Hello everyone, my name is Basim Ahmad Bhatt, I have secured all India rank of 7 in CSE 2022. Today, I am going to talk about the mains answer writing and how to approach it. So, mains answer writing is the crux of mains and mains is the crux of this exam, ultimately. If you can write a very good answer, that would fetch you very good marks in mains and ultimately it would help you in getting a good rank. So, how do we approach mains answer writing? Obviously, all of us know that every answer has to have some sort of an introduction, a body and a conclusion. But to write that, you have to first read a lot. So, your resources, as I have said multiple times, it should be very, very clear that what resources you are using. For me personally, this time I use the model test series answers of the last 3 years. So, for every subject, let us say history, I would read the 3 year model answers and that would form my content for the answer writing because my basics were clear. Till prelims, every one of us has some notes, we read from those notes, so basics are clear. After prelims, you can read the model answers that would put your mind into an answer writing format. Otherwise, you would read a book and you would keep reading it without remembering much. So, that is what I did, those were the resources, the model answers. Then after that, what I used to do, I took test series. I would write test every 4, 5 days. Before prelims, I wrote the sectionals in the test series. After prelims, I wrote the full length. In test series, what needs to be done is one thing you have to be very clear is for every subject, there will be a sectional, let us say 2, 3 sectionals will be there. For polity, there will be 2, 3 tests. So, when you write the first test, it has to be some sort of the worst test that you write because after that, you have to take that review seriously and you have to write the second test taking into consideration what you got in the first test. Otherwise, you will write the 3 tests very separately and then there is no point of writing over time. So, that is the one thing that I did this time was for example, if I would write ethics test, take into consideration the review that I am getting in the first test. In the second test, I would implement that also and I would get better marks and better reviews. And after that, the journey will go on. That is one of the things that you have to write which is test series. And beyond that, I think the most important thing is previous year questions. Every day, I would write for 1 hours the previous year questions and for like 20, 30 minutes, I would evaluate those by myself and also give it to my friend who also evaluated them. And what happens because of that is, I think the self-evaluation in this exam at the end is the ultimate thing that you can do because you know your strengths, your weaknesses. When you look at your answer, you feel like, okay, you had read this thing, but you did not write it in the paper. So, next time you will write that thing. But the examiner, if it's some person who checks your let's say copy, test series copy, they don't know what you have read. They will check it from their own vantage point. So, you have to look at your own resources and own things that you have read. From that point, how good an answer you wrote. So, every answer like the next day should be a better answer than you wrote yesterday. That is the ultimate goal. And I felt like when I did this for two, three months at even one month, I felt like I had done a lot of, it was a big journey from the first answer that I had wrote. And after three months, I was very good at writing answers. Even if I did not know exactly about a particular question, I could still write a very good answer from other knowledge, from other subjects and all. So, I think that is the thing that you need to do. And then the particular answer writing which is how to write introduction, body and conclusion that I will talk about. For example, if you take introduction, now there are two, three approach. One is that you can write the definition of the particular thing that is being asked. But if the question is like a high level analytical question, then writing a definition would make it seem like you are writing a childish sort of answer. So, what needs to be done is you have to evaluate each and every question, what sort of an introduction can be good. In some analytical questions, you can use some statistics from some report or something that summarizes that whole thing. Let us say there is a question about water scarcity or water stress in India. Then you can quote Niti Aayog report that they have said that these many STs will face zero day in the coming years. Once you write that, you are actually showing that you know about the subject of water scarcity. Then you come to the body part. Now, in body part, there are two ways again of writing the answers. One is the paragraph format which is like free flow format. Another is the point format. For me, point format worked better because it would help me in writing more. And I could also like write point wise exactly what I meant. In paragraph, what usually happened with me and happens with any of the people is that you keep on writing and then at the end you feel like you have only written one idea. So, you should ensure whether you write in point format or paragraph format, it is your choice, but at then you should also ensure that you are writing from multi-dimensional perspective. Every answer should be like that. Once you write the arguments, there should be also examples and facts to substantiate each thing. Let us say there was a question this year that why did Indian Rajas fail to defeat British even though they had more arms and something like that. So, once you write, for example, you write that there was some sort of treachery, let us say. And then you write the example of Meer Jaafar in Battle of Palasi. That will show that actually, no, you are not only writing it just for the sake of writing it. You actually know that there was some sort of thing that had happened because of which you wrote that. So, examples, facts, statistics are very important to substantiate your arguments. Without them, you will get very less marks. Then in the conclusion, when you come to the conclusion, the conclusion should be a positive one. It should show that what either, for example, the social issues that you are facing in the body itself, you can write a lot of issues that it is because of this, it is because of this. But what is the point of all that? The point of all that is you as a civil servant have to help in at least alleviating that problem. So, in the conclusion itself, you have to write some sort of positive thing. Either some committee has said something that can be done or probably the government has come up with schemes or different SDGs and all. So, in every answer, you have to do these things. Obviously, it has to be tweaked according to the subjects. This time what I did was I prepared this shorthand thing for like polity. What sort of conclusion do I need? What sort of an introduction do I need? So, in polity, for example, introduction would usually start either with an article or with some sort of a judgment or something. Then in the body, I would face the demand of the question and in the conclusion, I would write some committee or something. So, for every subject, you make these sort of notes and then you keep in mind every time you are writing that answer, you should include those points. So, I think if you do this and over time, you practice a lot, you will definitely come to realize that answer writing at the end of the day is also a skill that needs to be acquired. It cannot be acquired in one day and there has to be content. So, it's both a science as well as an art. So, I hope you take this advice probably seriously. Whatever is relevant to you, you take that part of it seriously and sometimes other things can also work for you. So, have a personalized sort of approach to this exam and also to the answer writing. I wish you all the best in your main exam. Thank you.


