next session of embedded software testing is a unit 4 series of lecture series today is lecture 2 we will study and discuss more on embedded software testing software integration and we will try to see the test strategy and its benefits and comparison of different strategies then top down bottom up advantages disadvantages integration testing other types also will discuss and before that I just would like to have a recap and add some more points to what we had discussed in the last session that was integration we know that three levels of testing we can do component integration and system so basically we do individual components and those are under test when we do the unit testing next one is the integration testing where we combine logically different components based on the complexity or the feature wise or the functionality of those components then we will interact with the other similar logical or interactive groups to make sure that those are getting integrated and the behavior is verified the last type will be the system testing where as a black box everything will be tested so basically what we do we define the test objective for integration test which what qualifies the system we want to verify then device the test cases program the test is equal to test and analyze the results will follow for testing then we had gone through integration testing definition the process of aggregating different components to create larger components so that larger components can be tested together with similar larger components integration testing done to show that even though components were individually satisfactory a combination is incorrect and inconsistent a combination is very important is not just enough to test at a component or individual level so we also had gone through definition of what is integration so basically we it is not enough to have unit testing alone to get a stable or functional correct system so many defects are related to the integration of modules if the requirements are not formulated for everyone has to make their own interpretation of those requirements basically so this is not a problem as long as these interpretations are not related to interactions with other modules but incorrect interaction between modules is often caused by these interpretations it is the problem actually so what is the best instrument to detect that is the help of integration test so basically integration strategy is addition about how different modules are integrated into complete system integration covers both hardware and software as I said in terms of hardware it is called as hardware or software integration and it is called as software integration it is basically the different software modules and their interactions will be verified and system integration system hardware integration system software integration rather terms of embedded system integration are defined the task of creating a properly functioning system form its constant components the components could be hardware, firmware, software whereas in system hardware integration are the components wired together correctly that means especially the hardware components are tied properly within the system and those components are tested against their behavior and the last part is system software integration where typically it assumes hardware integration is largely done there are no issues with the hardware but before we deliver or accept the product software modules will be verified with the hardware how it is behaving and all that that is what we do with the system software integration so integration steps basically we need to create list of all software components identify the grouping and dependencies between each of them list of the strategy to perform these categories of integration the list could be based on the aspects like functionality performance, system integration or interaction, databases the kind of database that we use and what interface especially from the signal perspective how it is derived then the control of the various program elements then safety and security aspects and conformity okay so basically the goals of software integration is to expose faults in the interfaces and the interaction between integrated components to find collaboration and interoperability problems and isolate the causes to reveal interface and cooperation problems as well as conflicts between integrated parts so the faults could be in terms of interface such as the formats of the memory or define which is not compatible whereas it is working individually but when you interface with the external memory or any file handling that could be the issue similarly the data exchanges are not properly there type casting is the issue when it interacts with the subsystems all this sort of a interface issues and coordination or cooperation problems within the modules will be revealed and we have types of integration as big bang integration bottom up integration top down integration I mean is how the approach to the integration is been done sometimes component integration test is also called as integration test that is considering the small integration test so system integration test is also called integration test in the large system where the external systems are more involved so it depends on the complexity of the system so in big bang it is a simple testing type all modules are integrated and the system is tested as a whole basically so completely the system not the end system but the system which is enough to test it that way it is going to be banged from the testability perspective the main advantage is that no subs or drivers as we have seen are required for this so with this strategy it is the problem is too difficult is difficult to find the causes of defects and the integration can only start if all the modules are available and flake it is not like a step-wise product mapping so basically it is coupling with the entire system similarly we have seen after all components are testing done we will test the entire system with all its components where it is advantage the next type of integration testing is the bottom up integration testing this strategy is useful for many of the systems it starts with the low level modules with the least number of dependencies that mean basically it uses the drivers test drivers it is called the integration can start very early in the developing process that means you do not have to wait for all the modules to be completed and then when the modules are done we can write the test drivers and start the integration test for the completed one and implementally we can close all the modules basically advantage is that you need to have the detection of interface problems and these problems can be isolated very easily this advantage is that may have to deal with many test drivers and we have to use it for carrying out different strategy and it is a tedious one and we also had gone through a bottom up integration testing example where higher level module A and lower level module B and C are good so basically we develop a test drivers for B and C so we test B and C individually then we test A such that it calls B so if any error we know that there is a problem is in A or in the interface between A and B similarly we test A and we develop the driver such that it calls the C and if there is a error there has to be in A or there could be between A and C okay now next type of integration testing is top down integration testing in this strategy the control structure of the system takes the lead basically the control structure is developed in a top down sequence and this offers the ability to integrate the modules top down starting with the high level control module at every new level the connected modules at the corresponding level are integrated and tested as we go down the connected modules will be tested one by one the role of there could be some non-existing modules also that those can be replaced with the stubs here we use term called stop and drivers we use it at bottom up and test stubs we use it in top down so advantage is that look and feel of the entire system can be achieved that means user has an idea of what are the top level modules how it is architected and how it is getting flow down into individual modules that is the advantage of taking up top down integration this one is that impact on low level modules may lead to changes in top level modules so we do not know what is the impact and we may have to wait for all the modules we cannot do a progressive thing until otherwise the top level module is done so that some if any one or two low level modules are not done so we need a number of stubs for every integration stuff so we also had gone through an example of top down integration where a bc3 modules a at higher level b and c are low level so a will test it individually with the help of stubs for b and c test a such that it calls b stop for c and if there is an error we know that there is a problem in a b or in the interface between a and b similarly while we are testing c we stop b so that all together we focus on c and if there is a problem the problem has to be in c or the interface between a and c so the advantage and disadvantage of integration testing top down and bottom up or we will detail out in today's session we also know that test drivers are not in grade or only simple ones are required as advantage because the higher level components that have been tested serve as main part of the test environments so we do not have to have test drivers we already have a top level module these seven days that low level components not integrated must be replaced by stubs because we are not done it or it is not integrated or so this can be expensive because we need to develop the stubs bottom up advantages that no stubs are required but the seven days that high level components must be simulated by test drivers so user will not have will not have any idea about how the top-level models look like how we can approach the integration testing that is the disadvantage and also the importance of why we need to plan the integration so basically successful integration will be enabled with a critical status such as objectives responsibilities and resource planning so that we know at what stage what are the type of integration we are going to do and how the cohesiveness is going to be achieved so basically the product lifecycle or the product lifecycle outcome is purely based on the integration so the customer asks track or progress of development he will similarly ask the progress of integration the first question you will ask is are you able to integrate and test it the models that we have developed how is it going on how is what is the performance of integration testing whether you are able to integrate all the components whether you are able to interact with the hardware of the actual system how is hardware software integration going on how is software models interactions behavior is going or progressing so all the sort of other things is an outcome of the integration testing so definitely there is a need of plan for the same because it has a lot of stakeholders including resources time personnel which are going to be identified for planning that integration similarly integration considerations that we need to have is that we need to have an understanding of architecture system decomposition architecture considerations could be open or closed architecture or integrated or modular architecture likewise depending on the type of system that we are going to do definitely there is a architecture or high level design that needs to be considered for integration and also we need to have an understanding on the interfaces all the interfaces are associated for types of one logs or discrete that are getting involved all this will be part of the interfaces the signals the