Okay, we can go ahead and get started as folks continue to roll in again. Thank you for being here today We're discussing innovative treatments for facial paralysis facial nerve disorders with Dr. Kalpash Vakarya He's an associate professor of head and neck surgery at the University of Maryland School of Medicine Chief of facial plastic and reconstructive surgery and also the director Of the University of Maryland Facial Nerve Center. We invite you to ask your questions for Dr. Vakarya You can submit them and the questions or chat function And at the end of the presentation He will be available to answer those questions So if you have anything in mind now, you can go ahead and send it in you can also email it to us at FPI underscore communication at FPI dot you Maryland edu Otherwise we'll go ahead and get started. Go ahead. Dr. Vakarya Well, thanks Meredith and thanks everyone for joining us To allow me to talk to you today about some innovative treatments to rebuild your face Talking about patients that have facial paralysis some of the new things that we can do So in terms of disclosures, I have no relevant financial disclosures I may discuss some non FDA treatment options and some products here I did use photos from the literature You know, I'll give you my references at the end to help demonstrate some of the principles we're going to talk about and then some patient photos have been Used with that patient approval and I encourage people in that take some pictures or share some of the patient photos, please And once again, I thank you for joining us So let's dive right in so kind of our objectives today. We're going to talk about facial nerve and muscle anatomy to really understand The anatomy behind what we see in patients in terms of the paralysis I'm going to touch it just briefly on patient assessment I'll focus the majority of the talk on Innovative treatment options that are now available to patients and really the way to summarize that is in the treatment triangle Which I'll which I'll be discussing So before talking about the abnormal in terms when patients have trouble moving their face We want to have an understanding of just the normal anatomy. So in general the facial nerve is comes out of the Within the brain stem It then enters the temporal bone, which is the bone that encompasses your ear and your sensory organs for hearing and balance It snakes through this bone at which point after leaving that bone It will enter the one of the saliva glands called the parotid gland At that point it will divide to an upper division and a lower division and then divide further as it makes his way And courses his way to the center of your face Now as we age or as you can imagine our facial nerves tend to age with us. So Dr. Rosen in 2017 described a very interesting study where he evaluated facial nerve axons in and people of different ages and he interestingly found that People that are younger tend to have more axons in their facial nerve than people that are older And so this this makes sense and it's not such a surprising finding except for the fact that it may explain why some of the nerve based Reanimation or rebuilding techniques that we have work better sometimes in younger individuals compared to older individuals However, depending on the technique you choose we can actually get pretty good results in older patients Especially if we start combining techniques and I'm going to talk about some of these combination of techniques Throughout the talk today So we've talked a little bit about the facial nerve how it Comes out of the brain goes through the ear and comes into the face as it makes its way The ultimate end target is the facial muscles. So now they're about four Muscles of facial expression and the facial nerve as it divides into its multiple divisions ultimately supplies electrical input into these facial muscles in general, there's a lot of muscles, but you can kind of think about them as What their goals are so there you can kind of divide the muscles as either intended to elevate some structure of the face or depress or Drop down a structure of the face. So for example around the mouth You're gonna have muscles that are located above the corner of the mouth or above the upper lips and muscles that are located Below the corner of mouth and below the lower lips. So as those muscles contract the goal is so the upper muscles will be Be intended to lift the corner of mouth or lift the upper lip So when you smile you're gonna have a lip uplift of these structures And the muscles below the goal is to either depress the corner of their mouth and so they help you with more so frown similarly in the upper face around the eye, you have your forehead muscles and So the goal of this muscle is to help raise your eyebrow just like the muscles below Are intended to drop your eyebrow So patients with facial paralysis tend to miss their smile the most of all of the facial Expression deficits that exist now.  So it's very particular depending on the different person Now Ruben back in 1974 evaluated a hundred people and characterized their smiles in three basic forms And really kind of focused on the kind of more open mouth smiles and he characterized him as 60 in his hundred people He looked at he found that 67 percent back in the 1970s had what he called an open a Mona Lisa smile Where the corners of the mouth get pulled up and the upper left gets pulled up Just like a shown in Jennifer Aniston here where you have more upper dental show and 31% of people he evaluated had a canine smile. This would carry Washington is Demonstrating where you have some more action of your upper lip elevators where you'll get more show of your your canine teeth specifically And while about only two percent had what's called a full denture smile And this is where your upper teeth muscle upper lip muscles really Activate in your lower lip muscles activate so that you can see Your upper lip upper teeth as well as your lower teeth And this tends to happen in only about two percent of people as demonstrated here by Julia Roberts so now the understanding of the nerve anatomy and the facial anatomy really Gives us the ability to now put that together and really recognize that specific nerves as they Intervates specific muscles work together to create the various facial expressions as you can see in this chart on the left And so the different facial expressions that you see whether it's smile. It's a grimace. It's a frown It's a surprise look activate different segments of the nerve thereby activating different combination of muscles to demonstrate Any particular facial expression. So why is this important? So for patients that have facial paralysis the many of them will undergo physical therapy and so a lot of physical therapy is Gear tour having the patients understand the different nerves and segments and different muscle segments that are acting together So that they can take what's unconscious and make it conscious. So then now you have the ability to Manipulate one's facial muscles in a way to compensate for when muscles aren't working or only partially working This information is also really important in the operating room. So as surgeons We use this information when selecting nerve branches when we're doing nerve-based Reanimation techniques to help patients regain some facial function So we talked a lot about the anatomy and the anatomy of smile and how it works let's switch gears a little bit and talk about the assessment and so when you come to the facial nerve center as Physicians here work armed with two tasks and those two tasks are first determine the underlying etiology of why a facial paralysis may have happened and then the second task is addressing the facial deficit and treating the patient in the context of their goals and expectations and then hopefully in doing so We're trying to minimize the negative psychological impact that facial paralysis has on people So the symptoms vary according to the etiology and so I put this chart up here to kind of just hopefully really impress upon the audience that there's a lot of different sources of facial paralysis and So really step one is really figuring out what is causing the weakness or the paralysis the majority of the time Depending on where you practice that's usually Bell's palsy, but here at University of Maryland where we have a very intense Facial trauma center as shock trauma. I do see a lot of patients that have Paralysis related to various traumatic injury also as part of a big head and neck cancer program here We also see a lot of patients that have paralysis related to either benign or malignant tumors So when encountering patients with facial paralysis In addition to figuring out the etiology we spend a lot of time figuring out How to make the face look and function better? So patients with facial paralysis have been found on numerous studies to have decreased quality of life report higher rates of depression and Experienced a lot of social isolation and stress related to their facial deficit And so really we we are armed with the task in improving their facial function their appearance their function in the hopes to improve the quality of life the way we do this is by