This is stock number 10960. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and use sports car headquarters today. We are checking out this extremely clean 2008 Ford Mustang Shelby GT 500 This car has the 5.4 liter Supercharged V8 motor which pumps out 500 horsepower This car has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop has a fresh oil and filter change All the fluids have been checked and topped off and this car is 100% ready to go Torch red is the color We shoot all of our videos in 1080p 60 frames per second So if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or a smartphone device turn them on right now because it is Definitely your best way to check out the quality and condition of the vehicle before seeing it in person If you want to check out all the photos on this car in the upper right hand part of your screen is a link right to our website Click that and check us out there. This one comes with the SVT polished aluminum and painted alloy rims Has the Brembo front brakes. Goodyear Eagle F1 255 45 ZR18 tires in the front and these tires are Extremely new still have a lot of tread left on them They might even be brand new Very new tires on there Front fenders in pretty nice shape headlight lenses are nice and clear Front bumper and lower valance are in nice shape as well See the front bumpers never been drilled into Shelby logo looks good. All the stripes look really good as well The hood is in very nice shape. I didn't see any dents or dings on that Passenger side front fender is in excellent condition as well No dents or dings on that and the passenger side rim is in really nice condition too As you go down this side of the car take note of how clean the body is how reflective and mirror like that paint is We take these HD videos So if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down But you're still interested in purchasing the car you can see the car hear the car and have confidence in the vehicle That you're looking at before you even get here so that when you do get here There's absolutely no surprises Those stripes go right over the roof That's why we offer the summit auto fast-pass option in the upper right hand party screen a link right to our website Where you can apply for financing Get pre-approved see a payment quote even appraise a trade off from the comfort of your own home So when you get here, all you got to do is drive the car love it and you'll be all set to go Back rim is an excellent shape as well. The back tires on here are 285 40 ZR 18's and they are very new as well In fact, you can still see a little wear knobs on there I'd say these are pretty much brand-new tires on this car I'd have to check our safety records to see if we did it in our shop Rebumper's in pretty nice shape has Magnaflow dual exhaust Decklid is in really nice shape as well Only thing I saw is a couple little nicks up on the corner here But other than that car is really nice those stripes all look really good as well and Down the driver's side just as clean as that passenger side and for full disclosure this back rim is an excellent shape too No scuffs or scrapes on there down the rest of the side of the car. I Didn't see any dents or dings on the doors All looks really good the stripes on the bottom look really good Inside the GT 500 package gives you the black and red leather interior You get the Cobra embossed backrest side curtain airbags Very very nice and clean no rips no scuffs no scrapes The back seats are just as nice as the front seats You do get the latch child safety system back there if you want to try and get a car seat back there. That's Your battle you get the red bolstering on the doors power will ox power windows power mirrors and As we hop inside Vehicle here you can see just how nice and clean that instrument cluster is 17,000 327 miles on this car you get the leather wrapped steering wheel with the red stitching cruise controls on the steering wheel the Cobra logo on the center of the steering wheel This one comes with the shaker 500 sound system 6-disk in-dash CD changer AM FM and Serious satellite radio capabilities you have your climate controls down there and your six-speed manual transmission Passner side format and seat are In excellent condition no rips no tears on there smells very clean inside this car Headliner is in great shape as well And you do get a compass display in the rear view mirror You get the Shelby plaque on the dash as well now that's engraved. That's not signed by Carol Shelby, but it's engraved with the Carol Shelby Signature on it and you do get ambient lighting, which is kind of cool So you press this button you can see that the cup holders change colors and You can change it to whatever color you would like the dashes in really nice shape as well And we'll take a quick look under the hood. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today And hopefully from this HD video you will have been able to tell just how clean this car is all the way around inside and out Under the hood we have the 5.4 liter Supercharged V8 motor 500 horsepower engine base very clean runs very smooth See this was handmade you can pause it. I can't really see make it out looks like Robert Storm jr. And Our woodman or something on there these motors are hand-built and Anyways this car has been fully safety inspected as a fresh oil and filter change all the fluids have been checked and Topped off the car has been gone through mechanically 100% as for either brand new or like new tires And to see more pictures of this car one of our other 450 new and used cars trucks SUVs mini vans Wranglers sports cars GT 500s Challengers chargers Corvettes Camaro's you name it. We got it go to our website www.summitauto.com Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summit auto comm and if you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube comm slash summit auto remember to like subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there In fact in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on your left a link to more GT 500 videos like this one on your right if you have not been to our website on the bottom link to this vehicle on our website Click those check us out and we're super excited to help you with this extremely clean 2008 Ford Mustang Shelby GT 500 and torch red clearcoat. Thanks again


Hello and welcome to the session. Let us understand the following question today. Find the sum of the first 15 multiples of 8. Now let us write the solution. The multiples of 8 are 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 and so on. So we have the AP as 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 and so on. Here we see that A is equal to 8, D is equal to 16 minus 8 which is equal to 8 and N is equal to, since we have to find the sum of first 15 multiples so N is equal to 15. Now let us find the sum. Sn is equal to N by 2 multiplied by 2A plus N minus 1D and we have to find S15 so substituting the value of A, DNN we get 15 by 2 multiplied by 2 into 8 plus 15 minus 1 multiplied by 8 which is equal to 15 by 2 multiplied by 16 plus 14 into 8 which is equal to 15 by 2 multiplied by 16 plus 112 which is equal to 15 by 2 multiplied by 128. Now 128 get cancelled by 2 so we get here 64 which is equal to 15 into 64 which is equal to 960. Therefore sum of first 15 multiples of 8 is 960 I hope you understood the question. Bye and have a nice day.


In an earlier video, we examined the stress and strain state in a beam due to moment loading. In it, we examined how moment loading results in curvature deformation, and that an axis exists, known as the neutral axis, along which there are no extensional or normal strains. Using this information, we derived the flexure formula, but we never looked further at the deformation of the beam in terms of its displacement from its original position. Before we jump into looking at the deformation of a beam, we need to recall the coordinate system and sign convention we are using in this course. For a simple horizontal beam, we denote the position along the beam as the z-axis, with the y-axis acting positive downwards as shown here. In this coordinate system, we consider the following internal moments, shear forces, and distributed loads as being positive. Using this convention, we can denote a positive beam deflection by the letter v, which is positive in a downwards direction. All of the formulas derived in this video will be for this sign convention, so please be cautious when alternative coordinate systems and or sign conventions are used. Consider a simple cantilever beam subjected to a moment at its free end. The direction of this moment is such that it will cause the beam to deflect in a positive downwards direction when loaded. We will label this moment negative m, as such a moment would be negative according to our sign convention for moments. The beam as drawn is in its undeformed state. In order to develop a relationship for the deformation, we will redraw this beam in an exaggerated deformed state. If we look at a segment of this deformed beam of width dz, we see that the segment will have a local radius of curvature r that will sweep through an angle d theta. In order to derive the relationship between the moment and the deflection of the beam, we will take a closer look at just this small segment of the deformed beam. Here we see a zoomed in view of the beam. We can see that our radius of curvature sweeps an arc length ds over the angle d theta, giving us that ds is equal to r times d theta. If we look at the left hand side of our element, we can define the displacement at this location as v and the slope of the beam as theta. On the right hand side of our element, both the deflection and slope have become larger by some increment denoted dv and d theta respectively. Recall that the deformation as drawn is exaggerated. In reality, most engineering structures are designed to have a small deformation. Few people enjoy crossing a bridge that deforms a lot. As a result, it is convenient to make a small angle of assumption, which allows us to equate the arc length ds to the undeformed width of our element dz. If we combine these two equations and slightly rearrange, we can see that the inverse of the radius of curvature is equal to the increment in slope divided by the increment in displacement. However, we know that the slope of the curve is the rate of change of the vertical position along the curve with respect to the horizontal position, so we can replace theta by dv over dz. This can be cleaned up to show that the inverse of the radius of curvature is the second derivative of vertical displacement with respect to horizontal position. In order to relate this deformation to loading, we can recall that when deriving the flexure formula for beams, we developed a relationship between the moment loading, radius of curvature, as well as the beam section and material properties. A link to this past video is provided in the top right corner of this video. If we combine this with our previous results, we see that the bending moment is equal to the flexural rigidity EI multiplied by the second derivative of the vertical deflection. Now, we have to be slightly careful here. If we look at the equation in the gray box, we have a small issue. The moment M can be either positive or negative according to our sign convention, but I, E and R are all positive scalars. Thus, the equation should actually include absolute value signs around the moment term. As a result, we have to look at our final equation here and assess what effect the sign of the moment will have. The deformation, slope, and rate and change of slope in our figure here is all in the positive direction, according to our coordinate system. But the deformation is the result of a negative moment. Thus, we need to add a negative sign to our final equation to reflect this. Now that we have the moment curvature relationship, how can we use it? First, we can rearrange it such that we isolate the deformation-related term. Next, we need to realize that this is a differential equation related to horizontal position Z. Thus, the moment term is not a scalar, but a function of Z. Recognizing this, we see that we need to integrate the expression to get our desired deformations. Let's look at this by considering a prismatic beam, a beam where the flexural rigidity is constant along the length. For such a case, if we integrate the moment curvature relationship, we will get the following. Here we can recognize that dv by dz is simply the slope of the deformed beam, which we denoted by theta in previous slides. We can integrate once more and obtain an expression for the deflection of the beam. Both equations for slope and displacement are indefinite integral equations. But what does this mean? Well, it means you will have to dust off your calculus skills and remember that indefinite integrals result in constants of integration. So you will have to be diligent about including and carrying through these constants through your work. But how do we determine what these constants should be? For that, we'll have to look at the boundary conditions of the problem. The first set of boundary conditions we can look at is the support conditions. Roller supports, pin supports and built-in supports each have various constraints on the displacement and slope that they permit. Knowing the location of a support, its z position along the beam, we can equate our displacement equations to the support conditions at this location and solve for the constants of integration. The second type of boundary condition we need to consider is known as a continuity condition. To illustrate this, consider the beam problem shown below. If we draw the moment diagram for this problem, we can see that the moment distribution is a discontinuous function. We will have a moment equation for z is less than a and a different moment equation for z is greater than a. As a result, when we integrate these moment equations to get the deformation, we will have a separate set of deformation equations for z is less than a and z is greater than a. If we look at the expected deformation though, it should be continuous. To ensure this continuous deformation, we need to enforce that the deflection and the slope at z equal a are the same for the two sets of deflection equations. Such a condition is called a continuity condition. The last boundary condition we can use for determining constants of integration is a symmetry condition. If our problem has a plane of symmetry as shown here, then we know that the deformation has to mirror across that plane. So the deflection on either side of the plane have to be equal and the slopes have to be opposite. The beam deformation, however, also needs to be continuous as seen on the previous slide. As a result, the displacement and slope of the beam have to also be equal at the symmetry plane. If we apply both of these sets of constraints, they seem to be conflicting. How can the slopes be opposite but yet the same? Simultaneously applying these constraints leaves only one solution. The slope at a symmetry plane must be zero. This is known as a symmetry condition.


