All right, so I think we are on. Perfect, thank you very much. Well, I would like to start by thanking the organizer to give me the opportunity to present our work on dynamical in field theory applied on molecules. It's a slightly different topic. So I am aware that we are moving from entanglement, quantum solids to molecules. But I'd like to introduce that topic as an opportunity to present a recent method we have been developing. And you can see that as a beginning of something that can be applied to a wide class of systems. So my name is Cedric Weber. I am at King's College. Oh, so hopefully I can use your clicker. All right, Apologies for the technical issues. So this is the outline of the talk. So I'll start by discussing and explain a bit where I've come from, which is my background. And as you will see, actually, I'm a condensed matter physicist. I'll come from the field of superconductivity. And we got interested in the field of transition metal system. And I'll explain a little bit the motivations why we started to look at molecular system. And then I'll link with the introduction of the chairman, chairwoman, who actually mentioned quantum entanglement. And I'll discuss briefly the role of quantum fluctuations and quantum physics in molecular system. And I'll highlight two examples. If I have time, one is myoglobin, that we all know, and the other one is hemocyanin. So of course, we are all aware in this room that DFT has had a tremendous success. It has been applied to all kinds of system with a very simple idea that we are dealing with a wave function, which is a complicated object with free and coordinate variables. And it can be tremendously simplified if we just map that problem to a simpler problem, which depends only on the density. And my slide stops here at 2003, but the number of citations with DFT in the abstracts have steadily increased through the years since the implementation of DFT has been done in most of the available codes. And up to the points where we can ask ourselves, is there any limiting cases where DFT is failing? Is there anything left to do? And the short answer is yes, of course. So there are still some problems with DFT and need for improvement in the case of transition metal system and F-systems, so essentially any system which is involving D or F atoms. So essentially, we are looking at the center of the periodic table with many possible examples which are known in solids such as, for example, copper oxide, the superconductor. So we're very interested in applications with vanadium oxides, which are interesting because of their metal insulator transition, and so on and so forth. The cobaltates are nice thermal electrics. So each time you look at a 3D or a D element and you combine it with ligands, with oxygens, usually you get interesting properties. But at the same time, you get into trouble because DFT predicts qualitatively wrong properties, such as, for example, you get a metal instead of an insulator, and so on and so forth. And in our community, canonical or standard theory is a Hubble model, which is a very simplified picture where you have electrons hopping on a lattice with an interaction term U, which is the effect that is missing in DFT that when states are very localized with narrow bandwidth, electrons feel each other by strongly interacting, and that leads to very interesting physics, which is also difficult to treat at the same time. Although this is a very simple theory because of the size of the Hilbert space that grows exponentially, we are still struggling to get an exact answer to this simple problem. We do, however, know a little bit the physics, what we expect from that type of theory. So if you start from U equals 0, so when you have weak interaction and you have typically density of states in a metallic state, as you increase you as the strength of correlations, you will end up in a situation that we expect that we open a mod gap, which essentially is associated with a concept that we all know which is called localization, that essentially when electrons or objects are correlated, they tend to behave with emergent and collective properties. One of them is a picture from, I think, suggested by Antoine Georges that I find quite striking, which is the effect we all know in the morning at 8 in the morning, we get traffic jams on the highway. We all behave in the same way. So we all collide. We have a direct appreciation of one effect of localization, mostly true in Paris and London, probably. But what is less known, maybe, is what happens in between. So when you're in the intermediate range of correlation, you actually have an additional structure called quasi-particles. These are fermions that excitation that behave like fermions with a renormalized mass. But essentially, those are quite important because you can see there is a sharp resonance, a sharp increase of the density of states as a fermi level. So this will dramatically affect most of the properties you're interested in. And this is the exact effect that is missing in DFT. So DFT will capture very nicely the two limits. It might, with DFT, you might open a gap. You might get the metal. But what is in between is essentially the quasi-particle excitations that are missing in your theory. So progress has been made. And we had a few talks this morning about possible approach that can capture this. One of them is dynamical mean field theory. And we had very nice introductions already so I can skip the details. But maybe just to link with what I'm going to discuss next, essentially, one simple idea is that you have a complicated problem to solve where you have a lattice. And the idea of mean field is that you simplify it. So you replace that complicated problem by a simpler one where you have taken out one side of the lattice and you connect it with a bar for reservoir. And that bar for reservoir mimics the effect of the rest of the lattice. So you have now a quantum correlated problem, but which is much simpler because it is a zero dimension problem. And the only question left is how can you describe the bar or define the bar such that you can recover the effect of the rest of your solids. And I won't say much more on DMFT. Besides that, one thing that wasn't mentioned maybe yet is that if you look at your solids and think of your solid as a potato with a few correlated atoms, if you want to go to DMFT, which is defining an auxiliary problem, which is called the Anderson impurity problem, you will have to do a mapping from a crystal to this impurity problem. And that involves an operation called projection or projectors. So you can think of that as your quantum space and you will have to go from your quantum space to the Anderson impurity model. We have this projection operation and this projection operation is essentially dependent on your DMFT code. So if you use a plane wave code, for example, you will have a plane wave site K mu and you will want to go to a local correlated problem, but typically it would be your d orbitals. Sorry about that, so I'm going to solve the problem. And this is essentially the manifold subspace that is correlated, so typically f or d, and that's an arbitrary choice. So you have already one choice to make here, but once this choice is made, essentially, you can define these projectors as the overlap of your plane waves and your hydrogenic orbitals and that's defined once and for all and that will allow you to go from the quantum space to your Anderson impurity model. And I don't want to upset anyone here. This is just a small selection of application of DMFT and the only purpose here is to show that DMFT has been applied to a wide range of systems. We have the mud transition in the hot-burn model, superconductors, chalcogenides, F-materials, cold atoms, vanadates, also molecular systems such as nanocontax and again the list is goes on and on. Maybe my only point here was to highlight that in all the applications of the DMFT, usually people look at solids which are a periodic system. So the one category of typical system that has been a bit overlooked in the past by our community is molecular system. At the same time, these systems have been covered quite in details by both the DMFT community and the quantum chemistry community which traditionally has looked at these problems. And here again, I cannot mention everyone but Nicolama Zary is a pioneer of that for example with DFT plus you. Garnet Shan has recently started an activity on DMFT coming from the quantum chemistry side. What was left is from our community to step in and to see if we can bring something new to this type of approach. So that's what we have to do to go from a periodic system to a gamma system. And well, there are many applications. Most of them have in common that you need now to do DMFT and DMFT on a system that has between a thousand to a few thousand atoms. So that's now the difficulty. And to do that, we first need to do a DFT calculation which is quite difficult in itself. How do you do DFT when you have 2000, 3000 atoms? I mean, you probably know that DFT scales like the cube of the number of orbitals. So that's a challenge in itself. And at the same time, there's been recent development in the DFT community regarding DFT approaches that are able to do that via approximation. Those are called linear scaling DFT approach. One is called OneTap, developed in the UK. And we have some of the developers in the audience. The project started with Mike Payne, Peter Haynes, Arash Mostofi, Nicolas Hine, and with very active, I would say, and sparse developers community and user community as well. So I won't say much about OneTap. Besides that, the approximation is relatively well-defined. You essentially will assume that you look at an insulator or molecule, and electrons sitting on one end of the molecule might not feel or not know about the electrons on the other side of the molecule. This is called the near-sighted