really understanding each patient's goals and In terms of what they're trying to improve upon Whether it's rest symmetry whether it's voluntary motion cemetery or emotional expression and whether it's you know Trying to regain some of the control of their facial function that they've lost facial function in terms of around their mouth Patients can have speech and swallow difficulties around their nose people can have nasal obstruction and then specifically around their eye in terms of tearing and eye lubrication What makes facial paralysis so exciting in terms of treatment is now compared to You know even as much as five to ten years ago, we have a lot of options That are available. It's no longer. Oh, I have a paralysis There's nothing you can be done about it And we have a lot of options and really we have the ability to tailor the therapies that we have available For any particular patient so we can maximize their function and hopefully improve their quality of life So when seeing a patient with paralysis Timing is really everything and so we classify patients further in terms of Acute versus chronic so cute is the patient that just had the paralysis They woke up yesterday or last week and now all of a sudden their face is not moving versus the chronic patient is the patient That's having facial dysfunction for a month or even years So when I'm seeing patients I'm asking my question some important questions to myself as I'm getting to know the patient in terms of what's causing the disorder Also What is the nerve status? Is the nerve still viable? How long has it been since the nerve has not been Being used and what is the status of the facial muscles that we've just learned about? Is the muscle viable and now if I all of a sudden start driving nerve input in the muscles is the face going to start moving and so these are important questions to ask ourselves because Depending on the amount of time that's passed from the paralysis Determines what treatment we have available So in general the thinking is after 18 to 24 months if the face has not been moving Because of fibrosis and because of scarring even if you start to drive Electrical input through the nerve into the muscles You're not going to get that much movement and so really time is muscle and so our goal is to try to Get as much movement back into the face as early as possible so the other way we classify patients with facial paralysis is we We think about the paralysis and we classify as in kind of three different forms the Flaccid paralysis the non-flaccid paralysis and some mixed type So the flaccid paralysis is shown on the picture here on the left Where you have a patient that has parallel paralysis of the left side of her face this is a patient where the The left side of the face is completely droopy and so patients like this will say oh it looked like I've had a stroke They're going to also complain of issues related to function around the eye This is where you're at really significant risk for the the corny of the eye to dry out You're going to have some vision loss related to just droopiness of the eyebrow You'll have some drooling and some oral incompetence Especially when it comes to speech is falling problems Compared to the non-flaccid facial paralysis patient Which is what's shown on the picture on the right and so in this patient You're actually going to have overactivity in certain areas You're going to have other areas that have decreased activity. You're going to have tightness in the face You're going to have narrowing in the eye opening Sometimes you'll have excessive tearing and you'll have this entity called synkinesis Which we're going to talk a little bit more about Now some patients can have a mixed picture They can have areas of the face such as the eyebrow that are more droopy Which is what you would see in the flaccid patient versus areas that are more elevated and more tight and more frozen Which is what you'd see in the non-flaccid patient So synkinesis which ordinarily is seen in the non-flaccid paralysis Is defined as unintentional motion in one area of the face resulting in Occurring at during intentional motion in another area So the picture on the right shows some arrows And so when you have a person that's trying to them move their mouth Which is what the intended motion is you're going to have unintentional motion of the eye What shown in the second figure is this gentleman is raising his eyebrows And so he has the intended motion of raising the eyebrows You have the unintended motion of lifting the corner of the mouth So synkinesis develops during the process of nerve recovery or nerve injury It's not universal, but it can develop in you know 20 percent of patients 40 percent patients depending on what study you read the Development of synkinesis usually occurs around two to three to six months after the injury of the facial nerve It can be very debilitating aesthetically as well as functionally and so if you have the What's shown here the situation where whenever you move, you know One part of the face such as your mouth or your eyebrows any of unintended movement You can see in this patient when she's puckering or moving her mouth She's having significant closure of the eye and so as you can imagine This can have significant functional consequences when it comes to your vision So when you come to a facial nerve center, you undergo a lot of photos and videos And so we take this in order to help us educate ourselves and to educate the patients in terms their progress in terms of treatments progress and recovery progress and so it's it's periodically I'll review Patients photos and videos Just to kind of get a sense of where we've come and also to get a sense of what Treatments we have now at this point that we can improve any particulars patients facial function So let's switch gears here and talk about more treatment So as I mentioned, there's kind of two tasks determine the etiology and directing treatment toward that etiology But then also what I call the treatment triangle, which is really addressing The functional aesthetic issues that are resulting from the facial weakness or paralysis The treatment triangle can be summarized as a combination of medical treatment physical therapy or surgical treatment so medical treatment are things like Injections injections of chemo denervation agents or injection of fillers Versus surgical treatments, which I'm going to talk about briefly a subset of treatments that are available to help patients In certain situations get more Movement of the face in terms of physical therapy, which is a very important Branch of that treatment triangle the current physical therapy techniques Incorporate selective exercises of the face facial massage and relaxation techniques combined with biofeedback Neuro facial neuromuscular retraining is a type of therapy that facial physical therapists Especially trained and taking care of patients with this facial paralysis tend to employ what is the hope is that through Aggressive education and directed exercises with the patients therapists are able to help patients control their facial movement and compensate for the loss that they may have on one side or the other and What's been shown in the literature is that this type of therapy actually improves facial function as well as aesthetics Mirror fire biofeedback is another technique that's very commonly Utilized by physical therapists where they use mirrors and ask patients to do various facial Exercises to help them regain some control of the face and then ultimately use that Those exercises to help improve facial function So let's talk about some medical treatments So one of the common medical treatments that we deliver at the facial nerve center is Injection of dermal fillers and this is used to improve facial symmetry as well as facial function so my go-to filler is the use of hyaluronic acid fillers and this is because this is a material that's readily found in people's bodies, so we're injecting Agents or medication that is already found in your body. So it's a little bit safer and well more well tolerated It also has a lower rate of complications compared to some of the other fillers that are available in the market Now the other nice part about this is that it's reversible and so if we don't like the effect There's a medication that we can give that will reverse some of the effects of the filler Now as you can imagine That these these filler agents are not permanent And so you will require periodic repeat injections to continue to realize the benefit so a common treatment that I use for patients that have Oral incompetence after a facial paralysis is using filler to give some volume into the upper and lower lip and so in this patient on the left you can see that When they pucker or purse their lips they're going to have a little bit of a gap that exists Because of the loss of some of the muscle ability By putting a filler or hyaluronic acid into the lip it gives that volume and takes the place of some of the loss thereby allowing some patients to purse their lips keep their food or saliva In their mouths when they're eating or speaking Other uses of fillers especially in the patients that have the non