Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we are going to discuss the following question and the question says that simplify 3 minus 2 upon x minus 3 whole upon 5 plus 7 upon x minus 3. Let us start with the solution of the given question. In this question we are given a complex rational expression that is 3 minus 2 upon x minus 3 whole upon 5 plus 7 upon x minus 3. We have to simplify this expression. Now to simplify it we shall follow some steps. Our first step is to simplify the numerator and denominator of the complex rational expression such that each only has one rational expression. Combining the numerator we get 3 minus 2 upon x minus 3 is equal to... Now taking LCM we get x minus 3 in the denominator and in the numerator we have 3 into x minus 3 the whole minus 2. This gives 3 into x that is 3x minus 3 into 3 is 9 minus 2 whole upon x minus 3. Now this is equal to 3x minus 11 whole upon x minus 3. Similarly combining the denominator we get 5 plus 7 upon x minus 3 is equal to... Now here again taking LCM we get x minus 3 in the denominator and in the numerator we have 5 into x minus 3 the whole plus 7. This gives 5 into x that is 5x minus 5 into 3 that is 15 so we have 5x minus 15 plus 7 whole upon x minus 3. Now this is equal to 5x now minus 15 plus 7 is minus 8 whole upon x minus 3. So in the numerator we have 3x minus 11 whole upon x minus 3 and in the denominator we have 5x minus 8 whole upon x minus 3. Now putting these back into the complex fraction we get 3x minus 11 whole upon x minus 3 whole upon 5x minus 8 whole upon x minus 3. Then in the second step we rewrite this division as multiplication and this is equal to 3x minus 11 whole upon x minus 3 into x minus 3 whole upon 5x minus 8. And this is equal to... Now here x minus 3 cancels with x minus 3 so we get 3x minus 11 whole upon 5x minus 8. Hence we have simplified the given complex rational expression which is the required answer. This completes our session. Hope you enjoyed this session.


I regularly call and interface with my counterparts and other navies. These are some of the most important relationships that I have. In these times when the maritime domain is increasingly contested, they can trust me to make sure that we've got the larger picture in mind and we work together for our common good.


Well, welcome everyone and thank you for attending this webinar today. Just before we start, I wanted to remind everyone that for everyone to be able to hear it's nice if people remain on mute. And if you have questions, which we really hope that you will do, please post them in a chat room. I'm not sure how everyone's screen is showing up for them, but for me, I have at the top of my screen, I have a panel, a Zoom panel, and there's a more button where I can get to chat. Sometimes that Zoom panel is on the lower part of your screen, so you might see that there as well. If any questions come up at any time, please post them in the chat and we will get to all the questions at the end. So thank you very much. All right, so let me introduce myself. I'm Nicole Gasparini. I am an associate professor at Tulane University and I am representing a team of five of us. Lili, who's at Penn State, Kamini Singa, who is at Colorado School of Mines, Pam Sullivan, who is at Oregon State, and Nikki West, who I should have wrote this down. I think she is at Central Michigan. Sorry, Nikki, if I got that wrong. I know she is in Michigan. I apologize for that. So all of us are a team of people who are approaching CZ science in kind of diverse ways and from different backgrounds. So we're engineers and we're scientists. We're hydrologists and geomorphologists and geochemists and we're modelers and we're field data people and we're lab people, remote sensing scientists and we're coming at critical zone from many different backgrounds and also experiences. Personally I have never been formally part of a critical zone observatory. So I might be slightly an outsider and I hope that I don't say anything that appears a little bit off to some of you who might be more versed in critical zone science. I'm going to remind you of this many times but one of the things that we're doing is having a series of five workshops and our first one is going to be next June 2020. So please keep a lookout for that and we will open up applications for that. And we will also starting in January 2020 do a series of webinars and those will be hosted by quasi. So if you found us through a tweet, if you found us through a listserv, we will post on all of those same listservs and tweets and even more for our webinars and our upcoming workshop. Okay. And of course thank you to CSDMS for hosting this today and then also NSF for funding us. Okay. All right. So sorry about that. Okay. So what are we going to do today? I'm going to pretty quickly go through what our plan is, the five of us, for our new critical zone research coordination network. And if you don't know what a research coordination network is, I didn't before I joined this team. It's a research coordination network or RCN. These are NSF funded vehicles in there for not for doing research per se but bringing people together to create networks that can attack different research questions. Okay. And so we are going to do that in a number of ways. We're going to set up networks through communities and our search, excuse me, through workshops and through webinars to bring new people, both literally new people who haven't done CSD science before and new ideas across disciplines from early career to whatever career stage to think about some of the CSD questions that we actually think are needed to be asked and answered to move critical zone science forward. Okay. All right. So many of you will be familiar with this but what is critical zone science? I have heard it described as the mother of all interdisciplinary earth science. It integrates from the atmosphere all the way down to the solid rock. And it involves many, many different disciplines and these are disciplines acting that focus at different spatial scales and focus at different temporal scales. And all of these disciplines come together to create what we call the critical zone. So some of you may focus primarily on the canopy or vegetation above the surface. Some people may focus more on the subsurface. Some people may focus on water moving through there. That's all part of the critical zone and we're really interested in that architecture and the boundaries and gradients across it. Okay. And we think that in order to move forward with CSD science because a lot has been done in the past few decades, we need to really open up and have a more inclusive community of scientists who are working on CSD science. Okay. So this comes to this idea of convergent thinking and bringing multiple ideas to attack one particular question and to solve, to bring solutions from multiple disciplines. Okay. So I personally identify as a geomorphologist and a hydrologist. Sometimes I identify as a hydrologist, although not around hydrologists necessarily. But CSD science is really very, very cross disciplinary and transdisciplinary and all the across words that you might want to come up with. And we need to really work together and bring all of our tools, all of our thinking to understand the critical zone better. All right. So these are overarching themes of critical zone science and these work, these came were developed at a all hands CZO meeting. So I was not in attendance at that meeting, but these were summarized by some of my colleagues on my RCN team. All right. So the first is how is the terrestrial energy balance measurable as patterns in CZ structure and function. Okay. And this is something that we have talked a lot about in our RCN is how do we define CZ structure and how do we define CZ architecture? Where does the CZ end? What's the lower limit? And how do we have fluxes across the CZ? Okay. So it fits in nicely with what we are interested in our RCN. All right. How is the structure and function of the CZ related to the global carbon cycle and not just the global carbon cycle, but also local carbon dynamics. All right. So again, we really need to define that structure and architecture of the critical zone. All right. What ecosystem services does the critical zone provide and how will they change during the Anthropocene? And I think many of us as citizens and as scientists are concerned about changes that are happening today and moving forward. And the critical zone, of course, is going to be very sensitive to all of the changes that are happening. And this is something we also want to explore in our RCN. Okay. And how are we going to measure these patterns and processes? How will we know what's changing and how will we know what rates things are changing and how is the land surface, how is the critical zone going to evolve, and how is that going to affect future functioning, okay? So our RCN is working at expanding boundaries and exploring gradients in the CZ through data model synergy. And we want to tackle these questions by integrating broader participation and ideas into the CZ community. All right. So we have a few main questions that we would like to explore in a series of small meetings and webinars and a web page and interaction with the community, all right? The first one is what tools and approaches are needed to advance our understanding of CZ thickness and depth. And I kind of love this particular first question because all of these slides I should say were put together by the five of us who are co-PIs on this RCN. And it was interesting to see how this slide evolved and the different ideas that even just within our team we had about the tools and approaches. So you can think about that in terms of how do we make measurements? Do we use wells? Do we use seismic data? Are we looking at chemistry of the water? And then also how do we interpret these data? And I was thinking about when I was tackling this question is if we want to do this we need to make sure that data are available. And so I put in the FAIR logo, I'm sure some of you have heard about this, making sure that our data are available and shared so that all scientists can get at them and access them and use them. And then also how do we interpret data? A lot of data we interpret via the use of models, both refining our data and then also modeling to understand different outcomes that we're seeing in our data. So I put up there CSDMS, which of course I am a part of and I am maybe a little bit biased towards, but many different modeling efforts can help how we interpret the CZ and how we use the data that are being collected and shared. All right, this one is quite a big question and I'm just going to summarize this question with how do we understand the CZ architecture? What controls the CZ architecture? And that can mean many things depending on what type of a scientist you are. And so for you, for some people the CZ architecture might be from the canopy to the surface is where they're really focusing on and then it's the water goes into the subsurface. For some people, they're really focusing on the subsurface and then some people are looking at fluxes all throughout, okay? But that architecture, be it through the type of vegetation that's there, how fractured the rock is, that controls functioning. And then similarly that functioning feeds back to control things like porosity. So one of my co-authors put here, this is a chicken and egg type problem and you can very quickly get lost in the details of what's controlling what and how does the functioning feedback, which way are the loops going? And this is tough and this is why we need multiple people from many different viewpoints tackling these plushies. All right, this one is one that's near and dear to my heart as a geomorphologist. So I put up an image here that is from Leonard Scholar and co-authors paper. And this is how did the land surface in the lower CZ boundary co-evolved, all