next one is the hardware considerations in terms of hardware limitation so it could be anything so we need to have a idea of the hardware how it is built because without the hardware we cannot be able to test many of the software models because tightly coupled with the hardware the last one being the software consideration we know about the software models have to be very cohesive so that they can be tested appropriately on the hardware some examples I will try to provide interfaces that you are care about what sort of a used the interfaces could be memory, port such as RS32 or CAN or SKY etc. SPY also is another example next we have a timer next you have a power interface it is also very important where some of the power of requirements have to be catered such as within so and so time the booting procedure has to be completed and system should be up in certain time so there we will look into some of the features or any interrupts based on the power that also need to be considered for interfaces of course we have unlock interfaces, discrete interfaces this could be any switches, signals, LEDs all this will be discrete interface then motor interfaces it will be best less motor or stepper motor whatever it is again this depends on what sort of a drive we have it could be through any of the port or it could be a parallel bus or it could be an unlock interface but basically the end target is the motor so how we are going to interface with it actually so very important for us to understand if the system is a motor based closed loop control system definitely we need to have a fit that mechanism understanding by the system system of course we have DC AC motor interfaces set types of interface okay so hardware related interface so we know that the hardware input output need to be cohesively used in the system integration test so that is also very important software interfaces in terms of like any algorithms, checksums, computations all this will be multiple all the further all these things will have a multiple components involved so definitely we need to consider the software aspects of the integration that is very important okay so the last part which we had studied the last session is that integration test strategy ad hoc strategy is to integrate the components in order which they are ready so there is not a good idea basically but you can do it you can afford to do it in the beginning of the program as a component has passed the component test check if it fits with another already tested component and or if it fits into partially integrate subsystem we need to see whether the component when it is ready where it can fit whether it can be tested first we need to identify the components it is associated integrated subsystem or associated component where it is going to fit then accordingly the associated one also need to be addressed to make sure that both are integrated properly we need to write steps to help the integration step is a skeletal or special purpose implementation of the software component used to develop or test component that calls or is otherwise depend on it actually it replaces a called components that is why it is subuse and the other way form of a stub where we have seen in the top down is drivers where the high level components are going to drive the low level things sorry in the bottom up a strategy okay so that was about the previous session now we will go through the integration test strategy in detail we know that steps and drivers are needed for integration test so it is nothing wrong in having both actually it is again subjective where we have to take a call it depends on the complexity of the embedded software system elements we can have both bottom up as well as top down approach so it is again dependent for larger systems where we have millions of code definitely we need to divide the entire system into several subsystems those each several subsystems can be addressed in different strategies in terms of integration but all that have to be planned appropriately either it could be bottom up or it could be top down or some subsystems so we don't need to have a integration at the top them on top down or bottom up we can go for the big bang integration where the entire model entire group of models can be tested all together so that strategy also we can adopt that is again subjective okay so we have gone through that various types of integration test strategies so we will try to compare these based on the book years 1779 so the table basically lists out different types of integration strategy we will not focus on sandwich and modified on this type of embedded integration testing so these are another type but they are rarely used or it is not required to be understood at this point okay so you can see the features that are listed in the left side of the table and on the right hand side we have a different type of types of integration strategies bottom up top down what if I top down big bang so basically it identifies integration when it should be done so bottom up early top down modified top down early big bang at a later stage because all models have to be completed time to basic working program very late bottom up early early early late so here to have it a matured working program so bottom up will be at a later stage whereas in top down early stage we can identify the understanding of the working system component drivers needed yes for top down we need sorry for bottom up we need not for the top down modified top down also can have test drivers our component drivers is also called a big bang definitely request drivers stop seated we know that it's needed only for top down approach not the bottom up so what parallelism in beginning the ratio is something like medium bottom up top down is low modified top down is medium and a big bang it is very high so that means parallelism need to be worked out ability to test particular parts what is the difficulty so bottom up it is easier and in top down it is very hard and modified top down it is easy and big bang it is easy ability to part plan and control sequences is easier in bottom up because we have a control on the smallest of the components in the entire system and very difficult for top down we don't know the exact sequence until we go through each of them big bang it is easier so these are some of the metrics they have compared for integration strategies what if I top down is something like a mix of both top down and big bang so they adopt in some of the medium size mix size complex integrated systems that is where they use it okay so that is about strategies of different integration types now we will try to go through top down advantages and disadvantages is basically from book called Stuart Anderson material got from the web which basically list out advantages and disadvantages such as in top down if major defects are more likely at the top level model top down is beneficial that means we have more issues in the top level then is going to be advantages getting input output functions in early can is test rating that means as long as we have developed the more important functions in the earlier stage the top down approach will be beneficial without the integration strategy of top down so early demonstration of the main functionality can be helpful in highlighting requirements issues and in boosting the more that means as I said you have more clarity and idea of what the system is behind and your understanding will be better as we progress on the integration testing of this type top down approach because you start with the main functionality or we top level models now let us look into the disadvantages of top down is too much effort for stubs you know that top down request stubs because low level modules are not ready or not enough to test then we may have to leave it the test stubs for the low level low level what else and also another problem is while developing the stub if it is more complex it can inject the medicinal issues or introduce the loss disadvantage different stubs can be difficult if some code is there to be written so we are unclear about what exactly is going to be but we are having the knowledge of that functionality based on that they would do the stub but sometimes it is difficult to develop a stub where the code is there to be written it may be impossible accurately to reproduce test conditions if there are failures suppose we started top down testing and we found out that the issue is a system it is very difficult to figure out or isolate where we test issues there and how to reproduce it so some of the issues like intermittent issues are very difficult so that the disadvantage with top down testing some observations may be impossible so we cannot observe some of the minor elements of the top-down testing modules encourages the idea that test and development can overlap that means top-down testing have a close relationship with the development aspects so basically it encourages the idea that test and development can overlap encourages differing full testing of module because low-level modules are not complete so we are living only with the high-level module and basically we may not be completing the entire integrity because it is partially done partially passing some of them low-level modules are explored such things are difficult with the top-down integration testing the next one being the bottom-up testing so what we do here is we know that test drivers are needed for the bottom-up testing and advantages are such that helpful if errors are likely deep down the dependency structure so if the system implementer they think that it is more complex at the deeper level especially on the device drivers or the hardware interfaces then it is better to take up this activity it is going to be advantageous the bottom-up testing test conditions are easier to create basically because lowest of the modules we need to understand and create the test conditions observation of test results is reasonably easy it is the effort in creating sub-modules we do not have to spend too much time creating the steps the servant is that need to create driver modules but arguably this is easier than creating sub-code and tools like some GNU is what he has offered there is not both about that but basically driver modules we need to create so we need to have an understanding of that that is the servant so but it is easier than creating the stuff because we can see the code and we can try the values what we need to develop the driver the entire system is subjected to the smallest amount of test means we are focusing only on the smallest part of the entire system because the top modules are included in the test at the final stage we are not addressing at the high level incrementally we are testing one by one on the bottom most low-level modules and as we grow into the high level we are going to test at the high level test so those are the advantages and disadvantages bottom-up and top-down integration testing and the test-advice now there are other methods of integration testing also just to touch base what are those okay the first one being these are all basically referred from sources how they have followed in terms of defining them or creating because every industry is typically different than in general actually they will adopt based on the need and complexity the skills and the compartments rules so many aspects are there all this need to be considered as a for the model rights based on that they will decide and they will define the name for that type of a integration testing strategy okay next type of integration testing is a hybrid testing it is also called as a combination type combination integration testing so it is clear that judicious combination of stubs and drivers can be used to integrate in low-level approach as I said it may not be purely possible to