I hope you found this course very helpful to you in your writing and preparing manuscripts for professional journals. As a result of completing the course, I hope also that you've overcome your anxieties and fears and have a better understanding of the writing process and of how a journal is developed. With your successes, I hope that you'll continue to write. We need to hear from you. We need your contributions to the profession. I hope also that you will continue to write and be a successful writer throughout your career. But remember, you've got to build writing into your calendar. You have to work on finding the time. That's the biggest hurdle most of us need to overcome. Thanks again for completing the module. I hope you've enjoyed it and I hope you've learned a lot. And I look forward to seeing your publication in print.


If you help people, you're gonna succeed. You know, if you're just out to try to close deals, you're not. This is what I believe. I'm sharing that with you for nothing.  Prior to the events that are occurring, what lead types did you primarily focus on? Well, I built my business on geo leads. That's my entire business right there. And it isn't because I discount any of the other leads. It's just because my entire career, I didn't really know how to, I didn't really know how to communicate who I was as an agent, right? That's what kind of what I'm on a mission to do is to help agents understand how to communicate who they are in terms of they're a good person, they mean well, they want the best for their clients. But a lot of the training out there doesn't really teach you that. It gives you a script that makes you sound like a car salesman and it's horrible. And it makes agents run away. I mean, it makes projects run away. And the agents sitting here thinking, what do I do wrong? I did everything my coach told me. I did everything the script said to do. Why am I not getting deals? It's because those scripts aren't designed to figure out what you can do for the client. It's designed to see what the client can do for you. And the client knows that and they're tired of it. And so I didn't understand that. And so if I would have known then what I know now, I would have really crushed expires. I would have really crushed for sell by owners.  Call them and see what they're gonna buy where they're moving to. Let's approach these for sell by owners as a possible buyer. Let's not even talk about listing their house. And through that process, they're gonna get to know you and they're gonna list their house with you. You know, at some point they're gonna get tired of trying to sell it on their own. You know, help them for free. Help them sell it on their own so that you can represent them buying the house. Give them great advice. You know, really help them. You know, if you help people, you're gonna succeed. You know, if you're just out to try to close deals, you're not. But to answer your question, it's geo leads because I feel like that's the most efficient prospect out there. It's you pick the exact price point you wanna sell in. You pick the exact property you wanna sell. And that's prospect. It's not like a Zilla lead you pay $200 for and you don't even know where they are or what they are or if they are. You know what I mean? $200. I'd rather pay two cents for a geo lead that owns the exact property I want to sell. And knows a lot of other people that will buy and sell those kind of properties. You know, so it's kind of a no brainer for me when you ask that. Thanks for that great answer. You brought up something I think the audience listening to this right now is like, what does he mean if he knew now what he would do then? Who did you discover yourself to be? I think if you're on a mission to teach agents how to be the person they actually are, what does that sound like? What does that coaching sound like? Cause I feel like that might be the core central message that helps agents get on the phone right now and be authentic with themselves and their lead types. Yeah, I think that most agents are scared to make calls cause they feel like they're a sales person trying to make a call and make a sale. And they're scared to be in those awkward situations. Whereas if you're calling with the mindset that you're there to help them and you don't care if they buy or sell, right? It's like, if you called your mom to see if she wanted to buy or sell her house, would you be trying to force her to buy or sell her house or would you be just asking her what you can do to help? You know what I mean? It's your mom. You're just gonna ask her what you can do to help. Like a house around the corner sold is there anything I can do to help you? You know what I mean? As opposed to, hey look, all the scripts out there. Hey, have you considered selling your house lately? Hey, this is Ricky down here.  It's like, hey, Mr. Seller, hey, will you help me and sell your house so I can make a commission? Cause I'm here for me. I wanna make a commission. I'm trying to make some money out here, right? Yeah. And if you don't, then we'll screw you, man. Look, who do you know? You don't know me, but you give me all your friends and family and all your contacts so I can try to make me some money here. That's what mainstream coaching's all about, right? Whereas what I'm trying to do is reverse that. Instead of trying to figure out, try to use the scripts to figure out what the client can do for the agent, why don't we try to figure out what the agent can do to help the client? You know what I mean? In terms of, hey, this is Ricky Kruth. How you doing? Cool, I'm enjoying the day. Isn't it gorgeous? Well, look, I don't wanna take it too much of a time, but a house around the corner just sold didn't know if there's anything in the world I could do for you. Boom. I didn't ask them if they wanted to sell. I gave them market information. I ex-respected their time. I didn't dive right into a sales call. I asked how they were doing, talked about the weather and asked if I could help them. And so when you mix all this together and you add in all the different personalities that are out there and all the different tweaks you can do to my scripts to provide a situation where you can literally be yourself and know that you don't care if they wanna buy or sell.  And I'm like, well, good. Cause that's why I'm calling. I don't care what you don't wanna do. I wanna know what I can do to help you. I want to know what I can do to how I wanna know what I can do. So I'm glad we got that out of the way. So let's check that box off. You don't wanna sell. Cool. Now let's move on over to what you do wanna do so that I can help you do that. Cause you're focusing on all the negative stuff here, ma'am, you know what I mean? So, man, it's really deep because you look at scripts and you think that's a script. You're just gonna read a script. But when you really dive into the psychology behind what I'm doing, it's extremely deep. And it goes back 18 years of my career trial and error, right? This is original stuff here. They're like, I'm like, what in the world can I do for you? They're like, nothing. I'm like, cool. Well, look, is there an agent you would work with if you were to do something? No, well, cool. I'm sure at some point in the future you're gonna do something maybe even five years, five or 10 years down the road, right? You're gonna do something at some point. I'm sure, yeah, cool. Well, look, I would love the opportunity to work with you when that day comes. Would it just be okay if I stayed in touch with you? Great. What's a good email? Is this your cell number? Bam. Now I had this incredible conversation with them. I didn't try to sell them. You know, I'm very polite, professional, dependable. Now I'm gonna build a personal brand against that contact information for the rest of their life.  That feels right. You know, that really feels like, I'm sure Gary V's jab jab left hook and what's the ROI on your mom conversations kind of filter in somewhere along the way, right? Yeah, probably somewhere in there. So we got a question from Alaini who's asking about, is that the same script that you use with all lead types and all customers? Is that what you call it? Yeah, yeah, it is. It's the same exact script. It's like, hey, this is Ricky Kruth. How you doing? I'm enjoying the day. It's gorgeous, cool. Look, I don't wanna take it too much of a time, but I saw your house expired off the market yesterday. Anything in the world I can do for you. Hey, this is Ricky Kruth. How you doing? I'm enjoying the day. Isn't it gorgeous? Look, I don't wanna take it too much of your time, but I see you got a house for sale by owner. Is there anything in the world I can do for you? You know, hey, this is Ricky Kruth. How you doing? Enjoying the day. Isn't it gorgeous? Look, I don't want to take too much of your time, but I saw you searching around property online. I didn't know if there's anything in the world I could do for you. It's universal, man. And the other part can be exchanged for anything. You could say, hey, Ricky Kruth, how you doing? Cool. Yeah, I'm just trying to make it through this quarantine. How you guys doing? How was your Thanksgiving? How was your New Year's? Are you getting ready for Christmas? Cool. Well, look, I don't want to take it too much of your time, but I saw that a house around the corner from you just sold, and I was just calling to see if there's anything in the world I could do for you. Is there anything in the world I could do for you? It's not even a script. It's a mindset. It is, man. It is. It should be second nature, you know?  I want you to take a mental snapshot of that moment in time, how you talk to family, and I want you to say, boom, that's what Ricky's talking about. I want you to start trying to emulate that when you talk to your prospects. That exact same feeling. I want you to exude that exact same mood and feeling and relaxness and breath and tone and speed of voice, everything. I want you to talk to your prospects the exact same way.