right? And just through again, by speaking with my co-authors, we have different definitions of what the lower CZ boundary is, all right? And for some of us, it's that boundary where you start to break up the rock and we might describe it in a physical way and not a chemical way. Other people might describe it differently. But how that evolves can affect the depth of soil or the amount of sap or like the grain size. And then that in turn can affect this land surface, how much relief, the slope of the land surface, what type of vegetation is there. And so this co-evolution and what controls what is really important for understanding critical zone function. All right, is the CZ responding to the great acceleration of the Anthropocene? And I found this image, this is just off of a webpage, but I sort of loved it because it takes into account many things that I don't necessarily think about when I think about the Anthropocene affecting the critical zone, but for example, even air quality can affect the type of vegetation which can play back. Oftentimes I'm thinking about what you see in letter A there, how does farming in land practices or off the letter R there, which looks to be deforestation, that really can have huge impacts on critical zone functioning. And how this is going to affect what we have studied in the past and what we have learned based on past critical zone functioning is really an open question. All right, and then another one is how do we upscale small scale understanding to large scale representation? And this also tackles problems of temporal or questions of temporal scales and how do we cross boundaries both temporally and spatially. And for me in my head as a geomorphologist and hydrologist, I think of this in terms of these photos or these photos of soil pits from Emma Harris and at Scripps, where you're looking at a very localized soil properties. And then we want to sort of scale out to say a whole hill slope or even a whole watershed. What we learn from a soil pit and even a soil pit as any of you dog them know, they can be very intensive and a lot of work, but they're still very localized. But they tell us a lot about what's going on in the landscape. And so we're never going to have soil pits across 100% of the landscape, but how do we take those point measurements that we make any kind of point measurement and scale them up both across space and time. All right, and so we as a team have come together and we have said that in order to tackle these five questions, we really need to diversify the CC community and open up, make sure that early career scientists know about CC scientists, know that they are welcome in the CC science community. And that groups that maybe have not traditionally been part of the CC community know that they're welcome and know that they can contribute. Because we really feel that a wide range of voices is going to help us to tackle these wide ranging and quite important questions. Okay. So what we're planning, so we have a pot of money that NSF and the taxpayers have entrusted us with to tackle these questions and bring in a more inclusive and diverse community. And what we have currently planned to do is first starting off with that series of quasi webinars. That's going to be starting in January 2020, but we don't have an exact date yet. But I promise we will share that soon. And that is going to be an introduction to some of the topics that I've already presented here and going into more depth on the science and starting to develop an inclusive vocabulary so that the geochemists can talk with the data science people and the data science people can talk with the numerical modelers and the hydrologists and so on, so that we can start to really tackle these questions in different ways than maybe has been done in the past. And then also introduce some of the basics of CC science to those who are new to the field. So we would really encourage early career, even undergraduate scientists, to be involved in these webinars. And then our first meeting, we're going to have a series of five meetings, one annually. And our first meeting will be held in late June, June 22nd through 25th in Golden Colorado. So that's going to be on the campus of Colorado School of Minds. And what we want to do there is first tackle these questions and put our minds together and talk about the tools that we can use to tackle these questions. We might have things like hackathons and brainstorming sessions where we can start to think about what scientists need to come together to attack these different questions. But then we also want to make sure we have a wide range of scientists in all terms of wide ranging in any way that you can think about that at this meeting. And that's going to be our goal for all of our meetings. Some of the meetings in later years will be more focused on particular science questions. So we have those group of science questions that we have put forward, but as we move forward with our our CN, if the community decides that we need to tweak those questions or move them in different directions, that's what we'll do. And those particular focuses will be the years two, three and four will be more focused on particular science questions and less, less broad than the first meeting. And then again, in the last year, we'll come together for another broad meeting. OK, so I think many of you probably joined us because you're wondering how can you you join this webinar because you're wondering how you can work with us. And in particular, there's the new critical zone call from NSF, and that is due in early December. Those proposals are due in early December. And we as a team, our CN think that we can possibly work with you if you're interested. And if you think your science lines up with some of the science that we would like to tackle through our CN, we can work with you on your broader impacts. In particular, because we are putting together, we are spending a lot of time and effort to figure out how we can reach diverse communities and bring them together. We want to share that with you. We want to help you plug into those communities. And so if it works out as part of your CZ and NSF proposal or as part of any other proposal that you're working on, be it a graduate research proposal, a postdoc proposal, or a more disciplinary focused proposal, but that has a CZ been to it. We can work with you on your broader impacts. We can partner and work together so that we if we have common goals. So if you, for example, we're thinking of running a meeting as part of your proposal or project, we can help you with that. We can help you reach different communities. We can help you run your your meeting in a way that will create an environment where everyone feels more comfortable and where people feel more comfortable to share their ideas and reach others. OK, so we're working on that. And we would love to share our ideas with you so that you can have the most productive meeting. Similarly, NSF encouraged us to include more undergraduates and students in our meetings. And of course, we were at a limited budget just like you will. So if you want to partner with us and support, say more students to come to our meetings, that would be fantastic. And we can work with you. We can talk with you about that. Similarly, we are you'll see there was a website and I apologize, I didn't point it out, but it will come up again. We are just I mean, really, really just as in the last few days, we started developing a website for our RCN. On that website, we're going to have all kinds of information both about CSD science and also about how people can become successful and balanced and thriving scientists, OK, both in the broader scientific community and in academia. And so we would love to have on our website both scientific information as far as the details of CSD science, but also support for, say, best practices for spinning up an NSF proposal or best practices for managing a team project and things like that. We plan to cover both of those in our webinars throughout the five years that we will be doing this RCN. And so if you have ideas for that, we would love to have you join in on our webinars. You don't have you can attend them. Of course, you can also give one and we can support you with that. And that can be part of your broader impacts. You can help us find materials for our website. Or if you have a website that you want us to link to, we would love to do that. Basically, we're open to working with you if you feel that our goals coincide with your goals and that together we can make a stronger community. All right, so here's the final slide and here's how you can contact us. So we're listed here in alphabetical order. This is I happen to be first and I happen to be given the webinar today. But all five of us are very deeply engaged in this effort and you can see there the URL for our Google site. Unfortunately, my university blocks Google site, so I haven't even seen this site yet, but I know that we are just getting this up and running. But if there's ways that we can work together, take a look and see what we have there. And then please, if you're interested in attending our workshop or you want to send your students postdocs, undergraduates, mark your calendars. We're going to advertise and open up applications probably in early 2020 for our first workshop and meeting and then also our upcoming webinars. And I think from there we can start to take questions. Pam, I don't know if you want to unmute or. Yeah, I haven't seen any questions come up yet in the actual chat box, but I think that this does give us a little opportunity to have everyone kind of moment about, you know, how, how this, what other information might you need or how might you be able to pair with us? Whatever questions you might have. I did also want to say that as a part of this, there's a lot of tools that we'll be developing and parts of workshops that will be dedicated to career development. And I think that that's also an important aspect that will come with these workshops. So that everybody's aware of that too. Great. So you can see that Pam posted the the URL for our site and also this is going to we will this has been recorded this webinar. And so it will be available through the CSDMS website. So Stephanie says no questions right now, but thanks for this. Thank you for coming and participating. I know that I guess one of the things that I overheard the other day, which I thought was really awesome, was that, you know, that even more so, our funding agencies are going to be pressing upon us, you know, for for inclusion and diversity, and we really need everyone's efforts towards going towards that. Kennedy, do you want to ask a question? I have one from Sharon that popped up right now that says, are you proposing to share the costs of travel for those undergraduates who might participate in another conference as part of your RCN or and as part of our grants? So I think that that's an area for discussion that we'd like to have. But we have a certain pool of money that we have available. And so however we can leverage that pool of money, Sharon, so that we can create the most diverse and inclusive group of individuals together, that's what we're we're looking to achieve. Yeah, that's what we're hoping to. So Sharon said it seems like a great way to maximize undergraduate participation. And we feel like it's the same as well.  