approximation. More formally, what you are doing is a truncation of the density kernel. You will choose and impose a cutoff in the density kernel. This one approximation. The other, I would say, is more of an optimization. You will use a compact basis set, which is optimized during the DFT procedure. To do that, of course, if you want to optimize your basis set, you need support functions to write your basis set in the first place, which is in OneTap cardinal sine function basis, essentially localized basis. So you both optimize the basis at the same time as you truncate correlation on large distances. And if you do that, essentially you can recover a linear scaling in terms of computer time versus the number of atoms. As you can see here, this has gone up to 7,000 atoms, and here the blue curve is a traditional DFT scaling. So it's a very powerful method, but it unlocks a lot of problems that we might be interested in at the cost of these two approximations, which are quite, but break down from metallic system. So of course, this is good for molecules or mod insulators, not so good for good metals, which is not the aim here. If you want to do DMFT, once you have done the OneTap calculation, things are already well defined. So I will just spend a couple of minutes here before moving to the results. So in DMFT, the main object is a Green's function, which is essentially just the inverse of an Hamiltonian. So you have the inverse here. Times the scaling factor, this is a Matsubara frequency or real frequency. S is a novel of matrix because you are now dealing with an optimized basis set that is non-orthogonal. And sigma is your self energy that contains information about many body effects. So essentially what you have to do is inverting a big matrix. And once you have the big matrix in the quantum space, define this Anderson impurity model, which is obtained by projecting the Green's function via these projectiles that I just introduced a few minutes ago. And once you project the Green's function, you obtain, and I will skip here some of the maths, one function called viabilization that defines once and for all your Anderson impurity model, which is again coming from this projected Green's function. The maths are a bit rapid. I'm happy to discuss with anyone more in details some of these equations, but the idea is really simple. Define a Green's function in a quantum space, project it. You can then define this Anderson impurity model, you have this habillization function. And the last step is to solve that problem and get a self energy. And this was already discussed in some of the earlier talk. And essentially you have now all the ingredients to apply this to a system of relatively large size that contains transition metal ions. So here we were interested in oxygen transport. And there are mostly four molecules responsible, well, linked to the role of oxygen transport. So we know all of one of them, hemoglobin, which is based on iron, which is negating to oxygen. And there are three others. Hemocyanin is based on copper. And all of these molecules of course have a very important functions and have been extensively studied. And if I start now just with hemoglobin or heme, which is the kernel of hemoglobin containing the iron center, which is also negating or binding to oxygen two. Essentially that system is very important and people have been interested to understand how it can bind to oxygen two or carbon monoxide, which are the two main candidates for binding to heme. And the very first step you could do is apply DFT to that system. And this has been done a long time ago. And unfortunately you get a slightly disappointing answer that DFT predicts that the binding to carbon monoxide is one electron volt larger than the binding to oxygen two. Meaning that the affinity of binding to carbon monoxide is thousands of times larger than oxygen two. That's a bit disappointing because we all know it's not possible. In reality actually there is a very slight imbalance of our carbon monoxide on the order of one kilo-cal per mole which is about 0.02 electron volt. That's why carbon monoxide is toxic because it sticks to heme, but definitely not with one electron volt larger affinity. So that's what we get with DFT. And many things have been tried and what we have been doing is not the only answer to that problem. But we were interested in looking if electronic correlations might be responsible for that failure of DFT. So can we solve that problem with DMFT and essentially recover more realistic and possible binding energies? So this is your heme molecule. I run in the center about 240 orbitals. It's quite large to solve with quantum Monte Carlo. So even for such a small system you are entering the regime of challenging problems to solve exactly. However, it is a system that is very similar to our Anderson impurity model. So an impurity I run connected to above. So we can use these projectors that we introduced a bit earlier to do this mapping between that problem to that one and we know how to solve this one with any choice of interaction or vertex that we want. And let's have a look at the results. And before I go to the results, this is designed for undergrad students. So this is just the effect of the wound. What is the wounds we're coupling? And in England we do this analogy with a bus feeling rule that if you enter in any bus in London, people tend to occupy one seat at a time. You have singly occupied seats in the bus. So that's what our electrons are doing. If you introduce a wound's rule, essentially you want to occupy one orbital at a time to create a magnetic moment. So that's something that wasn't done so far or studied in him. So we start here to look at him by choosing our interaction vertex. So the value of U was mentioned before. The value of the wound's coupling was not so much discussed. So the wound's rule is another of the coefficient of this later coaster interaction. So here on the horizontal axis, you have the wound's coupling. When the wound's coupling is large, you want to align the electron in the same direction and create a large magnetic moment. On the other axis you have here the occupation of your iron atom. So the iron atom is inside him. And of course, if you want to create a large magnetic moment, ideally you would like to have five electrons. That's what you get in the limit of a very large wound's coupling. You create the largest possible moment that you can make. So you have here a high spin limit. When you don't include the wound's coupling, when J is equal to zero, you get a low spin regime where you have a larger number of electrons. And of course, you have somewhere in between a transition between low spin to high spin. Now in reality, in him, you have iron and there's only one value, sensible value of the wound's coupling. It's not something you can change. Iron has a screen value for its interactions and if you do some calculation, you would find that it is somewhere around 0.7 which places him in this regime here which is interestingly just as a transition between the high spin to low spin system. So most studies I would have mentioned that a lot of studies have been done at J equals zero and U equals four. Actually, not so much has been done with the wound's coupling. So we found this interesting and carrying on, you also will find without surprise that if you increase the wound's coupling, you increase the magnetic moment going for different steps and here this place is actually our him, somewhere in between the triplet and the quartet. Quite interestingly here, I should say one thing is that in the MFT, you are not actually breaking by hand the spin symmetry. So you are not polarizing your electrons. You are doing the full calculation with the same number of up and down electrons which is quite realistic. A molecule is not a magnet. Somehow you have a fluctuating moment but you are not breaking the spin symmetry. So this you can do in the MFT because you are looking at a ground state that is in a quantum superposition of all the possible contribution to the multi-plat. So you are building a multi-plat by not breaking the spin symmetry. This is why you have to think a little bit how to define the magnetic moment but in this case it's defined by the fluctuations of the S operator. You have to skip a few things. So since we have now this transition between low spin to high spin, another quantity you might want to look at is the quantum entanglement of this quantum entropy. So essentially the question is do you have only one state for him? Is it a pure classical state or is it a true quantum state that is in a superposition of many different contribution? This can be defined formally and calculated and measured by what we call the von Neumann entropy which is essentially simply the entropy coming from the density matrix. But because now you want to look at your iron atom that contains the information about the magnetic moment, you have first to trace out the bath degrees of freedom. So here what we are doing is a trace over all the bath quantum states and we are left with a density matrix that only contains the information about your d orbitals. From this density matrix you can obtain the eigenvalues and define the entropy in the usual way which is called the von Neumann entropy. And looking at what we get here, again the same thing. So we have now this transition as you increase the Hohn's coupling and what we realize is that the entropy, the entanglement, the quantum entropy which is the maximum just that in the physical regime where you would actually have the hemolecule at 0.7 and the entropy is smaller on either side which makes sense. So in the very high spin limit the entropy goes down again. In the low spin limit the entropy is lower as well. So in some way we are placing him somewhere in this transition and thinking of it a little bit as a Schrodinger cat rather than a pure state. However then we have