use stubs only with the entire integration or it may not be feasible to use drivers along for the entire integration aspect sometimes may have to mix up both based on the complexity and that type of the kind of system that we are trying to test it so we need to do a judicial approach of combination of this so we need to take care of this based on the type of system that we use so that is called hybrid test strategy which uses both as a for some groups of a modules we may want to take a non-interate non-interative approach and just consider testing them all at once this means we choose a bigger brand for some of the groups of the models we may not be able to take up for the iterative like bottom-up and we can take separately as a one-shot testing when we are doing the other dependent models those kind of the things also can be done depending on the type of models that we have so this comes under the hybrid test strategy so using this approach there are range of potential criteria for designing how to group those models so basically hybrid test strategy deals with groups as I said grouping is a very important aspect in integration testing your grouping is based on the each of functionality requirements performance etc so so there are different criteria that we need to follow for grouping the various modules so what are those one is a criticality decide on groups of modules that provide the most critical functionality and choose to integrate those those first that means we identify critical groups which are very important to test very which are very important part of the entire embedded system first you address that first you group it then rest of them will form that is one of the deciding factor then the cost this is also equally important look collections of modules with few dependencies on code lower in dependency lab and choose to integrate there first the goal here is to reduce the cost of creating stuff code that means sometimes what will happen is we cannot be doing stuffs all the time you got is going to add a cost so we will take a generalization based on how much cost for the development of stuffs so if it is going to be too much then we need to collect such modules which can have many less dependencies on lower part of the code so that the stub we do not have to have much so that the cost is appropriately taken care so these two are very important here cost means not the rupee or dollars is basically the effort of course at the end of the day all it matters is the money but we look for the efforts how much effort is going to take and complexity or criticality these are some of the important deciding factors for identifying the test strategy but bottom up and top down they have their own advantages and disadvantages where you have a system having complexity its my solution such as closed loop and more interfaces and dark systems I would say moderate to large these kind of systems I suggest to have hybrid test strategy where it makes us of both test hubs and drivers test hubs and drivers means top down as well as bottom up so both being followed coverage and all are the second aspects once we have that integration then with a satisfactory test coverage and test report for each of the modules automatically coverage part and wherever the gaps are there when we can fit into any of the test strategy such as any testing system testing all can be taken so basically we need to address the entire system from this aspect so that is where hybrid test strategy comes into picture but before I build we need to understand what is bottom up and top down so that we have an appropriate mix of test drivers and subs so that is where is important so there are other types of integration we look centralized integration this type of integration is used when central part of the system is necessary for the rest of the system to function that means without the central part nothing works that is hot of the system for example a ys or a kernel so definitely we need to first address the the kernel or the opening system first that is centralized and surrounding the centralized part there are subsystems which can be tested subsequently the central part is necessary to run test on it is too difficult to substitute this part with a stop right so we cannot replace a way is with another way is has to be there or a way is only for testing so that is the central part of the program of the entire software system the architecture of the system is such that the central part of the system is developed first and made ready for production that means this kind of systems what they do is first they develop the kernel or the scheduler of the OS and surrounding that they will incrementally develop subsystems so that is how the architecture will be laid out first so after that the new models or the subsystems are used to upgrade the system or to add completely the updated functionality or the new functionality so that is how centralized integration is going to be done but here also again centralized systems so we will have subsystems those subsystems we can adopt either top-down or bottom-up or hydric whatever it is depends on the how large the system is or how complex the system is so it is very important so there are other types of integration testing we will discuss one or two lines for this layer integration this strategy is used for systems with a layered architecture where we have application and libraries where the systems are there so this type of integration testing they use it so in this interfacing only happens to be in the layer directly underneath the below and the above so go and talk about the complete bottom-up or top-down sort of a thing but each layer is tested in isolation using the top-down or bottom-up or big-bang strategy the next step is the integration of the layer according to a top-down or bottom-up order the devotees and disadvantages are the same as top-down and bottom-up or strategy the integration and isolation of the interface is much easier and therefore discover discovery of the causes of detects defects is also easier because we have addressed the layers so based on the layers different other layers are going to be integrated next type is the client-server integration the strategy is used for client-server architecture where we know that database in the server and the client where we have this strategy will be more appropriate the client is integrated either top-down bottom-up or big-bang and the server is substituted by the sub and driver we can use the stubborn drivers for the server the same approach is used for testing server itself the top-down bottom-up and the sub and drivers are developed for the client finally server and the clients are integrated collaboration integration basically a collaboration is a collection of objects which work together to achieve a common purpose for instance realization of a use case will study what is use case and test cases period of use cases the later stages the system supports many of collaborations because it has to realize many use cases many objects belong to more than one collaboration because we have lot of collaborations based on use cases and the scenarios so basically the collaboration is a focus here so choice of the collaboration will become the necessity in terms of covering the complete system so that is how collaboration integration is done so basically they use for object-oriented systems or object-based systems and which basically covers the components and interfaces where the collaboration is more this also has advantages and disadvantages similar to top-down and bottom-up where interfaces are not here dependencies are more likewise something like a big bang sort of a thing because most of the components are collaborated together and only when the collaboration is complete so integration testing will start something like a big bang we can call it this collaboration type of testing but it doesn't require a full sort of full-fledged integration testing only few tests are enough actually for the end-to-end functionality and the overlap of the collaboration features so this is a very subjective again to choose what sort of an integration testing we need to have so we have studied a bottom-up top-down big bang this list out of the type of integration testing on the start list that we have a couple of scenes so top-down bottom-up what is the other one big bang next one is a hybrid centralized layer but it's above for you are very important most of them are used additionally we can use integration so likewise many types but these are the main type of integration types that can be looked into next up so once you have identified the integration testing types all the strategies of the integration testing next step is to identify the environment on the integration models how we are going to have so basically for integration testing environment it's mix of a component unit level and a system testing it's both it takes care right so definitely we need to have an environment which supports both unit level sort of environment and system level definitely so we will have a need of a test driver and stops we can use the reuse the test drivers that were used earlier for component testing that's why we told that mix of component testing because for doing the unit level testing we definitely develop some test drivers those test drivers can be reused for integration testing so additional tools like the monitors may be required to read and log the data traffic between components and all that basically why we are interested is to interface between these components and while doing the intervals definitely we need to monitor how the data is getting interacted so to understand the flow of the data we need to have testing environment identifying different tools such as monitors so integration test environment for the software unit and the system integration or software integration test a test bed is created that is comparable to the test environment for the simulation model that means we are going to have a test bed it's basically called as a test bed which will have an environment which is going to be used for unit level test as well as the integration test identifying all the interfaces and the hardware modules and all the necessary inputs which can be compared with the simulation of the test environment in the prototype stage test object is an executable version of a software unit or a set of integrated software that is developed on basis of the design or generated from the simulation model so that development could be based on the model or could be based on the code so we can develop the prototype sorry we can develop the integrated software based on the code types that have been developed software for the test environment and that the specific execution or executable version of the software unit will be used by the integrated software units so that integrated software units are basically develop the base on the basis of the design or the architecture of the embedded system that is how the test environment or the test bed is going to be formed for the integration so the first step is to compile the software for execution this is basically a build process for the integration test environment so first step is to compile the software for execution on the host computer the environment has to has no instructions sorry no restrictions on resources or performance and powerful tools are commercially available so basically we need to compile on the host first because we have developed the code in the host we need to compile it based on the standards this makes development and testing a lot easier than in the target environment we are sure that we cannot afford to have on the scratch from the target only first host level we will get the components by compiling and collecting all the information installing