My name is James Pepper. I'm the chair of the Vermont Cannabis Control Board. Today is April 25th, 2022. It's 11 a.m. and I call this meeting to order. Just a few administrative updates first around licensing. I guess the kind of thing that I'd like to announce is that we are open for all cultivation tiers. So it's slightly ahead of schedule, but we all recognize how important it is to get these plants in the ground. So if you've been waiting for any cultivation tier to open other than tier six, which we decided not to open, all other tiers, tiers one through five are now open and you can go to our website and apply for any of those cultivation tiers. Also, just to clear up a little confusion that we've been getting at the board, you know, just because a licensing window opens, it doesn't mean that another one closes. You know, as of right now, we have no intention of closing any of the application windows that we've opened. We did vote a few meetings ago to close the pre-qualification window on May 31st. That was a decision that we made because one, it seemed like interest was tapering off a little bit. We also had kind of significant or sufficient uptake in each of the licensing categories. And because the board really needs to turn its full attention towards licensing, you know, operational licenses. But, you know, if we do decide to close a licensing window, which we do have the authority to do, we will do so pursuant to a board vote. It will be in an open meeting and we'll give the industry at least 30 days notice before we actually close the window. With respect to licensing numbers, as of today, we've received a total of 83 fully submitted applications. We are reviewing these applications in the order that they are submitted, with the one exception that social equity applicants get priority review. Bryn will talk a little bit later on about kind of the review process as we start to kind of turn our attention to those. When it comes to reviewing them, you know, we're doing this as quickly as humanly possible. Recognizing that our kind of staff here is stretched very thin. Of course, there's only so many hours in the day and only so many people here that can do the work. The good news is, is that we've had the positions that we were granted in the Budget Adjustment Act have been posted. And we will hire those positions as quickly as possible. So if you'd like to come work for the cannabis board, those links to apply are available through our website. There's also a lot of good information about what the jobs are, what the qualifications for them are. So before you kind of reach out to us and ask about them, please, you know, just look at the website, look at the post things, look at the qualifications and what the jobs are. There's a lot of good information about those on our website already. So the bad news is that given where these applications are in the review process, I have a very hard time believing we're going to be issuing any operational licenses on May 1st, which is this weekend. Of course, getting these cultivator licenses out is our number one priority at the board. We're all pitching in to make sure that that happens, but we literally do not have a licensing team in place yet. However, I would say that once these folks are hired, I fully expect that the pace of us issuing licenses will pick up significantly. Just a quick reminder on criminal history records. I mentioned this a few times, but now the board is officially, we received a letter from the FBI denying our request, our authorization to receive 50 state fingerprint supported background checks, despite the fact that we applied for this a year ago. And, you know, this situation is not unique to Vermont. It's actually been happening all across the country and all the new kind of adult youth states that are coming online. So we are working on this issue on a number of fronts. We're seeking legislative changes. We have kind of a plan B in place. That plan B, which is what we're operating under currently, is you do not need to get fingerprinted for your operating license. In the application process, you're going to be asked to share with the board all the places you and your principals and your financiers have lived or done business in the past seven years. And then the board is going to at the appropriate time direct you to a third party company. Its name is CSI. It specializes in conducting professional background screenings. And they will do that in the states that you've attested living in or doing business in. This process I've mentioned a few times is not ideal. It's a lot less efficient than a fingerprint supported background check. And there's an additional cost to the licensee. But it's the kind of default position that we're in right now until anything changes. So the board again will direct you to CSI to do this background check when your application is deemed ready by the board. So keep an eye out for that. Tax Compliance. So the tax department very recently published a incredibly helpful, incredibly thorough guidance document. It's kind of a step-by-step guidance on how to kind of come into compliance if you're a cannabis business with the tax department. I'm not going to walk through it all here. We do link to it on our website. You can go directly to that kind of guidance page at ccb.vermont.gov slash guidance and look for that kind of link to the tax department. Finally, inventory tracking. So just from a broad sense, there's really only three companies that have the contract to do inventory tracking in almost every adult medical use state. And really there's primarily just one. You know, the board recognizes how important inventory tracking is. It protects the industry from kind of federal enforcement. It protects license cultivators from illegal inversion. It also helps the board prioritize our very limited compliance resources. But that being said, all of those three companies have major downsides. And the last thing the board wants to do is enter into a long-term contract with one of these companies, force the industry to deal with the system that is costly and potentially inefficient. And then possibly, like we've seen in other states, have to change contracts midstream. You know, Washington State is a classic example of this. They entered into a long-term contract with one of these companies. After a few years, they had to change to another company, and then they ultimately had to change again. And every time, it caused major disruptions to the supply chain and to the market. We are trying to avoid some of those mistakes. We're trying to learn the lessons that have been kind of demonstrated in other states. We're still working out a few issues internally. But we will have inventory tracking. It won't look like most of the rest of the adult use states. It will not be overly burdensome to use. And we can roll it out very quickly in the next couple of weeks. So other than that, if you have questions, you can continue to contact the board. The best thing to do really is to look at our guidance documents, read our rules, because everything should be in there. And if you don't see what you're looking for in our rules or in our guidance, you can always email the board at ccb.info at vermont.gov. We have a telephone number too. It's<PHONE_NUMBER>. And it's option zero for the adult use program. And if you leave a message there, we'll try our best to get back to you in a timely fashion. And other than that, Julian and Kyle, have you had a chance to look at the minutes from April 18th? Yep. All right. Is there a motion to approve the minutes? So moved. Seconded? All in favor? Aye. Okay. So moving to the agenda, first item up is to review the staff recommendations for pre-qualification applications. So we have today 30 pre-qualification applications that are up for the board to review. So this kind of synopsis is going to look a little bit different than it's looked in weeks past. But this we're breaking down for pre-qualification application into these four categories. And we're providing the statuses based on these five license types. So we're not breaking down cultivators into the separate tiers or manufacturers into the separate tiers, but kind of just lumping these together for pre-qualification applications. And after I go through the pre-qualification applications that are up for your review, we'll look at the numbers that we have for the full license applications also. So you'll see that we have 30 recommended cultivator pre-qualification applications up for review today. You've already approved 49 and we have a total of 502 pre-qualification applications in the door. So I'm going to move on to our staff recommendations and I will go through them one by one. So these are all applicants based on submission number that have demonstrated compliance with the rule and also they've demonstrated suitability for pre-qualification and therefore staff is putting them forward as recommended for pre-qualification. So we have submission number 33, which is a tier one mixed cultivator, submission number 270, which is a tier one mixed cultivator, submission 161, which is a tier one outdoor cultivator, submission 70, which is a tier one mixed cultivator, submission number 111, tier one outdoor, submission number 219, tier one indoor, submission number 377, tier one outdoor, submission number 275, mixed tier one, submission number 5, Outdoor Tier 5, Submission Number 1, Indoor Tier 2, Submission Number 272, Tier 1 Indoor, Submission 233, Tier 1 Indoor, Submission 384, Tier 2 Outdoor, Submission 20, Tier 5 Mixed, Submission Number 216 Tier 2, Mixed, Submission Number 235 Tier 3 Indoor, Submission Number 178, Tier 2 Outdoor, Submission Number 201, Tier 3 Outdoor, Submission Number 165, Tier 4 Mixed, Submission number 208, Tier 4 Outdoor, Outdoor, Submission 336, Tier 1 Outdoor, Submission 4, Tier 3 Mixed, Submission number 141, Tier 4 Outdoor, Submission number 254, Tier 1 Outdoor, Submission number 163, Tier 1 Outdoor, Submission number 372, Tier 1 Outdoor, Submission number 197, Tier 1 Outdoor, Submission number 175, Tier 2 Outdoor, Submission number 318, Tier 2 Mixed, and Submission number 327, Tier 1 