to rethink a bit to be careful about what we call entanglement entropy. The reason why we have there are two contributions to the entanglement. One is the accumulation of possible quantum states. We are building a multiplet. Multiplet has many different contributions and you might have different multiplets which are all contributing to the partition function. However, these numbers we are looking at are the magnetic moment and charge of the iron atom which is in itself, those are not quantum number. The iron atom is hybridized to the rest of the molecule so a contribution to this valence fluctuations comes from the hybridization between the iron and the rest of the molecule. And that's not coming from a pure quantum effect it's just coming from the definition itself of what we call valence fluctuations or entropy. However still it holds that the system is somewhere in this transition to a maximum entropy. And now the last question is did we solve the problem? So did I with DMFT solve this imbalance of binding energies? And here you have the difference of binding energies between carbon monoxide and oxygen too. You can see that when the wounds coupling is small essentially the molecule has a very large tendency to bind to CO, actually five electrons more so it's actually even worse than DMFT. But if you increase the wounds coupling it goes down and somewhere near the value of 0.7 you are around one EV and it stays there. It saturates there for large value so essentially we have not solved the problem. So DMFT does not bring you towards the point where we can explain why carbon monoxide and O2 binds in the same way to him. So what is missing here? What did we miss in this calculation? Well, obviously things are in life more complicated. I did show you a very small model of this molecule and a question in biology or quantum chemistry is actually what model shall we consider? So what I just showed you is just this little portion of him and you can see now here the rest of the molecule a few more residues. Actually the full molecule is much larger than that. This contains now 53 residues about a thousand atoms but we did essentially look at a larger model. This larger model as you can see is important because it links him here to the rest of the molecule and there is a histidine group called the fifth ligand that is pushed up just under the iron atom and many people claim that actually that fifth ligand and the stress tensor in the molecule itself are actually important to capture correctly the electronic properties of in this case myoglobin. So long story short we extended the calculation with the same method to a larger system and we looked if we could find any differences. Interestingly one of the main results that came out is that this time when you look at, this is now the charge of the iron atom for oxygen two and CO. We saw that actually the wounds coupling had very little effect for the binding to carbon monoxide system, for the bound system to carbon monoxide. Actually you can see this, the iron atom keeps the same charge for relatively large values of the wounds coupling and actually that makes sense. This is coming from the fact that carbon monoxide is having a strong covalent bond with iron. So we expect to have quite a large gap in this case and for the case of oxygen two, actually the charge of iron, the charge transfer is changing gradually as you increase the wounds coupling and that comes from the fact that you affect the charge transfer between the iron and oxygen to ligand. So we obtain in some way now a binding discrimination that actually was missing in the previous, was not observed in the previous calculation. And looking now at the energy, you have now the binding energies for carbon monoxide in O2. The blue curve is carbon monoxide. So you can see that when the wounds coupling is zero you still bind to carbon monoxide. But now you can see that the red curve crosses the blue curve at around 0.7. And then actually we enter in a different regime where the binding is much more in favor of O2. So essentially it's quite interesting picture. It tells you that in this hemolecule, just looking at the interaction vertex, there are not so many choices of the interaction that allows actually reasonable binding. So that goes a little bit to a philosophical question why did nature choose iron in hemoglobin? One simple example, if you would go down iron you would find roughenate, which has the same dilence electrons, but with wounds coupling twice as small, twice smaller. And indeed so this, the molecule exists with roughenate instead of iron but does not bind to oxygen too. So there are some clue that this might not be completely wrong, although the situation is more complex for sure. And I am now reaching my time. So it's a good time to conclude. I did not have time to mention a mocianin. Let me just say one last thing, is that I did mention about the magnetic properties. If you want to understand now the magnetic properties of this molecule because you are looking at a quantum system you have to actually do a histogram. And here in this case you have the histogram of the multiplet component which contributes to the reduced density matrix. So if you are asking me what is the spin of him, the molecule, I would have to tell you why it depends on your measurement. And here he is a statistic. So you see that for the carbon monoxide which are these light marble colors the dominant contribution is a singlet but you see that there is a large contribution from the doublet and triplet. For oxygen two, the largest component is triplet but you have satellites as well. So although we are not breaking the spin symmetry in the MFT the new challenge is that now to understand your problem you have to do an analysis in terms of distributions which is actually probably realistic. The system is, the state of the iron atom is not necessarily entirely defined as a pure state. So I will conclude here. I will have to skip the Emocyanin topic but let me just finish by listing my collaborators. So Mohamed Al-Badri at KCL did most of the calculation for the Emocyanin and Edward Linscott in Cambridge for myoglobin. Of course in the theory part many people were involved but the project started in collaboration with Mike Payne originally in Antoine George and Daniel Cole and Nick Hine very much contributed to the design of the project and especially Danny is really our biological expert. So I will leave you with my conclusion. Thank you.


Zdaj se tako zelo je češtjo, je to se refleksije, na kratikšnjih z vrti sebranje, neč vzvešanje vseh, kako zelo sebega. Sebega je začela kratiko, na kratikšnjih zelo, na kratikšnjih zelo, da je počit у moj nekaj zelo, kaj je vseh zelo, več nekaj zelo, nekaj bil nekaj zelo. Zato sem to poveda. This is a natural evolution of personal path. I'm a perehoma archaeologist and I worked for many years in public institution as an archaeological educator and during those years I could experience the potentiality of archaeology in education, but at the same time the implicisem of the adopted methodology in Italy. And more recently thanks to the completion of studies in public archaeology in master in differentiated education in Mandy school education, I had the opportunity to depend of pedagogical issues that actually are underlying in the process. And my analysis starts from an anonymous survey that si last year sent to the main national museums and museum educators that operate in Italy in vsega vsega boljče, vsega boljče, smrtjega rokov na vsega političke od vsega doma, izgledenje doma, nespoj, nespojovati, nekaj prikrije. Moj uključen bo za njiha, kaj je kratirija na neko vsega do vsega političke, neko vsega do vsega doma, kaj je tudi metodologi, nekaj manuali in tekstbuki, da so vsega dnev. svoril in posjudej, kaj je s nekaj korikuleračnih kodov, osrednih zrde in nekaj posjudej, da se je včičilo. Tukaj vse više, da je bilo se tako zelo... ...zapravljate, se, ki je ozvorega in iz nekaj zelo in iz zelo in iz zelo in iz zelo in iz zelo... ...završenje, da bi imeli vršenje in lahko vzelo, ...zgravljati in nekaj zelo, of the formative offer, and also for the formal institutionalization of the work of the geological educator as such. The results of my survey are very interesting. I have to say that just half of the realities respond to my questioner. But I don't want to be too much boring showing you graphic and percentage. I just want to show some points that will help me to address some consideration. It is important to underline that all of them agreed with their goals and aims. The efficacy of archaeology as a medium to understand the past is given for granted and encouraged by all of those that work in the field of professional archaeology. Being engaged in archaeology for the most part of them means to be actively part of the process of discovery to be introduced in a world of tactile sensation performing action within historical scientific operation. It requires a good balance between traditional scholarly knowledge and a multi-perspective approach. Archaeology as a subject can contribute to the formation of the abilities that are necessary to acquire active knowledge through critical investigation to the awareness on the fact that much of our past is concretely shared. But if the aim and goals and potentiality of opening archaeology to a wide and public are easily agreed on the matter of methodological approach, the common ground turns out to be a mere empiricism often governed by blind trial and error. What is worth is that there is not even the awareness that much work has been done in other countries on educational archaeologies in these years. I'm not talking about the quality of the offer, but only about the risky danger of improvisation in a delicate matter of educational archaeology. The 80% of my respondents mentioned experimental archaeology or learning my doing, but they did not give any reference to any kind of