Welcome to George H. Smith's Excursions into Libertarian Thought, a production of Libertarianism.org and the Cato Institute. Aquinas, Luther and Calvin on Persecution As the Catholic Church went about exterminating heretics in the 13th century, major intellectuals rallied to her defense. Thomas Aquinas, 1225 to 1274, a Dominican whose order had been specifically charged by the Pope with rooting out heresy, discussed heresy in detail in his voluminous Summa Theologica and his views profoundly influenced Church policy. In 1542, when Pope Paul III reconstituted the Holy Office of the Inquisition in Rome, he relied heavily on the arguments of Aquinas. Aquinas, like Catholic theologians before him, distinguished between unbelief and heresy. Pure unbelievers are those who have never accepted the Christian religion, such as Jews and Muslims. Those unbelievers should be punished if they blaspheme or commit other sins, but they should not be forced to embrace Christianity. But heretics are a different matter, because heresy is a special kind of unbelief, pertaining to those who profess the Christian faith but corrupt its dogmas. Unlike pure unbelievers, heretics should be compelled to accept the correct doctrines. Heresy involves more than error, it is obstinate error. Simple error may be innocent, but if the heretic persists in his error after being corrected by Church authorities, then his error becomes willful, the result of egoistic pride. When that happens, the heretics should be punished. Why? Because heretics, having pledged themselves to God via the Catholic Church, should be submitted even to bodily compulsion that they may fulfill what they have promised and hold what they at one time received. The heretic betrays his pledge to God and thereby corrupts the very religion he professes to accept.  Heretics deserve not only to be separated from the Church by excommunication, but also to be severed from the world by death, for it is a much graver matter to corrupt the faith which quickens the soul of the Church money which supports temporal life. Therefore, if forgers of money and other evildoers are condemned to death at once by the secular authority, much more reason is there for heretics as soon as they are convicted of heresy to be not only excommunicated, but even put to death. Although heretics deserve death for the first offense, the Church, merciful as always, should not inflict this penalty until the second relapse into heresy. Thus, the reason barbarism of Aquinas surpassed even that of Augustine, who had favored mere fines and banishment as penalties for heresy. The Catholic Church regarded 16th century Protestants as heretics worthy of death, and many of them paid that price. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that leading Protestant reformers defended some measure of toleration, at least for themselves. Most of those same leaders, however, also defended the persecution of Catholics and even heretics among their fellow Protestants. When accused of inconsistency, those Janus-Face Protestants typically replied in the same manner as did John Calvin. Namely, the right to persecute error does not entail the right to persecute truth. Protestant leaders were absolutely certain that their doctrines and their doctrines alone were correct. Thus, they had the right to preach the truth, as well as the right to suppress religious error by violent means if necessary. In 1523, shortly after Martin Luther split from the Catholic Church and while his life was still in danger, he published a passionate defense of toleration. Luther cited the well-known saying found also in Augustine, no one can or ought to be constrained to believe. He then summarized this time-honored argument, it is useless and impossible to command or compel anyone by force to believe one thing or another. It must be taken hold of in a different way, force cannot accomplish it. Luther thus proclaimed the inability of persecution to accomplish its intended goal. Heresy can never be prevented by force. If God's word, the Bible, and persuasion do not correct heretics, then the end will remain unaccomplished through secular power, though it filled the world with blood. Luther conceded that persuasion can compel by word and deed, but such outward conformity when it does not flow from inner conviction is sheer hypocrisy devoid of religious significance. Persecutors cannot constrain the heart though they wear themselves out trying, for the proverb is true, thoughts are free. Salvation is an unmerited gift freely bestowed by God to which no one can be forced. Nay, it is a divine work done in the spirit, certainly not a matter which outward authority can compel or create. If Luther had written nothing else on toleration, he might have received accolades from future generations, believers and unbelievers alike. But as sympathetic biographers might say, Luther was a complex man, an unsystematic thinker who advocated different policies at different times. Or as unsympathetic biographers might say, an older Luther, ensconced in power, his life and future secure, betrayed his principles and turned from persecuted to persecutor. Whatever the correct explanation may be, there is no doubt that Luther, after aligning himself with sympathetic German princes, many of whom were more interested in power and looting Catholic property than in religious doctrine, became a fierce advocate of persecution. We see this in Luther's attitude toward the Anabaptists or Rebaptizers, a misleading label foisted upon them by their enemies, those Protestants who believed in adult baptism and mocked infant baptism as the Popesh Bath. Anabaptists were savagely persecuted by both Catholics and Protestants, and many thousands were cruelly tortured and slain. Protestants were especially fond of baptizing Anabaptist heretics by drowning them in rivers. Luther initially defended freedom for Anabaptists, except the small minority who resorted to violence. Later though, he called for the extermination of all heretics, along with Catholics who did not acknowledge themselves enemies of Christ and the Emperor. Heretics are not to be disputed with, but to be condemned unheard, and whilst they perished by fire, the faithful ought to pursue the evil to its source and bathe their hands in the blood of the Catholic bishops and of the Pope, who is a devil in disguise. Jews also felt the sting of the hateful intolerance of the older Luther. Burn the synagogues, take away their books, including the Bible. They should be compelled to work, denied food and shelter, preferably banished. If they mention the name of God, report them to the magistrate or throw zaudrec, pig-dung on them. Moses said idolaters should not be tolerated. If he were here, he would be the first to burn the synagogues. Even in later life, Luther sometimes defended what he called freedom of conscience, a phrase he may have coined. However, he meant only the freedom to believe as one likes, according to one's own judgment. Those beliefs could include heretical beliefs, provided one kept them to oneself. Once the heretic talked about his beliefs or attempted to communicate them to others in any manner or engaged in heretical rituals, then he should be subject to the force of Christian law. In short, for the older Luther, freedom of conscience signified the right to believe as you like, so long as you remain silent about any heretical beliefs you may have. Freedom of conscience did not include freedom of speech or worship, for those practices might easily infect others and lead them into heresy as well. If Martin Luther provided erratic support for toleration, another great reformer, the Frenchman John Calvin, provided none at all. As an eminent Christian biographer of Calvin once quipped, if someone claims to find a single word in favor of toleration in Calvin's voluminous writings, it must be a misprint. Although Calvin rejected Catholicism, he embraced the Catholic policy of persecution. Because the papus persecute the truth, should we on that account refrain from repressing error? As a believer in predestination, Calvin understood that persecution cannot save souls. The elect were selected by God before creation. But Calvin insisted that heresy and blasphemy, the two concepts were sometimes used interchangeably by Protestant champions of persecution, insult the supreme majesty of God and should be punished for that reason. The punishment of heretics and blasphemers vindicates the honor of God. Calvin was the hardest among hardliners. Under no circumstances should secular authorities tolerate heretics and blasphemers. Indeed, those who would spare heretics and blasphemers are themselves blasphemers. The implacable severity of the death penalty is mandatory because devotion to God's honor should be preferred to all human concerns. In pursuit of that end, we should expunge from memory our mutual humanity as we exterminate heretics and blasphemers with righteous zeal. Calvin proved as good as his word. In 1553, he engineered the gruesome execution of the Spaniard Michael Servetas, a brilliant philosopher, scientist and physician who is credited with discovering the pulmonary circulation of blood. Servetas was a judge to criminal for two primary reasons, each punishable by death in Roman law. He rejected the Trinity as a needless incomprehensible doctrine, and he denied the efficacy of infant baptism. Having repudiated the canon law of the Catholic Church, Protestants typically appealed instead to the ancient code of Justinian for legal justification for their judicial murders. While hiding in France under an assumed name, Servetas sent a manuscript copy of his last book, The Restoration of Christianity to Calvin in Geneva. Servetas apparently hoped the great reformer would view the book sympathetically, a naive and fatal miscalculation. Calvin never returned the manuscript, he had a better use for it. He gave four incriminating pages to a colleague, Guillaume Tree, who forwarded them to a Catholic correspondent in France. Tree also revealed the true identity of Via Novanis, the pseudonym used by Servetas. The Protestant Tree chided French Catholics for tolerating this heretic in their midst. You suffer a heretic who well deserves to be burned wherever he may be. I have in mind a man who will be condemned by the papest as much as by us or ought to be. Where I'd like to know is the zeal which you pretend. Where is the police of this fine hierarchy of which you so boast? The tactic of Calvin and Tree almost worked. Servetas was arrested and convicted of heresy by Catholic authorities, but before he could be roasted over a Catholic fire, he managed to escape from prison and head for Italy. Unfortunately, for reasons known only to himself, Servetas chose a route that took him through Calvin's Geneva. There he was quickly recognized and in an indictment drawn up by Calvin, charged with 39 counts of heresy in blasphemy. Servetas was sentenced to death for attempting to infect the world with his stinking heretical poison. On October 27th, 1553, Servetas was bound to a stake with a rope twisted around his neck, his book tied to an arm, and a Protestant fire, fueled by green wood to make it burn slowly, stirring below. It took 30 minutes for Servetas to die, but by all accounts, he suffered the ordeal bravely. Defenders of Calvin liked to point out that he favored the more merciful execution of beheading rather than burning, but was overruled by Geneva officials. If that qualifies as a point in Calvin's favor, so be it. In my judgment, among major thinkers, the Western world has rarely, if ever, seen a more intolerant, arrogant, and sadistic mentality than the mind of John Calvin. This is at www.libertarianism.org.