I am Dr. V.G Rajan. I am a consultant orthopedic surgeon practicing in Manipal Hospital, Bangalore. Today I will be talking to you about joint replacement surgery and the secret to its success. Joint replacement surgery is the most successful and widely performed surgery worldwide. Sadly, failures do exist in the form of persistent pain and limited function even after surgery. Unfortunately, the failure rate may be slightly higher in our country due to two main reasons. First reason, due to lack of awareness among general public regarding knee replacement surgery, which leads to delayed presentation or seeking surgery. As a result, there is more complex deformities which results in more complications. Hence, the outcomes are either not very good or it is poor. Second reason is poor patient selection for surgery. To elaborate, an ideal person who needs joint replacement surgery should have tried all non-operative treatment and should have failed and should be currently having three main entities. First one being night pain, basically pain even while taking sleeping. Rest pain, which means a patient should have pain even while sitting or taking rest. And lastly, very limited pain-free walking distance which restricts to about 100 yards or less. Hence, both these factors play a very important role in deciding the success following joint replacement surgery.


I hope you're well welcome back to my channel or if you're new here. My name is seppy, and I don't know if you're wonky Wait, let me see. I can't tell if you're wonky. So I'm sorry. I am Getting ready because as you can tell by the title of this video. It is my birthday I am turning 24 at midnight. So on the 15th of March, I shall be 24 years old man I am getting old but like in a good way 24 is a nice age And so I'm getting ready. We are having a little dinner at my house like a dinner party Thing and I haven't invited many people first off because of corona me and my sisters are all based in hospitals So we could be carriers I don't want to pass on to my friends and also they could have it pass it back on to us And we could pass on to people in hospitals So really trying to be as like mindful as possible right now and also sorry I'm doing my makeup at the same time and you can see soul walking around in the background Yeah, so really trying to be like Can I say hi to my blog? I've done my makeup. You look really nice. My dress is matching our decor for tonight. Oh, really? That means we've got pink theme must be pink because I know your dress is pink and pink is my favorite color I don't know what's happening downstairs. Sine always organises birthdays So have you had input in this so No wonder nothing's coming out.  It's my birthday I also have exams in two weeks, which is again another reason why I'm not doing something too big because Once I then I had an exam yesterday and my last one isn't about two isn't about two and a half three weeks So once that's done, obviously I have time free time to like enjoy myself as much as I like You know with what's going on But yeah, see that's so much better. Oh my god So yeah, I'll have time to enjoy myself as much as I like but until then I am going to Keep the celebration fun, but to a absolute like minimal contact with the outside world Um, yeah, that's what's going on. I'm gonna get ready and then I will catch up with you right After this is my finished makeup. I've got like tarty lashes on from tarty plc And I've done like a little bit of a sparkly look and I've curled Curled my hair out Sorry, they've already started the music so you can't hear but like the front of this eyelash isn't sticking As in it's stuck, but like my eye the front is watering which is really really annoying me But let me get dressed and you'll see what I'm wearing So this is my finished look. I don't look so way too much of a style I mean there's like disco lights and stuff. I'm going to show you the background in a sec But this is honestly just a family dinner. We just obviously are a bit excessive And yeah, this is my dress. It's from opoly is actually red if I come forward you can see It is red and I've got some gold jewelry. This is the table How pretty is that it's meant to say 24 But the balloons keep on spinning around, but yeah, it's meant to say 24 and obviously Not 42 because who's 42? No one um and we are having I chose what we're gonna eat tonight And we're gonna have kfc Because I just feel like if you're gonna have a quarantine dinner at home Why not have what you are craving the most and I'm craving kfc really want the hot wings So we are going to be ordering kfc I'm really really excited, but we've got like odour these stuff And drinks We're all in opoly tonight actually I realized It is actually the 19th of march now, so it was my dad day four days ago I am wearing this like leather bodysuit thing and tracksuit bottoms from The bodysuits from missy empire the tracksuit bones are from top shop. It is Simon's bath day So I can't even tell you what day of the week it is because I have been in self isolation since like as in quarantine since um the friday before my bath day, so that's the 13th um, okay, so six days ago And I have been social distancing since the saturday before that um So, yeah, I've just pretty much been at home all of last week where I had to go into uni Like as in I had to go into hospital and placement. It was coming and going coming going But this whole week I've been at home and yeah It's been tough But we're gonna try and have fun to sign this birthday. I've got her some gifts um Ironically they're all stuff that like are useful for being in quarantine. So really cute silk pajamas um skincare stuff What else you guys will see I'll make her open it in front of the camera But um, yeah, I just thought like might as well get her stuff that's useful because like she got me Gucci shoes And I'm not gonna exactly be wearing what probably will end up wearing them around the house um, so Yeah, I guess That's the plan. But look at me Um, yeah, I got dressed up because kind of like love island when they're in the villa or the big brother house You know, why shouldn't I look nice at home? That is my thought process. It is also the night before iranian new year. So we are having Sabzi polomahi, which is Persian vision rice. Sorry behind me. You're so messy But yeah, so I'm gonna show you guys what we're eating for dinner This is sabzi polomahi for pre iranian new year slash signers birthday dinner Sina, how old are you? We had a joke that sign was 42 because we have Yeah, I don't know Hey guys So these are the balloons for signers birthday, we just thought we'd make it cute in here for when we want to start celebrating So like I said for sina, I try to pick quarantine appropriate gifts Um, because as cute hateful As cute as her gift was for me. I am now going to be walking around the house in gucci sandals And they're for the next three months. So just try to be thoughtful Which one should I open first this one you love Because sina always spends about 600 pounds on skincare So I thought you should try something cheaper FYI Sol opened it and knocked some stuff off. We were trying to wrap things with dirty hands. So we had to take the in the inner Yeah, we basically disinfected it for you. I'm actually really happy. I want to use it. I've heard really good things about this brand Yeah, so inside there hang on yesterday. You were this in the brand. Yeah Yeah, yesterday you were being like, I don't use cheap skincare It's wait, I have to say it's not I don't use cheap brands. For example, I use garnier's like um pink Face wash or even their cream, which