books, textbooks, schools of chosen approach. A small part declares to have no reference at all. Just five unities appeal to minari method or public archaeology approach. A definition that honestly sounds too wide for me. Moreover, the article about Italian project on archaeology and education that have been published are few, and they always seem to present posteriori reports and description of the completed activities. Reading them, one may have the impression that tools are often confused with methods and approaches. What can we deduce from these results? Well, we are not lost in the jungle, but we are still not focused on the theoretical approach. In the last decades, many different and interesting attempts have been made worldwide and in Italy to introduce archaeology to a wider public, children included. Since the spread of public archaeology as new trending, the idea of engagement is a central matter of the research concerning education, and in general a key concept for archaeology and its public. Now, what has not been understood yet is that some effective met models for engaging the public have already been developed, so the tentative empiricism is no longer a viable option. Unfortunately, it is widely recognized that the basic textbook for common references does not exist yet, so the neither specific guidelines have never been proposed, nor a common protocol for communicative archaeology to children or other public has never been written. And for what concern, evaluation criteria, the main tool is just a brief questionnaire, but not only of the reality users. Can we consider just the first impression of the public as sufficient elements to evaluate our activities? Unfortunately, archaeology is not inserted, moreover, archaeology is not inserted as an institutionalized subject in our national curriculum in Italy. Therefore, how to explain to a public of Jans the complexity and utility of archaeology is a topic still open to be debated. The most difficult part is to understand what is beneficial to be understood and shared with the wider public and what is not, where we should start. First, fill in the existing gap with social science and education, awaken curiosity towards the way of learning and teaching, raising interest in experimental interpretative strategies after being comfortable with accounts-based thinking. Before finding the correct method, we need to know that there are plenty of methods available in our theoretical toolbox. These methods can be named more precisely than just experience. For what concern methodology, we cannot just hide ourselves behind a naive idea of learning by doing, with no supporting theory on the background. The classical method of learning by doing is not misunderstood and confused with improvisation and spontanity, but it is not too. I'm just trying to speak about Italy, not other countries. The concept of constitutive constructivism in archaeology has been spread in any part of Europe as a way to transmit archaeological knowledge, especially because of the speculative nature of the archaeological inquiry and the empirical aspect of the discipline. Nonetheless, learning by doing approach needs strict and rigid planning and discipline. Educator has to understand firstly how knowledge works, how we learn and how we can teach. Otherwise, the approach is reduced to mere practical activities with no speculative and theoretical thinking. At the end, even the result could not be recognized as such. The basic knowledge of the cognitive growth of children is a crucial point for future plans of archaeological education. And at the same time, it is an ongoing weakness in many actual archaeological activities, where basic concepts of constitutivism are sometimes taken randomly, considered superficially, and applied without awareness. For example, I try to study the visualization of time, the change of the visualization of time in different ages. The way in which we visualize time changes dramatically from the age three to the age 99. And we need to pay attention to this difference. Despite this, many of the proposed activities are exactly the same for different publics, as my survey showed, recurring to different level of simplification of ready-made activities that make no justice to these two different audiences. Finally, for what concern that identified difficulties, all the interviewed realities agreed. Those are economical problems, lack of communication between public institution and schools, no codified methodology and absence of textbooks will come on guidelines. For us, this consideration is useful to understand that at the moment there is a will to learn a method, but it is difficult to find proper guidelines to follow. If we pay more attention to the learning by doing methodology, we may discover that it is a strong scientific roots, not just in kasturtivism, but also in the tactile approach of the early 19th century pedagogy originally developed by Montessori. Actually, the origin of the sensitive pedagogy could be traced even many decades before her, with Robel, Rousseau, and many others. On her own, Montessori was a precursor of the education of the senses. In the Montessori method, I found the fertile soul where to re-center the main role of archaeology in the historical and world education. I mean, it's just a proposal. In fact, her idea of cosmic education takes into account archaeology too, and it is a for runner of the idea of a multidisciplinary approach for learning the past using science and humanities. The method was set up by a long and constant observation of students. Still concerning sensorial education, some decades later, another important theorist was Bruno Munari. It is much stronger belief that these methodologies have the advantages to add a strict knowledge of children and students developing capabilities to the simple constructivist learning by doing experience. The education of the five senses is developed through a natural scaffolding process that is respectful of the logical order of students' skill. We need to systematize archaeological activities in a way that is more structured, following an order connectable with the needs of the person. But this method has a limit. In fact, Montessori had developed a scientific method that remained unaltered since her death in 1952. And to be honest, time and history are not well investigated by her method as it stands. However, a visual approach concerning maths and grammar can also be extended to the notion of time. And the first cosmic tales can be the starting point to think new pedagogical stories where archaeology can be a central part. Will it the effort that the limit can be turned into an extraordinary challenge for setting a new historical approach? Sorry. Oh my God. With the combination of the best acquisition already reached by the other main pedagogical approaches. Returning to my survey, the question was, there was also a question focused on the checking the real knowledge of our national curriculum. The question was addressed because one of the main issues for archaeological, educational archaeology is the missing dialogue and interaction with the existing school curriculum. There is a lack of knowledge among archaeologists on the difference between traditional school on the way of its teaching history and the historical curriculum. In my opinion, this lack of information affected the results of many archaeological activities. According to many answers that are received, the national curriculum seems to be hold and ill-conceived. But as a matter of fact, this is not true. Instead, the new national curriculum can really open a new scenario for archaeological education, just as it is. In fact, a careful reading of national curriculum of 2012 reveals that it is far from being anchored to the old traditional methods. On the contrary, it is really open to a multidisciplinary retrospective, no longer bound to the venemential and chronological order. It is an extraordinary opportunity that widens the horizon of teacher and archaeologists that can think a new path. To conclude, as a public archaeologist, I feel the need of a shared educational policy and the creation of the role of the educator in archaeology among the existing university courses. The moment is right because the current trend of increased attention to the public can support and require a professional figure like that. I'm so strongly persuaded that codifying an educational archaeological language and investigate about the role of archaeology is really urgent nowadays, since it could help to redefine the perception of the social utility of the discipline to a wider public and contribute to improve even more the children's learning process. Thank you, sorry.