Outdoor. So a reminder that our staff has prioritized for pre-qualification all of the cultivate that they started by prioritizing the Tier 1 cultivators, they've now opened up their review to all cultivators, they're still prioritizing cultivators for pre-qualification. And as time goes on, we're going to open it up and review everybody. And to be clear, they've prioritized testing labs and cultivators for their review. And they will open that up and start reviewing all license types in the coming days. So before you vote on those, I can show you the full license application numbers as of last Friday. We have, again, we have four different application statuses for the different license applications. We have the submitted status and we have 50 Tier 1 and 2 Outdoor and Mixed cultivator applications in this status and 31 Tier 1 and 2 Indoor cultivator applications in this status. And what submitted means is that the applicant has submitted their original application electronically through our online portal or the physical application has been received by staff. The next status type is under review. So you can see we have two of these Tier 1 and 2 Outdoor and Mixed cultivator applications under review. That status means that staff have begun to review the application and applicants in that status are going to be invited to complete their criminal history check with CSI. So they will get, applicants will get an email from the board with a link to the portal for that background check. Incomplete status, we don't have anyone in this status yet. This means that staff has reviewed the full application and determined it to be incomplete and applicant will receive a letter that details what the deficiencies are that make it incomplete and also details the instructions for the applicant to complete their application. And then the last status for this week is pending board review and that means that staff has made a recommendation to the board on the application and the application is just awaiting the board's final decision. So more numbers will appear in this chart as time goes on and there will be additional statuses as time goes on as well. But for this sort of initial phase, we've got these four and we'll start to see these charts more populated quite soon. So I noticed that there's no integrated applications that have been submitted. Right, not yet. No testing. But we did have a kind of special provision with respect to testing. And if you are certified through the agency of agriculture, that's right, you can get waved in to this. So it's possible that there are testing labs that are going through that process and not submitting an application. And we have heard from some that are intending to do that. All right. I have a question. Do we know how many of the folks that submitted to full license applications also did prequalification applications? I don't know if staff has done that on analysis yet, but we can certainly do it for next week. Yeah, and I just want to very quickly say like, look, as you alluded to earlier, May 1st is quickly approaching. We're trying to install as many processes as we can as quickly as we can to get full license applications turned around to those that are applying. We've gotten a lot of messages saying, hey, my plants need to be in the ground ASAP. And we completely understand that. That is not lost on us. I think I've gotten 10 to 20 messages myself with folks trying to cross that home. And we're aware, 100%. I know that we're working in an office in Montpelier, and folks think that we might not be cognizant of that, but we absolutely are. And just another thing, a lot of folks have been doing outreach to our staff. I'd say most of those conversations from my understanding have gone very professional and cordial and well, but there's no room to be rude or use vulgar language to our staff. 100%. That is something that is just not acceptable. So I know that folks are under a lot of stress and anxiety, have a lot of writing on these licenses. We totally get that, but there's just no room to be rude. That's just my perspective. I just want to make sure everybody understands that we're working as hard as they possibly can. We've got more recruits coming. We do have these positions. We put those positions in literally the first bill that we could have. The one that normally is the first bill it gets signed. It was a little bit delayed this year, but we do have more staff on the way. And again, I think just we will have, once we have processes in place, staff to kind of review. I think that these will happen more quickly. But anything else for Brent on this? It looks like roughly 30% of the applicants that have applied. Yes, I missed one last. Have identified themselves. Data for you. Yep. So social equity applications. So this is a breakdown of the status for applicants that have self-identified as social equity applicants. So this is prior to the board's review of social equity status. We've got 23, 25 in total, that have self-identified as social equity applicants for the full license application. And to those are the two that are currently under review for the tier one and two cultivator application. Thank you. Yep. Great. All right. Well, is there a motion to approve the pre-qualification application? I'll move that the board accept each of the recommendations for pre-qualification approval as presented to us by staff here on this meeting on April 25, 2022. All in favor? Aye. Aye. Great. Well, moving through the agenda, next is public comment. And again, we'll do this the way we always have. If you join via the link, we'll start there. Please raise your virtual hands. And we'll do our best to call on you in the order that the hands are raised. Then we'll move to the folks that are on the phone. You know, if you have a public comment, kind of star six down here. Anyone via the link? Evo? Good morning, everyone. And thanks again for all your hard work. Things are moving along here. Something that's been brought to my attention by a couple of different outdoor cultivators that have been asking me and just talking about. Like the fish and wildlife and kind of like the authorities who sometimes just go in with an axe and don't necessarily ask questions and chop down crops like that. Has they been kind of all alerted as to what's going on for this summer's growing seed? I just have to think about a couple of people have said it, especially in smaller rural areas, sometimes the game where it will go in and just start cutting stuff down and maybe not realize that it's a licensed grow operation. And I've just heard some concern about that. So I thought I'd bring it up to the board. Yeah, thanks, Evo. And no worries. Thank you. Anyone else who joined via the link? Dave? Thanks, James. Is there any guidance as to what the cost from CSI will be? Anything you can share with us at this time would be great. Brendan, do you have that? Yep. So the cost per background check is $475. So for each person who's identified as a principal or controller, those individuals will need to get the background check. So it's $475 per principal or control. And sorry to pipe back in, but that's just principles and controllers, not necessarily every financier. That's right. So if the person has been disclosed on the application as being a person with a controlling interest, then they are required to get the background check. So we will provide more information in the link to CSI for the background check about everybody who will need to get checked. Okay. Thank you, Brent. Anyone else who joined via the link? And if you joined via the phone and would like to make a public comment, hit star six and unmute yourself. Yes. I have a question about the background check. Okay. If we went ahead and used another third party because I actually sent an email asking for guidance on that. I used the print scan solution and uploaded the background check. Is that acceptable? So we only have the authority to accept one company, I think. So I would say it's probably okay for the pre-qualification, but it might not be sufficient for the full application. And so the board will be in touch at the appropriate time when your full application has been submitted about how to comply with the statutory requirements around background checks. Okay. No problem. I just didn't get an answer and I didn't want to hold up. So I went and paid for print scans. So that works for pre-qualification. That'd be great. Thank you. Yeah. And we'll be in touch. Can you remind me of your name? Bobby Wagner. Thank you. Yeah. Thanks. I see a hand raised. Now can you all move with the... Yep. That's Ivan. Hi, folks. Yes. So I might understand it because I just hear $475 per principle for background checks now versus what it was supposed to be before. Isn't that... I mean, I'm a social equity applicant with my wife and $1,000 for background checks is kind of defeats the purpose of applying for a social equity type of a systems, doesn't it? Thanks for the comment. Is there anyone else? We'll close the public comment window. Again, not ideal situation. We all recognize that. Had the FBI authorized us, which historically they have done based on the exact language that was in our statute, we wouldn't be in this situation. But at this point, we have to get background checks. It's required federally. It's required by our statute. There are very good reasons to protect this industry that we actually go through this process. And we don't really have the ability as the board to pay for them. So it's just, again, an unfortunate situation and the cost of doing business. So that's the last thing on our agenda. I would remind folks that we do have our kind of after hours public comment window tomorrow. And again, that's just a time for the board to kind of meet people, hear your comments at a time other than kind of during a workday. This is after hours from 6 to 7 p.m. tomorrow. The link should be up on our website in our calendar. And Kyle or Julie, is there anything else you want to mention? No, thank you. All right. Well, in that case, I will adjourn this meeting. Thanks to everyone who joins. Thanks to our staff. And we'll see you tomorrow night.