tool and all that so this kind of testing is also known as host target testing first we are going to develop the host based environment and try to test as much at the host then we will try to target on the target system the goal of the test on this host compiled the software which and integrated software will verify their behavior according to the technical design and the validation of the simulation model used in the previous stage so this incrementally that is going to be validated based on the simulated environment that is done first and the second step is software unit or software integration is to compile the software for execution on the target processor of the embedded system so we are so far done on the host target based environment I think we have studied in detail simulator emulator and all that similar to that same strategy but here the focus is on the interface integration of the different models so second step is basically we are going to develop for the target and before actual execution of this software on the target hardware the compiled version can be executed into an emulator of the target process we know that there are emulators and with the emulator we know we can see the code behavior and the functionality cloud and all this at the target system before actually we execute this emulator may run on the development system or on another host computer so the chance of that the emulator can also be used on the same type of portable systems so goal of this test is to verify that the software will execute correctly on the target processor basically the software will if compiled on the host should work same way as it has been tested on the host on the target system so that is where it is very important to have this environment identified and used okay so so there is a table here based on the book simulation level for the software unit and software integration that is basically this basically identifying based on the test bed that should basically offer the stimulus for doing the test so we have embedded software and what sort of a processor and what can be tested on the system and the plant what sort of a simulation we have the software unit software integration software integration so first it will be tested on the host as an experimental basis and the processor we are not going to use the target processor we are going to use the host processor such as x86 because most of the personal computers will have x86 based architecture but the tools will support for the compatibility on the target system so rest of the embedded systems are simulated apart from the experimented host the second type of is testing the unit or the integration is on the target the actual environment or the target environment here we use the emulator and rest of them can be simulated so this is how the test environment can be brought up so but both the situations the test bed must or should give a stimulus for the input of the objects and provide additional features to monitor the behavior of the test object and to record signals basically to validate the signals and all that they should support this environment and basically this can be done with the help of break points storing reading memory manipulating the variables debug steps and call trace call stack all this can be high using time machines performance analyzers all this can be used they should be supported in the test environment so continuation of was integration to say normal in the hardware software integration test the test object is a hardware part means the integrated software is loaded the software is incorporated in the hardware in memory basically a flash or a score the piece of hardware can be an experimental configuration for instance a hardware circuit board containing several components so hardware is the focus here hardware software integration the goal of the hardware software integration test is to verify the correct execution of the embedded software on the target processor in cooperation with the surrounding hardware so that's what is the elaboration of what we have to find hardware software integration because the behavior of the hardware is an essential part of this test it is often referred to as hardware in low higl so there are different types of in loop situations software in loops simulation in loop hardware in loop so basically these are all integration that are going to be used so that is where it's necessary to identify the test environment for those hardware where we need to have an integration continuation of integration test in normal the test environment for the hardware software integration test we have to interface with the hardware depending on the test object and its degree of completeness the following possibilities exist basically it offers input stimuli with signal generators output monitoring with the oscilloscope for the logic analyzer combined with the data storage devices in circuit test equipment to monitor system behavior on points other than the outputs so these are some of the environment dependent tools that can be used then simulation of the environment of the test object in a real-time simulator so what we do is basically we have a test hooks or interfaces from the target systems with the help of those hooks these tools will be plugged and logic analyzers oscilloscopes or signal generators that can act as an input or output to conduct the test that is what the meaning of the test environment here integration test environment yeah so in integration test environment basically we identify all the stimulated inputs and will focus on the captured output and the tools that are used that are going to be used for capturing the output so that the end-to-end path is verified so that is the focus of integration test environment basically so we will continue the test integration and integration environment in the next session and we will try to elaborate more on the integration environment and generating test cases from use cases example of use cases and how we can generate and we will also try to understand regression testing etc in the next class


Hello, good evening everyone. Once again, my name is Ali Hamadi working with Tick Mill on their futures webinar series. This evening we will be discussing the commodity within the agricultural sector, corn specifically. I hope everybody's doing well and has had the last two weeks have done well within the choppy markets. Before we get started, the markets are off to a good start today. We'll see if that continues throughout the day with everything that's going on. As we get started tonight's webinar discussing corn. For those of you that are joining us for the first time I'd like to keep things informal and a conversational perspective, and we'll go into further detail discussing what the outlook is for corn specifically. Okay, here we go. As we know corn is an agriculture within the agricultural sector we discussed wheat two weeks ago, and they are very similar but corn is more versatile than wheat at the time of putting the chart together. Earlier today on through Trading View, the current contract for July 2022, the corn futures contract was traded at 607 as we speak right now. It's down off of that level is trading now at $596.40 and dropping. Okay, that's the July 2022 contract. And where we are with the for December will come back to these later in the webinar, after we look at what forecasts and analysts have to say about corn into the rest of this calendar year and into 2023 and beyond. The July 2022 contract at the time of putting this together earlier today was trading at 604 20 and one year out from now, the July 2023 contract was trading at 610. So this goes back to, you know, getting back to earlier. In the first part of first let's say nine webinars of discussing what constitutes a futures contract what types of curves we're looking for price is where the where the current prices lower or higher than where the futures prices gives you an indication of where the curve is going. Moving into further analytical details and some of the research and data that's been put out for corn this year, looking forward. Like a number of commodities corn prices are driven by supply and demand factors large and dominated by us agriculture policies according to the US DA that's United States Department of Agriculture, and the US is the number one corn exporter globally. Other effects on the supply side include the seasonal factors on outcome of harvest beginning of stocks of corn and yield stocks meaning you know how much stock file how much do they have. Let's say saved up demand factors include industrial use of grains and the animal feed and for human consumption, as well as supply side effects informed countries affecting export demand so to talk about now is the use of corn on the supply or sorry on the demand side and at the same time, the export factors of the countries that are importing it for their needs. The price of corn has skyrocketed this year since Russia's invasion of Ukraine and has a state and has stayed elevated as fears that the world would increase food insecurity largely came to pass. The price has been as high as more than 30% hitting above $8 at the end of April 2022 and closing at 765 by mid June 2022 so once the invasion started obviously a lot of things increased in price within the commodity sector not only on the ag side, but as well as the energy side and raw material side. They have come down since then, as we'll see later what other institutions and research firms have to say what their outlook is, but they have cooled down a bit. As you can see now, it's trading currently at $597. So they have come down off of their highs. The US and China responsible for more than half of the world's total corn production with Brazil, EU and Argentina being the other big producers globally. So Ukraine when we get into Ukraine specifically because it's mentioned within the geopolitical tension is the eighth largest global producer. And according to the USDA, Ukraine's corn production for the marketing year 2022 and 23 forecast to be 25 million metric tons which is down 41% from last year so to keep that perspective, a 41% drop year over year is very significant. But we know why, due to the invasion and the ongoing crisis between Russia and Ukraine. Another big factor that we have to factor in when it comes into the ag side of the commodities is weather. Research from the SMP global institution showed that dry weather is expected to force us corn contraction contraction means tightness down in 2022 and 2023, adding to the pricing pressures. When they, when they say adding to pricing pressures that means it's going to be forcing the price upwards. On corn is expected to decline as a result of the climate change, according to NASA, which yields forecast to drop 24% by 2030 so what they're saying now is they have, you know, NASA has all of this, let's say technology and satellites and weather predictors and and so forth that put in their AI, and it calculates a simulation of data. And what they're saying now between now where the price of corn, not the price but the where the corn is being yielded at what they're being able to harvest. By the year 2030, due to all of these calculations and the weather forecast they're predicting. There will be a 24% decrease by year 2030 and what the corn will be able to yield and what that's production wise, and what they'll be able to use for consumption as well as export to importing countries. That's a very important factor to keep in mind. Barclays Barclays their research noted that there are difficulties that have put upward pressure on corn price predictions they highlighted that the Russia and Ukraine crisis combined represent one of the world's key bread baskets accounting for approximately 25% of global exports with the same disruptions, meaning