flaccid type of facial paralysis. They tend to very deep very They tend to create very deep smile lines or folds in the area of the paralysis And so by using hyaluronic acid fillers, you are able to result in some improved symmetry Auteo grosso and colleagues recently in 2020 actually described in their paper that dermal fillers and patients with facial paralysis Can improve facial symmetry and improve psychological well-being therefore improve quality of life just after one treatment Now the other very common medical treatment for patients that have facial paralysis is the use of chemo denervation agents So such as botulism Botulism or just in generically speaking botox can be given and it's one of the more common things that's Given here at our facial nerve center and a big part of it is because it's minimally invasive And it can result in significant improvement of facial function aesthetic as well as quality of life Now botox just to say in layman's term produces Chemical denervation of muscles by blocking release of a neurotransmitter the acetylcholine at the junction between the nerve and the muscle So now this is a permanent denervation that occurs However, your body has the ability to regrow these nerve endings between the muscle and the nerve and so as a result At about three months you start Developing return of function of these muscles and so that explains why you have to undergo repeat treatments at times So botox is frequently used cosmetically to help soften wrinkles as shown here in this patient Where you have forehead wrinkles you can inject in the forehead you can soften some of these wrinkles You can also inject in your 11 lines Which are the lines that end up forming as we age between our eyebrows So you can see after a standard injection you can get softening That occurs because you're having paralyzed you're having paralysis of these muscles So these cosmetic indications these situations the exact dosing the locations well very well described and very generalizable generalizable across patient to patient However in the facial paralysis patient Um, this is not as well generalizable And so this is where we have an opportunity to really tailor the treatment to any particular patient's facial problem So let me talk about a couple of the problems that we commonly see So first is the lower lip the lower lip by symmetry is very common in patients that facial paralysis We can actually inject specific groups of muscle in order to achieve improved facial symmetry and improve function And so what's shown here in the picture on on the right you have Uh, the lack of lower lip pull down with smile in the paralyzed side So this patient has left sided lower lip paralysis And so with specific injections to some of the lower lip depressors You can actually paralyze the non paralyzed side Then resulting in better symmetry As shown here after injection with a very much more symmetric smile and the ability to kind of bring the lips together The other common area that we see in patients and inject is the platysma This is the large muscle in the neck that's right underneath the skin And in general patients that have non flaccid paralysis type tend to have a lot of tension pain and spasm in this muscle That's a very frequent and common complaint at their center So the muscle also is involved in pulling the corner of the mouth and the lower lip downward And so injecting Botox This chemo denervation agent into the muscle you can see will relax this muscle As shown from the picture on the left to the right where you can see the relaxation of the the muscle band that's there What it also tends to do Is relieve some of this spasm that twitching and the tension and the pain that patients feel in this area Additionally since it's also used to bring some of the lower lip down by paralyzing it You can actually get some improvement in some patients in in terms of their smile or uplift of their smile So synkinesis we've talked about that how you have unintended movement to one side of the face while you're moving some other and so Treatment with chemo denervation agents is really one of the gold standards One of the easiest ways that we have to improve this sequela facial paralysis And so as you can see in this patient where you have closure of where you have puckering of the mouth results in closure of the eye area with selective specific Injections around the eyelid around the eye As well as other areas of the face you can achieve what's shown here Where now the eye is not closing with that pucker or with that movement of the of the mouth So this is an example of A pattern of injections that we will do depending on The the problem areas and so in this particular person that had this map, you know They had problem areas in the forehead around the eyes. They wanted some lower lip symmetry now. This is not Standard between each patient and so we're armed with the task of figuring out kind of the facial injection map Between sessions and so what's exciting is the patient I get to know each other We get to figure out what areas are the problem areas what areas don't bother them and we direct injections toward those areas to calm down those problem areas So let's switch gears a little bit and talk about some surgical options On that treatment triangle that we have that are available for facial dysfunction So one of the areas one of the problem areas, especially in patients that have flaccid paralysis is they have incomplete eye closure And so this is a big problem because If you're not able to close your eye, you're not able to lubricate the eyeball the cornea And that's the seeing part of the eye or the colored part of the eye as shown here If you're not lubricating it, you're kind of putting yourself at risk of drying pain and Eventually blindness and so we take the eye area and patients with facial paralysis exceptionally serious and so Initially the management is medical management of using things like artificial tears lack or lube ointment, which is more viscous Taping the eye shut in specific areas lifting the lower eyelid with tape or taping the eye shut at night specifically to make sure the eyeball is getting adequate lubrication All additionally we can use things like a moisture chamber which is shown on the right Which is an alternative to do the taping when you put the moisture chamber It creates a micro environment where the eye is more Moisturized after you put all your drops of lubrication in so there's an alternative to taping at night now This is what you will see in flaccid paralysis close your eyes Relax Where you can see you don't have the ability to close the eyelid to cover your your eyeball You also have some droopiness of your lower eyelid as well as the eyebrow itself all can limit eye function and vision so in terms of surgical options As we've talked about some medical options related to the eye area is really implantation of these eyelid weights and so After about a month if you're still not recovering some of that function around the eye We would talk about inserting one of these eyelid weights to help With the management of the eye. It's a short surgery that can be done It's a common kind of come-and-go outpatient type procedure Which will allow someone to now be able to Volitionally close their eye when they need to so for example in this patient Closure eye when you ask to close their eye You're not able to achieve that now after undergoing eyelid weight implantation into the eyelid In addition to a brow lift and a lower eyelid lift you can see what can be achieved Which is improved eye closure and so This will help patients This has been shown in multiple studies to improve quality of life because it's one less thing that the patients have to Deal with as they're addressing the rest of their face Now a new surgical tool that's been recently added to our armamentarium is called modified selective norectomy Uh, and this is can be combined combined with platysmal excision Which is recently described in 2019 by babacus these days out in los angeles Um, this is really a nice addition to our Toolbox Because for patients that have non flaccid paralysis Prior to this we are primarily treating with a chemo denervation agents as well as facial dermal fillers Since the description of the surgery and now really the Use of the surgery in patients. It's really helped some improve their facial function specifically around smiling The way this surgery is performed This is done through a facelift type incision So it's a well hidden incisions During the procedure we go in and selectively find nerves That are us are what we call the problem nerves So these nerves are supplying muscles that are doing actions that they're not intending to do So for example when you're trying to smile You're trying to have your muscles above the corner mouth lift the corner of the mouth so you can smile But there are some nerves and muscles that are now counteracting that Uplift and so as a result if you can go in and selectively find that nerve and muscle And cut that you can potentially result in a better smile better function decrease incisions, and that's what we've shown here So let me give you an example And so this is from his paper. We can