I guess the big thing that we see at the moment and we're doing lots of work in is in machine learning and the application of machine learning for predictive modeling to all kinds of different areas and I think that's one of the big challenges is we're seeing the use of machine learning creep into areas that it was it was never used for before now because it's so easy to collect data around those things so what I would see is one kind of big challenge that we're working on now and lots of other people are working on but I think it's gonna be really interesting is building machine learning models on top of personal sense data so I have a an activity sensor on my wrist lots of people are wearing all kinds of interesting wearable devices they're generating massive streams of really fast really rich data but it's very hard to do anything useful with that and I see machine learning is kind of a big part of the solution to being able to use that data in a really useful way


with your agricultural knowledge, did you decide to pursue a niche in poultry production? So you've got 30,000, there's a 20% room of error or margin. What else should we know about egg laying? For example, when a person wants to pursue poultry production and specifically egg laying, does one need to find clients first before the chickens start to lay the eggs? Which one comes first? It's making sure that the chickens start laying eggs and then you can find the clients because when you start, right, you don't have to have the market when you start. Welcome to the Private Property Podcast. My name is Mbali Mwaka and this is the Farming Podcast. Joining us once again, I'm your host and we always speak to agricultural professionals, people who are pursuing their careers in the agri-industry, farmers, entrepreneurs. And it's quite an exciting podcast because we have a diverse set of guests who always drop gems right here on the Farming Podcast. Continue to like and subscribe to our YouTube channel, follow the Farming Podcast playlist under the Private Property YouTube channel. And that's where you can get all the information and all the previous interviews we've done thus far. I think we're approaching episodes 200 so it's been quite a milestone doing this Farming Podcast and I can say as a farmer, I'm definitely learning something each and every time I speak to the guest. Today we're joined by a poultry farmer and like I said, I'm always excited to speak to female farmers because we don't typically interact with one another on a daily basis. So excuse me for being biased but I'm super excited to be speaking to yet another young female farmer learning about her journey, understanding her journey and how she became successful in her own right and what path she's trying to pursue, what goals she's trying to attain and how can we support each other within the agri-industry as farmers. So introducing my guest is Zondi Thajayo. She's a poultry farmer and let's get to deep dive into her business and get to know a little bit more. Zondi, thank you so much for joining us on the podcast, how are you doing? I'm doing fantastic, super excited to have you on. We've had many poultry farmers on the podcast, very few females. So maybe if you could tell us about your farming business, what's the name, why did you decide to farm poultry and not any other commodity? Okay, the name of our business is Mazapha Trading and we are doing poultry, crops and pigory. But we mainly focus on poultry because when we got into poultry, we realized that almost every house has eggs, could be for breakfast, could be for lunch, could be for dinner, but almost every house has eggs. So that is why we decided to get into poultry and everything else just balances it out. Yeah, so you keep saying we. Are you running a family farm? Do you have business partners? Or are you saying we thinking of yourself and the team that you employ? It's a family business, it's me and my mom, but we also have a team that helps us. At the end of the day, it's not just the two of us that this business supports, it's us and a whole lot of other families that are involved. Yeah, so we do get a lot of farmers who have joined generational family farms or joined the family business.  Are you farming broilers or layers? Okay, oh, I came up with the idea, right? But I did not have money.  Because at first I was even studying psychology and then I dropped out of psychology to go pursue agriculture with Unisa. And then she brought in the funds, I brought in the skills and we just ran with it and yeah. And oh yeah, the farm, we focusing mainly on the eggs, right? But on the side, we have broilers, we also have day old cheeks. Right, so maybe tell us a little bit, Sondi, in terms of the layers. How many layers should one start with just to break even? And what are the type of conditions that the chickens need to successfully lay eggs in? If you could maybe just share that with us. Okay, first of all, with the layers, it's a go big or go home kind of a game. You can't start with 100 chickens and because you get roughly 80% of the eggs of your total number, if you have 100 eggs, then per day you should look at 80 eggs, right? Which is not enough because that's roughly two, not even three trays. So you just have to go big and currently we farming with about 3,000 chickens from two different chicken houses, right? And then from that 3,000, at least we know that we have 80% which is enough. Yeah, and so with your agricultural knowledge, did you decide to pursue a niche in poultry production? So you've got 30,000, there's a 20% room of error or margin. What else should we know about egg laying? For example, when a person wants to pursue poultry production and specifically in egg laying, does one need to find clients first before the chickens start to lay the eggs? Which one comes first? It's making sure that the chickens start laying eggs and then you can find the clients because when you start, right? You don't have to have the market when you start because you can just start for household consumption before you even go big.  Yeah, yeah. So what would you say to someone who says, for example, you said, you know, firstly, they need to go big or go home because starting with 80 chickens is not sufficient. That's about two trays. And if you started selling to your nearby community, why would there be a need for someone to go supply to established retailers? Because at the end of the day, those same people buy from the retailers. So doesn't it make logical sense to just expand to a immediate community and then broaden it outside your immediate community and start supplying other communities? Yeah, it definitely does because at some point people work with... I wouldn't say you channel people, but I would say it's easier to build relationships with people around you, right? And people work with referrals. So if one person can tell the next person that I found fresh eggs at so-and-so store, then chances of the business growing are very high. Mm, mm. Zondi, if you can share with us, you know, without revealing too many business trade secrets, who is your market? You know, how are you selling to them? Is it weekly, daily? And how are you managing cash flow within your business? Do you have certain payment terms or do your customers have to pay cash?  So how does one manage their cash flow, especially if they want to go into poultry production? Okay, we work with cash on delivery. We are very strict on cash on delivery, right? Because chickens need eggs and feed is expensive. With patrols going up, everything going up, feed is also going up, right? So we cannot afford to have people maybe taking stock on account and the payment end because the business is still growing. There's always room for improvement. It's our fourth year in the game and there's still room for improvement. So cash on delivery makes things easier, right? And we sell on a daily basis because just not far from the farm, we have a store where people come in. At first, we were selling for the around neighborhood and before we knew it, we had people coming in to stock, right? So that is what has been helping us keep the cash flow. And another thing is the crops, see the crops also help us with the cash flow of the business because crops are growing at three months, three months rotation. And that makes it easier to have a constant cash flow for the chickens, the feed and everything else. I like the fact that you are diversifying so that you can maintain both enterprises because my follow-up question there was, why did you decide to also diversify into pigory and crops? That also seems like very, very intense of farming in their own rights. But at what stage, having been in the business for about four years, did you guys decide let's venture into crops? And if you are venturing into crops, what crops are you farming? And also why pigory at the same time? Okay, pigory was a hobby, right? Because my mom just left the pigory and she started off with just four pigs and now he's sitting at about 80 to 100 but it's a hobby. I wouldn't say it's something that we focus on too much but it's there and it also generates cash flow, right? And then the crops, the crops we currently plant. Okay, we just sowed sweet potatoes and milimere, right? And then we currently in the process of planting cabbage. So now with crops, it's three months, three months, three months. So those three months we just see, we just grow, we sell and it generates cash flow. Fantastic, and tell me, are you guys farming in your own private land or is it state owned or are you leasing? It's privately owned because we have two farms.  All right, and so what advice could you give to young farmers, especially managing their cash flow? A lot of young children, unfortunate enough to have parents who are really in business, maybe to assist them on cash flow. A lot of other children are not also fortunate enough to go into the farming industry with their parents having farmed. I know you said to your mother, she needs to bring in the cash, you bring in the knowledge. But having farmed for four years, managing all these various commodities, poultry, pigory, as well as crop production, what are some of the learnings that you have acquired throughout your farming experience around managing cash flow and the importance thereof? And what advice could you give to the other young farmers? Maybe we just studied agriculture, but in theory, and don't have actual practice in managing cash flow because I heard you say, you take cash on demand. Now, for a person who's not used to getting cash on hand and thinking that I have to reinvest this in the business, they might use that to spend other things. So what are some of the things that you've learned around handing cash flow management, managing finances in your business that you could share to other young farmers, maybe who are less inexperienced in financial management? You know, I would first say that the business does not find the lifestyle because it's a completely different world as much as cash flows every single day. There's something to be bought every single day for the farm, whether it's feed, electricity, water to be paid, medication, there's just something that needs to be bought every day, right? And it's very tricky because the first three years, there is no profit. You're just farming, farming, farming. Producing, meeting deadlines, but there is no profit. You start to break even, maybe at the end of the third year, then that's when you start to break even. Then that's when you start to see where you're working, what are you working for and where you're going. What's the vision for your farm business? I mean, where do you see yourself in the next three to five years? I would like to see our eggs and wheel rates. I'm sorry, but I would like to see our eggs and wheel rates because that's the top bar of every farmer or producer or anyone who's into food production. Yeah, and how do you think you're gonna get there? Because dealing with the big guys comes with a lot of red tape. So how do you think you're gonna get there? I would say quality speaks for itself because when you produce in quality, everybody around will see it and everybody will talk about it. You can start at the closed supermarkets. Eventually quality will speak for itself. Yeah, yeah, Zondi, before I let you go, I would just like to know maybe for someone who's inspired by your story and wants to start egg laying, what are some of the infrastructural development that one needs to start off with? How much maybe cash do they need to start off with as well because you said start by going big or go home. What does that going big look like? Is it 30,000 chickens? Is it 10,000? Is it 5,000? Roughly how much can one look at as an investment to start off with? And what type of infrastructure must I have to just get my operation going? Okay, first of all, the infrastructure should be very warm, right? Because these chickens are gonna be in there for roughly a year. So they need a very warm atmosphere because if they get too cold, then the production drops. And if the production drops, then it's bad for the business. And price wise, I would say, it depends on your structure, right? But I would say minimum 2,000 chickens, minimum as a start off, and then you will grow as it goes, right? So I would say 2,000 as a minimum, as a start off, maybe in the first year and then from then on, they should be growth, right? And for someone who's interested in farming or poultry, I would say, do your research, do your research because what works for me might not work for you or there's different kinds of breeds that you can start with, you know? So just do your intensive research and figure out what you want to do. And yeah, it will grow. Yeah, thank you so much for your time, Zondi. Maybe the last, last question, this is quite interesting. It is Youth Month and what message can you impart to other young people within the agri-sector? I would say invest in your craft because the best thing you can do is to know your craft, master it so that nobody can tell you anything about it. Just invest in your craft, you know? If it takes you, okay, from my side, there was a year where I had to leave the city, leave everything and go live at the farm for a year.  And that has paid off because now the business is at a state where I would say I'm seeing growth. So invest in your craft. Yeah, thank you so much, Zondi, for your time. I think that's the big closing of point that we're going to take home today to say invest in your craft. I couldn't agree more, but thank you so much for your time and the best of success for your businesses. Thank you so much. It's a pleasure. If you just missed it, we were joined by Zondi Lajayo. She's a poultry farmer and she told us, you know, the journey into agriculture and how she got to pursue her mother to be the financier in her farming enterprise while she came with the agricultural knowledge. And I guess that should give you an answer to say, this is how you could raise your own capital to start your own farming enterprise. Seek and look advice and financial assistance to those close and immediate to you instead of running off to investors, financial institutions who will obviously lend and borrow you money with high interest rates. So if you're fortunate enough to have maybe friends or family that can believe in your idea, your business idea, or your farming operation, maybe give them some equity, let them become involved and you could follow the footsteps like Zondi. Now she's managing an operation four years down the line of about 30,000 chickens, layers to be exact. And she's also diversified into pigory as well as crops to manage the cash flow that she has within her business. She obviously has big hopes as well. She would like to see an enterprise growing. And I think what I took lastly out of her is that you need to manage your craft. And I think this is something that we need to do year in year out. No matter how much you experienced, how many years you've been farming, you still need to keep on upskilling yourself as a farmer, as an entrepreneur, as a business person because decades change, seasons change, operations change and they come with various different demands that need your attention. So definitely own your craft, sharpen your expertise so that you could be a successful farmer at the end of the day. That's it from me. I'll see you next time. And thank you so much for watching.