Hi everybody. Welcome to my EuroBSDCon 2021 talk on SNMP, the Simple Network Management Protocol. I want to leave some time for questions at the end, so let's jump right in. What is SNMP? Well, it was created in the 1980s as a replacement for the Simple Gateway Management Protocol, and it wasn't intended as an intermediate protocol until something more complex was created. And they use a client server architecture, but they call the manager, the management workstation, the client, and the agent is something that runs on your server or router.  Such a protocol should be both straightforward and highly structured. Everyone came to an agreement on the requirements because this was the 1980s, and there were very few people in everyone, and thus was spawned SNMP. So why call it Simple Network Management Protocol? Let's look at the word Simple first. There are seven commands, and you put them together like tinker toys and plug them in however you want. This gives us a protocol that's incredibly powerful and flexible, but it assumes a level of knowledge of the system that many people don't have today, and it bears all the scars of its history. SNMP dates from a time before a byte was eight bits. So it lets you invoke some of these ancient standards from the void. It grants you incredible system changing power, and it can destroy everything you've worked for. SNMP exposes the secrets of your systems, and if you're thoughtless, reconfigures them into unspeakable nightmares. It's like something out of an HP Lovecraft tale. Without the rampant xenophobia, but with all the alien system topologies. The topologies were in your computer all along. Your shallow human mind is blissfully incapable of perceiving them, and the more I worked with SNMP, the more I realized how disturbingly apropos that analogy is. So network, what's the network part of SNMP? SNMP is usable across the network, but networks have changed dramatically over the years. What was a network in the 80s is not like the 90s, is not like the 90s, and so on and so on. The primordial internet populated by university and nuclear missiles is nothing like today when you have countries involved in a shooting war with each other, sharing the same network with one another. Today, we usually think of SNMP as running on port 161 UDP, but it can run over TCP, TLS, SSH, whatever. So what's the management part? SNMP lets agents and managers exchange management information. What is management information? Anything I say it is, and it's structured anyway, I think it should be. I'm sure those of you with experience can see how this has already gone horribly wrong. And the information is designed in a management information-based, which is structured management data described in a MIB file, and the implementation should always match the description. Some data is defined by a standard, some by the vendor, and all of it's interpreted and implemented the way the vendor engineer thinks it should be. So protocol. SNMP comes in several different versions. Today, we have SNMP v3, which is extensible, it's encrypted, authenticated, efficient, flexible, etc. And that's been a standard pretty much for 20 years. SNMP version 2 came in several varieties, but version 2c won the standards battle. It's extensible, efficient, unencrypted, and unauthenticated, but pretty flexible. SNMP version 1 is a zombie protocol. It's extensible, it is not efficient, it's unencrypted, unauthenticated. Sadly, all three of these are still being deployed in new products today. There are brand new internet devices, especially IoT devices, that only support SNMP version 1. With all of this, why do we use it? Well, SNMP is kind of network management duct tape. It produces data you can feed to anything. You can extract gobs of information easily. You can send selected commands in a single packet, and you can extend it to include your own commands. And really, the reason SNMP gets a bad reputation is because of us. We misinterpret, we ignore things, we program badly, we're indifferent. You can structure your data any way you want, but you don't know what you want. And by the time you know it's too late, you have to live with it. So, let's talk about the management information base. It's a hierarchical tree structure. Objects have an address in the tree, and the address is identified by an object identifier, an OID. And each set of numbers here has a corresponding name that is defined in a MIB file. And you can point what they call an SNMP browser, which is a management program that lets you query an agent, and it will let you walk the agent of a host. Here, I'm poking at one of my little test network routers, and you can see all these numbers. I did not have a MIB file on this because I wanted to demonstrate. This is what the management information base and the OID tree looks like raw, but some things you can guess. So, another place where SNMP goes wrong is in performance. SNMP exposes everything. Sysadmins love information. Once you store a network administrator what you can get from SNMP, they love it too. One query, one UDP packet, easy. Well, yes, except each interface has 22 characteristics you can track out of the box. How many interfaces does your router or switch have? You have one server, great. You could dig a lot of information. You try to scale that up to a thousand servers, and that won't work so well. It is easy to dig for more information. And you have to watch just how much you're asking of the network and how much you really need. Another thing that people think about SNMP is it has no security. Well, in the early days when SNMP was first written, they had this idea of using a community as an authentication token unencrypted across the network. Again, the 1980s internet was not today's internet. There are lots of technical reasons why a community is not a password. Realistically, it's a password. There are times when it's okay to use that internally on your protected private network. Maybe you want to do it the easy way and just use SNMP version 2 communities. The real solution to SNMP security is SNMP version 3. And if we were together in meat space, I would look around the room and say, raise your hand if you remember when OpenBSD used Blowfish. There is a constant algorithm slide. MD5 to SHA to SHA 512, DES to AES, AES 128 and so on. We need exchangeable encryption algorithms in our protocols, much like SSH does. Many vendors offer SNMP with a variety of algorithms. So we have to be able to adapt as time passes. And SNMP version 3 is fairly good at that. To start with, it comes with 3 degrees of privacy. No auth, no priv, which is no encryption, no privacy, much like a community. Auth no priv, it has hash login and a packet and plain text data. And auth priv encrypts everything. And some tutorials would start you off with SNMP using the lowest possible denominator, saying you'll come back later and improve your practices. When everybody knows that once you've implemented something, slip shot, but sort of functional mostly, you never have time to go back and do it correctly. Especially when deficiencies like a lack of authentication and lack of encryption are invisible to management. So we're going to talk about doing this right the first time by using SNMP v3. This requires setting up SNMP v3 users, configuring the agent to notice them and setting those in the manager. There's special files for all of them. Most sysadmins experimenting with SNMP v3 go wrong because they leap straight to the agent and defer the issue of user management. This is exactly backwards. You must start your SNMP v3 with users before even touching agent access control. And really, in traditional systems administration, users are just an access control token. In SNMP v3, they are a unique combination of access control, authentication and privacy algorithms. And this means you have to look carefully at what everything supports. A manager may speak MD5 and SHA and SHA 512 for authentication and DES3DES and AES128 for privacy. But this one brand of router from Shakath Corp, it only speaks MD5 and DES. And this other brand of router Wellish speaks SHA and AES128. So you need a unique user for each of those devices. So think about it that way first. Which users can speak what protocols and which algorithms? And users are stored on the agent. The management client gets a copy of them. So when you're setting up a new user, you have to figure out what the username is, what privacy you want, what authentication algorithm and passphrase you'll use, and what privacy algorithm and passphrase. Make a note of all of that. Set it up on the agent and the manager. We're not going to walk through because SNMP v3 will take a little bit of time to do with net SNMP. And every device is different. Of course they are. But once you have it set up, the very first thing you do is test that the username works. If the user does not work, nothing else matters. And then you can look at access control. Here I'm looking at an SNMP.com where I've set, I've defined a community for SNMP v1 and SNMP v2c, which is the username is RW user. And then below that I've defined an SNMP v3 user. So once you have users and some sort of access control, you can make queries. Here I'm using the SNMP get command on the host gateway. And I'm querying a MIB that I want to know how long has this host been up for. And I get an answer back. Single UDP packet. Very fast. I can also group objects. An SNMP group is just a named lump of objects that are defined in the MIB file. Here is what they call the system group. We looked at this before without the names just numbers.  Where is it? How long has it been up? What is the host name? There are also tables. Here is an interface table where we run through the columns and then we have each row of the columns. So this host has 11 interfaces. There's going to be 11 rows in the table. The standard interface table is meant for a computer display. So I'm not going to show it because it's 310 characters wide for my little test router. But here is one of the short tables that says the network address to the MAC address. And we have a few entries here. This can be very useful to poke your network device or your server and see what do they have in their ARP table.  