them not be able to get from point A to point B to a, whether it's sanctions and or here the closure of the black sea, which I put in parentheses. Much of the global supply could stall for as long as the conflict continues. Now this dramatically impacted the price within the European market corn prices, and they have been up more than 30% since the war began so here again we'll be able to see contraction based on geopolitical tension and supply chain disruptions and sanctions due to be countries that are producers of the commodity and being able to get it from point A to point B to the importing countries that needed for consumption, human consumption and or other needs such as cattle and feed and etc. From CRM Agra, corn markets risk coming under pressure as harvest loom, but this is far from a fully bearish market. The drought impacted Brazilian crop is likely to drive additional new crop demand to US markets. China has continued to purchase US corn with, and with every purchase the US stock decreases. So, Brazil's weather, keep in mind, they are in the southern hemisphere so for us living in the northern hemisphere when it's summer, it's, it's their winter and vice versa. They had a rough seasonal drought that produced the amount that they could harvest and end up exporting. China on the other hand, even though they are one of the major global suppliers of corn and producers of corn, they've been purchasing US corn for their own reasons, which could vary for a very number of reasons. Each time anybody is purchasing from the US, it's decreasing their stockpile, putting more pressure on their harvest season and the amount of corn that they're going to be able to stock and yield for the upcoming months. Now, from feednavigator.com, they were saying that corn prices are expected to trade at historically elevated levels for the remainder of this year and into 2023, according to some UK analysts. Through the war in Ukraine, the dryness across parts of Europe and the Americas, alongside the protectionist measures being taken by governments to secure supplies CRM Agri raised its price forecast significantly on the Chicago board for corn on by Q4 of 2022. So here again, we're going back to one of the variables that nobody has any control over, which is weather, and it has affected not only the US and Brazil when they say the Americas north and South America but it's also affected parts of Europe which they are important producers as well particularly coming out of Russia and Ukraine due to their conflict. And then you also have China in the mix has been one of the major exporters of the commodity itself, purchasing from US putting more pressure on the demand from the US harvest itself. This is coming from the United States Department of Agriculture and the US Congress Congressional Budget Office. The USDA's projections released earlier this year in February suggested nominal corn prices could fall from 480 and 2022 and $23 to $4 by 2026 and 27 and then remain stable. And at that level through 2031 and 2032. Now, keep in mind, this is a very long timeframe for them to come out with this type of prediction, and more recent corn price forecast put the average price for the current market at $6 and 75 cents here they're trying to tell us based on their projections back in February now keep in mind what was going on in February there was no war between Russia and Ukraine this is why I've put this in here, just so that you've got to make sure getting back to what I've discussed and across all webinars is doing your research and be able to track historically, not just from a technical analysis but also what's happening around the technical analysis of whatever it is that you're looking at from a futures contract whether it's an agriculture or energy or or any other specific sector. But here you could see specifically when they came out in February, they were looking at the $4 handle for the rest of this year going into next year and then by 2026 and 27, it even dropping further and they're going now and even further to say that, you know, by 2031 and 32 that they expected to stay in the $4 handle, but here we see it currently as we speak right now, it's trading at $597 so you can see the discrepancy not discrepancy but the difference in timing of reports actually happen versus variables that are out of control, and not know what can happen in the foreseeable future. Now the Congressional Budget Office in their report of May in 2022 gave corner price forecast of $6 for this year. Now their current price forecast for 2025 suggested the price could fall down to just below $4 at 395 and slumping further to 390 and 2030. And also this report, even though it's come out after the, the, the geopolitical crisis between Ukraine and Russia, and the supply chain disruptions with getting corn from point A to point B. They're also going out to 2030 and they're also still forecasting right along with USDA close to the $4 handle once we get to the end of this decade. So that's just more for information for you to digest, to look into and look at where it's been historically when it comes to good weather versus bad weather seasons and harvests. Prior geopolitical tensions because this is not the first time we've seen geopolitical tension in our time within the history of humanity for that, for that matter. Keeping in mind that the United States is 247 years old. You know the corn is one of their, if not the biggest commodity within the ag sector that they produce so they've been in and out of geopolitical tensions throughout their history. And they've also had their fair weather, or I shouldn't say fair weather but fair share of weather conditions good and bad from trading economics calm corn futures extended their decline. This is going back within the timeframe of off the peak when it was just above $8 decline to 730 per bushel in mid July, which was just a week ago, the lowest in over five weeks. That's the lowest has been in five weeks prior to this week now, and tracking a broad decrease in agricultural commodities as as investors have digested new data from USDA supply and demand report. I'm expected to trade at 905 spot 69 bushels USD per BU by the end of this quarter, according to global macro models and expectations now looking forward the estimated to trade close to 1000 a little over 1000 and 12 months time, to increase here, the graph that they have put to support what they're referring to. And here's where you can see where it's currently trading, which is right on the dot pretty much it's at 596 as we speak now so call it 600 and 12 months time they're looking at it moving up to to 1000 now this is their forecast. All right, our long only time will tell, but there are our significant other, let's say reports and research analysis that you'll see later in the upcoming slides that will provide more data to support. You know the contraction and demand as that would support a price increase in corn itself. Back into the screen. This is from grow intelligence calm US corn stacks already the stock sorry not the stacks stocks, which gets back to their stock pile is what they're referring to already the lowest in eight years will shrink further in 2022 and 2023. There's going to be more outflow, then they're going to be able to stock pile and save that will fuel for the further price increases in a broad range of food products. Now, the US farmers intend to plant 4 million fewer acres of corn this year because of the soaring soaring increasing fertilizer costs. The existing intentions and intentions number would mean a smaller corn harvest this year, even if grown conditions are ideal us corn total sales commitments are currently the second highest in history, and new and new crop sales remain strong. They're still seeing a very strong demand for the commodity. They are decreasing the amount of harvested area to harvest and plant for corn, due to the increase in the raw materials that are needed to help increase and produce the commodity itself. So this inflation, if you will, they've decided to lower their cost on the harvesting and plant side, even though the demand is still there, and they still have a strong commitment from from importing countries. For future prices are posting new contract highs us corn ending stocks for the current year stocks again meaning the stockpile or forecast at 36.6 million tons and grow predicts for 2022 and 2023 ending stockpiles will decline by double digit percentage to be a significant outflow, more than they're going to be able to harvest and stockpile and save the impact of higher corn prices is luck is likely to be broad based, given its versatility, as it touches a large number of products I mentioned this earlier. We're talking about not just human consumption but you're also talking about for even for ethanol. You know, energy, you're talking about for cattle itself and hog as as animal feed, as well as human consumption, and it's a broad range of and varieties of products that human consumption uses corn, the commodity for use. So the impact of these higher prices is going to hit, you know, importing countries consumers individually like ourselves with higher prices and mentioned here, this in turn will have a higher price effect on the products that corn is used for across the whole board. So, if you're, if you're looking at this from a big picture, and you all of a sudden see that they're not going to be harvesting or planting as much as they had been in the past. That's four million acres. That's a lot of land in that they're going to, they're going to decrease. That's going to significantly affect the amount that they'll be able to stock, knowing that the demand is still there so they still have the commitments for sale so there's going to be a higher sale price. This is a partisan profit margin we're not discussing profit here we're talking about the sale price. So, if you look at it from this context. In theory, the price of corn will continue to increase. Brazil suffered severe yield losses to drought and Argentina's yield is stabilizing from early season dryness. As a result this puts us in a good position to gain additional export sales. So, even though the US is the number one exporter for corn. Globally, other, I don't want to say competitors but other producers major producers globally, ie Brazil, they had a rough weather season as did Argentina now Argentina they say is somewhat stabilizing, but due to those two countries having a rough weather and harvest season. It's putting us at the forefront for more demand, which will therefore decrease their stockpile, which will in effect increase or should increase the price of the commodity as the importers continue to buy it for their needs. On web.com. Their price action there December what they were referring to here the December corn futures increased over a quarter point to six spot 2350, which is up 16 cents for the week and the contracts highest closing price since end of June of 2022 so we're talking roughly almost a year ago that you know it was it was reaching its highs, their 90 day outlook, the inflation trade. I'll get to that in a second faded recently as crude oil and other commodities have tumbled, which means they've declined in price, which could generate pressure, especially from from speculators, continuing signs of soft export demand could limit the price of the outside on net sales for 2022 and 2023 commitments total to 111,000 metric tons, which is down 36% from the average of 172,000 metric tons for the previous four weeks. So what we're talking about here the inflation trade. The whole market knows inflation is in the United States at its highest in 40 years. Interest rates. It's projected that next week, the federal increase, at least 70 or the markets factoring in an increase of an additional 75 basis points. I've