Some stakeholders in Biosas state have called on the state government to take proactive steps towards ending cultural leader killings and all the vices in the state. They believe that the constant harassment of peaceful and low-biden citizens will be a theme of the past if the government comes in as residents are set of believing and fear of the unknown. If, although the government is believed to be taking measures to save god lives and properties in the state, some of these stakeholders believe that nothing will change until restiveness among youth is addressed. See people that have gone to school, graduates that have graduated from school do not have any way to absolve them.  At that point, you do not expect anything good but violence. IYC, Mohsen, Vigilante, Biasa volunteer can put an end to all this, engaging the right person. All we need to do as a security, choose the right persons, engage them. Do not involve just one particular set of persons because when just one particular set of persons are involved they see it as a process of making money and then after two months when the state is peaceful you go back and it might stop us from course-fighting then. It's called activities in the state. I feel because youths in Biasa state are not meaningfully engaged because open the Bible says, and I don't mind, it's a devil's workshop. If youths are meaningfully engaged, I believe they won't have time to get involved in cultism or other nefarious activities. They have the role to pay parents who will inculcate good morals to their children. So when they come out, they'll be good ambassadors. Parents need to, because we have situations where a mother will be encouraging her daughter to go into all these things that are not good. So we should inculcate the habit of giving morals to our children, encouraging them to be more studious.


Where's my telephone over sir sir. We are on the air Oh, I got you. I got you When I think hanging is blowing it's blowing in the wind Let me see That's your pointy at the camera I did that we're online Hi everybody We're gonna let you guys get up in here before we start talking about our new chapter genius pregnant Hold up wait a minute All right guys say hi because I'm about to put you guys on my Instagram.  All right. We are active on YouTube lives. So come hang with us come join us Should I post it too? Okay, I gotta get my phone. I'll be right back guys Yeah, and you're already leaving they started getting late they started getting late Ain't that some crazy stuff man. She started leaving So what you guys up to you guys got a good prank ideas cause we here alone now is just us We weren't talking about anything suspicious while you were gone. Oh, yeah, that's weird That's suspicious And you guys are killing the comment section right now. That's what I'd like to see that's what I'd like to see man How long How long Did y'all go get a lot of if you're asking how long it took us to get to the point of subscribers? We're at right now. It's like three years Hey, we are on live on YouTube come join us Everybody some of comments in eggplants Some of the content a plant I Don't even know you can do that No, like I thought YouTube like blocks that stuff out because YouTube is so strict now I'm talking trash about them. They bought a boot. It's all clogged now watch All right, so you'll sit down. Yes, we'll sit down now. Thank you. All right.  He's fine. Where's the hour in here. He's in bed blue Don't I'm sorry Okay, so here we go All right, so let's talk about the new year guys are you guys excited for the new year? I'm gonna tell you all right now We'll be honest.   I can't I can't carry him right now So because I say he's eating a donut someone said Kobe 2021 It's gonna be a thing COVID is not over. It's so annoying. I know I'm looking for it That's what I'm looking forward to for the new year my guess. I bet you're still gonna be a thing and I would say it's only summer Like I got it. I think the mask wearing every day is gonna be over by summer That's my guess Somebody said are you okay? I said you look a little pale. I'm dying No, I'm being serious like I'm still sick guys. I hate it. Yeah, I've been fighting with code. I Even got tested for COVID and it came back negative. So I know I'm good It's it's literally just a code like I'm dealing with like a stuffy nose and My throat being dry. My throat doesn't hurt. It's just dry. So But that's why I probably look pale and I'm sick and it's cuz I am Somebody said interest I blame the little squirrel of ice age for COVID Wait, why? Don't get it. Do you watch Ice Age? I think I did Was that the one who's always chasing the acorn? He's always gonna stop That was the best character right there.  All right. So we're gonna start it early Raheem Shabazz sub Isaiah genies You guys are awesome team genie off. Thank you Why team genies? I don't understand like I came out with a banger.  They say it's love y'all from Chicago noise.  I'm so guys a cup of chocolate milk. It's not chocolate Chocolate milk and chocolate donut is nasty. So I got regular milk Yeah, you choking over here Come on We're the best youtubers. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you so much Happy New Year's Eve. Stop touching stop you stop touching stuff Raheem Shabazz again another two dollar donor, Janice is the queen of pranks. No, she's not she's really not I've been dropping some Fuego All right, I've been dropping something. I've been reading the comments. Okay. I've been reading the comments team as is We we up right now. All right And we ended it off with a rolling you don't have to do this You don't tell me I don't know how to scroll Actually, I think my niece has that cup man. I got this from my arm. I got two of them, too This is the best cup ever man. You can make some chocolate milk up in this No, it's a little no, I don't why not tell them tell them why you hate milk. What's your hatred against milk? No, first of all, I'm allergic. No, you're not. Yeah. Yeah. No, you're not. Okay, you're allergic to glue it You just react bad with dairy, but it was You were never allergic to it. Okay anyway Guys milk is the best you guys like milk. Please tell me you guys like milk milk is cow pus so love that for you Can you not say that while I'm drinking it? Oh, you think it's the best you think it's delicious. So I mean straight from the teeth anyway What do you guys prefer Dutch Bros. They're Starbucks. We never had Dutch Bros. I don't even know what that is Um Can y'all give any advice to who to who are beginning on YouTube? Um, I Don't think like I feel like we get that question a lot is like what do you do when you want to start YouTube? I feel like it's not really any advice we can give you other than just I Don't know like what would you say I say just do it like do what you Record what you want to record and have fun with it Yeah, that's all I would have to say and get a good camera and don't this is a this is a big thing And this is why I feel like a lot of people start YouTube and then they end up quitting very early It's because they do it for the money That do it for the money or they can't commit like they're not consistent with yeah So it's like don't if you're gonna do it for the money Don't do it for the money because it's gonna feel like a regular job to you You're gonna hate it do it because you actually like you and you know if you don't like doing it It's not for you also keep in mind I would say like Just Figure out what you want to base your channel on Because a lot of people just go like all over the place and they don't really have like a kind of a general idea What they want to do and it's like you need to establish that first before you yeah Don't mix different Genres together like don't try to have like a beauty channel and then like a um, I don't know Like a beauty channel in a car channel at the same time It's like they say there's a car girl out there shows your car stuff and then two days later She shows like her makeup routine the two don't mix all right It's like you got to stick to one category just because that's what YouTube likes to push you can't mix two together It's like I don't know it's weird YouTube is weird with what they want to push Chris Leo said I Love milk go for almond or oh, yes No, I'm in look. Yes, but open milk. No Someone said where's the 20,000 there was a 20,000 because Should I really make you an only fancy cow? No, oh Man, I'm never gonna let that one go that was definitely my top five Raheem Shaba's and again another five. Thank you again. You're so generous bro. Thank you Okay, I was you guys later. May Allah bless you both my 24th is this Sunday, and I'm a Capricorn. Happy New Year Stay safe. Happy birthday and happy new year. Happy holidays God bless you, too Ew almond milk. You're crazy. See I'm not no regular almond milk is nasty the vanilla vanilla vanilla Now we see now like would you drink or would you eat cereal with almond milk? That's nasty. I need regular milk. I'm I can't eat cereal with any milk. I just don't like soggy Don't let it sit. You know what? We are Haley Come on. Can you come on you? Shout out to Haley man. She's teaching me.  Thank you But thank you so much for the two. I don't know. Thank you girl. Juan Dama said are y'all moving? All right, if we being completely honest here, we yeah, we move in but do we know where we don't know where we don't know We are moving for sure. That's 100% We're not staying in this apartment, but we don't know if we're staying in Jersey or we're out of state We don't know yet. We're being honest We'll go back up someone said Go back up more more more more more more more Geez Man you messed up. I can't find it someone says something about being alive after I told you in the video. Oh That was a deadly he just gets lucky No guys if there's one thing that I Know what Janice is that don't? Tell her to shush or relax or chill or shut up because it just makes its way It makes it twice as bad and it just gets really really bad that makes her even more mad Do y'all really love us or do y'all say that because I need to say I don't give a shh About what other youtubers do like I if I'm gonna say I'm gonna say because I'm genuine Honestly guys, so yeah, we we worried about ourselves. We're not worried about We're not worried about other youtubers like do we have other youtuber friends? Yeah, do we care about them? Of course, but do we Like Like we do it so we tell you we love you guys we genuinely love you guys You know, we're not gonna lie and try to say oh my god We love our subscribers just to make you guys feel loved like I don't know that's weird But we genuinely do love you because without you guys we wouldn't be what we're at So it's like we owe everything to you guys And I feel like a lot of people forget that it's like we owe everything to you guys This wouldn't be possible without you guys you guys mean everything to us so Yeah, wait, uh Joseph Thompson 10 dollar don't know team I say all day every day happy news That's what I'm talking about shout out to my bro Joseph. Man. We go way back. I'm talking like third grade Shout out to you, bro. Thank you for being on team Isaiah the winning team. How we get down. What are you guys having a meet and greet? That's probably not gonna happen anytime soon considering COVID is still a thing Yeah, COVID gotta be We were we were thinking like a million subs, but like we wanted I want to do it before that point I wanted to do it when we get to like 500, but this It's COVID man. It's COVID thing ain't working. Yeah, it's COVID thing Especially with that new strain that came out is more contagious now I can't I can't no more Why is it so quiet? I love how you guys would always say mad before words like you say mad sus. We don't even notice I feel like that's like a Jersey thing not not even interesting. It's like New York people do it too. I don't know. I think it's like it's the East Coast It's like lingo. Yeah, you remember that one time when we went to When we were in LA and we met up with Trey and Ryan And then I was like oh something got me mad tight. Oh, yeah Trey started laughing. He was like he said tight He was like on the East Coast lingo and I was like, bro. Yeah, I don't say that over here, right Yeah, we talked like that mad tight mad sus. I'm getting tight Denise is sponsored by Nike Wish yeah, yeah How much sponsored by Nike if you were sponsored by Nike my wardrobe would be crazy sponsored by Nike, but I'm wearing Adidas That's Adidas.  