There may be stuff in the MIB table below that. And to really rip everything out of the system, start at the object ID dot 1. There's also this concept of an SNMP walk. Now if you've played with SNMP at all, you may know that SNMP walk goes through the whole tree and gives you everything. But the SNMP walk is an SNMP version 1 tool. It is slow and inefficient. A walk basically sends a packet that says, give me the next object and its value. And then when it gets that, it says, great, give me the next object and its value. And you spend a lot of packets going back and forth. A bulk walk starts off by default with, give me the next 10 objects and their values. It only works in SNMP version 2 and above. You can modify this so that you can get more than those 10 objects. If you are trying to say, pull the routing table from an ISP border router, and it has millions of routes, a plain SNMP 1 walk may take over a day. And it will, you can tune your bulk walk so it takes less than an hour. So we've said what the MIB files are. What are, what's really in them? This is a full definition. And this is useful because the name is not always fully detailed. In the, when you do an SNMP walk, what you see and what that implies may not be what is really there. If there is a number, is this, does this number indicate that this is in an error state? Or how many times has this error happened? Unfortunately, these are written in academies. This MIB here, syscontact, is the email address of the person responsible. But no, we can't just say that. Now, if you're working with any kind of proprietary equipment or specialized network gear, there's the enterprise MIB. And this is an area where vendors and organizations can put their own data. Now, it's very easy to get one. I got one with a stupidly trivial form that I emailed, and they did not ask why.   These enterprise MIBs are all under one, three, six, one, four, one, and then you get a number under it. So, if I want to know what enterprise MIB something supports, here I'm poking at my little MicroTik gateway. And we see some things that they support that I really didn't expect. Yes, at the bottom, there's the MicroTik MIB, they have their own MIB, very nice. But at the top, they've implemented a Cisco MIB. They've implemented the UCD SNMP, that's a net SNMP MIB. They have implemented squid MIBs. I did not know that my little bottom of a barrel router supported squid, and I'm not about to turn it on, but that's kind of interesting. So, this is the good stuff. This is also the bad stuff. This is where vendors do things like hit this MIB to reboot the router, or to do a factory reset. Read those definitions carefully. Now, our BSD boxes generally all support SNMPD, the net SNMP agent. Free BSD and open BSD have their own agents, and they can operate and interact with SNMP, but this has become the industry standard for all of our sins. So, here we are, we'll talk about it. This is, you can configure the basic setup, they have a script for that, and this lets you set various alarm states for system conditions. Now, it doesn't say it's going to monitor those, it's just going to set an alarm if anyone asks. So, poke around net SNMP a bit. You can also issue commands over the network with set. This is great for your network management system, if you're very thoughtful and very careful. You can do things like turn IP forwarding on and off, if your agent has the permission to do that. The effectiveness depends on the agent, the host it's running on, and the MIB, so you can only set read write and read create objects. IP forwarding is a thing that exists in the system, you could turn it on and off. Once you've booted your UNIX box, even if you use host name, the host name doesn't really change. This also would require running net SNMP as root. You'd have to think very carefully before doing that. And different people implement net SNMP and SNMP in general to varying degrees of compliance with the standards. Here is the definition for the sysname object. And it says in the description that, by convention, this is the node's fully qualified domain name. Simple enough. I'm going to look at some machines here. I'm looking at my free BSD test, my Sentos test, my Debian test, and my little Microtech beat-it-up router. And the only one that really complies is Microtech, I'm embarrassed to say. So you need to look out for what does the standard say versus what do we really do. And to use this SNMP set command, you give the object and you'd say what kind of value you set it to, for example, the s here means a string, and then the host name. And the command output comes from the agent's response to confirm the change. Personally, I don't trust it, so I'm going to run my own SNMP get on that object to make sure that's really what it is. And again, what you can change depends on what platform the agent is running on. There's also a thing called an SNMP proxy. If you don't have direct access to a host, you can proxy through another host that's configured to do that for you. This is a useful way to interoperate, say, free BSDs, BSNMPD with NetSNMP. Agent X. You may have heard of Agent X at some point. This lets programs register themselves as handling parts of the SNMP tree. Many programs have Agent X agents. If you are running a database server like MariahDB or Postgres, or you have Apache or nginx, these all can fire up little SNMP daemons and feed into your main SNMP agent. And you can get management information for all of this. So that's a fast overview of some basic SNMP stuff. But let's touch base on something special to SNMPD and NetSNMP. You can extend it. The extend keyword in SNMPD.conf is a generic, flexible MIB for simple commands. If you hit this MIB, a command runs. You write the command. You have to be very careful doing this. But here I have a simple extend command called shogoth that runs echo runaway runaway.  It gives you what it put out. It gives you the exit condition, all of that. Now, that's trivial. Nobody cares. But you could say, list the contents of a directory. I've used this in production to monitor a directory. I couldn't get information out of any other way. I'm not proud, but it worked and it kept the client happy. And this let me look for things like core files and dumps. And did the temporary processing directory have too many files and we needed to slow the process down. Now, NetSNMP also provides other information about these commands say, you don't care what the files are, just how many? Well, this directory has 105 files. So that's an easy extension. But you can get very complex. Extend doesn't have a shell, but you can call a script. And scripts can do all sorts of things. You can now, if you edit the script and the script doesn't run, your SNMP walk stops right here saying, oops, we can't go any further because this object is fouled up. There's also something called pass through scripts that let you design your own fully featured Mib. The script has to handle set get and get next. There's examples and net SNMP.org. And I have written the most useless enterprise Mib of all time. This was an Easter egg in the SNMP book if you read it, but it's been a couple years since that came out. And so here it is. You can grab the Mib file off of my CDN website and query the table and get a list of every book that has my name on it. Now, there's other things you can do with SNMP such as this SNMP netstat command. You can query servers and routers in your network and get their netstat info, get their open stockets, their routes, statistics, whatever.  So a couple other bits of SNMP I'm going to touch on quick. Access control, there's this thing called vacuum view based access control. It's just a normal access control list. It has a weird language because SNMP. There are traps which are kind of like logs except they're very specific and very highly configurable. And when you're working with SNMP, I'd encourage you to remember that whatever you choose to monitor will not be the right choice. So good, we have enough time for questions and discussion. I'm just going to go through, yes, this is based on my book SNMP Mastery. And if you want the really special occult version, it's available as the Network Namakan with extra art. And I'm now hopefully big, big blue button has let me connect and I'm available for questions, answers and snark. If not, thank you.


The National Broadcasting Company and its affiliated stations present the Pacific story. In the mounting fury of world conflicts, events in the Pacific are taking on ever greater importance. Here is the story of the Pacific and the millions of people who live around this greatest sea. The drama of the people whose destiny is at stake in the Pacific War. Here, as another public service, is the tale of the war in the Pacific and its meaning to us and to the generations to come. The Japanese Navy. In 27th 1905, Japanese Admiral Togo set out to intercept and destroy the Russian fleet. On the bridge of Admiral Togo's flagship was a stern young ensign. Admiral Togo? Yes, Ensign? Communications has a message for you on a voice tube, sir. Very well. Communications. Admiral Togo, is that the voice tube? Go ahead. Admiral Togo, two Russian warships have incited east of Japan, heading northward. Any additional information? They seem not to be trying to conceal their movements. In the chart room, Admiral Togo and his staff officers considered this development. It is a ruse to draw us away from the main Russian fleet. Togo saw through the Russian tactic. The Russian Admiral is trying to give us the impression that the grand fleet is passing along Japan on the east side in order to get to Vladivostok. But that is not so. The Russian Admiral will take his fleet through the straits of Tsushima. We will continue on our course and we will cross the line of the Russians at two o'clock this afternoon. Admiral Togo? Yes, Captain? I have the latest intelligence on the strength of the Russian fleet. Yes? The Russian fleet is composed of 12 battleships and a number of smaller auxiliary vessels. The Russians then have 12 battleships to our four battleships and eight armored cruisers. That is right. Yes, sir. We have superior speed and gunnery. We will continue on our course to intercept them. The Russian fleet was heading for the straits of Tsushima between Korea and Japan. And aboard the flagship, Mikata, the lookout scanned the horizon for the telltale smoke of the Russians. On the bridge, the young stern ensign scanned the blue waters with a long glass. He glowed with warmth at the thought of the defeat of the Russians. He remembered that when he was a boy, and he fished in the icy waters of the Sea of Japan, that his father said, The white barbaryons with hairy faces came in black ships and broke down these doors of Japan and threatened our Emperor, the Son of