seen some reports that they could even increase it 100 basis points, but we have to wait for that till they release that data next week. Now, now that inflation is factored in knowing that there are supply chain disruption issues, knowing that there is geopolitical ongoing geopolitical issues. This is what they're talking about this has faded. It's been all factored in to the market to where we sit right now. And this is where the speculation or the speculators are coming in to say okay. Now that it's factored in, where are we going to place or hedge our bets. Do we want to go long or do we want to go short. If you want to speculate on this particular commodity itself from CNBC calm. Even prior to the war agricultural commodities were seeing some upward pressure amid supply chain disruptions and high transportation costs that are contributing to inflation throughout the economy. Now drought in the western US and elsewhere in the world has driven prices higher we've already discussed that that's been an issue throughout the world for the, the, the global suppliers. In addition to global supply concerns hitting the, the ag commodities broadly corn has also a potential source of additional demand and this gets back to its broad base of use. It's not, it's not very finite in its definition of its use because it has a broad range for use. The US President Biden and his administration. They have temporarily allowed the sale of higher ethanol gasoline over this current summer of 2022 an attempt to offset rising energy costs. Now, for those of you that are connected to the United States and or have relatives or friends living in the US, you will maybe have heard them discuss the higher gasoline prices. Now this is what the administration is currently allowing is for more ethanol to come into the market to try to offset and lower the gasoline prices. Across the states, and one of the main ingredients, not the main ingredient within ethanol, albeit is corn. So that's another one of its uses and brought in broad terms. If you look at their chart that they hit here from CNBC. You know from April, which the war with Ukraine and Russia started in the March or in March. This post war. You can see that the prices come down a bit, but they are still relatively high. Okay, and the, the, the title of their chart here is price of corn hits nine year high. It was loaded here like we said earlier at 840 it was a spot 14 per bushel. So it was hovering around 800. Now it's dropped down to according to this chart by July 18 it was above $6 and now it's trading at, you know, 596 so it's still about right the blue line trend is at the moment but the picture, the overall picture for the price on corn is an increase in pricing trend. The key takeaways for the market overview. Now, we've had overwhelming. I don't want to say evidence but research and data showing that the man will always be there for corn supply is there. The major exporters, IE America have decided to limit how much they're going to be planting and harvesting due to inflationary reasons because of sourcing the raw materials have increased in price which has become more expensive for them to plant and harvest it. But the demand that doesn't mean that if they're going to be producing less that the demand is going to drop, it's going to give a counter effect and the demand will always be there. It's just going to end up costing more. So, you know, as we've seen from various analysts, the corn market is seeing supply demand issues driving prices higher this year and heading into 2023. And then you couple that with weather and geopolitical unknown variables because we don't know when Ukraine and Russia will end up stopping their conflict. It could be long winded and could go on for some time or it could end up, you know, stopping overnight nobody knows. And the weather variable is out of everyone's control, keeping in mind, you know, you've got northern and southern hemisphere exporters at play from Argentina and Brazil and the southern hemisphere and all of the other major exporters and producers of corn in the northern hemisphere. Even though a rise in demand is present and needed mainly from the importer side, the supply is not as available due to them planting less just as I mentioned and the harvesting numbers are forecasted to be lower putting additional pricing pressures on corn. We just discussed that. And once again, we always before taking a position. Now, I can't assume everyone is is invested or within their portfolio has positions within agriculture but if you're going to speculate and you don't have a position for hedging reasons, and you want to speculate on this particular commodity itself. You've got to do your research. And there's a lot of it out there. Gold is a larger corn is a getting back to its use has a broader range of use than other commodities, you know, gold is gold. Okay, we understand what gold is. It has, I don't want to say limited in scope but it's got its scope and parameters set, just as the other metals of platinum and silver etc. Energy oil and gasoline saying wheat falls into corn as an act, but corn has more use than wheat from its from its variability. So you've got to do your research if you want to take a speculative position. We've seen where forecasts are are headed. You've seen where, and I'll go back up here to the price on December's contract. This was at 604 it's trading now at 598. And, you know, one year from now, it's at 610 based on all of the data that we've discussed, providing where the supply is going to be somewhat limited supply chain disruptions, due to being able to get from point A to point B are still in play. And at the same time, the uncontrollable variable of weather which had an effect on South America mainly this year as well as in the US on the western side with the drought forecast to put it as an increase for its outlook and price. Now, is this, this is not advice to say, okay, go why and be long. This is, there's a lot of data out there. And a lot of data is supporting what we've discussed in this webinar that there will be a contraction in the supply, the demand will always be there forcing the price to move up. And that's no guarantee as to if and when that will happen so always know that nothing will ever happen according to your specific timeframe and your needs because that's what you want and that's what you're invested in. So if you take a position in corn within this commodity with futures contracts know how to protect yourself which we discussed in the previous webinars learn how to hedge, you know, set your target, your stop losses, your, you know, if it starts moving in your favor. So take your profits off the table, regroup, take a look at the new data, where is the new data forecasted to be, you know, as we, as we approach now we're in mid summer in the United States, that means we're in mid winter in the southern country because the forecasted weather forecast and etc etc so you see where I'm going with this, and you've got to stay on top of your position at all times. Is this a good commodity to speculate on. It's a good commodity to decide, and you know, in my opinion what I'm looking at is, it's a common denominator as a necessity, and it is used globally for a number of purposes so there will always be demand for it. What will happen with the price. Well, it mainly depends on the variables that I just mentioned weather and the geopolitical tension, and due to inflation in the United States are they going to be able to keep the interest rates. So inflation in check with rising interest rates, we don't know that we're going to see how the market reacts next week even though they've priced in 75 basis points rate hike. In addition to what they've done previously this year, if the increase higher than that how's the market going to react. What's their forecast going to be for the remainder of the year to keep inflation and check. If inflation continues to stay stable and or creep up and the rising interest rates are really not putting a dent or, or, or doing what the Fed would like it to do to bring down inflation. So that's going to only continue to provide higher prices for the raw materials needed, and it could cause further contraction for the upcoming harvest seasons, which, once again, would, would provide price increase on the supply on the supply side which means higher prices for the raw materials and the buyers and the importers. As always I like to end with a comment returns matter a lot it's our capital. Now this is a general statement, and this is coming from the CEO and President of fidelity investments or names Abigail Johnson.  And even regardless of futures contracts, what type of investment portfolio, you have currently or want to start building capital is capital, and it and the returns matter so this you've got to. Again, do your research can be very careful and aware of the surroundings of the position that you want to take or that you're currently in and understand the trend of the market within the sector that you're are investing in. With that being said, I'm going to open it up for any questions right now. If anybody has any questions, please feel free to send them be more than happy to answer best of my best of abilities. Any questions going once. Yes. All right, I will be back with everyone. Next week on market outlook with a different commodity within the futures options. If I recall correctly, it's, it's not agriculture, it may be interest rates if I'm not mistaken. But, you know, we discussed oil we discussed gold we went over wheat, we discussed corn today so I'm giving you a variety of outlooks and forecast reports out in the market, so that you can have a better idea of, you know, how broad the scope of products and sectors that tick mill is is providing on their platform. With that being said, best of luck everyone this week for a sign off. We are looking currently the market right now the S&P 500 is up 81 points, it down's up close to 570 so it's off to a positive start oil is a little flat gold is a little flat, and silver is also about flat so, but overall the market is up, and we'll see how that holds up the rest of the week with with the chatter on the interest rates and inflation. Have a good week, and I will see everyone next week. Take care. Good night.


So one year out of finishing my medical training, my wife and I bought our first house. Here's the story of how it happened. So after finishing three years of internal medicine residency, I took a job as my first full-time attending job as an internal medicine hospitalist. Now this job compared to training afforded my wife and I a six-figure salary, which we used to save up, put down payment for the first few months, so then we could buy a house in the upcoming year. But later on the year, I also made the decision of going away from my attending job and going back to training to be a cardiology fellow, which is what I do today. So now we had a decision. With all this money we've been saving for about a year and a half, do we go ahead and put a down payment on a home? Knowing that my salary as a fellow is going to be less or do we just rent for three years until I go ahead and become an attending? Ultimately, for a variety of reasons, including knowing that we're going to have our first baby girl in just a few months, we decided to go ahead down the buying the house process. But to make the numbers work, we elected to go down and getting a position loan, which basically didn't require us to put as much down as a down payment. So now we could use this lump sum that we had been saving for the past two years to essentially subsidize the mortgage payments until I finished my three years of fellowship and still allow us to have the home we want and no longer be renters, especially with a brand new baby on the way.