I'm an Aquarius Aries Somebody said tragic tragic that we're Curious and Aries, I guess though. We don't mix we're bad vibes together. I think I heard I heard Aries is toxic I heard Aquarius is toxic. How because you're toxic. That's why name one toxic trait about me. I'll wait give me your best one Anyway, exactly somebody said how was your acne doing Jimmy's actually getting better like surprisingly my My scars are going away. They get better. I'm so happy. Let me see the other side Oh Anonymous all right team Isaiah 100% here's a tip for you guys from us. Oh, thank you anonymous Thank you. Thank you for the $5. That's dope.  I'm horrible at games Aquarius and Aries are both ear signs, right? I don't think I think I'm fire. I'm water. Aries is fire. Thank no way That was sound right. Look at all. I don't even know. I don't sound right. I know I'm water for sure. I thought I was fire Aries And I'm from Mars.  That's what you are Oh, the zodiac element is fire. You're right. You're from Mars. Yeah, that's why you're weird Wait, what's mine? Yeah Thank you Luke Aquarius one air tower Towering oh, I'm butchering this. I'm sorry. Thank you for the $5. I don't know. I appreciate you I'm from Mercury I don't want to be from Mercury Mercury Mercury You hear this Wikipedia Wikipedia says If you're saying what last people still has time to donate in our 98% of our readers Can you guys say hi? What people say? Hi Nika Whoa, whoa, whoa. All right. We're not gonna say that but shout out to turtle We're not saying that but shout out to turtle with the one dollar donor. Thank you. You tried it. We're not saying that Jesus is a planet. Okay Isaiah car gaming channel Guys the car channel gonna come sooner. I don't know how soon but it will come soon So we actually wanted to Come on here and like just talk about the new year and what like the new year is Has a story for everyone Yes, so are there any plans that you guys have for the new year? Is there anything that you guys want to accomplish goals that you set for yourself? Um, just let us know in the comments. We're gonna like say it out loud and like discuss it Yeah, we want to see what you guys have planned for the new year. What do we have planned for the new year? Um, I think we're pretty much like going with the flow It's like obviously we want to do better better bigger things but I would love to get a house in 2021 I love to buy a house but That takes a lot of like time and money I don't know. I'm not really concentrated on I just want to What I want for 2021 is for my whole family to be together Like I don't care where we are. I just want us all to be together That's what I want. I don't care about anything else.  We went on both our families both our families playing games We know where we want to be. It's just a matter of like should we tell them what we want to be? No, not yet We can't say it yet I feel like the people who really pay attention and watch like Our videos like whole like throughout the whole video. They watch the whole thing I feel like they wouldn't they know where we want to be As far as living wise but Yeah, that's that's kind of I definitely 100 want to get my car channel started in 2021 for sure Someone just guessed it. Yeah, they got it right. Someone just guessed it Let's see Trying to read some of your goals For it to not suck as much as 2020 nick bond. Yeah, seriously Cheyenne going to miami for new years Okay Okay, uh, jayden lunes. I actually got sick last week. I'm gonna see if it's coronavirus in an hour I hope that it's not um my horos haley Haley carvajal. My new year goal is to be recognized from jenice and azalea. Well, you could check this one off your list We just recognize you girl. Shout out to hay Grabbie DMing you. I know who you are Become a better version of myself cap and go man. There we go. Okay. I like that I plan on joining the air force since when okay the net there we go Do you there we go Um, let's see I want to win a lgs tournament. What is a lgs? I don't know what that is, but I hope you win it What is a lgs? I don't know a lgs I don't know. I hope you win it somebody said Oh Juan gambas said, how do you guys celebrate the new year? I feel like it's been the same for the past couple Years like past three years.  Yeah, and um, I don't know. We just we just get lit We wait for 12 and then you know by 12 30 if you have enough the house.  It's pretty much the generic Way to celebrate new years just get lit with your family also Like previously I knew years always like sucked for me I feel unless I was a kid because like I My mom used to like go to church and like as a kid you're like, that's so boring. So Yeah, I mean years is just like Mom used to go to church on years. Yes I remember once I asked her if I could go to my friend's house. Sorry. I'm like really uncomfortable and I believe Um, I asked her to go to my friend's house. She was like We have to go to church Like so there's a lot of people I know that do that. There's some of my family members They do that for Christmas and New Year's my grandma used to do that But she she wouldn't say they're all night like my grandma would like on Christmas Eve She would go over there She would spend some time there and then she would come back home And then she used to try to drag me over there, but I used to want to stay and play xbox I was like that was like eight years old Um, I want to meet you guys for the new year. Actually a brave Um, you said a brew A break you Actually a break you never know girl. We might we might beat you the other day.  They know jimmy sanay's video And um, my mom actually FaceTime me and I was actually talking to the person at uh home depot So you never know we we'd be all over the place Be more happy and survive Because I have COVID hope I make it. I hope you make it too, but you're gonna make it. You're gonna make it.  Nice Sophia, that's a great goal. Are you in high school? You sound like you're in high school. That was my goal in high school. Yeah Um, let's see Oh, I want to be a pilot When you ever see someone say that I don't know, but I know someone who's a pilot like I never heard someone tell me that they wanted to be a pilot I feel like that's super dope, but it'd be super scary as well Oh, hailey said for my new year's resolution. I'd like to spend more time with my dad. That's awesome Girl, you do it if you can because I couldn't I don't even know what my dad is right now Someone said it again. Someone gets where we want to be Well, you guys are spamming the conversation right now make me cross. Oh, Nicole Jenkins said 2021. I'm planning on being an elementary teacher Okay, there we go. That's cool. Okay I want to be an actor and I have this year of high school. No Follow your dreams follow your dreams.  Aren't you all for that one? That's Denise's dreams. You want to be an actor or actress, I should say I want to be like on a video Isaiah, can you do my taxes? I can't but blooper can No, I don't know. Well, I do know how to do taxes, but I can guarantee you I'm not going to get you the money that I could that you should be getting like I'm gonna mess something up. That's not I'm not good at that Oh Okay Oh my goal to be a tattoo artist in 2021 and keep grinding making myself better and happier Christian Diaz Listen, you can tag me out Tag me out. I don't know if it's my turn. No, I don't it's my turn guys. I'm gonna sleep in 2021 No in 2021. I'm gonna have a half sleep. I'm not gonna have any time to record this screen record this screen screen screen screen record this All right tag me on my instagram Because your boy is gonna be getting a sleeve in 2021. All right. I'm gonna have a half sleep in 2021 I'm gonna get a half sleep in 2021. Okay. You talking like unless I get a unless I get a job Where I can't where I can't have tattoos more tattoos Then trust and believe you talk a lot of kaka.  Whatever. He talks a lot of kaka Let's talk about that because you keep trying to throw me under the bus saying I talk about you talk a lot of kaka I talk about oh, I'm gonna have a sleeve up a lot, but he has never once Got in the tattoo He's been saying he's gonna get a half sleep since I moved here like in 2017 I'm looking for the right person. All right. I'm looking for the right person. I don't want I don't want just anyone tat in my skin. Like it's gonna be on me forever. I need the right person to go. They do it Oh a Donis Jimenez A Don, why he's saying, why he's saying like that? What? What? He meant is okay, he's finished. Come on now Dang, I'm not as he meant is I still having a portrait. Do you stop bro? We told you DM me DM me on Instagram On again to my dream law school Good luck. What law school is that? You know, it's crazy. My sister won't be a lawyer. I feel like she's perfect for that because she love arguing Let's see Sorry, we're trying to like catch up on the comments.  Let me let it go you spanish You should know how to say he meant is you should know how to say he meant is That's like saying my last name river up Shut up. I come on now Yeah, make me cross Someone said put slow chat. How can we do that? We're yeah, I don't know how to do that and they're like going Someone said do we like dark humor jokes? Isaiah does. I love dark humor Keep telling us what you guys Resolutions are for yourself I can't I can't bro. I can't right now you guys are spamming the chat like crazy Your trash at this what are you talking about? Wow, I'm just returning home after four years in the military. James Gray Thank you for your service. That's what I'm talking about. That's what I'm talking about, man Someone said what kind of tattoo do I want to get? Yeah so I don't really How would you explain the tattoo I want to get? Like like stylized. I want it to be looking like Like I know what things I want in it, but I want the style to look stone Like like statue like I really don't know how to explain it That's like the best I can get it says I want to get back to the community more than I have been That's what I'm talking about chris lila. That's what I'm talking about. I like that. That's what I'm talking about But congrats on your baby Who who got a baby bluebird? Oh, thank you You're four years late. Are you guys?  Oh Okay, I see my baseball brother in here. He said hold up. They stopped playing with the tattoo gang Let me put you on to an artist bro DM me anyone, you know over here. That's nice with the ink. All right DM me I'm seeing a lot of team out there. That's So irritating salty salty Back up your breastings. Why are you lying?  You got holotosis breath.  It's not playing with me.  No, I don't feel like you're ever ready for a baby. Maybe just happens Dream vacation, uh, Bali Indonesia for sure. I thought it was the other one What are you talking about the one that we might know It's a goal for sure, but Bali Indonesia always said with my So so much you listen to me Man, don't make me breathe on you. Yeah, exactly.  He always said that's belly Um, let's see My goal is to wait, hold up.    Go back up My goal is to do youtube. Do you have any advice on hate? Don't read it. Don't read don't read hate comments Don't make knowledge. Don't yeah, don't even get into it screw hate comments screw the haters I saw someone that I wanted was it They ain't janice messed it up I think I saw what it said and it said that they want to embrace their sexuality more Yeah, 2021 I saw that would do what you gotta do You you go ahead and you embrace it What'd be the name of a kid if you had one He told me who said that um Yo, micah, he said I want to buy by saying that has some bad, bro He shaves genius for no reason. I'll continue to do it too. He does shake me for no reason. Thank you I want to bob him in the head too. You already do you violent. No, I'm not Guys, this is my cry for help Someone come help me. You see that you saw that right? You saw that, right? Always put our hands on I'm scarred man. You gotta stop playing with me. I'm gonna move out.  