I really like But it's just that the la mer one after trying loads of creams. It really goes well with my skin That's why I'm gonna try this. I'm actually I honestly saw so much stuff about this and I really want to try it But they were always sold out Yeah, so that's the so this is an actual moisturizing face cream That's the buffet So that's basically like kind of like keels as midnight recovery called to treat a squat serum. It's a serum with all the fensions That's quite cool. And this one is retinoid. Oh, this is meant to be like thing, you know I did try to wrap like you it doesn't work Basically you have something like this, sir. I got you something similar ish What is it? Yeah I love stuff like this P.S. I've just eaten it's not that I'm not excited. I mean food go but some like Yeah, what does it say? Just thought it was some cute accessories for youtube videos Yeah, when I do my youtube videos with them for my makeup. Yeah And then this bag is the last gift Your favorite cartoon jasmine. Oh, wait jasmine wears purple, right? Or is it allowed to do it? One of them wears purple I'm not saying this is so cute. So look at the bottom of it. It's all lace on the sides Look at the top open the top then you'll see how nice it is. I love it. No the top of the top I look so soft as well Oh, wow Is this a 90? Yeah, look at the front and you tie front I literally love it. It's so pretty Also sol do you want to tell sign on what you've got for a birthday thing is it's sol's gift is also quarantine appropriate I wanted to It's a led LED Don't you work with led? LED nail lamp kit Wow With dryer starter kit and then you've got manicure tools kit Wow So basically We've got sign but sol's sorry sol's got sign that a whole nail salon thing with like the lights to put your hand in and shellac Yeah, because we have to stay at home a long time so she might as well start doing all of our Okay, so i'm gonna end this vlog here. Thank you guys so much for joining in and happy iranian new year Not only for one or two people, but for all of us Doctors, all of the people who work in the hospital, all of the staff who work in the hospital All of the staff who work in the hospital, all of them, all of them, all of them, all of them I'm just gonna translate that back into english To all the healthcare workers out there that are currently working right now in the crisis I honestly appreciate everything that you're doing especially in the uk where we have a lack of personal protective equipment As in there's not enough masks or has matsuits for doctors I really appreciate that you are putting yourself out there and putting yourself at risk for other people Even though I think this is completely unfair and I feel like your safety should be put first I'm not going to end this on sad note. I just want to wish you all huge health in the new year iranian new year coming Don't forget to check out my instagram. It's Persian bunny and my snap is sepi samai. My whole family's instagram will also be linked down below And make sure to check out all of their youtube channels as well. Love you all Bye


Welcome to the session on the topic set theory under the course discrete mathematical structures at second year of information technology engineering semester one. At the end of this session students will be able to apply principles of set theory to solve problems involving sets. So earlier we have learnt the concepts of set theory in terms of the different types of sets along with its notations. Then we have learnt about set operations namely union, intersection, compliment so on and so forth. So in this session we are going to solve problems based on the operations on sets. So here comes the first example if A1 is equal to 1, 2, 3, A2 is equal to set of 1, 2, 3 and A3 is equal to 1, 2, 3 then show that A1, A2 and A3 are mutually disjoint. Now in this type of question first of all we know that what are mutually disjoint sets. We have seen a property by which you can say that the given sets are mutually disjoint and the property says if two sets let us say A and B are mutually disjoint then they satisfy the condition A intersection B that is A intersection B must be equal to Psi the empty set. So we will apply the same property here and try to judge whether the given sets are mutually disjoint. So if you observe if I try to take A1 intersection A2 okay and we observe that it results into there are no common elements between A1 and A2 so it is equal to Psi. Similarly if I take the intersection between other two pairs like A2 intersection A3 you will observe that it also results into Psi similarly the third pair A1 intersection A3 also results into intersection giving Psi as the answer. So we have shown that all three intersections results into an empty set Psi hence proved that is the given sets are mutually disjoint. So that is how we show the given any number of sets and you have been asked to prove that they are mutually disjoint then you have to simply take intersection between every possible pair of the sets and show that it is equal to Psi the empty set. We will just move on to the second example show that A subset of B is equivalent to A intersection B is equal to A. Now what does this mean we have been given the condition that A is a subset of B and then we have to prove that it is equivalent to saying that if you take intersection between A and B it must be same as A itself okay so to prove such identities or the given properties we will write the solution in this way okay we know that or we may note that for any x where x is an element from set A we write it as x belongs to A conditional x belongs to B is equivalent to saying x belongs to A and that is conjunction with x belongs to B by conditional x belongs to A okay and it simply follows from so we say which follows from the identity that we use is P conditional Q is equivalent to P conjunction Q by conditional okay. Now A subset of B is equivalent to all those elements x such that x belongs to A conditional x belongs to B while A intersection B is equal to A is equivalent to saying that set of elements x such that x belongs to A and x belongs to B by conditional x belongs to A okay so if you observe the solution once again we say for any x you may note down the given property as if x belongs to A it simply implies x belongs to B and it is equivalent saying that x belongs to A and x belongs to B is by conditional x belongs to A and we have assumed this from the property that P conditional Q is equivalent to P and Q by conditional P and hence we have shown that if A is a subset of B it is equivalently if you take intersection of A and B it simply results into the same set A itself okay. So with this we move on to the next example. Example 3 is S equal to A, B, P, Q and Q is equal to A, P, T then find S union Q and S intersection Q so we can directly apply these operations and find out that the solution is S union Q results into the common elements as well as remaining elements from the set so we get A, B, P, Q and T so it is simply the common as well as uncommon elements coming from S and Q similarly S intersection Q results into the common elements and that is only A, P so this is the solution. So this way we have solved certain examples and you have got an idea how to go about solving problems based on sets so here is an assignment for all of you given A equal to 2, 3, 4, B equal to 1, 2 and C equal to 4, 5, 6 find A plus B, B plus C, A plus B plus C and A plus B plus B plus C where plus denotes the Boolean sum operator. So you have to apply the Boolean sum and find out the answers for the given sets. Thank you.