7 Important Questions About Business English. What is business English? As a newly qualified TEFL teacher, you may well find yourself teaching business English either full-time, or as a means of earning extra income. Business English is a specialized area within English language teaching or learning, and comes under the umbrella of English for specific purposes, ESP. Business English can refer to the English vocabulary used in business, such as international trade, finance, etc. It can also refer to business communication, such as the language needed for presentation, correspondence, negotiations, socializing, etc. Who uses business English? The vast majority of international business communication in English, takes place between non-native speakers of English, and your students are more than likely learning English in order to communicate with businesses or colleagues, in other non-English speaking countries, rather than native English speakers. Where is business English taught? Business English is taught all over the world, in English speaking countries as well as non-English speaking nations. Demand for business English classes is likely to be highest in urban or tourist centers. What types of jobs are available for teaching business English? The majority of business English teaching jobs are found with private language schools, providing courses to companies either at the language school or at the student's workplace. Some companies hire an English teacher directly, either on a part-time, freelance basis or as a salaried employee. You can find business English teaching jobs either advertised on the internet, by applying to private language schools or by contacting companies directly. How do salaries compare with normal English classes? Obviously, this depends on the many factors including experience and qualifications, but in general as a teacher of a specialized area of English, business English teachers can expect to earn more than normal English language teachers. Why teach business English? As a business English teacher, your students will always be adults and therefore, behavioral problems in the classroom will be much less of an issue than when teaching young learners. Classes will generally be small. Students are more likely to be highly motivated to learn, though not always. Their students will have a better understanding of why certain activities need to be completed. What are some tips for teaching business English? Try to keep your lesson relevant to the students' day-to-day needs. Appreciate that students may be learning outside of normal working hours, and this can affect motivation levels. Be aware that groups may be arranged, by the company according to the preferences of the students or managers, rather than according to language level. Keep company hierarchies in mind when planning your lesson, because classes may contain staff of differing seniority, and care needs to be taken in order to prevent loss of face. Take a course which specializes in teaching business English. Do you want to teach business English abroad?


Tony Camacho is a supply sergeant overseas. His supply room is kept spotless and organized, but when he leaves work, he destroys silence. Being Puerto Rican, I'm loud, by nature. Drums and me just complement each other. Camacho chose the drums when he was 19. The only problem was that he couldn't afford it, but the answer was right in front of him the whole time. Not having money to buy an actual drum set, I had to play on my tags and, you know, that's how I learned. Not 20 years later, Camacho has gotten the chance to test his skills on stage. Last year, he played with the local band with the largest German-American festival in Europe. Have you heard him play the drums before? Yes, I have. Do you think he's good? Yes, not only. I don't like to start in Camacho. Appreciate it. Appreciate it. Camacho also uses social media as his virtual stage. He's gathered thousands of views from fans all over the world, but it was the attention of the lead drummer of Mexican rock band Maná that excited him the most. Alex el Animal Gonzales reacted to his video with a hand-clap emoji. He's an inspiration for us. So when I saw that comment on my video, I couldn't even believe it. I couldn't even believe it. That was something big for me. And he hopes to share that same inspiration with others. The fact that I am enjoying what I'm doing even though I'm not the best at it. He's a good ECO. That helps people and that's all the intention behind it. After a long day in uniform, Camacho makes time to keep the beat going. I can think about anything better than just hitting stuff to deal with stress. So that's what I do. I destroy silence. U.S. Army Staff Sergeant Prax Pineda, Wilseg, Germany.


Does it seem like relationships are disposable these days? Repeat that does it seem like people that enter into relationships find themselves being discarded? Rown away Used I mean that's what I'm noticing so often today with so many people that are entering into Relationships today that they have a short-lived experience And then all of a sudden someone might disappear or someone might end a relationship out of the blue for no reason at all And today I want to explore that deeper level of why this might be happening and what you can do to avoid Finding to yourself in this situation where you're with somebody who discards you or pulls away So the other day I was sharing with my girlfriend that a Message I got from someone on YouTube About being in a four month five month relationship and all of a sudden out of the blue This person just says I want out and while you know We have to respect people that don't want to invest more time in a relationship that doesn't serve them She thought it was kind of odd after he came on strong He said a professed all his love for this person how he saw a future with this person How he saw this grand life together and all of a sudden out of the blue he changes his mind And if you've ever experienced that I'm sure that feels like It feels like a betrayal In fact, that's what my girlfriend was sharing with me It feels like you're being betrayed on a promise but more importantly than discarded Like something disposable like disposable hand wipes like disposable dishes being disposed being discarded and That's really sad that we find ourselves in a position these days more than ever when I say these days Relationships have little or no Roots to them. They have little or very little investment in them and when I think back to 50 60 years ago certainly before birth control there was a big investment or a big consequence to Entering relationships someone if you had a visit if you had sex with them Because the consequence came nine months later And so it used to be if you wanted and I've said this on my videos before if men wanted to get laid They had to get married By the way, please forgive the terminology getting laid. I know for some of you that Bothers you But I use it just a little tongue-in-cheek In fact, many of you seem to be bothered by some of my my rhetoric and sometimes I say it purely for levity Or sometimes I say things to make a point But I want to come back to this There was an investment That the man had to make if he wanted to explore a relationship with someone in these days There's little or no investment in a relationship Other than maybe the agreement of monogamy and maybe the agreement of exclusivity, although these days It seems like people will spend three or four months together In relationship with one another being physically intimate and there's no clear sense if there's monogamy or exclusivity It's rather ambiguous So my channel my YouTube channel is for those of you who genuinely want Partnership in your life you want someone who wants to explore a partnership with you Instead of Cavalier Cavalier Lee exploring relationships and what I mean by Cavalier is there's a sense of intentionality There's a sense of intentionality and what I mean by intentionality is the person both people Have a desired goal in mind of what they want in their life This is where it gets tricky Because many people and ladies you're no different You don't know what you want and I say this because I have so many women coming to me for my private coaching By the way, there's a link below to schedule a free discovery call with me in the description They come to me and they go Jonathan. I know what I want. I know what I want.  After they've gone through this program They say things like why didn't they teach me this in school? Why didn't my parents teach me this? Why didn't I learn this before I married or dated the wrong guy? Many of you don't know what you want. You think you know what you want from the 40,000 foot level, but I'm talking about Understanding what you want at a base level and for men they literally and I've said this before They're winging it winging it what they mean to say is Listen my demographics mostly is for people over 40 years old Men it used to be in their 20s and 30s used to be for us baby boomers or Gen Xers We had a desired goal to start a family with someone to to Be dating the potential mother of our children. So there was some level of intentionality Now if you're in your 40s 50s and 60s You're most likely divorced and in many cases many men after divorce Are less likely to want to enter in a relationship with someone because Maybe they got burned. Maybe they have a contentious relationship with their ex. Maybe they're fearful Losing their assets in a relationship. So there's not that level of intentionality Not for all men most men but not all men Add to that is just because someone is older doesn't make them and they might be Responsible in their life doesn't necessarily make them mature enough in relationship What I mean by mature enough is have the skills to actually enter into a relationship And what I mean to say is and if you're not familiar with this new By the way, there was this was a gift from one of you beautiful youtubers out there Once you see this chart says emotional maturity relationship skills I believe roughly 20% of the population has clinical issues clinical issues Makes it different by the way, this is not a fact this an opinion and while I say 20% of the population is emotionally healthy And has relationship skills most everyone is dysfunctional Why is important to understand this because when people have clinical issues or dysfunctional They can't actually develop the deep roots of trust needed for a healthy happy relationship And a relationship needs deep roots of trust it needs deep roots and what I mean by trust trust isn't just you know Fidelity first is does this person have my best interest at hand? Does this person have my best interest at hand? It's interesting last night for most of you know Most of you know that I began a relationship about five months ago with someone it was long distance And we actually Decided to move in together she moved from Chicago to Los Angeles. We moved in together now Some people have said this is way too fast and it's gonna blow up on your face You know, they're they're critical of that many of you are very supportive, which I appreciate While I'm sharing this with you last night. She said something to me. I Totally touched my heart She knew prior to us moving in together the importance that I build a big a nest egg for the future for retirement and to invest a Significant amount of money each year to make that happen And she was very mindful of