Ms. Booyah, your mic is muted. Oh, yeah, I didn't notice that. So it means all along I've been talking to myself. Yes. So when last did you hear me talk? When you say that, you will come back. For almost 30 minutes, I've been talking to myself. Yeah. OK, apologies for that. Can you see my UNISA? Yes. OK, sorry. I was saying, here and now I don't even know where to start now, because I was talking to myself. I was saying on my UNISA under your module site, there are past exam papers that you can use also to practice. But I will take some of the questions, I will use this past exam papers as well. So that you can have the answers and the responses and we can practice on them. And sometimes, I think, sometimes your lecture will post in the additional resources, I think. It will post the mock exam paper, which will be last semester's exam paper. It will also contain some answer solutions. But I know that UNISA does not give, sometimes they don't give a solution on how to answer some questions. And I hope with this one, we will go into detail and put the stuff on how to answer. If it's a probability question, what is the formula that you use? How do you calculate it so that you are aware of how do you tackle a question as well? And what else is there? There is nothing more. And then there is my site, which is the e-Twitter site, which as you can see, I have so many things happening on my site. On my site, I also don't have official resources. I have additional resources. And that's all the material, like the presentations that I go through. I just summarized some of them. And I think you get this. Every time I uploaded them, you always received them. Then I know that I've created lots and lots of discussion forums, which I was hoping that we can have discussions as per each chapter. If you're struggling with one chapter, I know I've put some of the things on there. But this is just for you to discuss where you have issues with any of the questions. So you just use that. And I had also created the assignment once where you needed to discuss the assignment questions, but you're not using those. And then I, OK, the learning skills, I'm not going to go through that. Then remember the online sessions that we always have, the recordings, all of the recordings are here. If you expand them, some of them I've made them shorter. I've split them into two so that then you don't spend so much time on there. You can see all of them. And it also describes what is every video talking about we're discussing in that video. And these are the online sessions. And then I know that I'm repeating some of the things that we went through some time ago, but just to make you aware of what is out there as well. Then I also had some of the activities where it starts with the key concepts. And under every key concept, if I open one of this, there is the discussion. It's just a summary of what you went through. It's the same thing as it's on the slides and in every way. It's a repetition because we're repeating everything and everything again and again and again. And I can see there is someone already commented as well. Then there are additional videos. The first were videos that I did seriously last year when I was helping other students, I created shorter videos because we had 30 minute sessions. So I uploaded those videos, but they had, we didn't do all of the sessions because then the tutorial started and I stopped recording the 30 minutes videos and Unisa took over and started recording the videos and uploaded them on their slide. So I just shared those videos with you because there's actual videos, not long, 30 minutes each. And at the end of every video, there are questions, which also, these questions come from your past exam papers. I just put them here so that I can watch the videos. If you look at them, you can take them. And I was hoping when you take or when you answer the question, at the end of the question, you should be able to see who answered what or how many answers were there. Or maybe I should go to the other view, not this view. As you can see that question was not answered by anybody. If I go there and I get this and I say, what is the answer and I can choose, let me choose that one. I'm just doing it randomly. Choose that answer, what happens? And my answer is submitted and yeah, you get a response. If you look here, great. Yes, inferential statistic is a method used to infer the data. So all the questions that are here or that are on the line by doing, all of them have a response. And once you are done, you can also go in and check if any of the responses, people are responding the same way as you are responding to the question. So you should have all those capabilities from your side as well. But not only that, if I go back to the beginning as well, at the end of the sessions, I always kept the online sessions as well. So you can see there, I tried to answer this one just to see what kind of answer I get. And you can see there, it says no. Categorical data is the data that can be placed into categories because I wanted the response to show if you choose the wrong answer. You can see that this does not penalize you or anything. This is just for you to learn. For you to learn and understand every chapter or content that we go through instead. But then I noticed that nobody's answering these questions. So I stopped posting the questions. So I'm going to take all these questions again and I will create an online session which will look almost like this. So this is an online session. And you will also get an online, when you go write the exam, you will also get, you will receive a link that looks like this that says online session. And that will, oh, your online exam and that will be your exam. And you will be able to take that exam. So at this point, this is the submitted results, but you will not have this part. You will have the assessment. So if this is the assessment, I want to show you what it looks like. So you will begin the test. This is not timed. So your one will be timed, but it will come with questions. And then you will say, what will be the answer to this question? I'm just going to randomly select because this is a poison. I need to go to the table and answer the question. And then I am done doing that. You don't have to press save. You can just continue, continue this day. When you answer the question, it stores the answer on the database.  So that when you come back, you don't have to start from the beginning. You can continue from where you left off. You don't always have to press the save button. So if you're still busy with your assessment, then you can go on and say, or this one it is a discrete probability question. And then you say, or the answer maybe for the incorrect answer because I don't know which one is, I'm not calculating at this point. I'm just showing demonstrating to you how your exam will look like. And you will choose the correct answer that is related to that question. And you are done because this is the end. If I press next, you see that it's grayed out. I don't have that, but I can save. Or I just submit for grading. If you're still busy with your exam, let's say you are busy with your exam and you still have time, let's say you still have time. You want to go back and check your answers. You don't have to submit. You can save and go back. If the lecture allows you to have a button to go back. And if they didn't allow you to go back, then you can go back. The next step is to press submit for grading. And once you submit for grading, your exam will be submitted. So like now it will submit. Once it has submitted, you will receive this kind of information again in your inbox as well, in your email. You will receive a copy that tells you that your exam has finished. And you submit it and then that will be, and then you wait for your result. I'm not sure if you are able to see the submitted assessment on your side because I'm locked in as a facilitator or a tutor on this side and I'm able to see this. And what I will do every week is, as you can see there, the first one that was submitted on the 19th of September, there was one score. So it means one question was answered correctly and I'm able to come in here and see. And I will be able to see that, oh, but then they calculated it wrong and I will be able to see which one they got it right. And if the majority of people are getting the discrete probability correctly, then it means you don't have any problems with discrete probability. We don't have to dwell too much on that. And if the majority of you are getting the Poisson probability questions wrong, then it means it's a problem. We need to find more questions on Poisson probabilities and then we're going to practice more on those. You understand why I'm saying you need to take this assessment because then they will help me know which areas we need to concentrate on on a Friday and Saturday to discuss further so that we are all on the same page. And the other thing that will help me as well because I will be able to see the scores, I will be able to also see the distribution of your scores. It will not tell me who is who and who did what. I'm not even interested in the individuality of everybody. I'm interested in how do you perform as a group? That's all what I am interested in. So I'll be able to see that there were two students who submitted and how many points did they receive and what are the questions that they struggled with? So one response struggled with that one, one response selected. And I can see the different types of selections that you are making as well. And it will guide me to see that. Oh, those who submitted this question, this way it means they didn't do the greater than or equal they did the less than. So then it means it's a problem. We need to tackle the content to read. Oh, those people don't understand how to read the question probably correctly. So we need to help them because if it says, we'll get six calls. It means it is exactly, it is equal. So we go and focus on those nitty gritty things to help you understand how to answer every question that you might get in the exam. And it will be just like this. For all the questions that we will do in your assessment and if you look there, there are no names because my name should appear on every one of them. So I will not be seeing who is submitting what, I will just get the feedback of the entire group as well. And then I will use this to have those discussions. Okay. And that is all when it comes to to the online assessment that you need to know. The other thing that you need to know, I need to go back to your module site because I need to download the past exam paper that is there. I will have to download both of them. Okay, it's taking long. Let me just, for now, I'm just gonna download both of them. So now since you are writing online, the key other issue, remember today, we're not doing any too much work, we're doing administration, we're learning how the exam process will work and I'm picking all that. And then we can look at other things if you have other questions for the next two hours. We might not even spend the whole two hours online. So come on. Just gonna open one. Oh, come on. Okay, they will open. What I want to also mention is that it's opening. Is that since you are writing online, you will not be getting a hard copy exam paper. So if you are getting a hard copy exam paper, I will be saying there are limited formulas at the back of the exam paper. You need to make sure that you understand what those formulas are.  It's as much as it's going to be an open book.  