And that actually brings a lot of other individuals to join our team. But in case it's not clear, we do have funds in our pool of money to offset costs to attend our conferences. So our intention is that participating in the activities that we have proposed for our RCN don't come as a cost to other research. So students certainly will be funded to participate in our workshops. So Kennedy asked another question, and maybe Nicole can help us answer this one. Is there shared resources, e.g. computational platforms, network computing, et cetera, that might be available? So that's a great question and not through our RCN, per se, but I think through community efforts like, for example, CSDMS, you can often access HPC computing. And so and that would be something that through our networks, we can figure out the best way to access that type of computing if you needed it. So I'm not sure if I answered the question there. Let me check. Yeah, I think that that's a really good point. Like one of the key parts of these RCNs is that we're helping to develop networks, right? And networks are what are going to help people to be able to ask questions that cut across sites, that cut across different systems that use both data and integrate to working with individuals who may be more modelers. Yeah, and one of the ideas that that we had is like I said, at the meetings, we can possibly have hackathons. Or we can have small workshops for introduction to particular models or modeling tools or even accessing high performance computing if needed. And I think those kinds of things will come together as we start to see what people's interests are in the meetings so that we can sort of tailor to the people that want to attend the meeting and want to participate. So we'll be actually at Colorado School of Mines. We'll be right down the road from CSDMS. So possibly we can tap into their resources via me to figure out how we can use community resources and community computing to tackle some of the questions that will help us advance CC science. And in that same vein, we are also down the road from from neon. So our one of our goals is to be able to help establish our kind of more critical zone network using the data facilities that are brought upon by me on as well. Hey, this is Julia Perdriel. Thank you so much for for the webinar. I think this is really helpful. And I'm so glad because I just saw it yesterday, popping through the listserv and kind of spontaneously joined. And yeah, to me, this makes so much sense. And I'm excited about this. What was your preferred means of us contacting you or checking in with you? We'll just email you. Yeah, I think you can email any of us.  So if you can get down one of these emails, that will be fine. And then we can set up either a chat if we need to or talk the email as to how we can work together. Thanks, Sharon. Sharon said, this is awesome to see coming to fruition. We're really excited about it. And it's really does depend a lot upon the kind of input we're getting from the community. Right. So this is just the first of our conversations, but we we're hoping to have many more. Yeah, and I would emphasize that. Although I think we're pretty interdisciplinary, we. We of course, don't represent the entire community. And we're open to your ideas, too, as to how we should take these questions forward and refine them. And that is absolutely something we plan to do. And I also want to emphasize that you can work with us, even if you're not submitting a critical zone proposal to the next MSF call, I think there's many ways in which people could be interested in working with us. And we're open to that and open to hearing from you. So we have another question. Do you intend to have training sessions as well knowing that we have diverse backgrounds? I mean, I think that's one of the things that we have really focused on is because we have diverse backgrounds, some of it's some of the challenges we have is even just having conversations with each other, using the same vocabulary and coming together as really different disciplinary scientists. So what I would hope is that, say, we had a training session that might be an introductory, introductory on something that someone was an expert on. We would want some of the experts to be there, too, so that we can make sure we were all starting together with the same terminology, the same language, the same ideas. Or if we don't have the same ideas, why is that and where do we need to refine? So I think, you know, certainly we're going to have a series of webinars and I would not expect that one person is going to attend every single webinar, but I hope that we can get diverse voices both scientifically and otherwise at those webinars. Yeah, I think a big part of is like lowering the barrier to being able to do this kind of convergent thinking, this kind of, you know, cross-discipline conversation. And I think a huge part of that is putting people in the room and having everyone kind of go at problems from their own angles and hearing the discussion that comes from that. And training sessions can actually help you to do that, I think, to some degree, because everybody's kind of getting together around a specific thing. And that can be really helpful.  Any questions? There's one question that we have coming on, which says, this may be in the proposal, but do you have an idea of what kind of research product would be developed to help with vocabulary? Something that helps with educating, standardizing and deciding on shared sets of vocabulary. For example, it usually takes three years to develop a shared vocabulary in a small group. Do you have some magic up your sleeves? I appreciate that question. I think probably Kamini has the magic. We can blame her because she's not here. So, yeah, that's a great question. And as far as I know, we do not have any magic. But I think at least my understanding is that there's not going to be any shared vocabulary if we don't start. And yes, it might take a long time. And yes, it might be a tough road. But I think we need to start getting that shared vocabulary and how do we get the word out there via website, via publication? I don't know, actually. I don't know if Pam or Nikki want to weigh in on that. I know Nikki has thought a lot about this idea of shared vocabulary. And I'll let her speak and see if she wants to follow up on that. But one thing I think that is true is that by having kind of a constant communication that's supported over the next five years, that is one way to create a little bit of magic. That's exactly, I think, Pam, what I was thinking. So there have been a lot of more discipline-specific workshops over the last five to 10 years. And I think through the previous batch of early career researchers, we've started building a shared vocabulary. And it's really only going to strengthen and become more concrete as we continue to bring in newer researchers to CZ Science so that it just becomes fluent. Because we're definitely still in the building of this right now. And I think because this is a five-year program and we have meetings and webinars set up for the entirety of the next five years, the theme of a common vocabulary is going to keep coming back over and over again. So the way that the meetings are set up in the proposal is that we start in year one with a big meeting. So 75 to 80 participants from all sub-disciplines in a very intense and focused interaction where we're aimed at a very specific science problem or science questions that we've outlined in this talk. But then as we go through the following three years, we dig in in smaller groups. And within each of these groups, making sure that there's representation and spokes people from each of these subfields so that when we reconvene four or five years from now, that the developing and emerging vocabulary is really permeated through the sub-disciplines. And we can start the next set of we ask the next set of research questions. And we all know what each other is talking about. But it does take a while, and we are cognizant of that. And we've programmed that in to what our efforts are. Kennedy asked another question. Can this include sharing site access data and instrumentation even if informally? At least from our standpoint, we're trying to be as accessible and transparent as possible. We've put our proposal in its entirety up on our website. So you can call any information from that that any participant can access that. From if you mean sites as in actual research sites or observatory sites, that isn't what isn't really within our domain of control. But any data, any new data or ideas that come out of our meetings will certainly be publicly available. And I would like to stress, I think, that one of the things that you're aiming to do is encourage individuals to come with their data in seeking partners to work at these RCN, whether that be modelers or different empiricists or individuals who's a geomorphologist or someone who might be a structural geologist who knows. But the idea is to bring your data sets around these kinds of questions to help maybe find some partners for you. And so we would like to facilitate this ability to have informal cross-sharing of sites and data and instrumentation. And part of that is by building your network. The more you build your network and meet individuals, the better you understand these different places and where they're coming from, what the heritage of those sites might be or that data might be. And that will allow for us to actually start to bring some of this together.  Thanks, Sharon. Thank you, Sharon. So we have one more question. Will this RCN connect to international critical zone efforts? We would, speaking from my behalf and the conversations we've had in the past, yes, we are very, very hopeful that we can connect to international critical zone efforts. The idea is to be able to interact with the larger community and not just those who claim or who have been part of formal critical zone, maybe establishments in their own countries, but anyone who recognizes that this is kind of this type of science that they would like to be conducting. Nikki or Nicole, do you have any other thoughts on that? Yeah, I would say that absolutely, because if we want to have diverse thought, there's diverse thought is across the blue. The challenges are going to be cost. But then again, that's why we're looking to partner with others so that we can be as inclusive as possible. And certainly, via webinars, we would love to hear feedback as to how we can reach groups that are international more so than we have already. So that would be one. Yes, I guess that would be an important part for us. If you know of a listserv or a data stream, some sort for us to be able to announce things so that they hit your community, please send that to us so that when we're ready and we're dispensing information, we can ensure that we get that information to your community as well. Yes, this webinar is recorded. That was a question. And we will make it available online on that same website that we put forward before. We would love for you to share it with any of your Co-P guys. Thank you very much. Yeah, hopefully you can still see the slide. Is everyone able to still see the slide? Yeah. OK. I can't really stress enough how much we would love to get your feedback as to how we can do this better and how we can make this really successful. So please be in contact with us. We'd love to hear. I mean, it takes a lot of effort to come to a webinar. And we appreciate that. And we know that if you want to drop us a line because you have resources or you want to be involved, we'd love to hear from you. Other questions? Oh, what about a Slack channel? Do you have one or plan to have one? We actually discussed this. I am not sure where we've landed on it yet. But that is something we're definitely thinking about. So if that's something that our community wants, then I think we'll figure out a way to make it happen. Yeah. As Nikki or Pam, did you want to share any other thoughts? Only that, as you spread the word to new people and students or want to participate, the application for the first conference is on our website. And we just ask that you let us know that you're interested in participating by the end of the year so that we can start making plans for the summer. Well, let me just say thank you again. And we really hope to hear from more of you as we move forward and to work together with you.