see the patient has a kind of lower downturn corner of the mouth Less dental show and a lot more asymmetry. So after undergoing this modified selective urectomy This is what's shown in the bottom bottom picture is something that can be potentially achieved And this is in one of my patients that had long-standing facial paralysis non flaccid after vellus palsy This is the type of smile that he had So you can see the asymmetry That's on the left side. He has minimal function More pulling out To the side and very little dental show. So now after this modified selective urectomy This is just a couple months out I take back a couple weeks out you can see much more dental show much more smile You know, he reports to me that he's felt like for many many years over a decade He's not had an appropriate smile And so after undergoing this procedure, he feels that him and his family kind of see a much more improved And he's happy with the smile that he can achieve Now the final technique that i'm going to discuss in this talk Can be used in patients that have flaccid paralysis So for example after patients that have trauma to the facial nerve After fractures of the the head or the ear bone or if a gunshot wound or after removal of a tumor This is where one of the techniques that come in Also, this can be applied in patients that have Uh a problem that's more long standing that they haven't gotten recovery of facial function And so what we do here what has been described is the technique of transplanting nerves So taking nerves from the arm or the leg Uh and then rerouting them in the face and then also rerouting local nerves So specifically the nerve that used to control one of the muscles of biting So the masseter muscle you can actually reroute that and reroute it specifically to the nerve branch that controls smile And so by doing this combination therapy, we're actually able to achieve significant improvement in facial function Giving people the ability to smile which we were not able to do many years ago Because of the advances in the technology that's that's come about And so this is an example of a person that underwent removal of a cancer and we did some of this combination nerve grafting taking nerve from the leg As well as rerouting taking the nerve from the bite muscle And reconnecting into the facial nerve And so this is uh immediately right after surgery you can see The paralysis the lack of movement that is present When the person tries to smile now this is four months after surgery Uh and we're going to show you uh smiling with biting down because that's where the rerouting comes into place So when you now clench you're able to smile and then also clenching and smiling On on command Okay And then Okay And so you can see this is a much more meaningful smile that we can achieve what's your techniques because of these new Uh kind of revolutionary nerve-based techniques that we have now which we did even have uh, you know five ten years ago All right, and so these are my references and so i'll conclude Uh, so understanding the facial nerve and facial muscle anatomy is crucial Determining, uh, the etiology is important because that's a big part of the treatment Uh of the facial paralysis Remembering the treatment triangle, which is a combination of physical therapy medical therapy and surgical therapy And really using combined treatments now can help patients maximize their facial function and ultimately improve their quality of life Well, I want to thank everyone for tuning in and I appreciate Appreciate everyone's attention and we'll open up the floor for any questions


So just to get started we're gonna be talking about just the different routes to contribution I understand that many of you have been sort of very very high contact with Mozilla projects for a long time And it seemed a little bit silly to be like hi. It's my second day. Let me tell you your business So this is just gonna be like very 101 For those of you who are experts will have a little bit at the end about getting the most out of your contributions So let's see how that works Just to go ahead and recap my name is Jessica Rose. It is my second day, and I'm having a very weird first week at work Usually I have a little bit of time to be like what what's that term are you saying yeah Oh, and no this time. I'm just gonna fake it live on stage and let you all know when I don't know something Because this is gonna be a really 101 level talk It might not be immediately applicable to everybody who's been sort of a super expert folks who have been around for a long time For the folks who are just the best of the best and great at everything. Can you look very raising your hand is a bit bold Can you look smug? Or or laugh loud For those of you who may not get as much value out of a 101 level talk, I've added a bribe at the end So this is my second day at Mozilla We're getting to know each other the most interesting thing about me is I have very ugly cats And if it is like no your cats aren't ugly if you make it to the end of the talk Make it very very 101 level and this might be really really great for those of you who haven't had a lot of contact with Mozilla Or you're just looking to get involved and really the reason I joined in Mozilla Is about what we're doing what we're trying to do and this is I know mission statements are always terrible as a concept Not this one. Please continue to pay me But it's really really challenging to look at a mission statement and say wow I really believe in that but for Mozilla I really believe in this And I know it sounds very earnest in American accent very like yay team But this is something that it's not too hard to get behind Building a better internet and then drilling down a little bit further to say do you know what and this in the age of owning everything seems so bold saying To have the internet as a public resource That's really really fantastic that it should be available to everyone that puts people first that the Individuals shape their own internet is yeah pretty exciting but also Wow a pretty tall order So how that actually happens Some of us get to work at Mozilla for a full time and it's fantastic But there's not actually that many of us all together The way Mozilla's historically been able to do this and hopefully the way that it's going to continue to work in a future Is having quite a bit of time and actually now that's like 20 years two months and three weeks Nobody Google that but thousands of volunteers and contributors just people all around the world doing small and big things Unfortunately when I say countless I mean countless Being able to count the code contributions or the changes people have made to documentation or translations That's something we can sit down and crunch the numbers on But every time somebody's helped out at an event or every time somebody's taught something new or every time somebody's shared knowledge is really almost impossible to count so I really marvel at the idea of Contributions so numerous that we're unable to really grasp them And we're to look at a bunch of different avenues for contributing Based on the kind of person you are the kind of stuff you like to do and the kind of stuff that you will not do No matter what and no one can make you Who here absolutely loves people For those of you watching on the video we have fantastic mixed response where some people are like yeah I'm not gonna point where but no like visibly no If you love people and you want to be around people and this is your whole thing There are a ton of fantastic ways to get involved with the Mozilla community or with contributing in person Unfortunately, this next slide is very very localized and makes a lot less sense in English So I'm gonna over explain it and make sure it's not funny. So in English when you say someone's a ham It's pretty much this it's like, oh, I love attention and being on stick What would that be in French? Is there a term for that? We don't we don't have that in French like To the general consensus is like, oh god, no, why would anybody want that? If you are a ham if you love attention if you're not shy or if you want to be less shy Coming out to an event kind of get a big scary conference like Flostam or coming to a smaller local meetup to share knowledge to share Stuff you've worked on or share stuff you care about can be a really fantastic Sort of high-energy intensive way to share that knowledge and get involved with community Share your experiences through speaking can be absolutely terrifying But there is a miss. Oh, hey, how can I help you? One more time. Can somebody else confirm that I'm not gonna be swearing if I say that State I've never wanted a tattoo before but like Mozilla actually has a program if you're interested in getting into public speaking and getting into a little bit of support and Seeing how we can help you with this and that's a tech speakers program So the applications in the process for that for 2019 is just closed But that's gonna come back in 2020 and that involves a lot of help with Speaker training a lot of help with that traveling logistics and just a really great community to learn from I will warn that they that we've we've I work here now. I