Not that I'm telling you to cheat, but all I'm saying is since it is online at your home, you have all the material, make sure that you at least have all your things that you will require. Like, I'm gonna go skip the whole format of the question. Go right at the end. Make sure that you have tables some way, way you are going to use them. Make sure that you have your formulas. So the tables are very important. You must make sure that you have the formulas and some of the formulas are here. On the past exam papers, they don't have all the formulas. So like, for example, here you can see that they have the formula for Q1. They don't have other formulas like Interquartile Range or Quartile 3. This is because every exam paper, they also put formulas that are relevant to that exam paper. Majority of exam papers do not have the Quartiles in there. So they never used to include Quartiles. If you look at the basic probabilities as well. Remember, there are so many questions. There are so many questions or formulas in the basic probabilities. But in the exam papers, they used to only give you two.  Make sure that you write them to say, by chapter, chapter by chapter, to know that these are the formulas that you're going to be using in this chapter, in this chapter, in this chapter. You must make sure that you make a list of them. So that they are there when you need them. You can refer to them and make notes to them. Because some of the questions, for example, like this one is to calculate the mean. But you know that what is the mean for the population is the same as calculating the mean for the population is the same as calculating the mean for the sample. And if they give you things like this, you know that this is the sample formulas. And these are your discrete probabilities. So you will need to know how to calculate on them. Or you're going to use the tables because you don't have to use the formulas. But sometimes that means for in the exam, in the assignment that they will ask you a question based on the formula to see if you know how to substitute the values onto the formula. And for normal distribution as well. And you will see that also the formulas on the past exam papers, they follow the logical order of your chapters or study units as well. What else don't they give you? So they give you most of the formulas in the past exam papers, but you will need to go and make your notes next to each one of them so that by the time you go write the exam, you have effect or a formula sheet somewhere where you can always check on it because you only have limited hours to go back and forth, back and forth from working on online. It's different than working on a piece of paper. Okay, so let's go back to the format of your exam. Two hours, we explained that, so this no longer applies because you're writing online, but for exam is also out of 100 months. And the order of your questions in your exam, so you're still going to write 25 questions. The order of your exam will follow the structure of your module. Remember, your module has 11 chapters. Your module has 11 chapters. With those 11 chapters, it means you're going to get at least two questions per chapter. Sometimes you will get three questions from one chapter because they are doing, if I take two questions per chapter is 22, then there is three left. So the distribution of those three might be, one might come from hypothesis testing, one might come from Chi square, not Chi square, but confidence interval and one might come from another basic probability, but you will never know. All you need to know is when you unpack your question and starting from question one, you will know that you are moving step by step through the study unit. So you will know that question one and question two might come from study unit one. So let's see if my logic is correct. So question number one, this is study unit one. So your question will look almost like this. Question two, study unit one. So you can see that there are two questions from there. Study unit one and two, I think one talks about, yes, study unit one and two, because two talks about visualization. This is study unit two visualization. Study unit two visualization. And sometimes with the visualization, especially when they give you the standard lift, it will include also study unit three. So you can see that already, question five, study unit three. And you can see that already I'm doing two questions per chapter. Study unit three, study unit three and study unit three. So there are three questions. So study unit three might also come with three questions because it's bigger than the other study units. Then study unit three. So there are four questions from study unit three. Then study unit four, it's basic probabilities. You can see that you're going into different, and there are two questions from basic probabilities. Then we have discrete probabilities. There might be three questions, there might be two questions because in study unit five, remember, there is the basic probability of discrete probability, the basic concept of discrete probability. Then they will be, then there will be the, then there will be the binomial probability, then there will be the Poisson probability. And that is the structure. So you will see there is one question, second question, which is binomial, and that's the question which is Poisson. That is study unit five, study unit six, which is normal distribution. There might be two questions from day one, two. And we go into sampling distribution, which is study unit seven. Six is normal distribution. Study unit seven, sampling distribution. There should be two questions. And as you can see, it's question number one and question number two. And then study unit, confidence interval, study unit eight. There should be two or three questions from here. But because of the first one where they had three questions for basic probability and for the other one, they might have two questions. So let's see, because for confidence interval, yeah, we have three areas as well. Remember that we have where the population standard deviation is known, when it's unknown, and for the proportion. So one question, study unit eight, one, two questions, and three questions. So you can see there, three questions from study unit three. So study unit eight. Then we go to study unit nine, which is hypothesis testing. Also with hypothesis testing, they might give you three questions because it also has three different section where the population standard deviation is known when it's not known and when for the proportion. So let's see how many questions they ask here, but they might ask two because we're almost nearer to the end. One question, two, one question, two questions. So they only asking two questions here, but they can ask three, depending on how many questions they ask in other study units. Then we go into study unit 10, which is the second last. They might have only one question or two questions. They have two questions. And the last question, which we just did on Friday yesterday as well, the linear regression is your last question. They might also have two questions here and one question on halfway. And that concludes your exam. The structure of your exam follows your study unit. You cannot go any wrong. That is why when you write your formulas, make sure that you write them per study unit so that you know when you move into the end. In your mind, you must know that what are the things that makes move from, for example, like when you are in normal distribution, what are the things that makes you move from this question not being a normal distribution, but for it to be a sampling distribution. For example, these are confidence intervals. Let's go. Yeah. So here you're talking about normal distribution and we're asking about the probability of X greater than that. Then we move into questions that ask about standard M. You should know here and now, you're no longer talking about the normal distribution. And when they mention things like sampling distribution, you know that you are in charge of things like that. So make note for yourself some way because then you will be prepared for your exam as well. And if you have any question for now, feel free to ask. Do you have any question? Hello. Yes. When it comes to sampling distribution, I don't know how to do some calculations here. If you have your start guide, it's just time to page 153 of your start guide. It might take longer to upload, to download. Yeah, I was trying maybe to do some calculations here, but I don't get it right. But if you can show me how to do this calculation, I'll be very much happy because I'm stuck there. Okay. Just give it a sec. Let's go there. Set page. 153. Just the questions you are talking about.  Please. I thought 153 at the top will be the same. Okay, sorry. My bad. But like my start guide doesn't have 153. I can see it's 143, 144, 155. Going back again. There you come. 152. And, okay, so. Yeah, you see the first step is about the formula. Then I can't do the calculation on the second step. This is one of 0.46 minus. But I stuck here after multiply by. That's where I got stuck. So this is the solution to the question. Okay. So they, yeah, actually they're saying that the area between A and B is 0.9. So you need to understand that when they talk about the area between A and Z. So we're going to draw a graph. It's always nice to represent your information in this manner with the graph. I think they omitted to draw the graph here. So, oh, come on. I cannot write online. Okay. So, this is the probability. It will mean the area underneath the kef. The safe between A and B is 0.9. You need to go find the Z values of those. But since because, you might also remember this, because this is Z and this is B. It means you took one value and subtracted it from the other side. Remember that? Okay. But we need to go back to the question because some of the information like the probability of success should be given in the question and weigh the question. That should be the last questions. And there we go. So yeah. So yeah, they give you the question and they tell you that for this poll on personal finance it was 46%. That is your probability of success for that poll. So you will need to know that this is the pie value that you have. They also give you the sample size name. Now, since we go to the question, there's between. So, and because it's the proportion, you must also remember that this is the proportion. And they say the probability is 90% for the same sample percentage will be obtained for a symmetrical limit of the population percentage. So, to visualize it or to define it properly for it is since they're talking about the symmetrical limits, it means if it's in between, it means it should be, there should be the starting point and point for that area. It should be equal. It should be between those two points. And that is why they define the two points as A and B. We know that we have 46% which is our pie.  So we know that we have our area of success, which is the pie. Then you also remember that now, because this talks about the limits. So if we are only given the population parameter, not the sample parameter because they are not doing that. So we will need to create the limit. So our limit will have the, let me do with the confidence interval. Remember that it has the plus and the minus side. So we use the population as our parameter or our point estimate. And we need to be using the critical value. Remember the critical value is the value you find on the table. It's your Z values on the table. So it means we're going to use that 90% which is our probability, the area. We're going to find it on the table and we'll find the Z values that corresponds to that Z big. And that will be the area that we're looking for. So what we do, we know three things now. We know N is 200. We know the probability of success is 46%. We know that our area is 90%. So we go to the table. You will go to the table and say for 90% your alpha is 0.1. But remember, because it has two sides, you will have to divide 0.1 by two. So that we get 0.05. 0.05. So let's see what is the answer there. 