This study investigated the saturation levels of landsat imagery for different vegetation types in a subtropical region of eastern China. It found that pine forest and mixed forest had the highest saturation levels, 159 and 152 mg per hectare, respectively, while Chinese fir and broadly forest had lower saturation levels, 143 and 123 mg per hectare, respectively. Additionally, it determined that stratifying the data according to vegetation types and slope aspects provided more accurate estimates than non-stratified data. Finally, it developed AGB estimation models based on stratification of both vegetation types and slope aspects, which provided the most accurate estimation with the smallest root mean squared error, RMSE, of 24.5 mg per hectare. This article was authored by PanPanzhao, Dengshan Lu, Guangxing Wang and others.


Hi everyone, Joe for jazby's casebreaks.com. This is the filler for the filler. So we've got a big Chronicles Origins filler going on which is pretty interesting because one person can win all the remaining Chronicles spots. Check out the details on jazby's casebreaks.com. But here's the pack right here. Prism, football, Salopac. Number 137, 138, which is up already. We'll fill up that other filler. The filler for the filler. So a big thanks to this group here for getting in on the action. Appreciate it. And there are all 32 teams right here. So the first dice roll will be for the break. And the second dice roll will be for the giveaway. So for the break, let's do roll and randomize it. 6 and a 6, 12 times for names and teams. One, two, three. And 12th and final time. 6 and a 6, 12 times for the teams. 7, 2, 3, 4, 11, and 12th and final time. Alright, no trade windows for these. But here's the first half of the list right there. And the second half of the list over here. Josh with the chargers up there. Could be interesting. Josh also has the bangles in this one too. Dallas Gardert, Green, Chase Young. Alright, nothing too crazy here. Maybe in these exclusives. Hicks, that is. Red, white, and blue. Debo Samuel, red, white, and blue. And James Morgan, red, white, and blue. So nothing too crazy. But what's going to be crazy is we're going to re-randomize this list and see who's going to win those filler spots. So let's flip back to the screen right here. Logan down to Josh and everybody in between. New dice, new list. Let's roll it, randomize it. 5 and a 6, 11 times. Top 6 after 11, good luck. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 the final time. So after 11, it's the top 6. So from 7 on down, it's sad times. However, really close. However, good news is that we do have to do one more of these packs. So if you feel like trying again, jaspyscasebrakes.com. But thanks for taking the risk this time. Happy times though for the top 6. You're in. Peter, Brian Croft, Alec, Carl, Raymond, and Mark. Congrats to the six of you.  Thanks for trying everybody else. And I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye-bye.


Everybody forced here rip in a box of 2022-23 tops chrome UA foot champions league Club competitions. I should say club competitions 22 23 chrome club competitions. I'll be here a Jacob. Good luck What is for Jacob W? It's been a minute since I ripped one of these. All right, there's a Refractor of Suley. So that's a pace never mind. There's a pulsar rookie of Danilo Night vision ray wave Gabriel Martinelli 217 of 225 on the Martinelli Noosa on the 55 59 59 Neon a green shimmer as Mason mounts 295 out of 399 blue lava to mass muller number number sorry The lava is not a burden UCC Chrome hobby muller blue lava Solid though, those will be shorter printed Louise Diaz base refractor Eileen Holland refractor rookie pulsar is Dario a sugo Work your refractor William Clem. I'll see a nice auto here Jiroud specimen insert blue refractor rookie is bitchy Abu number 69 out of 150 refractor of hungman son Wonder kids Carvalho Fractor Mason mounts Gavi wonder kids one at the end here with this auto Gavi there it is nice. It's come a vinga green 28 of 99 Good hit Jacob Edward will come a vinga I'm due for sure Autos can be tough in this stuff as I'm sure you know that's good stuff right there solid box Fractor of Evan Ilson and the last pack is a soccer go losso soccer go losso Yeah, that was definitely solid appreciate the order Jacob love ripping that stuff I don't have a whole lot more of it though. We will get those out to you


So today at Entrepreneur APAC, we are joined by David girl, who is the founder and CEO of symphony communications. And he's been doing some fantastic work in terms of disrupting and building communication systems, messaging systems. He's worked with various organizations like Microsoft, Reuters, Skype, and then he went on to find his startup called Verso, which was acquired by symphony communications. And now at symphony, he is building a global organization and especially growing fast in Asia. He's actually based in Hong Kong currently and he's going to tell us today about how symphony communications is evolving its business and its business model along the way as it grows and grows faster in these markets. So welcome David, it's wonderful to have you here on Entrepreneur APAC today. And we're going to love to know more about the kind of work that you're doing in symphony communications and you know building the global organization. So I understand that you know the starting point of symphony communications was that it disrupted the Bloomberg terminal business as a starting. So what plus features does symphony sort of have in its as an organization and what kind of value for money are you giving to the users in the financial market that they are moving to the symphony communication, financial messaging, communication systems? Sorry to first of all, thanks for having me. It's such a nice introduction. You know, we've founded symphony as part of the acquisition story that you mentioned to be an industry collaboration platform. Financial services is very B2B, B2C centric. It's kind of the hub of a massive bill which is the world's economy and without that that bill cannot turn around. And as such, pretty much every financial institution has to interact with each other and also with other organizations that compose the whole industry that we live in. And in that context, over time, especially in the last five to 10 years, electronic communications and digital transformation have been key pillars of innovation, efficiency, cost savings that many of the organizations have been obviously keen on to improve. And so symphony came as an entity that none of the individual companies can solve on their own. So they can have an enterprise collaboration tool, but they cannot have a collaboration tool that everybody agrees on to use as kind of a defacto standard to exchange structured and structured information. So that's what symphony is. Symphony has built that consensus from which we built the platform kind of in highway infrastructure, very secure, very complex. We'll talk about it later on and to which our customers can exchange any form of data for their own organization or with their customers. And they can do this with full confidence. And Bloomberg is a very, very different value proposition going back to what you were talking about early on, where they are an information terminal. They have a communication component inside for Bloomberg messaging. And unlike us, they provide a relatively close package and only for front of this users. While symphony is an open platform, I would say more or less exclusively focused on the collaboration infrastructure. So we build the highways, but we don't build the trucks or the cars that ride on this highway is what our customers do. And so that are the main differences between the two body propositions. And that's how we take our solution to market. I mean, sounds really interesting. But I also understand that it's symphony. You're not planning to sort of limit yourself to financial messaging only, financial sector only. You're planning to go across sectors in terms of providing communication solutions to pretty much every other sector. So particularly what is it and how are you extending yourself both in USA and how are you planning to do it in Asia as well? Very good questions. Secure messaging is not the commodity. May institutions will use a vehicle to convey their intent with each other and within their organizations. But very rarely they think about, oh, I need something really, really secure to exchange this confidential information.  And so not every organization in the world, I would say, think of security first. They think convenience first. And so we target all those organizations who care about security first and foremost. And then how do we develop our market? So first of all, from a vertical point of view, beyond financial services, you have the big, you know, you have the defense industry, you have the governments who are all very key on solutions that symphony provides. And then because we are not, this is how we ended up in Asia very soon in our journey for a young startup, it was obvious that Asia is part of the global financial ecosystem. It's obvious that Asia plays actually much bigger weight than it did in the past. And it will continue to grow faster than any other region. And so developing in Asia, in all parts of Asia, North, South, East, West is absolutely essential for our customers, for our community. And that's the reason why actually I settled in Singapore first and now in Hong Kong in order to grow the market there and we've grown over 100% over the last three years. You know, now with work from home, becoming a culture, I mean, it's becoming like almost an acceptable attribute of work. I mean, you know, probably you and me, we've been so used to traveling earlier, but now we're sort of working across the screen. And this may just become the way we work. I mean, even when things are okay and not so prohibitive, we might want to actually carry on this way for most of our work because it's more convenient if one gets more done in less amount of time. And I know that Symphony has often been compared with productivity tools like Slack and you know, others. So are you sort of thinking of newer opportunities within Symphony because of this new culture that is now coming to happen? Yes, actually, us and our customers do at the same time. And you know, as they look into what the future reality is going to be, you know, the experiment that started with remote working is now becoming a habit. And it looks like it is going to have a significant effect post COVID-19. And given that it's going to take 12 to 18 months before we can talk about post COVID-19, we are really talking about, you know, serious ingrained habits there. And so with that, the expectations of our customers and their employees is that I want to work wherever I can and wherever I want. And I don't want to be constrained to live in that city and commute and obviously have all the inconvenience coming from that. And so from there, one of the obvious asks has been, you know, can we do voice video and screen sharing capabilities on Symphony? And can we do so into an encrypted format so that it helps obviously to protect the confidentiality and the privacy of the information that's been exchanged? And that's one area that we are really focused on. And believe it or not, this is not easy to find in the market. You know, you can see in the movies in which you have secure communications.  