uh, take it up with General Park and the academic board. But in my day, we got along well enough with Royne on the river. Times changed, Dad. Do they, Dennis? Do they? Well, on a fine Indian summer day like this, time seems to me to stand still here among the old gray towels. Or rather, all the times are mixed up together into one time. The hills behind us flatten out into one dimension, like a, like a backdrop in a stage play. And time narrows down to a single split second. Yes. I think I know what you mean, Dad. All right. And old Sylvainus is, is still handing out demerits in his basement office over yonder. And you might bump into Jackson or Grant or Lee in any sallyport. And Dennis Mahan, why, he's wheezing up the hill right now, home for a sale on the river. Hey, I don't know what he'd say about this football kickin. In this new game, Dad, you, you run with the ball. Old Mahan would probably figure out new ways to run with it, from the sidelines. Well, I suppose it can't do any harm. But son, never lose sight of why you're here. Times can't change that. Dennis Mahan named his son for Sylvainus there. I named you for Dennis Mahan. You see, things run together here in a cord of life without a break. And the strands of the cord are beauty, honor, country. Navy won the first football game in 1890, 24 to nothing. But Army, captained by Dennis Mahan, Mikey, won the second game, 32 to 16. High on the hilltop, there's a stadium now named for Dennis, Mikey Stadium. It is a few years later, there's a little war on down in Cuba, the war with Spain. We are once more in Colonel Mikey's office. I came, sir, as soon as I heard about your son, William, my deepest sympathy, sir. Aye, aye, thank you. It was pneumonia. They could do nothing. I'm, uh, I'm writing out to Dennis. You have been spared, Dennis Colonel. You must hang on to the... Aye, I do, I do. We're all proud of him. His record in Cuba is superb, sir. Aye, he learned his lesson well here at the academy. Uh, come in. A message, sir, from the ward department. From the ward department? Here, let me see it. Here it is, sir. No. What is it? Here you... You read it, Colonel. We regret to inform you that your son, First Lieutenant Dennis Mahan Mikey, has been killed in action at San Juan Hill. Peter Smith Mikey died some months later on February 16th, 1901. The class of Ort 1 was graduated on the morning of the 18th. And to a man, the class remained that afternoon to follow Mikey to his grave. The last of the great triumvirate, Thayer Mahan Mikey, was gone. But the cord with three strands, duty, honor, country, was unbroken. The long gray line would go marching on. They are here in closely assemblage, The man of the car long dead. And our hearts are standing, attention, While we wait for their passing tread. These were three great teachers of the art of victory. There were and have been many more. And what of those who were taught and learned well the lesson? They march past now. We hear their ghostly tread. And their voices, as all times melt and merge into one time. How can we call out the names and count off by the numbers when the numbers are so great? We'll try, at least, with the endless column passes. George Ronan, class of 1811, the first West Pointer killed in action at a wilderness fort where Chicago now stands. George W. Whistler, 1819, pioneer railroad builder. Let him stand for all the West Pointers who forged steel bands across the continent. Edgar Allen Poe, that most melancholy cadet. Henry Dupont, manufacturer. James Abbott McNeil Whistler, artist and wit. Son of the railroad builder. And all the great fighting names. The general offices. Sherman, Sheridan, Beauregard, Pickett, Polk, and Jubal Early, Jefferson Davis, 1828, McClellan Burnside, Hooker, and Mead. Thomas Jonathan Stonewall Jackson, class of 1846. Let us cross over the river and rest under the shade of the trees. And Andrew S. Rowan, 81, who carried a message to Garcia. Blackjack Pershing, Liggette, March and Bullard, Hap Arnold, Buckner, Patton, McNair. So the high command goes by. But for every star or eagle in this march past, a thousand shoulders carry short gold bars. These are the platoon leaders passing now. And the company commanders expendable in every army since Joshua fought the Battle of Jericho. Victory port, sir. All the canoneers are killed. Can you spare me another clue, sir? And two more guns. That was Lieutenant John P. J. O'Brien of O'Brien's Battery at the Battle of Buena Vista in Mexico. The perishing, imperishable subaltern. Those who pass now are the men who take nameless but numbered hills and die in the taking. These are the flyers into the flak. The flak that was never predicted. These are the men who straighten out in the glare of star shells certain slightly annoying salience in the regimental front. Hello. Hello, Brigade Command. Three prisoners, sir. And all from the same Bavarian lot there regiment. Thank you, sir. Yes, we lost one officer. A Lieutenant, sir. Lieutenant, Captain, these are the churs out with tails well chewed in turn. These are the men who were on the right spot by the map and the clock. When the barrage came down, some 30 yards too close to the trench. The men who captured not cities but machine gunness will lead the platoon on point to cross the unswept minefield to wait in the moonless dark for the bonsai charge. Hello. Hello, this is Binker Company, sir. I guess we're where we're supposed to be, but we need stretcher bearer, the captain headed, sir. These are the men who have done the dirty work of command in the filthy business of war for 150 years, the men who were trained for the necessary task at West Point. No need to go back to Buena Vista or Chancellor'sville. Or San Juan Hill, or the Argonne, or Saipan, or the H. Rose of Normandy. This line of marches goes longer now, day by day. Let these three stand for the many hundreds. Lieutenant John Trent, class of 1950, Captain of Football, 1949, killed in action in Korea. Lieutenant George Hannon, class of 1950, Distinguished Service Cross, killed in action in Korea. Lieutenant Samuel Corson, class of 1949, Congressional Medal of Honor, killed in action in Korea. I'll thanks the Cornell Wild and the Cavalcade players for tonight's story, The Long Gray Line. Tonight's DuPont Cavalcade was written by George H. Faulkner and based on material from where they have trod and men of West Point by Colonel R. Ernest DuPuis, USA, retired. Original music was composed by Arden Cornwell, conducted by Donald Boris. The program was directed by John Zoller. With Cornell Wild, you heard Stott's Cutsworth as Thayer, Richard Purdy as Mahan, Mercer McLeod as Mikey, and the Don Craig Kors. This is Cy Harris speaking. Next week, The DuPont Cavalcade will present the story of America's first woman pilot. Be sure to listen to Daughter with Wings, starring John Caulfield. The DuPont Cavalcade of America came to you tonight from the Velasco Theater in New York City and is sponsored by the DuPont Company of Wilmington, Delaware. Makers of better things for better living, through chemistry. Tonight, it's Barry Craig, Confidential Investigator on NBC.