0.1 divide by two, 0.05. So we go to the table. You will go to the table. Actually, I shouldn't have left the way we were. I can use the past exam paper for that. So you go to the table. Let's use this one so that we don't scroll up and down. You look for the normal distribution which is the cumulative standardized normal distribution which has the positive and the negative side. Here we go. Inside the table, we must look for 0.05. So you come here, you look for 0.05. And remember, this is that one way to line between the two values which is 0.05. It can either fall here or it can fall there and we go out, we find that it's 1.6 and at the top we take 4 and 6. So it's 1.465 and that is what you have there. So that is the critical value. So you come back to the point estimate or to the class boundaries, you substitute. We know our probability of success was 0.6. Our critical value, we found it. It was 1.645, the square root of the probability of success times one minus the probability of success divided by n which is the standard error. Substitute the values 0.46 times one minus 0.46 divided by 200 and you find the test boundary. Yeah, I want to at this point, can you please show me how do you calculate this one? 0.46 minus 1.645. Yeah, I will show you on the calculator just now. Let me open the calculator. Okay, so you want to know how to calculate this whole thing? Yes, please. Okay, you do it step by step. It seems like my calculator is not responding to me now. What's wrong? Which calculator are you using? I'm using Casio, second edition. I think it's gonna open multiple versions now because I've been ticking and ticking on it. Okay, let's do it this way. So you're using Casio. Does it look exactly like mine? So a Casio calculator, does it look like this? Does it have a fraction? It doesn't have to be gray. It has to be black. Does it have a fraction? It's not gray. It does not have, you don't have the one that has a fraction in it. Okay, now it's fine. Every calculator has its own functions. So we're going to do this step by step. The first thing I will advise you to do is do not try and answer from this side and go that side. First solve what is inside the square root first by starting with the one in the bracket. I say one minus 0.46 which will give you the answer of 0.4, 0.54. Multiply that with what is outside the bracket which is multiplied by 0.46 and you will get the answer which is the one at the top. You have the answer will be 0.2484 divide it by 200. So you divide by 200 and get the answer by pressing the equal sign. Ignore what you see there because this is 0.00124 and some odd numbers there. This is the answer of everything that is underneath the square root. Now take the square root by pressing the square root button on your calculator. Since your calculator doesn't look like my one, look for the square root function. Press the square root and press the equal sign it will give you the answer of the square root. After you get this answer for the square root multiply it with 1.645. Multiply the answer that you got by 1.645 and press equal sign to get the answer and this will be the answer you can write it. You can write it down there. And then go and say 0.46 minus this whole number. So you can write this number down 0.057973 one, two, three, five, one. You have to write all of it. In order for you to be able to get to this number we only round off when we get to the final answer. So now you take 0.46 you say 0.46 and then you subtract that whole number you wrote down somewhere you say 0.057973213212 Then there is a delete button on your calculator as well. You can delete if you made a mistake. Three, one, two, three, five, one. And you press equal and you can see that the answer is there. And I can see that they rounded off quickly as well because they have 0.21. The answer should be 0.20 and 0.4020. They rounded off two quickly to three decimals or four decimals. I'll take the four decimals from what I have. I'll say 0.46 if I say minus 0.057977 Let's see what they get. No, they still not getting the same answer. So they rounded off somewhere quickly to three decimals. Let's see, 0.46 minus 0.058 equal. So they rounded off to four decimals, something like that. So they rounded quickly because if you keep all the values you should get 0.42020. Something where they do in the calculation they rounded off quickly. If you're using a case show like this one. So yeah, I'm also giving those who are using the case show like this one, you can do this whole thing at once. I say 0.46 minus your calculator knows the Bodma's rule. It will do the correct one. If you're going to do this and you do them manually and start by doing 0.46 minus 1.46 you will get it all the wrong. Well, you need to do it in order if you're doing it manually. Six, four, five and say multiply by and this is the square root, you say square root. And because this is a fraction you can use the fraction mode and my thing is instead mode I need to convert this to a normal mode. So I must start from the beginning, 0.46 minus 1.6645, multiply by the root. I put the practical root and at the top is 0.46. Open bracket.  And when I press equal, it will give me the same answer as we got from the best time when we would need my work. Any other question? We are almost done. I'm not clear because you will show me how to read with the Casio calculator here. So I didn't, I'm not yet clear. Can you read for me please? Which one? The manual one. Remember, you are not using a Casio. I was showing those who are using a Casio now. So I showed you the first time you do it separately. Like since you are not using a Casio calculator you will have to do first the one inside the bracket. I'm using Casio. I'm using a Casio. If you said the Casio does not look like my one. I asked you if your Casio has the fraction button like this. Has a blockies. Does it have blockies? It will be blank. It will be Casio FX287851782. FZ82 or something. What kind of a Casio are you using? Does it have this button that looks like this? Like a fraction button. If it does not, then you cannot use the fraction button like I am using. You will do it manually by first doing what is inside the bracket then multiplying by the 0.46 outside, dividing by 200, taking the square root, multiplying it with the critical value and writing out the answer. When you are done then you can say 0.46 minus the answer that you got the previous time.  Then remembering the both must say brackets first, powers or exponents or roots needs to be taken care of. Multiplication comes before addition and subtraction. So you will have to do the multiplication first before you go to addition or any other subtraction. Okay. Any other question? I hope you are clear. Otherwise, if you're not, then can we take this? You can request a welcome video chat and I can show you on your calculator as well. Yeah, it's better than this maybe. Yes. Because I don't see your calculator, I don't know how it looks and I really want to help you to know so that you can understand how to use your calculator that you have in front of you. It's very important. Any other question? If there are no questions, then we are done for today. So we can have a lovely weekend. I will see you. I will send a notification. I will also post on the WhatsApp group. I will send an announcement when the online assessment is available. I will do it tonight and tomorrow. I will try and publish it on Monday so that you have enough time during the week to go through some of the questions so that by Friday and Saturday we have enough information for us to do the exercises in class. Please don't forget to also chat with me for your calculator so that you can also be able to answer some of the questions because then they will include some calculations. I will also include the chapter 3 or study unit 3 which requires you to do the mean, the standard deviation, the coefficient of variation. Make sure that you learn those steps on how to use your calculator. Let's go to the session where we did study unit 3 and look at those videos again on how to use your cashier, your shop calculator to answer those questions so that some of those questions you can practice using your calculator. Okay. All right. And with that, that's today's session. Thank you very much, guys. Remember, if you have any other questions as well, feel free to post them on WhatsApp or on my Unisa. Thank you, ma'am. Thank you, ma'am. Enjoy the rest of the class. Thank you, ma'am. Thank you, ma'am.


Welcome to another episode of GUI Challenges, where I build interfaces my way, and then I challenge you to do your way. Because with our creative minds combined, we will find multiple ways to solve these interfaces and expand the diversity of our skills. And in today's GUI Challenge, we're building a switch group. And that's not a button group. This looks like a button group, but if it's a button group, each of these could be highlighted in blue. But notice how as one is enabled, it disables all the other ones. This is a switch group. Only one of these can be active at a time. I mean, makes sense, right? It can't be left aligned text and right aligned text at the same time. So I'm excited to break this down for you. I got some great HTML to show you and some cool CSS tricks. Let's get started. Here we are in the debugging corner looking at iPads. We have Safari all along the top here looking great and all the different browsers in Enlightened Dark, which is nice that this particular component is, you know, savvy to that. I always like doing that, right? It's really fun. We have Android down here. So we have Chrome in these two panels and we have Firefox down here. And everybody is happy with this particular layout. It's just using a radio group essentially as the kind of foundation in the HTML here. And then a couple of tricks like with grid and has to kind of help us represent the state of those particular radio buttons and group them in a nice way. And anyway, we'll get into all that. But here's the light and dark across all these different browsers just to show you. It's looking great. Well, now let's go look in Chrome and we're going to kind of build this up from the ground up. I wanted you to see how the HTML looks and then see it kind of progress over time into this really nice set of buttons. So let's go check it out. Here is our unstyled HTML. It's just the interactive document portions. So we've got a field set as our first element. That's what's wrapping everything. And then you see how that line kind of goes right into this little header element. That little header element is called a legend, which has like one of the coolest HTML element names ever, like, oh, I'm a legend. That would be super cool to say if I was an item in the DOM, right? Uh, no, that's definitely a nerdy joke. And then look at, we have a class here. It's called switch group. It also has an ID. This is so the JavaScript can listen to the field set for changes. I don't have to listen to each one of these input type of radios for changes. I can just listen to the field set. And I love doing that. It's super cool. So then we've got this group switch and inside is an input. It's this one is currently checked. It's a type of radio. Its name is text alignment. And that's what's going to group it with the others here. You can see they all have the same name. They each have a unique ID and they have a value left, center, right, or justify. And of course, a label. Don't forget your labels. And that goes with that ID. So that ID of text left has this clear label of a text left. That makes the label interactive as well as the input. So look over here, I can hover over the label and click the label itself. This is really handy for mouse users, keyboard users, screen readers. Everybody likes the way that labels and inputs work together. They'll always include those together. And in my particular case here, I made my labels a little verbose. So look, it says text align left, even though it's in a group called text alignment. So a screen reader could definitely derive that they're inside of a group and that the value is left inside of text alignment. But when I'm using the screen reader, I kind of find it nice to hear it again. It's not annoying at all. In fact, let's test the screen reader. So here I'm going