I used to say it a lot. I think it shankens me. I think it was like Matthew's son It's bad that I don't know it, right Jeremiah 2011 What's that one? Anyway, I forgot mine, but it was like anything is with what is it? With man, it's not possible But with God anything God anything is possible. It was something like that. That's my favorite. Yes.  What's the last time you read the bible? I used to read the bible every night. Used to. Okay. That does not mean that I don't remember everything in the bible I the question was when's the last time you read the bible? Now if you remember Oh, who got a Mustang in our complex? Have you guys ever been to Puerto Rico? No I haven't been there six times and I'm tired of it I'm ready for something new Do we want to go to Holland? Where's Holland? A million times. Isn't that by Europe? Indie Little Hughes You gotta make fun of me for saying this one too.    Let's see what happens Somebody said I love you earrings. Where'd you get them from? She in? Thank you. She got them from the bull day No, I didn't buy one number free. No, I didn't Isaiah's cars of v8 Absolutely gt You know what gt stand for right? Get tossed Well, nothing is getting tossed. I don't know what you're talking about For the boys v6 or va va all day, baby I hear that v8 scream John Catalan thank you for the donation. Thank you. Thank you, John Very cute. I love she in I love she in too. She in is like This is naive Where are you both from? He's a hundred percent Puerto Rican pink boring. I'm from Paterson, New Jersey. I don't know where you're from Um, nationality or like where are you from? We're both from Paterson, New Jersey Uh, I'm mixed tell them tell them to mix You never say you're mixed. You never ever say just say Dominican Puerto Rican jamaican That's it. Can you miss one? No, I'm not Anyway, what card do you have Isaiah? I have a 2017 Mustang gt Somebody said kiss now No, he got germs. I don't got germs. You are the germs. Stop So I haven't kissed him in like two days because you a lot.  No, I didn't Yeah, you did.  I don't know the difference man nationality ethnicity. I don't Somebody said Patterson is scary. I've been there It's not scary when you're born there. You live there every day and you mind your business Someone I said the other big two when we showed Patterson downtown Patterson in our video They were like, dang, I'm kind of heard that you guys talking about Patterson like that. It's I'm like It's not Patterson. It's it's not everyone but the people Patterson like it's never a place That's bad. It's the people that make the place bad. You know what I mean? Yeah So it's like not everyone Patterson is bad, but it's like Patterson is bad.  I wonder how Instagram filters Oh, that's why I have my filter for DMs On top requests meaning people who have mad followers Are at the top of the list? Let me change it to all Okay, do you let me know I should see you on the top of the list now Patterson's okay Has a lot of medieval type Of buildings that was Patterson back in the day. I feel like they don't have any medieval type buildings anymore Because they're like yeah, but that's like what by downtown like area and like by Burger King and all that Yes, but like that's not the whole Patterson like whole Patterson You talk like South P all of that they don't have a lot of buildings. It's just more like I'm from I'm from the east side Yeah, hopefully so that's where I grew up. Yeah, me too. So So it's not really Back in the day it was like that. No, I feel like it depends on what time you went It wasn't to Patterson.  So like if he looks us They don't think you'll cop or something He's not gonna work out But I don't know like Patterson is cool. Like I don't feel Anything in Patterson, like I'm not scared to go to Patterson. Like I got family. That's the living Patterson I'm in Patterson almost all the time Baseball boy said that he sent you the artist That that that checked up Boy getting tatted Oh, I hope to be accepted as transgender in 2021 We accept you here here on this channel. We accept everybody. You ain't gotta hide yourself here I feel like that should be normalized already Like all types of like sexuality Well, a lot of people are just stuck in their ways Like why does someone with sexuality bother you? Like I don't know. I don't understand that I don't know Like it has nothing to do with you. Especially in church. I just That's like honestly if I'm being honest I feel like religion is a big part of it Like that's why I said when a church is because like oh your church church you went to In general, I just like well, yeah, yeah, because like I really like the church that I went to florida They accepted everyone church. Yeah, I was like the church I used to go to with like bash like uh gay people and Like transgender and all that stuff and that was not like, you know, I don't know.  I'm out I feel like you're normalized already, man.  So in the summer I'm probably gonna like keep this like this phase to like kind of like a rng color So I'm probably gonna like let it fade out to that just freshen it up So have like a orange look because I do get quite tan and like tan with this hair color What's not look cute. I don't think so. Yeah, I'm gonna do probably like an orangey color And then like my plans to like when we move to a place that's very hot I'm gonna be tan all the time and probably not this pale exactly so probably that might hear like a chocolate brown or Who knows like I want to experiment definitely want to Gonna miss purple. So I'm probably gonna do the purple. I feel like this is like a Top three favorites on you.  Hey, man. Hey, I feel sorry for you. I feel sorry I'm not gonna save you either. No, you're gonna drown I'm gonna drown don't touch me.  We got four years and five months somebody said Oh, it's the um face bubble. He said I heard she's going with the Billie Eilish. Nah Bro, she might one day. She might just pop up and do one day. She's different like that I am though. You might come out with green and be like, oh, it's just for the day and Tomorrow I'm going blue Ultra side of the Billie Eilish. She should go back to blue She should go back to blue I'm not even saying because that I feel like because her music was her music was at her peak when she was with blue Yes, that's when that's when she got noticed like noticed noticed. No, because when we all fall asleep, where did we go? Her hair was not blue Her hair was like that charcoal color. I'm telling you before that That's not what she blew up though. She blew up with this album.  No, I only did that because I felt the connection to what we were watching that was depressing What were we watching? There's two reasons why And that's not when I was playing that. Yes, it was I played that song before that. No, you didn't No, you didn't because that's Kalee Yes, that's from 13 reasons why that's why you were playing. No, I didn't get that song from there Okay, well, that's where I connected it to to my brain like So now you're telling me you think about 13 reasons why? No, I'm like awful that already. Can we watch 13 reasons? No, I love that show 13 reasons why it puts me in a bad head. 13 reasons why it's like so raw and real I love how they kept it real. It is but it's not for the the the press I would say that Birthdays. Yo, Makai, come on crazy. I mean, hold on. I swear if I say I close Janice the liar again, I'm gonna I'm gonna cook him up in the beat of smart people stop playing Thank you, I'll take your pitbull and keep him as my friend.  So many so many people have told us that but we haven't A lot of people telling me watch power to his power worth the hype. Is it worth the hype? I felt like watching anything power worth I Um question they said what is our birthdays? March 24th 1998 January 23rd I was born in 96. I don't know So someone said what kind of mods do you have done to your car? So right now my Mustang is currently all stock. There's nothing done to it except an exhaust and exhaust from the cab back that's it More to come though. Stay tuned uh Are you guys planning to move soon? Yes? And I'm moving within the next two months to three months Give or take That's gonna be I can't wait for the next So it's like we have an idea of what apartment we're getting into next It's not gonna be the permanent apartment.      When an hour ago. She ain't you so yeah, she ain't you so I use dope Lion Um, what I'm gonna say for I got distracted Somebody said How many exes do you have? Do I have to answer that? Oh, we're dating back to like preschool. He got 20 exes. He had thought not anymore Someone said no more K-Prize there for this in Chinese. Oh, do you guys watch spider-man? It's a funny story about spider-man Oh here she goes Blue, who's that? I didn't see that What? I didn't see that.  You see that? That's daddy security.  I was actually an extra spider-man too.  Did I say that good? Did I say that Spanish enough for you? I don't eat Benin. I don't eat pork at all. Um But I love me some Afros con gandules Mmm Afros con gandules and moro. I feel like it's I don't know like moro, I would I would say Afros con gandules because like I like I can't really I don't know moro. I've only had like a little bit but I'm gonna put her against me. I hope I do this one Oh, that's how I food Look at that dog. It's such a handsome worldwide. Hey, everybody wants to see you and then come here. What's a handsome boy? Hi, baby. What's a handsome? That's my best friend Your mama's boy, huh? No, he's not You How tall are you guys? I am five foot one six four and Isaiah is six four Do you even know my he is like five eight You're not five nine you say you are but I'm five nine. I am five ten with Tim's on So I said jenice, please sing Oh that you got skin to skin And oh my god Is that a good breed dog What chihuahua's loop see chihuahuas No, chihuahuas A lot of chihuahuas are very annoying blooper I feel like he's not I feel like he's not annoying Yeah, I just say he's relatively pretty dang calm unless you route him up like when I amp him up. He don't know when to stop But I say if you get yourself a blooper that's the best dog we get Okay, so chihuahuas in general they're very annoying and irritating And they're like aggressive like all of the chihuahuas that I've met besides our dog Which is crazy is very aggressive But I would say that chihuahuas in general are very territorial So if you like a friendly dog, I don't feel like you should get a chihuahua genuinely speaking because like bloopers only friendly to To people and like other dogs someone said I'll put a rican to have chihuahuas But yeah, I don't know how much money is enough money Hmm, I don't know that's for you to determine. Yeah, if you have enough money to pay all your bills then you've got enough money So that's enough It's almost uh, hold up Someone said aziz mad body don't make him speak No, it's not coming to be crazy bro. I got a crazy body accent When are you guys having kids? I don't know. What are we next month? No Why not? Guys, you see how mean she is to me Do you see how mean she is? Do you see how he acts towards me that he wants me to have his babies? You said I was five eight You are I'm not We went to michael's and there was measuring tape there and we were like, okay, let's measure ourselves And he came out to be like five seven And I'm your whole life. You say you were five nine because just me was five nine when so I've always memorized like I hope he was the same high as just me So this is like last year You heard blooper growl, right you heard blooper growl. That's how you know you're lying. I was last year. I have you all right He grew because you're still growing at age of 22 last year. I was 21 all right I'm 22. I'm about to turn 23 Very well. I have hopes and dreams. I'm really gonna be six foot under And when I am there, so you gonna be that he said All right guys, we're going to chat for a little while longer and then we're just gonna Head out because we have to go to his mom's house soon And so Adam Adam said going into 2021. I want to start boxing It's saying a loyal fam to the n35 team blooper. Oh, yeah team. Oh, wow. I like that. You're my favorite person I'm gonna get into boxing too.  