actually work on this program, too So there's no excuse We've had a whole lot of really exciting applicants around that so it's been really really challenging to make the choice around that Still, please apply. We'll just send you a really polite response if we run out of space The most polite response with a picture of a hand And you say just just just because we're on a first-name basis and you say why do I want to speak and I say well Because it's cool. If you're speaking here in Europe the convention I live in Europe, too. Well, I live in the UK. I live in Europe for Two more months and then you all push us into the sea. Oh, they don't let me vote. They don't let me vote. I Don't get to do Brexit jokes at home. So this is No, it luckily this isn't being videotaped or streamed and everything is fine And you might say why do I want to get into public speaking? The first thing is generally I found the convention in Europe is that no matter how bad you do People have to come up afterwards. And the only thing they're allowed to say is like, oh, yeah, that went really well. Good job They can't say mean things if your Experiences may vary But everybody's very polite people want you to succeed Worst thing and people are gonna say is like, oh good talk. The worst thing people are gonna say is this isn't a question It's more of a comment, but that's a different thing I Love how like the one public speaker there was like, yes It's also a really fantastic way to grow your profile. Not only do people clap and tell you you did a good job But you get your name out there to be really fantastic for networking, which is a scary word Or meeting people and really establishing your expertise But because we're on a first name basis, you might say Jess.  I'm not a stage beast Please don't make me and that's cool. You still like you like people You want to be doing stuff with other people and you do not want to get on stage. We got this You're probably and this is another weird English idiom You're probably a mastermind somebody ready to put together the big picture and do a lot of planning Is there a French word for that? Oh Are we on the French side of Brussels? I'm going to stop asking for localizations Unless someone speaks Flemish, then I've got a lot of questions That's a cool language You don't want to speak, but you do want to be involved in events Either just participating just being part of the community either coming to see a talk and laughing politely Or helping out or helping you work the booth Or volunteering for them.  Here's a link or you can search for Mozilla events. What are they please? And If you do want to be out there and if you do want to be out at events, but you want it to be a little bit more official you say well I'd really like a little bit of credit for this. I'm really great if you want to be I don't know an official representative, maybe Represent Mozilla throughout the community in person online. There's a Mozilla reps program And it's a really really fantastic way to be sort of a designated person who exists out in the community doing cool Mozilla stuff if you're doing great stuff Always try and get credit for it You say just just just that's great I've come to Faustum or I'm streaming this because actually I don't want to be around people all the time What have you got for me? Code No, we got a lot of non non-human interaction options You still have to interact with people, but they're filtered through that that wonderful wonderful invention of the internet You say do you know what I just want to Contribute some code. I just want to build a little bit of stuff I want to work on this thing and I want to see your best stock photo of a hacker Which I thought was fantastic for those of you who can't see it. It literally says file cliche hacker and binary code Currently contributing code to Mozilla projects Look at y'all It's day two. Come on some flat If you aren't and there are a lot of people who are you and you want to try it out This is a fantastic way to sort of flex learn some things get get some experience and you can just start here This is pretty easy to maintain remember and again search exists be like how do I can I'm not gonna walk you through how to search Come around you say yes, we've been through a couple options yet. I People are okay. I can't do too many of them. I Don't really want to do a lot of code stuff. I am inherently artistic. I'm a design maven I have some great things. I want to do Fantastic, how about we just give you an open design community to do cool weird design stuff with See, you know uptake in the audience was like, yeah design Okay, you are a super interested in designers a little bit too shocked. Come see me after class. I Used to be a teacher. So I'm loving the layout For those of you watching at home. We're actually in a classroom. I'm not being very very strange And you said yes, I am incredibly passionate about documentation And if that's true No, no where no like For those of you who I didn't break by saying I really love documentation I should point out that documentation makes everything work Wait, who reads the documentation when they get started? I have answered a lot of support questions in my day So some of you are lying But we're still cool Documentation makes everything work contributing to documentation. I Genuinely believe is one of the like farthest reaching things you can do with your time if you got time to contribute You say wow, I'm not sold. Okay What if you don't have to do it check out what's going on at the end? What contributing might mean what they do even if you don't want to do it spend two or three minutes Glancing at the page and then just appreciate the heck out of the folks who do do it You say wow Jess Because we're having a conversation where you say my name a lot which gets a little bit creepy. I mostly want to write code But I am also gloriously multi-lingual I could example tell you how to say stage beast in French which I've completely blanked I'd really like to be able to make sure that either the documentation that's so incredibly precious or The products themselves that live out there are available in my language and in this hypothetical conversation I say wow You're incredibly good if you did want to contribute to translation and localization This is a fantastic way to make sure everybody out there can access things when we talk about the internet as sort of a public resource when we talk about the Individual value of being able to make the web work for you. It's not about The web as a public resource for those who speak English It's really about anybody out there who needs to be able to access it So if you speak multiple Who here's from like Europe proper? Y'all speak like four languages Like no no six And Especially if you speak a language that speaking like a language that isn't as common in the documentation that exists out there just spent I Know people love to argue on the internet. I'm an old lady. I've seen some stuff if you want to argue about translations Do it do it nicely say okay? That's a bunch of different stuff. That's great What if I just want to see everything what if I don't want to have a really really abstract artificial conversation? Were you walk me through all the options? I? Think that that says Mozilla comm slash contribute. Is that true? That's fine It's my second day, and I've been told you can't get fired in your first week is official. No, that's that's that's totally true So yeah, there is so much more I've only really touched on the top level of everything's going on say hey You can do stuff in person. You can do stuff with code. You can do stuff with design There are an incredible number of projects. Are you really really excited of about? Augmented reality. Are you really excited about web back? Are you really excited about we? Determined that many of us were not super excited about documentation But I am so happy to meet you in the cafeteria and like politely argue this out All of it's here, and it's all here in like glorious detail that more so it's not just hi Please come do this work. There's also an incredible amount of just campaigns So those of us who will remain in Europe Not jealous But there's a lot of really really strong net neutrality things going on out here And there's a lot of really really challenging things that have been going on back and forth in other markets Being able to take a look at what kinds of campaigns exist What kinds of sort of quick wins there are in activism or quick wins in projects This is a really really fantastic resource to say what's going on near you and What kinds of Mozilla projects or programs might be able to help you support what you're already doing? But in this hypothetical conversation we're having you say Jess I am I knew that Thank you very much because you have to be polite to speakers you say thank you good talk I already knew all of this so we're gonna talk a little bit about how to get a little bit more out of contributing So who right you could you could either raise your hand or look very pleased with yourself Who here currently contributes to Mozilla in any way? So keep it up if you have that on your CV or resume Okay, that was weird because you're like I don't contribute, but it's on my wrist I'm so sorry that was very mean like good call Please please please if you are contributing and I don't not that I don't care if you contribute code But if you're contributing things at events if you're helping manage things if you're working on design if you're working on organizational stuff Please list that Make sure that you're tailoring your CV to the stuff you really care about and make sure that you're getting the credit for stuff You need Networking sounds very business-like and it sounds terrible like oh hi Miss business. Oh, hi, Mr. Business. Would you like to do a business? I have no idea how adults do things. I am But networking isn't all about like oh good day, Mr. Business. I don't I hope not Being able to get in touch with people either on or offline and work on projects you genuinely care about is Something that's really valuable and choosing to contribute is especially interesting because you get to choose Who here is absolutely? Oh, who here's with their manager? Don't don't like just Absolutely delighted with the way their work handles their professional development. They give you everything you need to progress just in your interests.  