And so we are going in that, in the avenue, and that's something that we already announced a few weeks ago. And we've tackled more of those capabilities as we embark on the next phase of COVID-19. You just mentioned that, you know, security is going to become a huge concern. On one side, you know, you have companies are moving their entire data to cloud. And then of course, video conferencing is becoming the way forward. Have you already been seen how platforms are getting hacked and things have been changing? So just to sort of avoid a situation which could get really nasty later on, what kind of cyber security measures are you taking today in order to be the customer with more secure on your platform? Oh, well, that is really our, the foundation, I would say, the core part of our DNA. You know, we assume a world in which there is an utmost threat around confidentiality and privacy issues. And another world where nobody can be trusted. And when you combine these two, you realize that there aren't that many solutions that you can build in order to ensure the best in-class security. And pretty much everything boils down to what we call Antoine Lancashire. So what does it mean? And that's what we have been doing is that when the data is going to leave your computer, which considered to be trustworthy, because at that time, you have authenticated yourself, you know, in that computer as the person who you are. And then your company has always secured access to this computer in order to trust what the data resides on. And that's the only thing we trust. And after that, anything that happens in between all the way to the recipient of that packet that is received is never, never processed within the symphony world. So we do not decrypt the message, to process the message, whether to display a video, whether to download a file, nothing of sort happens on our infrastructure. And so because you never know who has access to your infrastructure, especially when you rely on the public cloud. And I would say that there are many false realities about the fact that the cloud is more secure and that you have obviously big vectors of attacks going against those institutions. The problem is that as long as the data is accessible and you have access to encryption keys and the data is processed in the cloud one day or another, something will have access to it period. And so that's the reason why we have never taken that approach. We just simply don't trust it. And we've taken this Antoine encryption approach in which the customer owns their encryption keys.  Well, it's exactly the same story in the digital world and that's what we've been focused on. So you know, on another level, I mean, I would want to understand that particularly at symphony communications, how are you thinking about growth in Asia? I mean, are you looking to go and it's a long haul? I mean, you've come from such a long way back from 2014 to 2020 with almost a unicorn status that you've acquired. But I mean, how are you now planning to fast or sort of speed up or scale faster in Asia? So are you going to be inorganic in some way? Are you going to make some acquisitions from of Asian startups just to sort of help you build inroads faster into the market? Have you identified some startups that you might want to collaborate with and work with them to sort of be able to build your user base much faster? And what kind of industries is it that you're targeting in Asia? So the growth, so it seems interesting. It's a big question, which I think will take a full board meeting to talk about. But if I can condense it a few points into your very good question, by the way. Number one is the growth is very much depending on type of the market you are and each market has its own growth characteristics. So we sell an enterprise solution as a cloud solution, but it is still an enterprise solution. So customers will take sometimes two years before they can validate a solution that's coming from symphony. And then another year before it gets to full scale deployment. And so it's very hard to growth hack and say, oh, I'm suddenly going to go and achieve a non-linear, acoustic type growth if that's possible. It's just interesting. It only happened thanks to COVID-19. There it was before March and after March, and we certainly have seen bound like this. But I do not want the other COVID-19 to happen to have the next one because I think that's not the right way to go. Having said that, for us growing Asia in financial services, especially, is going to be very much around private wealth management. There is a huge rise of middle class across all Asia. The numbers are staggering. It's bigger than Europe and U.S. combined. We are talking about several hundred million of people. And all those people need access to specific financial services. And we want to empower our financial institutions to serve this user base as the world in Asia builds on wealth. And so that is going to be pretty much where we're going to focus on. Now, in terms of inorganic versus organic growth, we are considering acquisitions. We are the point in which it really makes sense for us to grow by acquiring organizations who are excellent in their domain and who've done amazing things with their technology and or their revenue and customers. And so hopefully you see some announcements coming from that before the end of the year. We're going to be relatively aggressive and go after a range of institutions and organizations who are best in class. Whether it's in Asia or elsewhere, it is really not as important for us as long as they fit into our culture and obviously into our strategy. Singapore and Hong Kong are great fintech markets. There's been a great upsurge of fintech, particularly if I look at these two markets. So I mean, good financial services figure big up for you in these markets. Yeah, I agree with your observation. Hong Kong and Singapore have massively invested. And I like the competition between the two cities as a matter of fact, where you can certainly see the effort being brought up by both governments. And while they have done a lot, they are really struggling to gain scale. I think it's important to realize that while you can help smaller organizations to rise and to arrive to a degree of product maturity, it's a much different game to gain global scale. And so it is not impossible. Of course it's possible. But there is still some work to do, I think, from the governments and then how they found such initiatives. I think one of the challenges that you see in actually not only in Asia but also in Europe, because I'm really involved also in the European investment universe, it's super hard to find growth funds who are willing to invest in regional players to the same scale as they invest in American players. And the reason for that is really due to the fact that the local markets are relatively small. And if you validate a product in the local market, that doesn't mean it works in an international market. And so while in the American market, the market is already around a million people. And it's standardized across a range of countries. So if you achieve a lot of success there, the chance to be successful as there is also a higher probability. And so there is still some work that Asia needs to do. And it's interesting. Asia is Asia, but Asia is not the only universe. And it has to think really globally. And globally you have to think very quickly on international. So just to sort of add to what you just mentioned, and I'm going to take it one dimension differently where you say, so I understand that one of the reasons why startups probably don't get as much funding as they do in the US in Silicon Valley startups get it. Because I mean primarily these markets are very small. Hong Kong is very small. Singapore is really small. So from day one, everybody has to think that they are wanting to go to different markets. I mean global is like the first day of the startup of where they're thinking how soon are we going to get out of Singapore or Hong Kong and service other customers. So you know, I mean, given the fact, I mean, this is something that you can tell me as an advice to entrepreneurs, but do you think it's important today for startups to think global very early in their business? And how did you plan for it? At what point of time did Symphony think that, you know, we're ready to move out of US and we're now going to go to Asia or some other markets. So how did the thought come to you about going global? Day one. Day one. And it's very easy, trust me, to be national. In other words, just to stay in the local country that you are. Because that's who you know, that's what you know, that's where the market is. And going global, going international to begin with presents many, many challenges. But if you ask my advice, I would say that, especially if you are in Singapore or Hong Kong, so in a relatively small market, you have an unfair advantage that you need to take advantage of. And the fair advantage is that the cost of doing business, the cost of running a business in those cities is far, far cheaper than doing the equivalent in Palo Alto. And I can tell you, I founded my company in Palo Alto, two of them. And the cost of running a company in there and here is 1 to 3. I mean, that's what we are talking about. And so when you consider that and you think about this as, okay, I can produce the same amount as what somebody produces in US at one third of the cost. And if I can actually, to begin with, already market my product in a global scale, not in a regional, in a global scale, then I have a competitive edge against anybody who's trying to do the same thing I'm trying to do in the US. And then getting the attention of the US capital investors, VCs, private equity firms, it would be much, much easier because they all care about profitability eventually. They want growth, but they want to make sure that the organization is not burning their cash at an exponential rate as the growth occurs. And so that is, I think, an asset and that needs to be thought very carefully and very early on and invested up adequately.  