the the monies we've spent and the monies I've spent and the money She spent so far in this transition in our life And I really appreciated that she she had my best interest at hand And I've done the exact same thing for her I know that in her life this happens to be in them the financial area that she has a particular Desire to have in her bank account so she feels comfortable And we both seem to work in unison because we care about each other's best interest along with the fact that I Tend to be the one who wakes up early in the morning And so I make my coffee and she likes decaf and I put out her little pod for decaf and her little Spoon and her the cup that she likes to use Because I want to savor of that few extra 10 seconds. That's having your partner's best interest at hand. I think partly why I'm in this place to actually think this way it's because Be candid with you after I lost my son and many of you know I lost my my 19-year-old son Connor to an accident I Began doing a deep dive in what does it mean to love? What does it mean to love oneself? And by the way, it seems like I'm going off on a tangent, but trust me. I'm gonna bring this back loop When you lose someone you love you learn to appreciate life I think in a such a different way and most importantly to love on oneself Because ultimately nobody can discard you unless you discard yourself. This is why I wrote my book What the heck is self-love anyway a journey of personal development self-help and spiritual work by the way again There's a link below to get a copy of my book. Why is this so important by the way? And I have the tools at the back of the book to allow oneself to To create a vaccination to the emotional chaos and let me tell you something The dating apps today the dating apps today has created emotional chaos These are the apps by the way, by the way, I no longer have my dating apps on my phone anymore I deleted those after our first month or so together. I didn't save them in a folder. I just deleted them but my point is Loving on oneself it's so important Because nobody can discard you when you are in your empowered self when you are in your self-reliance self-esteem confidence When you're in that space Even if someone chooses to end the relationship, it's a gift for you and Nobody can discard you unless you discard yourself and what I mean by discarding yourself is you've given your power away to another human being and Sadly women have a propensity to do this at least this is something I've noticed women have a propensity to give their power away to men So, how do we avoid These circumstances where you might have a short-lived relationship. By the way, if you have a Let me come back to relationships for a second. The definition of a relationship for each person might be uniquely different So in my particular case, I knew I wanted a relationship where we had to spend consistent time together doing shared activities Hobbies mutual interests spending time with family and friends traveling together teamwork building skills both in our personal and our professional life Intimacy both physical and emotional intimacy that led to either moving in together or getting married. That is what a relationship meant to me Now why I'm saying why it's meant to me and remember I said earlier women say that they know what they want They know what they want, but you'll enter into the dating process. You'll enter into Exploring a relationship with someone and the reason why I'm hesitant to use the word explore Explore means that two people are on the same path of what their goal is if you're not Thinking of what it doesn't have to be the goal with that person But what you want in your life and then choosing someone who fits or can fit into that goal You have many of you as I said before and men particularly are winging it. Okay So some of you are in relationships are in long-distance relationship We were you barely see each other and you spend most of your time on the phone Well, what's the value of doing that if you don't have an end run and end goal at mind? This is why I recommend book after book after book. In fact, there's a book I've been reading lately and I know many of you may not want to get remarried But what's the point of investing 10 or 20 years with someone if you don't have deep roots together This is why I'm reading a book called making your second marriage a first-class success Why am I recommending this book is beacons? When you understand this book is a great gives great insight into how to choose someone the second go around So you don't find yourself in a position of being discarded And yet many of you are operating from the premise that chemistry equals relationship success chemistry equals relationships success The chemistry isn't just or by the way if you're not familiar with my relationship iceberg chart another gift. I got It's important to wreck. So chemistry is a part of attraction But what's more important is shared values blendable lifestyle and emotional maturity and that compatibility so Been watching my girlfriend. I've been just start watching a show or she's watched it before called love at first sight Now I find it interesting because Something that they said the other night while I was watching is that they're literally Bypassing the dating process because when they choose each other they Decide whether or not they're gonna get married. So they're their dating is actually Not seeing each other but talking about each other From the premise of an end goal of getting married They that's the way they other than the you know Getting to know you period in the first couple, you know pod sessions and if you're not familiar with the show I definitely go check it out But in the first couple pod sessions with the person just getting to know you what do you do for a living? What do you like to do for fun? And then what happens as they decide to the person they're gonna pick they ask deeper deeper deeper questions with a goal in mind that goal is Do you want to get married now in this case these are younger people do you want to have children? So you've got if you're in midlife, you have to really understand. What is the goal you want?  I'm not here to judge that I'm here to say though is you can find yourself being discarded by someone or they'll pull away Because you don't have any real Intentionality of what's the purpose of us doing this together other than maybe having a good time with one another And I got to tell you some most people guys and it's it's these days It's so easy for men to get sex for little or no investment other than paying for a couple dinners or whatnot and Then discard you because they're not operating from a place of intentionality now. Thankfully there are good men out there I'm gonna share with you ladies. There are a lot of good men out there Sometimes you reject a lot of the good men because they don't fit the mold of what you're looking for I do suspect that a lot of women reject really great guys because they don't fit the mold The ideal the fantasy the box that many of you have created And yet you all say you want a heart-centered man, but you want the heart-centered man who's rich and good-looking and tall Okay Maybe eliminate that and focus on the heart-centered because again in this show love it love is love is blind You don't get to see what the guy looks like you focus on the heart and many of you don't have the skill sets To do that. That's why I want you to read another book. I don't have a copy of it right now It's called making love all the time by Barbara DeAngelo's and Also the other book that she's written another book She's written called are you the right one for me by the way again There's a link below in the Jonathan recommend books below. I know you guys are saying Jonathan All you do is pitch books. Well, I'm here to encourage you to learn My channel is for you to become a more complete human being so you don't find yourself discarded by someone Because you chose the wrong person and I get it It's frustrating these days the dating process is incredibly frustrating. I would like to as much as listen I met my girlfriend through match calm. Okay be candid with you So I must believe in it because that's how I met her What we did much like the show love at first sight is we spent time just developing a friendship over the phone Not and we weren't dating. We weren't even considering a relationship with each other We just developed a little bit of a friendship over the phone So when then we actually met for the first time unlike the TV show There was no other than the other than two people meeting as friends. There was no pressure Okay, we each talked about what our end goals were But when we decided to explore a relationship together, we were very intentional We were very intentional by the third time we saw each other. We're we're exploring a relationship With an end goal in mind of living together Folks, do you know how few times this happens in the dating realm today? People are actually really intentional in the process If you want to change your narrative so you don't feel this so you don't end up in a situation of being discarded Get crystal clear on who you are what you want Figure out. What are the questions you need to ask this person?  I'm going to remind you There's a link below to schedule a discovery call with me to see if working with the coach is right for you If you want to change the narrative and choose better men because some of you do have a broken picker That I invite you to schedule time to talk to me Because ultimately here's the bottom line These days Short-lived relationships are the norm. We're seeing a decline In marriages or we're seeing a decline in divorces But what we're seeing is an absolute skyrocketing of short-lived relationships that go nowhere and in many cases Women are finding themselves discarded by men And I want to help you avoid that happening. So again Get crystal clear on what you want focus on the end goal I know every coach tells you to do the opposite No, you have to be clear on what your end goal is and then start to ask the deeper questions Make the investment of asking deeper questions to see if you're on the same page with one another So you don't spend time Talking with a guy or being in relationship with a guy who's going to discard you Because he doesn't know what he wants the ground underneath him doesn't feel solid And that's what i'm here to teach you is how to find those not find the men But to determine which men have solid ground underneath them Or do they have quicksand underneath them because the guys who have quicksand will discard you very quickly Is this making sense? Is this resonating with you? Please let me know All right, I think that's enough. I'd like to hear your thoughts Please post a comment below if this did resonate with you. Please hit that like button Please share this with your friends. Please subscribe to my channel if you're brand new And i'm going to wrap up this video as I always do first off giving myself a big gigantic jonathan bear hug of self love I'm going to reach into the camera and give you a hug of love if that's okay I'm going to ask you to turn to someone pet a teddy bear pillow and give it or them a hug of love Because hugs are a great source of love and let's face it. We could all use more love in our lives And this is for the thumbnail That's what i'm trying to use for discard. All right, you're seeing an outtake. Thanks a bunch. Bye now