I just want to actually learn how to box like what's the correct way to box and All that good stuff So I'm asked what's our favorite planets. I think Jupiter's really pretty. I thought it was Uranus Mars But Mars is definitely my favorite. Why why why is Mars your favorite? Tell tell me why that's your favorite planet It's fire. It's red So it's mercury. So why not she's mercury? Because I like Mars. I've always been What's the difference? I've always been drawn to Mars. Like, you know, when you're just drawn to something I've always been drawn to Mars. You know, it's weird that I'm drawn to Venus You know why I feel like Cuz it rhymes That's funny. No, it's not because of that. You say because it rhymes with No, it's not that it's not that. Um You guys like No, say it again, please say it again. No, I don't like it You say it. I didn't say it.  No, I say it even someone said I'm a midget I'm not a midget bro. I'm five nine. She's lying. I'm not five seven Almost said I'm 14 and I'm six one. Well, aren't you lucky? Are you lucky to be 14 and six one? I'm sorry about six five in the NBA Which part of the movie are you in spider-man a girl? I don't remember because she wasn't in it Why do you say growling? So mad Blue me nice So the comment section just turned to everyone bragging about their age and how tall they are See the cat's out the back now. Why you had to tell What I remember one time I said in the video I was six four and a lot of people believed it and I was trying to keep it that way No I was trying to keep it that way and then when you guys see me and you feel like yo These are actually really short. So I said, what's your favorite restaurant? I know that they're canceled, but like I love Can be just canceled Can't be been canceled. I think answer because the owner I mean, we met him so like We met the owner So that was a crazy guy. Yes. That's no that guy was crazy man. He was different. But wait. Why are they canceled the way? What do you do? racist Yeah He was like exposed on twitter and stuff like that I gave that man a handshake And I was giving him a handshake because he was it's all legend. It's all legend. I don't know because then we go with my I don't remember who we were with Well, dang if that's true. I want my handshake back I don't I don't shake racist hands But I've been going there since I was a kid. He's always like been kind to me personally But if he knew that I had lack of me, maybe it would be different Yo, if he's racist, that's sad. I don't know if it's true though. So I'm not even gonna say here That restaurant was actually really dope. But that was actually really good Like that restaurant the food is so good that you told me that because I ain't going there again I have we haven't been we haven't been there in a while, but we ain't going again. Um Is there any life on Mars? Yes Someone said what's my dream car? All right. So my dream car wasn't McLaren And I was starting to see that everybody got McLaren or everyone wants a McLaren So I don't want McLaren It will always be my dream car, but I'm not going to get something that someone else has so I want now a Porsche gt3 rs because they're not common Why are you exposing the car that you want because then people who like be copying you think I'll be like I don't think anyone copies me. There's nothing to copy What are you going to copy for me? There's nothing to copy But because now gt3 rs you put in the universe that you wanted a McLaren all of a sudden everybody just said Now you're putting this out there now in the universe because you're like I got backups I got like three more backups Zane malik wants to fight you who Me What does it fight me? We put the gloves on We put the gloves on I don't know how to box. I street fight. That's what I told you. I'm gonna learn boxing I can do it the right way No, I got no beef with zane. I love zane, but I actually like a couple zane songs I don't know which one's what they're called, but they come on. I'll sing them. I am Harry gal Harry's gal for blue be nice Both of your male crushes Hey, what?  I'm right here Besides you. Why is he still here today? I don't know blue be nice. What's wrong with you today? I don't know. I don't know because like I don't like any body that I don't know personally I fantasize I fantasize I notice I crush on like fictional characters, but not real people I'm not lying. Go ahead. Tell me what's the fictional character you fantasize Ben, I don't fantasize over anybody, but Fictional characters that I have crushes on say it You already know say it say it say it. No, you say you say you say you tell them No, you actually have a crush on the actual person not the character. I'm normal You know who crushes on a character me That's weird. That's freaking weird Say it Yeah, now all of a sudden I got started wearing beanies and leather jackets. You see this. No, you could not be a junkhead Fun fact, I might be wearing a beanie later.  What I leave Isaiah for Damon Salvatore. Who is that for the character? No, I'll knock you out. No, I was not you know what you know what I would not keep keep keep on Keep going no worry about you. No, I say I kept it a secret for me that he was crushing on Camila Mendes. So He told Anyway Yeah, I would say that is my see that right see that Which countries have you been to I have never left the country neither has I said They're prime, which means We could get the box in in the new year Anyway, you can tell them how you spent your new years Look $28 because $28 to knocking out will be nice Um Yeah, we're born in Jersey, but Parents are from there. Yeah, I mean not my parents Like my mom was born in Jersey too My grandma that was born in Puerto Rico Young bloor I hate when you do accents. Oh my god stop So you guys like that Buy a dodge challenger red eye If you're gonna pay for it, I'll accept it as a gift Because that is a very extensive car When is the ring coming? Well, I guess there's no better way to tell you guys It's already here Right, we've been secretly married for six years already Six years, but we don't have any other fun Anyway, all right guys We're gonna answer maybe like two more questions and then we're getting off because I got to go to my mom's house Before she slapped me through the phone. Oh, juliana her name is thank you. I love that. What juliana says I wish you all the best for the upcoming year may all of your dreams come true and your goals be accomplished Many blessings and positive vibes And heading your way. God bless the infinite fam. See when I say post a positive comment in the comment section That's what I'm talking about. That's what I like to what you take more fun for Oh You can't take your phone, huh? Did I take my phone? My phone isn't here. You know, I've got stuff to hide Anyway, shout out to julia julia, right juliana her name then shout out to you Anonymous, I think blooper is barking at a ghost. It's a known fact dogs can see ghosts No, that's why we're moving. He's not he's not it's just that we have Neighbors coming in and out of the apartment complex and he barks at like the people who open and close the door He thinks they're trying to come in here So, I mean, he's on his like defense mode, but there's no ghost my security because I can definitely sense ghosts No, I do Younger You gonna be crying someone said the devil is a lot.  My queen is moving to florida while I stay here in Here we go. Last question. Here we go. Wait. Actually, I wanted to tell someone said, well camera. Do you use we use a canon G7 next. Yeah, right It's actually right here. Yeah, so this one camera g7x um It's pretty good um and to answer your question There's like really no way to to I guess, I don't know to handle it. I just I cope with things not very well I just try to text her as much as I can And like the way I cope with things is like I try to not think about it and act like it doesn't it's not real But it is and I think that's what makes it so hard for me with this movie situations Because I just want to move with my mom. I honestly don't care about anything else, but like I want my family to be together because I know I realized that Being in florida being here because my mom's in florida too. So We're gonna have that in common, but yeah, you just told him We're talking about you just told him. We're gonna have that in common All right. Well, they already know anyway. You guys are you know, that's not I didn't say it I said we're gonna have in common. He's in new york, and I'm in jersey and his mom's all right Well guys, we might move to florida. We don't know we've been so you just gave it a We've we've been saying this for like a year now We even said it when we went to Miami I don't know it's still up in here. Like we said, we still don't know guys. We still don't But yeah to answer your question It's there's really no way to cope with it.  That's good. I want that's gonna be my car channel Stuff like that. I want to do something like that. But all right guys, that was our last question. We are done Um We hope that you guys have a very safe and fun new years. We're gonna try to make it as fun and safe for us and um I'm gonna make sure she doesn't get too lit because I don't know She needs a dangerous when she's lit And that's a scary sight I've only been lit one time. It's a scary sight man. It's a scary sight He's never gonna let that go. Anyway Janice gets like Like when she's lit it's weird Like I know I don't know. I don't know. It's weird. I'm naturally like yay. No, you're not.  We'll catch you guys in our next video. I might as well slap you Why why just do it or just do it? I'll link a cut G Stop y'all. I hate when y'all do that.  We're my god


Good afternoon, everyone. Thank you for joining us today. It's great to be back in Sudbury. We just wrapped up an incredibly productive discussion here at Sudbury City Hall. I'm happy to have been joined by the Mayor, Provincial Representative Glen Tebow, Federal Representatives Paul Lefevre, Anthony Roda and Marc Serré along with the Council behind us. We engaged in a robust discussion on the needs facing the people of Sudbury. Before going into the details of what we have accomplished today, I want to come back a little bit to what the meetings like this one means and why they are important. As several of you already know, our new federal government has been elected after having promised Canadians real change both in what we do and in how we do it. Canadians are waiting for the representation of all the governments' orders, collaborating to do what they have to do. It is true for the federal, the provincial and the municipal. People are waiting for what they work together to achieve the results that communities deserve. My government is taking this partnership seriously. Not only because it is an important part of our vision, but because it is the best way to serve our citizens. Good decisions are born from communication and collaboration. And today's discussion here at Sudbury is a great example of just that. In our first federal budget released just a few weeks ago, my government outlined $120 billion in infrastructure investment over the next 10 years. This funding will help to create good jobs, better our communities, and grow the middle class. So after discussion with representatives in Sudbury today, I am pleased to announce that the Government of Canada will invest $26.7 million in the Sudbury Maley Drive extension project. In partnership with the Government of Ontario and the City of Sudbury, this investment will fund the creation of a new, much-needed East to West arterial link through the city. This important initiative will reduce traffic congestion, improve commuter safety, and get people home on time and take ore trucks off LaSalle. My government is proud to invest in Sudbury and the people that call it home. By working together, we can and will build a better future for the middle class and those working hard to join it. Thank you once again for being here this afternoon. My friend Marc Serré from Nickel Belt is going to say a few concluding remarks, and then I'll be back at the podium to take questions from media. Merci beaucoup.