Heaven. That is why, when he joined the Navy, he said, I want to return the visit of Commodore Perry. As he stood there on the bridge of the Mikata now, with a long glass to his eye scanning the horizon, he thought of all he had gone through to prepare him for this, his part in a dramatic and important naval engagement. Dear Mother, I never tire of the wrong marches in the snow. We have been taught all manner of maneuvers and regular attacks. But I like a deriding, best of all, the competition is severe. For each vacancy in the Naval Academy, there are five competitors. But I shall come through and become a naval cadet. It is my purpose. He came through. He studied seamanship, gunnery, torpedo, navigation, field drill, physics, chemistry, and English. He studied with determination. He studied to win, to be top man in everything he undertook. He became a midshipman, and then he was sent to sea in many different ships. At last, he was commissioned in Ensign. Ensign is Oroku Yamamoto. Fort up to bridge! Fort up to bridge! Yes, Fort Up. Go ahead. Smoke sizes on the south horizon. Stand by. Admiral Togo. Yes, Ensign. The Fort Up reports smoke on the south horizon. Let me have that long glass. Yes, sir. Fort Up to bridge! Single column of ships approaching from the south. Fort Up reports single column of ships approaching from the south, sir. I can see them. The Russians. Captain. Yes, sir. Turn southward. Parallel the column of the enemy. Full speed. Yes, sir. Hardly flowed. Full speed. Hardly flowed. Full speed. Hardly flowed. Full speed. Togo's fleet swung southward. Cut through the sea like a knife. Following the flagship Makasa with the Shikishima, the Fuji, and the Asahi. Look at those powerful Russian battleships, Ensign. That first one must be the flagship, the Shiborov. Oh, yes. You see, the Admiral is bringing us parallel to the enemy column, but heading southward. Hardly flowed. Hardly flowed. We are turning back northward again. Oh, yes. Now the Admiral is going to bring us parallel to the Russians, but heading north. The Russians have opened fire. Holding his fire. He will wait until all of our vessels have made a turn, and are steaming in column ahead. The Shikishima have turned, and now the Fuji and the Asahi are turning. The Russians are trying to hit our vessels while they are turning. It is the Suvarov that is firing at us. We are keeping the reed opposite the Suvarov. Captain, over fire. Process. Well. Upward in shells would tear the Suvarov apart. They missed. They went over. Can you see that salvo through your wrong grasp? They are short. Next time we will straddle it. Here comes another Russian broadside. They are trying for our range. Concentrate, fire and the Russian flag keep at the head of the enemy column. See if we hit them. We hit it. This forward partner of the Suvarov. We are turning our fire on the Suvarov. They are poor gunners. Four of our battleships are firing at the Suvarov. Now we hit it again. Fresh in the sky. Oh, yes. We have smashed through the side of the Suvarov of the Suvarov. But it continues to return our fire. But as far as she was able, she continued to fight back. The Japanese cruisers concentrated their fire on the rest of the Russian fleet. Look, Esvoroko. We are passing the head of the Russian column. Our superior speed gives us the advantage. Hard right, brother. Oh, the admiral is going to cross the T on the Russian column. Yes. We are passing straight across that course. To bear on the Suvarov. Our cunning tower is wrecked. What's outside is nothing but twisted debris. It seems they have lost control of us. They cannot control us. Possibly we have shot her all out of action.  Captain, signal the cruisers to finish the Suvarov. We will now concentrate on the Alexander. The second ship in the Russian column. Yes, sir. The Japanese guns, the Alexander was smashed and battered. She became a roaring inferno of flames. The Alexander has fallen out of line. Helpless, she turned away from the furious Japanese cannon-aiding. The Borodino has fallen out of line behind the Alexander. The Russian fleet was in complete confusion. Your rel has fallen out of line behind the Borodino. The Russians fought back, but their shells fell around the Japanese ships and scarcely disturbed them. Togo kept his ships in strict formation. He swung around again and it decepted the Russian battleships. Swung around in a circle. They are confused. They do not know what to do. The Alexander is smashed open from spam to stone. She is very raw in the water. She had a heavy rib. Admiral Togo, the atmosphere fire has begun. That is the weakest of the Russian battleship. Concentrate fire on the others. Yes, sir. Concentrate fire on the next in line. It was twilight. And Togo continued the merciless battering of the Russians. At 7 p.m. The Alexander has gone down. The Shofarov has gone down. The Borodino is brazing like a brass. We hit her again. We hit the Borodino. We smashed her. Admiral Togo, the Borodino has exploded. What an expressive sight. Darkness closed in and the slaughter continued. The firing from the big guns splashed through the blackness. The Japanese pounded the Russians. And the Russians still fought back. They are trying to get away again. They will not give up. Admiral Togo! Admiral Togo! How are you all right? Admiral Togo was all right. But Ensign Isoroku Yamamoto was wounded. He lost two fingers. In the darkness, Togo sent his torpedo boats against the remaining Russian warships. They disabled two more Russian battleships and an armored cruiser. And the next morning, the Japanese battleships closed in and finished them off. Admiral Togo! Yes, Captain? We have captured the Russian admiral. He was taken of a Russian destroyer that picked him up. He is dying. Yes. We sank three more of the Russian ships today. One was Rane Shoah. And four still rendered to us. In all, of the 38 ships of the Russian Grand Seats, one small cruiser and two destroyers have reached Vladivostok. Send this message to Tokyo. Yes, Captain. I have destroyed the Russian fleet. You may be easy. The world was stunned. Togo had not only destroyed a fleet, he had established Japan as a sea power. At the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese war, Japan had eight battleships. Russia had 12. If Togo had lost at Tsushima, Japan would have been set back a generation. Possibly, it would have been crushed. Now Japan emerged as a contender for control of the Pacific Seaways. Togo's victory reverberated throughout the world. And every Japanese fighting man bristled with satisfaction at the underlying meaning of this victory. We have demonstrated that it is possible for the yellow man to defeat the white man. As this set the pattern for ensign Yamamoto's career, so it set the pattern for the Japanese Navy. Soon, Yamamoto was well again. Now he was a seasoned sea fighter. He had taken part in Japan's illustrious victory and in one of the greatest sea battles of all time. Also, he had had the opportunity to observe, personally, the tactics, the strategy of one of the greatest naval warriors. He was assigned as chief instructor in the Kasamagora Naval Air Corps. Hano Yetikami. Yes, Lieutenant Yamamoto. Reside. Yes, sir. In 1855, our first seaman's training station was opened at Nagasaki with that instructor. Our first naval school was organized at Tsukiji and Yedo. Correct. Kenji Izomura. Yes, Lieutenant Yamamoto. Go on. The Dutch presented us with a small warship, the Kwanko Maru, for training cadets. We purchased two other vessels from the Dutch and the Queen Victoria of Britain presented us with another. These vessels formed the nucleus of the Japanese Navy. And it was from this beginning... The Japanese requested the British government for the naval mission to supervise the development of the Japanese Navy. Under Commander Archibald Douglas and his British officers, the Japanese Navy was put on its feet. Senjuri Sayetsu. Yes, Lieutenant Yamamoto. Go on. Before 1892, there had been agitation against the Navy. But in 1892, this opposition, which was for Ritakar, was overcome. Money was voted for the building of two battleships. And was therefore prepared as the outbreak of the China-Japanese War in 1894. Battleships and cruisers built in England were added to the fleet after that. And thus, we were ready to assert our authority at sea when, in 1904, the Russians thrust war upon us. Correct. As the Japanese Navy grew, Yamamoto rose through the ranks. When World War I broke out, he was among the first Japanese military men to receive the value of the airplane. In 1915, he foresaw the wedding of air power and sea power. The most important naval vessel of the future will be a ship carrying airplanes. Why, that is impossible, Lieutenant Yamamoto. Aeroplanes are clumsy and unwieldy. A war vessel that carries airplanes could send them far ahead to scout on the enemy. Besides, they could drop explosives. Why, that is fantastic. No Japanese watched the development of the airplane more keenly than Yamamoto. He himself became a pilot. From this time on, he thought of air power and sea power as one. At the close of World War I, both Japan and the United States were building fleets. Suddenly, a post-war depression swept Japan. Great numbers of our war-born industries went bankrupt. Then the Washington Conference was held. Japan accepted the 553 ratio in sea power, with the United States and Britain. It is outrageous. Japan is entitled to as much sea power as she herself determines she needs. Why should Japan accept the ratio of 3 to 5 in favor of Britain and the United States? Why should Japan have an inferior navy? To this, world observers to the coming struggle in the Pacific set forth a different viewpoint. To begin with, the 553 ratio of sea power is better than Japan could have maintained against the United States and Britain. That is, we were held down. Not Japan. Yes. Not only that. Why does Japan want a big navy? Certainly not to defend