No, but like Mozilla dev room You it's your choice what you contribute in what you do you can focus on the skills you want to learn the stuff you want to see in your CV and You can focus on stuff that aligns with projects Your friends are working on or your heroes are working on or like that person you'd really want to work with is working on I want to take just a little tiny detour because so far we've been saying hey Contributing is fantastic and here are the ways you can do it and that's not going to change That's going to remain the message But contributing isn't always something that's easy for everyone So if you're in a position right now where you can't contribute to projects that is completely okay Keep in mind that when you talk about contributing when you talk about volunteering You're talking about working effectively for free working for something you love and that's something that's not cost-neutral for everybody if you're someone that has if you're a single parent if you have small children if you have a toxic job if You have a lot to do right now if you're on vacation Are you on vacate? somebody was giggling I Also see me after class. I'm gonna fuss at you to take vacations with no conferences Not everybody is in a position where they can contribute right now or They can contribute at all and that's fine It's okay to contribute not contribute. You don't have to contribute to be Part of the technical community. You don't have to contribute to be part of the Missila community But the responsibility for those of us in the community to lower barriers wherever possible is so important to say wow How can we make it? How can we make it? Easier for people to contribute in those ways. How can we lower barriers? How can we make this less stressful and Talking to folks who are really interested in the mission and I'm not sure I'm sure there must be someone out there who isn't interested in the mission of a free open personally accessible internet and But I don't think I've met them yet And I'd like to think they'd phrase that differently If you're talking to folks who aren't able to contribute I guess that you remember why Missila exists and why we're here and why we're aiming to make the community so open It's the very same mission statement, but these are the things I think are the most important around contributions We're talking about making the internet a public resource. That's open and accessible to everyone. We're individuals not individuals That have time to contribute not individuals that have the technical skills or the documentation skills or the design skills to shape these products But everyone out there is able to access the web that's best for them to recap I'd really like to talk about how If you get nothing out if you've been dozing this whole time you're fantastic at sleeping through noise. I Love to hear your secrets Contributing volunteering is something you can do around your needs if your needs have the flexibility It's something that I'd love to not see anybody burning themselves out over I'd love to see it done in healthy ways, but if you can contribute you can contribute in ways that suit you best And it is something that should and I think it is something that can Have tangible value to you both professional experience Learning experiences and a really great opportunity to network without saying like oh, I'd like to do a business And it's something that isn't necessarily available to everyone right now and our jobs as the folks who are contributing different ways Are to lower those barriers and to continue to build for the folks who aren't building alongside us yet? Thank you so much The hard part is now you have to like pretend to make a face like this is cute really Cuz like wow nobody's ever gotten no out loud before And if you do want to I'd love feedback I'd love if anyone's like good talk These are places you could find me on the internet. Thank you very much Thank you so much Jessica. I was wondering if any of you has any questions Because we do have like two three minutes for that If not, yes, you can always reach Jessica especially on Twitter. I know she's active there, so I Didn't stop her yet on other channels Okay, good. Thank you so much


Because we bring in the new head coach. Here we go the New York Jets Robert Sala Coach, it's Michael Don and Peter. How are you doing today? I'm doing great. How are you guys doing? We're doing great now. Obviously, this is something you've worked for your whole life But when you hear yourself introduced as the new head coach of the New York Jets, what kind of feeling is that? It's cool, man. I mean, it's a blessing, right? I couldn't be happier It's been it's been a heck of a journey and the the best part about it is it's just beginning. So it's I'm excited about the opportunity Players seem to love you Richard Sherman has had high praise about you. So does that Robert make you a players coach? I think it makes makes everyone it makes us human. Yeah, you know, it's I don't know if there's I've never bought into the whole players coach all that stuff I just think when when people are genuinely in it together And we're all fighting for one thing and people invest in one another I just think it naturally happens that way. So you can call it a players coach if you want I just think it's being respectful to the process and understanding what these players go through day in and day out and Having it reciprocated from a player's viewpoint to coach and so But always understanding that we're in this together. We win together. We lose together. We learn together. And so you know having that mentality is is going to be The most important thing to me with regards to this this profession I was wondering because I was listening to your zoom call with the media and and you said the players have to know that You care about them and I started to wonder how a difficult tightrope that must be So you have to care about your players, but sometimes you have to get tough with them Sometimes you have to say no that you did the wrong thing How difficult is that for you to make to make that tightrope across the bridge? It's not difficult because Players players want to be coached. They want to be coached hard They want perfection they want they want to know that you're helping them make plays on Sunday So they can have the best career they can possibly have and so when a player knows that you're genuinely invested in them And and you're genuinely trying to help them get better every day You can tell them what they need to hear so they can get better. They want to hear it I think when when you see it a lot coaches are afraid to coach players because of what they might feel about them Well, it's different when they know where your heart is. It's different when they know you can help them It's different. It's a lot easier to be able to have those conversations because those players know that you're just trying to help them Get to where they want to get to Many of some sorry Peter. No, no go ahead up. Many people have said why didn't this happen sooner? You you've been ready now for a couple of years if that were it was the case What did these last couple of years do to help you before taking the show? You're always gonna find ways to get better, right? I'm more prepared today than I was two years ago. I'm more prepared today than I was yesterday Every day that goes by You always have to find a way to get better And so whatever your circumstances doesn't doesn't change the fact that you've got to wake up every morning and find ways to improve your your style improve your your yourself and so You know it never Met any frustration. It's just opportunities come about and to be honest with you throughout this whole process, you know, it's Even if it didn't work out during this process, I was still gonna be one of the lucky ones and But but have it happen and this town with this team Means more than I think people can possibly realize coach There's a lot of excitement here