That function's derivative is automatically occurring which makes your life even simpler and again the same old stuff 1 by T. This can actually be generalized as if you get something like integral f dash x dx by f of x. At this step itself, the numerator is these substitutions so basically it's at x sin x. Now on this side, x square minus x sin x times x of x times 2x minus x cos x. So this will convert it times t to the power 3 by 2 plus c which is 2 times x square minus x sin x to the power of 3 by 2. So my last one will be taken, 4 by 5 is 7. So this will convert it times t to the power 3 by 2 plus c to the power 3 by 2 plus c to the power 3 by 2 plus c to the power 3 by 2 plus c to the power 3 by 2 plus c to the power 3 by 2. So this will convert it times t to the power 3 by 2 plus c to the power 3 by 2 plus c to the power 3 by 2 plus c to the power 3 by 2 plus c to the power 3 by 2 plus c to the power kotex sin a derivative will be minus sin cosec square x dx. So I can get cosec square x dx as minus 2 by sin a t becomes minus 2 t dt by sin a. So minus 2 sin a I can pull out. So your answer is minus 2 by sin a.


Live from Washington, D.C., it's theCUBE, covering AWS Public Sector Summit 2017, brought to you by Amazon Web Services and its partner ecosystem. So what can Fubue do for you? Well, I'm going to guess that they can take your agency to the cloud. You're correct, John. That's exactly what I'm looking at over here, the Fubue booth here on the show for AWS Public Sector Summit 2017, welcome inside live on theCUBE, John Walter, John Furrier and Josh Stella, who is the founder and CEO of Fubue. Did I get it right, by the way? You did get it right. Taking the agency to the cloud, correct? Taking the agencies to the cloud, taking companies to the cloud too, but of course this is worldwide public sector, so we're focused on the agencies today. Yeah, we were just talking before the segment started, there's just a little historical background here. You were with Amazon back in 2012 when this show started and you told me that your commission with your colleagues was to get 600 attendees. Yeah, we wanted to get 600. I think we got 750, which is classic Amazon style, right? We go over, but yeah, over, you were saying 10,000 registered this year, it's amazing. Which shows you this explosive growth in this area, in terms of the public sector. So let's talk about Fubue a little bit before we dive a little bit. Share with our viewers the core competencies, you know, what your primary mission is. So Fubue is an automation system. Fubue is a way to completely automate the cloud API surface. It's true infrastructure as code, so unlike a deployment tool that just builds something on cloud, Fubue builds it, monitors it, self heals it, modifies it over time, alerts if anything, drifts. And we've added a layer to that for policy as code. So you can actually express the rules of your organization. So if you're a government agency, those might be NIST or FSMA rules. If you're a startup, those might be, we don't open SSH to the world. Those can be just expressed as code. So Fubue fully automates the stack. It doesn't just do deployment. And we just released the team conductor that will manage dozens of AWS accounts for you. So many of our customers in financial services and other enterprises have many, many AWS accounts. Fubue allows you to kind of centralize all of that control without slowing down your developers, without getting in the way of going fast. And why is that big news? It's big news because in the past, the whole core value prop of cloud is to go fast, is to innovate, iterate, be disruptive, and move quickly. What happens though, is as you do that, at the beginning when you're starting small, it looks pretty easy, you can go fast, but you learn pretty quickly over time that things get very messy and complex. So Fubue accelerates that going fast part, but keeps everything kind of within the bounds of knowing who's running things, knowing what resources you're actually using, who built what, who has permissions to do what. So it's really this foundational layer for organizations to build and control cloud environments. Josh, one of the things we were talking about in the opening was the government's glacial pace of innovation over the years, but the pressure is on to innovate. So a lot of emphasis on innovation. In an environment that's constrained by regulations, governance, policies, so they have kind of an Achilles heel there, but cloud gives them an opportunity at a scale point to do something different. I want to dip into that, I'll set this question up by quoting a CIO I chatted with who's in the government sector. He's like, look, a cloud's like jumping out of a plane with a parachute I don't even know it's going to open up. So that's kind of a mindset, and I'm not saying he was over-generalizing, but again, to the point is trust, scale, execution, risk, it's a huge thing. How do you guys solve that problem for the agencies that want to go to the cloud? Because certainly they want to go there, I think it's a new normal as Werner said, what do you guys do to make that go away? How do you make it go faster? Sure, so Amazon and other cloud vendors have done a great job of building a very highly trusted low level infrastructure that you can put together into systems. That's really the core offering. But there's still in government agencies, as you point out, this need to follow rules and regulations and policies and check those. So one of the things Fugue does is allows you to actually turn those rules into executable compiled code. So instead of finding out you're breaking a rule a month later in some meeting somewhere that's going to loop back, it'll tell you in 10 milliseconds, and how to fix it. So we allow you to go just as fast as anyone can on cloud, but meeting all those extra constraints and so on. So you codify policies and governance type stuff, right? That's part of what we do, but we also automate the entire infrastructure. Okay, so this is what I want to kind of jump to that next point. Sure. That's cool. But it would make sense that machine learning would probably be like an interesting takeaway because everyone talks about training data models and it sounds like what you're doing. If you codify the policies, you probably set up well for growing and scaling in that world. Is that something that's on your radar? How do you guys look at that role? Okay, I got machine learning coming down the pike. Everyone wants to get their hands on some libraries and they want to get to unsupervised at some point. Yes. What are you doing? It's a great question. So Fugue is really a bridge to that future where the entire infrastructure layer is automated and dynamic. And that's what you're talking about, where you have machine learning that are helping you make decisions about how to do computing. A lot of folks aren't ready for that yet. They're still thinking about the cloud as kind of remote data center. In our view, it's actually just a big distributed computer. And so when you think about things like whether it's machine learning or just algorithms to run over time to modify these environments and make them more efficient, Fugue is definitely built to get you there, but we start where you're comfortable now, which is just enforcing what you have. Yeah, of course. It's still early, toes in the water, we have all kinds of data issues and so you can see the growth there. So the question is, what is the low hanging fruit for you? What are the use cases? Where are you guys winning? And what's new with your codifying the policies that you're releasing here? Sure. What's the use cases and what are you guys releasing? Yeah, so a common use case for us is integration with CI CD and DevOps for the entire infrastructure chain. So you'll have organizations that want to go to a fully automated deployment management of infrastructure. And what they've learned in the past is without Fugue, they might get some of the deployment automated with a traditional CM tool or something like this, but because they're not doing the self healing, the constant maintenance on the environment, the updating of the environment, the alerting on it, there's a big missing link in terms of that automation. So we're getting a lot of resonance in the financial services sector in folks who are sophisticated on cloud and are doing large scale cloud operations. So if you think about a Netflix can build full automation for themselves because they're Netflix, but not everyone fits in that boat. So Fugue is sort of the sorts of capabilities that Netflix built in a very specific way for themselves. We don't use their tools. We're a general purpose solution to that same class of problems. So really where we're winning is in automation of, again, deployments and operations of those deployments, but also in things like policy. And we're seeing that not just in government but in the private sector as well. So what are the big bottlenecks? What is the roadblocks for the industry? The roadblocks for the industry certainly are bringing sort of legacy patterns to cloud. Imagining it's a remote data center, thinking of it as virtual machines and storage instead of just infinite compute and infinite resources to put together. So the mindset's the bottlenecks, absolutely. It's cultural, yeah, yeah. And skill set because in the DevOps cloud world, everything should be code. And therefore everyone has to be a developer. And so that's a little new. Is scale a big issue for you guys with your customers? Is that something that they're looking for? What's the kind of scope of some of your customers in your use cases in the government cloud? Yeah, sure, absolutely. I mean, a lot of us came from AWS, so we know how to build things at scale. But yeah, a lot of folks start small with Fugue, but they go to very large very quickly has been our experience. So scale across dozens or hundreds of AWS. That's where the automation, if they're not set up properly, it bites them in the butt pretty much. Absolutely, absolutely. So yeah, we get a lot of that too, going back in and helping people put their system back together the right way for cloud because they went there from the distance. All right, so what's the magnified learnings from this? From your experience with your company, multiple rounds of financing, you guys are well financed. One of the best venture capital firms, NEA, GreatBack, are you guys doing well? Over the years, what have you learned? What's the magnification of the learnings and how do you apply it to today's marketplace? We are in a massive transition. We're just beginning to see the effects of this transition. So from 1947 until the cloud, you just had faster, smaller, von Neumann machines in a box. You had any acts that got down to the size of your wristwatch. The cloud is intrinsically different. And so there is an opportunity now, that's a challenge, but it's a massive opportunity to get this new generation of computing right. So I'd say the learnings for me as a technologist coming into a CEO role are how to relate these deeply