Japan. She has only one coast to defend. If Japan wants a bigger navy, she wants it for some purpose other than defense. Japan accepted the 553 ratio, but it rankled down through the line of naval men who traditionally have been Japan's fighting sea dogs. And within the next two years, her shipyards were surrounded by a no man's land miles wide. Regret. You are not permitted to enter here. Well, we're just tourists from America. Yes, sir. Is this road blockaded? Yes. You are not permitted to pass through this gate. What is this? We're 10 or 15 miles from the nearest town, aren't we? Must be something inside this barbed wire stock, can't you? Don't want us to see. Do we have to have a pass of some kind to go through here? You are not permitted to enter here. Well, we have to turn around and go back. Yeah. I didn't have the slightest idea there was a stockade out here when we came this way. Well, thanks anyway. Come on, Bert. Let's turn around and go back. Yeah. Makes me feel important having a sentry stopping with a gun these days. Behind those stockades, the shipyards haunt night and day. On the ways giant battleships were built. Ships that never were to be mentioned in any international report. And while this was going on, Yamamoto was in Washington as naval attaché at the Japanese Embassy. And here he managed to get around and keep his eyes open. Did you ever see a man play poker like that Yamamoto? He's got to win or it's no game with him. Well, since there were those heavy lips of his clamp together and that heavy jowl and powerful jaw setters that he's playing for his life. He plays for more than that. He plays for his honor. He's got to win. Well, he doesn't look out. He's as brutal as a meat grinder. He doesn't waste any words making clear what he means. You know, the first time I played poker with him he surprised me the perfect English he uses. He does everything well. He was champion of the Japanese Navy in poker and chess. I mean, bridge too, I guess. Well, you can be sure he's not missing anything that's going on here in Washington. From Washington, Yamamoto went back to sea. First he took over the command of the cruiser Ithugu and later the aircraft carrier Akagi. Yamamoto was rising in power. Meantime the Japanese resentment against the 553 ratio was growing. Vice Admiral Suitsugu in command of Japan's submarine fleet went to the London Conference to fight for an adjustment of the ratio. The entire city of the ratio system is wrong. Suitsugu was blunt and reckless. The submarine is a defensive weapon. Japan demands equality in submarines at least. The entire theory of the ratio stood in peril of being utterly destroyed. To prevent this, Japan was granted equality with the United States and Britain in submarines. Suitsugu immediately returned to Japan and launched several super submarines large enough to cross the Pacific and back, observing so that all could hear. There is no difference between defense and attacks. Suitsugu moved up to commander of the Imperial Combined Fleet and Yamamoto moved up with him. Suitsugu and Yamamoto talked the same language. In 1934, Suitsugu put on the greatest display of mimic naval warfare the Pacific had ever seen. And then, as if to emphasize what he meant, he sent Yamamoto to London to end Japan's submission to the 553 ratio. I'm from the post mail reporter. I'd like to talk with Admiral Yamamoto. Admiral Yamamoto speaks a very little English. Colors on the stand. Yeah, but I got on this train especially to talk with Mr. Yamamoto. I interviewed him several times when he was the naval attaché at the Japanese Embassy in Washington. Admiral Yamamoto is unable to talk with you, so you would excuse him, please. Is the cab to take you to Downing Street, Admiral Yamamoto? It's possible, Admiral Yamamoto, that some compromise could be worked out. There is no possibility of any compromise. Yamamoto was welcomed back to Tokyo by an extravagant parade and was personally congratulated by the Emperor. Two years later, Japan suspended the ratio system altogether. But for years before that, her dockyard had been busy. Between 1930 and now, 1939, we have built 2 million tons of merchant shipping. We are on a 24-hour-a-day schedule. Most of this Japanese shipping was built with American material. And in that same period of time, between 1930 and 1939, we here in America, in all our shipyards, built only 1,250,000 tons of shipping. Japan came out into the open with its shipbuilding in 1936. Before that, while all the world knew it was building warships, it reported as light cruisers, vessels that had the striking power of pocket battleships. It reported as medium-sized submarines undersea crafts that could cross the Pacific and return. After 1936, to cover its race for sea power, the Navy Ministry clamped down on all information relative to the Navy. And in 1939, Admiral Yamamoto became commander of the most powerful naval striking force in all Japanese history. Yamamoto knew the United States well, knew its thinking, its weakness, its military philosophy. As relations between the United States and Japan worsened, he looked grimly to his aircraft carriers, for he had said, Relations between Japan and America cannot improve until they break. He looked grimly to his aircraft carriers, for he had played a big part in their promotion. How can you destroy our battleship except with another battleship? With torpedo planes. An airplane against the guns of a battleship? The fiercest serpent may be overcome by a swarm of ants. A year after he became commander-in-chief, Admiral Yamamoto had nine aircraft carriers and nine auxiliary carriers. In addition, there was intelligence that the Japanese Navy was building nine more carriers and 14 more auxiliaries. Foreign observers had little opportunity to see these vessels, but what they saw, they remembered. Generally, the Japanese carriers are smaller than the American and British carriers. They accommodate, oh, I'd say, from 24 to 60 aircraft. And how many do ours accommodate? I should say from 80 to 100. Being smaller, I suppose the Japanese carriers are very fast. Yes, they are. They can do some 30 knots. The ones I saw had no island above the flight deck, as ours have. Instead, their funnels were pointed a stern like big blowpipes. Avoid these carriers. We carry many torpedo planes, for the Japanese favor the torpedo as an attacking weapon, not only by aircraft, but also by torpedo boat. At Aminato, on the north coast of the main Japanese island, there is a torpedo boat base. And at every strategic point possible in Japan, naval harbors and naval dockyards have been installed. But as the showdown in the Pacific approached, Japan had more than aircraft carriers. Gentlemen, exact figures on Japan's naval strength are not definitely known. We don't know how many super dreadnoughts they have been building behind stockades these last 10 years. But we do know the following. As of now, 1940, Japan has 10 battleships and is building eight more. She has 46 cruisers and is building 10 more. She has 126 destroyers and possibly is building 15 more. She has between 70 and 80 submarines and we believe she's building 10 more. This was approximately the Japanese naval strength in 1940. It was great enough to actuate Admiral Yamamoto in a letter to a friend to make his famous statement. Any time war breaks out between Japan and the United States, I shall not be content, Mary, to capture Guam and the Philippines and occupy Hawaii and San Francisco. I am looking forward to dictating peace to the United States in the White House, in Washington. He started at Hawaii. He used his torpedo planes at Pearl Harbor and two days later, with his torpedo planes, he sank the HMS Repulse and the HMS Prince of Wales. These fiercest serpents may be overcome by a swarm of ants. He struck with devastating power. His task forces took Guam and Wake and landed forming armies to conquer the Philippines, Malaya, Burma, the Dutch Indies. The Japanese Navy has swept down the United Nations vessel from the Pacific between the Bay of Bangar and the Coral Sea. The United Nations reeled and the Yamamoto Sledgehammer blows. Then, they struck back. They've been sunk in 22 damage in the Battle of MacArthur Strait. February 21, 1942, 18 Japanese vessels have been destroyed in four damage to the Battle of the Java Sea. The Battle of the Coral Sea is in the Battle of Solomon. Story in 1942. It went on in 1943 in the Solomon, at Bougainville, at a dozen other points. And in 1943, Japan suffered another loss. Extra, Yamamoto's dead. Yamamoto's dead here. Japanese Navy chief dies in action. Extra paper, read all about it. Yeah, boy, let's have a paper, huh? Yeah. Extra, Jeff, chief dies in action. Radio Tokyo today announced that Admiral Isaroku Yamamoto was killed when his plane was hit last May. Hmm. I'll bet he committed suicide. Admiral Munechi Koga succeeded Yamamoto, but he too was killed several months later when his flagship was bombed. Others now run the Japanese Navy. And today, they understand that the Western nations have come to know, as well as they know, the wisdom of the Japanese father. The lifeblood of Japan is the water of the sea. You have been listening to the Pacific Story, presented by the National Broadcasting Company and its affiliated independent stations of the public service to clarify events in the Pacific and to make understandable the cross-currents of life in the Pacific Basin. For a reprint of this Pacific Story program, send 10 cents in stamps or coins to University of California Press, Berkeley, California. We repeat, for a reprint of this Pacific Story program, send 10 cents in stamps or coins to University of California Press, Berkeley, California. The story is written and directed by Arnold Marklis. The original musical score was composed and conducted by Thomas Palusso. Your narrator, Gain Whitman. This program came to you from Hollywood. This is the National Broadcasting Company.