And particularly, I mean, you told me that the curve went up very sharply during the pandemic. But I mean, you know, the whole emphasis on going global has become difficult for both the funds as well as the startups during this time. I mean, you know, I know that a lot of startups who are planning to sort of go global during this time, their plans got stalled because nobody could travel, nobody could go and interact with people in other markets. So I mean, did you face any such issues when you were trying to grow your business in Asia in these last few months? Not in the last few months, I'll be very much here too. I mean, yes, a little bit. And some of our customers said, you know what, if you have a solution one, two, three, you know, I'm not interested in the third solution because that's not core to what I need right now. So I want, I just don't want all the best and misses. I just want this. And so our customers have kind of contracted to what I call the essential. And so we've seen the essential success really go up. And while what I would call what they consider an essential success actually pretty much steady. So I've seen that. But you asked me about challenges of growing global. I think there are two things to mention. Number one is attention, focus, intense execution. So it is not because you say so that it is going to happen so. Especially if you have a particular team, which is located in one area, it's super hard for them to understand the needs, the culture, the difference of the other area. And the reason I base myself in Asia is because I can force, you know, due to my role in the company, a very different bias than what the company would have had if I was and all the management team was exclusively based in a different place. And without that, we will not pay attention to the specific needs of, first of all, our colleagues. Second, to our customers. Third, the competition you face here. And that has paid off so well that you have no idea. If I were to think about, forget the growth, which is a result of great execution. But really paid off well is the innovation that came from Asia. Because Asia craves for attention. Asia wants to be in the international scene and to come across as you guys are not the only country or the region where innovation happens. We also lead the way. And that's the second, I would say, thing to think about is if you can find those entities, those organizations, those governments, we thought about how it comes to the poor. And kind of marry the interests of yours and theirs. Then you can actually create a virtuous circle that accelerates your investment and therefore your growth. It is a long game. There is no, you are not winning by saying, oh, I'm going to go back three times or four times a year in Asia and do a two week trip. That's not going to cut it. I agree with you on that one. But you mentioned why you were telling me about the challenges is that how difficult remote working is for a lot of organizations today. And I see that you have a thousand chat bots that you use more than that probably at Symphony Communications. So remote working has the purpose or has the communication of the bots changed for you, the usefulness or are you repurposing them in some way to help people in remote working? Oh, it's a long topic as well. First of all, it's interesting. We've switched to remote working already generally without any hiccups. It just was natural. We had a communications company and we used our powers extensively. And so it was really straightforward for us to make that leap forward. Honestly, I've never worked as hard in my life as the last six months. And what I mean by that, me too, isn't because I work long hours, which I always do, because I had no downtime. But I call this down social professional time, it's gone. And I think that is a big issue that people either don't see or see and they don't talk about. You can't just have meetings after meetings and not have a substitute for what happens when this meeting ends and I close the conference room, I walk with you to my office and you say, David, by the way, you remember the thing we discussed the other day? Well, I just thought about that. Well, that thing doesn't exist anymore in this remote work environment. And because we are like moving from task to task, and that obviously is efficient when we talk about what we talk about. But there is a lot of things that are not scheduled, that are not planned, that is part of the way our intellect works, that part of the way our emotions are built. And those are not being replaced in this remote working environment. And I think it cannot be. I mean, unless we leave the video open all the time and it's always not practical. And I just don't see a way in which we can find the equilibrium. So for me, I think that human nature is going to prevail. And even though the convenience of working from home here and there is obviously useful, productive, and cheaper, and less time consuming, people will still crave for that moment in which they can get together and have the social professional life that helps them also to realize their fulfillment and full service potential. I think it's a matter of time before people are working remotely and going to stand up and say that, okay, enough. We're not going to have more sleep.  I mean, you know, if you're doing a regular meeting, you don't really need it to be on. Yeah, exactly. And, you know, if we are around one-on-one together, so it really makes sense. But, you know, when I have 19 people in a video call, it's actually a very distracting to have that. And so, you know, I think the world is going to realize more of these things and other things and we'll establish a new hygiene and use the habits as we interact with each other remotely and then obviously in person. Let me ask you about this one final dimension. You know, I know that you've been diluted as a unicorn and, you know, Silicon Valley just seems to produce there with quite a bit of quantity. But, you know, when you're in an environment where there's so many unicorns around you and you have obviously then a board and investors whom you're answerable pretty much to every move that you make.   So, how do you think it has helped you or challenged you with something? You know, like everything in left is a yin and yang. So, it has helped us to build trust in the market because it's kind of a mark of success and it helps customers to realize that even though you are a young company, you have potential. And then, I think the biggest benefit is actually on recruiting the right talent.  And being one of them is certainly a very important catalyst to higher great talent. And that's all we depend on. You know, without great talent, we are no one. And so, in these areas, it's been very helpful. But the downside of that is expectations are there. And so, the pressure, the stress that comes from what you need to do to perform and outperform because performing is not sufficient anymore. It's not like you can say, hey, look, I've been doing a pretty okay job. That's not okay at all. If you are doing what you've done last year, that's not okay. And so, it is always a race forward. And that creates, I would say, lots of stress. And if you don't have the right personality to deal with it, then it's really, really hard. It works for me because I am like the eternal and satisfied and happy person. There is nothing that keeps me happy in life. In other words, anything that we have and we accomplished, I wouldn't forget about it the time it's done. I already look for the next accomplishment that we haven't yet done. And so, it works really well with my personality. I stand for everyone. In these times, that's only going to help us, you know, being constantly trying to challenge ourselves and trying to find our way.  So, thank you so much for talking to us, David. I think this was a great conversation and I wish you all the best as you extend symphony communications in Asia and probably in Africa at some point in time going forward. And I think with the kind of tools that you will build, the entire, you know, startup organizations as well as larger organizations will only get to benefit both from the security point of view as well as from efficiency point of view in their organizations. Thank you for making time and speaking to entrepreneurship back here today. Appreciate it. It's been a great conversation. Thank you for having me today. Thank you, David.


Good day everyone. I'm Assistant Professor Ushaal Mistry from the Mechanical Engine Department, Valjan Institute of Technology, Sholapur, and for today's session, I'll be discussing on capacitive sensors. The learning outcome of this session is that the learner will be able to list types of capacitive sensors, explain principle of operation of capacitive sensors, and animate applications of these capacitive sensors. In the previous class, we studied the measurement systems, different types of sensor classification, and also inductive sensors. So we continue from there, and today we'll be discussing capacitive sensors or capacitive transducers. Now, capacitive transducers typically are based on the fact that there's a variation in capacitance between two separated electrodes is used for the measurement. Capacitance is thus a function of the effective area of the conductors, the separation between the conductors, and the dielectric strength of the material. So a change in capacitance can thus be bought about by varying any one of the three parameters. That is, either you can change the distance between the two parallel electrodes, or by changing the dielectric constant, the permittivity, or the dielectric medium, or changing the area between the electrodes. So we'll look up all these three cases in a minute. So the ratio of the amount of charge stored on the plates to the amount of voltage across the capacitor is called the capacitance, and the capacitance is thus directly proportional to the area of plates, inversely proportional to the distance between, and inversely proportional to the distance between them, given by the formula, as given on the screen measured in farads. Now, the three cases that we were discussing is, you could alter the capacitance by separating the two electrodes or by altering D. So if you look at the formula, and if you change D, you get a curve typically, which is, since D is in the denominator, the relation actually ends up being non-linear. Now, another way would be actually to change the area. Now, the formula actually is rewritten like this, in terms of LW by D, where area is given as in the form of L and W. So if you move the areas, if you move the plates across like this, you can effectively change the capacitance, and this relation is very linear. Another way obviously would be to change the dielectric. Now, these different ways are used by industry in different contexts, and the best example actually would be the cell phone, where the third option that is capacitance variation using change of dielectric is very widely used. Now, some food for thought, of all the three techniques which are discussed about, which one do you think has a definitive advantage over the other? If you use it, now you use a device which has a capacity sensor every day, that is the cell phone, I'll give you the hint. So what is actually the principle which is being basically used over here? Now think of it, you use a device which has a capacity sensor, and you use it every day. So what device is it? Now, coming back to capacity sensors, what are the features of capacity sensors? Let's say vis-a-vis some of the other sensors which you have discussed before. One thing is that they require extremely small forces to operate. They are very sensitive and require very low power to operate as well. Frequency response is quite good up to 50 kilohertz, and they are very good candidates for applications involving dynamic measurements. So they can be used in accelerometers up to a certain obviously frequency range extensively. So this is one advantage capacity sensors have over elevators which have a very small application when it comes to dynamic measurements. So they offer extremely high resolution. Definitely more than potential metric sensors and some say almost in parallel or sometimes exceeding elevators sensors. One more thing is you need to insulate metallic parts from each other. There is some loss of sensitivity to error sources associated with cable connecting. They are susceptible to moisture and other environmental factors. These are typically the negative features which have been attributed in most textbooks. These sensors are remarkably