I think that's for real this time Can anybody hear me? Okay Thank you for coming. Good afternoon, and I'm West Brown and this has got done up my partner and we both do security research as a interest and we have Previously we work in security industry penetration testers and security assessment and application assessment and all that What is miss what is mosquito? Biscuit is a lightweight framework to deploy Run-coder remotely and securely in the concept of penetration test it makes a best effort to ensure that the Communication is to cheer Special care is taken to ensure that the point code is not stored outside of process memory space It protects the confidentiality and trade secrets of code that is deployed and run on Pathology this could be an exploit or a methodology from past experience with working with our proprietary zero days I Have hesitated to puddle jump using the exploit Because I'm afraid of losing control of the exploit That somebody could be eavesdropping or somebody could be watching the file system for the exploit And I cannot ensure that they can do file recovery on the disk But this way we can ensure that the exploit only remains in memory the process space No time is the exploit written to this unless you swap That's one case. We can't really control if you force a swap I Had discussed the why Often is desirable to leverage zero-day code, but doing so is that in uncontrolled fashion can have repercussions Many practices have trade secrets and methodologies distilled in the form of an exploit code that they would like to keep out of a target hand it is of me also very important is One problem. I've had it with many exploits is it transmits data and control information in the clear I Transmit the control and data in the clear. I am in danger in my claim I'm using that cat and all that is great But you're sending your quiet confidential data over a clear text connection So that's one problem. I'm hoping to resolve Well, here we have a technical overview. We have written proof of concept code to Prove that this idea works Um, the interpreter is Lula many of you may know Lula as an extension language for games like wars of warcraft We use a synchronous cycle called RSA, which all of you know is used for the initial handshaking between the client and server And it's a competition really expensive operation So once handshaking is done, we move to a synchronous cycle called Isaac Where we trade a cycles and then the clone and drawing Communicates that synchronous cycle One another another component is entropy generation Cryptography is worthless without good entropy. We were out a good pseudo random number generator As you have may have figured out we use a console drone model And one big plus is this code is extremely portable We have personally tested and built on when 32 open BST for Intel 386 and Darwin By testing on Darwin Mac OS X we have resolved any Indian issues By order Indian issues between 32 bit 64 bit or risk and system platform Why did we pick Lula? It is a lightweight and powerful procedural language as it's easily Extensible with bindings we have created bindings for RSA and open SSL It's bytecode compiled which is a plus when you're trying to deploy code It's highly portable. It's written in straight in CC and it has run on palm pilots without any changes It is easy to learn. It takes about one hour to learn if you already know a procedural language Moving on we need to talk about the asynchronous safe safer As I've said before the asynchronous safer is used for initial negotiation and handshaking of a secure channel We pick RSA because it is well known in the cryptographic community While it has weaknesses these weaknesses are known and that is more important to us Than trying out some new cycle. We we invested a Electrical of cryptography and we we might enable that but RSA is a known quantity Um, we use 496 bit keys for the handshaking. That's very unlikely that you will crack it But synchronous cypher We ran into issues when we were looking for a synchronous cypher because many of them were um had packet problems where and packet implementation or copyright problems But we we found one that we like and it's Isaac It's a synchronous cypher used for console and your own communication the actual communication itself Once the synchronous keys or it's changed Um, the stream safer is one bite at a time. It is very fast and very safe um And one of the nice things is we can use a large key I want any two bits because I said does not penalize you for scaling the key We could use a 16 take that key or 32 take that key and it would make no difference to computational performance now of all with the good We will be remiss a security researchers that we need to talk about the bad things about our proof of concept and that is entropy generation It is essential to great quick progress security The problem is it uses always facilities for entropy The pseudo random number generally in many offerings systems are not very good at all But um on unit machines, we use never you random How good it is depends on a unit's derivative open BSD is not surprisingly is very good We use wouldn't and when this 2000 and an HP has a very good cryptographic libraries And because we use the OS facilities as a possible avenue of attack We will probably investigate this in more detail The quick talk be library was using a little time crypt has some entropy generation function, but they are too slow When we tested it it took two minutes to generate entropy Um Mosquito is divided into several components. We got the core which are provides a basic functionality Required by drone and console The drone provides a remote process that Contacts this match console and It can execute scripts and commands that the console sends to it over the secure channel The console provides a local process that controls the deploy your own One of the neat features that we put in mosquito was transport and it's an abstracted way To connect the drone and in the console. I'll talk about talk about that more in a bit Um Let's talk about core Core is really nothing more than an augmented ruler interpreter. It's stinted with the following functionalities We have our say encryption function isack encryption function Networking functions and trophy gathering functions and structured buffered functions Um The drone is the mosquito component that is deployed under the target machine It are Integrates the core with drone only functionality meaning it's a super set of a core It execute rule code sent by secured communication and Rule code sent by the console is stored only in process memory It is not stored on a disk The console is the mosquito component that provides a local process that controls the deploy drone Integrates the core with console only functionality. It's a super set of the core Um Uploads code to the drone by secure communication and Even more neat is the user can also interact with your own in real time We can hide we can interact the lure interpreter remotely So you can do debugging and you can do code on the fly on the drone Transport It's an abstract functionality for the console and my drone to communicate with each other It transparently revealed negotiate a communication channel between the drone and console and provides a read and write methods and Read and write a separate And it's really neat because we can do Different transport methods for different channels We have TTP transport which is implemented at the default, but we have skeleton code to implement DNS transport ICOMP transport UDP transport XT3 transport So you could send HTTP in the pacifier wall But you can only go out by ICOMP you can do that. You can send a message by HTTP go out by ICOMP or you can mix and match however you want Affiliation is hand shaking is the process of identifying Inpoints as valid to each other that they are who they are they are who they are and It's a pathway to each other So unless somebody gets a hold of a drone It's very hard to intercept And during during the handshaking they are changing synchronous keys for ISAC This is the outline the flow of console affiliation we have When the console affiliation begins it starts and it waits for the drone to contact it And if it times out we actually have a timeout feature because We don't want it to go for too long or other people may intercept the drone and Modify it and then do whatever evil things they want to do with it So we will have maybe a one-minute timeout or 30 second timeout and We have a drone in the secret in the secret matches it generates the key to Send to a drone and that's the key of the drone is going to use to send to the console and Then we got the console affiliation mode a Drone mode is a little more simple. It generates the key It sends its handshakes to the console and in that affiliation It sends the key and then it awaits the response to the console if it times out it poops it's gone And then if the console secret match Then it enters operation mode where the console can send lower commands to the drone um One of the neatest thing about mosquito is to build environment is the virtual machine is static We link for easy deployment in a project is to ensure that all libraries are needed to function are available Glue is a deep blue script. It takes the attitude of what file the stub with the binary C code Functions that the virtual machine the interpreter the socket library the Cryptography library and then it will it will attach the script and bite code Warmer to the end of it's a treatable and when it's a suitable runs It will go through the bite code and and then you have all the functions defined In the payload so there's two ways to get code in the drone One is to embed it in the drone and the other is to send it over the network So we have library functions that you're not concerned about you can put it in the drone itself and have them available for all penetration, yes But then you can have exploit functions used for library code um Now we have some ways to attack mosquito we have Introspective debugging if somebody is sitting on the machine with soft ice. There's not much we can do about it We have I've discussed they use entropy attacks and You can you can if you are fast enough you can modify the drone binary itself before it's invoked But you have to be very very quick because the interval between The drone being deployed and being invoked is very short to three four seconds at most and of course it always could talk of the attack that known types of hats There are some neat uses of the framework as he is We can are we back to exports into Lula for security appointment on the target It is easily extensible if additional cryptographic methods or transport one We can do we can write port scan code. We can write SMB scan code and deploy it on the drone So if you deploy the drone, you have all your export code