technical concepts to the world in ways that are approachable and that can show people a path that they want to get involved with. But I think the learnings that I've had at AWS and at Fugue are this is the beginning of this ride. It's not going to end at containers. It's not going to end at Lambda. It's going to continue to evolve. And the cloud in 10 years is going to look massively different than it does now. So when you said to get it right, yes, computer, I mean, such as or in what way, I mean, we have paths, right? You have routes you can take. So you're saying that there are a lot of options that will be hitfalls and the others that will be great opportunities. Well, that's absolutely right. So for example, betting on the wrong technologies too soon in terms of where the cloud is going to finally land is a box canyon, right? That's an architectural dead end. If you cannot compose systems across all these disparate cloud services, the application boundary, the system boundary is now drawn across services. You used to be able to open an IDE and see your application. Well, now that might be spread across virtual machines, containers, Lambda, virtual disks, block storage, machine learning services, human language recognition services. That's your application boundary. So if you can't understand all of that in context, you're in real trouble because the change is accelerating. If you look at the rate of new services year-over-year in the cloud, it's going up, not down. So the future's tougher. So if I'm a government service though, and I think that John just talked about this, I'm just now getting confidence, right? And I'm really feeling a little bit better because I've got somebody to hold my hand. And then I hear on the other hand say, we have to make sure we get this right. So now I'm backing off the edge again. I'm not so sure. So how do you get your public sector client base to take those risks or take those daring steps, if you will? You know, we've had a lot of really great conversations and have a lot of great relationships in public sector. What we're seeing there is like in the commercial world. I mean, public sector wasn't that far behind commercial and cloud. When I was at Amazon five years ago, I worked mostly with public sector customers and they were trying hard there. They were champions already moving there. So one of the things that Fugue does very effectively is because we have this ability to deterministically, programmatically follow rules. It takes it off of the humans having to go and check. And that's always the slow and expensive part. So we can give a lot of assurance to these government agencies that, for example, if one of their development teams chooses to deploy something to cloud in the past, they'd have to go look for that. Well, with Fugue, they literally cannot deploy it unless it's correct. And that's what I mean by get it right, is the developer who's sitting there, and I've been a developer for decades, they want to do things by the rules. They want to do things correctly, but they don't always want to read the stack of books like this and check their boxes.  Josh, I want to ask you about a new category we see emerging. It's not really not mainstream yet, but Wikibon Research and SiliconANGLE Cube. We get to see things a little bit early. Plus we have a data science team to squint through the predictive analytics. But one thing that's clear is SaaS businesses are merging. Whether so, SaaS is growing at an astounding rate, platform as a service and infrastructure as a service. I mean, JASA doesn't think see it that way. I don't think you do either. It's infrastructure and SaaS pretty much. So pretty much everyone's going to, at some point, be a cloud service provider. And there'll be a long tail distribution, we believe, on niche to completely huge. And the big ones are going to be the Amazons, the Facebooks, the Googles, but then there's going to be service providers that are just going to emerge. They're going to be on clouds with governments. So we believe that to be true. If you believe that to be true, then the question is, how do I scale it? So now I'm a solution architect in an enterprise. And like you said, it's intrinsically different in the cloud than it was, say on-premise or even the traditional enterprise computing. I got to now completely change my architectural view. If you think it's a big computer, then you got to be an operating systems guy. You got to say, okay, I was a linker, there's a loader, there's a compiler, I got subsystems, I got IO. You got to start thinking that way. How do you talk to your friends and colleagues and customers around how to be a new solutions architect? Yeah, so I think it's a balancing act because we are at this transition stage, right? The modern cloud is still a Prius and the future cloud is the Tesla in terms of how customers use it. We're in this transition phase in technologies. So you have to have one foot in both camps. Immutable infrastructure patterns are incredibly important to any kind of new development. And if you go to the fugue.co site or O'Reilly, we wrote a little book with them on immutable infrastructure patterns. So the notion there is you don't maintain anything, you just replace it. So you stand up a compute instance, Werner likes to talk about these are cattle, not pets, or paper cup computing, that's right. You never touch it, you never do configuration management, you crumple it up and throw it away and make a new one. That's the right new pattern. But a lot of the older systems that people still rely upon don't work that way. So you have to have a foot in each camp as a solutions architect in cloud or as a CEO of a cloud company. You have to understand both of those and understand how to bridge between them. And their roles within the architecture as well. They coexist, this coexistence. Absolutely. You know, it's interesting you said everything's going to be, everyone's going to become a service provider. I'd put that a little differently. The only surface that matters in the future is APIs. Everything is APIs. And how you express your APIs is a business question. But fundamentally that's where we are. So whether you're Salesforce or the SaaS, I really don't like the infrastructure and SaaS delineation because I think the line's very blurred. It's just APIs that you compose into. Well that's a tough one, this is a good debate we could have, certainly if we could do it live on theCUBE and arm wrestle ourselves here and talk about it. But one of the things about the cloud that's amazing is the horizontal scalability of it. So you have great scalability horizontally, but also you need to have specialism at the app layer. So you can't pick one or the other. They're not mutually exclusive. That's right. You say, okay, what's the stack look like? So if everything's an API, where the hell's the stack? Yeah, well that's why we write Fugue. Because Fugue does unify all that. You can design one composition in Fugue, one description of that stack, and then run the whole thing as a process like you would run Apache.  You like almost what Docker containers is for microservices you are for imputing. And including the containers managers. So that's just one more service to us. That's exactly right. And you asked me earlier, how does this affect agency? So one thing we're really excited about today is we just announced today, we're live on GovCloud. So we support GovCloud now. You can run in the commercial regions, you can run in GovCloud. And one of the cool things you can do with Fugue because of that system wrapping capability is build systems in public regions and deploy them on GovCloud and they'll just work instead of having to figure out the differences. That's the other thing about the cloud. Standing up something is a verb now. I haven't stand this up. That used to be cloud language, now that's basically app language. I think what you're getting at here is something near to my heart, which is all there are any more are applications. Talking about infrastructure is kind of like calling a chair an assembly of wood. What we're really talking about are these abstractions and the application is the first class.  That's right.  You don't want to stand up, you want to sit down. And there's different, there's a Tesla of the chairs and then there's the wooden hard chair for your lower back, the back problem. Exactly, exactly. The Tesla really is a good use case because that points to the, what I call the fine jewelry of a product, right? And they really artistically built amazing product where the value is not so much just the car, maybe there's some innovations with the car, I've got that with electric, but it's the data. The data powering the car then brings back to the question of the apps and the data. Again, I want to spend all my time thinking about how to create a sustainable, competitive advantage and serve my customers rather than figure out how to architect solutions that require configuration management and tons of labor. This is where the shift is. This is where the shift is going from non-differentiated loperations to high value added capabilities. It's not like jobs are going on. Yeah, some jobs are going to go away, I believe that, but it's like saying bank tellers we're going to kill the banking industry and more branches opened up as a result. Oh yeah, this is the democratization of computing as a service and that's only going to grow computing as a whole. Getting back to the kind of fine jewelry, you talked about data as part of that. I believe another part of that is the human experience of using something. And I think that is often missing in enterprise software. So, you'll see in the current release of Fugue we just put into beta a very, we've spent about two years on it, a graphic user interface that shows you everything about the system in an easily digestible way. And so, I think that the effect of the iPhone on computing in the enterprise is important to understand too. The person that's sitting there at an enterprise environment during their day job gets in their Tesla because they also love beautiful things. There's a lot of other places for you guys to do that democratization and liberation, if you will, and to the government cloud and public sector is the public sector they need. Right now, they've been on antiquated systems for, yeah, I'm not only just antiquated, siloed, you know, cobalt systems, mainframe, we've got a lot of legacy stuff. There is, there's a lot of legacy stuff and there are a lot of inefficiencies in the process model and how things get done. And so, we love that AWS has come in and when we were there, we helped do that part and now with Fugue, we want to take these customers to kind of the next level of being able to move forward quickly. Well, if you want to take your agency to the cloud, Fugue is your vehicle to do that. Josh Stella, founder, CEO, thanks for being with us here on theCUBE. Thanks much. We appreciate it. We'll continue live from Washington D.C., nation's capital here at AWS Public Sector Summit 2017 on theCUBE. All right, great job.