resistant to falls. This is one of the reasons you see your cell phone operates extremely well in different conditions, moisture, et cetera, even very long period of time. But depending upon the application and depending upon the construction, impurities, contamination, dust, usually don't have effect on them, nor does electromagnetic induction. Now when it comes to features, let me tell you, there may be a bit of contradiction in textbooks. Some of the older textbooks tend to indicate that capacity sensors are somehow not tolerant to impurities, contamination, which may be true at that time, but things have changed and today if you actually look at features as advertised by the sensor manufacturers, they tend to claim that their sensors, especially capacity sensors, are quite tolerant to dust, impurities, moisture, et cetera, et cetera. So we will go with the latest data when it comes to such features. So what are the typical application then of capacity sensors? Now, remember the applications overlap with LVDTs and other sensors as well, but they do have a certain niche when it comes to the applications. The ability of capacity sensors to detect virtually all materials makes them an attractive choice in many applications. It's basically used as secondary transducer in tactile sensors, in force sensors, in pressure sensors. Take for example, a pressure sensor involving a deflection of a diaphragm, but the displacement is measured by a capacity sensor in the diaphragm, actually being the primary transducer and the capacity sensor, obviously being the secondary transducer. They're extensively used in track pads and touch screens in almost every tablet, the cell phone, or even laptop screen. They're almost always capacitive sensors. Other applications typically are proximity sensors in level and in feed monitoring. They are used in paper, wood, granules, which would detect the status of the product during the production process and final inspection. So again, these applications have been compiled from various sources. This is in addition to the traditional displacement sensing under which these sensors are grouped. Now, one application is actually in very high precision measurement where capacity sensors has been used. Physical instrument is a very renowned manufacturer of high-tech precision instrument involving nano-scale measurements. And this is where I found one application of capacity sensors, especially as nano sensors for nano measurements. The picture will also give you an idea of how these sensors look and how they are packaged. Again, if you take a look at some very general applications of capacity sensors are, like I said, in position measurement, displacement measurement, in measurement of thickness of plates in several applications, including rolling wells, et cetera, et cetera. To measure run-out and eccentricity, which is also one very wide application area of capacity sensors. Another application, again, is to measure deformation surface irregularities. So this application kind of overlaps the application area of the LVDT. In part sorting to assess the presence or absence of part, they can be used for vibration measurement as well because we saw this capacity sensors can be used for dynamic measurement, and they definitely have a wider application when it comes to dynamic measurement compared to LVDT. So one thing I always recommend is you look up how these sensors are actually available in the market, how they look like, how they're packaged. So a good Google image view gives us an idea regarding how these sensors are available and sold by manufacturers. So this gives you the different ways in which these sensors are manufactured and sold. References for this particular session. I have referred mechatronics handbook by Bishop. I have referred Shetty and Colk mechatronics system design and introduction to mechatronics by Bolton. Along with these textbooks, I recommend that you visit the websites of top manufacturers. One of them is Physics Instrument. Another website which I've referred to is from Line Instruments, which makes capacity sensors. The website I found is a website to be very informative with good explanation regarding principles of operations, applications, features, et cetera. So I definitely recommend that you look up these websites apart from the general reading that you will be doing via the textbooks. Thank you very much.


There was some confusion over the COVID protocol, but do y'all know, okay, not in the hands of choice? Well, here's what I think. There's a ton of disinformation out there. It has been in the last probably for a while, but it seems to accelerate in this country. So this is not 2020. It's 2021. And so they have enhanced protocols, and they're very different from what we lived through last year. So to answer your question, you can be an enhanced, but it's not the enhanced protocol from last year. Things evolve, and December 2021 is a lot different from December 2020. As soon as we have something, they get put on the list, just like it does around the league. Well, it's just a culmination of trying to improve and doing your job better week after week. And I think that's what you're saying. I wish I had some great quote for you. There's nothing real flashy about it. We just continue to get back to work and try to get better, and it's starting to pay off. But we got a huge challenge this week going out to San Francisco. Well, that's why I have so much respect for Craig. He's a true pro. He comes to work every day. He's got the right mindset. He's a real leader. He's not some fake guy that had status. They throw it to the skies real. And I got a ton of respect for Craig Jarrett. Thank you, Michael. Yeah, we talked about Russell a little bit the last couple weeks. His emergence, his emerge production, how does that help what you're trying to do scheme wise and what you're trying to call it? Well, we get contribution from everybody. So obviously, Russell's, the ball has found him last couple weeks. He's certainly healthier than he was earlier this year. And I think like all other guys that continue to, as we continue to improve as an offense, you know, you're going through year one, you're going through a lot of transition. He's, you know, people are playing us in a ton of zone and he's getting open, finding the right spots, doing his job and the ball's going his way. You just try to find productive football players. We'll evolve and play to the strengths of our team, depending on how, you know, the injury situations, you know, just practical reality who we have up and who can help us move the football and score points. Yeah, Eric, so we got the MRI in there. He's got a, you know, a tendon issue that he'll go on our at some point. What was the next one? Dante. Dante day to day. We do it with all, there's a lot of thought put in. We do it with all our vets and then we do what's best for them and what's best for the team. That's where the decision is made with him. It's a collaborative effort. So it provides a different points in their career and different points of the season. And I don't think anybody, you know, it's the December in the NFL. And so you're going to have to manage it and you're going to do what's best for the players and for your team. Anybody else? Oh, and Darren Bates will be back at practice day. As the cycle between offenses and defense, as that wheel turns, or do you feel like where the NFL is on the start of a circle back to the run game? I think, I think you're, I don't, it's definitely a circle back to it. You know, I think you look at some of the things. I said this when we played New England a couple of weeks ago, whenever it was, I don't think they've ever been given enough credit at how physical they are on both sides of the line of scrimmage. They've always been able to manage or run it. I know some years have been different depending on how their team's been. But the physicality year over year teams that usually play this late in the year, not all of them. There's always different outliers. I get it, but you say year over year, the teams that can handle a lot of scrimmages, whether that's part of the run game or they're very physical on the other side of the line of scrimmage or using one's plan in January. Well, there's a challenge every week. We got different schemes you put in. He's a terrific player. Got to use, if started using them, like similar to the last couple of weeks like Patterson, they're not the same player, but he's in the backfield more. They did run the ball with him early, more on gadgets. Now that kind of, he's taken a little bit more of a CP role and run a little bit inside the tackles. He's a, he's a really good football player. They put the ball in his hands. He usually makes things happen. So he's a good player. He can be a problem and somebody you got to account for. I think the same is, he's a good player. Just like, just like Foy, Dion, all these guys, they're, they're in unit. They play as a unit. Agent, the guys continue to improve. He does his job, does it well. We played multiple schemes out there and he's got a pretty good understanding. He works really hard at it. I think I asked you in training camp if you could see AJ kind of being a leader up along with defense. And I was just kind of curious now at the final part of the season, do you think he's evolved into that and how do you see him being now? What kind of leader are you asking about? Like just kind of like a vocal leader. I think everybody's got to be themselves. Same with coaches. I've never tried it. I've learned a lot from a lot of great coaches that I've been around. But then the day, you got to be yourself.  I think guys respond to guys that play at a high level to do their job and that they're themselves and not trying to be something that's not. So, you know, as AJ has continued to evolve as a player, he's in his second year, very confident player, but he's his own guy. And that's why I have a ton of respect for him. So if you guys are 6-2 in one score game this year, I'm just curious, I know there's a lot that goes into being able to pull those games out. How do you feel like you've all been able to be successful in those moments when no games are talked like that? Because you understand that's the reality of most weeks in the NFL and you deal with reality. You got to understand that it's a privilege to have that kind of pressure. That's what you sign up for. And, you know, our guys do a good job of continuing to grind it out. And there's, you know, as you work at it, as you get results, I think their confidence builds. And as a play call, you guys have had a lot of success in the run game. Like, what does that open up for you as a play call when you have success in the run game? Well, it allows you to try to, best you can, to keep the defense off balance. It's as simple as that. What's hard about it? What's hard about it? Because, I mean, they don't do those, you know, you got to really have an eye for the churches to know, you know, what they're doing, if they're getting a push or they're sealing a guy, the commas like, it's a lot going on up there. Yeah.  