about your your attitude the success you had on defense in San Francisco And also excitement because you're the first Muslim head coach and there's a the entire Muslim community here Very excited about that. First of all, what does that mean to you? And second of all? We all say Robert Sala. Is that exactly how your family pronounces your name? Yeah, no, that's exactly right I'm humbled to be honest with you it's a I'm it's with a great humility that I That people recognize that part of it It's It's one of the cool things about a football locker room When you step into a football locker room the amount of stories nationalities races That you encounter in a locker room is second to none And the fact that all of them can appreciate and combine together to for one goal is What makes those locker rooms so cool and unique the discussions that are had the the relationships that are made Everything without judgment and so, you know those locker rooms To be a part of those locker rooms and to be a part of these organizations has been a blessing for the last however many years and And so it is a very humbling Thing to be a part of now coach obviously, you know a coordinator is always going to take a head coaching job I mean, that's just a natural progression But everything I've read you were beloved in San Francisco I mean Shanahan just has the most glowing things to say about you Was that a difficult goodbye for you because you were so well regarded by the people and the players? It's it's always hard What the Shanahan family has done for me The support not only from Kyle, but from his wife Mandy to his to Kyle's father Mike the amount of support and guidance and Just wards of wisdom that have been bestowed upon me It's been it is I is met with tremendous gratitude and so it's always hard But they are forever family to me the entire Niners organization is family the players the coaches the York family Just because you're in a different location doesn't mean that they're not family now You can't FaceTime and you can't communicate and so It's always hard, but it's it's never goodbye. It's more. I'll see you later, you know Yep You you it's known that you and Matt LaFleur are our best friends Going back a very long time to central Michigan. How dialed in will you be this weekend? For his championship game on Sunday. Oh man, I'm You know, I got a lot of respect for all the different coaches and especially at Tampa and all that but But I will you know probably aside from his wife and kids and his immediate family I'll be his next best cheerleader of my I'm gonna get together with Mike We're gonna sit down and I'm praying for him. I can't wait to see his team execute.  No, you just got this job. Go ahead Don You just got this job But you did face this team in week two So you do have some kind of knowledge of the personnel who are some of the current jets right now that impressed you You know what they're we're gonna go through that process. I've got a Sit down with the staff and really sit down over the next few weeks and just really evaluate these guys and And and see where where they are But I can't there's some really cool guys just recollection from the draft and just over the years and you look at on defense Quinn Williams That kid is special. He's a game record. He's somebody you have to game-plan against to keep him at bay and Obviously the it gives the other 10 guys an opportunity to excel just because of the focus that he's gonna garner On the other side of the ball you look at Sam Sam is an unbelievable talent. He really is he's got there's a reason why he was the third Pick in the draft His arm talent is special his natural thrower. He's fearless in the pocket The young man's got the mental capacity to Process and make decisions in a timely manner to keep himself clean and if things break down He has the ability to scramble and and and make plays on the move. So There are there are a lot of really good players to go through the whole roster. I'm sure I'd miss somebody but there's there's a lot of great There's a lot of great pieces to this roster and to have the ability to study it all and and and see where everything fits as we employ Deploy this scheme and implement and install our schemes on offensive and special teams They'll kind of come to fruition about where we're at new jets had coach Robert Sala is our guest here on the Michael K show 98 70 SPM by the way coach is the home of the New York Jets. We have all the games on so we look forward to talking to you a lot now


Let us have the efficiency ratios. Here we have stock turnover or inventory turnover. Stock turnover is cost of goods sold divided by the average inventor. Simply means how quickly your inventory is sold out. If in a single trading business it is that way. But if it is a manufacturing business then you need raw material, working process and finished goods. So here is the finished goods. But if you have those two also so you need to work out for each of them separately, raw material inventory, working process inventory rate and finished good inventory rate. But in case here we assume that there is one single inventory. Now net sales divided by average inventory or number of units sold is the merriest waste. But generally it is like this cost of goods sold divided by average inventory. What do you mean by average here? Average means that you take the opening stocks in the beginning and the closing stock at the end of the year. Take it together divided by two. Simple average. But some people are of the opinion a simple average is not right. If there is a seasonal business then you have to come up with a different weighted average as a simple average. Stock turnover can be computed by employing any of the above formula. The first formula is considered to be the more reasonable and that is what is being used actually. The second formula can be used when cost of goods sold is not known as such but the numbers are there. The third formula is used to eliminate the effect of changing prices. Average stocks is opening stock plus closing stock divided by two. Now this is inventory turnover rate. But if you want to find out the age of inventory so then you have to go ahead. A high stock turnover ratio indicate efficient management of inventory because more quickly more frequently these stocks are sold out. The lesser amount of money is required to finance the inventory. Inventory may finance as soon as you can sell it out. A low inventory indicates an inefficient management of inventory. A low inventory turnover employs over investment in inventories, dull businesses, low sales, poor quality goods, stock accumulation and accumulation of absolute and slow moving goods and low profit as compared to total investment. Basically, if you go into the detail of inventory there are a lot of things. We have read about the inventory which has not been sold for the past two years but we are bringing it to the inventory which is still there so you have to be very careful. Acceptable normally there is no specific criteria higher the ratio better it is for the company. Now debtors turnover rate ratio or receivable turnover. Debtors turnover ratio net credit sales not the total sales credit sales only because receivable is out of credit sales and again average trade receivable account receivable trade receivable same so total receivable Sunday debtors plus bills receivables notes receivable whatever amount committed by the other parties to pay you during that particular year that is your trade receivables importance. Debtors turnover ratio indicates the number of times the debtors are done over during a year but as soon as you collect it is better and today's problem is that collection is the main problem that you sell goods but you have to wait for money to come. The higher the rate of debtors turnover the more efficient is the management debtors of more liquid are debtors similarly low debtors turnover implies inefficient management of debtors. Basically in financial management these two items inventory and receivable we have the whole chapters how to manage these two things.  