So people of African descent have made considerable contributions to the culture and society of the United States. Yet their achievements are often downplayed, if not entirely hidden from popular memory. In some cases, this has been done deliberately for economic or political reasons, such as when vibrant African-American communities were maligned as dangerous or unsavory so they could be cleared for urban renewal. And a recent manifestation of deliberate disenfranchisement disenfranchisement from history was seen just last year when a United States congressman stated on a national broadcast that, quote, non-whites, unquote, had contributed nothing to civilization. So of course, this isn't true, and there are numerous examples of African and African-American contributions to non-African societies. Nevertheless, stereotypes about African-American activities, behaviors and contributions to the U.S. are persistent and persistently negative. So, sorry. Oh, that one, okay. Thank you. So in this paper, I suggest that archeology can provide modern African-American communities with information about the activities of their ancestors as well as ammunition to counter stereotypes. Although archeology is not essential for this, it can provide tangible examples to local and regional communities of their various accomplishments and their time depth. Whereas Christopher Fennell put it recently, archeology can reveal evidence of past vitalities that aid heritage claims of present communities, quote, unquote. I'm gonna discuss two examples of African-American life in the southeastern United States where archeology can help descending communities see and understand the place and history. Both examples come from the coastal plantation regions of the Carolinas and Georgia. During the 18th century, this region became one of the richest British colonial areas and it continued to prosper after the American Revolution. The agricultural success was founded on tidal rice cultivation along the region's largest river systems. River rice gave rise to the plantation societies that dominated this district during most of the 18th and 19th centuries and established social and economic conditions that had lasting impacts after the end of slavery and into the present. Rice requires periods of inundation while it grows and in the Carolinas and Georgia, plantations using tidal irrigation relied on systems of canals and dikes to control water flow in and out of the fields. They harnessed tidal action to flood the fields through special gates or trunks, as they were called, that were activated when the tide flowed into the rivers, raising freshwater levels high enough to enter the trunks. When it was time to flood the fields, the gate at the river side was raised in the open position to allow water to flow into the field. The gate on the field side swung open from the water pressure and then closed automatically and was held in place by the pressure in the opposite direction when the water reached the desired level. To drain the fields, the trunks were opened at the field side at low tide and the process worked in reverse. Tidal rice cultivation required extensive earthworks, canals, subcanals, and other alterations of the lower river terraces and floodplains. The labor for this work from clearing the extensive marshes and cypress swamps that initially dominated the river valleys to building the entire infrastructure that produced rice was performed by hand by enslaved people of African descent. So what needs to be emphasized is that the construction and operation of productive rice fields took more than hard physical labor. It involved considerable knowledge, skill, and technical expertise. Furthermore, tidal rice cultivation techniques in the southeastern North America were evidently adapted from African precedents as Judith Carney has shown and modified for the large scale production and processing that was characteristic of plantations. West Africans were familiar with the cultivation of numerous varieties of rice and this experience made African laborers from the rice growing regions attractive to planters in the Carolinas and Georgia. In fact, the gates used to flood and drain the fields were called trunks because of the African practice of using hollowed out trees for this purpose. Rice cultivation in the region never recovered after the American Civil War and generally faded around the turn of the 20th century. Despite the passage of time, the signs of rice agriculture remain on the landscape, a detailed study of tidal rice landscapes in the Winnah Bay region of South Carolina demonstrated that former rice growing regions still convey a sense of their function in historic associations. Low country rice landscapes included a mixture of tidal swamp converted for cultivation and adjacent high ground where the plantation and rice handling areas were established. These complexes contain the facilities necessary for processing, packing, and shipping rice, planters, houses, slave quarters, and general farm buildings. The housing and rice processing facilities tended to be concentrated within the individual plantations in locations that overlooked the extensive rice fields that dominated the river terraces and flood plains. The most prominent remains of these fields, which are still common in the landscape are the networks of channels, canals, levees, and embankments reflecting the old irrigation systems that cross cut most of the wetlands along the major rivers. The prevalence of these features contributes to distinct quality of the region that is clear in modern maps and aerial photographs. In some cases, the embankments along the main river channel have been maintained along with the field side ditches so that the flood plains remain useful for cultivation. It doesn't look like my normal computer. Thank you. So the flood plains are still in use for cultivation, often for wetlands and wildlife preserves. Where the canals have been retained for irrigation and drainage, water is emitted inside the embankments with trunks built in the traditional style and these are all modern examples, but they look exactly like the traditional ones. Although they're not in pristine condition, the region's rice fields reflect historical techniques and land use patterns to maintain them and keep them operating. They also reflect a clear human creation and permanent alteration of the physical environment as their construction involved the removal of the natural cypress gum forests and interruption of plant succession so that now these areas remain as grassy marshes. The present day, low country landscapes thus reflect the expertise, knowledge, skill and labor of people of African descent. It can be stated categorically that this community produced distinctive and significant landscapes which have had lasting effects on the appearance and character of the region. The second topic I wanna cover relates to the economic activities of enslaved African-Americans in this region. Research into this area indicates that the slaves were skilled in energetic entrepreneurs, despite the restrictions of slavery, they created a vigorous internal economy apart from the formal and official economy of the region. The existence of the internal economy contradicts stereotypes about their initiative, knowledge, and abilities and shows that where there were opportunities open to them, African-Americans were fully capable of prospering and building lives for themselves. The slaves' economic life was partly a byproduct of the task labor system. Task labor was an arrangement where the labor of the slaves was an arrangement where implanters of their agents assigned slaves a particular work objective to accomplish each day. And once it was finished, slaves could use their time as they wished. This system allowed them opportunities for gardening and other food procurement like fishing or hunting, animal husbandry, craft work or other activities. Historians have indicated that slaves worked in a tremendous range of areas and were quite savvy about acquiring wealth and currency or property. In fact, when federal troops began to occupy the low country during the Civil War, Northern administrators started dealing with the newly emancipated African-Americans. They expected to have to teach them economic basics among other knowledge or among other elements of citizenship, but were surprised to find that they were already extremely experienced and knowledgeable in these matters. The range of enterprises that slaves are known to or could have engaged into earning comes was extensive. These included selling produce, domestic animal products, wild foods, skins, operating ferries, trucking and hauling, pottery making and other craft works such as basket making, collecting and selling firewood, collecting Spanish moss for stuffing furniture and many other things. Slaves sold their products through various outlets. Planters often purchased produce from their own slaves either to use on their own plantation or to sell on their behalf. Slaves also sold merchandise directly at the region's urban and town markets which was a method that planters never could stop even though they tried. Another practice was to sell to neighboring planters and farmers directly or to passing travelers who needed provisions and horse feed. While historians have documented the internal economy, archeological interpretations of this network might underestimate the economic lives of enslaved African-Americans. This may be partly a result of the ephemeral quality of relevant archeological remains. For example, evidence of collecting and selling firewood would be difficult to see archeologically. So where this issue's been received the most attention, it tends to focus on tangible materials such as Kelownaware ceramics, which leave traces in the archeological assemblages in which archeologists have explored in some detail with respect to their commercial context. Another reason a slave's economic activities might be underrepresented in archeological studies is because the relevant artifacts are interpreted from the standpoint of trying to fit them into quote traditional views of the hardship of slavery or put another way, it could be that artifacts are interpreted from the perspective that they function primarily in a context of near impoverishment, bare survival, and hard-scrabble self-sufficiency. So for example, an animal trap recovered from a slave settlement on St. Simon's Island, Georgia was interpreted as subsistence related, an expression and an expression of slaves trying to make up deficiencies in the rations that planters gave them. If you put this artifact in another context, however, it can be viewed as a tool for catching game meat and skins for sale. In this scenario, the trap reflects a broader economic system, and the same can be said for artifacts associated with fishing and other types of hunting. Similarly, many of the items related to clothing and sewing that may be found as slave settlements can be seen as components of their internal economy. African-American women were accomplished in needle arts like white women at this time. In fact, while planters gave male slaves rations of clothes, they gave female slaves a cloth ration and an annual allocation of needles and expected them to manufacture their own clothes. They use these skills not just to dress themselves in their families, but also to make a variety of other items, including sheets, pillowcases, quilts, which African-American women became renowned for, and possibly other housewares, and obviously these kinds of products could be made for sale as well as home use. Other artifacts would be more difficult to interpret without reference to the slave's internal economy. These include possible curry comb and horse bridle that were recovered from a site near Savannah, Georgia. When considering slaves' economic activities, these kinds of artifacts have clear functions in the context of a slave. They don't actually have clear functions in the context of a slave household, but as historian Dylan Penningroth studied property among low-country slaves, he discovered an extensive ownership in trade in horses. Further, slaves could earn income as draymen and carters, which would require possession of at least one draft animal. So in this context, in this other context of looking in the economy of their internal economy, the discovery of horse tack, along with various utilitarian buckles that could reflect harnesses, saddles, and other equipment, illustrate an aspect of slaves and freed people's economic activities that might be overlooked if you were just looking at them from a standpoint of domestic activities. The history of African-Americans is increasingly well understood, but as I noted at the beginning of this paper, there's a perception that their contributions to the history of this region was mainly in their labor. Examination of the rice landscapes and the small finds of their residential sites emphasizes the skilled knowledge, effort, and talent that people of African descent brought to the United States. In the case of the rice fields, it can be said that the low-country landscape was literally created by African-Americans, and not only by their physical labor, but also by the technical knowledge and skills they brought to the cultivation of this particular crop. The landscape can still be seen and understood. With respect to the slave's internal economy, looking at artifacts in this broader context provides tangible evidence of what northern educators discovered when they arrived in the low country, that the local communities already had expertise in the market economy, and were quite sophisticated about operating in it. So therefore, archeology has a strong potential to show the contributions of African-Americans to the creation and growth of the United States. Archeology provides tangible examples of these people's lives, and their work, and their skills and experiences, while African-Americans have frequently been disenfranchised in discussions of United States history. The examples I discussed here demonstrate that they have always been dynamic and active players in the growth of the country, and their contributions entitle them to participate in narratives of the country's history and heritage as equal partners. Thank you. Thank you.


The title of our talk was Methodological Challenges, and we discussed challenges facing researchers in the global south, specifically capacity, who's doing the research, what type of training they have, resources, how is it funded, and most importantly timelines, because oftentimes we're asked to create fast research in response to policy needs, and it's not necessarily the strongest research. And so we're trying to balance what policy makers need and the timelines and resources researchers need in order to produce quality work. Specific highlight from the session, actually it was everyone talking to each other because so often I think researchers feel alone when they're facing these challenges, and Dorothea Klein said something really interesting. She said that often researchers are inheriting rushed timelines because evaluation or actual research is an afterthought. So I thought that was a highlight, something to consider that we're asked to do, as she said, quick and dirty work instead of quality work. We're planning to discuss further is balancing, again, what policy makers and researchers need, and also looking at piecemeal versus ideal work, and maybe that the piecemeal is the beginning of the possibility, and finally, are there guidelines that are international and can transcend different contexts and cultures that we could provide without being top down, but being more bottom up and collaborative?