Yeah, well, there's a lot of nuance. That's what I love about this game. And you love that people are passionate about it and care. It's such a different sport because there's so many different variables that can happen in one play. So, you know, there's 22 guys out there. It's a great challenge just league. It's what makes this league fun. A lot of really good players out there and people study really hard at it. And then there's a chess match and then there's obviously the physical games and the one-on-one matchups. And then you get into those combination blocks.  Again, there's just so many little nuances. So, it takes a long time to study over and over and over again.  When you can see that line of scrimmage move, usually good things are happening. And then without getting into the details of all the techniques and the combination blocks or the, you know, schemes and one-on-one. Is it, how much of it is for the late person, both power versus angle and technique? It depends on the scheme. And then what's happening. I mean, sometimes, you know, if they're running a pressure, you may catch a minute and the guy kind of takes himself out of play. I mean, other ones, you just see it, especially in some of the short yardage, depending on if you're using gap schemes coming downhill at somebody, it's, it could be one-on-one. It's like an old school drill, you know, and see if you can move that man against his will, depending on that scheme. And then, you know, if you get him out of, have a gap in some kind of combination of different schemes. But I think if you can see movement and space open up in the run game, usually you're doing a pretty decent job. I don't have a fixed number. And so it just, it just depends. Depends on what's going on. I mean, so I don't have a fixed number for you. Sorry. Maybe depends on how much sleep I got night before. How much coffee I drank. I mean, a lot of variables there too much. We're in the 2021. I think it's, you know, like a lot of things to get leaked out from God knows where, not from here. But again, what I'm trying to educate is not last year's 2020. Everybody like, I think that's, there's a societal issue that we're still in a pandemic, but there's a lot of variables that have changed. Every country's handled differently, globally, locally. So that's the thing is thankfully, you know, if you're saying that the things you can control things you can't, that's true with everything in life. So thankfully, depending on how you believe doesn't mean I think I'm better or worse than anybody else, but vaccines available. Thankful to go get it. Thankful to get my booster shot. But there's a lot of things I can't control. It's out there. It's inevitable.  But this is a very different moment in time than it was in 2020. The pandemic's still going on, but we're not completing everything. So last year when you're enhanced, there wasn't, there wasn't a vaccine available. There was different protocols you had to go into things became more virtual and there's, there was so much more on them. There's still a lot of unknown. I don't claim to be an expert. I never will on, on medical issues. So I think that's what needs to be addressed is that it's enhanced. It's a very different moment in time. And every team's dealing with something different. Our issues completely different from the next team. So we feel like we're in a good spot, but there's always unknown when you walk in this building every day. Sure. I think, I think there was a lot of myths. It wasn't factual what was really going on. And again, I don't know any other building. I just know we communicate with the league constantly. I just know what's going on up here in flowery branch and we're trying to do the best we can. And what's something that's really, if you really look at it, it's uncontrollable in certain areas. So you would assume wrong. I'm not going to get into the league protocols. I'm sure, you know, somebody can get a hands on it. They can leak it from somewhere, but it's not going to come from here. We still, I still value privacy. It's not some big mystery, but no, we're not in virtual meetings. That's not, it's not a right assumption. Yeah. You just slipped it in there. So you got your boots here then? Yeah. I got no problem telling anybody. That doesn't mean I think I'm good. Doesn't mean I think I'm like, I'm not like self righteous about it. I think I'm better than anybody else. There's available things as best you can. I know nothing's 100%. You try to control the best you can, and then you got to assume your own risk, what you're comfortable with. So that's how I look at it. I just want to make sure I have the right to follow. Sure.  Like, yeah, I got vaccinated. Whoa, big story. They're going to make everybody get their booster if you're tier one and tier two anyways. People are saying focus, of course, with COVID. Well, there's a lot of things, Anthony. And so it's all like life. Like the flu is still going around.  I mean, it's that time of year. There's a lot going on. There's a lot of things out of your control. It's a holiday season. There's different stresses in life people have. You know, there's all kind of things. I try to, you try to, we're all human. Yeah, you may get frustrated things in it. Try to control what you can control. That's all I try to do. And so it's the same thing. You come to work every day. No matter if it's COVID, it's the flu, there's, there's things going on outside of everybody's got something in their life that's going on. And you try to come to work and hopefully it gives you a chance to lock in and focus on something that maybe it's a good distraction from real life. Because real life out there has been tough for a lot of people for a couple years. And nobody's immune to that here either. My name is told is what you told him in the run of that and was had run game going. What had the conversation been like over the last couple of weeks with you guys? I'm not sure what, what do I say? Not trying to get you to trouble, but uh. I'm going to get me in trouble. He's going to say you challenge them. You challenge them. I just, just try to, try to coach better. For a 10th or consider long snapping as a way to continue your career? You know what?  I always looked up and when I got to work in Washington, another Tarheel, Ethan Albright kind of had it figured out. He was a great college offense alignment. I can't think I maybe, Ethan played 17 years being a long snapper. He's a sign of one year deal. I'm sure he's living a good life somewhere in North Carolina. Maybe he's in Greensboro, but yeah, that was probably the bigger mistake. That's a good job. And that's a job you don't ever want to be noticed. And, you know, Josh Harris is an excellent long snapper. Yeah, I probably, if I'd listened at 14, like a lot of things, who knows? That's a, it's a great, great living, but there's, there's a, and you got to be a quiet professional. And that's what Josh is. You hope to never be noticed, I guess. Went to the decision for you, where the West Coast looks, like the Sun, the Shades, you know, what went into that decision? Sun was right in my eyes. Yeah, I know. And it worked. They were, they were sun guys that I wear when I go snow skiing. So I, again, I wasn't trying to look sweet or awesome. I don't think I'm setting any kind of styles around here. So it really is just practical. Sun's right in your eyes. I put the sun guys on. What am I as I wouldn't want. It's like when Michael asked me with my hat selection. There's no deeper meaning. When I get up early in the morning, I get my coffee. I've got about three hats laying around. I pick one up. It says Falcon's on. I put it on. Yeah, I've got tons of hats. I got too many hats. My wife tries to throw them all away. Like half a year, every, you know, six months or so. Sure. Like I opened up the door for the deeper meaning. When you were, when you were a kid, were you like a half, like I was a half guy. And I had like 50 of them. You know, like were you like that your thing? Yes, it was. How much do you have? I've never counted. We've been able to move a couple of times. So a couple of them, I guess, conveniently get lost in the moves. Probably give them a good will. Good will, yeah. Yeah. I'm sorry, because I can't open those, but can we expect to see more blue chains moving forward? I just haven't changed into my work clothes today. I love that. I wear jeans a lot. Like I don't show up and maybe I'll show up in the old bike coaching shorts. A little throwback for you. So I just, I don't put a lot of, I mean, again, it's a little cold this morning. Check the weather when I get up, put it on. I just haven't changed it in my work gear yet, Anthony. So yeah, that's fine. That's part of the job description. I actually have a serious question. Okay.  Sure. It's a big game. Is this week kind of, is it even bigger in some ways? Of course.  It's the next game, but the reality is, I mean, it's a late December game with a lot online for both teams. It's an important NFC game for both teams. And that's where you want to be. You want to be in meaningful games. I've said it a hundred times. I'll say it again. You continue to win and you give yourself a chance. It's a it's a big game for both teams. Is it, you feel like with the way the NFC is in the middle, does it almost feel like an elimination game or something?  And it's a really good team we're facing. Well coach, smart, fast, really skilled team. And so there's so many things that can happen. And we've all, you guys have covered this league. You know the craziness that happens in late in the year. You know, used to be week 16, 17, crazy night. You're going to say week 17, 18. They're going to be all kind of bizarre things that happen. And you all have stories and we've all been around it. So until they officially eliminate you, you're never really out of it because there's some things that just gone really crazy in the last couple of weeks of the season. I think that's a credit to him. I mean, he stayed with it. And there's a lot of things you can get as frustrated with if you're dealing with an early season injury. So I think Russ deserves a lot of credit. Love working with Russ. He's been on target for the last couple of years. And there are a lot of guys like him who have a reputation of being good on that down. Like what's important to being good? Well, it depends on your situation. It depends what you're being asked to do. If you're going to be asked to be the slot and you're the maybe third or fourth option, which some guys that they dominate inside because maybe the attention goes out because of the different personnel out there or whoever else on the team.  And you may get the bested matchup because of the advantage who's on the field. And then sometimes people's roles grow. And then if you become a number one option, you can win. It's completely different in certain circumstances. So Russ has done a really good job on really every down. He does a lot of little things that people never see, blocks well, point of attack. Really pleased and really enjoyed working with Russell. I wouldn't compare anybody here. Nobody quite like Russell. Thank you.


Faxing the resume, no answer, so like finding our address somehow, you know, from the fax number, coming to the office. Like, wow, this person's got a lot of hustle. Yeah, agree. And so when I see that. And you know it's going to be a fantastic, like, exchange. Like, I had a designer that once reached out to us via email with a full UX UI redesign of our home. They have to be willing to tell me that I'm wrong every day. Even if they think I'm going to explode. Like, you know, they have to be willing to just say it.