to hit command of five. Voice over on Chrome Canary, switch group vertical line GUI challenges, part of the group GUI challenges, Google Chrome Canary, Adam, Winto, text align left. There's a couple of ways to move around. The first one that you're going to be tempted to do is use the arrow keys and the arrow keys work awesome. They'll deselect where you previously were. Oh, hey, let me tab in. Text align left, selected radio button, text align center, selected radio button, two or four. They'll deselect where you previously were, excellent, and they will select the item that you went to. Text align, text align right, selected radio button, three or four. As if we were clicking through these ones. So here I'll go through all these. Text align justify, selected radio button, four or four. You can see the value is changing. So when the arrows move over to this element, it's becoming selected. It's sending an event and we can see it changing the alignment here. Now screen readers have another kind of special feature, which is what they, at least on Mac OS here, you can hit control and option and kind of use your virtual cursor, text, text align center, radio button, two and, and pseudo move to these other other elements. And then when you're ready, you can hit control, option space and actually select them selected. Great. So now we know we have a strong baseline, a set of functionality here. We have a field set. We have elements inside of there that are grouped and named and have relationships. Mouse user is able to use it. A screen reader user is able to use it. Keyboard users can use it. Let me just get rid of our screen reader here, command F5. And I can tap through our interface. Now I'm just using the keyboard. So it's no longer a screen reader specific experience. This one's just a keyboard. So we don't want to, we don't want to break this. We want to make sure that this stays strong as we move this into something more visually pleasing for mouse users and sighted users. So knowing that this is our strong baseline, let's not disrupt this strong set of base user experience and move forward. Let's go ahead and bring in some of these extra elements here. So I've got a tooltip and some SVG is bringing the tooltips and the SVG. So remember, these are extra. The tooltip is totally extra. The SVG is just decorative. They're not bringing anything to the experience here other than sort of visual affordances and niceties, which is nice where we have a very sturdy foundation. All right, week I have seen and understood our HTML. This is it. We're looking at what we are going to start styling and let's just jump right into the style. So the first thing that we're going to do is we want to make this switch group an inline layout. And I'm going to do that with a quick little flex layout. Right. So by default, it's going to make columns. We see columns here and we can give them a little bit of a gap between them. And it's a very small gap. And we'll see why that gap is small soon. We're also going to set the max inline size or the maximum width to the maximum of its content. And look, we have four items here. And now we could see it kind of shrink wrap to fit there, which is really nice. It's also defensive against flex and grid stretching. So since it's a child or all these elements or a child of a grid or flex or maybe this even this field set is a child of a grid or flex. Setting that max inline size, make sure it's not going to grow and then become kind of too wide for all the items it needs to host. Okay, the next thing we're going to do is make it look kind of like a card. We're going to make it look like a card by setting the background to surface one. This is a variable inside of the open props normalize. This is adaptive. It will change based on light or dark. We have some padding again, very small because we're making a kind of small icon toolbar when we have a border radius. It's a small border radius and we have a small box shadow. And the next thing we're going to do is we're going to remove that border that comes with a field set. It looked cool over the legend, but we don't need it in the way that we're going to make this sort of floating action toolbar here. Okay, we get border none. Great. We have an animate box shadow. So what we're going to do is when we do change box shadow on hover and focus within, we're going to make sure that that box shadow kind of bounces a little bit with this little bit of this ease squish three from open props. And we'll check that out in a second. The next time I'm going to skip down to here where we have the icon. Let's bring the icon color in to current color. Excellent. Okay, so this is saying in our selector, we were using some nesting here, our group switch, carry that selector in. So it's dot group, switch, space, direct descendant, selector, SVG. Find all the SVG and make them the current color, the current text color, which is nice because the current text color is also adaptive to light and dark. So as the theme changes, so will our icon color. Excellent. Okay, our next thing here, and here we're jumping into some more nesting. We're going to change the box shadow when there's focus inside. So cool. Let's bring in that little bit of an animation here. And this is saying when the switch group has focus within inside of it, or is being hovered, increase the box shadow to shadow four. And there it is. You can see box shadow four, it has a little bit of a bounce. And so putting the bounce on the shadow kind of makes the element looks like it's bouncing as it's lifted. Okay, and then this last thing here, we are going to select the legend and we're going to hide it. We're going to keep it in the DOM. We're not setting display none because it is providing valuable information to screen reader users, but we just don't want it visible. So we're going to make it visibility hidden and we're going to set its block size like its height to zero. So now it's consuming no space and you can't see it, but it's still in the document and we're done with that first part. So let's look at the group switch. This is each icon button itself. What we need to do is we need to stack the radio and the label and the icon all together into one square. And then we want to make sure that that label text is still interactive because that's going to give us that big nice large kind of like hit area, that interactive area that's going to then trigger the different things. So look right now, if I click on the icon, I don't activate it. If I click on the label, though, I do. So we're going to make that label cover this whole space. It's going to be really cool. And we're going to do that with display grid. So display grid is going to set a single cell grid and it's going to prepare for a pile. I call them a pile because we use the word stack so often. And stack usually means like a vertical stack, like these are stacked now. But I want a pile and to make the pile, we're going to have to target each one of those children and tell them to share some space. Let's see, where is that pile code? Let's see, mm-hmm, looking at these checked. Aha, right here. So all direct children pile into a single cell grid, that's what we want. And we're doing that by selecting all of the input labels in SVG children. So not the tool tip that is here as a child of these particular buttons. And I'll hit save and there is our pile. Look at our radio button as humongous, our icon is big and our label here. And these are probably select, no, they're not changing. So if I click them, look, they're not changing. So something is front of the other one. I bet the SVG is sitting in front of these and making them non-interactive. So we'll get to that. Okay, let's set a width because these are obviously too large. We're going to set the inline size to size seven. So this is just a size that comes from OpenProps. Look at that, we're getting some collisions already. So we're going to have to, we'll figure it out here in a second. We're going to round out the corners, let's round out the corners. And the reason that I'm doing a little bit of math here is so that the nested radius looks kind of weird if it's the same radius, but it has like a different size. Anyway, there's a code pen here. I'll put it on the show notes for you to check it out. You can go see how that works. Okay, so if this is where we did the pile, let's fix the interactivity here. So we're saying if it's an input and a label, we want the opacity to be zero. We want the overflow hidden and we want the white space no wrap. So that's taking our text label, making sure that it's not kind of consuming a bunch of vertical space. We're setting the overflow to hidden so that it's appropriately fitting it inside of the cell that we're trying to fit it inside of. And we're setting the opacity to zero. This is crucial because now it will still be interactive. So if I click, see, we can actually see changes in our UI because our values are being received. We're just not seeing selected state yet, so we still need to represent that. All right, it's cool, getting some good progress here. Let's update this. So this is saying if the motion is okay for this user, which this particular open props value here refers to prefers reduced motion, no preference. That means motion is okay. This user doesn't have a preference. So we're going to give them the full motion experience. And that's going to include an outline offset animation and a background color animation. Can we see that yet? I don't think so because nothing's really selected yet. So we'll see that in a second. So now we're going to target all of the, let's see, any of these elements that are not active, give them an outline offset. So that's going to give them a sort of bouncy active state. We'll see that in a second. So here, let's set that active state. So if it has focus visible and focus within, so if they are using a keyboard, so here I'm going to focus in here and hit spacebar. So focus visible says we only want to see this focus ring if someone's coming from some technology where they want to see focus visible. And if they are in that sort of technology and there's focus within, well then we want to see represented here. So I can move between these and hit spacebar to sort of activate them. And we can see that that outline is animating based on the motion preferences and the transition that we set and the various values. Super cool. Okay, so now let's see if the button has a checked child. And that child being checked or not is going to allow us to visually represent the selected state. So if this button has a child that is checked, which is going to be that input.radio, we're going to make the color, the link color of the page, which is another adaptive prop that comes from open props. So this is going to be a dark blue and a light theme and a sort of light blue and a dark theme here. And we're going to set that to the text color and the SVG, we set the SVG to the current color. And so that's adapting to the text color that we've set for the context of the element. It's kind of cool. Let's set a button hover. So now it's going to play into those different padding and border radius amounts and look at selected state and we can see the hover color popping in here, looking cool. And notice it's surface two. So surface one was this background and surface two is just another surface. These are adaptive for light and dark and we are done. That was it. We're using the tool tip that came from a previous episode of GUI challenges on tool tips and we dropped it in. Again, they're non interactive tool tips. They're just extra information and they're there just to help mouse users understand what their values are in case they were wondering. And that is pretty much it for this GUI challenge. I hope you had fun watching this and watching me sort of take a field set with different input type radios as a group and turn them into a really nice looking switch group. I'll see y'all in the next GUI challenge and take care y'all.