Debtor turnover ratio indicates the debt have many times debtors as converted into cash during a given year it reflects the credit sale policy of the company. Average collection period jay se hum average inventory ka period calculate kar sakte ke kitni dino mein maari inventory jaya bahar nikal jaati hai. Isi tarahan debtors ka bhi dekhne time frame. Ke kitni din mein hum apna payasa collect karte hain. Toh formula same hi hai dekhne debtors hai aur usko net sales divide kare aur number of days in a year se multiply karte. Isme kuch roga opinion hi hai ke working days le. Not necessarily aap number of days in a year jay usi ko lele. The average collection period ratio represents the average number of days for which a firm has to wait before its debtors are converted into cash. The ratio may use the quality of debtors. A short collection period implies prompt payment by the debtors. It reduce the chances of bad debts. On the other hand a high collection period ratio implies too liberal and inefficient credit collection performance. Basically what we do in business, we have credit policies. Sometime we have a tight credit policies, sometime we have relaxed policies. Agar maal bhi ki nahi raha hai toh phir aap tiz din ki bhi jaya charlis din ka credit bhi dekh sakte. Dekhne agar aap amal se, dekhne se bhi kraha hai toh aap apni policy ko tight bhi kr sakte. Dekhne normally ek average policy leke chalna patata hai. Creditors turnover ratio payable turnover ratio. Just like for debtors we see how many days we have collected, similarly we see payable. We see how many days we have paid. Because this is again an area that we should delay our creditors. No. If you have made a time frame with them, make sure that you should pay in that particular time. If you are taking more time, ultimately aap hi ko nuksaan ho jayega kyunke aap phir aap ko next time maal mein koi gharbar karke denge. Quality ne denge phir. Isli zeroori hai ke jaha aap debtors ko chase kar rahe hain, aap apni creditors ka bhi take care karein. Balki aap toh policies bnadi hain ke ji good payment policies. Ya chhi kambkya ho hain jo timely pay off karthi hain apni creditors ko. So the ratio indicates the credit period enjoyed by the firm in paying creditors or important ratio efficiency ki fixed assets turnover ratio. Yani hain apni fixed assets jay use kar rahe hain, non-current assets jay use kar rahe hain, property, plant and equipment et cetera. Uske itna payasai invest kya usse turnover kitni hain. Sales per rupee of investment kya hain hain. That is also very important. Yuki agar aap zyada share turn out kar rahe hain, niche paise kaum hain toh ye bhi ghalat hain. Yuki isko kate hain overtrading. Kyaise ke ji aap invest to kar nahi rahe hain, machinery ko chila rahe hain aur hota ye ka breakdown ho jaati hain aur phir business bhand ho jaati hain. To aap ye deke ke aap machine jo already hain usne improvement lain, uske nahi jazain ki lain, jo bhi kurshich karein ke usko improve karein. Take aap ki inventory, your fixed asset turnover kya rahe hain, ye betar ho jaati hain. Dake isme kya aap cost of sales? Isme sales nahi lethe, isme kya sales ki baat jo aap toh marketing kar kaum hain. Yaha production ki baat hain. Kost jo bnare hain, jo goods bhan rahe hain unki cost aur usko net assets se, net fixed assets se divide karein. Non-current assets kalein or fixed assets kalein. The ratio may use the efficiency and profit earning capacity of the concern. Higher the ratio is, greater is intensive utilization of fixed assets. Dake aap machine laa ke rahe hain, agar uska issamaal nahi kar rahe hain, toh cost toh parveena aapko. Issame aap ke tamam jo fixed assets hain, wo utilize hone chahi, unsek generate hone chahi ye sales. Lower ratio means underutilization of fixed assets, avoid over trading and under trading. Yaha under capitalization and over capitalizing. Yaha doh wo explain karne ki zharut hain mein. Over trading ka matlab yaha hain ke aap sore se machinery se zyada output lehne ki koshikar hain. Toh ye ghalad hojayaega, ye aapka over trading me chala jayaega. Aur agar aap kaap machine se kaam nahi leh rahe hain, toh isme kya ke aapki investment toh hogi, toh ye aapki under trading hojayaegi. Solvency ratios on long term financial position ratios, debt is cheaper than equity. Ye ek word hain jo samaj na chahi. Normali kate jee ke debt jo hain, wo toh uspe to interest peh karna patta hain. Share orders ko toh dey hain na dey humari marzee. Nahi. Debt cheap is taran se hain ke debt per jo interest diya jata hain uspe teks ki chute milti. Nekin jo dividend diya jata hain ho profit sharing hain. Aur usually ye ek long term equipment hain jab aap share issue karte hain. Debt ke ye aap yuk paise hain hain hain kate kate hain hain, khatam hojayaegi baat. Toh isni ye bahon zurni hain ke debt aur equity ko manage karna hain. Debt is cheaper than the equity. Solvency is a company's long term viability and ability to pay long term obligations. We are make sure ye hain marzee long term obligations hain. Share orders ko dividend bhi mil na chahi. Unke share ma growth bhi uni chahi. Aur your lenders hain, unka aur interest bhi timely pay ho na chahi. Thank you very much.


In business news, the Nigerian National Petroleum Company and NPC Limited says it has signed four memoranda of understanding with five African countries as part of Nigeria-Morocco gas pipeline project. The deal was sealed with Morocco, Côte d'Ivoire, Liberia, Benet and Guinea, the national oil firm said. The signings took place on the sidelines of the stirring committee meeting for the Nigeria-Morocco gas pipeline project, attended by representatives of ECOWAS and all the participating countries. As a commercial enterprise, NMPC sees this project as an opportunity to monetize our abundant hydrocarbon resources by expanding access to energy to support economic growth, industrialization and job creation across the African continent and other geographies. Our collective decisions and actions, guided by our shared visions, will extend far beyond gas supply to support prosperity and economic integration between our nations. As a commercial enterprise, NMPC sees this project Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Right now that the walk cycle is basically finished what we need to do now is have a proper look at it and make sure that we iron out any issues So if we have a look at our walk cycle as it stands particularly what's happening with the feet So as I scroll through let's watch this front foot and as it comes back There it's okay, but it's there. It's raising up off the ground. It shouldn't really happen there It's all kinds of wonky And then somewhere it's raising off the ground there that is well up in the air So there's definitely some issues that we need to address So I'm gonna start with this foot. So I think what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna select everything in here I'm gonna press a I'm select all my tendons all my lines I'm gonna set them all to spline because it appears that they didn't stay that way. I Think that's gonna give me a much smoother a much smoother curve Yeah, so that foot I'm actually kind of happier. So there are a few places now where I need to go back in and make repairs But I think for the whole the whole thing I'm gonna select every single thing. Hang on. So let's select everything in here Make sure I can see everything select all those curves. I'm just gonna change them all to spline Yeah, so that's a few changes that have been made there Right. Let's see what that gives us Yeah, so already that's much better and I just need to make a few tweaks so Let's go back to this back foot and I can see that this issue here Where the foot in fact know this one the foot wobbles There we go. So I need to sort that one out So I'm gonna select these two. I'm gonna set that to linear and that'll give me a nice straight line They'll keep that foot planted Yep, I love the same issue on this spot over here So let's set that to linear Okay, let's play that back and see what that looks like now From the front that looks kind of tidy. Let's just turn the curves off Okay So through playing with the graph editor, there are definitely some more improvements that could be made to this But I think for now, I'm happy enough with that. So there we go Right, so that brings us to the end of this tutorial. I hope you've learned something Obviously in this one, we've only done a walk cycle on the legs If you would like to see a full body walk cycle Then make sure you like this video hit the subscribe button and leave a comment telling me that's what you want to see if you want the full body tutorial then say hey Shane, where's the full body tutorial and When I find time that'll be something that I'll enter my list of tutorials to make if you have any problems with this or if you need help Then once a month, I have video chats with my paging supporters So they bring me problems. They ask me questions and I help them solve them Send me files, etc. So if you'd like that kind of support, then consider checking out the link below the video Checking out my paging campaign and maybe supporting me there and that way you'll get access to me Much more one-to-one than simply through the YouTube comments And I'll be able to help you out there as well as that you will get the Handout the the written version of this exercise Which I will make available to all my patrons. I want to say thanks to 3d.sk for sponsoring this video You really should go and check out their reference video section as well as their reference image as well There's some really good stuff on there the 3d capture stuff that they're doing is ridiculously good And that's something I want to play with in the future Maybe I'll read one of those characters up for for a tutorial, but you should definitely check out Their site because it's really good I'm one last thing if you're watching this video because you're getting into animation Then you really need to make sure you understand the fundamentals. So for God's sake by this book It's such a good book So it's by Richard Williams. It's called the animators survival kit. I will have a link in the video description Check it out. It'll be the best book you've ever bought. I promise Okay, so that's me finished. Thanks for watching this one and I will see you in the next one