all your functionality there We also it will also simplify the deployment of all three tools if you have one VM for all the platforms to attack All the dependencies are included with the drone When we deploy a drone, we have functions that will detect the target architecture Look in the stub library of executable We have a win32 executable. We have a Darwin executable, and then we have a Open VST executable it would detect that take the stub latch on all the Lula library code you want And on the fly Stream it to be deployed That's one of the neat things we can use but glue because not only glue a script It's also a library function in mosquito We have future ideas that we could use one thing need this idea to be an integral high speed packet sniffer and generation in the drone That'd be great for the great for port scanning or listening to traffic and interpreting the traffic One thing that we wanted to do but weren't able to do that was drone to drone relay You got the car so you got the drone and then you got another drone and the communication It's relayed through the drones as many times as you want But at no time There's any of the drones in between know what's happening at the end point drone because we got nested encryption when you when you got the end point drone sending a It's got its own key the only the console knows it's past and encrypted again and how encrypted again Remember I said have no penalty So you can nest it as many times as you want And we would like to do further refinement of the automated configuration and drone console pairs and consoles that can Manage multiple drones right now. We can only manage one drone Who are we got work for us? I'm West Brown security consultant and security researcher and Got done up is a software engineer and security researcher He's more of a software engineer while I'm more of a consultant type We are available and actively seeking work. West is particularly interested me and Full-time employment as a security researcher We have a website fmo security calm Well one way of that fmo security calm. Do you want more information? Got any questions? As up tomorrow, we will be putting the The entire framework code a source for it is under the BSD license feel free to do whatever you want with it Scott will be taking the questions because I'm deaf and I can't hear the audience We didn't bring it binoculars so you can lip read Yes the 0.2 footprint was about 160k we hadn't done any optimizations with a C compiler flags We were hoping to target for about 80 to 90 k encountering some problems with the fact we have to bundle most of our dependencies With the actual drone. We're not making any assumptions about availability of things that we're just assuming Standard C a lot. I'm the case of win 32 You know the standard DLL the current 0.3 is a little bit heftier because we put in live Tom crypt and Well, uh, Tom crypt is very easy to strip down. We just have an edge chance to do it we We are supplying a general purpose socket library called lua socket It's not quite performing up the standard that we'd like but the goal was to Provide the ability to do further network penetration and auditing from the drone Very often an audit you have the situation where you've managed to breach an edge system And you need to get deeper in now that you're past the firewall and to see where you can go once again into the bastion And that was kind of the purpose of the drone. We certainly kicked around the idea of abusing some of the the DRM APIs and Windows XP. Unfortunately, most unixes don't provide these Open VST does provide some functionality for preventing writing into swap space But that is one of our main more major vulnerabilities is the possibility of Later analysis of the swap file Fortunately, I don't have a console running on win 32. I haven't linked one Get the max, but they're not cooperating with the projector today It's very embarrassing. Oh, I'm sorry yes We are relying on Live Tom Crypt, which is fairly simple and it is configurable and be stripped down and of course lua as you mentioned and Our only other major Dependencies have been just lua extensions the stuff that we've added in Destructed buffer and everything else are actually pretty simple If they're both for over funds and if there are buffer over funds in Lua There is a problem. However, the way the construction works Once the drone has been deployed There's a fixed a window which is configurable of how long the drone has to contact the console The first one to contact and correctly complete affiliation within that window Basically gets the connection after that we drop the listen socket and Basically, we just run without one transport until it dies so buffer overrun and exposure is pretty minimal as you mentioned there's always a possibility of So I'm trying to respond before the affiliation goes through But unless there's some kind of yeah Very specialized IBS, I don't see that happening. Yeah, we will investigating how to deploy this by shell code and And if we can do this then we would have no drone in the process. I'm at all to intercept You'll be in the process memory of whatever Program we bubble over and any other questions. You got to cover for a time not having a demo Well, you're always free to email the questions to address over there and Of course the Code itself would be available for your intervention tomorrow and force forage. We would employ it for Well, once you put something on source forage barring intervention by lawyers It's there pretty much permanently. I think their policies are pretty strict about Not taking something back out in the public domain once you put it there. So once it's there, it's there Yes, it really depends on public interest I don't have an act of use for mosquito of west does it was basically my Entertainment here was just getting it out in the open and just basically I wanted to see what everybody thought of the idea and the actual algorithm West of course, there's a more usable tool because it's more in his line Are you put alone for the laptop


Several ways parents can help tuffle teachers. Often times, when one thinks about teaching English as a second language, henceforth ESL, the predominant thought is that of, what can I as a teacher do to help my students improve? For the most part, the reflection is introspective, rarely moving out of these bounds. However, one is of the opinion that parents play a large factor in the child's learning of a foreign language. Canvas below are some of the reasons why one is of this opinion. An English-speaking community. Most learners of English live in societies where English is not the predominantly spoken language. Often in these countries, English is taught as a second or even third language, if at all. This makes it harder for both the learner, to correctly learn the language, and the ESL teacher, to adequately teach the student. Within such cases, the obvious hurdle that one is met with is devising lesson plans that keep the student interested, as well as motivated enough to continue studying even when not in class. This is particularly difficult to achieve, for once the student is out of the classroom door, all remnants of the English language disappear as quick as due in the sunlight. This is where the parents of the student, and in most cases, child, come into play. The student is exposed to his or her ESL teacher for 1 or 2 hours a day for a specific number of hours per week. The student or child gains access to correct spoken English for those limited hours before being handed back to their parents. The student or child is in the immediate environment of their parent or guardian for far longer than they are with the ESL teacher. Thus, this would be the perfect opportunity for the parent to play a proactive, rather than a passive role in the child's learning and gradual adoption of the language. Multilingual education? There will be difficulty in raising a bilingual or multilingual child, where neither parent speaks the second or third language learned, however, with a little interest and attempt on the parent's side, they too can reap the rewards of learning a little of that language, from interacting with the child or student. Parents can encourage the student or child, to read easy to understand and fund books to help broaden the student's or child's vocabulary, while helping him or her with her reading ability. Parents can actively question their child on a weekly basis on, what he or she has learned as a form of revision overview. Activities. Learning games or inquiring about grammar points or another easy way to assess, what the child has learned. Parents can also interact with the teacher, whether during meetings or when picking their child up after class. The teacher and parents can have a mini briefing session every so often, so that they can inquire about the progress of their child. Parents can also ask for methods that can be used, to further assist the child on points he or she may be struggling in. By working collaboratively alongside the teacher, without attempting to subvert or undermine the ESL teacher, the parents are actively assisting the child reach their learning goal quicker. Making use of the various learning strategy, the parents will also bond with the child or student. Discipline. There are some things that an ESL teacher is unable to do, such as discipline the child, depending on the country and societal values, therefore it is of utmost importance that parents accept their duty to discipline their child. ESL teachers often struggle with discipline, and it can be quite a difficult task to find a method of returning the order to a class, where a disruptive student exists. Thus in such a case, having recourse to helpful and understanding, parents would make the teaching and learning process easier and more enjoyable for all parties concerned. Collaborative work. Thus to conclude, parents and ESL teachers need to work collaboratively in order for the best results to be achieved. The student or child has a limited timeframe spent in a native English environment, as he or she spends most of his or her time surrounded by non-English speakers. The parents where they can, need to enable the maximum exposure to the learned language as they possibly can. This would benefit both the parent and the child or student, as in some cases, parents pick fragments of the language here and there with the constant parent-child discussion sessions. Parents can also actively assist the student or child revise and review learned content through games, reading, etc. Where discipline and behavioral issues run rampant, the parents can intervene to reassert the ESL teacher's authority, while still taking into consideration the student's or child's self-autonomy and growing pains. Do you want to teach English abroad? You're on the right way. Take a TEFL course today.