Hello everyone, welcome to this week's recitation for CSC 365 information assurance. This week we're going to discuss the new assignment three, which deals with crypto. This assignment has four parts. Parts one and two are warmup problems, which will help you solve parts three and four. So please solve those parts before you end up solving parts three and parts four. All right, let's get started. So the part one is warmup that will help you break the Caesar Cipher as it was discussed in the class. You will be provided a ciphertext and your goal is to obtain the key. In order to obtain the ciphertext, you need to submit a solution, an empty file to the alpha text ciphertext problem. And once you submit the blank file, its output will contain the ciphertext that you actually need to break. And once you break the ciphertext and you obtain the key, you have to submit a readme file that contains a line which has the key in this specific format. And you also need to add a description on how you broke the cipher. And there's been some confusion on how you submit the solution. We have to submit the solution to the alpha test problem and not to the alpha test ciphertext problem. The alpha test ciphertext problem only gives you the ciphertext that you need to break. It does not grade your solution. The actual grading of your solution is done by the alpha test problem. And similarly for all the other parts in this assignment, you submit an empty file to all the star test ciphertext problems to get the ciphertext that you need to break. And you submit the solution with the key and a description on how you actually decrypted the ciphertext to the star test problems. Please refer to the assignment lecture or the slides on how you can actually break the cipher and you can double check if your solution is correct using the online cipher breaking tools that are linked to from the assignment. The second part is another warm-up question where you have to break the beginner cipher similar to the cipher that was discussed in the class. And just like part one, you will be given a ciphertext and your goal is to obtain the key. I highly encourage that you solve part one before attempting parts two because some of the solution approaches that you use in part one will also be useful for parts two itself. And just like part one, we have to submit a blank file to the beta test ciphertext problem in order to obtain the ciphertext that you need to decrypt. And once you decrypt the ciphertext and find the key used for encryption, you have to submit your solution to the beta test problem in order to check whether your solution is correct or not. The other submission instructions are the same as problem one. Please mention the key in this specific format and also include a description on how you broke the ciphertext in a file called read me with no extensions. Part three is one of the more involved problems in this assignment where we have given you a ciphertext that is again encrypted with the cipher. However, this cipher is not similar to the traditional cipher. The key difference is that instead of using just the alphabets a to z, we will operate on bytes. We have an alphabet of a total of 256 values ranging from zero to 255. The other key difference is that instead of the shift operation for encryption, we use the exclusive or for encrypting the plain text using the key. The key thing about the exclusive or operation is that the encryption and the decryption are the same process. There is no difference to encrypt you XOR decrypt you also XOR. Similar to parts one and two, you submit a blank file to the Julius test ciphertext problem to obtain the ciphertext that you need to break decrypt it and submit your solution to the Julius test problem for it to be graded. Your solution just like all the previous parts should contain a key in this specific format and a description of how you broke it. A key difference, however, is that you have to include the key in the hexadecimal form. And you which means that it should be prefixed with zero X. So as an example that you can see here if the key that you used for decrypting the ciphertext is zero X 80, you submit it in this format. Zero X 80 is the decimal number 128. We have also provided you some helper code that you can use. This is the actual encryption code right here. And an important thing to remember is that the ciphertext that you receive from great scope is actually base 64 encoded, which is an encoding that is used to represent non printable characters in some portable format. So this code here will help you encode and decode any text that is in base 64 or to base 64, but the actual encryption step is actually done in this function here. So below along with this helper code in Python, we have also included helper code in C and Java, which you can also reuse if you program in any of those languages. Okay, moving on to part four, the part four is similar to part two, we're again giving you a ciphertext encrypted with the beginner cipher, however, just like in part three. We have made a few modifications specifically the crypto system also operates on eight on a bite, just like in part three. And we use the explosive or operation instead of the shift operation. Similar to all the other parts in this assignment, you submit a blank file on the Allen test, sorry, in the Allen test ciphertext problem. And to get the ciphertext that you need to break and you need to submit the solution to the Allen test problem. And again, the ciphertext that you receive will be encoded using basic before that you would have to be code before you actually attempt breaking it. In part three, we've also given you functions that will help you decode and encode to base 64 and also have given you the encryption function that you need that is used to generate the ciphertext. And similar to all the previous assignments, your solution should include the key in this specific format and also a description and the code on how we broke the ciphertext set. Okay, that's the end of the walkthrough to this assignment. There are some questions that they're going to go. The first question that was asked is what is the difference between the test and the test ciphertext problems. As I said, the test ciphertext problem gives you the ciphertext that you actually need to break. And the test problem is where you will submit your solution to check whether it is correct or not. I know that some people on Gradescope have been submitting the solution also to the test ciphertext problem. Your solution will not be graded there. If you want a solution to be graded, please submit it on the test problems. How to calculate the index of coincidence for part two and for part four, how do we calculate it because the operation is different than the alphabet size is different. Does it vary with the alphabet. Yes, it does. The index of coincidence does vary with your alphabet size itself. In order to determine how you actually calculate the index of coincidence, look into the slides on cryptography. The slide number 30 has a formula for calculating the index of coincidence. And if you can analyze the formula, you will also see that it depends on the size of the alphabet itself. Another consequence of this is that you may find that the index of coincidence that you compute would be different from what you see on the slides. We have to remember that the index of coincidence also depends on the ciphertext itself and the characters that are involved in the ciphertext. We look at the formula, it will be very clear on why this difference happened. The next question that was asked was about, there is a difference between, I don't understand how the p64 encoded text gets XORed. If you look into this specific example here, we see that this string 90xd9a equal to equal to is decoded using the key x80 to bring the plain text test. What you need to remember is that this string is base 64 encoded and you have to do the base 64 decoding before you can actually do the decryption. And the key thing to remember is that for the XOR operation, the encryption and the decryption function is the same because the operation is the same. So always remember the ciphertext that is given to you for parts 3 and 4 are base 64 encoded and you have to do the base 64 decoding before you start attempting to break the ciphertext itself. The next question that was asked is in problems 4 for instance and also in problem 3, we see there is a b that is displayed in the output when you are printing the result of the decryption and also of the encryption. What does the b mean? The b is something that comes from Python 3. It's used to indicate that the result of this function is actually of the bytes data type and Python has a very nice representation when printing out to also sort of tell you that this is originally a byte string. I'm just going to try to print it out for you. So this b has actually nothing to do with the result of the encryption of the decryption. This string within the quotes is the actual result of the encryption and then the base 64 encoding. The b is just telling you that the result was returned as a byte string. The next question that was asked is what is the purpose of modulus in part 4? The question was about this specific line here. Why is there a modulus operator used in the key? You have to remember that this probably discussed in the lecture as well. The key is not necessarily as long as the plain text that is being encrypted. And when that happens, you end up repeating the key until it becomes as long as the text that needs to be encrypted. So one way of achieving that repetition is using the modulus operator to sort of wrap around. This is sort of saying that, okay, if the index that is being encrypted is greater than the length of the key, then go back and continue again from the start to find which character in the key has to be used for encrypting the plain text. The modulus operator is a nice way of simulating the wrap around back to the start when you have run out of characters in the key. Another question that was asked was, is the code that is specified in this assignment complete? Can we actually run it? Give it some plain text and our own keys to generate cyber text. Absolutely, the Python code that is specified in this description is complete. You can import it directly into a file or into the Python shell and give it your own input to see what outputs are provided. No other expert changes are required to run this code itself. The final question that was asked is, what is the bytes that are used in the encryption process? Are we supposed to use that in the description? The question is as opposed to this specific line and this specific line, why are the bytes being used? That has to do with the conversion that is being done because Python specifically works with the byte data type. And so we convert everything to bytes and work with bytes in this whole process. The actual encryption is only done in this specific line. The rest of it is all just data type handling in Python. You do not have to... Your decryption and breaking the cyber text does not depend upon any of these. This is all just language specific stuff. The actual encryption that you break is actually this operation here. That was all the questions that was actually asked in the recitation. If you have any further questions, please post them on the chat and we'd be happy to answer them. If you have any feedback on the recitation themselves, please post on Piazza or get in touch with us and we'd be happy to help you. Thank you and good luck for the assignment.


We're sorry, you're calling it up. Turn me up. All eyes on me, they got their eyes on me. My vulnerability was for your eyes only. It's really envy, ain't no L-O-V-E, hey. But they can't control, hey, but you can be. I got trolls, I got trolls, I got trolls. I got enemies, foes, I got all of the above. You hooked on me like I'm some kind of drug. Even though I heard you keep coming back for more. Time's a chaotic, you even smiling. Even when you're smiling, you're sweet, and you're riding the dangerous lyre. All you do is gossip, and you stop getting me watching.  I was trending before you tried to, then it's a good thing that we ain't go past. So I blocked your number, blocked your number.  Me and Graham said, the time's a chaotic, you even are smiling. Even when you're smiling, you're sweet, and you're riding the dangerous lyre. All you do is gossip, and you stop getting me watching.