Hi everyone, thanks for watching our talk. Today we're going to talk a little bit about some of the common challenges made by student editors and some of the ways that we help them avoid these problems. I'm Ian Ramchon, I've been a Wikipedia since 2004, and I've been working as a Wikipedia expert at Wiki Education since 2014. Hello everyone, my name is Brianda Felix. My Wikipedia journey has been a bit unique because I first edited Wikipedia as a college student in the Wiki Education Program in 2013. I was an editor for that quarter and then didn't really edit until I was reintroduced to Wiki Education in September 2022 when I became a Wikipedia expert. So just a little bit about Wiki Education and where we're coming from. Since 2010, the program has supported 120,000 student editors who make contributions to Wikipedia as part of class assignments. We support about 6,000 students term. And we've, so this is just to say that we've supported an awful lot of students and we've seen just about every mistake a new editor can make. So I'll start us off on the common challenges that first-time editors make. So the first two that I'll cover are reference formatting and quality of sources. So if we take a look here, you can see the arrows pointing to different kinds of errors in reference formatting, right? So many times first-time editors sometimes use URLs as references without providing any additional information, right? Or sometimes they'll use the link that they get through library proxy servers, which don't take you to this, the right, the piece of information directly. And so those kind of reference links can are actually pretty useless, right? For a reader that's trying to find out more information. And in certain cases, they just skip the site tool completely and manually input these references, right? So in addressing this specific challenge, right? I think it presents a good opportunity to have a conversation with the student, right? And I think that this provides a good opportunity to have a conversation with the reader about their viability and why it's so important, right? That the reader has as much information about the sources themselves so that the reader can then access these sources and check the facts, right? This, and specifically college students, right? This provides a really great opportunity to discuss, right, the unique position that they're in with access to pay walled information and just like their campus libraries and such where they can get that information, right? And share it with the global community. So I think it's really important to connect these ideas, which then kind of serve as motivation to the students to fix these references or add more information, right? Once they understand how important it is to have that kind of, or to have that access of information available on Wikipedia for their contributions and for the readers, right? So that's reference and reference formatting. And then when it comes to quality of sources, I see this a lot where critical media literacy, literacy doesn't seem to be something that a lot of our first time editors are trained in, right? Or have really learned about in their education studies. So oftentimes this is the first time that they're faced with a task of critically evaluating sources, right? Sources of information. And so many of the editors don't know really where to begin when they're evaluating these sources, right? They don't know what questions to ask. So I always find that talking to these editors, right, engaging in discussion, right, of literally asking them, right, the questions that they should be thinking about, like, for example, if you look at this, the screenshot below, right? Asking the kind of questions like, what kind of podcast is this? Does it have an editorial team? Or is it one person that's behind the project, right? If they're using a magazine, like, is this magazine known for fact checking or is it an opinion piece, right? Is it an opinion piece or is it a written editorial contribution, right? How easy can you find the about me page so we know what's going on behind this, right? This project, be it a magazine, newspaper, whatever. So usually at the end of that exercise, students get an idea of the kind of questions they're supposed to be asking when evaluating sources, you know? In my experience speaking to instructors and such, right, they've said annotated bibliographies, right, which is where you would be asking these questions and where students would be going through the process of critically evaluating their sources, right? So these kinds of annotated bibliographies usually aren't done until about grad school. So it's, I find that this exercise of finding quality sources to support their contributions tends to be a very prominent challenge that they face as they're writing up their work. Yeah. The next three that I found to be very important or common challenges that really affect the any contributions to Wikipedia are these three that usually go hand in hand when you're looking at first time editors work, right? So those three are essay-like, right? Essay-like issues, tone issues, and then unsourced statements, right? So in this, I chose this example to share with you all because it really encompasses all three, right? So students or first time editors, right, will be accustomed to writing persuasive essays. And so when we ask them to write neutral, fact-based contributions, they kind of don't have, right, past experience to go off of. And so this is one of the areas where they really get, like, stuck on is like, ooh, like, what are you asking me to do, you know? And so, for example, right, you'll see a lot of situations where the student will start off there or they'll add this header where they're asking a question, right? Why temples were created, you know? And then, which is typical of a college research paper, right? But it's not what we're looking for in a Wikipedia article. Or then, right, when you address tone, you'll see, you'll find examples. For example, this underlying sentence that starts off as everyone believes, right? Making these over, right, grand statements. And then, of course, the favorite, or they're not favorite error of Wikipedia is that they don't provide a single source for whatever it is they wrote, right? So we have no idea what to check. And so, in addressing these errors, I feel like what I find myself telling a lot of student editors to address, like, all three of these is I ask them to cite, right? This is where I ask them to cite each sentence. I'm like, look over your texts that you added or that you're drafting. And I ask them to cite each sentence, right? If you are able to trace the information that you have in each text to a reliable source, then you're going to be good, right? If you can't find the information that you wrote, right, in that reliable source, then it shouldn't be on Wikipedia kind of thing. So I think it's a lot more work for them to add a citation to each sentence, but at least it helps them see what can stay and what is fluff or original research. And I think they're off better doing that extra work rather than not providing any citations to their texts. So, and that exercise I feel addresses all three of these common challenges because then they're able to see like, does my source say that everyone believed in that, that the gods controlled the sun and water? If it doesn't, then they probably have to rewrite their work, you know? And so that's the exercise that I like to use to address these common challenges. So getting a little further into the weeds, one of the hard parts about learning to edit collaboratively, which is something that's going to be new for just what every new Wikipedia contributor is how you communicate with other editors. So sometimes we tell students, sign your comments so they stick a signature in the middle of the text they've added to an article, we tell, or they include a note because footnotes really are almost fairly inaccessible to new Wikipedia editors. Or they add a comment in, I added this here, I want this to one of their collaborators to communicate with them or something like that. And so the challenge here is, where do you communicate with your other editors? How do you follow up? And obviously, that's what the top page is for. But top pages tend to be difficult to find and a little bit unintuitive to people who aren't familiar with Wikipedia.  So it's important as part of the overall orientation program to Wikipedia, to explain to people where they need to communicate what the top page is for that they should check the top page, and all these sort of aspects of communication. And not to stick their comments or communication attempts in the article text. A lot of new editors create new articles. In the student program we try to direct a lot of participants towards existing articles, but there are missing articles, there are gaps to fill, especially when you talk about things like the gender gap. And a lot of new editors are creating brand new articles. And where are you doing this? Very often it's in your sandbox. If you create a new article in your sandbox and try to move it to main space, you're faced with a very unintuitive interface where you have to specify name space. You have to name the article, but the default that fits in there is your username slash the name of your sandbox. Lots of stuff like that. So new editors, students and non-students often will take a sandbox and send it on a wild goose chase through user space, Wikipedia name space, and all over the place. As somebody who's supporting new students, obviously the first place to try and get this is up front with your training materials. And I'd like to plug an upcoming video that Brian has been working on to do this, to explain how to do this in video. But if you're monitoring, you need a way to follow up with what they're doing. And in the English Wikipedia, there is a feed where if you go to recent changes, you can filter by new users moving out of user space. If you're supporting new editors, watch this feed, create a link somewhere, and keep this handy. The final thing I want to talk about is manual style edits, whether it's something like sticking a reference before punctuation, or the terrible crime of using title capitalization in a section header instead of sentence capitalization, or sticking a set of weird references off at the end and creating a pile of site errors. Manual style errors are very common for new editors. And it serves, it's sort of a double edged sword. On one hand, this is a good way for a new page patroller or recent changes patroller to recognize work that's been done by a new editor. And, you know, this is sort of a sign saying take a closer look at this, because they're likely to be errors here. The downside of this is human nature being what it is, people will take a look at it and find the editor find the errors, whether they're there or not. So, if you can help new editors avoid a lot of these problems. They're more likely to sort of not be immediately like reverted by somebody who's looking at far too much, just trying to, you know, deal with the flood of recent changes or something like that. So, getting people to fix to abide by at least the basics of the manual style is a fairly good way to train new editors to avoid the dispiriting experience of having your whole contribution removed because, you know, you put a piece of you put punctuation in the wrong spot. Finally, I'd like to say that while we focused on a lot of errors, new editors and student editors in particular who have gone through a process of training who get the support that we give them often do remarkably great work. I continually really impressed by what they do. You know, not to harp too much on the negatives, but these are some of the common errors that we find and that other people run into. So, thanks for joining us on this talk. And if you have any questions feel free to email us. You can see our emails are up on the presentation, and we'll happily answer them. Thank you.